title: Morin khuur

text: On the contemporary Morin Khuur the deep string is placed at the right side and the high string is placed at the left side, seen from the front of the instrument. The Igil has the opposite placement of strings, so a player has to adapt in order to play pieces made for the other one. For contemporary teaching the modern style is in use.


title: Morin khuur

text: Also many amateur players acquired reasonable skills by taking lessons from private teachers, or being taught by their parents or other relatives.


title: Morin khuur

text: The morin khuur is the national instrument in Mongolia. Many festivals are held for celebrating the importance of this instrument on the Mongolian culture, like the biannual "International Morin Huur Festival and Competition", which is organized by the "World Morinhuur Association". First held in 2008, second in 2010 - with 8 participating countries (Mongolia, Korea, China, Russia, USA, Germany, France, Japan) - and planned for May 2012. Here, many amateurs come and play freestyle pieces, but also a professional contest is held and an instrument making competition.


title: Morin khuur

text: During June, the "Roaring Hooves" festival is held. This is a small festival for professional skilled players - but unfortunately a closed festival. These recordings are often shown in TV reports later.


title: Morin khuur

text: On the national festival "Naadam" praise songs are played for the most magnificent horse and for the highest ranked wrestler and archer. The songs are called "Magtaal" and accompanied by a unique style of praise and morin khuur.


title: Morin khuur

text: During the winter time, but also at the beginning of the spring time, a morin khuur player is called in for the "жавар үргээх", the "ceremony for scaring away the frost". In general, many traditional pieces are played, divided in the different styles: "уртын дуу", "urtiin duu" (long song), "магтаал", "magtaal" (praise songs) and "татлага", "tatlaga" (solo pieces, mostly imitating horses or camels).


title: Morin khuur

text: The fourth style, the "биелгее" is rarely played in these ceremonies, but in western Mongolia it is common for accompanying "tatlaga dancing" in 3 times - like a waltz, but with dance movements imitating daily tasks of a nomad's family.


title: Morin khuur

text: A number of folk metal and folk rock bands from Mongolia and the Chinese autonomous region of Inner Mongolia have combined heavy metal and rock music with traditional Mongolian lyrical themes and instruments, including the morin khuur; some of these bands include Altan Urag, Nine Treasures, Tengger Cavalry, Hanggai, the Hu, and Uuhai.


title: Morin khuur

text: In the Mongolian Gobi farmer's daily life, the Morin Khuur has another important use. When a mother camel gives birth to a calf, sometimes she rejects her calf due to various natural stress situations. Mongolian camel farmers use Morin Khuur-based melodies alongside special low-harmonic types of songs called "Khoosloh" to heal the mother camels' stress and encourage her to re-adopt her calf. This re-adoption of farm animal practice is widely used in various nomadic civilizations worldwide but for Mongolian Gobi farmers' cases, only this instrument is used on camels. In other cases, if a mother camel dies after giving birth to a calf, a farmer would use this Khoosloh technique alongside Morin Khuur melodies to encourage another mother camel who has her own calf to adopt the new one. The practice is well documented in the documentary called "Ingen Egshig" directed by Badraa J. in 1986 and was also remade in 2003 by director Byambasuren Davaa with a different title of "The Story of the Weeping Camel" which was nominated in 2005 Academy Award for Best Documentary.


title: Grunge fashion

text: Grunge fashion is the clothing, accessories and hairstyles of the grunge music genre and subculture which emerged in mid-1980s Seattle, and had reached wide popularity by the mid 90s. Grunge fashion is characterized by durable and timeless thrift-store clothing, often worn in a loose, androgynous manner to de-emphasize the silhouette. The style was popularized by music bands Nirvana, Soundgarden and Pearl Jam.


title: Grunge fashion

text: The term "grunge" was adopted by the music industry for a style of music that had become wildly popular in the American northwest during the early 1990s. The term first appeared in 1972, but it did not become a popular term in widespread media until the late 1980s, influenced by the surge and decline of punk. This view made its mark on the youth of the time and translated into their choice of fashion. "Punk is anti-fashion, it makes a statement, while grunge is about not making a statement, which is why it's crazy for it to become a fashion statement." "Details" editor James Truman said. Therefore, grunge look is different from the punk look. Punk musicians usually wear leather jacket, ripped jeans, shirt without sleeves, metal chains, and dark clothes. In contrast, grunge rockers in Seattle wore mundane everyday clothing to everywhere. For example, Kurt Cobain, singer-guitarist of Nirvana, would simply wear an oversized striped sweater, ripped jeans, a pair of Converse, and an unkempt hair to perform. This low-key style from the Pacific Northwest became popular as grunge entered the mainstream. In a 1998 article for the "Journal of Cultural Geography", Thomas Bell said "Flannel shirts and Doc Martens boots were worn as an anti-fashion statement that is undoubtedly related to the unassuming and unvarnished nature of the music itself".


title: Grunge fashion

text: One of the biggest influences on grunge fashion was rock star Kurt Cobain, the lead singer of the hugely successful band Nirvana. It is widely believed that Cobain represents the core of the grunge movement and the phenomenon of the grunge scene's influence. Cobain's style was a combination from both male and female fashion, and "his Seattle thrift-store look ran the gamut of masculine lumberjack workwear and 40s-by-way-of-70s feminine dresses." Cobain's wife, Courtney Love, was mostly known for her "kinderwhore" sense of style which was used by many female grunge bands. The look consisted of barrettes, tiaras, ripped tights, Mary Janes, slips and Peter Pan collared dresses. Love claims that she drew the inspiration for her kinderwhore look from Christina Amphlett of Divinyls. Pearl Jam made their mark on the grunge fashion scene with leather jackets, corduroy jackets, kilts, shorts-over-leggings, ripped jeans and snapbacks. They were best known for inspiring the Doc Martens trend.


title: Grunge fashion

text: Grunge fashion/style was influenced by disheveled and androgynous thrift-store clothing, defined by a looseness that de-emphasizes the body's silhouette. Men wear second-hand or shabby T-shirts with slogans, band logos, etc. A plaid shirt might accompany the T-shirt, along with ripped or faded jeans. Black combat-style boots, such as Doc Martens, completes the ensemble. In 1992, "The New York Times" wrote: "This stuff is cheap, it's durable, and it's kind of timeless. It also runs against the grain of the whole flashy aesthetic that existed in the 80's." As for hairstyles, men follow the "hair-sweat-and-guitars look" of Kurt Cobain.


title: Grunge fashion

text: In the 1990s, less was more and dressing-down was an acceptable norm. For shoes, women started wearing clunky combat boots and Doc Martens. They typically wore slip dresses with flannels, flannels and ripped jeans, and plaid in layers. Low-rise and ripped, wide-legged jeans were popular. The clothing was paired with simple jewelry such as chokers and hoop earrings and dark, rich-colored lipstick. Bell-bottom jeans from the 1970s were popular again by 1995, along with the baby-doll T-shirt. When flannels were worn, they were oversized and when it became too hot to wear them, they were tied around the waist. Hairstyles included the half-up-half-down style and messy hair that made the impression nothing was done to it.


title: Grunge fashion

text: When grunge started to be a popular trend in the early 1990s, fashion designer Marc Jacobs was the first designer who brought grunge to the luxury platform. In 1993, Jacobs as the creative director of women's design at Perry Ellis, debuted a spring collection that was inspired by grunge. The collection included some iconic grunge items such as flannel shirts, printed granny dresses, Dr. Martens boots, and knitted skullcaps. Fashion critic Suzy Menkes declared "Grunge is ghastly." "New York" magazine said, "Grunge: 1992–1993, R.I.P." A few years later, Jacobs and his business partner joined the French luxury brand Louis Vuitton in 1997.


title: Grunge fashion

text: According to a 2013 "Today" article, the 1990s made a comeback after New York Fashion Week (NYFW) when designers shared their interpretations of Seattle's early 1990s boho-chic. This led to grunge fashion appearing in shopping malls and grunge-inspired back-to-school looks.


title: Grunge fashion

text: In 2013, Yves Saint Laurent and Dries van Noten were trying to bring grunge back to the runway and made it a trend again.


title: Francisco Rizal Mercado

text: Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro (May 11, 1818 – January 5, 1898) was the father of the Philippines' national hero Jose Rizal. He was born in Biñan, Laguna. He had a wife named Teodora Realonda y Quintos and had 11 children altogether.


title: Francisco Rizal Mercado

text: He was one of the children of Juan Monica Mercado and Cirila Alejandro. His family had adopted the additional surnames of "Rizal" in 1849, after Governor General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa decreed the adoption of Spanish surnames among the Filipinos for census purposes (though they already had Spanish names).


title: Francisco Rizal Mercado

text: Like many families in the Philippines, the Rizals were of mestizo origin. Francisco's patrilineal lineage could be traced to Fujian in China through his father's ancestor Lam-Co, a Hokkien Chinese merchant who immigrated to the Philippines in the late 17th century. Lam-Co traveled to Manila from Xiamen, China, possibly to avoid the famine or plague in his home district, and more probably to escape the Manchu invasion during the Transition from Ming to Qing. He decided to stay in the islands as a farmer. In 1697, to escape the bitter anti-Chinese prejudice that existed in the Philippines, he converted to Catholicism, changed his name to Domingo Mercado and married the daughter of Chinese friend Augustin Chin-co.


title: Francisco Rizal Mercado

text: Francisco Rizal was only eight years old when his father died. He attended a Latin school in Biñan, which his sons would later attend. He also attended the Colegio de San Jose in Manila, where he studied Latin and philosophy. He was described by Rafael Palma: "He was 40, of solid shoulders, strong constitution, rather tall than short, of serious and reflective mien, with prominent forehead and large dark eyes. A pure Filipino."


title: Francisco Rizal Mercado

text: Francisco married Teodora Alonso on June 28, 1848, when he was 30 years old. The couple resided in Laguna, particularly in Calamba and built a business in agriculture.


