title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: After prolonged years of struggle, in 1834 the Evangelicals gained control of the General Assembly and passed the Veto Act, which allowed congregations to reject unwanted "intrusive" presentations to livings by patrons. The following "Ten Years' Conflict" of legal and political wrangling ended in defeat for the non-intrusionists in the civil courts. The result was a schism from the church by some of the non-intrusionists led by Dr Thomas Chalmers known as the Great Disruption of 1843. Roughly a third of the clergy, mainly from the North and Highlands, formed the separate Free Church of Scotland. The evangelical Free Churches, which were more accepting of Gaelic language and culture, grew rapidly in the Highlands and Islands, appealing much more strongly than did the established church. Chalmers's ideas shaped the breakaway group. He stressed a social vision that revived and preserved Scotland's communal traditions at a time of strain on the social fabric of the country. Chalmers's idealised small equalitarian, kirk-based, self-contained communities that recognised the individuality of their members and the need for cooperation. That vision also affected the mainstream Presbyterian churches, and by the 1870s it had been assimilated by the established Church of Scotland. Chalmers's ideals demonstrated that the Church was concerned with the problems of urban society, and they represented a real attempt to overcome the social fragmentation that took place in industrial towns and cities.


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: In the late 19th century the major debates were between fundamentalist Calvinists and theological liberals, who rejected a literal interpretation of the Bible. This resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the rigid Calvinists broke away to form the Free Presbyterian Church in 1893. There were, however, also moves towards reunion, beginning with the unification of some secessionist churches into the United Secession Church in 1820, which united with the Relief Church in 1847 to form the United Presbyterian Church, which in turn joined with the Free Church in 1900 to form the United Free Church of Scotland. The removal of legislation on lay patronage would allow the majority of the Free Church to rejoin Church of Scotland in 1929. The schisms left small denominations including the Free Presbyterians and a remnant that had not merged in 1900 as the Free Church.


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: Catholic Emancipation in 1829 and the influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants, particularly after the famine years of the late 1840s, principally to the growing lowland centres like Glasgow, led to a transformation in the fortunes of Catholicism. In 1878, despite opposition, a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy was restored to the country, and Catholicism became a significant denomination within Scotland. Episcopalianism also revived in the 19th century as the issue of succession receded, becoming established as the Episcopal Church in Scotland in 1804, as an autonomous organisation in communion with the Church of England. Baptist, Congregationalist and Methodist churches had appeared in Scotland in the 18th century, but did not begin significant growth until the 19th century, partly because more radical and evangelical traditions already existed within the Church of Scotland and the free churches. From 1879 they were joined by the evangelical revivalism of the Salvation Army, which attempted to make major inroads in the growing urban centres.


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: In the 20th century existing Christian denominations were joined by other organisations, including the Brethren and Pentecostal churches. Although some denominations thrived, after World War II there was a steady overall decline in church attendance and resulting church closures for most denominations. Talks began in the 1950s aiming at a grand merger of the main Presbyterian, Episcopal and Methodist bodies in Scotland. The talks were ended in 2003, when the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland rejected the proposals. The religious situation was also altered by immigration, resulting in the growth of non-Christian religions. In the 2001 census 42.4 per cent of the population identified with the Church of Scotland, 15.9 per cent with Catholicism and 6.8 with other forms of Christianity, making up roughly 65 per cent of the population (compared with 72 per cent for Britain as a whole). Of other religions Islam was at 0.8 per cent, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism and Hinduism were all at around 0.1 per cent. Other religions together accounted for 0.6 per cent of respondents and 5.5 per cent did not state a religion. There were 27.5 per cent who stated that they had no religion (which compares with 15.5 per cent in Britain overall). Other more recent studies suggest that those not identifying with a denomination, or who see themselves as non-religious, may be much higher at between 42 and 56 per cent, depending on the form of question asked.


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: Bishop Richard Davies and dissident Protestant cleric John Penry introduced Calvinist theology to Wales. They used the model of the Synod of Dort of 1618-1619. Calvinism developed through the Puritan period, following the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and within Wales' Methodist movement. However few copies of Calvin's works were available before the mid-19th century. In 1567 Davies, William Salesbury, and Thomas Huet completed the first modern translation of the New Testament and the first translation of the Book of Common Prayer (). In 1588 William Morgan completed a translation of the whole Bible. These translations were important to the survival of the Welsh language and had the effect of conferring status on Welsh as a liturgical language and vehicle for worship. This had a significant role in its continued use as a means of everyday communication and as a literary language down to the present day despite the pressure of English.


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: Nonconformity was a significant influence in Wales from the 18th to the 20th centuries. The Welsh Methodist revival of the 18th century was one of the most significant religious and social movements in the history of Wales. The revival began within the Church of England in Wales and at the beginning remained as a group within it, but the Welsh revival differed from the Methodist revival in England in that its theology was Calvinist rather than Arminian. Welsh Methodists gradually built up their own networks, structures, and even meeting houses (or chapels), which led eventually to the secession of 1811 and the formal establishment of the Calvinistic Methodist Presbyterian church of Wales in 1823.


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: The Welsh Methodist revival also had an influence on the older Nonconformist churches, or dissenters — the Baptists and the Congregationalists — who in turn also experienced growth and renewal. As a result, by the middle of the nineteenth century, Wales was predominantly a Nonconformist nation.


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: The 1904–1905 Welsh revival was the largest full scale Christian revival of Wales of the 20th century. It is believed that at least 100,000 people became Christians during the 1904–1905 revival, but despite this it did not put a stop to the gradual decline of Christianity in Wales, only holding it back slightly.


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: Historians agree that in the late 1940s Britain was a predominantly Christian nation, with its religiosity reinforced by the wartime experience. Peter Forster found that in answering pollsters the English reported an overwhelming belief in the truth of Christianity, a high respect for it, and a strong association between it and moral behaviour. Peter Hennessy argued that long-held attitudes did not stop change; by midcentury: "Britain was still a Christian country only in a vague attitudinal sense, belief generally being more a residual husk than the kernel of conviction." Kenneth O. Morgan agreed, noting that: "the Protestant churches. Anglican, and more especially non-conformist, all felt the pressure of falling numbers and of secular challenges...Even the drab Sabbath of Wales and Scotland was under some threat, with pressure for opening cinemas in Wales and golf-courses in Scotland."


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text: Harrison reports that the forces of secularisation grew rapidly, and by the 1990s Protestantism cast a thin shadow of its 1945 strength. Compared to Western Europe, Britain stood at the lower end of attendance at religious services, and near the top in people claiming ‘no religion’. While 80 per cent of Britons in 1950 said they were Christians, only 64 per cent did so in 2000. Brian Harrison states:


title: Lee Everett Alkin

text: Lee Everett or Lee Everett Alkin (born Audrey Valentine Middleton; 14 February 1937 – 24 February 2022) was a British businesswoman and self-proclaimed spiritual healer who was previously a pop singer and celebrity psychic working under the stage name Lady Lee.


title: Lee Everett Alkin

text: Born in Sheffield, Audrey Bradshaw moved to London in 1958 after the breakdown of her first marriage to local footballer, Alan Bradshaw. She had fallen in love with aspiring rock star, Alex Wharton, and followed him where he formed the band Most Brothers. The relationship did not last long, though she found herself a job singing at the 2i's Coffee Bar in Soho, where Cliff Richard had been discovered. She was spotted here by pop music impresario, who signed her on the spot.


title: Lee Everett Alkin

text: She was a backing singer for Emile Ford before Larry Parnes became her manager and gave her the stage name "Lady Lee". She also attracted media attention as the girlfriend of Billy Fury, one of Parnes's best known artists. In 1964 she got a recording contract and released three singles, none a hit: a cover of "I'm into Something Good", recorded around the same time by Herman's Hermits; "Ninety-Nine Times Out of a Hundred" by Ivor Raymonde, released in May 1965; and "My Whole World (Seems to be Tumbling Down)" by Tony Macaulay and Don Paul, released in October 1965.


title: Lee Everett Alkin

text: She moved into a large house in Surrey with Billy Fury, though she left him in 1967 and came back to London to try and revive her showbiz career. Very few auditions came her way, and at one point she auditioned for the Raymond Review bar, not realising it was a strip club. She walked out as soon as she realised her mistake.


title: Lee Everett Alkin

text: Soon afterwards, she met disc jockey Kenny Everett, who was one of the first DJs for BBC Radio 1. They enjoyed the high life, partying with celebrities such as Freddie Mercury, and John Lennon, who provided them with LSD. They married at Chelsea register office, and she made her own wedding dress out of a table cloth from Harrod's. However, they separated in 1979 after Kenny Everett had come to terms with his sexuality, and divorced in 1984. He wrote the foreword to her autobiography, published in 1987, but later criticised the book for outing him; the two remained estranged until his death. Katherine Kelly played Lee in "The Best Possible Taste", a BBC drama about Kenny Everett shown in 2012.


title: Lee Everett Alkin

text: Everett was a friend of Dusty Springfield, Elton John and Billie Jean King; the latter two were among those she questioned about supposed past lives for a book she published in 1996.


