title: Oppam

text: "Oppam" began principal photography on 5 March 2016 in Kochi, Kerala. Mohanlal joined the set that day, and Vimala a week later. A large set was constructed for a North Indian wedding with a song sequence with Mohanlal and Vimala and dancers in Punjabi dress. The elaborately-produced song was completed in five days, and the dance was choreographed by Kala. Filming took place for three weeks at locations in Thammanam, Thrippunithura, and on Marine Drive in Kochi. The first shooting schedule was finished by the end of March. The film's cinematographer was N. K. Ekambaram.


title: Oppam

text: The crew resumed filming in Kochi and in and around Ernakulam district in May 2016. Some scenes were shot at Fort Kochi, and tharavad scenes were filmed in Chottanikkara. Additional filming was done in Pullikkanam and Kanjar in Idukki district, where Mohanlal joined the set for a 10-day shooting schedule. Filming was done at Vagamon during the second week of May. "Oppam" fight scenes were coordinated by Stunt Silva.


title: Oppam

text: Filming moved to Ooty in Tamil Nadu in the first week of June. Priyadarshan considers Ooty a lucky charm, since it was a location for some of his successful films. He recreated a frame from the 1986 film, "Thalavattam", (his first film in Ooty) in the song "Minungum Minnaminuge". Using the same camera lens used in "Thalavattam", it was filmed in School Manth (where the song "Ponveene", from "Thalavattam", was shot). Mohanlal and Meenakshi appeared in the frame which featured Mohanlal and Lissy in the original.


title: Oppam

text: After Ooty, there was a two-day schedule at Chitranjali Studio in Thiruvananthapuram on 13 and 14 June for scenes with Mohanlal and Samuthirakani which were reportedly the film's climax. After the Thiruvananthapuram schedule, filming wrapped at the studio on the evening of 14 June 2016. Vimala said in an interview that directors usually take extra master shots, suggestion shots and counter shots while filming, but Priyadarshan had edited scenes in mind and did not make extra shots of any scenes. "Oppam" reportedly cost 7 crore.


title: Oppam

text: Post-production began as soon as the filming ended, and progressed in June and July 2016 at Priyadarshan's Four Frames studio in Chennai. "Oppam" was edited by M. S. Ayyappan Nair, and the crew returned to Chithranjali Studio in early July for dubbing. Composer Ron Ethan Yohann began working on the score after editing was completed by the end of July, first spotting the film. The post-production progressed through August 2016. Priyadarshan said that he reluctantly cut some of Mamukkoya's comedy scenes to reduce "Oppam" length. Its final cut censored by the Central Board of Film Certification was 157 minutes long.


title: Oppam

text: The film's six-song soundtrack was composed by 4 Musics (a group consisting of Jim Jacob, Biby Matthew, Eldhose Alias, and Justin James). The soundtrack album was released on the Satyam Audios label on 17 August 2016. Composer Ron Ethan Yohann made his Malayalam-film debut with the score, and composed the theme music based on character descriptions.


title: Oppam

text: 4 Musics began work in December 2015. The songs were recorded, mixed, and mastered at Jacob's Noise Headquarters in Kochi. The songs were well-received and a breakthrough for 4 Musics. Alias and James were abroad while composing, and the team worked on the music via WhatsApp and Skype. Producer Antony Perumbavoor suggested 4 Musics, who had only one film credit ("Just Married"), to Priyadarshan; the director gave them three situations and one week to return with three options for each. "Chinnamma Adi" was sung by M. G. Sreekumar, who also sang "Minungum Minnaminuge" with Sreya Jayadeep. "Pala Naallayi" was sung by a ten-voice ensemble. "Chirimukilum" was not included in the film; it was a tribute to composer S. P. Venkatesh, who had collaborated with Priyadarshan on some of his successful soundtracks, and was written in Venkatesh's style.


title: Oppam

text: "Chinnamma Adi" was written by Madhu Vasudevan. Priyadarshan wanted its first line to begin with a name, and "Chinnamma" was added. For the second verse, Mohanlal insisted on "Kukkumma" (the pet name of actress Sukumari, as a tribute to her). "Minungum Minnaminuge" was written by B. K. Harinarayanan when his mother was in hospital, and his thoughts about how she cared for him were reflected in the song. Its lyrics were written after the melody was composed, and the song's position in the film was described by Priyadarshan. Sharon Joseph was recommended to 4 Musics by composer Mejo Joseph for writing the Hindi lyrics for "Pala Naallayi". Sharon Joseph sings and records her compositions, and when 4 Musics heard her Hindi recording she was invited to sing the original as well.


title: Oppam

text: In a soundtrack review, "The Times of India" Deepa Soman wrote that "the songs have tried to mix in all elements a listener is looking for emotion, celebration and class". "Chinnamma Adi" is a "playful-yet-classical song" and "also has a few dollops of western classical music thrown in, and is a fun listen". "Pala Naallayi" is "a celebration song with a lot of percussion and joyful chorus". "Chirimukilum" is a "free-flowing song filled with melancholy ... though it can't boast of great emotional allure or range, the lyrics can touch you by its simple, poignant philosophy". "Minungum Minnaminuge", "probably the best of the lot", "tenderly expresses the sweet relationship between a father and daughter".


title: Oppam

text: Srivatsan said for "India Today", ""Oppam" has some extraordinary tracks ... though the song 'Chinnamma Adi' makes you tap your foot, it is 'Minungum Minnaminuge' that becomes an instant addiction". Padmakumar K. of "Malayala Manorama" wrote about "Chinnamma Adi", "The rhythm, milieu and the camera work complemented the whole mood of the song ... 4 Musics successfully fused melody with a blend of folk and the classical styles". Anu James of the "International Business Times" wrote, "The party song, 'Pala Naalayi', is colourful, with good choreography and visuals". Athira M. of "The Hindu" said about "Chinnamma Adi", "It has a classical touch, but with a foot-tapping beat". "Chinnamma Adi" and "Minungum Minnaminuge" were included in "The Hindu" list of the most-successful Malayalam songs of 2016. Of the year's most-viewed Malayalam video songs in YouTube, "Minungum Minnaminuge" placed second and "Chinnamma Adi" sixth.