title: Home Credit

text: Home Credit B.V. is an international non-bank financial institution founded in 1997 in the Czech Republic and headquartered in Netherlands. The company operates in 9 countries and focuses on installment lending primarily to people with little or no credit history. As of 30 June 2020 the Group has cumulatively served over 135.4 million customers. Major shareholder of the Group is PPF, a privately held international investment group whose founder and major beneficiary was Petr Kellner with 88.62% stake.


title: Home Credit

text: The Home Credit loan can be obtained from throughout 342.7 thousands partnering retail shops and shopping malls in ten world markets as well as at the Home Credit's own online marketplaces (Russia, China, Philippines and Vietnam). Home Credit is also presented online in its own mobile application or in a third-party online stores. In selected markets you can pay with a „HC Pay“, a QR code-based revolving credit or with Home Credit credit or shopping cards. Home Credit finances both the purchase of consumer goods through a cash-less loan transaction or other commodities, such as language courses, travel etc. through a cash loans. The loans are always issued in domestic currency of the market in which the brand operates.


title: Home Credit

text: In 1997, Home Credit a.s. was founded in the Czech Republic and in 1999, the company expanded to Slovakia. In 2000s company started to expand to Commonwealth of Independent States countries - Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Belarus. As of 2007 the company was the second largest consumer lender in Russia. In 2010s company expanded to Asia, specifically China, India, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam. In 2010 the company was the first foreign company to set up as a consumer finance lender in China. In 2015 Home Credit Group launched its operations in the United States of America through a partnership with Sprint Corporation. The group offers loans in 434,232 retail stores and also in digital space.


title: Home Credit

text: In 2017 PAG initiated investment of 2 billion RMB into Home Credit Group's Chinese business entity as an interest-bearing convertible loan. The deal was subsequently terminated in 2018 by PAG and Home Credit Group repaid the loan with interest.


title: Home Credit

text: In 2018 Home Credit Group initiated sale of its Czech operation consisting of Home Credit Czech and Slovak and Air Bank to Moneta Money Bank. The deal was criticized as one-sided deal that gives Home Credit's subsidiaries unusually high valuation with unusual terms of the deal that would lead to renaming of Moneta Bank to Air Bank. The criticism was strengthened also because of Moneta Chief Executive Tomas Spurny being historically connected to Home Credit Group majority shareholder PPF Group. In February 2019, Moneta based on feedback from its shareholders revised offer with lower valuation. In October 2019, Home Credit India has tied up with The Karur Vysya Bank Ltd, a commercial bank having its head office at Karur, Tamil Nadu, India for joint lending.


title: Home Credit

text: In 2019, the company was preparing IPO in Hong Kong, however it was scrapped after investors estimated the value between 5 and 7.5 billion euros, whereas shareholders were targeting market capitalization of 10 billion euros.


title: Home Credit

text: Home Credit entered China in 2007 and applied for a pilot consumer finance license in 2010. Home Credit was asked by Chinese officials to help improve relationship between China and the Czech Republic in order to receive full license. Since 2010, Home Credit's parent company PPF helped swing anti-communist international relations sentiment towards strong China ally. In 2014, PPF helped arrange visit of the Czech president Miloš Zeman to China and subsequently helped pay for private plane for the return trip. The company in 2014 also received nation-wide license for consumer finance lending. In 2016, the company CEO Jiří Šmejc claimed to be proud of the impact on the revival of Czech-Chinese relations. Home Credit funded a newly formed think tank, Sinoskop, to counter a longer-established China-watching body, Sinopsis.


title: Home Credit

text: In 2019, it was uncovered that Home Credit paid public relations company to influence public in opinion in the Czech Republic about China. Home Credit did hire an agency called C&B Reputation Management, which did marketing for Home Credit. It was also supposed to improve the Czech view of the Chinese communist regime.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The Bradbury Building is an architectural landmark in downtown Los Angeles, California, United States. Built in 1893, the five-story office building is best known for its extraordinary skylit atrium of access walkways, stairs and elevators, and their ornate ironwork. The building was commissioned by Los Angeles gold-mining millionaire Lewis L. Bradbury and constructed by draftsman George Wyman from the original design by Sumner Hunt. It appears in many works of fiction and has been the site of many movie and television shoots and music videos.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977, one of only four office buildings in Los Angeles to be so honored. It was also designated a landmark by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission and is the city's oldest landmarked building.


title: Bradbury Building

text: Lewis L. Bradbury, Sr. (November 6, 1823 – July 15, 1892) was a 19th century millionaire who made his fortune in mining and real estate—he owned the Tajo Mine in Sinaloa, Mexico—who became a real estate developer in the later part of his life. In 1892 he began planning to construct a five-story building at Broadway and Third Street in Los Angeles, close to the Bunker Hill neighborhood. A local architect, Sumner Hunt, was hired to design the building, and turned in a completed design, but Bradbury dismissed Hunt's plans as inadequate to the grand building he wanted. He then hired George Wyman, one of Hunt's draftsmen, to do the design. Bradbury supposedly felt that Wyman understood his own vision of the building better than Hunt did, but there is no concrete evidence that Wyman changed Hunt's design, which has raised some controversy about who should be considered to be the architect of the building. Wyman had no formal education as an architect, and was working for Hunt for $5 a week at the time.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The building opened in 1893, some months after Bradbury's death in 1892, and was completed in 1894, at the total cost of $500,000, about three times the original budget of $175,000.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The building has operated as an office building for most of its history. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977. It was purchased by developer and champion of downtown restoration Ira Yellin in the early 1980s, who invested $7 million in restoration, preservation and seismic retrofitting between 1989 and 1991. As part of the restoration, a storage area at the south end of the building was converted to a new rear-entrance portico, connecting the building more directly to Biddy Mason Park and the adjacent Broadway Spring Center parking garage. The building's lighting system was also redesigned, bringing in alabaster wall sconces from Spain.


title: Bradbury Building

text: Since 1996, the building has served as the headquarters for the Los Angeles Police Department's Internal Affairs division and other government agencies. The LAPD Board of Rights holds officer discipline hearings here, and within the force it is given the nickname "the Ovens", because officers see it as the place they "get burned." The LAPD has a 50-year lease on their space.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The building was purchased for $6 million in 2003 by a Hong Kong investor, less than the $7 million Ira Yellin invested just to rehabilitate and seismically retrofit the structure after acquiring it in 1989, a reflection of Yellin's commitment to downtown preservation and restoration. It was never listed for sale, only offered to a select group of potential buyers who would respect its legacy and retain its character. The building, according to Yellin's widow Adele, at the time, was "in very good hands".


title: Bradbury Building

text: From 2001 to 2003 the had its home there. In 2007, the Morono Kiang Gallery of Chinese art opened in the building.


title: Bradbury Building

text: Several of the offices are rented out to private concerns, including Red Line Tours. The retail spaces on the first floor currently house Ross Cutlery, where O. J. Simpson purchased a stiletto that figured in his murder trial, a Subway sandwich restaurant, a Blue Bottle Coffee shop, and a real estate sales office for loft conversions in other nearby historic buildings.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The building's undistinguished exterior facade of brown brick, sandstone and terracotta detailing was designed in the commercial vernacular Italian Renaissance Revival style current at the time. Its interior is its most notable part.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The narrow entrance lobby, with its low ceiling and minimal light "has the look of a Parisian alley of arched windows", and opens into a bright naturally lit great "awe-inspiring cathedral-like" center court. Robert Forster, star of the TV series "Banyon" that used the building for his office, described it as "one of the great interiors of L.A. Outside it doesn't look like much, but when you walk inside, suddenly you're back a hundred and twenty years."


title: Bradbury Building

text: The five-story central court features glazed and unglazed yellow and pink bricks, ornamental cast iron, tiling, Italian marble, Mexican tile, decorative terracotta and polished wood, capped by a skylight that allows the court to be flooded with natural rather than artificial light, creating ever-changing shadows and accents during the day. At the time the building was completed, it featured the largest plate-glass windows in Los Angeles.


title: Bradbury Building

text: Geometric patterned staircases and wrought-iron and polished oak railings are used abundantly throughout. The wrought-iron was created in France and displayed at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair before being installed in the building. Freestanding mail-chutes also feature ironwork. The overall effect, according to a "Los Angeles Times" writer, is "a mesmerizing degree of symmetry and visual complexity".


title: Bradbury Building

text: The building is a popular tourist attraction. It is open daily and staffed by a government worker who provides historical background on it. Casual visitors are only permitted up to the first landing. Brochures and tours are also available. It is close to three other downtown Los Angeles landmarks: the Grand Central Market, the Million Dollar Theater (across the street) and Angels Flight (two blocks away). Access is via the Los Angeles MTA Red Line's Civic Center exit, three blocks distant.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The Bradbury Building has been featured prominently as a setting in many films, television shows, and in literature—particularly in the science fiction genre. Most notably, the building is a setting in the 1982 science fiction film "Blade Runner", for the character J. F. Sebastian's apartment, and the climactic rooftop scene.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The Bradbury Building appeared in the noir films "Double Indemnity" (1944), "The Unfaithful" (1947), "Shockproof" (1949), "D.O.A." (1950) and "I, The Jury" (1953) (the latter filmed in 3-D). "M" (1951), a remake of the 1931 German film, contains a long search sequence filmed in the building, and a notable shot through the roof's skylight. The five-story atrium also substituted for the interior of the seedy skid row hotel depicted in the climax of "Good Neighbor Sam" (1964).


title: Bradbury Building

text: The building is also featured in "China Girl" (1942), "The White Cliffs of Dover" (1944), "Indestructible Man" (1956), "Caprice" (1967), "Marlowe" (1969), the 1972 made-for-television movie "The Night Strangler", "Chinatown" (1974), "The Cheap Detective" (1978), "Avenging Angel" (1985), "Murphy's Law" (1986), ‘’Midnight Cabaret’’ (1990), "The Dreamer of Oz" (1990), 1994's "Wolf" and "Disclosure", "Lethal Weapon 4" (1998), "Pay It Forward" (2000), "What Women Want" (2000), "(500) Days of Summer" (2009) and "The Artist" (2011).


