title: Wah-wah pedal

text: Early versions of the Clyde McCoy featured an image of McCoy on the bottom panel, which soon gave way to only his signature. Thomas Organ then wanted the effect branded as their own for the American market, changing it to Cry Baby which was sold in parallel to the Italian Vox V846. Thomas Organ's failure to trademark the Cry Baby name soon led to the market being flooded with Cry Baby imitations from various parts of the world, including Italy, where all of the original Vox and Cry Babys were made. Jen, who had been responsible for the manufacture of Thomas Organ and Vox wah pedals, also made rebranded pedals for companies such as Fender and Gretsch and under their own Jen brand. When Thomas Organ moved production completely to Sepulveda, California and Chicago, Illinois these Italian models continued to be made and are among the more collectible wah pedals today.


title: Wah-wah pedal

text: Some of the most famous electric guitarists of the day were keen to adopt the wah-wah pedal soon after its release. Among the first recordings featuring wah-wah pedal were "Tales of Brave Ulysses" by Cream with Eric Clapton on guitar and "Burning of the Midnight Lamp" by the Jimi Hendrix Experience, both released in 1967. Hendrix also used wah wah on his famous song "Voodoo Child", in intro and in soloing. According to Del Casher, Hendrix learned about the pedal from Frank Zappa, another well-known early user. Clapton, in particular, used the device on many of the Cream songs included on their second and third albums, "Disraeli Gears" (1967) and "Wheels of Fire" (1968) respectively. Clapton would subsequently employ it again on "Wah-Wah", from his good friend George Harrison's solo album "All Things Must Pass", upon the dissolution of The Beatles in 1970.


title: Wah-wah pedal

text: The wah-wah pedal increased in popularity in the following years, and was employed by guitarists such as Terry Kath of Chicago, Martin Barre of Jethro Tull, Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, and Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath. David Gilmour of Pink Floyd used the pedal to create the "whale" effect during "Echoes". He discovered this effect as a result of a roadie accidentally plugging his guitar into the output of the pedal and the input being plugged into his amp. The effect was first used during live performances of "The Embryo" during 1970 but was then switched into "Echoes" as it was being developed before being released on the "Meddle" album on 31 October 1971. Mick Ronson used a Cry Baby while recording "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars". Michael Schenker also utilized the pedal in his work.


title: Wah-wah pedal

text: One of the most famous uses of this effect is heard on Isaac Hayes's "Theme from Shaft" (1971), with Charles Pitts (credited as Charles 'Skip' Pitts) playing the guitar.


title: Wah-wah pedal

text: In addition to rock music, many R&B artists have also used the wah-wah effect, including Lalo Schifrin on "Enter the Dragon" (1973), Johnny Pate on "Shaft in Africa" (1973) and James Brown on "Funky President" (1974). Funk band Kool & the Gang, B. T. Express, and Jimmy Castor Bunch used the wah-wah pedal also. Melvin Ragin, better known by the nickname Wah Wah Watson, was a member of the Motown Records studio band, The Funk Brothers, where he recorded with artists such as The Temptations on "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", Marvin Gaye on "Let's Get It On", The Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, The Supremes, and The Undisputed Truth on "Smiling Faces Sometimes".


title: Wah-wah pedal

text: In the late 1980s, the wah-wah pedal was revived in the British music industry by John Squire of The Stone Roses, who bought a wah-wah pedal to differentiate his sound from other contemporary acts of the time. Afterwards, the wah-wah pedal would also be used by bands such as the Happy Mondays and the Charlatans, and became one of the defining sounds of British guitar music in the late '80s and early '90s.


title: Wah-wah pedal

text: The main use of the wah-wah pedal is by rocking the pedal up and down. By doing this motion, the pedal reacts by sweeping through the peak response of a frequency filter up and down in frequency to create a spectral glide.


title: Wah-wah pedal

text: A different function of the pedal is to use it in a fixed position, which changes how an instrument sounds by selecting a certain frequency range. A guitarist using the wah in this way selects a position on the pedal and leaves the pedal there. Depending on the position of the pedal, this will boost or cut a specific frequency. This can be used for emphasizing the "sweet spot" in the tonal spectrum of a particular instrument. One electric guitar player to use the pedal in this way was Jimi Hendrix, who revolutionized its application by combining a Fender Stratocaster with stacked Marshall Amplifiers (in both static and modulated mode) for lead and rhythm guitar applications unheard of before then.


title: Wah-wah pedal

text: Another famous style of wah-wah playing is utilizing it for a percussive "wacka-wacka" effect during rhythm guitar parts. This is done by muting strings, holding down a chord and moving the pedal at the same time. This was first heard on the song "Little Miss Lover" (1967) on "," by the Jimi Hendrix Experience.


title: Wah-wah pedal

text: The "wah-wah" and "wacka-wacka" effects are often associated with the bands on 1970s TV variety shows, like those of Sonny and Cher, Flip Wilson, or Donny and Marie Osmond; or with the soundtracks of pornographic films, the sound referenced in TV commercials for Axe body spray as "bow chicka wow wow."


title: Two-port network

text: A two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical network (circuit) or device with two "pairs" of terminals to connect to external circuits. Two terminals constitute a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the essential requirement known as the port condition: the electric current entering one terminal must equal the current emerging from the other terminal on the same port. The ports constitute interfaces where the network connects to other networks, the points where signals are applied or outputs are taken. In a two-port network, often port 1 is considered the input port and port 2 is considered the output port.


title: Two-port network

text: The two-port network model is used in mathematical circuit analysis techniques to isolate portions of larger circuits. A two-port network is regarded as a "black box" with its properties specified by a matrix of numbers. This allows the response of the network to signals applied to the ports to be calculated easily, without solving for all the internal voltages and currents in the network. It also allows similar circuits or devices to be compared easily. For example, transistors are often regarded as two-ports, characterized by their h-parameters (see below) which are listed by the manufacturer. Any linear circuit with four terminals can be regarded as a two-port network provided that it does not contain an independent source and satisfies the port conditions.


title: Two-port network

text: Examples of circuits analyzed as two-ports are filters, matching networks, transmission lines, transformers, and small-signal models for transistors (such as the hybrid-pi model). The analysis of passive two-port networks is an outgrowth of reciprocity theorems first derived by Lorentz.


title: Two-port network

text: In two-port mathematical models, the network is described by a 2 by 2 square matrix of complex numbers. The common models that are used are referred to as "z-parameters", "y-parameters", "h-parameters", "g-parameters", and "ABCD-parameters", each described individually below. These are all limited to linear networks since an underlying assumption of their derivation is that any given circuit condition is a linear superposition of various short-circuit and open circuit conditions. They are usually expressed in matrix notation, and they establish relations between the variables


title: Two-port network

text: which are shown in figure 1. The difference between the various models lies in which of these variables are regarded as the independent variables. These current and voltage variables are most useful at low-to-moderate frequencies. At high frequencies (e.g., microwave frequencies), the use of power and energy variables is more appropriate, and the two-port current–voltage approach is replaced by an approach based upon scattering parameters.


title: Two-port network

text: There are certain properties of two-ports that frequently occur in practical networks and can be used to greatly simplify the analysis. These include:


title: Two-port network

text: For reciprocal networks formula_7. For symmetrical networks formula_8. For reciprocal lossless networks all the formula_9 are purely imaginary.


title: Two-port network

text: Figure 3 shows a bipolar current mirror with emitter resistors to increase its output resistance. Transistor "Q" is "diode connected", which is to say its collector-base voltage is zero. Figure 4 shows the small-signal circuit equivalent to Figure 3. Transistor "Q" is represented by its emitter resistance "r" ≈ "V"/"I" ("V" is thermal voltage, "I" is Q-point emitter current), a simplification made possible because the dependent current source in the hybrid-pi model for "Q" draws the same current as a resistor 1 / "g" connected across "r". The second transistor "Q" is represented by its hybrid-pi model. Table 1 below shows the z-parameter expressions that make the z-equivalent circuit of Figure 2 electrically equivalent to the small-signal circuit of Figure 4.


title: Two-port network

text: The negative feedback introduced by resistors "R" can be seen in these parameters. For example, when used as an active load in a differential amplifier, "I" ≈ −"I", making the output impedance of the mirror approximately "R" − "R" ≈ 2β"r""R" /("r" + 2"R") compared to only "r" without feedback (that is with "R" = 0Ω) . At the same time, the impedance on the reference side of the mirror is approximately "R" − "R" ≈ formula_16formula_17, only a moderate value, but still larger than "r" with no feedback. In the differential amplifier application, a large output resistance increases the difference-mode gain, a good thing, and a small mirror input resistance is desirable to avoid Miller effect.


title: Two-port network

text: For reciprocal networks formula_20. For symmetrical networks formula_21. For reciprocal lossless networks all the formula_22 are purely imaginary.


title: Two-port network

text: This circuit is often selected when a current amplifier is desired at the output. The resistors shown in the diagram can be general impedances instead.


title: Two-port network

text: Off-diagonal h-parameters are dimensionless, while diagonal members have dimensions the reciprocal of one another.


title: Two-port network

text: For reciprocal networks formula_25. For symmetrical networks formula_26. For reciprocal lossless networks formula_27 and formula_28 are real, while formula_29 and formula_30 are purely imaginary.


title: Two-port network

text: Note: Tabulated formulas in Table 2 make the h-equivalent circuit of the transistor from Figure 6 agree with its small-signal low-frequency hybrid-pi model in Figure 7. Notation: "r" is base resistance of transistor, "r" is output resistance, and "g" is mutual transconductance. The negative sign for "h" reflects the convention that "I", "I" are positive when directed "into" the two-port. A non-zero value for "h" means the output voltage affects the input voltage, that is, this amplifier is bilateral. If "h" = 0, the amplifier is unilateral.