title: Oppam

text: "Oppam" theatrical release was announced along with its first poster in March 2016, scheduled for the festival of Onam in September. At his request, a special showing was arranged for the actor Rajinikanth at his Chennai home a day before the film's general release. "Oppam" was released in India on 8 September 2016 by Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments on 104 screens across Kerala, and the film opened internationally on 21 September. In Europe, it was scheduled for a limited release on 14 September by PJ Entertainments and a general release on 23 September. The release was postponed until 21 September due to a censorship issue, and advance booking began on 19 September. The film was released on 119 screens in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 23 September, the widest release there for a Malayalam film.


title: Oppam

text: In November 2016, Priyadarshan said that the film would be dubbed and released in Telugu and Tamil and Mohanlal would dub his voice in both. Its Telugu dubbing rights were purchased by Overseas Network Entertainment. Entitled "Kanupapa", the Telugu version was released worldwide on 3 February 2017. "Oppam" was released for home video on 22 December 2016 by Satyam Audios. The film premiered on 9 April 2017 on the Asianet television channel. According to Broadcast Audience Research Council data, it was in fourth place among premiere films of all time with the most target rating points on Malayalam channels (3,949,000 impressions) as of September 2017.


title: Oppam

text: In May 2016, Mohanlal and Priyadarshan produced and released a Dubsmash video to encourage entries in its video contest. Priyadarshan asked director Alphonse Puthren to edit the film's trailer. The trailer debuted in Kerala theatres on 22 July with the Tamil film, "Kabali", which was distributed by Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments in the state. "Minungum Minnaminunges music video, with Mohanlal and Meenakshi, was released on 24 August on YouTube. "Oppam" was promoted on "Thiruvonam Lalettanodu Oppam", a September program which was part of a photography contest organised by Mathrubhumi, 94.3 Club FM and the electronic retailer Bismi, and Mohanlal met with the winners.


title: Oppam

text: The film grossed 1.56 crore on its opening day at the Kerala box office, topping parallel releases "Oozham" and "Iru Mugan". The film received positive word of mouth, which boosted ticket sales. Box-office earnings increased exponentially over the next few days; the film grossed 7.25 crore through its four-day opening weekend (2.03 crore that Sunday), with a distributor's share of 3.45 crore. It exceeded the first-week earnings of "Premam" by grossing 12.6 crore with a share of 6 crore, setting an opening-week record in the Kerala state.


title: Oppam

text: "Oppam" was the fastest film to earn 20 crore in Kerala (11 days). By grossing over 25 crore on day 17 it became the highest-grossing film of the year at the Kerala box office, passing "Jacobinte Swargarajyam". Within 22 days it crossed the 30 crore mark, the fastest film to do so in Kerala. The film's worldwide total was 35 crore at 31 days, with 22.75 crore from Kerala. The film grossed 42 crore worldwide, "Oppam" was the second-highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year (behind "Pulimurugan"), with box-office earnings of over 30 crore in Kerala box office. The film ran for over 125 days in Kerala theatres,


title: Oppam

text: "Oppam" grossed 8.31 crore overseas in Gulf Cooperation Council territories in 10 days. The film grossed £45,371 in its opening weekend (23 25 September) from 74 British theatres, the fourth-best foreign opener that weekend. It grossed £84,185 in four weekends from the United Kingdom and Ireland regions. In the United States, it earned US$44,790 in the opening weekend (30 September 2 October) from 16 screens, and US$94,466 in four weekends.


title: Oppam

text: "Oppam" received generally positive responses from critics. G. Ragesh of "Malayala Manorama" gave "Oppam" three-and-a-half out of five stars, he said it is a carefully crafted and well-made thriller with some "edge-of-the-seat moments". Ragesh found Mohanlal's portrayal of Jayaraman the best part of the film (which "celebrates the natural actor that Mohanlal is"), and praised the "perfectly choreographed" action scenes. A Sify critic called it an engaging film and wrote: ""Oppam" is based on a script which is fine at best. But it is the slick presentation and of course, a brilliant performance from Mohanlal that overcomes its minor weaknesses" and adding, "It is the stellar performance from Mohanlal that adds to the merits of this thriller in a crucial way". The critic gave Samuthirakani a special mention.


title: Oppam

text: "The Indian Express" Goutham V. S. gave "Oppam" three out of five stars, and opined that the film is engaging and have an interesting plot that brings back the vintage Mohanlal-Priyadarshan combo. "Watching Mohanlal as Jayaraman, one is reminded of the skill set this actor possesses. He seamlessly becomes his character and so smooth is the transition that you forget the effort that must have gone into it". He praised the cinematography and score that "maintain a tensed mood as the intriguing hide-and-seek between the protagonist and antagonist plays out". Also giving the film three out of five stars, Deepa Soman of "The Times of India" wrote: ""Oppam" has a few elements to create some entertainingly 'tensed' moments through its length, but it's not one of those gripping thrillers that leave you content when you leave the hall". Soman enjoyed the songs that she felt suit the situations well, and are engaging.


title: Oppam

text: For Rediff.com, Paresh C. Palicha wrote: "It's an interesting film with the basics of the typical Priyadarshan films remaining in place ... the biggest positive about "Oppam" is that Mohanlal gives more sharpness and detailing to the writing and direction with his extraordinary performance and that makes the film a must watch". He gave it 2.5 out of five stars. Srivatsan of "India Today" wrote, ""Oppam", on many levels, is solid at its core. Unlike many commercial entertainers, the film is formulaic ... what's intriguing is the director's treatment of the subject". He praised Mohanlal's performance and the film's score and songs, giving it two-and-a-half out of five stars.


title: Oppam

text: Anu James of the "International Business Times" called "Oppam" "a winner all the way": "The movie offers some edge-of-the-seat moments with an engaging narrative. Even though the culprit is revealed in the first half of the thriller, the movie doesn't let you get bored" and said the direction and screenplay are impressive. She praised Mohanlal's performance and the songs, cinematography, and editing and added that even with a predictable plot and few questions that might leave the audience confused, "the many positive aspects of the movie make the negatives fade away". For "The News Minute", Sowmya Rajendran wrote: "Mohanlal nails the role of a blind man in this well-executed thriller" and also noted the performances of the rest of the cast. Although the film "keeps you interested till the end, the plot somewhat loses steam in the second half".


title: Oppam

text: "Oppam" received six nominations at the 64th Filmfare Awards South and won two awards for the song "Chinnamma Adi"—Sreekumar won the award for playback singing, and Vasudhevan for lyrics. The film received six nominations at the 6th South Indian International Movie Awards, but did not win in any category. Menon who dubbed for Samuthirakani's voice won an award for dubbing at the 47th Kerala State Film Awards. "Oppam" was not eligible for the 64th National Film Awards, since Priyadarshan chaired the year's award jury.