title: Bradbury Building

text: Television series that featured the building include the 1964 "The Outer Limits" episode "Demon with a Glass Hand", and the 1962 "Perry Mason" episode "The Case of the Double-Entry Mind". During the season six episodes (1963–64) of the series "77 Sunset Strip", the Stuart "Stu" Bailey character had his office in the Bradbury. In "Quantum Leap" the building is seen carrying the name "Gotham Towers" in "Play It Again, Seymour", the last episode of the first season (1989). The building appeared in at least one episode of the television series "Banyon" (1972–73), where it was used as Robert Forster's office, "City of Angels" (1976) and "" (1966–73), as well as Ned and Chuck's Apartment in "Pushing Daisies", which debuted in 2007. The building was also the setting for a scene from the series "FlashForward" in the episode "Let No Man Put Asunder". In 2010 the building was transplanted to New York City for a two-part episode of "". The Bradbury Building and a fake New York City subway entrance across the street were also used to represent the exterior of New York's High School for the Performing Arts in the opening credits of the television series "Fame". The building appears as itself in multiple episodes of the fourth season of Amazon Studios' original series "Bosch", in both exterior establishing shots and interior shots.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The Bradbury appeared in a 1979 music video for "Take Me Home" by Cher, in addition to music videos from the 1980s by Heart, Janet Jackson, Earth Wind and Fire, Phil Seymour and Genesis, and a Pontiac Pursuit commercial. Part of Janet Jackson's 1989 film short "Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814" was filmed in the building as well. The interior appears in the music video for the Pointer Sisters' 1980 song, "He's So Shy". The Bradbury Building was prominently featured in Monica's 1998 single "The First Night" as well in Tony! Toni! Toné!'s "Let's Get Down" music video. In 2016, the interiors were featured in the music video for "The Road" by Chinese musician Huang Zitao. The building was used in the music video for "Icy", a 2019 song by South Korean girl group Itzy.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The Bradbury has frequently appeared in popular literature. In the "Nathan Heller" series of detective novels by Max Allan Collins, Heller's A-1 Detective Agency's Los Angeles offices are housed in the Bradbury, as shown in the novel "Angel in Black". In the "Star Trek" novel "The Case of the Colonist's Corpse: A Sam Cogley Mystery", the protagonist works from the Bradbury Building four hundred years in the future. Other appearances occur in "The Man With The Golden Torc" by Simon R. Green, "Angels Flight" and "The Black Box" by Michael Connelly, and the science-fiction multiple novel series "The World of Tiers" by Philip Jose Farmer.


title: Bradbury Building

text: DC Comics and Marvel Comics—the latter of which has offices in the real Bradbury Building—both published comic book series based on characters that work in the historic landmark. The building serves as the headquarters for the Marvel Comics team The Order, and in the DC Universe, the Human Target runs his private investigation agency from the building.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The building was used for the music video for "Say Something", a song released on January 25, 2018 by Justin Timberlake featuring Chris Stapleton.


title: Bradbury Building

text: The building interior was shown in the title sequence for the TV series "The Ray Bradbury Theater", which aired from 1985 to 1992.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot n Flavor Ramen or buldak-bokkeum-myeon (, "fire chicken stir-fried noodles") is a South Korean brand of instant noodle, produced by Samyang Foods since April 2012. The large cup "ramyeon" debuted in June 2012, and a smaller cup was released in November 2013. It is considered one of the spiciest instant noodles available in the Korean market, with the original packet having 4,404 Scoville units. It is a type of 'stir-fried' dry noodle: after boiling, the noodles are drained, and mixed with a spicy sauce and a topping. "Buldak-bokkeum-myeon" became famous due to the Fire Noodle Challenge, a viral social media challenge where people film themselves attempting to complete a packet or bowl of these noodles.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Buldak-bokkeum-myeon is Samyang's best-selling product. 100 million cumulative sales were reached in March 2014, and the brand attained monthly sales of 6 to 7 billion won the following year (5.1 to 5.9 million United States dollars). From the second half of 2016, as exports of this product increased, they became the company's best-seller. In 2017, the Buldak range accounted for more than 85% of Samyang Food's total exports and 55% of total sales. In 2016, when “Buldak-bokkeummyeon” began to be sold in earnest, Samyang Foods' sales grew 23.5% to 35.9 billion won, followed by a double-digit growth rate in 2017 with a sales of 450 billion won (estimated value). For this reason, Samyang Foods received the '100 Million Dollar Export Tower' at the '54th Trade Day 2017' event.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Since the release of the original in 2012 and subsequent success, Samyang has released varieties that differ in spice and often flavour from the original to keep up with demand.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen, or "buldak-bokkeum-myeon" () in Korean language is the original product of Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen, which was launched in April, 2012. The noodle is inspired by buldak, a barbecued spicy chicken dish.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen 2x Spicy, or "haek-buldak-bokkeum-myeon" () in Korean is an initially limited edition version of the Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen celebrating the beginning of 2017 as the year of the Fire-Rooster ("Jeongyu" in Korea) in the Sexagenary cycle, and it is measured to be 8,706 SHU. It released in January, 2016. In December, 2018, a mini version of “Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen 2x Spicy” was released for a limited time. It is measured to be 12,000 SHU. In Korea, the word "haek" is slang for "really", "extreme", or "very", to compare nuclear bombs


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen Cheese, or "chijeu-buldak-bokkeum-myeon" () in Korean language is a version of Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen with cheese powder, released in March, 2016.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen Ice, or "kul-buldak-bokkeum-myeon" () in Korean language is an annual limited edition of Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen sold only in the summer season, which is launched in August, 2016.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen Stew, or "buldak-bokkeum-tangmyeon" () in Korean language is a version of Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen that is served in a soup, released in August, 2016.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen Curry, or "keori-buldak-bokkeum-myeon" () in Korean language combines the flavor of Korean style curry with Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen. It was released in December, 2016.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen Mala as unofficial name, or "mara-buldak-bokkeum-myeon" () in Korean language is a version of Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen with mala powder from Sichuan, China. It was released in October, 2017.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen Carbonara, or "carbonara-buldak-bokkeum-myeon" () in Korean language is a version of Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen with carbonara sauce, inspired by the pasta dish carbonara. It was released in December, 2017.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen Jjajang, or "jjajang-buldak-bokkeum-myeon" () in Korean language is version of Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen with a black bean sauce. It was released in March, 2018.


title: Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen

text: The popularity of the noodles worldwide surged when The Fire Noodle Challenge went viral on YouTube. The challenge was first started by the YouTube Channel "Korean Englishman" in 2014, in which Josh Carrott, the main host of the channel, challenged his friends in the UK to see who could finish the noodles the fastest without drinking any water or beverage to cool the heat down. The popularity of the video led to other YouTubers all around the world to do the same challenge and therefore cause a surge in the noodle's popularity.


title: Animal communication

text: Animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers. Information may be sent intentionally, as in a courtship display, or unintentionally, as in the transfer of scent from predator to prey. Information may be transferred to an "audience" of several receivers. Animal communication is a rapidly growing area of study in disciplines including animal behavior, sociology, neurology and animal cognition. Many aspects of animal behavior, such as symbolic name use, emotional expression, learning and sexual behavior, are being understood in new ways.


title: Animal communication

text: When the information from the sender changes the behavior of a receiver, the information is referred to as a "signal". Signalling theory predicts that for a signal to be maintained in the population, both the sender and receiver should usually receive some benefit from the interaction. Signal production by senders and the perception and subsequent response of receivers are thought to coevolve. Signals often involve multiple mechanisms, e.g. both visual and auditory, and for a signal to be understood the coordinated behaviour of both sender and receiver require careful study.


title: Animal communication

text: Many animals communicate through vocalization. Vocal communication serves many purposes, including mating rituals, warning calls, conveying location of food sources, and social learning. In a number of species, males perform calls during mating rituals as a form of competition against other males and to signal females. Examples include frogs, hammer-headed bats, red deer, humpback whales, elephant seals, and songbirds. Other instances of vocal communication include the alarm calls of the Campbell monkey, the territorial calls of gibbons, and the use of frequency in greater spear-nosed bats to distinguish between groups. The vervet monkey gives a distinct alarm call for each of its four different predators, and the reactions of other monkeys vary appropriately according to the call. For example, if an alarm call signals a python, the monkeys climb into the trees, whereas the "eagle" alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the ground. Prairie dogs also use complex calls that signal predator differences. According to Con Slobodchikoff and others, prairie dog calls communicate the type, size, and speed of an approaching predator.  Whale vocalizations have been found to have different dialects based on region.


title: Animal communication

text: Not all animals use vocalization as a means of auditory communication. Many arthropods rub specialized body parts together to produce sound. This is known as stridulation. Crickets and grasshoppers are well known for this, but many others use stridulation as well, including crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, wasps, ants, beetles, butterflies, moths, millipedes, and centipedes. Another means of auditory communication is the vibration of swim bladders in bony fish. The structure of swim bladders and the attached sonic muscles varies greatly across bony fish families, resulting in a wide variety of sounds. Striking body parts together can also produce auditory signals. A well-known example of this is the tail tip vibration of rattlesnakes as a warning signal. Other examples include bill clacking in birds, wing clapping in manakin courtship displays, and chest beating in gorillas.