title: Two-port network

text: The h-parameters were initially called "series-parallel parameters". The term "hybrid" to describe these parameters was coined by D. A. Alsberg in 1953 in "Transistor metrology". In 1954 a joint committee of the IRE and the AIEE adopted the term "h parameters" and recommended that these become the standard method of testing and characterising transistors because they were "peculiarly adaptable to the physical characteristics of transistors". In 1956 the recommendation became an issued standard; 56 IRE 28.S2. Following the merge of these two organisations as the IEEE, the standard became Std 218-1956 and was reaffirmed in 1980, but has now been withdrawn.


title: Two-port network

text: Often this circuit is selected when a voltage amplifier is wanted at the output. Off-diagonal g-parameters are dimensionless, while diagonal members have dimensions the reciprocal of one another. The resistors shown in the diagram can be general impedances instead.


title: Two-port network

text: Note: Tabulated formulas in Table 3 make the g-equivalent circuit of the transistor from Figure 8 agree with its small-signal low-frequency hybrid-pi model in Figure 9. Notation: "r" is base resistance of transistor, "r" is output resistance, and "g" is mutual transconductance. The negative sign for "g" reflects the convention that "I", "I" are positive when directed "into" the two-port. A non-zero value for "g" means the output current affects the input current, that is, this amplifier is bilateral. If "g" = 0, the amplifier is unilateral.


title: Two-port network

text: The "ABCD"-parameters are known variously as chain, cascade, or transmission parameters. There are a number of definitions given for "ABCD" parameters, the most common is,


title: Two-port network

text: For reciprocal networks formula_42. For symmetrical networks formula_43. For networks which are reciprocal and lossless, "A" and "D" are purely real while "B" and "C" are purely imaginary.


title: Two-port network

text: This representation is preferred because when the parameters are used to represent a cascade of two-ports, the matrices are written in the same order that a network diagram would be drawn, that is, left to right. However, a variant definition is also in use,


title: Two-port network

text: The negative sign of formula_46 arises to make the output current of one cascaded stage (as it appears in the matrix) equal to the input current of the next. Without the minus sign the two currents would have opposite senses because the positive direction of current, by convention, is taken as the current entering the port. Consequently, the input voltage/current matrix vector can be directly replaced with the matrix equation of the preceding cascaded stage to form a combined formula_47 matrix.


title: Two-port network

text: The terminology of representing the formula_48 parameters as a matrix of elements designated "a" etc. as adopted by some authors and the inverse formula_47 parameters as a matrix of elements designated "b" etc. is used here for both brevity and to avoid confusion with circuit elements.


title: Two-port network

text: An "ABCD" matrix has been defined for telephony four-wire transmission Systems by P K Webb in British Post Office Research Department Report 630 in 1977.


title: Two-port network

text: The previous parameters are all defined in terms of voltages and currents at ports. "S"-parameters are different, and are defined in terms of incident and reflected waves at ports. "S"-parameters are used primarily at UHF and microwave frequencies where it becomes difficult to measure voltages and currents directly. On the other hand, incident and reflected power are easy to measure using directional couplers. The definition is,


title: Two-port network

text: where the formula_52 are the incident waves and the formula_53 are the reflected waves at port "k". It is conventional to define the formula_52 and formula_53 in terms of the square root of power. Consequently, there is a relationship with the wave voltages (see main article for details).


title: Two-port network

text: For reciprocal networks formula_56. For symmetrical networks formula_57. For antimetrical networks formula_58. For lossless reciprocal networks formula_59 and formula_60.


title: Two-port network

text: Scattering transfer parameters, like scattering parameters, are defined in terms of incident and reflected waves. The difference is that "T"-parameters relate the waves at port 1 to the waves at port 2 whereas "S"-parameters relate the reflected waves to the incident waves. In this respect "T"-parameters fill the same role as "ABCD" parameters and allow the "T"-parameters of cascaded networks to be calculated by matrix multiplication of the component networks. "T"-parameters, like "ABCD" parameters, can also be called transmission parameters. The definition is,


title: Two-port network

text: "T"-parameters are not as easy to measure directly as "S"-parameters. However, "S"-parameters are easily converted to "T"-parameters, see main article for details.


title: Two-port network

text: When two or more two-port networks are connected, the two-port parameters of the combined network can be found by performing matrix algebra on the matrices of parameters for the component two-ports. The matrix operation can be made particularly simple with an appropriate choice of two-port parameters to match the form of connection of the two-ports. For instance, the z-parameters are best for series connected ports.


title: Two-port network

text: The combination rules need to be applied with care. Some connections (when dissimilar potentials are joined) result in the port condition being invalidated and the combination rule will no longer apply. A Brune test can be used to check the permissibility of the combination. This difficulty can be overcome by placing 1:1 ideal transformers on the outputs of the problem two-ports. This does not change the parameters of the two-ports, but does ensure that they will continue to meet the port condition when interconnected. An example of this problem is shown for series-series connections in figures 11 and 12 below.


title: Two-port network

text: When two-ports are connected in a series-series configuration as shown in figure 10, the best choice of two-port parameter is the "z"-parameters. The "z"-parameters of the combined network are found by matrix addition of the two individual "z"-parameter matrices.


title: Two-port network

text: As mentioned above, there are some networks which will not yield directly to this analysis. A simple example is a two-port consisting of a L-network of resistors "R" and "R". The "z"-parameters for this network are;


title: Two-port network

text: Figure 11 shows two identical such networks connected in series-series. The total "z"-parameters predicted by matrix addition are;


title: Two-port network

text: The discrepancy is explained by observing that "R" of the lower two-port has been by-passed by the short-circuit between two terminals of the output ports. This results in no current flowing through one terminal in each of the input ports of the two individual networks. Consequently, the port condition is broken for both the input ports of the original networks since current is still able to flow into the other terminal. This problem can be resolved by inserting an ideal transformer in the output port of at least one of the two-port networks. While this is a common text-book approach to presenting the theory of two-ports, the practicality of using transformers is a matter to be decided for each individual design.


title: Two-port network

text: When two-ports are connected in a parallel-parallel configuration as shown in figure 13, the best choice of two-port parameter is the "y"-parameters. The "y"-parameters of the combined network are found by matrix addition of the two individual "y"-parameter matrices.


title: Two-port network

text: When two-ports are connected in a series-parallel configuration as shown in figure 14, the best choice of two-port parameter is the "h"-parameters. The "h"-parameters of the combined network are found by matrix addition of the two individual "h"-parameter matrices.


title: Two-port network

text: When two-ports are connected in a parallel-series configuration as shown in figure 15, the best choice of two-port parameter is the "g"-parameters. The "g"-parameters of the combined network are found by matrix addition of the two individual "g"-parameter matrices.


title: Two-port network

text: When two-ports are connected with the output port of the first connected to the input port of the second (a cascade connection) as shown in figure 16, the best choice of two-port parameter is the "ABCD"-parameters. The "a"-parameters of the combined network are found by matrix multiplication of the two individual "a"-parameter matrices.


title: Two-port network

text: A chain of "n" two-ports may be combined by matrix multiplication of the "n" matrices. To combine a cascade of "b"-parameter matrices, they are again multiplied, but the multiplication must be carried out in reverse order, so that;


title: Two-port network

text: Suppose we have a two-port network consisting of a series resistor "R" followed by a shunt capacitor "C". We can model the entire network as a cascade of two simpler networks:


title: Two-port network

text: The transmission matrix for the entire network formula_72 is simply the matrix multiplication of the transmission matrices for the two network elements:


title: Two-port network

text: Certain pairs of matrices have a particularly simple relationship. The admittance parameters are the matrix inverse of the impedance parameters, the inverse hybrid parameters are the matrix inverse of the hybrid parameters, and the [b] form of the ABCD-parameters is the matrix inverse of the [a] form. That is,


title: Two-port network

text: While two port networks are very common (e.g., amplifiers and filters), other electrical networks such as directional couplers and circulators have more than 2 ports. The following representations are also applicable to networks with an arbitrary number of ports:


title: Two-port network

text: A two-port network has four variables with two of them being independent. If one of the ports is terminated by a load with no independent sources, then the load enforces a relationship between the voltage and current of that port. A degree of freedom is lost. The circuit now has only one independent parameter. The two-port becomes a one-port impedance to the remaining independent variable.


title: Two-port network

text: The negative sign is because the positive direction for I2 is directed into the two-port instead of into the load. The augmented equations become


title: Two-port network

text: The second equation can be easily solved for "I" as a function of "I" and that expression can replace "I" in the first equation leaving "V" ( and "V" and "I" ) as functions of "I"


title: Two-port network

text: So, in effect, "I" sees an input impedance formula_82 and the two-port's effect on the input circuit has been effectively collapsed down to a one-port; i.e., a simple two terminal impedance.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: "Make Love, Not Warcraft" is the eighth episode in the tenth season of the American animated television series "South Park". The 147th episode overall, it first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 4, 2006. In the episode, named in a play on words after the 1960s counterculture slogan "Make love, not war", Cartman, Kyle, Stan, and Kenny enjoy playing the popular massively multiplayer online role-playing game "World of Warcraft". When a high-level player goes around killing other players in the game, they start playing the game every day to try to stop him. The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker. In 2015, he and co-creator Matt Stone listed it as their third-favorite episode of the series.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: Despite worries from Trey Parker near the end of production, the episode went on to receive critical acclaim, with critics praising its lampooning of nerd culture, and is considered by many fans and critics as one of the best episodes of the series. The episode additionally went on to win a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for programming less than one hour).


