title: Shigesato Itoi

text: Itoi launched a photo creation tool called "Dokonoko", which is designed specifically to be used with pets. It has been described as an "Instagram for pets". Dokonoko is most famous for a particular Japanese Labrador Retriever named Corky, who made front line news because of the abnormal length of her tongue.


title: Shigesato Itoi

text: Itoi was born on November 10, 1948 and raised in Maebashi, Gunma. He was a heavy smoker until he quit in 2002. Itoi has been married to actress Kanako Higuchi since 1993.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Frédéric Oumar Kanouté (born 2 September 1977) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker for several top-tier clubs in Europe, enjoying his greatest success with La Liga side Sevilla. Kanouté was named the 2007 African Footballer of the Year, the first player born outside Africa to win the award.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Kanouté began his career with Lyon in France before moving to West Ham United of the Premier League in 2000. After a spell at their London rivals Tottenham Hotspur, Kanouté moved to Spanish club Sevilla where he won two consecutive UEFA Cups in 2006 and 2007 in addition to various other European and domestic honours and remains the club's highest-scoring foreign player. He joined Beijing Goan in June 2012.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Despite appearing 6 times for France U-21, Kanouté was a member of the Malian squad which reached the semi-finals of the 2004 African Cup of Nations and also featured in their selections for the tournament in 2006 and 2010. His international career ended in 2010 with a total of 39


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Kanouté's talents as a striker were first noticed by his local team, Olympique Lyonnais, and he joined them as an apprentice in 1997. He made his debut in the Intertoto Cup against Polish side Odra Wodzisław.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: In 2000, Kanouté was signed by English Premier League side West Ham United on an initial loan basis. He formed a solid partnership with Paolo Di Canio and after some promising appearances in the Premier League, Hammers manager Harry Redknapp made his move permanent. Kanouté had varying success at the Boleyn Ground, often praised for his ability, but also criticised for his laid back attitude. West Ham were relegated at the end of the 2002-03 season.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Kanouté was bought by Tottenham Hotspur for a fee of £3.5 million on 5 August 2003. He scored on his debut on 23 August, the winner in a 2-1 home league victory over Leeds United, nine minutes after coming on for Bobby Zamora.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: His first season was interrupted by a call-up for the 2004 African Cup of Nations for Mali. Tottenham tried to stop him going by asking FIFA whether Kanouté was eligible to play for Mali after representing France at Under-20 level.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Kanouté was unable to cement himself as a regular at White Hart Lane, as Robbie Keane and Jermain Defoe were preferred. He became a less prolific goalscorer and instead was involved in attacks by setting up various goals with runs at the defence and creating space for other attacking players.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Kanouté was sold to Sevilla on 17 August 2005 for €6.5 million. He was a second-half substitute for the club in the 2006 UEFA Cup Final against Middlesbrough and scored in the 89th minute as Sevilla won 4–0.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: In the 2006-07 UEFA Cup, Kanouté's first games for Sevilla against Tottenham Hotspur led to him scoring a penalty at the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium in a game marred by crowd trouble, and a goal at White Hart Lane, leaving the final aggregate score 4–3 to Sevilla.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Sevilla's title challenge that year ultimately unravelled and Real Madrid took the title, with Kanouté's side in third. After that, he was a consistent member of the team, helping Sevilla qualify for a UEFA Cup position in 2008 and a Champions League direct qualification in 2009.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: On the first day of the 2009–10 season, Kanouté received two yellow cards for fouls against Valencia and was sent off in first half stoppage time.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: On 22 October 2011, during the 2011–12 season, Kanouté received two yellow cards against FC Barcelona for kicking the ball off the penalty spot, when Lionel Messi was due to take it. The second yellow was for an altercation between Kanouté and Cesc Fàbregas. Kanouté's farewell season in Spain was plagued with injuries as he participated in 26 matches, scoring four goals and assisting two others – he left at the end of his contract in the summer of 2012. Kanoute became an iconic figure at the Ramon Sanchez Pizjuan, netting 136 goals in 290 matches as helped the club to win two UEFA Cups, one UEFA Super Cup, two Copa del Rey trophies and one Spanish Supercup.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: On 29 June 2012, Kanouté signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with Chinese Super League side Beijing Guoan. On 18 July 2012, he scored his first two goals in his team's 6–0 victory against Qingdao Jonoon in the Chinese FA Cup. In May 2013, Kanouté scored a brace in a Super League fixture against Tianjin Teda.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: While playing for Lyon, Kanouté joined the French under-21 team. After turning 21 in 1998, Kanouté was not called up for the French national squad in 2000, 2002, or 2004. In 2004, FIFA changed its rules to allow a footballer to play for the national team of the country in which his mother or father was born. Although eligible for either, Kanouté elected to play for Mali rather than for France. Kanouté was joint top goal scorer for Mali at the 2004 African Cup of Nations. Kanouté scored four goals in four matches helping Mali to the semi-finals, where they lost to Morocco.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: In October 2007, Kanouté, along with Mali international teammate Mamady Sidibé, were attacked by irate Togolese fans after they knocked Togo out of the African Cup of Nations qualifier. Frederic Kanoute announced his retirement from international football following Mali's elimination from the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: In 2001, Kanouté was described by "The Irish Times" in 2001 as "highly skilful, quick-footed, quick-witted and with an eye for the spectacular." Upon signing for Sevilla in 2005, the club's sporting director, Monchi, described Kanouté with the following words: "He's tall, good in the air, skilful and strong and can play up front or just behind the lead striker." Throughout his career he was also known for his eye for goal. In 2020, Chris Howie of beIN Sports described Kanouté as a "tall, languid, graceful [...] striker," also labelling him a "late bloomer."


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: He has been practicing Islam since he was around the age of 22. He refused to wear a Sevilla shirt bearing the name of club sponsor 888.com, due to the fact the website is used for gambling, which is against the principles of Islam; this meant that the club had to give him a brand-free jersey every match. The company, however, agreed to excuse him from their publicity campaigns in return for Kanouté wearing the sponsored kit, which was part of the players' contractual duties. In 2007, Kanouté paid more than US$700,000 out of his pocket to buy a mosque in Seville. The contract on the premises had expired and the mosque was due to be sold. The Islamic community of Spain confirmed it had requested Kanouté's aid after the mosque was put up for sale. Kanouté helped raise over $1m in a crowdfunding campaign to build the mosque.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Kanouté insists his faith has never presented itself as a problem in his relationship with the coaching staff, teammates or fans. He has stated that "Islam has helped me to be this way, so this is normal. It's a path you take to keep you calm, to help you think about the place you live in, to love your neighbour. It's strange when I hear about all these problems of terrorism because it's the opposite of what I understood for Islam."


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: He observes fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan. He has stated that "I can keep fasting in Ramadan even when I am playing...it is sometimes harder to keep the fast because here in the south of Spain it is very hot, but I can do it, thank God."


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: After scoring a goal in a January 2009 Copa Del Rey match against Deportivo La Coruña, Kanouté lifted his jersey and displayed a black shirt underneath emblazoned with the word "Palestine". The action was interpreted by BBC sources as a protest against the Israeli Army operation in the Gaza Strip ongoing at that time. Kanouté was cautioned with a yellow card for displaying a political message, and subsequently fined around $4,000 by the league.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: Kanouté has also showed interest in a variety of humanitarian causes. In 2006, he launched an appeal to establish a "Children's Village" in Mali.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

text: This is now the well established Sakina Children's Village. Kanouté talks about his Foundation and the Village in the book, "How to do good: Essays in Building a Better World", published in December 2016. He also took part in a speaker tour inspired by the book in 2017, speaking in Oslo, Stockholm, Paris and London alongside other humanitarians and philanthropists.


title: Pattachitra

text: Patachitra or Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based scroll painting, based in the eastern Indian states of Odisha, West Bengal and parts of Bangladesh. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. Pattachitra is one of the ancient artworks of Odisha, originally created for ritual use and as souvenirs for pilgrims to Puri, as well as other temples in Odisha. Patachitras are a component of an ancient Bengali narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.


title: Pattachitra

text: In the Sanskrit, "paṭṭa" means "cloth" and "chitra" means "picture". Most of these paintings depict stories of Hindu deities.


title: Pattachitra

text: Pattachitra is a traditional painting of Odisha, India. These paintings are based on Hindu mythology and specially inspired by Jagannath and Vaishnava sect. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of Odisha. The name Pattachitra has evolved from the Sanskrit words "patta", meaning canvas, and "chitra", meaning picture. Pattachitra is thus a painting done on canvas, and is manifested by rich colourful application, creative motifs, and designs, and portrayal of simple themes, mostly mythological in depiction. The traditions of "pattachitra" paintings are more than thousand years old.


title: Pattachitra

text: The paintings of Odisha can be divided into three categories from the point of view of medium, i.e. paintings on cloth or 'Patta Chitra', paintings on walls or 'Bhitti Chitra' and palm leaf engravings or "Tala Patra Chitra' or "Pothi, Chitra'. The style of all these remains more or less the same at a specific time because the then artists were commissioned to work in all these media, it is believed.


title: Pattachitra

text: The painting the 'pattachitra' resemble the old murals of Odisha especially religious centres of Puri, Konark and Bhubaneshwar region, dating back to the 5th century BC. The best work is found in and around Puri, especially in the village of Raghurajpur.


title: Pattachitra

text: This old tradition of Odia painting still survives in the places like Puri, Raghurajpur, Paralakhemundi, Chikiti and Sonepur. Lord Jagannath in the present from is being taken as the origin of the Patta style. The colour schemes of the deities of Puri are quite similar to those of the Patta style. The oldest record of Patta Paintings does not probably go beyond the establishment of the present shrine of Shri Jagannath at Puri. It may be due to the fact that paintings do not survive like sculptures. The paints inside the shrines of Lord Jagannath at Puri make the date probable. The oldest classical marble paintings of Sitabanji at Keonjhar do not conform to the present style of Patta painting wholly. The wooden statues of the three deities are also covered with cloth and then overlaid with glue mixed with chalk, and then given paint only with four limited colours of red, yellow, white and black. The deities who are held in high esteem by the Odias and who inspire religion, life and activity of the people also carry with them a tradition of art and painting which is as old as the deities themselves. If the Savara origin of Jagannath is accepted, the date of the Patta paintings can be dated back to an earlier period. These paintings were originally substitutes for worship on days when the temple doors were shut for the 'ritual bath' of the deity.