title: Lee Everett Alkin

text: Everett met the actor John Alkin at a house party thrown by Richard Branson. They began collaborating on an interest in past life regression therapy and mindfulness, and in 1982 they opened the "House of Spirit", a "healing centre" in Bayswater, London. They married in 1985, moved to Berkshire in 1994, and opened the "Obsidian College", another "healing centre", in 2000. They also started the "Chilliqueen" condiments company, which wound down when Everett turned 80 in 2017.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Anaa (), previously titled Kainat, is a 2019 Pakistani Urdu language television romantic drama. Produced by Momina Duraid under the banner MD Productions. It stars Shehzad Sheikh, Hania Aamir, Naimal Khawar and Usman Mukhtar. Aamir also made her singing debut, as she performed the series theme song.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Daneen is a free-spirited girl who lives with her father Zahid and grandfather Arshad. She is in love with Areesh, a wealthy and handsome young man who is also her second cousin. Areesh lives in Shamsher Nagar with his family and paternal grandmother, Sadia Begum. In addition to raising Areesh, Saadia Begum also raised two distant relatives of Sadia Begum, Altamash, and his younger sister Anya, both of whom were orphaned when they were young children. When the show begins, Altamash is a handsome young man and Areesh's best friend, though he dislikes Daneen. Sadia Begum opposes Daneen and Areesh's union due to some serious family issues that happened 25 years before the events of the show. Saadia Begum's older son Waleed was in love with Nazia, his maternal cousin, and the daughter of Arshad, but Nazia rejected him, causing Waleed to commit suicide. Nazia is Daneen's paternal aunt and was banished from her father's mansion 25 years ago when she chose to marry Waleed's friend Azam. Sadia Begum cannot forget this and strongly opposes Daneen and Areesh's marriage. Now Azam and Nazia live with their only daughter, Izza.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: One day, Daneen goes with Areesh to get a tattoo on her right arm. The tattoo is Areesh's name. On the same day, Areesh's family, along with Anya, arrive at Daneen's house. Daneen arrives late, which angers Sadia Begum. Sadia Begum scolds Daneen in front of everyone for being childish and asks her who will marry her if she does not grow up. Daneen replies that Areesh will, which shocks everyone, including Anya (who has feelings for Areesh). Infuriated, Sadia Begum leaves. The next day, she asks Nashwa about Daneen's whereabouts. Hesitant, Nashwa confesses that Daneen was late as she had gone to get a tattoo. Later, Sadia Begum goes with Ghazanfar (Areesh's father) to Daneen's house to tell Zahid (Daneen's father) and her grandfather about Daneen's inappropriate action. Everyone is shocked when they see that Daneen has a tattoo of Areesh's name, implying that she loves him. Sadia Begum then tells Ghazanfar and Mumtaz (Areesh's mother) that a marriage should be arranged between Areesh and Anya, as she believes that Daneen is just following in her aunt's (Nazia's) footsteps. This gives Arshad a heart attack and causes Sadia Begum to finally relent.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Daneen meets Izza at the hospital (without knowing that she is her first cousin), and after talking for an hour in friendly conversation, Izza realizes that Daneen belongs to her mother's family and is her maternal cousin. But Izza does not disclose this to Daneen, and the two maintain their friendship. Daneen invites Izza to her engagement party, where everyone is impressed by Izza's graceful behavior, though no one knows that she is Nazia's daughter. Altamash is suspicious about Izza so he does some digging into her past. He discovers her true identity and later confronts Izza. Izza tells him that her only intention was to know her maternal family. Altamash promises not to reveal her secret.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Daneen's father, Zahid, finds out that Daneen's friend Izza is his niece. He goes to his sister's house and mends the broken ties with her. Soon, Nazia, Azam, and Izza all visit Daneen's grandfather's house, and Daneen's grandfather happily accepts his estranged daughter back to the family. However, Sadia Begum and Ghazanfar discover this and give Daneen two choices: either to marry Areesh and break all ties with her family or to break the engagement with Areesh. Daneen refuses to leave her family, and so breaks off the engagement. Marriage is then arranged between Areesh and Anya, Altamash's younger sister, who had endured a traumatic past. She had been raped when she was just ten years old. Anya wants to tell Areesh about this before their marriage. Meanwhile, Daneen decides to find a man and marry him before Areesh and Anya's marriage to take revenge.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Daneen finally finds a man named Saif, a forty-year-old politician whose wife died seven years ago. Saif never got over the loss. Daneen believes he is the best match for her since she is heartbroken too. They both agree to marry each other, respecting the fact that they are both in love with other people, and will maintain their distance even after getting married. Daneen also shows the tattoo she made on her arm for Areesh to Saif. Meanwhile, Izza is angry at Altamash because she believes he is the one who revealed her secret to Sadia Begum and Ghazanfar. In actuality, Altamash never betrayed her, and he tries his best to clear up this misunderstanding with Izza.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Daneen and Zahid go to Shamsher Nagar to ask Sadia Begum to visit Sher Ghar, as Arshad sorely misses her. However, Ghazanfar throws them out of his house. Sadia Begum, who had broken all ties with her elder brother, is later devastated and guilt-stricken when her brother dies. Daneen insults her since she ruined her brother's last days. Areesh, too, feels guilty since he could not stick to the promise he had made to Daneen's grandfather, which was to always stand by Daneen. However, Areesh now feels that he has no other option than to marry Anya. Meanwhile, Daneen marries Saif.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Izza wants to work, which is strongly opposed by Nazia, as she thinks this will damage Sher Ghar's pride. Nevertheless, Izza finally lands a job interview with the support of her father Azam. However, Altamash takes Izza away from the job interview as he believes the job was not right for Izza. Altamash then offers Izza a position at his office, but she turns him down. Nazia begins to manipulate Daneen to torture Sadia Begum and her family. Daneen is initially hesitant, but Nazia manages to convince her and has Daneen attend Anya and Areesh's wedding in her bridal dress. Her goal is to hurt Areesh by showing him what a gem he has lost. Upon seeing Daneen, Areesh loses control and wants to halt his marriage, but Sadia Begum manages to get the situation under control. Furthermore, Altamash reveals to Anya that Areesh is clueless about Anya's rape story. Daneen later regrets her actions since Anya, an innocent soul, was hurt in the process. Areesh and Anya, now a married couple, have a tense relationship since it is clear that Areesh still loves Daneen and has no place in his heart for Anya. Meanwhile, Anya decides to keep her rape story a secret.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Daneen tries to strengthen her bond with her husband, Saif. Saif is going on a business trip to Murree and decides to take Daneen there too on a 'honeymoon' and Daneen is overjoyed. She sees this trip as an opportunity to make her marriage work but fails because Saif has no interest in Daneen. Furthermore, Daneen has vowed to Anya to make Areesh love her so that the two can live a happy life together. Anya and Areesh grow closer to each other in terms of friendship though Areesh still loves Daneen just the way he used to. Izza and Altamash grow close to each other despite their contradictory personalities and constant arguments. Altamash and Izza meet at a party and text each other making Nazia (who was present there) suspicious about them. Altamash helps Izza in getting a job in a bank. later Nazia asks Altamash to marry her Izza but Izza promptly rejects the idea. Saif turns out to be an abusive husband to Daneen. Also, Areesh's father Ghazanfar pressurizes Anya to get Altamash and Nashwa (Areesh's younger sister) married but Altamash does not agree nor does Nashwa.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Izza's father opposes Nazia's wish and takes Izza and Kabir (Izza's cousin) to their old house but Nazia doesn't come with them. Nazia wants Altamash to marry Izza and reject Nashwa to take revenge from Sadia Begum and Ghazanfer for they were the reason behind Azam paralysis (because they shot him) and they also did not let Nazia rejoin her family. But Izza bluntly refuses (of marrying Altamash) in front of Sadia Begum, Nazia, Nashwa, and Altamash. This causes Altamash to say 'Yes' for Nashwa and he does so. Meanwhile, Daneen is provoked by Areesh to get a divorce from Saif so that he can marry Daneen.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Saif throws a formal party at which Areesh's family, Izza's family, and Altamash were present among others. Daneen again blinded by the love of Areesh sings a poem for Areesh she was singing it for Saif but everyone knows that Daneen is singing it for Areesh. This causes a conflict between Daneen and Saif. Daneen clearly says to Saif that she is in love with Areesh and she wants a divorce from him to marry Areesh. But Saif clearly says to her that he would not divorce her because that may spoil his image. After coming from the party Areesh finds about Anya's pregnancy on hearing this news he is overjoyed and is happy with Anya forgetting once again the promises he made with Daneen. Altamash gives this news to Izza (who has come into his office to discuss investment). On hearing this news from Izza, Daneen calls Areesh on which he says that he will never leave her but Daneen assures him that he has already left her.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Saif has called up Zahid and Nazia (Daneen's father and Aunt) to talk about Daneen's behavior at the party and in their relationship. Izza is present but leaves for a short while to attend a call by Altamash who orders Izza to leave the place as he thinks that her support to Daneen is wrong. Izza refuses and says Daneen is to her what Anya is to Altamash. She returns to the room where Saif is complaining to Zahid who feels ashamed of his daughter's doings. Izza fights for Daneen by asking Saif if he had been fair to Daneen in their relationship Daneen would have not thought of going back to Areesh as Daneen must have tried for their relationship to work while Saif hadn't. Saif asks her to leave and leaves himself too.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Back at home, Zahid agrees with Saif's behavior and declares his boycott to Daneen. Izza tries to reason with her uncle for a divorce but he and Nazia say there have never been and will never be divorced in Sher Ghar. Izza disagrees with their rules and says the people of Sher Ghar would rather banish their relations and support the wrongdoers. She feels Areesh should be punished for he is the one who caused Daneen to go astray. The next morning Izza goes to Areesh to ask him to go to Saif and agree to his wrongdoings to Daneen and that he motivated her to all. Altamash backs up Areesh disagreeing with Izza but Anya assures Izza that Areesh will go and end what he has started. Nashwa remains silent throughout.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Saif gives Daneen punishment by making her do his house chores all day and Daneen still thinks Areesh will come for her rescue. Altamash apologizes for Izza for his behavior and promises to support her indecision of supporting Daneen. Altamash had said yes for Nashwa to help her get admission to art school but she says that she has fallen in love with him to which he replies that he has never loved her nor he will. Altamash also clarifies his position in front of Izza that he only helped Nashwa get into an art school and she is not his fiancé. Furthermore, he also gives Izza information about Daneen's worse condition. After ruining Daneen's life once again, Areesh plans a honeymoon for him and Anya. Nazia goes to meet Daneen and says her to come back to Sher Ghar but she refuses to say that she will only come when Areesh will come to rescue her.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Ghazanfar calls Altamash and threatens him that if he did not marry Nashwa he will send Anya home and take her child away. Nazia contacts Sadia Begum's maid and gives her financial advantages to tell her secrets of Shamsher Nagar. The maid told the secrets of Anya (her past story) and Nashwa (that she was caught with her boyfriend by Daneen and Anya) to Nazia. Nazia sends a message about Anya's secret to Areesh and sends Nashwa's picture (which she took from Daneen's phone when she visited her) to Ghazanfar. Areesh feels betrayed and feels that Anya does not trust her. He goes to meet Nazia who tells him about Daneen's condition as she is being treated harshly by her in-laws. Areesh then decides to live with Daneen not with Anya and goes to Saif's house to take Daneen but Saif and his mother does not allow him to do that but Daneen tricks everyone and silently gets out of the house fooling the guard and quickly sits in Areesh's car. Meanwhile, Saif insults Areesh and tell his father all the situation and tell Areesh to get out. Areesh gets out of the house and angrily sits in the car. After seeing Daneen, he gets shocked and overexcited.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Areesh drove Daneen to the flat (he bought when they both got engaged). Meanwhile, the closeness between Izza and Altamash is getting stronger. Areesh then plans to take Daneen and move out of Pakistan. He shares his plan with his wife, Anya, who seems to support him throughout. However, Anya plays a double game and sides with her in-laws, getting Daneen kidnapped. Daneen apologizes to everyone in Shamsher Nagar and begs them to leave her alone but Ghazanfar called saif. After seeing Saif Daneen jumps from the balcony. she was shifted to ICU, Areesh came to visit her, and fights with Ghazanfar. Meanwhile, Altamash proposed to Izza and tells her that he wants to spend his entire life with her. Even though Izza wanted to say yes to his proposal, she denied and told Altamash that her father had already set her marriage with Kabeer. Altamash assures Izza that this marriage won't take place under any circumstances. Nazia tried to convince Izza to call the wedding off but Izza said that she will respect her father's decision, even though she loves Altamash.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Azam, Izzah's father bears this conversation between his daughter and wife. When Kabeer and Izzah's Nikkah is about to start, Altamash enters and tells everyone that he will always be by Izzah's side and assures that Izza can depend on him. He also says that it is Izzah's right to choose her life partner and no one can force her. Listening to this, Azam tells Izza that if she wants to disagree, she can. Izza then disagrees. Meanwhile, Daneen survives and Anya tells Areesh that she helped Ghazanfar in finding Daneen and that she was part of the plan. Areesh became furious and left. Daneen escaped from the hospital and hid at Izza's house. Nashwa plans to get Anya and Areesh killed and they were shot. Anya gave birth to a son and Areesh was still in ICU. Izza argues with Altamash that he's misunderstanding Daneen.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Izza funds a flash drive in her driveway which said that Altamash killed a guy named Saleem. Altamash later realizes and confronts Daneen that he misunderstood her and apologizes. Daneen convinces Izza to patch things up with Altamash. Altamash apologizes to Izzah, says that he truly loves her and she's the most beautiful person he's ever met. Izza then confronts Altamash and asks him if he killed someone. Altamash feels hurt that Izza doesn't trust him and asks her to leave. Daneen helps the two to patch things up. Altamash visits Daneen at Izzah's house. Daneen tells him to fix things with Izza and to send her abroad. Altamash replies I'm saying that Izza has a huge trust issue and a relationship can not survive if the trust isn't there. Daneen then tells Izza the entire story and the reason why Altamash killed that man. Which was that Manager Saleem raped Anya at a very young age. Daneen also tells Izza that Altamash takes good care of the Manager's wife and kids. Daneen visits Areesh in the hospital and Ghazanfar surprisingly apologizes to Nazia and Daneen that he wronged them a lot and ruined their lives. Meanwhile, Altamash has a hunch that Nashwa is the one who planned to get Areesh and Anya killed. Nashwa disagrees and blames it on Altamash. Then Altamash opens Nashwas phone and shows the messages she sent the guy who shot her brother and pregnant sister in law, to Ghazanfar. Izza was also present there. Later, Izza goes to Altamash and apologizes.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: A very hurt Altamash says to Izza that she trusts everyone except for him. And asks Izza to leave. Meanwhile, Areesh recovered from his poor condition. Anya tells Altamash to book her and the baby's tickets as she thinks that Areesh will choose Daneen over her. Izza and Nazia visit Areesh at ShamsherNagar. Altamash is also present there, but Daneen and Zahid are nowhere to be seen. Anya asks Izza where they are and in reply, Areesh says that they're in New York. Then a flashback is played in the episode where Daneen visits Areesh to tell him that she's moving to the states with her father and wants to move on with her life. Areesh tells Anya he wants to be with his whole family but it is visible at his face that he has accepted his fate and Anya but loves Daneen only.Meanwhile, Nazia scolds Altamash that he's very spoilt and should leave her daughter alone. Altamash realizes his mistakes and talks to Izza about it. They start fresh and soon get married. The drama ends with Altamash teasing Izza and then complimenting her. The Shamsher Nagar and Sher Gharh families live happily ever after