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: A griefer repeatedly kills Cartman, Kyle, Stan, and Kenny's characters in the online game "World of Warcraft". Stan's father, Randy, becomes interested in the game, but does not survive long before being killed by the griefer, a high-ranking player character who kills other player characters at will; the griefer in reality is a middle-aged obese man named Leroy Jenkins who represents the stereotypical comic book, PC gamer nerd. The boys phone their annoyance to Blizzard, but the company executives find they cannot remove the griefer from the game because his ridiculously high level blocks any attempts to do so.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: Cartman gathers all the kids of South Park and convinces them all to log in at the same time in order to execute a retaliatory attack on the griefer, even outcast Butters. However, once the battle begins, the griefer summons giant scorpions and easily dispatches the kids' characters. This causes everyone to lose hope and stop playing except for Cartman, who, after calculating exactly how much time it would take for him, Stan, Kyle, and Kenny to gain as many experience points as the griefer, convinces them to keep playing as well. For the next two months, the boys play the game for 21 hours a day, killing low-level boars in the game's forests to gain experience points. In the process, the boys become lazy, long-haired, obese (morbidly in Cartman's case), and acne-ridden. The boys' characters earn experience points so quickly that the Blizzard executives, who have also been monitoring the griefer, take notice and believe they might have a chance.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: Determined to help the boys slay the griefer, the executives decide to give the boys the "Sword of a Thousand Truths", a weapon so powerful that it was removed from the game and stored on a 1 GB USB flash drive. A man in accounting had actually foretold a prophecy of a group of characters who would show themselves worthy of wielding it. Unaware of the executives' plan however, the boys have already initiated what becomes a seventeen-hour battle against the griefer. The executives arrive at Stan's house with the flash drive, unaware that the boys are actually at Cartman's house. Randy tells the executives that he can log in with the sword and give it to the boys' characters online. Eventually logging onto a demo of the game at a Best Buy, Randy gives Stan the weapon, but Randy's character is mortally wounded by the griefer in the process. Enraged, Stan attacks the griefer with the sword, draining his shields and mana spells, allowing Kyle and Kenny to attack with effect. Cartman approaches him and proceeds to smash the griefer's head with a hammer (much to the man's shock). Numerous "World of Warcraft" players celebrate the griefer's demise, praising the boys as heroes. As Stan contemplates what they do now, Cartman says, "What do you mean? Now we can finally play the game." With Cartman making suggestions to boost their characters, the boys begin playing the game as they originally intended.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: The episode uses machinima in many of its scenes to create a better emulation of the game. It was originally scheduled to air as the 145th episode, but it was delayed because of difficulties in creating the machinima.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: "South Park" creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone collaborated with Blizzard Entertainment to craft the machinima used in the episode. They stated in their commentary for the episode that they were completely shocked that the company was on board to help them out. The machinima scenes were created using shots of the in-game footage, and re-creation of the characters in Maya, with Blizzard Entertainment providing their own character models and computers to test with. Blizzard also gave the producers permission to use the alpha server of the expansion pack "" on which to shoot the scenes. Michael Morhaime, president and co-founder of Blizzard Entertainment, issued a statement over the collaboration:


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: "We were excited to hear that the creators of "South Park" were interested in featuring "World of Warcraft" in the opening of their new season, and we really enjoyed collaborating with them to make this happen. We're looking forward to sharing the experience with our employees and our players as well when the season debuts this week."


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: As a reference to the episode, certain "South Park" Season 10 DVDs include a 14-day free trial for "World of Warcraft". This did not affect the UK release of this season in 2009.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: Since the airing of the episode, the fictitious Sword of a Thousand Truths was featured in the "" beta test as a reward to the game's arena system, although it did not have the same capabilities as in the episode.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: Although the planning of the episode and data-collecting began on September 1, 2006, the actual production of the machinima was done in five "shooting" days, the first being September 20, 2006, which lasted about 3–5 hours, and the last being October 3, 2006, the day before the episode aired. The regular "South Park" animation was created simultaneously, with all the other non-machinima episodes of the series routinely finishing within 12 hours of their airing as well.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: Parker was deeply unhappy with the episode the day before its broadcast, telling to the show's producers, "I've lost it. I don't know how to do this anymore." He begged executive producer Anne Garefino to call Comedy Central and inform them that the show would not air, remarking, "I don't want the "South Park" legacy to be ruined, and this show is going to ruin it, because it's so bad." Parker went home unable to sleep and was surprised the following day that the episode was so well received.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: In patch 3.0.2, preceding the release of the "World of Warcraft" expansion pack, "", Blizzard included a "Make Love, Not Warcraft" PvP achievement, gained by using the "hug" emote on a dead enemy before they release their spirit.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: The fictitious video game played by Butters, "Hello Kitty: Island Adventure", was referenced in a 2008 April Fools' Day joke by the actual MMORPG "Hello Kitty Online", announcing an "Island Adventure" expansion for the game, boasting a reduction of content rather than an "expansion", leaving players stranded on a tropical island.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: Also, in the Wrath of the Lich King remake of the Naxxramas raid instance, a sword called Slayer of the Lifeless was added, bearing the flavour text "Foretold by Salzman", as a reference to Salzman from accounting and a weapon capable of killing that which has no life. The model of the weapon is the same as the one used for the Sword of a Thousand Truths.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: The "United in Stormwind" expansion of "Hearthstone" added "Elwynn Boar" and "Sword of a Thousand Truths" cards with abilities referencing the events of the episode.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: "Make Love, Not Warcraft" received critical acclaim. "IGN" gave it an overall rating of 9.3, labeling it as "one of the funniest episodes ever produced". The original television airing of the episode drew 3.4 million viewers, most between the ages of 18 and 49. This popularity made the episode Comedy Central's highest-rated midseason premiere since the year 2000. However, the highest ratings for the tenth season belong to the season's premiere, "The Return of Chef", which drew more than 3.5 million viewers. In 2007, this episode won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour). Fans voted the episode into 1st place in a major 2011 "South Park" voting held under the "Year of the Fan" iTunes promotion.


title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: "Make Love, Not Warcraft", along with the thirteen other episodes from "South Park"s tenth season, was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on August 21, 2007. The set includes brief audio commentaries by series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone for each episode.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: The bibliography of George Orwell includes journalism, essays, novels and non-fiction books written by the British writer Eric Blair (1903–1950), either under his own name or, more usually, under his pen name George Orwell. Orwell was a prolific writer on topics related to contemporary English society and literary criticism, who has been declared "perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture." His non-fiction cultural and political criticism constitutes the majority of his work, but Orwell also wrote in several genres of fictional literature.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Orwell is best remembered for his political commentary as a left-wing anti-totalitarian. As he explained in the essay "Why I Write" (1946), "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it." To that end, Orwell used his fiction as well as his journalism to defend his political convictions. He first achieved widespread acclaim with his fictional novella "Animal Farm" and cemented his place in history with the publication of "Nineteen Eighty-Four" shortly before his death. While fiction accounts for a small fraction of his total output, these two novels are his best-selling works, having sold almost fifty million copies in sixty-two languages by 2007—more than any other pair of books by a twentieth-century author.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Orwell wrote non-fiction—including book reviews, editorials, and investigative journalism—for a variety of British periodicals. In his lifetime he published hundreds of articles including several regular columns in British newsweeklies related to literary and cultural criticism as well as his explicitly political writing. In addition he wrote book-length investigations of poverty in Britain in the form of "Down and Out in Paris and London" and "The Road to Wigan Pier" and one of the first retrospectives on the Spanish Civil War in "Homage to Catalonia". Between 1941 and 1946 he also wrote fifteen "London Letters" for the American political and literary quarterly "Partisan Review", the first of which appeared in the issue dated March–April 1941.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Only two compilations of Orwell's body of work were published in his lifetime, but since his death over a dozen collected editions have appeared. Two attempts have been made at comprehensive collections: "The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters" in four volumes (1968, 1970), co-edited by Ian Angus and Orwell's widow Sonia Brownell; and "The Complete Works of George Orwell", in 20 volumes, edited by Peter Davison, which began publication in the mid-1980s. The latter includes an addendum, "The Lost Orwell" (2007).


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: The impact of Orwell's large corpus is manifested in additions to the Western canon such as "Nineteen Eighty-Four", its subjection to continued public notice and scholarly analyses, and the changes to vernacular English it has effected—notably the adoption of "Orwellian" as a description of totalitarian societies.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Orwell wrote six novels: "Burmese Days", "A Clergyman's Daughter", "Keep the Aspidistra Flying", "Coming Up for Air", "Animal Farm" and "Nineteen Eighty-Four". Most of these were semi-autobiographical. "Burmese Days" was inspired by his period working as an imperial policeman and is fictionalized; "A Clergyman's Daughter" follows a young woman who passes out from overwork and wakes up an amnesiac, forced to wander the countryside as she finds herself, eventually losing her belief in God, despite being the daughter of a clergyman. "Keep the Aspidistra Flying" and "Coming Up for Air" are examinations of the British class system. "Animal Farm" and "Nineteen Eighty-Four" are his most famous novels.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: In addition to his novels Orwell also wrote three non-fiction books. "Down and Out in Paris and London" records his experiences tramping in those two cities. "The Road to Wigan Pier" is initially a study of poverty in the North of England, but ends with an extended autobiographical essay describing some of Orwell's experiences with poverty. "Homage to Catalonia" recounts his experiences as a volunteer fighting fascism with the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification in anarchist Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Orwell wrote hundreds of essays, book reviews and editorials. His insights into linguistics, literature and politics—in particular anti-fascism, anti-communism, and democratic socialism—continued to be influential decades after his death. Over a dozen of these were published in collections during his life—"Inside the Whale and Other Essays" by his original publisher Victor Gollancz Ltd in 1940, and "Critical Essays" by Secker and Warburg in 1946. The latter press also published the collections "Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays" in 1950 (republished by Penguin in 2003) and "England Your England and Other Essays" in 1953.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Since his death many collections of essays have appeared, with the first attempt at a comprehensive collection being the four-volume "Collected Essays, Letters and Journalism of George Orwell" edited by Ian Angus and Sonia Brownell, which was published by Secker and Warburg and Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich in 1968–1970. Peter Davison of De Montfort University spent 17 years researching and correcting the entirety of Orwell's works with Angus and Sheila Davison, and devoted the last eleven volumes of the twenty-volume series "The Complete Works of George Orwell" to essays, letters, and journal entries. The entire series was initially printed by Secker and Warburg in 1986, finished by Random House in 1998, and revised between 2000 and 2002.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Starting with "The Lion and the Unicorn" (1941), several of Orwell's longer essays took the form of pamphlets:


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Orwell was not widely known for writing verse, but he did publish several poems that have survived, including many written during his school days:


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: In October 2015 Finlay Publisher, for The Orwell Society, published "George Orwell: The Complete Poetry", compiled and presented by Dione Venables.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: In addition to the pamphlets "British Pamphleteers Volume 1: From the 16th Century the 18th Century" and "Talking to India, by E. M. Forster, Richie Calder, Cedric Dover, Hsiao Ch'ien and Others: A Selection of English Language Broadcasts to India", Orwell edited two newspapers during his Eton years—"College Days"/"The Colleger" (1917) and "Election Times" (1917–1921). While working for the BBC, he collected six editions of a poetry magazine named "Voice" which were broadcast by Orwell, Mulk Raj Anand, John Atkins, Edmund Blunden, Venu Chitale, William Empson, Vida Hope, Godfrey Kenton, Una Marson, Herbert Read, and Stephen Spender. The magazine was published and distributed to the readers before being broadcast by the BBC. Issue five has not been recovered and was consequently excluded from W. J. West's collection of BBC transcripts.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Two essay collections were published during Orwell's lifetime—"Inside the Whale and Other Essays" in 1940 and "Critical Essays" in 1946 (the latter published in the United States as "Dickens, Dali, and Others" in 1958.) His publisher followed up these anthologies with "Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays" in 1950, "England Your England and Other Essays" in 1953—which was revised as "Such, Such Were the Joys"—and "Collected Essays" in 1961. The first significant publications in the United States were Doubleday's "A Collection of Essays by George Orwell" from 1954, 1956's "The Orwell Reader, Fiction, Essays, and Reportage" from Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, and Penguin's "Selected Essays" in 1957; re-released in 1962 with the title "Inside the Whale and Other Essays" and in abridged form as "Why I Write" in 2005 as a part of the Great Ideas series. In the aforementioned series, Penguin also published the short collections "Books v. Cigarettes" (2008), "Some Thoughts on the Common Toad" (2010), and "Decline of the English Murder" (2009). The latter does not contain the same texts as "Decline of the English Murder and Other Essays", published by Penguin in association with Secker & Warburg in 1965. The complete texts Orwell wrote for the "Observer" are collected in "Orwell: The Observer Years" published by Atlantic Books in 2003.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: In 1976 Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd in association with Octopus Books published "The Complete Novels", this edition was later republished by Penguin Books in 1983, and reprinted in Penguin Classics 2000 and 2009. Since the publication of Davison's corrected critical edition, John Carey's thorough "Essays" was released on 15 October 2002, as a part of the Everyman's Library and George Packer edited two collections for Houghton Mifflin, released on 13 October 2008—"All Art Is Propaganda: Critical Essays" and "Facing Unpleasant Facts: Narrative Essays".


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus edited a four volume collection of Orwell's writings, "The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell", divided into four volumes:


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: "The Complete Works of George Orwell" is a twenty-volume series, with the first nine being devoted to the non-fiction books and novels and the final eleven volumes entitled:


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: In 2001 Penguin published four selections from "The Complete Works of George Orwell" edited by Peter Davison in their modern classics series titled "Orwell and the Dispossessed: Down and Out in Paris and London in the Context of Essays, Reviews and Letters selected from The Complete Works of George Orwell" with an introduction by Peter Clarke, "Orwell's England: The Road to Wigan Pier in the Context of Essays, Reviews, Letters and Poems selected from The Complete Works of George Orwell" with an introduction by Ben Pimlott, "Orwell in Spain: The Full Text of Homage to Catalonia with Associated Articles, Reviews and Letters from The Complete Works of George Orwell" with an introduction by Christopher Hitchens, and "Orwell and Politics: Animal Farm in the Context of Essays, Reviews and Letters selected from The Complete Works of George Orwell" with an introduction by Timothy Garton Ash.


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: Davison later compiled a handful of writings—including letters, an obituary for H. G. Wells, and his reconstruction of Orwell's list—into "Lost Orwell: Being a Supplement to The Complete Works of George Orwell", which was published by Timewell Press in 2006, with a paperback published on 25 September 2007. In 2011, Davison's selection of letters and journal entries were published as "George Orwell: A Life in Letters" and "Diaries" by Harvill Secker. A selection by Davison from Orwell's journalism and other writings were published by Harvill Secker in 2014 under the title "Seeing Things as They Are".


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: After his first publication—the poem "Awake! Young Men of England", published in the "Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard" in 1914—Orwell continued to write for his school publications "The Election Times" and "College Days"/"The Colleger". He also experimented with writing for several years before he could support himself as an author. These pieces include first-hand journalism (e.g. 1931's "The Spike"), articles (e.g. 1931's "Hop-Picking"), and even a one-act play—"Free Will". (He would also adapt four plays as radio dramas.)


title: George Orwell bibliography

text: His production of fiction was not as prolific—while living in Paris he wrote a few unpublished stories and two novels, but burned the manuscripts. (Orwell routinely destroyed his manuscripts and with the exception of a partial copy of "Nineteen Eighty-Four", all are lost. Davison would publish this as "Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Facsimile of the Extant Manuscript" by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in May 1984, .) In addition, Orwell produced several pieces while working at the BBC as a correspondent. Some were written by him and others were merely recited for radio broadcast. For years, these went uncollected until the anthologies "Orwell: The War Broadcasts" (Marboro Books, June 1985 and in the United States, as "Orwell: The Lost Writings" by Arbor House, September 1985) and "Orwell: The War Commentaries" (Gerald Duckworth & Company Ltd., London, 1 January 1985) were edited by W. J. West. Orwell was responsible for producing "The Indian Section" of BBC Eastern Service and his program notes from 1 February and 7 December 1942 have survived (they are reproduced in "War Broadcasts"). He was also asked to provide an essay about British cooking along with recipes for "The British Council". Orwell kept a diary which has been published by his widow—Sonia Brownell—and academic Peter Davison, in addition to his private correspondence.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: The Philippines suffers from widespread corruption, which developed during the Spanish colonial period. According to GAN Integrity's "Philippines Corruption Report" updated May 2020, the Philippines suffers from many incidents of corruption and crime in many aspects of civic life and in various sectors. Such corruption risks are rampant throughout the state's judicial system, police service, public services, land administration, and natural resources. Examples of corruption in the Philippines include graft, bribery, favouritism, nepotism, impunity, embezzlement, extortion, racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, lack of transparency, lack of sufficient enforcement of laws and government policies, and consistent lack of support for human rights.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perception Index (CPI) ranks the country (together with Algeria, Egypt, Zambia, and Nepal) in the 117th place out of 180 countries. A high rank corresponds to a perception of high corruption in the country's public sector.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: The countries in the CPI are ranked according to their CPI score, which measures the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0100, where 0 means that a country is perceived as extremely corrupt and 100 means that a country is perceived as very clean. The Philippines received a score of 33 in 2021; the highest score in the Index that year was 88 and the lowest, 11.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: In 2012, President Benigno Aquino said that, according to Transparency International, the factors driving the progress in the Philippines' Corruption Perception Index scores at that time were improved government service and reduced red tape.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: A November 2020 Transparency International survey of nearly 20,000 citizens from 17 countries, mostly between June and September 2020, showed that more Filipinos are confident in the government's tackling of corruption compared with Asian neighbors, although they also believe corruption in government remains a big problem. 64% of Philippine respondents think that corruption has decreased in the last 12 months, while 24% believe that it increased. This was better than the average across Asia, where only 32% believe that corruption decreased and 38% said that it increased.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: The Police System of the Philippines poses a high risk of corruption, with the Philippines National Police (PNP) considered to be one of the most corrupt institutions within the country. There are several reports of national police officers and members of the military engaging in criminal activities such as extortion, corruption and involvement in local rackets. Private businesses also report that they cannot solely rely on the support of the police and half of them choose to pay for private security.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: According to CNN Philippines, Police Commissioner Mr. Sombero was under investigation in a corruption case for allegedly facilitating a PHP 50 million bribe from gambling tycoon Jack Lam, who tried to bribe immigration authorities to release approximately 1,300 Chinese nationals who were working in his resorts illegally.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: Corruption in the Philippine judicial system is also a major problem. Bribery and irregular payments in return for favourable judicial decisions are quite common. Although judicial officials are independent by law, rich and powerful groups and individuals wield control and influence over the judicial system and influence the outcomes of civil and criminal proceedings. Financial investment dispute often take an unnecessarily long period of time due to staffing shortages, lack of resources, and corruption in the court system. The low salaries of judicial officials help exacerbate the problem of bribery in exchange for favours. The judiciary is also criticised for making non-transparent and biased judicial decisions.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: The Philippine political arena is mainly arranged and operated by families or alliances of families, rather than organized around the voting for political parties. Called the "padrino" system, one gains favor, promotion, or political appointment through family affiliation (nepotism) or friendship (cronyism), as opposed to one's merit. The "padrino" system has been the source of many controversies and corruption in the Philippines.