title: Pattachitra

text: The theme of Odia painting centres round the Jagannath and the Vaishnava sect. Since beginning of Pattachitra culture, Lord Jagannath who was an incarnation of Lord Krishna has been the major source of inspiration. The subject matter of Patta Chitra is mostly mythological, religious stories and folk lore. Themes are chiefly on Lord Jagannath and Radha-Krishna, different "Vesas" of Shri Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra, temple activities, the ten incarnations of Vishnu basing on the 'Gita Govinda' of Jayadev, Kama Kujara Navagunjara, Ramayana, Mahabharata. The individual paintings of gods and goddesses are also being painted.


title: Pattachitra

text: The Pattachitra style are mix of both folk and classical elements but leanings more towards folk forms. The dress style has Mughal influences. All of the poses have been confined to a few well-defined postures. These are not free from monotonous repetitions, though at times this is necessary to accentuate the narrative character of the style. The lines are bold and clean and angular and sharp. Generally, there are no landscapes, perspectives, and distant views. All the incidents are seen in close juxtaposition. The background on which the figures are represented, is delineated with decorations of flowers and foliages and is mostly painted in red colour. All the paintings are given decorative borders. The whole painting is conceived in the form of a design on a given canvas.


title: Pattachitra

text: Traditionally the painters are known as "chitrakars". A patta painter's home with all the members of family is his studio. Woman members prepare the glue, the canvas and apply colours what we call the fill-in, and give the final lacquer coating. The master hand, mostly the male member, draws the initial line and gives the final finishing.


title: Pattachitra

text: Patta paintings are done on small strips of cotton cloth. The canvas is prepared by coating the clothing with a mixture of chalk and gum made from Guar or tamarind seeds. Then it is rubbed by taking the help of two different stones and then the cloth is dried. The mixture of gum and chalk gives the cloth's surface a leathery finish on which the artists paint with vegetable, earth and stone colours.


title: Pattachitra

text: The painters do not use pencil or charcoal for the preliminary drawings. They are so expert in the line that they simply draw directly with the brush either in light red or yellow. Then the colours are filled in. The final lines are drawn and the patta is given a lacquer coating to protect it from weather, thus making the painting glossy. This process of glazing or varnishing is quite interesting. The painting is held over a fireplace so that the back of the painting is exposed to heat. On the surface of the painting fine lacquer is applied.


title: Pattachitra

text: Pattachitras are painted in five natural colours - Hingula, Haritala, Kala, Sankha and Geru. There are typical scenes and figures like Krishna, Gopis, elephants, trees and other creatures are seen in these paintings. Krishna is always painted in blue and Gopis in light pink, purple or brown colours.


title: Pattachitra

text: The painters use vegetable and mineral colours without going for factory-made poster colours. They prepare their own colours. White colour is made from the conch-shells by powdering, boiling and filtering in a very hazardous process. It requires a lot of patience. But this process gives brilliance and premanence to the hue. 'Hingula', a mineral colour, is used for red. 'Haritala', king of stone ingredients for yellow, 'Ramaraja' a sort of indigo for blue are being used. Pure lamp-black or black prepared from the burning of coconut shells are used. There was no blue either cobalt or ultramarine in the earlier colour schemes. The colours used in the Patta paintings are primarily bright colours, limited to red, yellow, indigo, black and white. The brushes that are used by these 'Chitrakaras' are also indigenous and are made of hair of domestic animals. A bunch of hair tied to the end of a bamboo stick make the brush.


title: Pattachitra

text: Palm leaf "pattachitra" which is in Oriya language known as "Tala Pattachitra" drawn on palm leaf. First of all palm leaves are left for becoming hard after being taken from the tree. Then these are sewn together to form like a canvas. The images are traced by using black or white ink to fill grooves etched on rows of equal-sized panels of palm leaf that are sewn together. These panels can also be easily folded like a fan and packed in a compact pile for better conservation. Often palm-leaf illustrations are more elaborated, obtaining by superimposing layers that are glued together for most of the surface, but in some areas can open like small windows to reveal a second image under the first layer.


title: Pattachitra

text: Saura painting is a style of wall mural paintings associated with the Saura tribals of the state of Odisha in India.Saura Tribal Art in the form of Pattachitra hold religious significance for the Saura tribes.


title: Pattachitra

text: These paintings, also called ikons (or ekons) are visually similar to Warli paintings and hold religious significance for the Sauras.


title: Pattachitra

text: The Bengal Patachitra refers to the painting of West Bengal and Bangladesh. It is a traditional and mythological heritage of West Bengal. The Bengal Patachitra is divided into some different aspects like "Durga Pat", "Chalchitra", "Tribal Patachitra", "Medinipur Patachitra", and "Kalighat Patachitra". The subject matter of Bengal Patachitra is mostly mythological, religious stories, folk lore and social. The Kalighat Patachitra, the last tradition of Bengal Patachitra is developed by Jamini Roy. The artist of the Bengal Patachitra is called Patua.


title: Pattachitra

text: Patachitra of Naya village in West Bengal is now collected in National Museum of Ethnology (henceforth MNE) in Lisbon.


title: Pattachitra

text: Patachitra is known for its excellent play of colour. It is a traditional folk art form of rural Bengal. There are some controversial opinions about the dates of ancient Patas. But it has been suggested on the basis of historical themes connected with the accompanied songs like Patua Sangeet. It dates back to the Pre- Pala period which is still tucked away with small villages of Midnapore, Bankura, Purulia, Howrah, Hooghly and 24 Parganas.


title: Pattachitra

text: In his book Folk Art of Bengal, author "Ajitcoomar Mookerjee" has mentioned that there are some Jadu-Patuas painting of mural style in the temples of Bankura District.


title: Pattachitra

text: There are many types of Pots like religious, secular. Religious pots encompass the story of Hindu epics like, mythology, Ramayana, Mahabharata narrating stories of Hindu gods and goddesses like Radha Krishna, Chaitanya, Kali, Shiba and the indigenous Bengali folklore of Manasha and Chandi, Behula and Lakshinder being the most popular. Secular pots depicts important news events, scandals accidents etc. such as bus accidents at Narayangarh, rural elections, the rationing system, family planning, evils of the dowry system etc. Every Patachitra has a song related to it, which the artists sing while unfurling the Patachitra. Singing pot in Bengal is called Patua Sangeet. Patua Sangeet or Poter Gan is a cultural tradition of the singing Bengal Patachitra. It is performed by Patua. It is famous in the village part of West Bengal like Birbhum, Jhargram, Bardhaman and Murshidabad as a folk song of West Bengal.


title: Pattachitra

text: Bengal Patachitra painting has a different type of motive and aspects that unrolled the Bengali culture. Using the mythological epic and the natural color it is one of the individual characteristics of the Bengal Patachitra.


title: Pattachitra

text: Chalchitra is a part of "Bengal Patachitra", It referred to the "Debi Chal" or "Durga chala", the background of the Durga Pratima or idol. Patua, the artists of Chalchitra called it as Pata Lekha, means the writing of Patachitra. 300–400 years old idols of Nabadwip Shakta Rash used Chalchitra as a part of Pratima. At a time, the use of Chalchitra became fade, but now it has a great popularity. Chalchitra artist of Nabadwip, Tapan Bhattacharya said-


title: Pattachitra

text: Durga pot or Durga sara is recognised as the worshiped patachitra. It worshiped in the "Hatsarandi Sutradhar society" of Birbhum district on Durga puja time. This type of patachitra is also worshiped is Katwa. Durga Pot has a hemispherical Patachitra where Patachitra of Durga is in the middle position. Ram, Sita, Shib, Nandi-Vringi, Brahma, Vishnu, Shumbha-Nishumbha are painted on this kind of Chalchitra. Krishnanager Rajrajeshwari Durga is seen to be uniquely noticed. In the middle of the Chalchitra, there is Panchanan Shib and Parvati is beside him, on one side there is Dasha-mahabidya and the other side, there is Dashabatar.


title: Pattachitra

text: The Patachitra of different districts of West Bengal are characterized by many peculiarities in colour and design. The patachitra of Manbhum, now known as Purulia can easily be distinguished by their preference for one particular shade of burnt sienna relieved by white and yellow patches and densely packed composition. The seated figures of Dasaratha and Chand Sadagar of Medinipur crowning the Ramayana and Kamale-Kamini scrolls are impressive and monumental. In the scrolls of pot of Birbhum, Bankura and Burdwan preference for Indian red background usually found, the scrolls of Hooghly preferred a dark brown. The Hooghly and Manbhum 'pats' are peculiar and definitely modernistic with the abstract linear treatment.


title: Pattachitra

text: Use of natural color is one of the individual characteristics of the Bengal Patachitra. In general, blue, yellow, green, red, brown, black and white are used in the Patachitra of West Bengal. Chalk dust is used for white color, pauri for yellow color, cultivated indigo for blue, bhushakali for black and mete sindur for red color.


title: Pattachitra

text: Bengal Patua artists carry the occupational surname of 'Chitrakar'. They are concentrated in the village of Naya in Medinipur district of West Bengal. Prominent artists include Khandu and Radha Chitrakar and their children Bapi, Samir, Prabir, Laltu, Tagar, Mamoni and Laila Chitrakar. Monimala is known for her use of bold, primal colours and the development of her own iconographic style.


title: Pattachitra

text: Geographical indication of Patachitra is registered under to different state of India as the style and motif of Odisha and West Bengal Patachitra are so different. The Patachitra of Odisha is registered as Orissa Pattachitra. The Patachitra of West Bengal is registered as Bengal Patachitra.


title: Thaler

text: A thaler (; also taler, from ) is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period. A "thaler" size silver coin has a diameter of about and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams (roughly 1 ounce). The word is shortened from "Joachimsthaler", the original "thaler" coin minted in Joachimstal, Bohemia, from 1520.