title: Oppam

text: In June 2016, two months before "Oppam" release, Priyadarshan told "Press Trust of India" that he was interested in making a Bollywood version, saying "there are already inquiries for Tamil and Telugu remakes. I am just waiting for it to release and see how it is received by the audience". After the film's release, he said that he planned to show it to Shah Rukh Khan and Aamir Khan; he would not direct any South Indian-languages versions, but "a lot of offers have come for remake rights and negotiations are still going on". Overseas Network Entertainment bought the remake and dubbing rights for Telugu, with Nagarjuna approached to play the lead. In November, Priyadarshan confirmed that a Kannada remake would star Shiva Rajkumar. The following month, he said that Ajay Devgn, Saif Ali Khan, and John Abraham had seen the film but the cast for the Hindi remake was not finalised. The director said that he made cultural changes in the story to appeal to Bollywood audiences, primarily in the film's first half. Devgn was virtually confirmed in February 2017, and the film would be produced by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures. The Kannada remake, "Kavacha", began filming in November 2017 with Meenakshi reprising her role, and was released on 5 April 2019.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: Hamlet is a 1990 drama film based on the Shakespearean tragedy of the same name, directed by Franco Zeffirelli and starring Mel Gibson as the eponymous character. The film also features Glenn Close, Alan Bates, Paul Scofield, Ian Holm, Helena Bonham Carter, Stephen Dillane, and Nathaniel Parker. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy, the film was the first produced by Icon Productions, a company co-founded by Gibson.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: The film largely follows the plot of the original play, albeit omitting certain dialogue and minor characters to fit the average length of a feature film. This version also makes no modern day adaptations.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: Zeffirelli announced production of the film in April 1989 at a press conference in Los Angeles. Mel Gibson was at that same press conference, where it was announced that he would play Hamlet. Zeffirelli had set out to make a Shakespearian adaptation that would be accessible and appealing to younger viewers, and casting Gibson was considered an intent to lure said audience into seeing it. Glenn Close was another obvious choice, having had recent box-office success with such Hollywood thrillers as "Jagged Edge" and "Fatal Attraction".


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: Financing was provided on loan from a Dutch bank by Carolco Pictures, Barry Spikings' Nelson Entertainment, and Sovereign Pictures for approximately $16 million. Filming was set to begin on 23 April 1990, with an 11-week shooting schedule.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: Gibson, who had grown up idolizing one of his costars, legendary Shakespearean actor Paul Scofield, compared the experience of performing Shakespeare alongside him to being, "thrown into the ring with Mike Tyson".


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: Dunnottar Castle, Stonehaven and Blackness Castle were used as locations in the film. Dover Castle provided the main location for Elsinore Castle, the home of Hamlet and his family. Interiors were filmed at Shepperton Studios in London.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: Norma Moriceau was the project's initial costume designer, but quit for unknown reasons, to be replaced by Maurizio Millenotti. Tailors from Shepperton assembled the costumes.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: The film attracted little attention from major Hollywood studios, until post-production, when companies such as Warner Bros., Paramount, and Orion expressed interest in purchasing the film. Nelson Entertainment, which held the North American distribution rights, licensed theatrical exhibition to Warner as part of an incentive to lure Gibson into making "Lethal Weapon 3". Despite Nelson owning a home video arm, they sold the video rights to Warner as well. Warner Bros. attempted to attract high schools with study guides and vouchers for students. An hour-long educational video titled "Mel Gibson Goes Back to School" was released in conjunction with the film, showing the actor lecturing "Hamlet" to a group of high-school students in Los Angeles.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: Film scholar Deborah Cartmell has suggested that Zeffirelli's Shakespeare films are appealing because they are "sensual rather than cerebral", an approach by which he aims to make Shakespeare "even more popular". To this end, he cast Gibson – then famous for the "Mad Max" and "Lethal Weapon" films – in the title role. Cartmell also notes that the text is drastically cut, but with the effect of enhancing the roles of the women.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: J. Lawrence Guntner has suggested that Zeffirelli's cinematography borrows heavily from the action film genre that made Gibson famous, noting that its average shot length is less than six seconds. In casting Gibson, the director has been said to have made the star's reputation part of the performance, encouraging the audience "to see the Gibson that they have come to expect from his other films". Indeed, Zeffirelli cast Gibson after watching the scene in "Lethal Weapon" in which Gibson's character, Martin Riggs, contemplates suicide. The fight between Hamlet and Laertes is an example of using Gibson's experience in action movies; Gibson depicts Hamlet as an experienced swordsman.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: Initial reviews for Zeffirelli's "Hamlet" were mixed. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, calling Mel Gibson's portrayal of the Danish Prince "a strong, intelligent performance." Caryn James of "The New York Times" praised Zeffirelli's "naturalistic, emotionally-charged" direction and also commended Gibson's "visceral" performance, describing it as "strong, intelligent and safely beyond ridicule." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave the film a negative review, calling Gibson's performance "an earnest but pedestrian reading." Michael Wilmington of the "Los Angeles Times" called Gibson's Hamlet an "Oedipal wreck" and stated that either Kenneth Branagh or Daniel Day-Lewis would have been preferable to play Hamlet than Gibson. A later editorial in the same paper would refer to Gibson's performance as "the most unaffected and lucid Hamlet in memory."