title: Corruption in the Philippines

text: According to the Civil Service Commission (CSC), nepotism is a form of corruption or abuse of authority that violates Article IX (B), Section 2 (2) of the Constitution that states that "Appointments in the civil service shall be made only according to merit and fitness to be determined, as far as practicable, and, except to positions which are policy-determining, primarily confidential, or highly technical, by competitive examination." Nepotism favors a few individuals and compromises fairness in the hiring and promotion process in government.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: The grey crowned crane (Balearica regulorum), also known as the African crowned crane, golden crested crane, golden crowned crane, East African crane, East African crowned crane, African crane, Eastern crowned crane, Kavirondo crane, South African crane and crested crane, is a bird in the crane family, Gruidae. It is found in eastern and southern Africa, and is the national bird of Uganda.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: The grey crowned crane is closely related to the black crowned crane, and the two species have sometimes been treated as the same species. The two are separable on the basis of genetic evidence, calls, plumage and bare parts, and all authorities treat them as different species today.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: There are two subspecies. The East African "B. r. gibbericeps" (crested crane) occurs in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Uganda, of which it is the national bird represented in its national flag, and Kenya to eastern South Africa. It has a larger area of bare red facial skin above the white patch than the smaller nominate species, "B. r. regulorum" (South African crowned crane), which breeds from Angola south to South Africa.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: The grey crowned crane is about 1 m (3.3 ft) tall, weighs 3.5 kg (7.7 lbs), and has a wingspan of 2 m (6.5 ft). Its body plumage is mainly grey. The wings are predominantly white, but contain feathers with a range of colours, with a distinctive black patch at the very top. The head has a crown of stiff golden feathers. The sides of the face are white, and there is a bright red inflatable throat pouch. The bill is relatively short and grey, and the legs are black. They have long legs for wading through the grasses. The feet are large, yet slender, adapted for balance rather than defence or grasping. The sexes are similar, although males tend to be slightly larger. Young birds are greyer than adults, with a feathered buff face.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: This species and the black crowned crane are the only cranes that can roost in trees, because of a long hind toe that can grasp branches. This trait is assumed to be an ancestral trait among the cranes, which has been lost in the other subfamily. Crowned cranes also lack a coiled trachea and have loose plumage compared to the other cranes.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: The grey crowned crane occurs in dry savannah in Sub-Saharan Africa, although it nests in somewhat wetter habitats. They can also be found in marshes, cultivated lands and grassy flatlands near rivers and lakes in Uganda and Kenya and as far south as South Africa. This animal does not have set migration patterns, and birds nearer the tropics are typically sedentary. Birds in more arid areas, particularly Namibia, make localised seasonal movements during drier periods.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: The grey crowned crane has a breeding display involving dancing, bowing, and jumping. It has a booming call which involves inflation of the red gular sac. It also makes a honking sound quite different from the trumpeting of other crane species. Both sexes dance, and immature birds join the adults. Dancing is an integral part of courtship, but also may be done at any time of the year.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: These cranes are omnivores, eating plants, seeds, grain, insects, frogs, worms, snakes, small fish and the eggs of aquatic animals. Stamping their feet as they walk, they flush out insects which are quickly caught and eaten. The birds also associate with grazing herbivores, benefiting from the ability to grab prey items disturbed by antelopes and gazelles. They spend their entire day looking for food. At night, the crowned crane spends its time in the trees sleeping and resting.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: Grey crowned cranes time their breeding season around the rains, although the effect varies geographically. In East Africa the species breeds year-round, but most frequently during the drier periods, whereas in Southern Africa the breeding season is timed to coincide with the rains. During the breeding season, pairs of cranes construct a large nest; a platform of grass and other plants in tall wetland vegetation.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: The grey crowned crane lays a clutch of 2-5 glossy, dirty-white eggs, which are incubated by both sexes for 28–31 days. Chicks are precocial, can run as soon as they hatch, and fledge in 56–100 days. Once they are fully grown and independent, chicks of different sexes will separate from their parents to start their own family. Grey crowned cranes have been seen to congregate in large numbers in a ceremony akin to a wedding when two chicks are being married off. The new couple dance for a while before flying off together to start a new family.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: Although the grey crowned crane remains common over some of its range, it faces threats to its habitat due to drainage, overgrazing, and pesticide pollution. Their global population is estimated to be between 58,000 and 77,000 individuals. In 2012 it was uplisted from vulnerable to endangered by the IUCN.


title: Grey crowned crane

text: The grey crowned crane is the national bird of Uganda and features in the country's flag and coat of arms. The bird also appears as an antagonist in "", "Mr. Bean", and "Debbie Does Dallas".


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: ValuJet Airlines Flight 592 was a regularly scheduled flight from Miami International Airport to Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. On May 11, 1996, the ValuJet Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-9 operating the route crashed into the Everglades about 10 minutes after taking off from Miami as a result of a fire in the cargo compartment caused by mislabeled and improperly stored hazardous cargo. All 110 people on board died. The airline already had a poor safety record before the crash, and the accident brought widespread attention to the airline's problems. The airline was grounded for several months after the accident. When operations resumed, ValuJet was unable to attract the same amount of customers that it had before the accident. It acquired AirTran in 1997, but the lingering damage to the ValuJet name led ValuJet executives to assume the AirTran name.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: ValuJet Airlines was founded in 1992 and was known for its sometimes aggressive cost-cutting measures. Many of the airline's planes were purchased used from other airlines, little training was provided to workers, and contractors were used for maintenance and other services. The company quickly developed a reputation for its lax safety. In 1995, the U.S. military refused ValuJet's bid to fly military personnel because of safety worries, and officials at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) wanted the airline to be grounded.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: In 1986, an American Trans Air McDonnell Douglas DC-10 being serviced at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport had been destroyed on the ground by a fire caused by chemical oxygen generators. On February 3, 1988, American Airlines Flight 132 (operated by a McDonnell Douglas MD-80) had a similar incident to that which later downed ValuJet Flight 592: a fire began in the cargo hold while the plane was in flight, caused by hazardous materials (primarily hydrogen peroxide), but in that case the crew landed the aircraft safely.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: After AA Flight 132, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommended to the FAA that all class D cargo holds have smoke detectors and fire suppression systems.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: The aircraft, a DC-9-32 registered N904VJ, was the 496th DC-9 assembled at the Long Beach plant. It was 27 years old at the time of the accident and had been previously flown by Delta Air Lines. Its first flight was April 18, 1969 and it was delivered to Delta on May 27, 1969 as N1281L. The airframe flew for Delta until the end of 1992, when it was retired and sold back to McDonnell Douglas. McDonnell Douglas then sold the plane to ValuJet in 1993. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A turbofan engines.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: The aircraft had suffered a series of incidents in the two years before the crash, including two aborted takeoffs and eight emergency landings. Engine and pressurization errors were the primary issues in several of the incidents. In May 1995, the FAA issued a re-wiring directive for all DC-9 cockpits because the wire bundles in the switch panel could cause "fire and uncontrolled smoke throughout the cockpit as a result of chafing and shorting."


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: In the flight deck were two experienced pilots: Captain Candi Kubeck (35) and First Officer Richard Hazen (52). Captain Kubeck had accumulated 8,928 total flight hours throughout her career (including 2,116 hours on the DC-9) and First Officer Hazen had more than 11,800 total flight hours throughout his career, with 2,148 of them on the DC-9.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: On the afternoon of May 11, 1996, Flight 592 pushed back from gate G2 in Miami after a delay of 1 hour and 4 minutes due to mechanical problems. There were 110 people on board: 105 passengers, mainly from Florida and Georgia, and a crew of two pilots and three flight attendants. At 2:04 PM EDT, the DC-9 took off from runway 9L (now runway 8R) and began a normal climb.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: At 2:10 p.m the passengers started to smell smoke. At the same time, the pilots heard a loud bang in their headsets and noticed the plane was losing electrical power. The sag in electrical power and the bang were eventually determined to be the result of a tire in the cargo hold exploding. Seconds later, a flight attendant entered the cockpit and informed the flight crew of a fire in the passenger cabin. Passengers' shouts of "fire, fire, fire" were recorded on the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) when the cockpit door was opened. Though ValuJet's flight attendant training manual stated that the cockpit door should not be opened when smoke or other harmful gases might be present in the cabin, the intercom was not functional and informing the pilots of what was happening was difficult. The flight data recorder (FDR) indicated a progressive failure of the DC-9's electrical and flight control systems due to the spreading fire.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: Kubeck and Hazen immediately asked air traffic control for a return to Miami due to the increasing smoke in the cockpit and cabin, and were given instructions for a return to the airport. One minute later, Hazen requested the nearest available airport. Kubeck began to turn the plane left in preparation for the return to Miami.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: Flight 592 disappeared from radar at 2:13:42 PM, the exact time that it crashed. Eyewitnesses nearby watched as the plane banked sharply, rolled onto its side and nosedived into the Francis S. Taylor Wildlife Management Area in the Everglades, a few miles west of Miami, at a speed in excess of . Kubeck lost control of the plane less than 10 seconds before impact. Examination of debris suggested that the fire had burned through the floorboards in the cabin, resulting in structural failure and damage to cables underneath the instrument panels. The NTSB report on the accident stated, "the Safety Board cannot rule out the possibility that the flightcrew was incapacitated by smoke or heat in the cockpit during the last 7 seconds of the flight." Interruptions in the cockpit voice recorder occurred on two occasions, one as long as 1 minute 12 seconds. The aircraft hit the water at 2:13:42 PM EDT, about 10 minutes after takeoff. The impact site was on the eastern edge of Florida Water Conservation Area 3B, between two levees, in an area known as the L-67 Pocket.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: All onboard were killed in the crash. Recovery of the aircraft and victims was made extremely difficult by the location of the crash. The nearest road of any kind was more than a quarter of a mile (400 m) away from the crash scene, and the location of the crash itself was a deep-water swamp with a floor of solid limestone. The aircraft was destroyed on impact, with no large pieces of the fuselage remaining. Sawgrass, alligators, and risk of bacterial infection from cuts plagued searchers involved in the recovery effort.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: According to the NTSB's report, two witnesses fishing nearby testified that "they saw a low-flying airplane in a steep right bank. According to these witnesses, as the right bank angle increased, the nose of the airplane dropped and continued downward. The airplane struck the ground in a nearly vertical attitude."