title: Thaler

text: While the first standard coin of the Holy Roman Empire was the "Guldengroschen" of 1524, its longest-lived coin was the "Reichsthaler (Reichstaler)", which contained Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 25.984 g), and which was issued in various versions from 1566 to 1875. From the 17th century a lesser-valued "North German thaler" currency unit emerged, which by the 19th century became par with the "Vereinsthaler".


title: Thaler

text: The "thaler" silver coin type continued to be minted until the 20th century in the form of the Mexican peso until 1914, the five Swiss franc coin until 1928, the US silver dollar until 1935, and the Austrian Maria Theresa thaler. These days thaler-sized silver coins are not in active circulation anymore, but are minted by various government mints as bullion or numismatic items for collectors. The English derivative of the name, "dollar", also survives as the name of several modern currencies.


title: Thaler

text: German "taler" is recorded from the 1530s, as an abbreviation of "Joachimstaler". The silver mines at Joachimstal had opened in 1516, and the first such coins were minted there in 1518.


title: Thaler

text: By the late 16th century, the word was variously spelled as German "taler", "toler", "thaler", "thaller"; Low German "daler", "dahler".


title: Thaler

text: In 18th to 19th-century German orthography, "Thaler" became standard, changed to "Taler" in the 1902 spelling reform.


title: Thaler

text: The name "taler", "thaler" was soon used in compounds denoting various types of silver coins of thaler size, thus "Reichstaler" (1566), "Silbertaler", "Albertustaler" (1612), "Laubthaler" (1726), "Kronenthaler" (1755), "Ortsthaler", "Schützentaler", "Bankthaler", "Speciethaler", etc.


title: Thaler

text: Units used in the Netherlands include the , the "rijksdaalder" and the . From 1754, many German states used the "Conventionsthaler" as well as a lower-valued "North German thaler" or "Reichsthaler" worth the Conventionsthaler. From 1840 the various North German thalers converged to the value of the Prussian thaler and afterwards the "Vereinsthaler".


title: Thaler

text: The corresponding English silver coin of the period was the "crown". The Low German word was adopted in English as "daler" by 1550, modified to "dollar" by about 1600.


title: Thaler

text: English "thaler" was introduced in the first half of the 19th century to refer to the coins of the German states, as the word "dollar" was increasingly understood to refer to the United States dollar.


title: Thaler

text: The largest medieval silver coins were known as groat (German "Groschen"), from "denarius grossus" or "thick penny". These rarely exceeded a weight of 6 grams.


title: Thaler

text: Even these coins were increasingly debased due to the Great Bullion Famine of the 15th century which occurred for several reasons including continued warfare and the centuries-long loss of silver and gold in indirect one-sided trades importing spices, porcelain, silk and other fine cloths and exotic goods from India, Indonesia and the Far East. This continual debasement had reached a point that silver content in "Groschen"-type coins had dropped, in some cases, to less than five percent, making the coins of much less individual value than they had in the beginning.


title: Thaler

text: This trend was inverted with the discovery of new and substantial silver deposits in Europe beginning in about the 1470s. Italy began the first tentative steps toward a large silver coinage with the introduction in 1472 of the Venetian lira tron in excess of 6 grams, a substantial increase over the 4-gram gros tournois of France. However it was only in 1484 that Archduke Sigismund of Tirol issued the first truly revolutionary silver coin, the "half Guldengroschen" of roughly 15 g. This was a very rare coin, almost a trial piece, but it did circulate so successfully that demand could not be met.


title: Thaler

text: Finally, with the silver deposits—being mined at Schwaz—to work with and his mint at Hall, Sigismund issued, in 1486, large numbers of the first true thaler-sized coin, the "Guldengroschen" ("gold-groat", being of silver but equal in value to a Goldgulden). It was an instant and unqualified success. Soon it was being copied widely by many states who had the necessary silver. The engravers, no less affected by the Renaissance than were other artists, began creating intricate and elaborate designs featuring the heraldic arms and standards of the minting state as well as brutally realistic, sometimes unflattering, depictions of the ruler (monarch).


title: Thaler

text: By 1518, "guldiners" of similar weight to "guldengroschen" were popping up everywhere in central Europe. In the Kingdom of Bohemia, then ruled together with Hungary by Louis II of the Jagiellonian dynasty, a guldiner was minted— of similar physical size but slightly less fineness—that was named in German the "Joachimsthaler", from the silver mined by the Counts of Schlick at a rich source near Joachimsthal (today Jáchymov in the Czech Republic) where "Thal" (Tal) means "valley" in German. Saint Joachim, the father of the Virgin Mary, was portrayed on the coin along with the Bohemian lion.


title: Thaler

text: Similar coins began to be minted in neighbouring valleys rich in silver deposits, each named after the particular 'thal' or valley from which the silver was extracted. There were soon so many of them that these silver coins began to be known more widely as 'thaler' in German and 'tolar' in Czech.


title: Thaler

text: In the 17th century, some Joachimsthalers were in circulation in the Tsardom of Russia, where they were called "yefimok" () – a distortion of the name Joachim.


title: Thaler

text: The new large silver coins that became ubiquitous as the 16th century went on were named "Thaler" in German, while in England and France, they were named "crown" and "écu", respectively, both names taken from what had originally been gold coins. The thaler size silver coins minted in Habsburg Spain was the eight real coin, later also known as peso and in English as the "Spanish dollar".


title: Thaler

text: The first large silver coin standardized by the Holy Roman Empire was the "Guldengroschen" in 1524. Under the new Imperial Minting Standard ("Reichsmünzfuß") it weighed th a Cologne Mark of silver or 29.232 g, and had a fineness 0.9375. However, its longest-lasting standard coin was the "Reichsthaler" ("imperial thaler") defined in 1566 as containing th a Cologne "Mark" of fine silver, or 25.984 g. It was widely adopted and produced for the next 300 years at rates varying from 9 to 9 "Reichsthalers" to the "Mark".


title: Thaler

text: See the "chronology of thaler development" for the development of the Reichsthaler and related currency units from 1566 to 1875. Confusingly, there also was defined a North German "thaler" currency (also called "Reichsthalers") of less value to the standard "Reichsthaler" specie coin; this thaler was worth 12 to a "Mark" after 1690, 13 to a "Mark" after 1754, and 14 to a "Mark" (the Prussian thaler) by the 1840s. Furthermore, in 1754 a "Conventionsthaler" was developed by the Austrian Empire minted at 10 to a "Mark" of fine silver. While it was adopted by most German states, Scandinavia and a few North German states retained the original "Reichsthaler" specie of 9 to a "Mark" as their standard coin until 1875.


title: Thaler

text: The "city view" thalers of the 17th and 18th century have predecessors in stylised representations of cities (as three towers, or a city gate) on the obverse of thaler coins in the late 16th century, such as the Lüneburg thaler of Rudolf II made in 1584. More elaborate city views become current in the first half of the 17th century (e.g. Augsburg 1627, Nürnberg 1631).


title: Thaler

text: The type continues to be popular throughout the 18th century, culminating in detailed city panoramas rendered in one-point perspective.


title: Thaler

text: In the late 16th and 17th centuries, there was a fashion of oversized thaler coins, the so-called "multiple thalers", often called "" in Germany. The first were minted in the Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg, and indeed the majority were struck there. Some of these coins reached colossal size, as much as sixteen normal thalers, exceeding a full pound (over 450 g) of silver and being over in diameter. The name "Löser" most likely was derived from a large gold coin minted in Hamburg called the "portugalöser", worth 10 ducats, which were based on Portuguese 10-ducat coins. Eventually the term was applied to numerous similar coins worth more than a single thaler. These coins are very rare and highly sought after by collectors. As few of them were circulated in any real sense, they are often well-preserved.


title: Thaler

text: The Spanish Netherlands and the independent Dutch Republic has had a history of minting large silver coins separately from the rest of the Holy Roman Empire. It issued the "kruisdaalder" (depicting the Cross of Burgundy) in 1567, and then the "leeuwendaalder" (the "lion thaler", depicting the Belgic Lion) in 1575, the latter of weight 27.68 g (427.2 grains) and 0.743 fineness. With the growing popularity of the German reichsthaler, however, the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands had to follow up with their own Dutch rijksdaalder in 1583, of weight 29.03 g (448 grains) and 0.885 fineness, and featuring an armored half bust of William the Silent. Friesland, Gelderland, Holland, Kampen, Overijssel, Utrecht, West Friesland, Zeeland, and Zwolle minted armored half bust rijksdaalders until the end of the 17th century.


title: Thaler

text: The pace of depreciation of the small-denomination "stuiver" quickened from the 1570s, with the leeuwendaalder rising from 32 to 40 stuivers by 1619, and the rijksdaalder from 42 to 50 stuivers. The "Amsterdam Wisselbank" was then founded in 1608 to establish a stable bank currency with the rijksdaalder of 29.03 g, 0.875 fine (or 25.4 g fine silver) fixed at 50 stuivers or 2 gulden.


title: Thaler

text: The bank's success helped the Dutch Republic become Europe's financial center in the 17th century and maintain the reichsthaler as its banking currency unit despite Germany's descent into the chaos of the Thirty Years' War. As a bullion entrepôt of the period, the Netherlands produced reichsthalers for Germany and Scandinavia, and exported leeuwendaalders to the Levant and the Ottoman Empire. The latter survives to this day in the form of the Bulgarian lev, Romanian leu, and Moldovan leu.


title: Thaler

text: By the 18th century the Spanish-controlled Dutch territories eventually became the Austrian Netherlands. In 1754 it issued the Kronenthaler of weight 29.45 g and 0.873 fineness, or 25.71 g fine silver. This coin was adopted by many South German states by the early 19th century.


title: Thaler

text: The term "daalder" continued to refer to 1 "gulden" in currency even after the discontinuation of the 1 gulden or 30 " stuiver" piece in the 19th century.