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 76% based on reviews from 37 critics. The site's consensus was, "It may lack some of the depth and complexity of the play, but Mel Gibson and Franco Zeffirelli make a surprisingly successful team." On Metacritic the film has a score of 53% based on reviews from 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A on scale of A to F.


title: Hamlet (1990 film)

text: The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, for Best Art Direction (Dante Ferretti, Francesca Lo Schiavo) and Best Costume Design (Maurizio Millenotti). Sir Alan Bates received a BAFTA nomination as Best Supporting Actor for playing Claudius.


title: Future Shock

text: Future Shock is a 1970 book by American futurist Alvin Toffler, written together with his spouse Adelaide Farrell, in which the authors define the term "future shock" as a certain psychological state of individuals and entire societies. The shortest definition for the term in the book is a personal perception of "too much change in too short a period of time". The book, which became an international bestseller, has sold over 6 million copies and has been widely translated.


title: Future Shock

text: The book grew out of an article "The Future as a Way of Life" in "Horizon" magazine, Summer 1965 issue.


title: Future Shock

text: Alvin Toffler argued that society is undergoing an enormous structural change, a revolution from an industrial society to a "super-industrial society". This change overwhelms people. He argues that the accelerated rate of technological and social change leaves people disconnected and suffering from "shattering stress and disorientation"—future shocked. Toffler stated that the majority of social problems are symptoms of future shock. In his discussion of the components of such shock he popularized the term ""information overload"."


title: Future Shock

text: This analysis of the phenomenon of information overload is continued in later publications, especially "The Third Wave" and "".


title: Future Shock

text: In the introduction to an essay entitled "Future Shock" in his book, "Conscientious Objections", Neil Postman wrote: Sometime about the middle of 1963, my colleague Charles Weingartner and I delivered in tandem an address to the National Council of Teachers of English. In that address we used the phrase "future shock" as a way of describing the social paralysis induced by rapid technological change. To my knowledge, Weingartner and I were the first people ever to use it in a public forum. Of course, neither Weingartner nor I had the brains to write a book called "Future Shock", and all due credit goes to Alvin Toffler for having recognized a good phrase when one came along. (p. 162)


title: Future Shock

text: Alvin Toffler distinguished three stages in development of society and production: agrarian, industrial and post-industrial.


title: Future Shock

text: Each of these waves develops its own "super-ideology” in order to explain reality. This ideology affects all the spheres which make up a civilization phase: technology, social patterns, information patterns, and power patterns.


title: Future Shock

text: The first stage began in the period of the Neolithic Era with the advent of agriculture, thereby passing from barbarity to a civilization. A large number of people acted as prosumers (eating their grown food, hunting animals, building their own houses, making clothes...). People traded by exchanging their own goods for commodities of others. The second stage began in England with the Industrial Revolution with the invention of the machine tool and the steam engine. People worked in factories to make money they could spend on goods they needed (it means they produced for exchange, not for use). Countries also created new social systems. The third stage began in the second half of the 20th century in the West when people invented automatic production, robotics and the computer. The services sector attained great value.


title: Future Shock

text: Toffler proposed one criterion for distinguishing between industrial society and post-industrial society: the share of the population occupied in agriculture versus the share of city labor occupied in the services sector. In a post-industrial society, the share of the people occupied in agriculture does not exceed 15%, and the share of city laborers occupied in the services sector exceeds 50%. Thus, the share of the people occupied with brainwork greatly exceeds the share of the people occupied with physical work in post-industrial society.


title: Future Shock

text: The third wave led to the Information Era (now). Homes are the dominant institutions. Most people carry on their own production and consumption in their homes or electronic cottages, they produce more of their own products and services and markets become less important for them. People consider each other to be equally free as vendors of prosumer-generated commodities.


title: Future Shock

text: Alvin Toffler's main thought centers on the idea that modern humans feel shock from rapid changes. For example, Toffler's daughter went to shop in New York City and she couldn't find a shop in its previous location. Thus New York has become a city without a history. The urban population doubles every 11 years. The overall production of goods and services doubles each 50 years in developed countries. Society experiences an increasing number of changes with an increasing rapidity, while people are losing the familiarity that old institutions (religion, family, national identity, profession) once provided. The so-called "brain drain" – the emigration of European scientists to the United States – is both an indicator of the changes in society and also one of their causes.


title: Future Shock

text: The book sold over 6 million copies within five years and has been widely translated (it had translations into twenty foreign languages as of 2003). It has been described as "an international bestseller within weeks of publication".