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: The show was also released on YouTube alongside its airing on TV. It became available on iflix after syndication and remained available till late 2019. The show is also available on Indian streaming platform MX Player.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: Each episode of "Anaa" has more than 3 million views on YouTube and received 5.6 TRPs at its highest. The sparkling chemistry of "Izza" and "Altamash" has been applauded by the masses and got huge viewership. At 19th Lux Style Awards, Usman Mukhtar and Naimal Khawar got nomination of "Best Emerging Talent" for their respective breakthrough performances.


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: The series had been shot in the scenic locations of Chitral. The series was earlier titled "Kainaat" but was later changed to "Anaa". In an earlier interview with "DAWN", Hania Amir talked about her character, "This one has a journey very similar to a lot of individuals out there who own their individuality and their uniqueness and in return are not very much liked for just being themselves".


title: Anaa (TV series)

text: The title song was sung by Sahir Ali Bagga & Hania Amir. The music was composed by Sahir Ali Bagga and the lyrics were written by Imran Raza.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: Hansan: Rising Dragon () is a 2022 South Korean war action film directed by Kim Han-min. It is the second film of Kim's trilogy about battles led by Yi Sun-sin, that started with the 2014 film "". The film depicts the historical Battle of Hansan which took place five years before Battle of Myeongnyang depicted in "The Admiral". It was released on July 27, 2022 in IMAX, 4DX and ScreenX formats.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: In June 1592, one month after the sea battle at Sacheon, daimyo Wakisaka Yasuharu arrives at the Japanese naval base in Busan to take charge of the fleet and counter the threat posed by Joseon commander Yi Sun-sin. From some terrified survivors of the battle, he learns of a new, fully enclosed Joseon battleship which they have dubbed "bokkaisen" (after a sea monster from Japanese mythology) and "mekurabune" ("blind ship"). However, that engagement has revealed some critical flaws about its design, such as the fixed dragon head at its bow being prone to getting stuck after making a ramming attack, and its weaker flank armor. Wakisaka agrees to join forces with the rest of the Japanese navy to ensure a decisive success in their campaign to conquer Joseon and, from there on, Ming China.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: At the Left Jeolla Navy base at Yeosu, Yi assembles the Joseon admirals for a conference about their upcoming naval operations. Won Gyun, commander of the Western Fleet, argues for a defensive stand rather than a preemptive strike, and after the Japanese sacking of Pyongyang and the king's flight to Uiju becomes public knowledge, other commanders begin to agree with him. After dreaming about his time as a cavalry general against the Jurchen, Yi devises a new strategy which he names "Crane Wing", a crescent-shaped formation designed to trap the enemy from three sides. He also gains the respect of Junsa, a samurai captured at Sacheon after he had wounded Yi with an arquebuse shot. However, after identifying and following one of his agents, a troop of Japanese spies discover Yi's base, free their imprisoned countrymen, damage the turtle ships with fire, and escape with their construction plans. Yi hurries to Suncheon to meet with the vessel's inventor, Na Dae-yong, who is working on an improved version, and declares that he will not use the turtle ships in the next battle, knowing that Wakisaka will discover and exploit their flaws.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: After learning of Yi's intended strategy from the construction plans and Junsa's testimony, and upon receiving reinforcements by Katō Yoshiaki (Wakisaka's fiercest rival) and Kuki Yoshitaka with sturdier, armored ships and cannons, Wakisaka decides to go on a two-pronged offensive by land and sea against the Left Jeolla Navy headquarters. Two of Yi's spies, Lim Jun-young and Jeong Bo-reum, are discovered, whereupon Wakisaka expels Kato and Kuki from the alliance and seizes their ships and weapons before setting out to set an ambush for Yi at the strait of Gyeonnaeryang. While Lim escapes on his own, Junsa, who has finally switched his allegiances, helps Jeong deliver the news of Wakisaka's plans to Yi. He then tries to alert Jeonju, the fortress covering the land passage to the naval base, but is captured by members of Joseon's Righteous Army. Even though his warning is met with scepticism, Hwang Bak, the militia's commander, decides to secure the pass and invites Junsa to fight by his side.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: Upon being informed of Wakisaka's movements, Yi decides to lure him into the open waters at nearby Hansan Island. When the Joseon fleet arrives at the strait, commanders Eo Yeong-dam and Lee Un-ryong act as bait; when that fails, Yi sets out with the whole fleet, prompting Wakisaka to attack. When Won Gyun's negligence grants the Japanese a breach to charge through, Yi deploys the turtle ships, which he has held in reserve on Na's insistence. After Wakisaka' forces disable them, Yi sends in the improved turtle ship, enabling Eo and Lee to rejoin their lines and complete the Crane Wing. Finally caught in Yi's trap, Wakisaka's fleet is shot to pieces. Wakisaka's last-ditch attempt to ram Yi's flagship is foiled by the new turtle ship, and he is wounded by an arrow from Yi as he abandons ship. On land, the Righteous Army is reinforced and successfully holds the pass, though Hwang Bak dies in battle.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: Following this, Yi continues his campaign for a while and attacks Angolpo and Busan, forcing the Japanese to suspend further naval operations, before retreating back to his base. One year later, Yi erects a new base on Hasan Island, the site of their greatest victory up to that date.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: In 2013, while producing "", Big Stone Pictures revealed their plans to produce two more films related to Yi Sun-sin, titled "Emergence of Hansan Dragon" and "Noryang: Sea of Death" as sequels, depending on the success of "The Admiral". Following the box office success of "The Admiral" which became the most-watched and highest-grossing film of all time in South Korea, production of the sequels was confirmed.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: The naval battle scenes in the "Hansan" were shot using visual effects, unlike the previous film "The Admiral" which was actually filmed in a boat floating on the sea. VFX set for naval battle scenes was built at the Gangneung Speed Skating Stadium used for the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. For scenes shot on land, a special set was built in Yeosu, South Jeolla Province.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: During the naval battle scene in the latter part of the film, subtitles were added for Korean dialogues because they were not audible due to the sound effects and background music of the battle scenes. This received favorable reactions from the audience and generally positive reviews from the critics.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: It was released on July 27, 2022 in IMAX, 4DX and ScreenX format by Lotte Entertainment. Well Go USA acquired North American rights to distribute the film. The film's rights were also pre-sold to 99 countries including Japan, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and France. On July 29, it was released on 32 screens in United States.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: In July 2022, it was selected as the Centerpiece Presentation film at the 21st New York Asian Film Festival, where it was screened at Lila Acheson Wallace Auditorium, Asia Society on July 28 for its U.S. premiere. It is also invited to the 26th Fantasia International Film Festival and was screened for its North American Premiere on July 27, 2022.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: A 150-minute version of the film titled "Hansan: Rising Dragon Redux" was released thearatically on November 16, 2022. This extended version was screened as the closing film at the 17th London Korean Film Festival on November 17. On December 22, "Hansan: Rising Dragon Redux" will be released on Netflix.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: On 25 July, 2022, two days before its theatrical release, "Hansan: Rising Dragon" recorded 147,909 presales, breaking the record for most presale tickets sold in recent history, which was previously held by Oscar-winning film "Parasite" (2019). The film was released on 2,223 screens on July 27, 2022. The opening recorded 386,000 admissions and topped the South Korean box office. The film surpassed 1 million cumulative admissions in 4 days of release and 2 million admissions in 5 days of release. On 8th day, it became the first Korean film of 2022 after "The Roundup" to cross 3 million admissions. On 15th day of release, it surpassed 5 million admissions.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: , it is the 2nd highest-grossing Korean film of 2022 with gross of US$55.9 million and 7.3 million admissions according to the Korean Film Council.