title: Thaler

text: The discovery of massive silver supplies in Spanish America in the 1530s enabled the massive minting of Spain's eight-real coin well into the 20th century, weighing 27.47 g, 0.9306 fine. Being of nearly identical weight to the German reichsthaler, British colonists in North America eventually called the Spanish coin the dollar, which became the model for the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar.


title: Thaler

text: The rise of German and Spanish dollars in 16th century European trade lessened the demand for French silver "francs" and "testoons". In 1641 King Louis XIII therefore introduced a new "Louis d'Argent" equal to the Spanish dollar and worth three "livres tournois", weighing 27.19 g and 0.917 fine. In 1726 France issued its own thaler coin, the silver "écu" of 6 livres with about 26.7 g fine silver; it would also find currency in Southern Germany and Switzerland as the "laubthaler". Finally, in 1795 the French franc was established, with the 5-franc coin of 25.0 g, 90% fine silver being closest in size to the thalers used elsewhere. The French franc system would be expanded to other countries in the advent of the Latin Monetary Union of 1865.


title: Thaler

text: The Thirteen Cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy and their Associates each minted their own coins, with most larger silver coins conforming to established German or French standards. Thaler and half thaler coins were minted by the cities of Zürich (1512), Bern, Lucerne, Zug, Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen and Geneva.


title: Thaler

text: The Reformed cities began to represent "city views" on the obverse of their thalers, as they did not have the option to represent either patron saint or ruling princes. The first city view thaler of Zürich was minted in 1651 (the so-called "Vögelitaler").


title: Thaler

text: By the 18th century Bern and many Western Swiss cantons adopted the French "écu" or "laubthaler" of 26.7 g fine silver as its most widely-used thaler, valued at 4 "livres (francs)" or 40 "batzen" of Bern. In 1798 this system was adopted by the Helvetic Confederation with the first Swiss franc equal to th an écu.


title: Thaler

text: Eventual transition to this first new Swiss franc stalled in the 19th century while public preference shifted to the South German Kronenthaler of 25.71 g fine silver, valued at 3.9 francs or 39 batzen. In 1850 Switzerland established the modern-day Swiss franc at par with the French franc, with 40 Swiss francs exchanged for 7 kronenthaler. The five-franc coin of 25.0 g, 90% fine silver became the coin with the closest value to the different historical thalers.


title: Thaler

text: The name thaler was introduced to Scandinavia as "daler". The first Swedish "daler" coins were minted in 1534. The Norwegian "speciedaler" was minted from 1560. Later Scandinavian "daler" coins included the Swedish riksdaler (1604) and the Danish rigsdaler (1625). In the early 19th century, these countries introduced their modern currency based on the "daler" unit. In Norway, "speciedaler" was chosen as the currency name in 1816.


title: Thaler

text: These currencies in Denmark and Sweden were replaced by the Danish krone and Swedish krona in 1873, the new currencies introduced by the Scandinavian Monetary Union. Norway joined the Monetary Union and introduced the Norwegian krone in 1876.


title: Thaler

text: At the beginning of the 19th century the South German states valued the Conventionsthaler at 2.4 South German gulden, or 9.744 grams fine silver per gulden. Afterwards, however, they began to mint the Kronenthaler valued at 2.7 gulden - hence a reduced fine silver content for the gulden at 9.52 g. In 1837, the Prussian thaler was fixed at 1 South German gulden - hence 9.545 g fine silver per gulden.


title: Thaler

text: The North German thaler, valued at a Conventionsthaler or 13 to a Cologne Mark fine silver at the start of the 19th century, was revalued in the 1840s at par with the Prussian thaler, at 14 to a Mark, though with varying subdivisions. In 1857, the Vereinsthaler worth 1 North German thaler or 1 South German gulden was adopted as the standard coin by most German states as well as in the Habsburg Empire. Vereinsthalers were issued until 1871 in Germany and 1867 in Austria.


title: Thaler

text: Within the new German Empire, silver vereinsthaler coins remained unlimited legal tender at a value of 3 German gold marks until 1908 when they were withdrawn and demonetized. Some old countermarked thalers circulated as emergency coinage in Germany during the inflationary period following its defeat in the First World War.


title: Thaler

text: The Maria Theresa thaler, the most famous example of the Conventionsthaler minted from 1751, enjoyed a special role as trade currency and continued to be minted long after the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, with coins minted after her death always showing the year 1780. Francis Joseph of Austria declared it an official trade coinage in 1857 just before it lost legal tender status in Austria following issue of the Vereinsthaler. The Maria Theresa taler became the de facto currency of the Ethiopian Empire in the late 18th century, with the Ethiopian birr introduced at par with this taler, and it continued to be in use into the 20th century in the Horn of Africa, Eastern Africa, India and throughout much of the Arabian Peninsula.


title: Thaler

text: Though various silver thaler coins were minted in most of Europe until the 1870s, these coins were more often counted in non-thaler currency units like Dutch or Austrian guilders, French francs, Spanish reales, etc. By the mid-19th century the thaler (or reichsthaler, rigsdaler) was still the currency unit used in the North German Confederation and Scandinavia. By 1875 the thaler itself disappeared as currency unit in Europe upon adoption of the gold standard.


title: Thaler

text: Nonetheless, use of the thaler as currency continued outside Europe in the form of the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar, the Mexican peso and the various pesos of Spanish America, and the Ethiopian birr. The thaler (and its linguistic variants) would also survive as the informal name of coins identical to the historical coin like the German 3-mark coin, the Dutch 2-gulden coin, the 5-franc coins of the Latin Monetary Union (among them France, Belgium, Switzerland), and the Greek 5-drachma coin (τάληρο, taliro).


title: Thaler

text: Thaler-sized coins minted to late-19th century standards would be minted until 1914 in Mexico and in most of Europe, until 1928 in Switzerland, and until 1934 in the United States. Henceforth thaler-sized silver coins would be minted as bullion or numismatic pieces, among them:


title: Thaler

text: Unrelated to specific coins, the name of the "thaler" survives in various modern currency names, in the form "dollar" in twenty-three currencies used in countries including Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand and the United States of America, and also in the Samoan tālā and the Slovenian tolar (before adoption of the euro).


title: Elisha Henig

text: Elisha Henig grew up in Portland, Oregon, and became interested in acting after taking a Shakespeare class at the age of eight. He began acting in guest roles in various TV productions at the age of 10, such as "Grey's Anatomy", "Adam Ruins Everything" and "Mr. Robot". Henig was a main cast member playing the protagonist role of Julian in the second season of the USA Network drama "The Sinner", and alongside Zach Braff in "Alex, Inc." Other roles include Miles in Season 2 of "American Vandal", young Ramy Youssef in an episode of "Ramy" that dealt with growing up during 9/11 and garnered media attention. In 2020, he played the role of Pootie-Shoe, a video game streamer, in "Mythic Quest".


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: Mercedes-Benz Arena () is a stadium located in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany and home to German Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: Before 1993 it was called Neckarstadion (), named after the nearby river Neckar and between 1993 and July 2008 it was called Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion . From the 2008–09 season, the stadium was renamed the "Mercedes-Benz Arena", starting with a pre-season friendly against Arsenal on 30 July 2008.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: The stadium was originally built in 1933 after designs by German architect Paul Bonatz. After It was built, it was named "Adolf-Hitler-Kampfbahn" (). From 1945 to 1949 it was called Century Stadium and later Kampfbahn and was used by US Troops to play baseball. The name Neckarstadion was used since 1949. It is home to VfB Stuttgart in the Bundesliga (and to the Stuttgarter Kickers when they played in the Bundesliga).


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: After a major refurbishment in the late 1980s and early 1990s partly financed by Daimler-Benz, the Stuttgart town council dedicated the stadium to Gottlieb Daimler. The inventor had tested both the first internal combustion motorcycle and the first 4-wheel automobile there in the 1880s, on the road from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim (now called Mercedesstraße). The new museum, the headquarters and a factory of Mercedes-Benz are nearby.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: The stadium capacity was reduced to around 41,000, after one stand ("Untertürkheimer Kurve") was demolished during summer 2009 in the process of converting it to a pure football arena. The rebuilt arena was completed in December 2011 with a new capacity of 60,000, including terracing. Due to UEFA regulations, which only allow seating, the capacity is reduced to 54,906 during international football matches.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: The Mercedes-Benz Arena features a unique fabric roof construction, making it easily recognizable. Made of precision-tailored membranes of PVC-coated polyester, the roof tissue is durable enough to withstand 1,000 kg of weight per square decimeter. It is suspended from an aesthetic steel frame that runs around the entire stadium weighing approximately 2,700 metric tons. The steel cables connecting the roof to the frame alone weigh about 420 tons. The roof was added during the refurbishment preceding the 1993 World Athletics Championships.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: The Mercedes-Benz Arena hosted four matches of the 1974 FIFA World Cup, two matches of the 1988 UEFA European Football Championship (a 1st Round match and a semi-final) and six games of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, including a Round of 16 game and the third-place playoff match (see below for details).


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: The stadium also hosted the finals of the European Cup (now known as UEFA Champions League) in 1959 (Real Madrid vs. Stade de Reims) and 1988 (PSV Eindhoven vs. S.L. Benfica).


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: The 1986 European Athletics Championships in which the hammer throw world record by Yuriy Sedykh was set, and the 1993 World Athletics Championships were held there, and the Daimler-Stadium was the host the IAAF World Athletics final from 2006 to 2008. The arena has also been the venue of several Eurobowl finals of American Football in the 1990s. The last athletics event took place in September 2008, after which the stadium underwent redevelopment in order to build a football-only arena.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: The redevelopment was announced along with the stadium's name change in late March 2008. The first computer images of the new arena were released at the same time, also showing a large cube with four video scoreboards above the centre circle, similar to the one in the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: Starting in 2009, the Mercedes-Benz Arena has been redeveloped into a football-specific stadium. New stands were constructed during the summer of 2011, with pitch level being lowered by 1.30 metres in time for the beginning of the 2009–10 season. After the interior redevelopment finished, the roof was expanded to cover all the new rows of the seats. The entire construction was completed by the end of 2011.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: Within the first couple of weeks of the redevelopment, 18 undetonated bombs left over from the air raids on Stuttgart during the Second World War were found on the construction site.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: Pink Floyd performed at the stadium on 25 June 1989 as part of their 1989 Another Lapse European Tour (A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour).