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: Hard To Kill (2022) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Impact Wrestling. It took place on January 8, 2022, at The Factory in Deep Ellum in Dallas, Texas. It was the third event under the Hard To Kill chronology.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: 10 matches were contested at the event, with two matches contested on the pre-show and one match taped as a digital exclusive. In the main event, Mickie James defeated Deonna Purrazzo in a Texas Deathmatch to retain the Impact Knockouts Championship. In other prominent matches, Moose defeated Matt Cardona and W. Morrissey in a three-way match to retain the Impact World Championship, Trey Miguel defeated Steve Maclin to retain the Impact X Division Championship, Jonathan Gresham defeated Chris Sabin to retain the ROH World Championship, and Josh Alexander defeated Jonah.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: The event featured appearances by several notable Ring of Honor (ROH) talents and personnel including Matt Taven, Rok-C, and Vincent, and the returns of Jonathan Gresham, Maria Kanellis, Mike Bennett, and PCO. Hard To Kill was also notable for the debut of Tom Hannifan (formerly known as Tom Phillips in WWE) as Impact's play-by-play commentator.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: At Bound for Glory, Impact Wrestling announced Hard To Kill would take place on January 8, 2022, in Dallas, Texas. On November 3, it was announced that event will take place from The Bomb Factory.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: The event featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Storylines were produced on Impact's weekly television program.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: At Bound for Glory, Mickie James defeated Deonna Purrazzo to win the Impact Knockouts Championship. Purrazzo would go silent for the better part of a month, returning on the November 18 episode of "Impact", where she would have a sit-down interview with Gia Miller, giving short answers to all of her questions until being asked about her next move, and she would simply say that the audience will have to wait and see for what would be next. At Turning Point, after James successfully defended the Knockouts Championship against Mercedes Martinez, Purrazzo attacked James and announced that she would invoke her rematch clause at Hard To Kill. On the December 16 episode of "Impact!", after a physical altercation during a meet and greet, it was announced that they will face off in a Texas Deathmatch.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: At Turning Point, Impact Executive Vice President Scott D'Amore announced the first ever Knockouts Ultimate X match, where the winner would become the next contender to the Impact Knockouts Championship. On the December 9 episode of "Impact!", newly-minted Knockouts executive Gail Kim announced the participants to be the following: Chelsea Green, Jordynne Grace, Lady Frost, Rachael Ellering, Rosemary, and Tasha Steelz. On January 6, 2022, Impact announced that Alisha Edwards will take the place of Ellering, with no reason has yet to be given.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: At Turning Point, W. Morrissey defeated Matt Cardona thanks to interference from Impact World Champion Moose, while later in the night, Moose successfully defended the title against Eddie Edwards in a Full Metal Mayhem match. During that match, Cardona and Morrissey interfered on behalf of Edwards and Moose, respectively, before the two would brawl again. On the December 2 episode of "Impact!", Cardona opened the show to call out Moose, to which the champion would say that Cardona would never become a top star, questioned if he truly wanted to wrestle him, and regarded him as a "mid-carder". Moose and Morrissey would go on to attack Cardona before Edwards ran in to save the latter. Later that night, Edwards and Cardona defeated Moose and Morrissey in a tag team match after Cardona pinned Moose with a roll-up. After the match, Morrissey laid Moose out with a boot, making it clear that he wanted the Impact World Championship match Moose had promised him for weeks. Later, it was announced that Moose will defend the Impact World Championship against Cardona and Morrissey in a three-way match at Hard To Kill.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: At Turning Point, Jonah made his debut, attacking Josh Alexander and leaving him bloodied. On the December 9 episode of "Impact!", Scott D'Amore announced Josh Alexander would face Jonah at Hard To Kill.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: On December 23, Impact announced that ROH World Champion Jonathan Gresham would defend his title at Hard To Kill against Chris Sabin.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: At Bound for Glory, Trey Miguel defeated Steve Maclin and El Phantasmo, the latter being who he pinned, in a three-way match to win the vacant Impact X Division Championship. Maclin took exception to this, as while he technically lost his undefeated streak, he was yet to be pinned or submitted in singles competition. As such, he earned another opportunity at the title, facing Miguel and Laredo Kid, who he beat to enter the match, at Turning Point. There, Miguel attempted a double pin on Kid and Maclin. Maclin was able to kick out while Kid did not, meaning Miguel retained the title. Maclin would later walk up to Scott D'Amore, demanding one more match, but was denied. So in retaliation, on the December 16 episode of "Impact!", Maclin jumped Miguel from behind before binding and gagging him backstage. This led Miguel to instead demand a match with Maclin, which was granted and would take place at Hard To Kill. On the January 6 episode of "Impact!", an added stipulation stated that if Maclin lost, he would not get another title opportunity as long as Miguel was champion.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: On December 21, Impact announced the return of Hardcore War at Hard To Kill, pitting Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino against Impact World Tag Team Champions The Good Brothers (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson) and Violent By Design (Eric Young, Deaner, and Joe Doering). On the January 6 episode of "Impact!", Anderson defeated Heath in a match to determine which team had the numbers advantage in Hardcore War.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: On the December 2 episode of "Impact!", Tenille Dashwood returned from hiatus and reunited with The Influence (Madison Rayne and Kaleb with a K), before getting back together with the Impact Knockouts Tag Team Champions The IInspiration (Cassie Lee and Jessie McKay) and uniting the two teams. The following week on "Impact!", they lost an intergender tag team match against Decay (Rosemary, Havok, Black Taurus, and Crazzy Steve). On December 22, Impact announced that The IInspiration will defend the Knockouts Tag Team Championship against The Influence at Hard To Kill. On the day before the event, however, Impact announced that the match was canceled due to The IInspiration having come into contact with someone who tested positive for COVID-19.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: Before the event went live on pay-per-view, Havok defeated Savannah Evans which was aired as an Impact Digital Exclusive on January 11.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: During the Hard To Kill pre-show, Jake Something faced Madman Fulton. In the end, Something performed a Blackhole Slam on Fulton to win the match.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: Also on the pre-show, Ace Austin, Chris Bey, Laredo Kid and Mike Bailey battled in a four-way match. In the end Bailey performed a shooting star knee drop to the back on Austin to win the match in his debut on Impact Wrestling.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: The actual pay-per-view started with the inaugural Knockouts Ultimate X match, between Alisha Edwards, Chelsea Green, Jordynne Grace, Lady Frost, Rosemary and Tasha Steelz, where the winner would become the number one contender for the Knockouts Championship. As Grace, Green and Steelz crawled over the cables to reach over the X, Steelz was able to knock down Grace, and capture the X before Green, thus won the match and became the number one contender for the Knockouts Championship.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: Next, Trey Miguel defended the X Division Championship against Steve Maclin. after Miguel took Maclin down with a brainbuster, he climbed to the top turnbuckle and performed a diving meteora to win the match and to retain the title.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: After that, Jonathan Gresham defended the ROH World Championship against Chris Sabin in a Pure Rules match. After back and forth pinning attempts, Gresham got the upper hand after he pinned Sabin in a bridge variation to retain the title.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: In the seventh match, Jonah faced Josh Alexander. Early in the match, Jonah's left leg was caught in the rope, which became a target for Alexander. After several ankle-locks attempts, Alexander managed to submit Jonah.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: The next match saw a 10-man Hardcore War between the team of Eddie Edwards, Heath, Rhino, Rich Swann and Willie Mack against the team of The Good Brothers (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson) and Violent By Design (Deaner, Eric Young and Joe Doering). In this match, two wrestlers would start for three minutes, and in every 90 seconds, a new entrant would joing the match. In the end, Rhino gored Anderson, followed by Heath pinning him to win the match for his team. After the match, Matt Taven, Mike Bennett, PCO and Vincent, all who worked for Ring of Honor (ROH), attacked the winning team as they were accompanied by Maria Kanellis.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: In the penultimate match, Moose defended the Impact World Championship against Matt Cardona and W. Morrissey in a three-way match. In the end, Moose speared Cardona to win the match and retain the title.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: In the main event, Mickie James defended the Knockouts Championship against Deonna Purrazzo in a Texas Deathmatch. In this match, the wrestlers had ten seconds to get to their feet after a pinfall. After James pinned Purrazzo with the Mickie-DT, James put a chair and a broken table over Purrazzo to prevent her to stand up, and as Purrazzo failed to do so, James officially won the match and retained the title.


title: Hard To Kill (2022)

text: On the January 13 episode of "Impact!", Deonna Purrazzo successfully defended the AAA Reina de Reinas Championship in a Winner Takes All match against the ROH Women's World Champion Rok-C, winning the Women's World Championship in the process to become a double champion.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: MikuMikuDance (commonly abbreviated to MMD) is a freeware animation program that lets users animate and create 3D animated movies, originally produced for the Vocaloid character Hatsune Miku. The MikuMikuDance program itself was programmed by Yu Higuchi (HiguchiM) and has gone through significant upgrades since its creation. Its production was made as part of the VOCALOID Promotion Video Project (VPVP).