title: Animal communication

text: Burrowing animals species are known to whistle to communicate threats, and sometimes mood. Species such as the marmot species including the groundhog (woodchuck) the alpine marmot show this trait. Whistling is used by animals such as prairie dogs to communicate threats, with prairie dogs having one the most complex communication systems in the animal kingdom. Prairie dogs are able to communicate an animal's speed, shape, size, species, and for humans specific attire and if the human is carrying a gun. This method of communication is usually done by having a sentry stand on two feet surveying for potential threats while the rest of the pack finds food. Once a threat has been identified the sentry sounds a whistle alarm, (sometimes describing the threat) at which point the pack retreats to their burrows. The intensity of the threat is usually determined by how long the sentry whistles. The sentry continues to whistle the alarm until the entirety of the pack have gone to safety at which point the sentry returns to the burrow.


title: Animal communication

text: Despite being the oldest method of communication, chemical communication is one of the least understood forms due in part to the sheer abundance of chemicals in our environment and the difficulty of detecting and measuring all the chemicals in a sample. The ability to detect chemicals in the environment serves many functions, a crucial one being the detection of food, a function that first arose in single-celled organisms (bacteria) living in the oceans during the early days of life on Earth. As this function evolved, organisms began to differentiate between chemicals compounds emanating from resources, conspecifics (same species; i.e., mates and kin), and heterospecifics (different species; i.e., competitors and predators).


title: Animal communication

text: For instance, a small minnow species may do well to avoid habitat with a detectable concentration of chemical cue associated with a predator species such as northern pike. Minnows with the ability to perceive the presence of predators before they are close enough to be seen and then respond with adaptive behavior (such as hiding) are more likely to survive and reproduce. Atlantic salmon go a step further than detecting a predator's cue: when an individual is damaged by a predator, it releases a chemical cue to its conspecifics. As has also been observed in other species, acidification and changes in pH physically disrupt these chemical cues, which has various implications for animal behavior.


title: Animal communication

text: Scent marking and scent rubbing are common forms of olfactory communication in mammals. An example of scent rubbing by an animal can be seen from bears, bears do this as a way to mark territory or let others know they are there and to stay away.


title: Animal communication

text: Electrocommunication is a rare form of communication in animals. It is seen primarily in aquatic animals, though some land mammals, notably the platypus and echidnas, sense electric fields that might be used for communication.


title: Animal communication

text: Weakly electric fishes provide an example of electrocommunication, together with electrolocation. These fish use an electric organ to generate an electric field, which is detected by electroreceptors. Differences in the waveform and frequency of changes in the field convey information on species, sex, and identity. These electric signals can be generated in response to hormones, circadian rhythms, and interactions with other fish. They can also serve to mediate social hierarchy amongst species that have a social order. Some predators, such as sharks and rays, are able to eavesdrop on these electrogenic fish through passive electroreception.


title: Animal communication

text: Seismic communication is the exchange of information using self-generated vibrational signals transmitted via a substrate such as the soil, water, spider webs, plant stems, or a blade of grass. This form of communication has several advantages, for example it can be sent regardless of light and noise levels, and it usually has a short range and short persistence, which may reduce the danger of detection by predators. The use of seismic communication is found in many taxa, including frogs, kangaroo rats, mole rats, bees, nematode worms, and others. Tetrapods usually make seismic waves by drumming on the ground with a body part, a signal that is sensed by the sacculus of the receiver. The sacculus is an organ in the inner ear containing a membranous sac that is used for balance, but can also detect seismic waves in animals that use this form of communication. Vibrations may be combined with other sorts of communication.


title: Animal communication

text: A number of different snakes have the ability to sense infrared (IR) thermal radiation, which allows these reptiles to derive thermal images from the radiant heat emitted by predators or prey at wavelengths between 5 and 30 μm. The accuracy of this sense is such that a blind rattlesnake can target its strike to the vulnerable body parts of a prey animal. It was previously thought that the pit organs evolved primarily as prey detectors, but it is now believed that they may also be used to control body temperature.


title: Animal communication

text: The facial pits enabling thermoregulation underwent parallel evolution in pitvipers and some boas and pythons, having evolved once in pitvipers and multiple times in boas and pythons. The electrophysiology of the structure is similar between lineages, but it differs in gross structure anatomy. Most superficially, pitvipers possess one large pit organ on either side of the head, between the eye and the nostril (loreal pit), while boas and pythons have three or more comparatively smaller pits lining the upper and sometimes the lower lip, in or between the scales. Those of the pitvipers are the more advanced, having a suspended sensory membrane as opposed to a simple pit structure. Within the family Viperidae, the pit organ is seen only in the subfamily Crotalinae: the pitvipers. Despite the detection of IR radiation, the pits' IR mechanism is dissimilar to photoreceptors; while photoreceptors detect light via photochemical reactions, the protein in the facial pits of snakes is a temperature sensitive ion channel. It senses infrared signals through a mechanism involving warming of the pit organ, rather than chemical reaction to light. This is consistent with the thin pit membrane, which allows incoming IR radiation to quickly and precisely warm a given ion channel and trigger a nerve impulse, as well as vascularize the pit membrane to rapidly cool the ion channel back to its original "resting" or "inactive" temperature.


title: Animal communication

text: Common vampire bats ("Desmodus rotundus") have specialized IR sensors in their nose-leaf. Vampire bats are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. The IR sense enables Desmodus to localize homeothermic animals such as cattle and horses within a range of about 10 to 15 cm. This infrared perception may be used in detecting regions of maximal blood flow on targeted prey.


title: Animal communication

text: Autocommunication is a type of communication in which the sender and receiver are the same individual. The sender emits a signal that is altered by the environment and eventually is received by the same individual. The altered signal provides information that can indicate food, predators or conspecifics. Because the sender and receiver are the same animal, selection pressure maximizes signal efficacy, i.e. the degree to which an emitted signal is correctly identified by a receiver despite propagation distortion and noise. There are some species, such as the pacific herring, which have evolved to intercept these messages from their predators. They are able to use it as an early warning sign and respond defensively. There are two types of autocommunication. The first is active electrolocation, where the organism emits an electrical pulse through its electric organ and senses the projected geometrical property of the object. This is found in the electric fish Gymnotiformes (knifefishes) and Mormyridae(elephantfish). The second type of autocommunication is echolocation, found in bats and toothed whales. Echolocation involves emitting sounds and interpreting the vibrations that return from objects. In bats, echolocation also serves the purpose of mapping their environment. They are capable of recognizing a space they've been in before without any visible light because they can memorize patterns in the feedback they get from echolocation.


title: Animal communication

text: There are many functions of animal communication. However, some have been studied in more detail than others. This includes:


title: Animal communication

text: As described above, many animal gestures, postures, and sounds, convey meaning to nearby animals. These signals are often easier to describe than to interpret. It is tempting, especially with domesticated animals and apes, to anthropomorphize, that is, to interpret animal actions in human terms, but this can be quite misleading; for example, an ape's "smile" is often a sign of aggression. Also, the same gesture may have different meanings depending on context within which it occurs. For example, a domestic dog's tail wag and posture may be used in different ways to convey many meanings as illustrated in Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals published in 1872. Some of Darwin's illustrations are reproduced here.


title: Animal communication

text: Much animal communication is intraspecific, that is, it occurs between members of the same species. As for interspecific communication, that between predator and prey is of particular interest.


title: Animal communication

text: If a prey animal moves, makes a noise or vibrations, or emits a smell in such a way that a predator can detect it, it is communicating with its predator. This is consistent with the definition of "communication" given above. This type of communication is known as interceptive eavesdropping if a predator intercepts a message intended for conspecifics.


title: Animal communication

text: There are however, some actions of prey species are clearly directed to actual or potential predators. A good example is warning coloration: species such as wasps that are capable of harming potential predators are often brightly coloured, and this modifies the behavior of the predator, who either instinctively or as the result of experience will avoid attacking such an animal. Some forms of mimicry fall in the same category: for example hoverflies are coloured in the same way as wasps, and although they are unable to sting, the strong avoidance of wasps by predators gives the hoverfly some protection. There are also behavioural changes that act in a similar way to warning colouration. For example, canines such as wolves and coyotes may adopt an aggressive posture, such as growling with their teeth bared, to indicate they will fight if necessary, and rattlesnakes use their well-known rattle to warn potential predators of their venomous bite. Sometimes, a behavioural change and warning colouration will be combined, as in certain species of amphibians which have most of their body coloured to blend with their surroundings, except for a brightly coloured belly. When confronted with a potential threat, they show their belly, indicating that they are poisonous in some way.


title: Animal communication

text: Another example of prey to predator communication is the pursuit-deterrent signal. Pursuit-deterrent signals occur when prey indicates to a predator that pursuit would be unprofitable because the signaler is prepared to escape. Pursuit-deterrent signals provide a benefit to both the signaler and receiver; they prevent the sender from wasting time and energy fleeing, and they prevent the receiver from investing in a costly pursuit that is unlikely to result in capture. Such signals can advertise prey's ability to escape, and reflect phenotypic condition (quality advertisement), or can advertise that the prey has detected the predator (perception advertisement). Pursuit-deterrent signals have been reported for a wide variety of taxa, including fish (Godin and Davis, 1995), lizards (Cooper etc. al., 2004), ungulates (Caro, 1995), rabbits (Holley 1993), primates (Zuberbuhler et al. 1997), rodents (Shelley and Blumstein 2005, Clark, 2005), and birds (Alvarez, 1993, Murphy, 2006, 2007). A familiar example of quality advertisement pursuit-deterrent signal is "stotting" (sometimes called "pronking"), a pronounced combination of stiff-legged running while simultaneously jumping shown by some antelopes such as Thomson's gazelle in the presence of a predator. At least 11 hypotheses for stotting have been proposed. A leading theory today is that it alerts predators that the element of surprise has been lost. Predators like cheetahs rely on surprise attacks, proven by the fact that chases are rarely successful when antelope stot. Predators do not waste energy on a chase that will likely be unsuccessful (optimal foraging behavior). Quality advertisement can be communicated by modes other than visual. The banner-tailed kangaroo rat produces several complex foot-drumming patterns in a number of different contexts, one of which is when it encounters a snake. The foot-drumming may alert nearby offspring but most likely conveys vibrations through the ground that the rat is too alert for a successful attack, thus preventing the snake's predatory pursuit.