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: They reported seeing no external damage or any sign of fire or smoke other than the engine exhaust. A group of sightseers in a small private plane also witnessed the crash and provided a nearly identical account, stating that Flight 592 seemed to "disappear" after hitting the swamp and they could see nothing but scattered small debris, part of an engine, and a large pool of jet fuel near the crash site.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: Recovery of the passengers and crew took several weeks, and little in the way of intact human remains was found due to the sheer violence of the impact, immersion in swamp water, and scavenging by wildlife. About 68 of the 110 people aboard the plane were identified, in some cases from examining jawbones, and at least one individual from a single tooth. A piece of torn flesh was proven to belong to First Officer Hazen, but Captain Kubeck's remains were never found. Due to the above-mentioned factors, performing toxicology tests on the passenger and crew remains, to determine how much exposure they would have had to fumes and smoke from the in-flight fire, was not possible.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: At the end of a fifteen-month investigation, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the fire that downed Flight 592 developed in a cargo compartment below the passenger cabin. The cargo compartment was a Class D design, in which fire suppression is accomplished by sealing off the hold from outside air. Any fire in such an airtight compartment would quickly exhaust all available oxidizers and then burn itself out. As the fire suppression can be accomplished without any intervention by the crew, such holds are not equipped with smoke detectors. However, the NTSB quickly determined that just before takeoff, 144 expired chemical oxygen generators, each slightly larger than the size of a tennis ball can, had been placed in the cargo compartment in five boxes marked COMAT (company material) by ValuJet's maintenance contractor, SabreTech, in violation of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations forbidding the transport of hazardous materials in passenger aircraft cargo holds. Failure to cover the generators' firing pins with the prescribed plastic caps made an accidental activation much more likely. The investigation revealed that rather than covering them, the cords attached to the firing pins were simply cut or duct-taped around the cans, and Scotch tape was also used to stick the ends down. SabreTech employees indicated on the cargo manifest that the "oxy canisters", which were loosely packed in the boxes that were each sealed with tape and bubble wrap, were "empty". ValuJet workers then loaded the boxes in the cargo hold in the mistaken belief that the devices that they contained were just empty canisters, thus being certified as supposedly "safe" to transport on a passenger aircraft, when in fact they were neither simple oxygen canisters, nor empty.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: Chemical oxygen generators, when activated, produce oxygen for passengers if the plane suffers a decompression. However, they also produce a great quantity of heat due to the exothermic nature of the chemical reaction involved. Therefore, not only could the heat and generated oxygen start a fire, but the oxygen could also keep the fire burning. The fire was worsened by the presence of two main aircraft tires (one of them mounted on a main wheel) and a nose tire and wheel that were also included in the list of materials shipped as COMAT. Investigators determined that one of the oxygen generators was likely triggered when the plane experienced a slight jolt while taxiing. As the aircraft taxied and took off, the generator began accumulating heat, soon setting fire to its surroundings.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: Laboratory testing showed that canisters of the same type could heat nearby materials up to . The oxygen from the generators fed the resulting fire in the cargo hold without any need for outside air, defeating the cargo hold's airtight design. A pop and jolt heard on the cockpit voice recording and correlated with a brief and dramatic spike in the altimeter reading in the flight data recording were attributed to the sudden cabin pressure change caused by one of the wheels in the cargo hold exploding due to the heat. Investigators also determined that in this process, the fire began to destroy control cables that ran to the back of the aircraft, which explained why the pilots began losing control before the plane crashed; the NTSB concluded that the aircraft was under positive control by the pilots until the time of the sharp right turn and dive immediately prior to impact.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: Smoke detectors in the cargo holds can alert the flight crew of a fire long before the problem becomes apparent in the cabin, and a fire suppression system buys valuable time to land the plane safely. In February 1998, the FAA issued revised standards requiring all Class D cargo holds to be converted by early 2001 to Class C or E; these types of holds have additional fire detection and suppression equipment.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: In 1997, a federal grand jury indicted SabreTech for mishandling hazardous materials, failing to train its employees in proper handling of hazardous materials, conspiracy, and making false statements. SabreTech's maintenance supervisor, Daniel Gonzalez, and two mechanics who worked on the plane, Eugene Florence and Mauro Ociel Valenzuela-Reyes, were charged with conspiracy and making false statements. Two years later, having been found guilty on the mishandling hazardous materials and improper training charges, SabreTech was fined $2 million and ordered to pay $9 million in restitution. Gonzalez and Florence were acquitted on all charges, while Valenzuela failed to appear and was indicted "in absentia" for contempt of court. Valenzuela is still a fugitive as of 2021; he was specifically highlighted in the EPA's announcement of a website to search for "environmental fugitives." The FBI has offered a $10,000 reward for information on his whereabouts.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: ValuJet was grounded by the FAA on June 16, 1996, and was allowed to resume flying again on September 30, but never recovered from the crash. In 1997, the company acquired AirTran Airways. Although ValuJet was the nominal survivor, the ValuJet executives believed that a new name was important to regain passenger traffic. AirTran made little mention of its past as ValuJet. In 2011, AirTran was purchased by Southwest Airlines.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: Many families of Flight 592's victims were outraged that ValuJet was not prosecuted, given the airline's poor safety record. ValuJet's accident rate was not only one of the highest in the low-fare sector, but also 14 times higher than that of legacy airlines. In the aftermath of the crash, an internal FAA memo surfaced questioning whether ValuJet should have been allowed to stay in the air. The victims' families also point to statements made by ValuJet's officials immediately after the crash which led many to believe that ValuJet knew the generators were on the plane, and had ordered them returned to Atlanta rather than properly disposed of in Miami.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: On the third anniversary of the accident, in 1999, a memorial was dedicated to the victims in the Everglades. The memorial, consisting of 110 concrete pillars, is located just north of Tamiami Trail, about 12 miles west of Krome Avenue in Miami-Dade County. It points to the location of the crash site 12 miles to the north-northeast. Students from the American Institute of Architecture designed the memorial, and local contractors, masons, and labor unions built it for free.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: In a June 4, 2013, "Miami Herald" article, a local resident stated that while slogging through the sawgrass several months earlier, he found a partially melted gold pendant in the same area, which is thought possibly to be from either the ValuJet crash or the crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401, which had occurred about from the ValuJet crash site.


title: ValuJet Flight 592

text: Three National Geographic shows, "Why Planes Crash" ("Fire In The Sky"), "Seconds From Disaster" ("Florida Swamp Air Crash"), and "Mayday" ("Fire in the Hold"), covered the crash. It was also featured in the last episode of the four-part Travel Channel series "Probable Cause: Air Crash Investigations" (Acceptable Risk) and an episode of "COPS" being filmed in the Miami area at the time.


title: United Passions

text: United Passions (French: "United Passions: La Légende du football", literally "United Passions: The Legend of Football", also known as United Passions: The Birth of the World Cup) is a 2014 English-language French drama film. It is about the origins of the world governing body of association football, Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Ninety-percent funded by FIFA, it stars Tim Roth, Gérard Depardieu and Sam Neill, and is directed by Frédéric Auburtin. It premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 18 May 2014.


title: United Passions

text: The film's North American release on 5 June 2015 was particularly unsuccessful, coinciding with the 2015 FIFA corruption case. In the United States, the film grossed $918 in its opening weekend, was lambasted by critics as propaganda, and is considered to be one of the worst films of all time. The film was also a major box-office bomb, losing $26.8 million worldwide and failing to obtain theatrical distribution in many markets.


title: United Passions

text: In 1905, after the English football federation rejects an offer to join the formation of an international governing body for football, Robert Guérin forms FIFA, and makes himself the first president. Years after its formation, it is all but unknown. Jules Rimet, then president of FIFA, publicly mocks Uruguay's victory in the 1924 Summer Olympic football games, hoping that this audacious move will make FIFA more publicly visible. However, the media does not publish his mockery. Still optimistic, he decides that the only way to make themselves known is to organize a truly international tournament: the World Cup.


title: United Passions

text: Rimet is at the point of giving up organizing the World Cup due to a lack of funds until he receives an unexpected letter from Enrique Buero. Buero and his South American ties will fund the first World Cup, hoping that in doing so, it will make Uruguay and other South American countries more well-known. Rimet and Buero collude to award the first World Cup to Uruguay. In 1930, Uruguay wins the first World Cup. Rimet remains president of FIFA, working through the Great Depression, looming war, and disagreement among FIFA members; Rimet would organize the 1938 World Cup but would fail to do so in 1942 and 1946 due to World War II.


title: United Passions

text: After the war, Rimet organized two more World Cups in 1950 and 1954. The World Cup and FIFA after the war grew significantly, with many new members joining in many parts of the world. After many years, FIFA is now under the reign of president João Havelange. Havelange is voted into power using expensive trips and various modern lobbying tactics. Havelange sees FIFA as an organization in financial disarray and works to find various sponsors to finance its operation. Throughout his tenure as the president of FIFA, he has a right-hand man, Sepp Blatter, who impresses Havelange with his unrelenting work. Eventually, Blatter becomes the next president of FIFA.