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: English rock band Genesis continued their at the stadium in a sold-out crowd of 50,736 fans in attendance.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)

text: Depeche Mode performed at the stadium on 3 June 2013 during their Delta Machine Tour, in front of a sold-out crowd of 36,225 people.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Coca-Cola Life was a reduced-calorie version of Coca-Cola, made using stevia and sugar as sweeteners. It was first released in Argentina and Chile after five years of research together in these countries. The formulation varied by market location, and in some areas the original formulation had been phased out in favor of a zero-calorie version sweetened with stevia only. The drink was discontinued in 2020 as part of The Coca-Cola Company discontinuing underperforming brands.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: The drink contains stevia leaf extract, the first branded Coke product to use it. However, it is not the first product owned by the Coca-Cola Company to use stevia. Over 45 products distributed by Coca-Cola use stevia extract, including Vitamin Water and Seagram's Ginger Ale.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Coca-Cola Life contains sugar, but uses less sugar than traditional Coca-Cola. An serving contains around 60 calories, 17 grams of carbohydrates of which 17 grams is sugar (equals 1/3 less sugar than traditional Coca-Cola).


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: The drink was available in glass bottles, plastic bottles, and aluminum cans. The logo was a small green leaf. In 2018, a red disc was added behind the name for greater brand identification, as part of Coca-Cola's new "global packaging" scheme. The plastic bottle was fully recyclable (like normal PET bottles) and 30 percent plant-based, with fossil-fuel plastic accounting for the remaining 70 percent of the bottle.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Coca-Cola Life was launched in Argentina in June 2013, in Chile in November of that year, in Sweden in June 2014 and in the United Kingdom in September 2014. It has subsequently been launched in many other countries. Coca-Cola Life tried to co-exist with Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero in the Argentine and Chilean market, but it has been slowly removed from those markets due to its low reception from customers. Due to decrease in sales, and increase of Coca-Cola Zero Sugar sales, Coca-Cola Life was discontinued in the UK in June 2017.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Coca-Cola Life was introduced into Australia in March 2015. In early 2017, the brand was dropped due to poor sales and replaced with 'Coca-Cola with Stevia', which contains less sugar than Coca-Cola Life.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Coca-Cola Life was introduced in Belgium and Luxembourg in early 2015. Distribution was stopped in September 2018.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: The roll-out of Coca-Cola Life in Canada began in the fall of 2016. In Canada, the product is sweetened from natural sources and contains 50% fewer calories than regular colas. The nutrition data on the Canadian version of product shows 25 g carbohydrates (25 g sugar), 100 calories and 70 mg sodium and 15 mg potassium per 500 ml. By early 2020, the product was replaced with "Coca-Cola Stevia", a zero-calorie drink which is sweetened with stevia only; the "Coca-Cola Life" logo remains on the back of packaging for continuity.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Ingredients (sugar/stevia formulation): Carbonated water, sugar, caramel colour, natural flavour, phosphoric acid, sodium phosphate, sodium benzoate, stevia extract, caffeine, and citric acid.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Coca-Cola Life was released in limited areas in the summer of 2014 with the product being sold at a number of locations of The Fresh Market grocery store. Nationwide distribution began on November 4, 2014. The release of Coca-Cola Life is the first Coca-Cola product launch in the U.S. since 2006. The nutrition data on the U.S. version of product shows 24 g carbohydrates (24 g sugar), 90 calories and 35 mg sodium. The can label indicates 28 mg caffeine per 12 fl.oz.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Before the full-scale national launch, the market research firm Haynes & Co. said that early research findings showed a positive view by consumers toward the drink. The company planned to host 4,000 events at stores where people could sample the drink for free. To help with its advertising and public marketing campaign, the company hired Fitzgerald and Company to develop strategy and promote the product on social media.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Coca-Cola began offering the drink to U.K. customers in September 2014. The offering was the first new Coca-Cola product introduced in the U.K. in eight years. In 2016, it was reformulated and now contains even less sugar than regular Coke (45% less). On April 5, 2017, it was announced that due to a decrease in sales, and increase in Coca-Cola Zero Sugar sales, that Life would no longer be sold and it was discontinued in June 2017. The list of ingredients is carbonated water, cane sugar, caramel color, caffeine, phosphoric acid, and stevia.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: To promote the drink, at one event the company hired British model and actress Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, who promoted the drink at a launch party in London in September.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: In August, "The Telegraph" sent a correspondent, Harry Wallop, and a film crew onto the streets of Victoria to conduct a taste test of random people. In a video news segment produced from the taste test, Wallop says that most people could tell the difference in taste between Coca-Cola classic and Coca-Cola Life, although many people told him they preferred the taste of Life.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: In the United Kingdom, the Coca-Cola company has led several health initiatives, and it considers the introduction of Coca-Cola Life as a vital component to its initiatives. Specifically, the company promoted lower obesity rates and more active lifestyles among British people. The company insisted in connecting the roll-out of Life with its stance on promoting health.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: "The Grocer" magazine in the U.K. conducted a blind taste test among seven of its staff members in June. According to "The Grocer," all seven tasters preferred the taste of Life to the other products. (The article in "The Grocer" did not specify which products Life was tested against.) However, all seven tasters said that they thought they had been tasting Coca-Cola Classic.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: In Argentina, the launch of Coca-Cola Life placed an emphasis on the recyclable bottle. The drink is distributed in Coca-Cola's "PlantBottle", which is made up of recyclable petroleum-based material plus around 30 percent plant-based material.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Coca-Cola released a television ad in Argentina called "Parents" to promote Coca-Cola Life. Marketing in Argentina was focused, much like in the U.K., around healthy lifestyles. "Parents" is a humorous commercial featuring a young married couple receiving news about their first pregnancy. The commercial shows the parents going through common hardships of young parenthood, such as getting little sleep, having a toddler make a mess in the house, etc. Toward the end of the commercial, the father closes his eyes and takes a long drink from a Coca-Cola Life bottle. He opens his eyes, and while still drinking, his wife shows him a "positive" pregnancy test result. What appears to be a look of horror on the father's face (his eyes widen) turns into a look of joy and excitement.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: In Armenia, Coca-Cola Life is exclusively available in SAS supermarket. One can of 330 ml costs around one U.S. dollar.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Introduced January 2018, it is only available in 500 ml quantities (as of January 2018). The product is sold for RM2 or roughly US$0.50 per bottle at 7-Eleven.


title: Coca-Cola Life

text: Critics denoted Coca-Cola Life as simply a marketing gimmick or "greenwashing" of its outdated image with the original Coca-Cola drink.


title: Ralph Sarchie

text: Ralph Sarchie is a retired NYPD sergeant and traditionalist Catholic demonologist. He has written a book, "Beware the Night", which details many of his paranormal investigations; his accounts were later the basis of the film "Deliver Us from Evil". Sarchie, in 2016, was featured in the film "Hostage to the Devil", which detailed the life of Malachi Martin.


title: Ralph Sarchie

text: Sarchie served eighteen years as a NYPD sergeant in the South Bronx precinct, and was a member of the Street Crime Unit working undercover stopping in-progress crimes. Sarchie describes himself as a "committed Christian"; he is described as claiming to have a relic of the True Cross. Sarchie and his partner Mark Stabinski carry with them wooden Christian crosses and holy water when called to tackle "demonic infestation around the city." He assists in Christian exorcisms. His career as a Catholic Christian demonologist has included regularly meeting with and accompanying Ed and Lorraine Warren on their cases.


title: Ralph Sarchie

text: In 2001, St. Martin's Press published Sarchie's book, "Beware the Night" (also titled "Deliver Us from Evil"), co-written by Lisa Collier Cool, about his experience as a NYPD police officer and demonologist.


title: Ralph Sarchie

text: "A seventeen-year NYPD veteran, Ralph Sarchie works out of the 46th Precinct in New York's south Bronx. But it is his other job that he calls "the Work": investigating cases of demonic possession and assisting in the exorcisms of humanity's most ancient--and most dangerous--foes. Now he discloses for the first time his investigation into incredible true crimes an inhuman evil that were never explained, solved, or understood except by Sarchie and his partner. Schooled in the rituals of exorcism, and an eyewitness to the reality of demonic possession, Ralph Sarchie has documented a riveting chronicle of the inexplicable that gives a new shape to the shadows in the dark.


title: Ralph Sarchie

text: In 'Beware the Night,' he takes readers into the very hierarchy of a hell on earth to expose the grisly rituals of a Palo Mayombe priest; a young girl whose innocence is violated by an incubus; a home invaded by the malevolent spirit of a supposedly murdered nineteenth-century bride; the dark side of a couple who were, literally, the neighbors from hell; and more. Ralph Sarchie's NYPD revelations are a powerful and disturbing documented link between the true-crime realities of life and the blood-chilling ice-grip of a supernatural terror."


title: Ralph Sarchie

text: On July 2, 2014, Screen Gems/Sony Pictures released a full-length motion picture, "Deliver Us from Evil", inspired by Sarchie's accounts. The film followed Sarchie (Eric Bana) into the paranormal investigations he immersed himself in, all the while taking care of his family and working the midnight-to-8:00 A.M. shift as a cop.


title: Ralph Sarchie

text: However, not many of the events recounted in the book actually remain in the film, as most have been changed and re-imagined by the scriptwriters/producers of the script/film. The film drew mixed reviews and was a success at the box office. The film grossed $30.5 million domestically in the United States and $87.9 million worldwide.


title: Ralph Sarchie

text: Sarchie hosted the Destination America series "The Demon Files" which started airing from November 1, 2015.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs (nicknamed "The Scrubs") is a Category B men's local prison, located opposite Hammersmith Hospital and W12 Conferences on Du Cane Road in the White City in West London, England. The prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: The prison lies at the southern end of the ancient park of the same name. The name "Scrubs" refers to scrubland while Wormwood — Artemisia absinthium — is a grey-foliaged sub-shrub, common on wasteland, which was traditionally used as a herb for the treatment of parasitic worms.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: The initial steps in the winter of 1874 involved the construction of a small prison made of corrugated iron and a temporary shed to serve as a barracks for the warders. Nine specially picked prisoners, all within a year of release, completed the buildings, after which 50 more prisoners were brought to erect a second temporary prison wing. Building then began on the permanent prison, with bricks being manufactured on site.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: By the summer of 1875, enough bricks had been prepared to build the prison's first block and its ground floor was finished as winter began. Construction was completed in 1891. The designer was Sir Edmund Frederick Du Cane, who gave his name to the prison's road.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: The prison housed a number of conscientious objectors in the First World War, one of whom, the Quaker journalist Hubert W. Peet, wrote about the conditions there in "" (1917).