title: Hansan: Rising Dragon

text: Writing for "Yonhap News", Shim Sun-ah described the film as "a visually spectacular, intriguing prequel of naval epic" with "fast-paced, punchy account of the historical information" and "breathtaking and thrilling scenes." Kim Nara in her review for "My Daily" appreciated Park Hae-il's portrayal of Yi Sun-sin and cinematic experience of 51-minute naval battle. Choi Tami writing for "Maeil Business" stated that with clear characters, themes and spectacular naval battle, "Hansan" has progressed one step compared to "The Admiral", and praised the performance of Park Hae-il and other actors. "No Cut News"' Choi Young-joo called the naval battle "overwhelming not only visually but also aurally" and praised the director for preserving the realism of the war. In her review for "Sports Chosun", Jo Ji-young wrote that the recreation of the turtle ship captured the viewers' hearts to the point where the fear Japanese military experienced after seeing the turtle ship was transmitted to the screen. Jo also praised the direction of Kim Han-min who made up for shortcomings of the previous work ("The Admiral"), and the performance of Park Hae-il and Byun Yo-han. Song Kyung-won writing for "Cine21", appreciated the technical perfection that realistically reproduced the current of the sea satisfactorily and the recreation of turtle ship, adding that the dragon mentioned in the title can be either Yi Sun-sin himself or the turtle ship which plays an important role in the battle. Concluding, Song described the film as a "gigantic mirror that reflects the history." Kang Nae-ri in her review for YTN, appreciated the Park Hae-il's portrayal of "a leader who struggles day and night to save Joseon" and Byun Yo-han performance which maintained the tension until the end, and stated that the appearance of the turtle ship "brought excitement and exhilaration to the audience". Critics found it interesting that the film is told from the perspective of the Japanese invaders, not letting audience become fully aware of tactics of the Joseon army.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: The following is a list of squads for each national team competing at the Euro 2012 in Poland and Ukraine. The tournament started on 8 June and the final took place in Kyiv on 1 July 2012.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Each national team had to submit a squad of 23 players, three of whom must be goalkeepers, by 29 May 2012. If a player was injured severely enough to prevent his participation in the tournament before his team's first match, he could be replaced by another player.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Club memberships are correct as of the 2011–12 season. Caps and goals correct as of 18 June 2012. Ages are correct as of 8 June 2012, the opening day of the tournament.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: On 2 May 2012, Smuda named a provisional list of 26 players for the tournament, along with a seven-man reserve list. Łukasz Fabiański withdrew from the squad on 26 May 2012 with a shoulder injury and was replaced by Grzegorz Sandomierski from the reserve list; Smuda named his 23-man final squad the following day.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Santos named his first shortlist, composed of players based abroad, on 10 May 2012, and the second, composed of Greece-based players on 17 May 2012, totalling a 25-player provisional list. On 28 May 2012, Santos announced his 23-man squad.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: On 11 May 2012, Advocaat named a provisional list of 26 players for the tournament. Vasili Berezutski and Roman Shishkin withdrew on 20 and 24 May respectively, Berezutski with a thigh injury and Shishkin due to a stomach complaint. Advocaat named his final squad on 25 May 2012; Kirill Nababkin was named having not been included in the provisional party.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: A 2012 friendly match against Lithuania, recognized by the Russian Football Union but not by FIFA, is not counted for caps.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Michal Bílek announced his 24-man provisional squad on 14 May 2012. On 28 May 2012, he replaced Daniel Pudil with Vladimír Darida. The following day, he confirmed his 23-man squad, removing Tomáš Grigar.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: On 7 May 2012, Bert van Marwijk named a provisional list of 36 players for the tournament. However, Erik Pieters was forced to pull out of the squad shortly after the announcement with a foot injury. On 15 May 2012, Van Marwijk reduced his squad to 27 players. On 26 May 2012, Van Marwijk announced his 23-man squad for the tournament.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Denmark coach Morten Olsen named a 20-man squad for the tournament on 16 May 2012, with the three remaining berths to be filled. Anders Lindegaard was selected on 19 May. Jores Okore and Nicklas Pedersen were selected on 24 May. On 29 May, Thomas Sørensen was replaced by Kasper Schmeichel due to a back injury.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: On 7 May 2012, Löw named a provisional list of 27 players for the tournament. On 28 May 2012, Löw announced his 23-man squad.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Paulo Bento named his final 23-man squad on 14 May 2012. On 23 May, Hugo Viana replaced Carlos Martins after Martins suffered a calf injury.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Vicente del Bosque named a squad to play in a set of warm-up matches on 15 May 2012, but it did not include any Barcelona, Athletic Bilbao or Chelsea players as the two Spanish sides were preparing for the Copa del Rey Final final on 25 May, while Chelsea were to take on Bayern Munich in the UEFA Champions League Final on 19 May. On 21 May 2012, Del Bosque called-up Chelsea players Fernando Torres and Juan Mata for the friendly matches. On 27 May, Del Bosque gave the final squad list, complete with Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao players.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Cesare Prandelli named a provisional 32-man squad on 13 May 2012, the final day of the 2011–12 Serie A season. On 29 May 2012, Prandelli announced his final squad list, with defender Domenico Criscito not considered due to match-fixing charges.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: On 7 May 2012, Giovanni Trapattoni announced his 23-man squad list for Euro 2012, along with a five-man stand-by list. Keith Fahey withdrew with a groin injury on 26 May and was replaced by Paul Green. On 29 May 2012 Kevin Foley was replaced by Paul McShane. The Ireland team was the only squad at the tournament to consist entirely of players from foreign leagues.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: On 10 May 2012, a provisional list of 27 players was announced. On 29 May, the final 23-man squad was announced. On 4 June 2012, Ivica Olić was ruled out with an injury and was replaced by Nikola Kalinić. On 7 June 2012, Ivo Iličević was ruled out with an injury and was replaced by Šime Vrsaljko.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Roy Hodgson announced England's 23-man squad on 16 May 2012, along with a five-man stand-by list. The England team is the only squad to consist entirely of players from their domestic league. On 25 May, John Ruddy was ruled out with a broken finger; Jack Butland was called up as his replacement. On 28 May, Gareth Barry was ruled out with a groin injury, being replaced by Phil Jagielka. On 31 May, Frank Lampard was ruled out with a thigh injury and was replaced by Jordan Henderson. On 3 June, Gary Cahill was ruled out with a double fracture of his jaw and Martin Kelly was called up as his replacement.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 squads

text: Blanc named his first shortlist on 9 May 2012, consisting of 12 players playing abroad. On 15 May 2012 second shortlist of 15 France-based players was announced, while on the same day Tottenham defender Younès Kaboul was ruled out of the tournament with a knee injury, leaving Blanc with a 26-man squad. On 29 May 2012, Blanc announced his final 23-man squad.


title: Josh Mathews

text: Joshua Matthew Lomberger (born November 25, 1980), better known by the ring name Josh Mathews, is an American professional wrestling play by play commentator and former professional wrestler, currently signed to Impact Wrestling. He is also known for his time in WWE.


title: Josh Mathews

text: Lomberger was eventually hired by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), and began using the name Josh Mathews. In December 2002, he began appearing as the backstage interviewer for the SmackDown! brand and as an announcer on "Velocity". He also hosted the WWE webcast "Byte This!" after Kevin Kelly was released. He later hosted several shows on WWE's official website, including "Weekly Top 5", "The WWE Experience", and "After Burn". In 2003, Mathews also stood in for Tony Chimel as ring announcer for "SmackDown!".


title: Josh Mathews

text: In 2004, Mathews was given some limited ring time on "SmackDown!" when John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) slapped Mathews for not showing respect to JBL's chief of staff Orlando Jordan when he was interviewing him. He later offered and was accepted to be Booker T's temporary partner for a tag team match on an episode of "SmackDown!". He and Booker ultimately won the match. He was later assaulted by Jordan and requested from General Manager Theodore Long that he be given a one-on-one match against him. Booker T wanted to be at ringside during the Mathews-Jordan match, as JBL would no doubt be present, and would give Booker T an excuse to beat down JBL before their match at Survivor Series. Mathews once again emerged victorious against Jordan, with some considerable help from Booker T. He also tried to help Booker in his WWE Championship match at the Survivor Series, but was given a Clothesline From Hell by JBL for his efforts. On the March 31, 2005 episode of "SmackDown!" Mathews was attacked by Kurt Angle. Mathews was then possessed by The Undertaker on the December 9, 2005 episode of "SmackDown!" while interviewing Randy Orton.