title: United Passions

text: Corruption within FIFA builds up over the years from Havelange's expansion efforts. As president of FIFA, Blatter is tasked to clean this up, for which he is seen as a controversial president. Many FIFA officials attempt to vote him out of office because of how incorruptible he is. In a 2006 vote, Blatter is able to retain his presidency by cowing the corrupt members of FIFA, threatening to expose their ill deeds if they do not endorse Blatter and his anti-corruption campaign by voting for him as the FIFA president.


title: United Passions

text: Principal photography took place in Switzerland, Azerbaijan, France and Brazil. The opening scene was shot at a stadium in the Azerbaijani village of Sahil.


title: United Passions

text: FIFA wanted the film finished for release in the summer of 2014, ahead of the FIFA World Cup in Brazil. The film's script was completed in four months. FIFA's original title suggestions for the film were "Men of Legend" and "The Dreammakers".


title: United Passions

text: According to "Howler Magazine", $27 million of the film's budget came directly from FIFA while the remaining $5 million came from the Azerbaijani government.


title: United Passions

text: The film's United States release coincided with the 2015 FIFA corruption case, in which several current and former members of FIFA's executive committee were arrested for charges of corruption. The corruption investigation led to the resignation of FIFA's president, Sepp Blatter, following decades of speculation and accusations of corruption at FIFA under his leadership.


title: United Passions

text: The film was accused of ignoring these long-running claims. Roth has said that he asked the filmmakers: "Where's all the corruption in the script? Where is all the back-stabbing, the deals?" He said he attempted to convey these elements through his performance, saying: "It was a tough one. I tried to slide in a sense of it, as much as I could get in there." The film's director, Frédéric Auburtin, claimed he inserted "ironic parts" into the film.


title: United Passions

text: Prior to its release, comedian John Oliver lampooned the film in a segment on his show "Last Week Tonight", saying that the "movie, like FIFA itself, looks terrible" and asking, "Who makes a sports film where the heroes are the executives?" The film also faced criticism from the media concerning the £16 million cost of production, more than the annual turnover of most of FIFA's national associations.


title: United Passions

text: The film was made on a budget of between $25–32 million, with the "Los Angeles Times" reporting an estimated budget of $29 million. Roughly £17 million (about US$27 million; 90% of the total budget) was financed by FIFA. The film was reported to have lost around $26.8 million due to its poor theatrical returns.


title: United Passions

text: In North America, the film was an instant box office bomb. It opened on Friday, 5 June 2015, and grossed a mere $319 on its opening day from 10 theaters in New York City, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Phoenix, Kansas City, Miami, Minneapolis, Houston, Dallas, and Philadelphia, followed by an even worse $288 on Saturday. For its three-day opening (Friday-to-Sunday), it grossed only $918—the worst opening of all time for a film opening in 10 to 15 theatres in U.S. box office history.


title: United Passions

text: The FilmBar theater in Downtown Phoenix reported a gross of $9, indicating that only one person bought a ticket to see the film. The film was withdrawn from cinemas by its distributor, Screen Media Films, following its appalling opening weekend performance at the box office. In North America, it ended up becoming the lowest-grossing film of all time, surpassing the previous record held by "I Kissed a Vampire" ($1,380) in 2012.


title: United Passions

text: For the film's screening at the Zurich Film Festival on 5 October 2014, about 120 people paid $22.70 per ticket to view the film in a 500-seat cinema. Overall, the highest revenue outside of North America came from Russia and the CIS (£144,000), Portugal (£4,000) and Serbia (£2,000), while the revenues from Hungary, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine were minimal. In France, the film was released straight to DVD.


title: United Passions

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 0%, with an average rating of 1.01/10, based on 16 reviews. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 1 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike". It is regarded as one of the worst films ever made. The film has been criticized for the poor quality of the drama, the unsuitability of the topic of administrative matters for a movie and the perceived biases of the film, with "The Guardian" describing it as "cinematic excrement" and "self-hagiography", and others calling it a "cringeworthy, self-aggrandizing affair", and "astonishingly crass".


title: United Passions

text: Several reviewers commented on the irony of the portrayal of Blatter in the film as an anti-corruption campaigner. Sara Stewart of the "New York Post" described it as "hilariously ill-timed", while Paul Field of the "Daily Mirror" said that this created "unintentional comedy gold".


title: United Passions

text: Writing in the "London Evening Standard", Des Kelly described "United Passions" as "the worst movie ever made" and "the most extraordinary vanity exercise; a vile, self-aggrandizing, sugar-coated pile of manure where Blatter and Co. manage to make North Korea's Kim Jong-un look self-effacing".


title: United Passions

text: Daniel M. Gold of "The New York Times" claimed "United Passions" is "one of the most unwatchable films in recent memory, a dishonest bit of corporate-suite sanitizing that's no good even for laughs". In a later interview, Gold claimed it would make the top three of his list of all-time bad films.


title: United Passions

text: Auburtin, in his first interview since the film's disastrous US opening in June 2015 told "The Hollywood Reporter" that he tried to strike a balance between "a Disney propaganda film [and] a Costa-Gavras/Michael Moore movie", but the project ultimately tipped in FIFA's favor. He added, "Now I'm seen as bad as the guy who brought AIDS to Africa or the guy who caused the financial crisis. My name is all over [this mess], and apparently I am a propaganda guy making films for corrupt people."


title: United Passions

text: Roth, who has not seen the film and has declined repeated requests to speak about the film, confessed in May 2015, before the scandal broke, to the German newspaper "Die Welt": "Yeah, I apologize I didn't question the director, I didn't question the script", he said. "This is a role that will have my father turning in his grave". He admitted that he took the job for the money, saying it helped him out of a "financial hole", and added: "[B]ut you know what? The hole FIFA has dug for itself is so deep, they'll never get out of it". Roth also added in a reddit AMA regarding taking the role that "I had two kids in college so I had to make a decision and it was probably poorly judged but once you make that decision you have to follow through" but adding "I am glad I did it for my family."


title: United Passions

text: Jason Barry, who plays an investigative reporter in the film, said in an interview that, like Roth, he had not watched it. "It's incredibly unusual for a non-studio to put that much money into a film with no distribution or anything already in place ... no pre-sales, no sales done on Cannes," he said, adding "I know when I was doing my ADR—when you do your ADR, you re-do your voice—the director was saying that some of my dialogue was cut because Blatter didn't like the way some of my—because my scenes are with Tim Roth who plays Blatter—and Blatter didn't like the tone of the way I was asking some of the questions. And let's be honest, in the script I'm not asking anything intense in any way shape or form. It makes Blatter out to be what Blatter thinks he is—the shining beacon of world football. It was a vanity project for FIFA."


title: United Passions

text: "United Passions" received the Barry L. Bumstead Award during the 36th Golden Raspberry Awards, a special category for critical and financial failures that were not given an eligible release.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Ryan Getzlaf (born May 10, 1985) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Getzlaf played his entire NHL career with the Anaheim Ducks and is the franchise's all-time leading scorer. A first-round selection, 19th overall, at the 2003 NHL Entry Draft, he played in three NHL All-Star Games and was a member of the Ducks' 2007 Stanley Cup championship team. A playmaker and power forward, Getzlaf is the Ducks' all-time leader in games played, assists, and points and the all-time playoff leader in goals, assists and points. He led the Ducks in assists twelve times, including a franchise record of 66 in 2008–09, and in points eight times.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: As a junior, Getzlaf played four seasons with the Calgary Hitmen and was twice named to a Western Hockey League (WHL) all-star team. Internationally, he has represented Canada on numerous occasions. Getzlaf was a member of the 2005 World Junior Championship squad considered the greatest in Canadian history, and won a silver medal at the 2008 IIHF World Championship. A two-time Olympian, Getzlaf played with Canadian teams that won gold medals at the 2010 and 2014 Winter Games.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Getzlaf was born May 10, 1985, in Regina, Saskatchewan. He is the younger son of Steve and Susan Getzlaf, and has an older brother, Chris. He attended Robert Usher Collegiate in Regina.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Growing up in an athletically minded family, both Ryan and Chris were encouraged to play several sports, particularly hockey and football. Chris focused on football and ultimately joined their hometown Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Canadian Football League as a slotback. Ryan played tailback in football, and represented Saskatchewan as a catcher in a national youth baseball tournament, but focused on his hockey career.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: While a member of the Regina Bantam AAA Rangers in 2000, Getzlaf was drafted into the Western Hockey League (WHL) by the Calgary Hitmen with the 54th pick in the 2000 WHL Bantam Draft. He stood at the time of the draft, but grew by the time he joined the team as a 16-year-old. Getzlaf made his junior debut in 2001–02 and recorded 18 points in 63 games. He nearly quadrupled his offensive production as a 17-year-old in 2002–03 by scoring 29 goals and 68 points. His performance made him a top prospect for the 2003 National Hockey League (NHL) Entry Draft; the NHL Central Scouting Bureau ranked Getzlaf as the fifth best North American skater in the draft and he was taken in the first round, 19th overall, by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: The Mighty Ducks returned Getzlaf to the Hitmen for the 2003–04 season. He recorded 75 points in just 49 games and was named to the WHL's first all-star team. Due to the 2004–05 NHL lock-out, Getzlaf was again returned to Calgary for his fourth season of junior hockey. He was named team captain, but was briefly stripped of the title by the coaches after earning several misconduct penalties for arguing with the officials. The captaincy was restored after a couple weeks, and Getzlaf moderated his interactions with referees. He also missed time during the season after suffering a concussion as a result of a hit by Dion Phaneuf of the Red Deer Rebels. Getzlaf finished the regular season with 54 points in 51 games, and after the Hitmen were eliminated from the WHL playoffs, was assigned to the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks of the American Hockey League (AHL) for their own playoff run. Getzlaf appeared in 10 post-season games for Cincinnati in his professional debut. He recorded one goal and four assists.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Getzlaf made the Mighty Ducks' roster out of training camp and began the 2005–06 season in Anaheim; he made his NHL debut on October 5, 2005, against the Chicago Blackhawks. After recording his first point with an assist on October 14 against the Columbus Blue Jackets, Getzlaf scored his first NHL goal seven days later against goaltender Manny Legace of the Detroit Red Wings. Though Getzlaf had seven points in his first 16 games with Anaheim, he was demoted to the AHL's Portland Pirates in mid-November, partially to gain more playing time than he was getting in Anaheim. He appeared in 17 games for the Pirates in which he scored 8 goals and added 25 assists. Along with teammate Corey Perry, Getzlaf shared AHL co-rookie of the month honours for December and while he was named to play in the 2006 AHL All-Star game, Getzlaf did not appear in the contest as he was recalled to Anaheim in mid-January. He completed the season in the NHL, and finished with 14 goals and 39 points in 57 regular season games, then added seven points in 16 post-season contests.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: In his sophomore season with the newly renamed Anaheim Ducks, Getzlaf appeared in all 82 regular season games for the team and finished with 25 goals and 58 points. He played in the YoungStars Game at the 2007 NHL All-Star Game in Dallas. At the age of 22 years, Getzlaf joined with Corey Perry (21) and Dustin Penner (24) to form the Ducks' "kid line" which emerged as a top scoring unit during a 2007 playoff run to the Stanley Cup final. Getzlaf led the Ducks in post-season scoring with 17 points, at the time a franchise playoff record, as the Ducks defeated the Ottawa Senators in the final series. It was the first Stanley Cup championship in Anaheim's franchise history.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: The "kid line" was broken up prior to the 2007–08 season after Penner signed a contract as a restricted free agent with the Edmonton Oilers; however, Getzlaf opted to remain in Anaheim. He signed a five-year, $26.625 million extension that carried through the 2012–13 season. Getzlaf emerged as one of the NHL's top young stars as he played in his first All-Star Game in 2008, and led the Ducks in both assists (58) and points (82).