title: Animal communication

text: Typically, predators attempt to reduce communication to prey as this will generally reduce the effectiveness of their hunting. However, some forms of predator to prey communication occur in ways that change the behavior of the prey and make their capture easier, i.e. deception by the predator. A well-known example is the angler fish, an ambush predator which waits for its prey to come to it. It has a fleshy bioluminescent growth protruding from its forehead which it dangles in front of its jaws. Smaller fish attempt to take the lure, placing themselves in a better position for the angler fish to catch them. Another example of deceptive communication is observed in the genus of jumping spiders (Myrmarachne). These spiders are commonly referred to as "antmimicking spiders" because of the way they wave their front legs in the air to simulate antennae.


title: Animal communication

text: Various ways in which humans interpret the behavior of animals, or give commands to them, are consistent with the definition of interspecies communication. Skillful interpretation of animal communications may be critical to the welfare of animals that are being cared for or trained by humans. For example, behavior indicating pain need to be recognized. Indeed, the survival of both the animal and its human caretaker may be at stake if, for example, a human fails to recognize a signal for imminent attack. It is also important to take into account that non-human animal species may interpret the signals of humans differently than humans themselves. For instance, a pointing command refers to a location rather than an object in dogs.


title: Animal communication

text: Since the late 90s, one scientist, Sean Senechal, has been developing, studying, and using the learned visible, expressive language in dogs and horses. By teaching these animals a gestural (human made) American Sign Language-like language, the animals have been found to use the new signs on their own to get what they need. The recent experiments on animal language are perhaps the most sophisticated attempt yet to establish human/animal communication, though their relation to natural animal communication is uncertain.


title: Animal communication

text: The importance of communication is evident from the highly elaborate morphology, behaviour and physiology that some animals have evolved to facilitate this. These include some of the most striking structures in the animal kingdom, such as the peacock's tail, the antlers of a stag and the frill of the frill-necked lizard, but also include even the modest red spot on a European herring gull's bill. Highly elaborate behaviours have evolved for communication such as the dancing of cranes, the pattern changes of cuttlefish, and the gathering and arranging of materials by bowerbirds. Other evidence for the importance of communication in animals is the prioritisation of physiological features to this function. For example, birdsong appears to have brain structures entirely devoted to its production. All these adaptations require evolutionary explanation.


title: Animal communication

text: Significant contributions to the first of these problems were made by Konrad Lorenz and other early ethologists. By comparing related species within groups, they showed that movements and body parts that in the primitive forms had no communicative function could be "captured" in a context where communication would be functional for one or both partners, and could evolve into a more elaborate, specialised form. For example, Desmond Morris showed in a study of grass finches that a beak-wiping response occurred in a range of species, serving a preening function, but that in some species this had been elaborated into a courtship signal.


title: Animal communication

text: The second problem has been more controversial. The early ethologists assumed that communication occurred for the good of the species as a whole, but this would require a process of group selection which is believed to be mathematically impossible in the evolution of sexually reproducing animals. Altruism towards an unrelated group is not widely accepted in the scientific community, but rather can be seen as reciprocal altruism, expecting the same behaviour from others, a benefit of living in a group. Sociobiologists argued that behaviours that benefited a whole group of animals might emerge as a result of selection pressures acting solely on the individual. A gene-centered view of evolution proposes that behaviours that enabled a gene to become wider established within a population would become positively selected for, even if their effect on individuals or the species as a whole was detrimental;


title: Animal communication

text: In the case of communication, an important discussion by John Krebs and Richard Dawkins established hypotheses for the evolution of such apparently altruistic or mutualistic communications as alarm calls and courtship signals to emerge under individual selection. This led to the realization that communication might not always be "honest" (indeed, there are some obvious examples where it is not, as in mimicry). The possibility of evolutionarily stable dishonest communication has been the subject of much controversy, with Amotz Zahavi in particular arguing that it cannot exist in the long term. Sociobiologists have also been concerned with the evolution of apparently excessive signaling structures such as the peacock's tail; it is widely thought that these can only emerge as a result of sexual selection, which can create a positive feedback process that leads to the rapid exaggeration of a characteristic that confers an advantage in a competitive mate-selection situation.


title: Animal communication

text: One theory to explain the evolution of traits like a peacock's tail is 'runaway selection'. This requires two traits—a trait that exists, like the bright tail, and a preexisting bias in the female to select for that trait. Females prefer the more elaborate tails, and thus those males are able to mate successfully. Exploiting the psychology of the female, a positive feedback loop is enacted and the tail becomes bigger and brighter. Eventually, the evolution will level off because the survival costs to the male do not allow for the trait to be elaborated any further. Two theories exist to explain runaway selection. The first is the good genes hypothesis. This theory states that an elaborate display is an honest signal of fitness and truly is a better mate. The second is the handicap hypothesis. This explains that the peacock's tail is a handicap, requiring energy to keep and makes it more visible to predators. Thus, the signal is costly to maintain, and remains an honest indicator of the signaler's condition. Another assumption is that the signal is more costly for low quality males to produce than for higher quality males to produce. This is simply because the higher quality males have more energy reserves available to allocate to costly signaling.


title: Animal communication

text: Ethologists and sociobiologists have characteristically analysed animal communication in terms of more or less automatic responses to stimuli, without raising the question of whether the animals concerned understand the meaning of the signals they emit and receive. That is a key question in animal cognition. There are some signalling systems that seem to demand a more advanced understanding. A much discussed example is the use of alarm calls by vervet monkeys. Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheney showed that these animals emit different alarm calls in the presence of different predators (leopards, eagles, and snakes), and the monkeys that hear the calls respond appropriately—but that this ability develops over time, and also takes into account the experience of the individual emitting the call. Metacommunication, discussed above, also seems to require a more sophisticated cognitive process.


title: Animal communication

text: It has been reported that bottlenose dolphins can recognize identity information from whistles even when otherwise stripped of the characteristics of the whistle; making dolphins the only animals other than humans that have been shown to transmit identity information independent of the caller's voice or location. The paper concludes that:


title: Animal communication

text: Another controversial issue is the extent to which human behaviours resemble animal communication, or whether all such communication has disappeared as a result of our linguistic capacity. Some of our bodily features—eyebrows, beards and moustaches, deep adult male voices, perhaps female breasts—strongly resemble adaptations to producing signals. Ethologists such as Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt have argued that facial gestures such as smiling, grimacing, and the "eyebrow flash" on greeting are universal human communicative signals that can be related to corresponding signals in other primates. Given how recently spoken language has emerged, it is very likely that human body language does include some more or less involuntary responses that have a similar origin to the communication we have.


title: Animal communication

text: Humans also often seek to mimic animals' communicative signals in order to interact with them. For example, cats have a mild affiliative response of slowly closing their eyes; humans often mimic this signal towards a pet cat to establish a tolerant relationship. Stroking, petting and rubbing pet animals are all actions that probably work through their natural patterns of interspecific communication.


title: Animal communication

text: Dogs have shown an ability to understand human communication. In object choice tasks, dogs utilize human communicative gestures such as pointing and direction of gaze in order to locate hidden food and toys. However, in contrast to humans pointing has a different meaning for dogs as it refers to a direction or location. It has also been shown that dogs exhibit a left gaze bias when looking at human faces, indicating that they are capable of reading human emotions. Dogs do not make use of direction of gaze or exhibit left gaze bias with other dogs.


title: Animal communication

text: A new approach in the 21st century in the field of animal communication uses applied behavioural analysis, specifically functional communication training. This form of training previously has been used in schools and clinics with humans with special needs, such as children with autism, to help them develop language. Sean Senechal at the AnimalSign Center has been using an approach similar to functional communication training with domesticated animals, such as dogs since 2004 and horses since 2000, with encouraging results and benefits to the animals and people. Functional communication training for animals, Senechal calls "Animal Sign Language". This includes teaching communication through gestures (like simplified American sign language), Picture Exchange Communication System, tapping, and vocalisation. The process for animals includes simplified and modified techniques.


title: Animal communication

text: For linguistics, the interest of animal communication systems lies in their similarities to and differences from human language:


title: Animal communication

text: There becomes possibility for error within communication between animals when certain circumstances apply. These circumstances could include distance between the two communicating subjects, as well as the complexity of the signal that is being communicated to the "listener" of the situation. It may not always be clear to the "listener" where the location of the communication is coming from, as the "singer" can sometimes deceive them and create more error.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Richard Dutoit Carlson (April 29, 1912 – November 25, 1977) was an American actor, television and film director, and screenwriter.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson was the son of a Danish-born lawyer in Albert Lea, Minnesota. He majored in drama at the University of Minnesota, where he wrote and directed plays and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He graduated "cum laude" with a Master of Arts degree. Carlson then opened his own repertory theater in Saint Paul, Minnesota. When the theater failed, Carlson moved to New York City.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: In 1935, Carlson made his acting debut on Broadway in "Three Men on a Horse", and appeared with Ethel Barrymore in "Ghost of Yankee Doodle" (1937-8) and "Whiteoaks" (1938).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: In 1937, he wrote and staged the play "Western Waters", which ran for only seven performances. He also appeared in "Now You've Done It" (1937).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson then moved to California, where he joined the Pasadena Playhouse. His first film role was in "The Young in Heart" (1938). He had a supporting role in "The Duke of West Point" (1938) then was second billed to Ann Sheridan in "Winter Carnival" (1939). He returned to Broadway for "Stars in Your Eyes" (1939). Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cast him in two films with Lana Turner ("These Glamour Girls" and "Dancing Co-Ed", both released in 1939).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson was the male lead in such films as "Little Accident" (1939), "Beyond Tomorrow" (1940), "The Ghost Breakers" (1940), "The Howards of Virginia" (1940), "Too Many Girls" (1940), "No, No, Nanette" (1941), "Back Street" (1941), "West Point Widow" (1941), "The Little Foxes" (1941), "Secrets of G32" (1942), "The Affairs of Martha" (1942), "Highways by Night" (1942), and "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" (1942).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson appeared in several films for MGM in the early 1940s, including "White Cargo" (1942), "Presenting Lily Mars" (1943), "A Stranger in Town" (1943), "Young Ideas" (1943), and "The Man from Down Under" (1943).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: When he returned to Hollywood, he had few offers of employment, and turned to writing to supplement his income.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: He landed supporting roles in "So Well Remembered" (1947) and "The Amazing Mr. X" (1948) and the lead in "Behind Locked Doors" (1948). In 1950, he co-starred with Deborah Kerr and Stewart Granger in the highly successful adventure film "King Solomon's Mines", filmed on location in the Kenya Colony and the Belgian Congo. While shooting in Africa, Carlson wrote a series of articles for "The Saturday Evening Post", collectively titled "Diary of a Hollywood Safari."