title: MikuMikuDance

text: The software allows users to import 3D models into a virtual space that can be moved and animated accordingly. The positioning of the 3D figures can be easily altered, the facial expressions can be altered (as long as the model has morphs to use), and motion data can be applied to the model to make it move. Along with these functions for models, accessories, stages, and backgrounds can be added to create an environment, and effects such as lens flares and AutoLuminous (an effect that makes things glow and light up) can be applied as long as the MikuMikuEffect (MME) plugin is installed into the interface. Sound and music can also be added to create music videos, short films, and fan-made stories. The motion data used to animate the characters and the pose data mainly used for making screenshots can be exported as .vmd (Vocaloid Motion Data) files and .vpd (Vocaloid Pose Data) files, respectively. The exported files can then be imported into other projects made with software that can use the file types. This allows users to share the data with other users. The software also uses the Bullet physics engine. Users can also use Microsoft's Kinect for motion capturing. Map shadowing, screenshot rendering in several picture file formats and full movie rendering in the .avi file format are also possible.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: With the exception of a few models, stages, motion data and accessories that come with the software upon download, all content, including the 3D models, is distributed by the users, meaning all rules and restrictions (or lack thereof) vary greatly from case to case. Most models' rules may be found in its Readme file, which may be a .txt, pdf or a webpage file. The creator, HiguchiM, has stated he can make no promises regarding how other users' fan models can or cannot be used, and is exempt from all responsibility relating to this subject. Models created by other users are often available for public download. As MikuMikuDance is exclusively a posing and animation software, modelers use 3D modeling software, such as Blender or Metasequoia, to create the model and UV map, while the majority of conversion to the MMD platform (such as facial morphs, bones and physical bodies) is done with a program made exclusively for MMD model conversion, PMD Editor or its successor PMX editor.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: The software itself comes with a small number of models of well-known Vocaloids and an invisible grid, to which particle effects can be attached to in MME, a stage, some accessories, and two samples of what MMD can do, in the form of .pmm files; the file type that MMD projects are saved as. The software was originally only released in Japanese; however an English version was released at a later date. Videos using the software are regularly seen on sites such as Nico Nico Douga and YouTube and are popular among Vocaloid fans and users alike. A magazine which hands out exclusive models with every issue was also produced owing to this popularity. Some models for Vocaloid may also be used for Vocaloid music, going on to be used by studios working with the Vocaloid software.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: Many people also buy Windows100% magazines which give models exclusive to the public. These come out once every month and due to popularity, model creators are giving out secret models, as well as the models people have paid for. Most of these tend to be Vocaloid or models that do not have a particular copyright holder.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: On May 26, 2011, continual updating of the software came to an end and the last version was released. In a closing statement, the creator left the software in the hands of the fans to continue building upon. Despite this, the source code has not been released, and the developer has no intentions of doing so, making it impossible for people to continue building upon the original software. However, there are alternative programs that provide similar functionality, such as MikuMikuMoving (MMD's "replacement" that is updated frequently and has many of the features of MMD, as well as new file formats unique to the program, support for the Oculus Rift head-mounted display and a new UI, among other features), and the free software, Blender.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: Between then and now, there have been several additions to MMD version 7.39, mainly the addition of the x64 version, which runs better than the normal version and is designed to use the power of 64-bit computers that 32-bit computers lack. This results in better performance, faster render times, and higher quality, to name a few.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: However, on June 1, 2013, MikuMikuDance's creator began to release updates for the program very suddenly. After he began releasing updates again, there have been 20 new versions and the 64-bit versions of them. Before June 1, the latest version was 7.39, which was released on May 26, 2011. MMD ver. 7.39 received several program updates between its initial release and the time of ver. 7.39m's release. Most of these updates were only made to increase compatibility with newer, more advanced .pmx models. It is unknown why the creator began editing the software again. On December 10, 2019, version 9.32 was released which is the most current version.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: In December 2014, Sekai Project announced that they had acquired permission to release "MikuMikuDance" on Steam. However, , it has been unreleased.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: The first anime television series to be fully produced with the software, "Straight Title Robot Anime", premiered on February 5, 2013.


title: MikuMikuDance

text: The software was released as freeware. The models of the Vocaloid mascot series provided with the software are subject to the Piapro Character License, and are not allowed to be used without permission for commercial reasons. Although the software is distributed freely, models released independently of the software may not be — original produced models, motion data, and landscapes may be subject to their creator's own rules. The program does not include all of the Vocaloid characters by default, but it includes Crypton Future Media's Vocaloids which are Hatsune Miku, Kagamine Rin, Kagamine Len, KAITO, MEIKO, and Megurine Luka; and although Yowane Haku, Akita Neru, Sakine Meiko, and Kasane Teto are not official Vocaloids (Teto being an UTAU), they became so popular that Crypton officially licensed and added them to .


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Potassium ferricyanide is the chemical compound with the formula K[Fe(CN)]. This bright red salt contains the octahedrally coordinated [Fe(CN)] ion. It is soluble in water and its solution shows some green-yellow fluorescence. It was discovered in 1822 by Leopold Gmelin.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Potassium ferricyanide is manufactured by passing chlorine through a solution of potassium ferrocyanide. Potassium ferricyanide separates from the solution:


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Like other metal cyanides, solid potassium ferricyanide has a complicated polymeric structure. The polymer consists of octahedral [Fe(CN)] centers crosslinked with K ions that are bound to the CN ligands. The K---NCFe linkages break when the solid is dissolved in water.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: The compound is also used to harden iron and steel, in electroplating, dyeing wool, as a laboratory reagent, and as a mild oxidizing agent in organic chemistry.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: The compound has widespread use in blueprint drawing and in photography (Cyanotype process). Several photographic print toning processes involve the use of potassium ferricyanide.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Potassium ferricyanide was used as an oxidizing agent to remove silver from color negatives and positives during processing, a process called bleaching. Because potassium ferricyanide bleaches are environmentally unfriendly, short-lived, and capable of releasing hydrogen cyanide gas if mixed with high concentrations and volumes of acid, bleaches using ferric EDTA have been used in color processing since the 1972 introduction of the Kodak C-41 process. In color lithography, potassium ferricyanide is used to reduce the size of color dots without reducing their number, as a kind of manual color correction called dot etching.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Ferricyanide is also used in black-and-white photography with sodium thiosulfate (hypo) to reduce the density of a negative or gelatin silver print where the mixture is known as Farmer's reducer; this can help offset problems from overexposure of the negative, or brighten the highlights in the print.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Potassium ferricyanide is a used as an oxidant in organic chemistry. It is an oxidant for catalyst regeneration in Sharpless dihydroxylations.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Potassium ferricyanide is also one of two compounds present in ferroxyl indicator solution (along with phenolphthalein) that turns blue (Prussian blue) in the presence of Fe ions, and which can therefore be used to detect metal oxidation that will lead to rust. It is possible to calculate the number of moles of Fe ions by using a colorimeter, because of the very intense color of Prussian blue.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: In physiology experiments potassium ferricyanide provides a means increasing a solution's redox potential (E°' ~ 436 mV at pH 7). As such, it can oxidize reduced cytochrome c (E°' ~ 247 mV at pH 7) in isolated mitochondria. Sodium dithionite is usually used as a reducing chemical in such experiments (E°' ~ −420 mV at pH 7).