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: During the Second World War, the prison was taken over by the War Department and the prisoners were evacuated to other prisons. The Security Service (MI5) was based at Wormwood Scrubs from 1939 to 1940.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: In 1979, IRA prisoners staged a rooftop protest over visiting rights. Sixty inmates and several prison officers were injured. In 1982, an inquiry blamed much of the difficulties on failings in prison management. The Governor, John McCarthy, had quit before the rioting. In a letter to "The Times," he had described Wormwood Scrubs as a "penal dustbin".


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: In the 1990s, a police investigation into allegations of staff brutality resulted in the suspension of 27 prison officers and the conviction of six for assault, though three later won appeals against conviction. The Prison Service paid out more than three million pounds in out-of-court settlements with ex-prisoners who had alleged brutality. The Chief Inspector of Prisons delivered a damning report on the conditions, in which the prison was told to improve or close.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: In March 2004, a further report from the Chief inspector stated that Wormwood Scrubs had greatly improved after making fundamental changes. Three quarters of inmates at the prison had said that staff treated them with respect, which was better than the national average. However, the report also stated that inmates spent too much time in their cells, and that only 36 per cent of eligible inmates were involved in education or work.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: In November 2008, another report from the Chief Inspector stated that conditions at Wormwood Scrubs had deteriorated since the last inspection. Heightened prison gang activity had been detected, and 20 percent of prisoners had failed drugs tests.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: Major structural changes to the prison's management took place in 2013. In 2014, another report by the Inspectorate of Prisons was critical of the prison, describing it as "filthy". The inspectors also stated that there had been a failure to put into place recommendations by the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman to deal with suicide and self-harm. The Chief Executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, a charitable body, said "I have never seen a public service deteriorate so rapidly and so profoundly."


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: On August 30, 2018, prisoner Winston Augustine committed suicide in the segregation unit after spending two days locked in a showerless cell with no food and without the tramadol prescribed for kidney stones that caused him pain. He was suffering from ketoacidosis due to starvation. A 2021 inquest subsequently identified the prison's failure to provide food and medication as contributing factors to the death; the facility's head of safer custody told the inquest she was "horrified" by the "wrongdoing."


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: Wormwood Scrubs is a Category B prison for adult males, sentenced or on remand from the local courts. The prison has five main wings and a number of smaller dedicated units. All accommodation includes electricity, integral sanitation, a TV, and accompanying bedroom furniture:


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: There is a contracted prison shop previously run by Aramark, but now run by DHL Supply Chain, which provides a selection of consumables for purchase by prisoners.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: The two oval plaster reliefs on the front of the prison depict Elizabeth Fry and John Howard, both well known figures in prison reform.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: In 2017, the prison was reportedly overcrowded and some areas were strewn with litter and infested with rats and cockroaches. At the time of the inspection, there were 1,258 prisoners. Some were locked in their cells for 23 hours a day. The prison was reportedly dangerous for staff and inmates, and officers were concerned for their safety. There were 40 to 50 violent incidents a month. Chief Inspector Peter Clarke described “an extremely concerning picture” including, "intractable failings" continuing since earlier inspections from 2014.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: In 2019, HM Inspectorate of Prisons found that although improvements had been made to make the prison safer, "the work was often not sufficiently embedded to have yet made enough difference to outcomes". Another inspection in 2021 reported that improvements had been maintained and there were reductions in the level of violence, though this was partly because many prisoners were locked in their cells for most of the day. At the time of the inspection there were 1,079 prisoners.


title: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: In films and TV programmes set in Britain the front entrance of Wormwood Scrubs is frequently chosen as a location for scenes showing a character being released from prison, as, for example, in:


title: Catherine Disher

text: Catherine Disher is a British-born Canadian actress. She has won two Gemini Awards: in 2005 for Best Actress for her role in the Canadian mini-series "Snakes and Ladders", and in 2010 for her role in "The Border". She was also nominated for her role as Dr. Natalie Lambert in the "Forever Knight" TV series.


title: Catherine Disher

text: She is known for her role as Jill Valentine in "" video game and in the "Good Witch" TV series and movies, portraying Martha Tinsdale, the mayor of Middleton.


title: Catherine Disher

text: Disher had a supporting role on "T. and T.", the legal/action series starring Mr. T, and had another supporting role in the second season of the "War of the Worlds" series. She starred in "Forever Knight" from 1992 to 1996, and provided the voice of Jean Grey on the "" animated series from 1992 to 1997. She played Maggie Norton on the Canadian television series "The Border" from 2008 to 2010 and provides additional voices on the PBS Kids/CBC Kids series "Super WHY!".


title: Catherine Disher

text: Apart from her work as an actor, Disher has done voice work for animated series and video games, such as "" and "Sailor Moon". She also wrote one episode of the British-Canadian-Midwestern-French drama series "The Campbells".


title: Catherine Disher

text: Disher played Martha Tinsdale in a series of made-for-TV movies about "The Good Witch" (alongside her "X-Men" co-star Chris Potter), and has continued the role on the television series "Good Witch".


title: Catherine Disher

text: She was formerly married to her "" co-star Cedric Smith, with whom she had a son, Darcy Montgomery Smith, in 1993.


title: Dündar Ali Osman

text: Dündar Ali Osman (, ; 30 December 1930 – 18 January 2021), also known as Dündar Ali Osman Osmanoğlu, with a surname as required by the Republic of Turkey, or known by the Ottoman imperial name as Şehzade (Prince) Dündar Ali Osman Osmanoğlu Efendi, was the 45th Head of the House of Osman, which ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 until the abolition of the Sultanate in 1922.


title: Dündar Ali Osman

text: "Şehzade" Dündar Ali Osman Osmanoğlu was born on 30 December 1930 in Damascus in present-day Syria. He was a great-grandson of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. His grandfather was Şehzade Mehmed Selim and his father was Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim. He had a full-brother, Harun, born in 1932. Osmanoğlu was married to Yüsra Hanım and was childless. She died on 25 July 2017 in Damascus.


title: Dündar Ali Osman

text: In 1974, the Ottoman family was allowed to return to Turkey. However, Osmanoğlu refused to migrate and stayed in Damascus in Syria, even though most of the family members returned to Istanbul.


title: Dündar Ali Osman

text: The Syrian Civil War broke in 2011 and media reports emerged in 2013 that Osmanoğlu was stranded in Syria. In August 2017, he was evacuated on the order of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the president of Turkey. Osmanoğlu was initially evacuated to Beirut in Lebanon. Later, he moved to Istanbul.


title: Dündar Ali Osman

text: Dündar Ali Osman died on 18 January 2021 in Damascus at the age of 90 and was succeeded by his brother Harun Osman as the head of the house.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic or keyhole surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure on a joint in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage is performed using an arthroscope, an endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. Arthroscopic procedures can be performed during ACL reconstruction.


title: Arthroscopy

text: The advantage over traditional open surgery is that the joint does not have to be opened up fully. For knee arthroscopy only two small incisions are made, one for the arthroscope and one for the surgical instruments to be used in the knee cavity. This reduces recovery time and may increase the rate of success due to less trauma to the connective tissue. It has gained popularity due to evidence of faster recovery times with less scarring, because of the smaller incisions. Irrigation fluid (most commonly 'normal' saline) is used to distend the joint and make a surgical space.


title: Arthroscopy

text: The surgical instruments are smaller than traditional instruments. Surgeons view the joint area on a video monitor, and can diagnose and repair torn joint tissue, such as ligaments. It is technically possible to do an arthroscopic examination of almost every joint, but is most commonly used for the knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle, foot, and hip.


title: Arthroscopy

text: It has, in many cases, replaced the classic open surgery (arthrotomy) that was performed in the past. Arthroscopic knee surgery is one of the most common orthopaedic procedures, performed approximately 2 million times worldwide each year. The procedures are more commonly performed to treat meniscus injury and to perform anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.


title: Arthroscopy

text: While knee arthroscopy is commonly used for partial meniscectomy (trimming a torn meniscus) on middle aged to older adults with knee pain, the claimed positive results seem to lack scientific evidence. Many studies have shown the outcomes from knee arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis and degenerative meniscal tears are no better than the outcomes from placebo (fake) surgery or other treatments (such as exercise therapy).


title: Arthroscopy

text: During an average knee arthroscopy, a small fiberoptic camera (the arthroscope) is inserted into the joint through a small incision, about 4 mm (1/8 inch) width. More incisions might be performed in order to visually check other parts of the knee and to insert the miniature instruments that are used to perform surgical procedures.


title: Arthroscopy

text: The BMJ Rapid Recommendations group makes a strong recommendation against arthroscopy for osteoarthritis on the basis that there is high quality evidence that there is no lasting benefit and less than 15% of people have a small short-term benefit. There are rare but serious adverse effects that can occur, including venous thromboembolism, infections, and nerve damage The BMJ Rapid Recommendation includes infographics and shared decision-making tools to facilitate a conversation between doctors and patients about the risks and benefits of arthroscopic surgery.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Two major trials of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee found no benefit for these surgeries. Even though randomized control trials have demonstrated this to be a procedure which involves the risks of surgery with questionable or no demonstrable long-term benefit, insurance companies (government and private) world-wide have generally felt obliged to continue funding it. An exception is Germany, where funding has been removed for the indication of knee osteoarthritis. It is claimed that German surgeons have continued to perform knee arthroscopy and instead claim rebates on the basis of a sub-diagnosis, such as meniscal tear.