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Despite the film's success, Carlson remained a supporting actor: "The Sound of Fury" (1950), "Valentino" (1951), "A Millionaire for Christy" (1951), and "The Blue Veil" (1951). He did play the lead in the low-budget "Whispering Smith Hits London" (1952), and "Retreat, Hell!" (1952).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: On July 14, 1951, Carlson and then U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey were the guests on the CBS live variety show "Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town", in which hostess Faye Emerson visited Minneapolis to accent the kinds of music popular in the city.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson began to appear regularly on television shows such as "The Ford Theatre Hour", "Cameo Theatre", "Lights Out", "Celanese Theatre", "Robert Montgomery Presents", "Hollywood Opening Night", and "The Ford Television Theatre".


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson appeared in the films "The Rose Bowl Story" (1952), "Eagles of the Fleet" (1952), and "Seminole" (1953).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson played the lead in "The Magnetic Monster" (1953) which led to him finding a niche in the newly re-emergent genres of science fiction and horror.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: He followed it with leads in "The Maze" (1953), "It Came from Outer Space" (1953) with Barbara Rush, and "Creature from the Black Lagoon" (1954) with Julie Adams. He also had the male lead in "All I Desire" (1953). He also starred in the 1954 movie "Riders to the Stars".


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson's success in the genre led him to the director's chair for the 1954 science fiction film "Riders to the Stars", in which he also starred.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson kept busy on television in shows like "General Electric Theatre", "Matinee Theatre", "Kraft Theatre", "Lux Video Theatre", "Climax!", "Studio One in Hollywood", "Schlitz Playhouse", and "The Best of Broadway". He also appeared in films like "The Last Command" (1955), "Bengazi" (1955) and "The Helen Morgan Story" (1957).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: In 1957 and 1958, Carlson played "Mr. Fiction Writer" in three of the nine films made for television collectively titled "The Bell Laboratory Science Series". He also directed his final film for the project, "The Unchained Goddess."


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: In 1957 he was cast as two different clergymen, Rabbi Avraham Soltes and Father William Wendt, in the episodes "The Happy Gift" and "Call for Help", respectively, of the syndicated religious anthology series, "Crossroads".


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson's fourth film as director was "The Saga of Hemp Brown" (1958) and he wrote "Johnny Rocco" (1958).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: In the 1958–1959 television season, Carlson portrayed Colonel Ranald Mackenzie of the 4th Regiment of the United States Cavalry in the syndicated western series, "Mackenzie's Raiders", with Morris Ankrum, Louis Jean Heydt, Jack Ging, and Brett King among the "Raiders". The series is set at the former Fort Clark near Brackettville in southwestern Texas, where the real Mackenzie was stationed during much of the 1870s. However, the episodes were filmed at the former Corriganville Movie Ranch in Simi Valley, California. In the series theme, Mackenzie and his men must protect the American border from an assortment of outlaws from both the United States and Mexico. Yet the Raiders cannot risk being caught within Mexico, or they would lose the open support of their own government. Carlson also wrote and directed episodes.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: In 1959, Carlson was cast as Paul Drake in "The Faithless" of the NBC western series "Riverboat", with Darren McGavin. In the story line, Drake is an escaped prisoner with medical training being transported on the river vessel, the "Enterprise", back to jail. Having lost his religious faith, Drake refuses to render medical assistance to a two-year-old girl stricken with a communicable disease which threatens the entire vessel. William Phipps and Jeanne Bates play the parents of the child. Bethel Leslie portrays Cathy Norris.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson began directing for television: "The Man and the Challenge" (which he also wrote for), "This Man Dawson", "Men Into Space", "Alcoa Premiere", and "The Detectives".


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: His early 1960s credits as actor included "The Chevy Mystery Show", "Tormented", "The Aquanauts" (which he also directed), "The Loretta Young Show" (which he also directed), "Bus Stop", "Thriller" (which he also directed), "Going My Way", "Arrest and Trial", "The Fugitive", "Wagon Train", "The Christophers", and "Burke's Law". He wrote episodes of "Daktari" and the movie "Island of the Lost" (1967).


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: In 1965, he played a mad scientist who creates a mutant, killer octopus in the "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" episode "The Village of Guilt".


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: He was in the films "Della" (1965) and "Kid Rodelo" (1965), directing the latter. He acted in the series "The Virginian", "Bonanza" and "Rawhide".


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: In the final two seasons of CBS's "Perry Mason", Carlson made two guest appearances, both times as the murder victim. In 1964 he played Anthony Fry in "The Case of the Tragic Trophy;" in 1966, he played Clete Hawley in "The Case of the Avenging Angel."


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson was in the movies "The Doomsday Flight" (1966), "The Power" (1968), and "The Valley of Gwangi" (1968). Carlson's last movie role was in the 1969 Elvis Presley/Mary Tyler Moore film, "Change of Habit".


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson appeared in episodes of "The FBI", "Lancer", "Cannon", "Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law", and "Mobile One". His final role was in a 1975 episode of the television series "Khan!". Carlson wrote for "O'Hara, U.S. Treasury", "Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law" and "Mannix".


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: He died of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 65 on November 25, 1977, in Encino, California. He was buried in Los Angeles National Cemetery in West Los Angeles.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: Carlson is often mistaken for actor Hugh Marlowe. In spite of a notable resemblance, the two were not related.


title: Richard Carlson (actor)

text: For his contribution to the television industry, Carlson has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6333 Hollywood Blvd.


title: Binary space partitioning

text: In computer science, binary space partitioning (BSP) is a method for space partitioning which recursively subdivides a Euclidean space into two convex sets by using hyperplanes as partitions. This process of subdividing gives rise to a representation of objects within the space in the form of a tree data structure known as a BSP tree.


title: Binary space partitioning

text: Binary space partitioning was developed in the context of 3D computer graphics in 1969. The structure of a BSP tree is useful in rendering because it can efficiently give spatial information about the objects in a scene, such as objects being ordered from front-to-back with respect to a viewer at a given location. Other applications of BSP include: performing geometrical operations with shapes (constructive solid geometry) in CAD, collision detection in robotics and 3D video games, ray tracing, and other applications that involve the handling of complex spatial scenes.


title: Binary space partitioning

text: Binary space partitioning is a generic process of recursively dividing a scene into two until the partitioning satisfies one or more requirements. It can be seen as a generalization of other spatial tree structures such as "k"-d trees and quadtrees, one where hyperplanes that partition the space may have any orientation, rather than being aligned with the coordinate axes as they are in "k"-d trees or quadtrees. When used in computer graphics to render scenes composed of planar polygons, the partitioning planes are frequently chosen to coincide with the planes defined by polygons in the scene.


title: Binary space partitioning

text: The specific choice of partitioning plane and criterion for terminating the partitioning process varies depending on the purpose of the BSP tree. For example, in computer graphics rendering, the scene is divided until each node of the BSP tree contains only polygons that can be rendered in arbitrary order. When back-face culling is used, each node, therefore, contains a convex set of polygons, whereas when rendering double-sided polygons, each node of the BSP tree contains only polygons in a single plane. In collision detection or ray tracing, a scene may be divided up into primitives on which collision or ray intersection tests are straightforward.


title: Binary space partitioning

text: Binary space partitioning arose from the computer graphics need to rapidly draw three-dimensional scenes composed of polygons. A simple way to draw such scenes is the painter's algorithm, which produces polygons in order of distance from the viewer, back to front, painting over the background and previous polygons with each closer object. This approach has two disadvantages: the time required to sort polygons in back-to-front order, and the possibility of errors in overlapping polygons. Fuchs and co-authors showed that constructing a BSP tree solved both of these problems by providing a rapid method of sorting polygons with respect to a given viewpoint (linear in the number of polygons in the scene) and by subdividing overlapping polygons to avoid errors that can occur with the painter's algorithm. A disadvantage of binary space partitioning is that generating a BSP tree can be time-consuming. Typically, it is therefore performed once on static geometry, as a pre-calculation step, prior to rendering or other real-time operations on a scene. The expense of constructing a BSP tree makes it difficult and inefficient to directly implement moving objects into a tree.


title: Binary space partitioning

text: BSP trees are often used by 3D video games, particularly first-person shooters and those with indoor environments. Game engines using BSP trees include the Doom (id Tech 1), Quake (id Tech 2 variant), GoldSrc and Source engines. In them, BSP trees containing the static geometry of a scene are often used together with a Z-buffer, to correctly merge movable objects such as doors and characters onto the background scene. While binary space partitioning provides a convenient way to store and retrieve spatial information about polygons in a scene, it does not solve the problem of visible surface determination.