title: Josh Mathews

text: Mathews filled in for an absent Todd Grisham on a summer 2006 episode of "Raw." He also hosted pre-shows for WWE pay-per-view events, and he provided color commentary on "Heat" from time to time before the show was cancelled in May 2008. He was the host of WWE.com's Weekly Top Five when it started and hosted it until April 2009 when he was replaced by Jack Korpela. During Todd Grisham's stint as ECW commentator, Mathews replaced him as Raw's backstage interviewer. Mathews, along with WWE Diva Candice Michelle were WWE's correspondents at both the Democratic and Republican National Conventions in an effort to encourage WWE fans to register to vote for the 2008 Presidential election.


title: Josh Mathews

text: On the April 7, 2009, episode of "ECW", Mathews was announced as the new play-by-play commentator, as the previous commentator, Todd Grisham was moved to "SmackDown" after Tazz departed WWE. In addition to commentating on ECW and ECW pay-per-view matches, Mathews along with Matt Striker represented the ECW brand on "Superstars" every week starting with the inaugural episode on April 16, 2009. After ECW's closure, Mathews became the color commentator of "NXT". On the April 9, 2010 episode of "SmackDown", Mathews was attacked with a sleeper hold by Dolph Ziggler when he was interviewing him. On December 10, Mathews officially replaced Todd Grisham as the play-by-play commentator for "SmackDown", commentating alongside Michael Cole and Striker. On the February 4, 2011, episode of "SmackDown", Mathews and Cole were joined by Booker T, forming a three-man announce team. Mathews was replaced by William Regal as a commentator on season five of "NXT" in 2011.


title: Josh Mathews

text: In late 2010, Mathews often worked as the color commentator on "Raw" due to Jerry Lawler's increased in-ring competition. On April 3, 2011, Mathews commentated the majority of WrestleMania XXVII, though he received a 'Stone Cold Stunner' from an angered Stone Cold Steve Austin, cutting his night short. The following night on "Raw", Mathews found himself aligned with Jerry Lawler, and against Michael Cole. He then became the alternate spokesman for the Anonymous Raw General Manager, when Michael Cole was not commentating. He then using the new catchphrase "The Anonymous "Raw" General Manager says...", before reading each e-mail. On the April 25 episode of "Raw", Mathews announced that the Jim Ross and Jerry Lawler vs. Michael Cole and Jack Swagger match at Extreme Rules will be a Country Whipping match, which Cole and Swagger won. At the following pay-per-view, Over the Limit, Mathews supported Lawler, Bret Hart and Eve Torres in having Michael Cole kiss Lawler's foot. The following night, again as the spokesman for the anonymous Raw General Manager, Mathews read the e-mail that denied The Miz's request for another title shot, seemingly done with John Cena. He left the "Raw" broadcasting table the following week, after Cole and Lawler reconciled, though he remained on the show as a backstage interviewer and backup commentator.


title: Josh Mathews

text: Mathews reunited with his former "ECW" and "SmackDown" broadcast partner Matt Striker on the November 10, 2011 episode of "Superstars", becoming the full-time broadcasting team. He and Striker also called the November 9, 2011 broadcast of "NXT", marking his second return to the show since his original run ended after season four. On the April 23, 2012 episode of "Raw", Mathews was throttled by Brock Lesnar after Lesnar believed Mathews had made a smart-aleck comment towards him. Later in the year, he was attacked at SummerSlam, this time by Kane, who was angry over being defeated by Daniel Bryan. Mathews was again attacked by Kane on August 31, 2012 episode of "SmackDown" after he lost his match against Alberto Del Rio.


title: Josh Mathews

text: Mathews was the play-by-play commentator of "Saturday Morning Slam" throughout the show's 2012–2013 run. He was also a commentator of "Main Event". On September 27, 2013, he started as commentator of "Superstars" with Tom Phillips. On October 18, 2013 episode of "SmackDown", Alberto Del Rio attacked Mathews while threatening John Cena about what he was going to do to him in Hell in a Cell. On June 25, 2014, Mathews was released from WWE.


title: Josh Mathews

text: After being released from WWE, it was reported that Lomberger had signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) to work in their offices in Nashville. Throughout November and December, Mathews appeared in episodes of "#ImWithSpud" on TNA's YouTube channel. In December 2014, TNA confirmed that Mathews would take Mike Tenay's place. In January 2015, Mathews was the lead announcer of "Impact Wrestling" alongside Taz. On June 3, 2015, D'Angelo Dinero officially joined Mathews as his broadcast partner for "Impact Wrestling".


title: Josh Mathews

text: On the March 2, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Mathews turned heel that night when he began favoring heel wrestlers over face wrestlers. He continuously praised himself, and he argued with D'Angelo Dinero throughout the broadcast. In April, Mathews had a series of arguments with Jeremy Borash and the two started a heated rivalry, which seemed to culminate in a match where Mathews and Borash formed teams of four wrestlers to compete against each other, with the team Mathews created ending up on the losing side, meaning he would no longer be lead-commentator. However, on April 21, Mathews returned to ringside accompanying Ethan Carter III, and joined Borash and Dinero, providing commentary, again belittling the wrestlers who the fans cheered for. At Slammiversary XV, Mathews teamed with Scott Steiner against Jeremy Borash and Joseph Park in a losing effort. On January 13, 2018, Matt Sydal turned heel and gifted his Impact Grand Championship to Mathews, only for Sydal to drop the belt to Austin Aries while defending it on Mathews' behalf. Following this, Mathews' heel commentator status was phased out.


title: Josh Mathews

text: Mathews ceased to be Impact's main play-by-play announcer following Hard to Kill (2021), though he still occasionally filled in at shows when new lead Matt Striker was unavailable.


title: Josh Mathews

text: Lomberger was previously married to Rue DeBona from November 2006 until their divorce in 2008. In August 2015, Lomberger married Ashley Simmons, best known by her ring name Madison Rayne.


title: Josh Mathews

text: Mathews, along with Batista, Shelton Benjamin and Candice Michelle, represented WWE at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in an effort to persuade fans to register to vote in the 2008 presidential election.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Rainbow is a British children's television series, created by Pamela Lonsdale, which ran from 16 October 1972 until 6 March 1992 when Thames Television lost its ITV franchise to Carlton Television. The series was revived by HTV on 10 January 1994 until 24 March 1997, in two different formats from the original Thames series, with differing cast members.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: The series was originally conceived as a British equivalent of long-running American educational puppet series "Sesame Street". The British series was developed in house by Thames Television, and had no input from the Children's Television Workshop. It was intended to develop language and social skills for pre-school children and went on to win the Society of Film and Television Arts Award for Best Children's Programme in 1975. It aired five times weekly, twice weekly on Mondays and Wednesdays then Tuesdays and Fridays, and finally once weekly at 12:10 on Fridays on the ITV network.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: The original Thames series has gained cult status and continues to get frequent mentions on radio and television. A few DVDs have been produced, including one celebrating "30 Years of Rainbow".