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Potassum ferricyanide is used to determine the ferric reducing power potential of a sample (extract, chemical compound, etc.). Such a measurement is used to determine of the antioxidant property of a sample.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Potassium ferricyanide is a component of amperometric biosensors as an electron transfer agent replacing an enzyme's natural electron transfer agent such as oxygen as with the enzyme glucose oxidase. It is an ingredient in commercially available blood glucose meters for use by diabetics.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Potassium ferricyanide is combined with potassium hydroxide (or sodium hydroxide as a substitute) and water to formulate Murakami's etchant. This etchant is used by metallographers to provide contrast between binder and carbide phases in cemented carbides.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Prussian blue, the deep blue pigment in blue printing, is generated by the reaction of K[Fe(CN)] with ferrous (Fe) ions as well as K[Fe(CN)] with ferric salts.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: In histology, potassium ferricyanide is used to detect ferrous iron in biological tissue. Potassium ferricyanide reacts with ferrous iron in acidic solution to produce the insoluble blue pigment, commonly referred to as Turnbull's blue or Prussian blue. To detect ferric (Fe) iron, potassium "ferrocyanide" is used instead in the Perls' Prussian blue staining method. The material formed in the Turnbull's blue reaction and the compound formed in the Prussian blue reaction are the same.


title: Potassium ferricyanide

text: Potassium ferricyanide has low toxicity, its main hazard being that it is a mild irritant to the eyes and skin. However, under very strongly acidic conditions, highly toxic hydrogen cyanide gas is evolved, according to the equation:


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: Faerie Tale Theatre (also known as Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre) is an American live-action fairytale fantasy drama anthology television series of 27 episodes, that originally aired on Showtime from September 11, 1982 until November 14, 1987. It is a retelling of 26 fairy tales, particularly those written by The Brothers Grimm, Charles Perrault and Hans Christian Andersen, an additional episode is based on the poem "The Pied Piper of Hamelin".


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: The 27th episode was a reunion episode of cast and crew titled "Grimm Party", in which in Fairytale style, celebrating the series they attended a gala in fancy dress.


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: The series follow a similar style to an earlier series narrated by Shirley Temple, titled "Shirley Temple's Storybook", that ran from 1958 and 1961 and also featured numerous Hollywood stars in roles.


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: Actress Shelley Duvall who conceived the series, served as executive producer and host alongside associate producers Bridget Terry and Fred Fuchs, she also occasionally starred in episodes and was a featured narrator, as well as providing the voice of the animatronic Nightingale, in the episode of the same title.


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: Episodes were directed by Francis Ford Coppola, Ivan Passer, Emile Ardolino and Tim Burton, among others and featured numerous Hollywood performers in iconic roles.


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: The series was one of the first examples of original cable programming, alongside HBO's "Fraggle Rock".


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: The series was followed by three other less successful shorter anthologies also produced by Duvall: "Tall Tales & Legends" (9 episodes), which follows the same format as "Faerie Tale Theatre" and focuses on classic American folk tales, "Nightmare Classics" (4 episodes produced of the intended 6), aimed at a young adult audience, and "Bedtime Stories" (12 episodes).


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: Duvall began conception of "Faerie Tale Theatre" while filming the live-action 1980 film "Popeye" in Malta. She reportedly asked her co-star, Robin Williams, his opinion on "The Frog Prince", a fairy tale she was reading during production. Williams thought it was funny and would later star in the namesake pilot episode of the series, written, narrated and directed by Monty Python's Eric Idle, who himself would appear in the future episode "The Pied Piper of Hamelin". Many of the episodes produced by Fred Fuchs in association with Duvall, were written by Rod Ash, Mark Curtiss, Maryedith Burrell and Robert C. Jones. All of the episodes were produced and shot from 1982 to 1985 and videotaped mostly at the ABC Television Studios in Hollywood, California.


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: Every episode opened with Duvall introducing herself and giving a brief synopsis of the fairy tale to follow. Each episode features live-action adaptations, with celebrities from the performance world in costume. Duvall features in three episodes playing various characters and narrates three others.


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: Many episodes feature backdrops and settings inspired by specific artists and children's book illustrators, including


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: "Faerie Tale Theatre" was released on VHS, Betamax, CED, and Laserdisc in the 1980s through mid 1990s, initially by CBS/FOX Video (which was also in Australia.), followed by Playhouse Video (an extended label under CBS/FOX), and later Razz Ma Tazz Entertainment/Cabin Fever Entertainment. While in the UK, it was released by MGM-UA Home Video.


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: Starmaker II held the rights to the series from 2004 to 2006, and at first released 26 episodes as individual DVDs. This was followed by a double-sided 4-disc box set and then a 6-disc box set, each version containing the same 26 episodes. The "Greatest Moments" episode was not included in this release.