title: Binary space partitioning

text: The canonical use of a BSP tree is for rendering polygons (that are double-sided, that is, without back-face culling) with the painter's algorithm. Each polygon is designated with a front side and a backside which could be chosen arbitrarily and only affects the structure of the tree but not the required result. Such a tree is constructed from an unsorted list of all the polygons in a scene. The recursive algorithm for construction of a BSP tree from that list of polygons is:


title: Binary space partitioning

text: The following diagram illustrates the use of this algorithm in converting a list of lines or polygons into a BSP tree. At each of the eight steps (i.-viii.), the algorithm above is applied to a list of lines, and one new node is added to the tree.


title: Binary space partitioning

text: The final number of polygons or lines in a tree is often larger (sometimes much larger) than the original list, since lines or polygons that cross the partitioning plane must be split into two. It is desirable to minimize this increase, but also to maintain reasonable balance in the final tree. The choice of which polygon or line is used as a partitioning plane (in step 1 of the algorithm) is therefore important in creating an efficient BSP tree.


title: Binary space partitioning

text: A BSP tree is traversed in a linear time, in an order determined by the particular function of the tree. Again using the example of rendering double-sided polygons using the painter's algorithm, to draw a polygon "P" correctly requires that all polygons behind the plane "P" lies in must be drawn first, then polygon "P", then finally the polygons in front of "P". If this drawing order is satisfied for all polygons in a scene, then the entire scene renders in the correct order. This procedure can be implemented by recursively traversing a BSP tree using the following algorithm. From a given viewing location "V", to render a BSP tree,


title: Binary space partitioning

text: The tree is traversed in linear time and renders the polygons in a far-to-near ordering ("D1", "B1", "C1", "A", "D2", "B2", "C2", "D3") suitable for the painter's algorithm.


title: Porte-cochère

text: A porte-cochère (; , late 17th century, literally 'coach gateway'; plural: porte-cochères, portes-cochères) is a doorway to a building or courtyard, "often very grand," through which vehicles can enter from the street or a covered porch-like structure at a main or secondary entrance to a building through which originally a horse and carriage and today a motor vehicle can pass to provide arriving and departing occupants protection from the elements.


title: Porte-cochère

text: Portes-cochères are still found on such structures as major public buildings and hotels, providing covered access for visitors and guests arriving by motorized transport.


title: Porte-cochère

text: A porte-cochère, a structure for vehicle passage, is to be distinguished from a portico, a columned porch or entry for human, rather than vehicular, traffic.


title: Porte-cochère

text: The porte-cochère was a feature of many late 18th- and 19th-century mansions and public buildings. A well-known example is at Buckingham Palace in London. A portico at the White House in Washington, D.C. is often confused with a porte-cochère, where a raised vehicle ramp gives an architectural portico the functionality of the latter.


title: Porte-cochère

text: Today portes-cochères are found at both elaborate private homes and such public buildings as churches, hotels, health facilities, and schools. Portes-cochère differ from carports in that the vehicles pass through for passengers to board or exit rather than being parked beneath the covered area.


title: Porte-cochère

text: Guard stones are often found at the foot of portes-cochère, acting as protective bollards to prevent vehicles from damaging the structure.


title: Coagulopathy

text: Coagulopathy (also called a bleeding disorder) is a condition in which the blood's ability to coagulate (form clots) is impaired. This condition can cause a tendency toward prolonged or excessive bleeding (bleeding diathesis), which may occur spontaneously or following an injury or medical and dental procedures.


title: Coagulopathy

text: Coagulopathies are sometimes erroneously referred to as "clotting disorders", but a clotting disorder is the opposite, defined as a predisposition to excessive clot formation (thrombus), also known as a hypercoagulable state or thrombophilia.


title: Coagulopathy

text: Coagulopathy may cause uncontrolled internal or external bleeding. Left untreated, uncontrolled bleeding may cause damage to joints, muscles, or internal organs and may be life-threatening. People should seek immediate medical care for serious symptoms, including heavy external bleeding, blood in the urine or stool, double vision, severe head or neck pain, repeated vomiting, difficulty walking, convulsions, or seizures. They should seek prompt medical care if they experience mild but unstoppable external bleeding or joint swelling and stiffness.


title: Coagulopathy

text: The normal clotting process depends on the interplay of various proteins in the blood. Coagulopathy may be caused by reduced levels or absence of blood-clotting proteins, known as clotting factors or coagulation factors. Genetic disorders, such as hemophilia and Von Willebrand disease, can cause a reduction in clotting factors.


title: Coagulopathy

text: Anticoagulants such as warfarin will also prevent clots from forming properly. Coagulopathy may also occur as a result of dysfunction or reduced levels of platelets (small disk-shaped bodies in the bloodstream that aid in the clotting process).


title: Coagulopathy

text: In 2003, Karim Brohi, Professor of Trauma Sciences at Queen Mary University of London, first introduced the term Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy (ATC), establishing that coagulopathy induced by trauma results in:


title: Coagulopathy

text: If someone has coagulopathy, their health care provider may help them manage their symptoms with medications or replacement therapy. In replacement therapy, the reduced or absent clotting factors are replaced with proteins derived from human blood or created in the laboratory. This therapy may be given either to treat bleeding that has already begun or to prevent bleeding from occurring.


title: Coagulopathy

text: One area of treatment is managing people with major bleeding in a critical setting, like an emergency department. In these situations, the common treatment is transfusing a combination of red cells with one of the following options:


title: Coagulopathy

text: The use of tranexamic acid is the only option that is currently supported by a large, randomized, controlled clinical trial, and is given to people with major bleeding after trauma. There are several possible risks to treating coagulopathies, such as transfusion-related acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, major hemorrhage, and venous thromboembolism.


title: Dulcé Sloan

text: Dulcé Lazaria Sloan (born July 4, 1983) is an American stand-up comedian, actress and writer. She is a correspondent for "The Daily Show with Trevor Noah" on Comedy Central.


title: Dulcé Sloan

text: Sloan was born in Miami, Florida, and spent most of her childhood in Atlanta, Georgia, and Miami. She graduated from Meadowcreek High School in 2001.


title: Dulcé Sloan

text: Sloan attended Brenau University and earned a Bachelor of Arts in Theatre Performance. She minored in Spanish. She is a member of Alpha Psi Omega.


title: Dulcé Sloan

text: Sloan started performing stand-up comedy in May 2009 after being encouraged by friends who worked at the Funny Farm Comedy Club.


title: Dulcé Sloan

text: In 2015, she was named a "New Face of Comedy" at the Just For Laughs comedy festival and won the 12th annual StandUp NBC comedy showcase. Her late-night comedy debut followed on "Conan" in February 2016. A few months later, she won the 2016 Big Sky Comedy Festival in Billings, Montana. Additional TV appearances followed on "Comedy Knockout", "The Steve Harvey Show"., "@midnight with Chris Hardwick", and as a correspondent for E! News Daily. Sloan joined "The Daily Show" as a correspondent in September 2017. Her "Comedy Central Stand-Up Presents" episode aired in October 2019.


title: Dulcé Sloan

text: In voice work, Sloan is the voice of Honeybee in the Fox animated sitcom "The Great North" and has been a panelist on the radio show "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!".