title: Arthroscopy

text: A 2017 meta-analysis confirmed that there is only a very small and usually unimportant reduction in pain and improvement in function at 3 months (e.g. an average pain reduction of approximately 5 on a scale from 0 to 100). A separate review found that most people would consider a reduction in pain of approximately 12 on the same 0 to 100 scale important—suggesting that for most people, the pain reduction at 3 months is not important. Arthroscopy did not reduce pain or improve function or quality of life at one year. There are important adverse effects.


title: Arthroscopy

text: One of the primary reasons for performing arthroscopies is to repair or trim a painful and torn or damaged meniscus. The technical terms for the surgery is arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM). Arthroscopic surgery, however, does not appear to result in benefits to adults when performed for knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis who have a meniscal tear. This may be due to the fact that a torn meniscus may often not cause pain and symptoms, which may be caused by the osteoarthritis alone. Some groups have made a strong recommendation against arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in nearly all patients, stating that the only group of patients who may - or may not - benefit are those with a true locked knee. Professional knee societies, however, highlight other symptoms and related factors they believe are important, and continue to support limited use of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in carefully selected patients.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Hip arthroscopy was initially used for the diagnosis of unexplained hip pain, but is now widely used in the treatment of conditions both in and outside the hip joint. The most common indication currently is for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and its associated pathologies. Hip conditions that may be treated arthroscopically also includes labral tears, loose / foreign body removal, hip washout (for infection) or biopsy, chondral (cartilage) lesions, osteochondritis dissecans, ligamentum teres injuries (and reconstruction), Iliopsoas tendinopathy (or 'snapping psoas'), trochanteric pain syndrome, snapping iliotibial band, osteoarthritis (controversial), sciatic nerve compression (piriformis syndrome), ischiofemoral impingement and direct assessment of hip replacement.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Hip arthroscopy is a widely adopted treatment for a range of conditions, including labral tears, femoroacetabular impingement, osteochondritis dissecans.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Arthroscopy is commonly used for treatment of diseases of the shoulder including subacromial impingement, acromioclavicular osteoarthritis, rotator cuff tears, frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis), chronic tendonitis, removal of loose bodies and partial tears of the long biceps tendon, SLAP lesions and shoulder instability. The most common indications include subacromial decompression, bankarts lesion repair and rotator cuff repair. All these procedures were done by opening the joint through big incisions before the advent of arthroscopy.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Arthroscopic shoulder surgeries have gained momentum in the past decade. ""Keyhole surgery"" of the shoulder as it is popularly known has reduced inpatient time and rehabilitation requirements and is often a daycare procedure.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Arthroscopy of the wrist is used to investigate and treat symptoms of repetitive strain injury, fractures of the wrist and torn or damaged ligaments. It can also be used to ascertain joint damage caused by wrist osteoarthritis.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Many invasive spine procedures involve the removal of bone, muscle, and ligaments to access and treat problematic areas. In some cases, thoracic (mid-spine) conditions require a surgeon to access the problem area through the rib cage, dramatically lengthening recovery time.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Arthroscopic procedures (also endoscopic spinal procedures) allow access to and treatment of spinal conditions with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Recovery times are greatly reduced due to the relatively small size of incisions, and many patients are treated as outpatients. Recovery rates and times vary according to condition severity and the patient's overall health.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint is sometimes used as either a diagnostic procedure for symptoms and signs related to these joints, or as a therapeutic measure in conditions like temporomandibular joint dysfunction. TMJ arthroscopy can be a purely diagnostic procedure, or it can have its own beneficial effects which may result from washing out of the joint during the procedure, thought to remove debris and inflammatory mediators, and may enable a displaced disc to return to its correct position. Arthroscopy is also used to visualize the inside of the joint during certain surgical procedures involving the articular disc or the articular surfaces, similar to laparoscopy. Examples include release of adhesions (e.g., by blunt dissection or with a laser) or release of the disc. Biopsies or disc reduction can also be carried out during arthroscopy. It is carried out under general anesthetic.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Professor Kenji Takagi in Tokyo has traditionally been credited with performing the first arthroscopic examination of a knee joint, in 1919. He used a 7.3 mm cystoscope for his first arthroscopies. The Danish physician Severin Nordentoft reported on arthroscopies of the knee joint in 1912 at the Proceedings of the 41st Congress of the German Society of Surgeons at Berlin. He called the procedure (in Latin) "arthroscopia genu", and used sterile saline or boric acid solution as his optic media, and entering the joint by a portal on the outer border of the patella. It is not clear if these examinations were of deceased or of living patients.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Pioneering work began as early as the 1920s with the work of Eugen Bircher. He published several papers in the 1920s about his use of arthroscopy of the knee for diagnostic purposes. After diagnosing torn tissue, he used open surgery to remove or repair the damaged tissue. Initially, he used an electric Jacobaeus thoracolaparoscope for his diagnostic procedures, which produced a dim view of the joint. Later, he developed a double-contrast approach to improve visibility. He gave up endoscopy in 1930, and his work was largely neglected for several decades.


title: Arthroscopy

text: While he is often considered the inventor of arthroscopy of the knee, the Japanese surgeon Masaki Watanabe, MD, receives primary credit for using arthroscopy for interventional surgery. Watanabe was inspired by the work and teaching of Dr Richard O'Connor. Later, Dr. Heshmat Shahriaree began experimenting with ways to excise fragments of menisci.


title: Arthroscopy

text: The first operating arthroscope was designed by them, and they worked together to produce the first high-quality color intraarticular photography. The field benefited significantly from technological advances, particularly advances in flexible fiber optics during the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Canadian doctor Robert Jackson is credited with bringing the procedure to the Western world. In 1964, Jackson was in Tokyo completing a one-year fellowship and serving as a physician for the Canadian Olympic team. While there, he spent time at the clinic of Dr. Watanabe learning the thirty year old procedure that had only been used to investigate arthritis in the elderly. Dr. Jackson returned to Toronto where he continued to practice the technique, eventually becoming "the world's foremost expert on arthroscopy".


title: Arthroscopy

text: According to Sports Illustrated, "Jackson's particular genius was to recognize a wider application for the procedure than Watanabe ever did." Jackson realized the technique could be used for young, athletic patients that had suffered injuries. Torn knee cartilage or ligaments previously would require an arthrotomy procedure and might mean a year or more of rehab or the end of a career. Dr. Jackson believed the less invasive procedure with its smaller incisions would be able to save the career of injured athletes. While many were skeptical at first, Dr. Jackson's efforts to develop, teach and popularize the procedure helped to prolong the careers of athletes such as Bobby Orr, Willis Reed, Joan Benoit and Mary Lou Retton. For this, Dr. Jackson was named one of Sports Illustrated's forty most impactful people in sport's history, coming in at #37, and the only doctor on the list.


title: Arthroscopy

text: Arthroscopy is considered a low risk procedure with a very low rates of serious complications. Commonly, irrigation fluid may leak (extravasates) into the surrounding soft tissue, causing edema which is generally a temporary phenomenon, taking anywhere from 7–15 days to completely settle. Rarely, this fluid may be the cause of a serious complication, compartment syndrome. However, Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis (PAGCL) is a rare complication of arthroscopic surgery and involves chondrolysis wherein the articular cartilage of the shoulder undergoes rapid, degenerative changes shortly after arthroscopic surgery.


title: Radius of convergence

text: In mathematics, the radius of convergence of a power series is the radius of the largest disk at the center of the series in which the series converges. It is either a non-negative real number or formula_1. When it is positive, the power series converges absolutely and uniformly on compact sets inside the open disk of radius equal to the radius of convergence, and it is the Taylor series of the analytic function to which it converges. In case of multiple singularities of a function (singularities are those values of the argument for which the function is not defined), the radius of convergence is the shortest or minimum of all the respective distances (which are all non-negative numbers) calculated from the center of the disk of convergence to the respective singularities of the function.


title: Radius of convergence

text: The radius of convergence "r" is a nonnegative real number or formula_1 such that the series converges if


title: Radius of convergence

text: On the boundary, that is, where |"z" − "a"| = "r", the behavior of the power series may be complicated, and the series may converge for some values of "z" and diverge for others. The radius of convergence is infinite if the series converges for all complex numbers "z".


title: Radius of convergence

text: Two cases arise. The first case is theoretical: when you know all the coefficients formula_7 then you take certain limits and find the precise radius of convergence. The second case is practical: when you construct a power series solution of a difficult problem you typically will only know a finite number of terms in a power series, anywhere from a couple of terms to a hundred terms. In this second case, extrapolating a plot estimates the radius of convergence.


title: Radius of convergence

text: The radius of convergence can be found by applying the root test to the terms of the series. The root test uses the number


title: Radius of convergence

text: "lim sup" denotes the limit superior. The root test states that the series converges if "C" < 1 and diverges if "C" > 1. It follows that the power series converges if the distance from "z" to the center "a" is less than


title: Radius of convergence

text: and diverges if the distance exceeds that number; this statement is the Cauchy–Hadamard theorem. Note that "r" = 1/0 is interpreted as an infinite radius, meaning that "f" is an entire function.


title: Radius of convergence

text: The limit involved in the ratio test is usually easier to compute, and when that limit exists, it shows that the radius of convergence is finite.


title: Radius of convergence

text: Usually, in scientific applications, only a finite number of coefficients formula_7 are known. Typically, as formula_14 increases, these coefficients settle into a regular behavior determined by the nearest radius-limiting singularity. In this case, two main techniques have been developed, based on the fact that the coefficients of a Taylor series are roughly exponential with ratio formula_15 where "r" is the radius of convergence.


title: Radius of convergence

text: A power series with a positive radius of convergence can be made into a holomorphic function by taking its argument to be a complex variable. The radius of convergence can be characterized by the following theorem:


title: Radius of convergence

text: The set of all points whose distance to "a" is strictly less than the radius of convergence is called the "disk of convergence".