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Each episode of "Rainbow" revolved around a particular activity or situation that arose in the Rainbow House, where the main characters lived. Some episodes, particularly in the early years, were purely educational in format and consisted of a series of scenes involving the characters learning about that particular episode's subject, interspersed with real-world footage, songs, stories and animations related to that same subject. The puppet characters of Zippy, George and Bungle would take the role of inquisitive children asking about the episode's subject, with the presenter (initially David Cook, and from 1974 onwards Geoffrey Hayes) serving the role of teacher figure, educating them about the subject. From the 1980s onwards, most episodes were more story-driven and frequently involved some kind of squabble or dispute between the puppet characters of Zippy, George and Bungle, and Geoffrey's attempts to calm them down and keep the peace.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: The main story was interspersed with songs (most notably from Rod, Jane and Freddy, although the singers on the show changed several times during its run), animations, and stories read from the "Rainbow" storybook, usually by Geoffrey (or David, depending on the episode's air date). Some episodes focused on a particular topic, such as sounds or opposites, and consisted mainly of short sketches or exchanges between the main characters, rather than a consistent storyline. Brief sequences of animated line drawings, made by Cosgrove Hall Productions, were included in many episodes.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: For the first two seasons of "Rainbow", the show was presented by David Cook, who lived in the Rainbow House with Bungle the Bear, played by John Leeson. Each episode (most of which were written by John Kershaw) would focus on a particular educational subject, for instance, shapes, houses, or animals of some kind, and would involve Bungle inquisitively asking David about that subject, and David educating him about it. Real-world footage of the episode's subject would usually be shown, over which David and Bungle would comment. The character of Zippy (voiced by Peter Hawkins and operated by Violet Philpott), a tangerine oval-headed puppet with a zip for a mouth, would occasionally appear outside the window and provide most of the comedy, by adding his own input. As a 'know-it-all', Zippy would boast about his superior knowledge of the episode's subject, which would lead to humorous banter and squabbling between him and Bungle, who would occasionally zip up Zippy's mouth to stop him boasting. Each episode featured a song from the group Telltale about that episode's subject; Telltale also performed the show's theme tune which would be used for the entirety of its run. The scenes in the Rainbow House would also be interspersed with animations, as well as short sketches featuring the puppet characters of Sunshine and Moony (both operated and voiced by Violet Philpott), stories from the Rainbow book, usually read by a guest star, occasionally taking the form of stop-motion animations, and occasionally scenes involving different puppet characters. Most episodes ended with David showing the viewer how to make a particular item at home using paper or cardboard, again relating to that episode's theme.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Episode 18, 'Cats and Dogs' introduced an additional puppet character – Duffy the Dog, a white sheepdog who was friends with Zippy and would occasionally pop up at his side outside the window. Again, Duffy was both operated and voiced by Violet Philpott.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: The second season of the show in 1973 brought in some notable changes – the character of Duffy was replaced by George the Hippo, a shy pink hippo friend of Zippy's who would crouch behind the window sill, only rarely coming into full view, and was so shy that he rarely spoke, preferring to make funny noises rather than speak. Zippy was now voiced by Roy Skelton, who also voiced George (albeit in a different, deeper-toned style from the later characteristic George voice), with Zippy now operated by John Thirtle and George by Valerie Heberden. Bungle's appearance was also changed significantly with a completely different head design, more like a teddy bear than the previous grizzly bear look. The show's title sequence was changed though the theme tune remained the same; the new title sequence was used for the rest of the show's run. Finally, at the end of Season Two, Sunshine and Moony were completely dropped from the series, in order to give George and Bungle more focus alongside Zippy.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: The third season of the show saw several major cast changes, some of which would remain for the entirety of the show's run. David Cook was replaced as presenter by Geoffrey Hayes, with Stanley Bates replacing Leeson in the role of Bungle, whose appearance also saw several further changes over the ensuing years. The characters of Sunshine and Moony were dropped altogether. The singers also changed, with Telltale now replaced by the trio of Charlie Dore, Julian Littman and Karl Johnson. Halfway through the season, Ronnie Le Drew took over as Zippy's puppeteer.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: In series 4 in 1974, the aforementioned singing trio were replaced by Rod Burton, Jane Tucker and Matthew Corbett, known as Rod, Matt & Jane. Matthew Corbett departed the show in 1976 to replace his father as the presenter of "The Sooty Show", and was replaced by Roger Walker; the trio now known as Jane, Rod & Roger.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: While the structure of the episodes remained generally the same as the early years, during this time the show's characters and format were developed significantly. Zippy became increasingly loud and boastful, his mischief a regular source of humour, while George became slightly more extroverted and was no longer afraid to speak, though his shyness remained a predominant character trait. Bungle also became increasingly 'goody-two-shoes' and showed a sneaky side, which put him frequently at odds with Zippy. Rather than just remaining outside the window, Zippy and George were shown within the Rainbow House itself more often, behind a table, while the singers would more frequently join the characters in the Rainbow House scenes rather than being confined to the song segment.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: In 1976, Pamela Lonsdale was replaced by Charles Warren as the show's producer. John Kershaw remained the prime scriptwriter of the show during this era.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: In 1981, Roger Walker was replaced by Freddy Marks as the third member of the singing trio, and Rod, Jane and Freddy were to become the show's best-remembered group of singers, eventually given their own spin-off show and establishing an identity in their own right outside of Rainbow. Valerie Heberden was replaced around this time by Malcolm Lord as George's puppeteer.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: The format of the show was significantly built upon during this era. The scripts began to move beyond the educational format of the show and focus more on actual storylines, driven by character comedy rather than educational themes. The puppets were portrayed more like actual children, albeit exaggerated for comedy effect, with Zippy the loud and mischievous one, Bungle the tell-tale conformist, and George the shy, timid character caught between them. Geoffrey's character moved beyond the simple role of presenter to be more of a realistic parent figure, often becoming exasperated and harried by the antics of the three puppets, occasionally showing a grumpy side or losing his temper. As the show moved increasingly into sitcom territory, Rod, Jane & Freddy's roles increased vastly, involved more heavily in the storylines instead of just singing the song. More of the Rainbow House was shown instead of just the living room, with the bedrooms, kitchen, garden and occasionally additional rooms shown frequently. As the show increased in popularity, more celebrity guests began to feature, usually to read a story from the Rainbow book or help with the song. Another common theme for episodes around this time involved the cast acting out a well-known fairytale, such as Rumplestiltskin, The Ugly Duckling, or The Hare and the Tortoise. Various guest characters were introduced who would make the occasional recurring appearances, most notably 'Aunty' played by Patsy Rowlands, and Zippy's cousin Zippo (voiced by Roy Skelton and usually operated by Valerie Heberden).


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: At this time, more of the episodes were written by the cast members themselves, with Roy Skelton, Stanley Bates, Geoffrey Hayes and Freddy Marks all contributing a significant number of episodes to the show. A special 1,000th episode was screened in October 1986 around the time the show celebrated its 14th birthday, featuring a whole load of child viewers of the show joining the cast for a party, with Matthew Corbett and Sooty appearing as guest characters, alongside Christopher Lillicrap.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Series 21, in 1989, saw some major cast changes. Rod, Jane & Freddy left the show to concentrate on their own TV series and their touring. Rather than replace them, most episodes ditched the song feature altogether and the episodes became increasingly storyline-driven. Stanley Bates also left the show at this time although he continued to contribute as a scriptwriter, with George's puppeteer Malcolm Lord replacing him in the role of Bungle. George was now operated by Tony Holtham.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: With the show's popularity among children continually proving enduring, and the show having attained a cult following among adults and students, its popularity was capitalized on in the form of a stage show, with the 'Rainbow Roadshow' touring throughout 1989, and a weekly Rainbow comic published by London Editions, which would occasionally itself be featured in the show. Items of Rainbow merchandise, such as toys and storybooks, were also produced frequently by this time.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: For Series 22 in 1990, a new character was introduced in the form of Dawn, the next-door neighbour, played by Dawn Bowden, who stepped into Jane's role as the show's regular female character. Several episodes in this series also brought back the song feature, with the songs provided either by Dawn on her Casio keyboard or by Christopher Lillicrap on his guitar. The main cast members would usually join in on the songs themselves. Other frequent guest stars at this time were stage magician John Styles, who would entertain the cast by performing stories about Marzipan the Magician using his own magic tricks, and Gabrielle Bradshaw, who would show the cast how to make special items from paper and cardboard.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Although the show remained extremely popular with both children and adults, it finally came to an end in 1992 when Thames Television lost the London weekday ITV franchise to Carlton Television. Despite this, the cast continued to make frequent TV appearances throughout 1993, guesting on numerous talk shows as well as promoting the release of the "Raynboe" dance single by Eurobop (a mix of the theme tune set to a techno dance beat) and launching a newspaper campaign for the show to be brought back on air.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Following the nationwide newspaper campaign to bring "Rainbow" back on air, a reboot of the show was announced by Tetra Films in late 1993 and debuted on Children's ITV in on 10 January 1994. The reboot of the show reworked the format enormously as well as replacing nearly all of the cast members. Geoffrey's presenter role was scrapped altogether and the show instead focused on the characters of Zippy, George and Bungle, now independent of Geoffrey, running a toy shop for an unseen boss called Mr Top. Bungle's appearance was changed radically and he was now played by Richard Robinson, and in the absence of a presenter figure, served a kind of parent role towards Zippy and George whilst retaining his blundering, clumsy nature. Zippy and George's puppets were redesigned more subtly but Roy Skelton no longer voiced them; their voices now provided by their puppeteers – Ronnie Le Drew, the only member of the original show's cast still on board, voiced and operated Zippy, while George was operated and voiced by Craig Crane. Their personalities were also altered slightly, with George no longer shy but instead confident and assertive, with Zippy consequently forced into more of a self-pitying, submissive role although retaining his boastful nature. An additional puppet character was also introduced in the form of Cleo, a blue female rabbit voiced and operated by Gillian Robic. Cleo's role was unclear, with some episodes portraying her as a mere customer to the shop, others as a nosy neighbour and others as a playmate for Zippy and George. The theme tune and the opening sequence was changed altogether. The new format was not well received at all by either children or adults, and the show received overwhelmingly negative reviews in the newspapers; its lack of popularity was reflected in poor viewing figures.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Geoffrey Hayes said that he heard the news of his 'sacking' from the tabloids, rather than from Tetra: "I was shocked really, and for a couple of days I thought it was just me who had been dropped. But then Rod, Jane and Freddy had already left and of course, Roy had now been dropped too. The guy playing Bungle – he was history, as was the puppeteer doing George; only Zippy's puppeteer was left. Ronnie Le Drew who also voiced Zippy for the new Tetra series; I discovered later, had auditioned for it. Bungle looked different too, though Zippy and George looked much the same".


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: After the poor reception to the first reboot, Tetra Films attempted a second reboot in 1996 in association with HTV, reworking the format again into a form closer to that of the original series. Now titled "Rainbow Days", the new show ditched the toy shop setting and brought the characters back into a house environment, and reintroduced the role of the presenter, with Dale Superville now presenting the show. The character of Cleo was scrapped entirely, and Bungle's role was now played by Paul Cullinan. "Rainbow Days" re-embraced the 'variety show' format of the original series, generally focusing on an educational subject and consisting of scenes with Dale educating the puppet characters about the episode's subject, interspersed with comedic exchanges between Zippy and George in a similar style to the 'Sunshine and Moony' sketches from the earliest seasons, and songs performed by the whole cast, led by Dale. Bungle's character was now portrayed as a pure bumbling oaf, the butt of Zippy and George's jokes. Although "Rainbow Days" was better received than the previous reboot and popular enough to spawn a short-lived comic series, viewer ratings failed to match those of the original series and the show was cancelled after just one season of 13 episodes.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: In 1996, GMTV ordered a 26-part series, "Mole in the Hole", for its weekend morning children's strand. Produced by AMG Productions, a division of the Artist Management Group, the GMTV series was essentially Geoffrey Hayes, Roy Skelton and Malcolm Lord's own attempt to reboot "Rainbow", having been left out of the Tetra Films revivals. Set in the fictional village of Codswallop, "Mole in the Hole" featured Geoffrey Hayes as lead presenter, living in a country cottage with three puppet characters – a large mole called Norman (played by Malcolm Lord in a bodysuit), a dog called Freddie and a cat called Fifi (both voiced by Roy Skelton). Respectively, these characters had strongly similar voices and personalities to Bungle, Zippy and George. While the format was strikingly similar to that of "Rainbow", the puppet characters had more independence of Geoffrey, such as driving out in the countryside by themselves and had more mature knowledge, including knowledge of Shakespeare's plays. Most episodes would end with the cast performing a song together. The series lasted for one season of 26 episodes. Following its GMTV transmission, the series was repeated as part of the Tiny Living block on LivingTV.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: In the early 2000s, Rainbow saw a revival of sorts among the student disco circuit, after a huge amount of Rainbow merchandise began to appear in shops and proved extremely popular with students who had grown up with the original TV series. The cast of Geoffrey Hayes, Roy Skelton, Malcolm Lord and Ronnie Le Drew reunited for the Rainbow Disco Roadshow, which would go on to tour university campuses and student discos for the bulk of the 00s. The shows consisted of Zippy assuming the role of 'Superstar DJ' and a stage show in which Geoffrey would invite members of the audience onstage to participate in a quiz with the characters of Zippy, Bungle and George, before joining students on the dancefloor.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: The Rainbow Disco Roadshow proved popular on the student disco circuit throughout the 00s, and spawned another dance version of the Rainbow theme tune to be released as a single in 2002, titled "It's A Rainbow". During the 00s, the characters made guest appearances on numerous TV and radio shows, while Zippy featured in a popular Marmite TV commercial, a series of Rainbow DVDs were released, and Zippy and George made a guest appearance in the TV police drama series "Ashes to Ashes". While there were reportedly numerous pitches for a new Rainbow TV series tailored to a student audience, none of these came to fruition.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: In 2008, Zippy, George and Bungle returned to the stage with the "Rainbow Live" theatre show, which toured theatres throughout the UK. Written and presented by Mike Newman, who stepped into Geoffrey's role as presenter, the stage show featured the storyline of Zippy becoming a Superstar DJ and leaving the Rainbow House to tour the world but missing his old friends back at the Rainbow House. The show brought the characters to a new generation of children as well as attracting adults who grew up with the original series.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Although Roy Skelton and Geoffrey Hayes died in 2011 and 2018 respectively, the characters of Zippy, George and Bungle still make the occasional TV appearances to the present day.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: The theme song for the show was actually a small part of the full version, also called "Rainbow" and written by Hugh Portnow, Lady Hornsbrie, Hugh Fraser and Tim Thomas of the band Telltale, who regularly appeared in the first two seasons of the show. It was released as a single on an offshoot of the Music for Pleasure label called Surprise, Surprise in 1973 with the B-side "Windy Day". Although Telltale left the show in 1974, their recording of the theme tune continued to be used until the end of the original show's run in 1992.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: There have been several dance versions of the theme tune which have been released as singles. The dance act Solo had a minor hit in 1991 with a sample-free instrumental version of the Rainbow theme, while Eurobop released a dance version in 1993 featuring samples taken directly from the original theme as well as voice samples of the main characters, who appeared on several music TV shows to promote the single; a hardcore version entitled "Rainbow Vibes" by the Sonz of Bungle circulated on 12" vinyl in 1992 which sampled the theme tune over a chopped up breakbeat and featuring rave stabs. The most recent dance version, titled "It's a Rainbow!" and featuring the vocals of Zippy and George, reached the UK top 20 in 2002.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: In 2019 Matt Berry produced a version of "Rainbow" included on an album recreating some 70s and 80s TV theme tunes, called "Television Themes".