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Christian Adolph "Sonny" Jurgensen III (born August 23, 1934) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles and Washington Redskins. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1983. Jurgensen was also a longtime color commentary for Washington's radio broadcast crew.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen was born on August 23, 1934, in Wilmington, North Carolina. He started playing sports in elementary school, when he led his school to the city grammar school titles in baseball and basketball. He later won Wilmington's youth tennis championship and pitched for his local Civitan club, which won the city baseball title.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen attended and played high school football at New Hanover High School. He played a number of positions for the team and as a junior was a backup quarterback on the state championship team. After a senior year where he scored three touchdowns and kicked nine extra points, he was chosen to start at quarterback for the North Carolina team in the annual North Carolina vs. South Carolina Shrine Bowl in Charlotte, North Carolina.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen also played basketball and baseball during high school. As a senior on the basketball team, he averaged 12 points per game as a guard and the team was the state title runner-up. That same year in baseball, he batted .339 and played as a pitcher, infielder, and catcher. He also became a switch-hitter.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen attended and played college football at Duke University. He joined the varsity team in 1954 as a backup quarterback behind Jerry Barger and he completed 12 of 28 passes for 212 yards, with one touchdown and three interceptions.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: But Jurgensen made the biggest impact that season as a defensive back, when he tied a team record with interceptions in four consecutive games. and ended the season with five interceptions. Duke finished the campaign with a 7–2–1 regular-season record and an Atlantic Coast Conference title. Then on New Year's Day, Duke beat the Nebraska Cornhuskers 34–7 in the 1955 Orange Bowl.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen took over as starting quarterback in 1955. He also retained a starting position in the defensive secondary.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Duke ended the season with a 7–2–1 record along with an ACC co-championship, but did not go to a bowl because Maryland received the league's automatic bid to the Orange Bowl. That season Jurgensen completed 37 of 69 passes for 536 yards, three touchdowns and seven interceptions. He rushed 54 times for 48 yards and scored two touchdowns. He also punted four times for a 33.7 average and intercepted four passes for 17 yards.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen's senior season in 1956 did not start well, when Duke lost to South Carolina, 7–0, in the season opener. This game marked Duke's first ACC loss, coming in the fourth year of the conference's existence. Duke finished the season with a 5–4–1 mark and Jurgensen ended up 28–59 for 371 yards.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: He threw six interceptions and two touchdown passes and rushed 25 times for 51 yards with three touchdowns. Jurgensen's final career stats included 77–156 passes for 1,119 yards, 16 career interceptions and six touchdowns. He also rushed for 109 yards and intercepted 10 passes.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen also played baseball briefly at Duke, but turned down an invitation to try out for the basketball team.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Before being drafted by the NFL, Jurgensen worked as a Sunday school bus driver in Herndon, Virginia.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen was drafted in the fourth round of the 1957 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles. He was Philadelphia's backup quarterback, behind Bobby Thomason in 1957 and Norm Van Brocklin, from 1958 through 1960. It was during this time as a backup that Jurgensen was a part of a championship team for the only time in his professional career, when the Eagles won the 1960 NFL Championship, although Jurgensen did not appear in any postseason games.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: After Van Brocklin retired in 1961, Jurgensen took over as Philadelphia's starter and had a successful year, passing for an NFL record 3,723 yards, tying the NFL record with 32 touchdown passes, and was named All-Pro. Following an injury-plagued 1963 season, Jurgensen was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 1, 1964, in exchange for quarterback Norm Snead and cornerback Claude Crabb.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen took over play-calling for the Redskins during the 1964 season. He was then selected to play in the Pro Bowl following the season and was also named second Team All-Pro.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: One of Jurgensen's most memorable games was during the 1965 season, when the Cowboys took a 21–0 lead at DC Stadium. Jurgensen then threw for 411 yards, leading the team back to win 34–31. He rushed for a touchdown on a quarterback sneak and threw a game-winning 35-yard pass to Bobby Mitchell.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: In 1967, Jurgensen broke his own record by passing for 3,747 yards and also set NFL single-season records for attempts (508) and completions (288). He missed much of the 1968 season because of broken ribs and elbow surgery. He did, however, tie an NFL record early in the 1968 season for the longest pass play in NFL history. The 99-yard pass play to Jerry Allen occurred September 15, 1968, during the Redskins' game against the Chicago Bears. Coincidentally, Redskins' quarterbacks had three of the first four occurrences of a 99-yard pass play (Frank Filchock to Andy Farkas in 1939 and George Izo to Bobby Mitchell in 1963 were the other two occurrences of the play). Since Jurgensen's feat, no other Redskins' quarterback has completed a 99-yard pass.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: In 1969, Vince Lombardi took over as the Redskins' head coach. That season, Jurgensen led the NFL in attempts (442), completions (274), completion percentage (62%), and passing yards (3,102). The Redskins went 7–5–2 and had their best season since 1955 (which kept Lombardi's record of never having coached a losing NFL team intact). Lombardi died of cancer shortly before the start of the 1970 season. Jurgensen would later say that, of the nine head coaches he played for during his NFL career, Lombardi was his favorite.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: The Redskins enjoyed a resurgence in the early 1970s under coach George Allen and made it as far as Super Bowl VII, losing to the Miami Dolphins. However, Billy Kilmer started in place of Jurgensen, who was again bothered by injuries in 1971 and 1972.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: During this period, a quarterback controversy developed between the two, complete with fans sporting "I Love Billy" or "I Love Sonny" bumper stickers on their vehicles. The defensive-minded Allen preferred Kilmer's conservative, ball-control style of play to Jurgensen's more high-risk approach. Despite the controversy, Jurgensen was helpful to his rival. Even to this day, Kilmer still stays at Jurgensen's house when he is in town.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: In 1974, at the age of 40 and in his final season, Jurgensen won his third NFL passing crown even though he was still splitting time with Kilmer. In what would be the final game of his NFL career, Jurgensen made his first and only appearance in an NFL postseason game in the Redskins' 19–10 loss to the Los Angeles Rams in the first round of the 1974 NFC playoffs. He came off the bench in relief of Kilmer and completed six of 12 passes but also threw three interceptions.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen is recognized as the finest pure passer of his time. A five-time Pro Bowl selection, he earned three NFL individual passing titles. He exceeded 400 yards passing in a single game five times, and threw five touchdown passes in a game twice. With a career rating of 82.6, his stats include 2,433 completions for 32,224 yards and 255 touchdowns. He also rushed for 493 yards and 15 touchdowns.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen's 82.62 career passer rating is the highest for any player in the "Dead Ball Era" (pre-1978).


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Lombardi would later tell Pat Peppler of the Green Bay Packers head office that, "If we would have had Sonny Jurgensen in Green Bay, we’d never have lost a game.”


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: After retiring from the Redskins following the 1974 season, Jurgensen began another career as a color commentator, initially with CBS television. Later teaming with Hall of Fame linebacker Sam Huff, Jurgensen continued to cover the Washington Redskins on radio.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: He covered the team for WRC-TV from 1994 until December 2008, when "Redskins Report" was canceled due to budget cuts. He served as a game analyst at preseason games and as studio analyst at training camp, making weekly picks, and other assignments. He retired from broadcasting prior to the 2019 season.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Jurgensen was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 1971 and the Duke Sports Hall of Fame in 1979. He was then inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1983. In 1999, Jurgensen was ranked the ninth best sports figure from North Carolina by "Sports Illustrated" and became a member of Wilmington's Walk of Fame in 2004.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: Washington will retire Jurgensen's #9 jersey in 2022, during their Week 18 game against the Dallas Cowboys.


title: Sonny Jurgensen

text: He serves on the board of advisors of the Code of Support Foundation, a nonprofit military services organization.


title: RMS Majestic (1914)

text: RMS "Majestic was a White Star ocean liner working on the North Atlantic run, originally launched in 1914 as the Hamburg America Line liner SS "Bismarck. At 56,551 gross register tons, she was the largest ship in the world until completion of in 1935.


title: RMS Majestic (1914)

text: The third and largest member of German HAPAG Line's trio of transatlantic liners, her completion was delayed by World War I. She never sailed under the German flag except on her sea trials in 1922. Following the war, she was finished by her German builders, handed over to the allies as war reparations and became the White Star Line flagship RMS "Majestic", as well as replacing the sunk HMHS Britannic"." She was the second White Star ship to bear the name, the first being the RMS "Majestic" of 1889.


title: RMS Majestic (1914)

text: She served successfully throughout the 1920s but the onset of the Great Depression made her increasingly unprofitable. She managed to struggle through the first half of the 1930s before being sold off for scrapping to Thos. W. Ward. She was taken possession of by the British Admiralty before demolition commenced after an agreement was reached with White Star and Thomas Ward. She served the Royal Navy as the training ship HMS "Caledonia" before catching fire in 1939 and sinking. She was subsequently raised and scrapped in 1943.


title: RMS Majestic (1914)

text: At the beginning of the 1910s, the German shipping companies aspired to regain the domination which had been theirs at the very beginning of the 20th century, and which had been taken from them by the liners of the Cunard Line and the White Star Line, in particular , RMS "Mauretania" and the Olympic-class ships. It was under these circumstances that Albert Ballin, president of Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) who was close to Kaiser Wilhelm II, decided to build three liners intended to be the largest in the world. After considering having the first built by German shipyards, and the next two by the British Harland & Wolff shipyards, he decided to strengthen the patriotic symbolism carried by the trio by having all three built in Germany.


title: RMS Majestic (1914)

text: For these three liners, size and comfort were given priority. Ballin was aware that with his ships could not compete with their British rivals in terms of speed. He thought of compensating for this problem by offering passengers a higher level of luxury, and called on architect Charles Mewès, who was famous for his decoration of luxury hotels. The ships were intended to transport large number of passengers, and divided not into three classes, as is generally the case, but instead four, the last being intended for the mass transport of immigrants. The sinking of RMS "Titanic", which occurred during the construction of the first of the liners in the series, highlighted the need for enough lifeboats for all passengers, which was a real challenge for ships intended to carry more than 5,000 people in total. The builders therefore distributed the boats in several places on the ships, and more exclusively at the level of the upper deck.


title: RMS Majestic (1914)

text: On June 10, 1913, the first ship of the Imperator-class trio, , made its maiden voyage. The second, a slightly larger liner, SS "Vaterland", did the same in May 1914. The last of the trio was decided to be named "Bismarck". Her keel was laid shortly after the launch of the "Vaterland", in the spring of 1913, in the Blohm & Voss shipyards in Hamburg, Germany, under the watchful eyes of Kaiser Wilhelm II. The original project called for the "Bismarck" to be similar to the "Vaterland", which itself differed from the "Imperator" in several ways, including the fact that the ducts of its chimneys did not descend into the center of the ship, but split into smaller pipes that run along its sides, allowing for larger interior spaces. "Bismarck" was intended to be the same size as "Vaterland", in both tonnage and length, but a miscommunication that Cunard's would be larger made HAPAG demand an extra in length, increasing her gross tonnage. This purported news had already prompted the company to bolt an eagle-shaped figurehead to the "Imperator" in order to gain some precious meters. In reality, "Aquitania" was shorter than both "Vaterland" and "Bismarck". As an employee of HAPAG noted with annoyance, these six feet were particularly expensive, since they required a total revision of the plans and the addition of two couples in the center of the ship to allow this modification of the structure. However, this allowed "Bismarck" to remain the largest liner ever built until the completion of in 1935.


title: RMS Majestic (1914)

text: "Bismarck" was launched on 20 June 1914 by Countess Hanna von Bismarck, the granddaughter of the 19th century German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. During the launching ceremony Countess Bismarck had difficulty breaking the bottle of champagne herself by swinging it too late and Kaiser Wilhelm II had to assist by quick-wittedly snatching the bottle that had missed the ship's hull and throwing it himself, finally causing it to break.


title: RMS Majestic (1914)

text: After launch, fitting out of "Bismarck" proceeded until the start of the First World War in August 1914, when it slowed and substantive work on the vessel stopped altogether. Other than maintenance work, not much more work was done on the vessel, as naval priorities occupied the ship yard until 1918. By the time the war was over, the funnels had still not been erected. During the war, brass and copper components were scavenged from the "Bismarck" for munitions. After being ceded to Britain under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the as-yet uncompleted ship was purchased jointly by the White Star and Cunard Lines, together with "Imperator". Construction of the ship resumed after the end of World War I. "Bismarck" was ostensibly a replacement for the pre-war 48,000-ton "Britannic" which was lost after hitting a mine in the Aegean in 1916, while the "Imperator" went to Cunard and became the RMS "Berengaria", a replacement for the "Lusitania" which had been sunk by a German U-boat in 1915.