title: Radius of convergence

text: "The nearest point" means the nearest point in the complex plane, not necessarily on the real line, even if the center and all coefficients are real. For example, the function


title: Radius of convergence

text: has no singularities on the real line, since formula_39 has no real roots. Its Taylor series about 0 is given by


title: Radius of convergence

text: The root test shows that its radius of convergence is 1. In accordance with this, the function "f"("z") has singularities at ±"i", which are at a distance 1 from 0.


title: Radius of convergence

text: where the rational numbers "B" are the Bernoulli numbers. It may be cumbersome to try to apply the ratio test to find the radius of convergence of this series. But the theorem of complex analysis stated above quickly solves the problem. At "z" = 0, there is in effect no singularity since the singularity is removable. The only non-removable singularities are therefore located at the "other" points where the denominator is zero. We solve


title: Radius of convergence

text: and then take "x" and "y" to be real. Since "y" is real, the absolute value of is necessarily 1. Therefore, the absolute value of "e" can be 1 only if "e" is 1; since "x" is real, that happens only if "x" = 0. Therefore "z" is purely imaginary and . Since "y" is real, that happens only if cos("y") = 1 and sin("y") = 0, so that "y" is an integer multiple of 2. Consequently the singular points of this function occur at


title: Radius of convergence

text: The singularities nearest 0, which is the center of the power series expansion, are at ±2"i". The distance from the center to either of those points is 2, so the radius of convergence is 2.


title: Radius of convergence

text: If the power series is expanded around the point "a" and the radius of convergence is , then the set of all points such that is a circle called the "boundary" of the disk of convergence. A power series may diverge at every point on the boundary, or diverge on some points and converge at other points, or converge at all the points on the boundary. Furthermore, even if the series converges everywhere on the boundary (even uniformly), it does not necessarily converge absolutely.


title: Radius of convergence

text: has radius of convergence 1, and diverges for but converges for all other points on the boundary. The function of Example 1 is the derivative of .


title: Radius of convergence

text: has radius of convergence 1 and converges everywhere on the boundary absolutely. If is the function represented by this series on the unit disk, then the derivative of "h"("z") is equal to "g"("z")/"z" with "g" of Example 2. It turns out that is the dilogarithm function.


title: Radius of convergence

text: has radius of convergence 1 and converges uniformly on the entire boundary , but does not converge absolutely on the boundary.


title: Radius of convergence

text: around the point "x" = 0, we find out that the radius of convergence of this series is formula_1 meaning that this series converges for all complex numbers. However, in applications, one is often interested in the precision of a numerical answer. Both the number of terms and the value at which the series is to be evaluated affect the accuracy of the answer. For example, if we want to calculate accurate up to five decimal places, we only need the first two terms of the series. However, if we want the same precision for we must evaluate and sum the first five terms of the series. For , one requires the first 18 terms of the series, and for we need to evaluate the first 141 terms.


title: Radius of convergence

text: So for these particular values the fastest convergence of a power series expansion is at the center, and as one moves away from the center of convergence, the rate of convergence slows down until you reach the boundary (if it exists) and cross over, in which case the series will diverge.


title: Radius of convergence

text: Such a series converges if the real part of "s" is greater than a particular number depending on the coefficients "a": the abscissa of convergence.


title: Itching powder

text: Itching powder is a powder or powder-like substance that induces itching when applied onto human skin. This is usually done as a practical joke or prank to an unsuspecting victim.


title: Itching powder

text: The cause of the irritation can be mechanical, such as products containing ground rose hips. Another common ingredient is "Mucuna pruriens", a type of legume that produces seedpods coated with thousands of detachable spicules (needle-like hairs). The spicules contain an enzyme, mucunain, that causes severe itching, and they have been sold commercially as itching powder. "Mucuna pruriens" has been used to test the efficacy of anti-itch drugs.


title: Itching powder

text: The term "itching powder" is colloquial; there is no one specific source of the powder. For the safety of the maker and of the victim, gloves, dust mask, and glasses are worn, as itching powder is a mouth- and eye-irritant, and caution is strongly encouraged whenever handling the processed powder. Rose hips contain prickly hairs that are used as the active ingredient, whereas the body (rather than the wing) of the samara of the bigleaf maple is covered with spiny hairs that cause skin irritation and are used to make itching powder.


title: Itching powder

text: Itching powder was created from "Mucuna pruriens" in the early 19th century as a cure for lost feeling in the epidermis. When a person would lose feeling on their skin in conditions such as paralysis, the powder (mixed with lard to form an ointment) was used as a local stimulant believed to treat the condition.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: McSorley's Old Ale House, generally known as McSorley's, is the oldest Irish saloon in New York City. Opened in the mid-19th century at 15 East 7th Street, in today's East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, it was one of the last of the "Men Only" pubs, admitting women only after legally being forced to do so in 1970.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: The aged artwork, newspaper articles covering the walls, sawdust floors, and the Irish waiters and bartenders give McSorley's an atmosphere reminiscent of "Olde New York". No piece of memorabilia has been removed from the walls since 1910, and there are many items of historical paraphernalia in the bar, such as Houdini's handcuffs, which are connected to the bar rail. There are also wishbones hanging above the bar; supposedly they were hung there by boys going off to World War I, to be removed when they returned, so the wishbones that are left are from those who never returned.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: Two of McSorley's mottos are "Be Good or Be Gone", and "We were here before you were born". Prior to the 1970 ruling, the motto was "Good Ale, Raw Onions and No Ladies"; the raw onions can still be ordered as part of McSorley's cheese platter.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: McSorley's is considered to be one of the longest continuously operating ale houses in the city due to the fact that during Prohibition it served a "near beer" with too little alcohol to be illegal. In 2005, "New York" magazine considered McSorley's to be one of New York City's "Top 5 Historic Bars".


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: When it opened, the saloon was originally called "The Old House at Home". McSorley's has long claimed that it opened its doors in 1854; however, historical research has shown that the site was a vacant lot from 1860 to 1861.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: The evidence for the 1854 date was considerable, but second-hand. A document at the Museum of the City of New York from 1904, in founder John McSorley's hand, declares it was established in 1854, and a "New York Tribune" article from 1895 states it "has stood for 40 years. . . " a short distance from Cooper Union. A 1913 article in "Harper's Weekly" declares that "This famous saloon ... is sixty years old."


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: According to a 1995 "New York Times" "Streetscapes" article by Christopher Gray, the census taker who visited the Irish-born McSorley in 1880 recorded the year the founder of the pub first arrived in the United States as 1855, but immigration records show that he arrived on January 23, 1851, at the age of 18, accompanied by Mary McSorley, who was 16. When confronted with the fact that the 1880 census did not contain this entry, Gray corrected it to 1900 in his book published in 2003. John McSorley first appeared in city directories in 1862, and the building his bar occupies was built no earlier than 1858, according to city records.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: McSorley's is included within the East Village/Lower East Side Historic District, created by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2012. In the district's designation report, the building's date of construction is given as "c.1865", but it notes that indirect evidence may indicate that there was a small structure on the lot before that, since the value of the lot increased between 1848 and 1856, while that of surrounding lots did not, which may be explained by the existence of an unrecorded structure. By 1861 there was a two-story building on the lot, according to tax records, and by 1865 the present five-story one, but it is "unclear" if the former was extended upwards or a new building was constructed.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: Founding owner John McSorley passed daily management to his son, William, around 1890, and died in 1910 at the age of 87. In 1936 William sold the property to Daniel O’Connell, a retired policeman and longtime customer. After O'Connell's death three years later, his daughter Dorothy O’Connell Kirwan assumed ownership. Upon her death in 1974 and that of her husband the following year, ownership passed briefly to their son Danny before the most recent proprietor, Matthew "Matty" Maher, who purchased the bar in 1977 and owned it until his death in January 2020. Maher's daughter Ann Pullman plans to keep it in the family.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: A 1954 New York City tourist guide describes McSorley's as, "An unusual and historic old tavern, little changed since established before Civil War. Interesting old dining room, seats 150 (men only at any time, though owned by a woman); different house specialty every day; old-time songs; bar room quartet variety nightly; famous, well stocked bar. Inexpensive."


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: Women were not allowed in McSorley's until August 10, 1970, after National Organization for Women attorneys Faith Seidenberg and Karen DeCrow filed a discrimination case against the bar in District Court and won. The two entered McSorley's in 1969, and were refused service, which was the basis for their lawsuit for discrimination. The case decision made the front page of "The New York Times" on June 26, 1970. The suit, "Seidenberg v. McSorleys' Old Ale House" (S.D.N.Y. 1970) established that the licensing of the bar, under the New York State Alcoholic Beverage Control Law, rose to the level of state action, thereby requiring the bar to comply with the proscriptions of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution. The bar was then forced to admit women, but it did so "kicking and screaming". In 1970 Barbara Shaum became the bar's first female patron. With the ruling allowing women to be served, the bathroom became unisex. Sixteen years later, in 1986, a ladies room was installed.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: Until 2011, McSorley's maintained a mouser cat within its premises until a law was passed ending the practice. In November 2016, the establishment was briefly closed by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene due to violations of health code. It reopened the next week.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: In 2017, McSorley's added Feltman's of Coney Island Hot Dogs to their menu, the first time the menu was altered in over fifty years. Feltman's owner, Michael Quinn, was a long time employee at McSorley's, and during the late 19th century, Feltman's Restaurant at Coney Island was a popular destination for the McSorley family.


title: McSorley's Old Ale House

text: Notable people who have visited McSorley's include Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, Teddy Roosevelt, Boss Tweed, Harry Houdini and John Lennon. Cultural icons such as Woody Guthrie, Hunter S. Thompson, Brendan Behan, Paul Blackburn, LeRoi Jones, Christopher Morley, Gilbert Sorrentino, and George Jean Nathan, frequented the tavern. Folk singer/guitarist Dave Van Ronk used photos of himself outside the doors for album covers, and Wavy Gravy read poetry there. Dustin Hoffman was a patron. In the early 1910s, anarchist Hippolyte Havel became a regular.