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Getzlaf tied a Ducks franchise record early in the 2008–09 season as he recorded five assists in a 5–4 victory over the Detroit Red Wings on October 29, 2008. One of the League's leading scorers, Getzlaf again led the Ducks with a franchise-record 66 assists, and his 91 points was sixth-best in the NHL. He appeared in his second All-Star Game after being voted into the starting line-up for the 2009 contest by the fans. Though the Ducks were eliminated in the second round of the 2009 playoffs, Getzlaf set a franchise playoff record with 14 assists (in 13 games), and finished sixth overall in post-season scoring.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: An ankle sprain injury reduced Getzlaf to 66 games played in 2009–10. He still led the Ducks with 50 assists, and was second in team scoring with 69 points. Scott Niedermayer retired as a player following the season, and the Ducks named Getzlaf his successor as team captain prior to the 2010–11 season. Ducks' head coach Randy Carlyle described the promotion of the 25-year-old in terms of Getzlaf's maturation as an NHL player. He added "We felt that with it being his sixth season in the League, now is the time for the transition and the veteran players agreed with us." During the season, he suffered multiple nasal sinus fractures after being struck in the face by a puck, and consequently appeared in only 67 games; he recorded 19 goals. Getzlaf's 57 assists ranked fourth in the NHL and he added six points in six post-season contests, including his 50th career playoff point.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Getzlaf played his 500th career game on March 12, 2012, a 3–2 loss to the Colorado Avalanche. He played all 82 games for the Ducks in 2011–12 and led the team with 46 assists. Another milestone came late in the 2012–13 season as Getzlaf recorded his 500th point on March 8, 2013, with an assist on a Bobby Ryan goal in a 4–0 win over the Calgary Flames. On the same day, the Ducks signed Getzlaf to an eight-year contract extension that runs through the 2021–22 season and is worth $66 million. He finished the lock-out-shortened campaign as the team leader in assists (34) and points (49), and tied for the team lead with 15 goals.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: In 2013–14, Getzlaf recorded a career-high 31 goals and finished second to Sidney Crosby in league scoring with 87 points. Getzlaf was named to the second All-Star team and was a first-time finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player. He finished as the runner-up to Crosby.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: In the final seconds of Anaheim's opening contest in the 2014 playoffs, against the Dallas Stars, Getzlaf suffered lacerations and bruises after blocking a shot with his face. He returned for the second game of the series, but missed the following two games due an undisclosed "upper body injury". Getzlaf returned for the remainder of his team's playoff run, and recorded 15 points in 12 post-season games before the Ducks were eliminated in the second round by the Los Angeles Kings.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: In the 2015 playoffs, Getzlaf tied the previous Ducks record for most assists in a post-season – which he himself set in 2009 – at 14 when he provided the primary assist on teammate Simon Després' game-winning goal in Game 3 of the Western Conference Finals against the Chicago Blackhawks on May 22, 2015.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: In 2017, Getzlaf was named a finalist for the Mark Messier Leadership Award along with Calgary Flames defencemen Mark Giordano and Columbus Blue Jackets forward Nick Foligno. In the 2017 playoffs, Getzlaf surpassed former teammate Teemu Selänne's franchise record of 35 playoff goals against the Edmonton Oilers in Game 4 of the best of seven series. During the Western Conference finals, Getzlaf was fined $10,000 for using a homophobic slur to insult an on-ice official. He later said "That's my responsibility to understand that there are eyes and ears on us all the time. Fortunately enough, nobody heard it. If you can read lips, it's a little bit harder, and I apologize for that. That's a thing that you won't hear from me again. I hope I didn't offend anybody outside the circle that we trust."


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Early in the 2017–18 season, Getzlaf was sidelined after a hit in the face by a puck during a game against the Carolina Hurricanes required surgery. He returned from his injury 19 games later, on December 11, to help the Ducks beat the Hurricanes 3–2. The Ducks qualified for the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs but were swept by the San Jose Sharks in four games. On April 23, 2018, Getzlaf was nominated for the King Clancy Memorial Trophy as a player who best exemplifies leadership qualities on and off the ice and gives back to his community; the award went to Daniel and Henrik Sedin.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: On July 28, 2021, Getzlaf signed a one-year, $3 million contract to remain with the Ducks, with performance bonuses of up to $1.5 million. On October 31, Getzlaf scored his 989th career NHL point, passing Teemu Selänne as the Ducks' all-time leading scorer, in a 4–2 win over the Montreal Canadiens. On November 16, Getzlaf scored his 1,000th career NHL point, an assist on a goal by Cam Fowler, in a 3–2 overtime win over the Washington Capitals.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: On April 5, 2022, Getzlaf announced that he would retire at the end of the 2021–22 season and that his final game would be the last home game of the season for the Ducks on April 24, 2022, against the St. Louis Blues.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Prior to the game on April 24, the Ducks honored Getzlaf with a pregame ceremony during which he was joined at center ice by his wife and four children along with the owners of the Ducks, Henry and Susan Samueli. The Ducks presented Getzlaf with a golf vacation and an off-road vehicle in Ducks team colors, which was driven onto the ice by retired Ducks star Selänne. In the game Getzlaf recorded an assist in a 6–3 loss to the St. Louis Blues.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: After the game, Getzlaf was congratulated by his teammates and by every member of the Blues, including former teammate David Perron and fellow Regina native Tyler Bozak, in a moment resembling the handshake line at the end of a playoff series. Afterwards, Getzlaf gave an emotional address to the crowd before taking one final lap around the Honda Center and closing the books on his 17-year career.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Getzlaf ended his career with 282 goals, 737 assists and a total of 1,018 points. As of his retirement date, Getzlaf leads the Ducks in games played, assists, points and assists per game, and also holds the Ducks record for most assists in a season. He is the 35th player since 1980 to play his entire career with one NHL franchise (minimum of 10 seasons) and is only the 11th to play at least 17 seasons with the same team. He is tied for 33rd overall in most games played by a single player for a single franchise.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Getzlaf made his international debut as a member of the seventh-place Canada-West entry at the 2002 World U17 Hockey Challenge in Manitoba. The following year, he joined the Canadian under-18 team at the 2003 IIHF World U18 Championships. In seven games at the tournament, Getzlaf recorded two goals and two assists as Canada, in its second appearance at the event, won the nation's first gold medal at the U18 level.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: Moving up to the national junior team, Getzlaf made his first of two appearances at the World Junior Hockey Championship in 2004. He recorded six points in six games for a Canadian squad that scored 25 goals in its four round-robin games and surrendered only four en route to a gold medal showdown with the United States. With Canada leading 3–1 early in the third period of the final, both Getzlaf and Sidney Crosby failed to capitalize on opportunities to add an extra goal that may have sealed a victory. Instead, Canada surrendered the lead, and Getzlaf and his teammates were forced to settle for the silver medal after goaltender Marc-André Fleury accidentally sent a clearing pass off a teammate and into his own net for the game-winning goal.


title: Ryan Getzlaf

text: The 2004–05 lock-out ensured that several players who would otherwise have been playing in the NHL, including Getzlaf, were available to return to the national team for the 2005 World Junior Championship. One of 12 players with previous experience at the tournament for Canada, Getzlaf was a leading player for what many observers have called the greatest team in the tournament's history. With 12 points in 6 games, Getzlaf finished second in overall scoring to teammate Patrice Bergeron's 13. He scored one goal and added two assists in the championship game against Russia as the Canadians won the gold medal by a 6–1 score; it was the nation's first title in eight years at the event.