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Generally speaking, George and Zippy represented two 'types' of a child, George being the quiet and shy type, while Zippy represented the hyperactive and destructive type. Zippy often demonstrated a cynicism and wit that went beyond the "4th wall" and appealed to older viewers. George was usually vindicated, and Zippy got his comeuppance. While they were apparently young 'children' (aged around 6), Bungle was an older 'child' (aged around 8), and differed from them in being a costume rather than a hand puppet. Geoffrey's relationship to them was unclear, other than being a kind of mentor/teacher/carer.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: In 1979, the cast and crew of "Rainbow" made a special exclusive sketch for the Thames TV staff Christmas tape, sometimes referred to as the "Twangers" episode. This sketch featured plenty of deliberate sexual innuendo (beginning with Zippy peeling a banana, saying 'One skin, two skin, three skin...' before being interrupted by George), and was never shown at the time (as it was never intended to be screened to the general public.) The cast later sang "The Plucking Song".


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: The clip became famous after being aired on Victor Lewis-Smith's Channel 4 programme "TV Offal" (1997) and was referred to as 'the pilot episode' in order to fit into the regular programme segment "The Pilots That Crashed"; however, the clip clearly was not a pilot, as Geoffrey Hayes was not a regular presenter until the series itself was a year old. The clip became widespread with the increasing popularity of the Internet, first as an e-mail attachment and later via online video websites such as YouTube. This has led to many erroneous claims that the episode was publicly broadcast as a regular episode.


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: "TV Offal" also broadcast some very risqué material featuring Hayes, Zippy and George as guests on a variety programme hosted by comedian Jim Davidson in the 1980s; the sketch in question featured former children's TV presenter Tommy Boyd asking a question about Adam and Eve. Boyd and Davidson used some profanities in the sketch, along with some innuendo from George (presumably again not intended for broadcast like the above), and Zippy exclaimed to Geoffrey an expletive phrase quite out of character from his children's television persona. (Incidentally, the said footage appeared uncut on Thames Television's 1984 Christmas tape.)


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: Episodes of the original "Rainbow", dating from the early 1980s, were shown sporadically on the UK satellite TV channel Nick Jr. (and/or its sister channel, Nick Jr. 2) in the late 2000s as part of its Nick Jr. Classics reruns. A previous repeat run took place on UK Gold (now Gold) from its launch in November 1992 to 1994; these were mostly from the last three years of the programme (without Rod, Jane and Freddy).


title: Rainbow (TV series)

text: An initial range of three hand puppet books featuring Bungle, Zippy and George was launched at the London Book Fair on 12 March on Sweet Cherry's stand, and then at the Bologna Book Fair on 1 April. These books were going to be available at retail from July–October 2019, but it was delayed further until May 2020.


title: Trend Micro

text: Eva Chen, who is the founder, currently serves as Trend Micro's chief executive officer, a position she has held since 2005. She succeeded founding CEO Steve Chang, who now serves as chairman.


title: Trend Micro

text: The company was founded in 1988 in Los Angeles by Steve Chang, his wife, Jenny Chang, and her sister, Eva Chen (陳怡樺). The company was established with proceeds from Steve Chang's previous sale of a copy protection dongle to a United States-based Rainbow Technologies. Shortly after establishing the company, its founders moved headquarters to Taipei.


title: Trend Micro

text: In 1992, Trend Micro took over a Japanese software firm to form Trend Micro Devices and established headquarters in Tokyo. It then made an agreement with CPU maker Intel, under which it produced an anti-virus product for local area networks (LANs) for sale under the Intel brand. Intel paid royalties to Trend Micro for sales of LANDesk Virus Protect in the United States and Europe, while Trend paid royalties to Intel for sales in Asia. In 1993, Novell began bundling the product with its network operating system. In 1996 the two companies agreed to a two-year continuation of the agreement in which Trend was allowed to globally market the ServerProtect product under its own brand alongside Intel's LANDesk brand.


title: Trend Micro

text: Trend Micro was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1998 under the ticker 4704. The company began trading on the United States-based NASDAQ stock exchange in July 1999.


title: Trend Micro

text: In 2004, founding chief executive officer Steve Chang decided to split the responsibilities of CEO and chairman of the company. Company co-founder Eva Chen succeeded Chang as chief executive officer of Trend Micro in January 2005. Chen had most recently served as the company's chief technology officer since 1996 and before that executive vice president since the company's founding in October 1989. Chang retained his position as company chairman. In May, Trend Micro acquired US-based antispyware company InterMute for $15 million. Trend Micro had fully integrated InterMute's SpySubtract antispyware program into its antispyware product offerings by the end of that year.


title: Trend Micro

text: In June 2005 Trend Micro acquired Kelkea, a US-based developer of antispam software. Kelkea developed Mail Abuse Prevention System (MAPS) and IP filtering software that allowed internet service providers to block spam and phishing scams. Kelkea chief executive officer Dave Rand was retained by Trend Micro as its chief technologist for content security.


title: Trend Micro

text: In March 2007, Trend Micro acquired freeware antispyware program HijackThis from its creator Merijn Bellekom for an undisclosed sum. Trend Micro delisted its depository shares from the NASDAQ stock exchange in May. Later that year, in October, Trend Micro acquired US-based data loss prevention software developer Provilla. Provilla was the creator LeakProof, software that allowed companies to block the transmission of sensitive data and warn security managers about transmission attempts.


title: Trend Micro

text: Trend Micro acquired Identum in February 2008 for an undisclosed sum. Identum, which was founded in and later spun-off from the University of Bristol cryptography department, developed ID-based email encryption software. Identum's chairman was serial entrepreneur, Steve Purdham. The two companies were originally in talks for Trend Micro to license Identum's technology, but Trend Micro later decided to purchase the firm outright. Identum was renamed Trend Micro (Bristol) and its encryption technology was integrated into existing Trend Micro products. Existing Identum products were continued but sold under the Trend Micro brand. Also that year, Trend Micro sued Barracuda Networks for the latter's distribution of ClamAV as part of a security package. Trend Micro claimed that Barracuda's use of ClamAV infringed on a software patent owned by Trend Micro for filtering viruses on an Internet gateway. On 19 May 2011, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued a Final Rejection in the reexamination of Trend Micro's U.S. patent 5,623,600.


title: Trend Micro

text: In April 2009, Trend Micro acquired Ottawa, Canada-based Third Brigade for an undisclosed sum. Third Brigade developed host-based intrusion prevention and firewall software that had been used by Trend Micro in its Trend OfficeScan anti-malware suite for two years prior to acquiring Third Brigade. Third Brigade was reincorporated as Trend Micro Canada Technologies.


title: Trend Micro

text: Trend Micro acquired UK-based humyo in June 2010 for an undisclosed sum. humyo provided cloud-based data storage and synchronization services to small businesses and individuals. Later that year, in November, Trend Micro acquired Mobile Armor. Mobile Armor was a developer of full disk, file and folder, and removable media encryption for mobile devices. Trend Micro integrated the company's technology into a centrally-managed platform for mobile device security.


title: Trend Micro

text: In June 2012, Trend Micro acquired US-based Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificate provider AffirmTrust for an undisclosed sum. Trend Micro followed up with another acquisition, Taiwanese advanced network-security firm Broadweb, in October 2012. Broadweb was a developer of deep packet inspection technology that had the ability to block malicious data packets in real-time. The technology was integrated into Trend Micro's Custom Defense Solution, a suite that was designed to provide network-wide visibility and protection against advanced attacks and threats.


title: Trend Micro

text: Trend Micro relocated its US headquarters to the Las Colinas area of Irving, Texas in September 2013. The relocation allowed the company to consolidate operations previously housed in Cupertino, California and Arlington, Texas.


title: Trend Micro

text: In September 2014, Trend Micro began a partnership with INTERPOL wherein Trend Micro shared with the international police organization information on cybercrime threats via the company's Threat Intelligence Service. According to INTERPOL, the information helped the international police organization and its 190 member countries decrease cybercrime on a global scale. Trend Micro also provided a cybercrime investigation training program to INTERPOL.


title: Trend Micro

text: Also in 2014, Trend Micro expanded its Cloud App Security to protect with Microsoft Office 365 from threats not caught by native Microsoft Security. By 2016, the Cloud App Security software was expanded to cover Box, Dropbox and Google Drive.


title: Trend Micro

text: In October 2015, Trend Micro reached an agreement to buy TippingPoint, a network and software security developer from HP Inc. for $US300 million. This included the bug bounty program, the Zero Day Initiative which was incorporated in Trend Micro Research's focus on existing threats, vulnerabilities, and future potential security issues.


title: Trend Micro

text: That same year, Trend Micro was certified as a VCE validation ready solution and Vblock ready through the VCE Technology Alliance Partner program. Later, Trend Micro joined the VCE Select Program, which allowed Trend Micro's Deep Security to be bundled with VCE's converged and hyper-converged infrastructure systems.


title: Trend Micro

text: Gartner named Trend Micro to the "Leaders" ranking of its Magic Quadrant rating for endpoint protection platforms in 2015, 2016 and 2017. In 2016, Trend Micro discovered that a variant of a virus affecting Android phones was able to infect smart TVs.


title: Trend Micro

text: Trend announced the launch of a $US100 million venture capital investment fund in June 2017 focused on the next generation of technology including the Internet of Things (IoT). In September 2017, Trend Micro was awarded reimbursement through the U.S. District Court for a portion of the legal fees incurred over rejected patent claims filed by Intellectual Ventures. The company subsequently launched Trend Forward Capital. The venture's initial investments included business-to-business payment company Veem, wearable device company Muse, telemetry company Mojio and brain health technology company Interaxon.


title: Trend Micro

text: In November 2017, Trend Micro acquired IMMUNIO, adding new capabilities for hybrid cloud security that fit neatly into the DevOps life cycle. IMMUNIO introduced early detection and protection against application vulnerabilities and container image scanning allowing for the publishing and protection of secure container images.


title: Trend Micro

text: In December 2017, Trend partnered with Telco Systems to develop a virtual network cybersecurity platform combining Trend's Virtual Network Function Suite with Telco's NFVTime software.


title: Trend Micro

text: In April 2018, Trend Micro joined the Cybersecurity Tech Accord, a public agreement between companies to defend all customers from malicious attacks by cybercriminal gangs and nation states.


title: Trend Micro

text: In August 2018, researchers discovered that several Trend Micro consumer products for MacOS were capturing browser history and other data, including passwords, and sending it to a remote server for initial analysis designed to enhance security. The products identified were Dr. Cleaner, Dr. Cleaner Pro, Dr. Antivirus, Dr. Unarchiver, Dr. Battery, Duplicate Finder and Open Any File. As a consequence, Apple removed the Trend Micro products from its Mac App Store. Trend Micro admitted that the products had captured and uploaded the data. It also apologized to its "community for concern they might have felt", but went on to excuse the activity as being "humbly the result of the use of common code libraries", and that, in any event, appropriation of users' data was "explicitly disclosed in the applicable EULAs".


title: Trend Micro

text: In September 2018 Trend Micro and HITRUST announced a partnership to launch a new center which provides advanced cyber risk management. In November 2018 Trend Micro and Moxa Inc., announced the formation of a joint-venture corporation, TXOne Networks, which will focus on the security needs present in the Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) environments.


title: Trend Micro

text: In June 2008, Trend Micro introduced Trend Micro Smart Protection Network, a cloud-client content security infrastructure that delivers global threat intelligence to protect customers from online threats, such as data stealing malware, phishing attacks, and other web, email, and mobile threats. In 2012, Trend Micro added big data analytics to its Smart Protection Network. Big data analytics allow the network to use behavioral-based identification methods to identify new security threats. The network also combines in-the-cloud technologies with other client-based antivirus technologies to reduce dependency on conventional pattern file downloads on the endpoint. Threat information from Trend Micro's Smart Protection Network is deployed in real time to the company's security software portfolio. Trend Micro's report on EU's General Data Protection Regulation showed an increase in extortion attempts as organizations try to comply with EU privacy laws.


title: Trend Micro

text: Trend Micro receives its threat intelligence from TrendLabs, the company's research, development, and support center. TrendLabs has ten labs worldwide, and is headquartered in the Philippines and employs 1,200 security experts and engineers. Trend Micro's Singapore-based lab provides malware forensics and analysis.


title: Trend Micro

text: In February 2018, Trend Micro partnered with Panasonic to build more secure systems for electronic control units in automated cars. In April 2018, the company released a tool that helps identify individual writing styles and combat email fraud.


title: Pathogenesis

text: Pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops. It can include factors which contribute not only to the onset of the disease or disorder, but also to its progression and maintenance. The word comes from Greek πάθος "pathos" 'suffering, disease' and γένεσις "genesis" 'creation'.


title: Pathogenesis

text: Types of pathogenesis include microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy and tissue breakdown. For example, bacterial pathogenesis is the process by which bacteria cause infectious illness.


title: Pathogenesis

text: Most diseases are caused by multiple processes. For example, certain cancers arise from dysfunction of the immune system (skin tumors and lymphoma after a renal transplant, which requires immunosuppression), Streptococcus pneumoniae is spread through contact with respiratory secretions, such as saliva, mucus, or cough droplets from an infected person and colonizes the upper respiratory tract and begins to multiply.


title: Pathogenesis

text: The pathogenic mechanisms of a disease (or condition) are set in motion by the underlying causes, which if controlled would allow the disease to be prevented. Often, a potential cause is identified by epidemiological observations before a pathological link can be drawn between the cause and the disease. The pathological perspective can be directly integrated into an epidemiological approach in the interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology. Molecular pathological epidemiology can help to assess pathogenesis and causality by means of linking a potential risk factor to molecular pathologic signatures of a disease. Thus, the molecular pathological epidemiology paradigm can advance the area of causal inference.


title: Digital Fortress

text: Digital Fortress is a techno-thriller novel written by American author Dan Brown and published in 1998 by St. Martin's Press. The book explores the theme of government surveillance of electronically stored information on the private lives of citizens, and the possible civil liberties and ethical implications of using such technology.


title: Digital Fortress

text: The story is set in the year of 1996. When the United States National Security Agency's code-breaking supercomputer TRANSLTR encounters a revolutionary new code, "Digital Fortress," that it cannot break, Commander Trevor Strathmore calls in head cryptographer Susan Fletcher to crack it. She is informed by Strathmore that it was written by Ensei Tankado, a former NSA employee who became displeased with the NSA's intrusion into people's private lives. If the NSA doesn't reveal TRANSLTR to the public, Tankado intends to auction the code's algorithm on his website and have his partner, "North Dakota", release it for free if he dies, essentially holding the NSA hostage. Strathmore tells Fletcher that Tankado has in fact died in Seville at the age of 32, of what appears to be a heart attack. Strathmore intends to keep Tankado's death a secret because if Tankado's partner finds out, he will upload the code. The agency is determined to stop Digital Fortress from becoming a threat to national security.


title: Digital Fortress

text: Strathmore asks Fletcher's fiancé David Becker to travel to Seville and recover a ring that Tankado was wearing when he died. The ring is suspected to have the passcode that unlocks Digital Fortress. However, Becker soon discovers that Tankado gave the ring away just before his death. Unbeknown to Becker, a mysterious figure, named Hulohot, follows him, and murders each person he questions in the search for the ring. Unsurprisingly, Hulohot's final attempt would be on Becker himself.


title: Digital Fortress

text: Meanwhile, telephone calls between North Dakota and Tokugen Numataka reveals that North Dakota hired Hulohot to kill Tankado in order to gain access to the passcode on his ring and speed up the release of the algorithm.


title: Digital Fortress

text: At the NSA, Fletcher's investigation leads her to believe that Greg Hale, a fellow NSA employee, is North Dakota. Phil Chartrukian, an NSA technician who is unaware of the Digital Fortress code breaking failure and believes Digital Fortress to be a virus, conducts his own investigation into whether Strathmore allowed Digital Fortress to bypass Gauntlet, the NSA's virus/worm filter. To save the TRANSLTR Phil decides to shut it down but is murdered after being pushed off sub-levels of TRANSLTR by an unknown assailant. Since Hale and Strathmore were both in the sub-levels, Fletcher assumes that Hale is the killer; however, Hale claims that he witnessed Strathmore killing Chartrukian. Chartrukian's fall also damages TRANSLTR's cooling system.


title: Digital Fortress

text: Hale holds Fletcher and Strathmore hostage to prevent himself from being arrested for Phil's murder. It is then that Hale explains to Fletcher, the e-mail he supposedly received from Tankado was also in Strathmore's inbox, as Strathmore was snooping on Tankado. Fletcher discovers through a tracer that North Dakota and Ensei Tankado are the same person, as "NDAKOTA" is an anagram of "Tankado."


title: Digital Fortress

text: Strathmore kills Hale and arranges it to appear as a suicide. Fletcher later discovers through Strathmore's pager that he is the one who hired Hulohot. Becker manages to track down the ring, but ends up pursued by Hulohot in a long cat-and-mouse chase across Seville. The two eventually face off in a cathedral, where Becker finally kills Hulohot by tripping him down a spiral staircase, causing him to break his neck. He is then intercepted by NSA field agents sent by Leland Fontaine, the director of the NSA.


title: Digital Fortress

text: Chapters told from Strathmore's perspective reveal his master plan. By hiring Hulohot to kill Tankado, having Becker recover his ring and at the same time arranging for Hulohot to kill Becker, he would facilitate a romantic relationship with Fletcher, regaining his lost honor. He has also been working incessantly for many months to unlock Digital Fortress, installing a backdoor inside the program. By making phone calls to Numataka posing as North Dakota, he thought he could partner with Numatech to make a Digital Fortress chip equipped with his own backdoor Trojan. Finally, he would reveal to the world the existence of TRANSLTR, boasting it would be able to crack all the codes except Digital Fortress, making everyone rushing to use the computer chip equipped with Digital Fortress so that the NSA could spy on every computer equipped with these chips.