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: After 2006, Koch Vision held the series' distribution rights, and in November 2006 licensed the rights worldwide (excluding DVDs in North America) to the British company 3DD Entertainment. A new remastered 7-disc box set, including the lost "Greatest Moments" episode, was released by Koch Vision on September 2, 2008. In 2009, Koch Vision released the episodes by theme on six DVD compilations: "Tales from the Brothers Grimm" ("Hansel and Gretel", "Rapunzel", "Rumpelstiltskin", and "Little Red Riding Hood"), "Funny Tales" ("The Tale of The Frog Prince", "Pinocchio", "The Three Little Pigs" and "The Princess Who Had Never Laughed"), "Tales from Hans Christian Andersen" ("The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Nightingale", "The Snow Queen" and "Thumbelina"), "Princess Tales" ("Cinderella", "The Little Mermaid", "The Dancing Princesses" and "The Princess and the Pea"), "Magical Tales" ("Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp", "Beauty and the Beast", "Puss in Boots" and "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs") and "Bedtime Tales" ("Jack and the Beanstalk", "Sleeping Beauty", "Rip Van Winkle" and "Goldilocks and the Three Bears").


title: Faerie Tale Theatre

text: "Faerie Tale Theatre" won a Peabody Award, a TCA Award, and a Golden CableACE Award. It later aired as edited re-runs on the Disney Channel as well as in syndication on various television stations, including PBS and BookTelevision.


title: Arab diaspora

text: Arab diaspora (also known as MENA diaspora, as a short version for the Middle East and North Africa diaspora) refers to descendants of the Arab emigrants who, voluntarily or as refugees, emigrated from their native lands to non-Arab countries, primarily in Central America, South America, Europe, North America, and parts of Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and West Africa. In a more specific view, emigrants from Arab countries, such as Sudan or the Palestinian territories, also make up important national groups of their countries' diaspora in other Arab states, such as the Gulf states or Saudi Arabia.


title: Arab diaspora

text: Arab expatriates contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. In 2009 Arab countries received a total of US$35.1 billion in remittance in-flows and remittances sent to Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries. Large numbers of Arabs migrated to West Africa, particularly Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria. Since the end of the civil war in 2002, Lebanese traders have become re-established in Sierra Leone.


title: Arab diaspora

text: According to Saudi Aramco World, the largest concentration of Arabs outside the Arab World is in Brazil, which has 9 million Brazilians of Arab ancestry. Of these 9 million Arabs, 6 million are of Lebanese ancestry, making Brazil's population of Lebanese equivalent to that of Lebanon itself. However, these figures are contradicted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), which is the agency responsible for official collection of statistical information in Brazil. According to the 2010 Brazilian census conducted by IBGE, there were only 12,336 Lebanese nationals living in Brazil and other Arab nationalities were so small that they were not even listed. The Brazilian census does not ask about ancestry or family origin. There is a question about nationality and, according to the Brazilian law, any person born in Brazil is a Brazilian national by birth and right for any purpose, nationally or internationally - not an Arab. The last Brazilian census to ask about family origin was conducted in 1940. At that time, 107,074 Brazilians said they had a Syrian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Iraqi or Arab father. Native Arabs were 46,105 and naturalized Brazilians were 5,447. In 1940, Brazil had 41,169,321 inhabitants, hence Arabs and their children were 0.38% of Brazil's population in 1940.


title: Arab diaspora

text: Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, Mexico and Chile. Palestinians cluster in Chile and Central America, particularly El Salvador, and Honduras. The Palestinian community in Chile is the fourth largest in the world after those in Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. Arab Haitians (a large number of whom live in the capital) are more often than not, concentrated in financial areas where the majority of them establish businesses. In the United States, there are around 3.5 million people of Arab ancestry.


title: Arab diaspora

text: It has been estimated that there are as many as four million Indonesians with at least partial Arab ancestry. They are generally well-integrated socially with Indonesian society, and identify as Indonesians. In the 2010 census, 118,886 people, amounting to 0.05% of the population, identified themselves as being of Arab ethnicity.


title: Jesse Hutch

text: Jesse Hutch (born February 12, 1981) is a Canadian-born American film and television actor. He spends his time travelling between the USA and Canada. He worked on the television show "American Dreams" as Jimmy Riley, romantic interest of main character Meg Pryor (Brittany Snow). In 2007, he played a major character on the Sci-Fi Channel TV-movie "Termination Point". Most recently, he had a recurring role in the second season of "Arrow" and the second season of "Batwoman".


title: Jesse Hutch

text: Hutch grew up in various places across Canada. He attended an Outdoor Education Program at Algonquin College. He was a white water raft guide for four years before beginning to pursue a career as an actor. He first appeared in character roles in productions such as "Dark Angel", "Smallville" and "Taken".


title: Brand X

text: Brand X were a jazz fusion band formed in London in 1974. They were active until 1980, followed by a reformation between 1992 and 1999, and were active following a 2016 reunion until 2021. Members have included John Goodsall (guitar), Percy Jones (bass), Robin Lumley (keyboards), and Phil Collins (drums). Jones was the sole constant member throughout the band's existence until October 2020 when he left the band. Founding member Goodsall died on 10 November 2021.


title: Brand X

text: In 1974, rehearsals began for developing a five-piece instrumental jazz fusion group at Island Studios in London, which was set to include Percy Jones on bass and Phil Collins (of Genesis) on drums. They had secured a recording deal with Island Records and prepared tracks for a studio album which originally included vocals. However, the vocals were negatively received from Island management, leaving the group to write new material, at the suggestion of Island A&R man Richard Williams. With Collins tied up with other commitments, the band settled on a founding line-up of Jones, John Goodsall on guitar, Robin Lumley on keyboards and vocals, Pete Bonas on guitar, John Dillon on drums and percussion, and Phil Spinelli on percussion and lead vocals. Dillon had left by the end of 1974, and a newly available Collins took his place in 1975. The four recorded "Unorthodox Behaviour" in September and October 1975 at Trident Studios with Jack Lancaster on saxophone. They were named Brand X after Island Records staffer Danny Wilding wrote down "Brand X" to keep track of their activity on the studio calendar, and the name stuck. In preparation for their upcoming gigs, the four were joined by Geoff Seopardi on percussion by December 1975. Genesis manager Tony Smith became their manager.


title: Brand X

text: Brand X played their first gigs with a series of low key warm-up shows in November and December 1975. These were followed by a full-scale tour across the UK from February 1976, mainly on the college circuit. They had little funds, resorting to renting a synthesiser and PA system, operated with a small road crew, and often played support for the headlining act. "Moroccan Roll" was released in April 1977 and peaked at No. 37 in the UK and No. 125 in the US. With Collins leaving the group for other commitments, Kenwood Dennard of Pat Martino's group was recruited in New York City in time for their 32-date US tour in May and June 1977. Collins briefly returned later in 1977 for a series of dates, including a spot at the tenth Crystal Palace Garden Party in London and the Fête de l'Humanité in Paris on the same day on a specially chartered plane, the latter attended by an estimated 200,000 people.


title: Brand X

text: Following the 1977 tour, the band would recruit keyboardist Peter Robinson and Chuck Burgi on drums to record the "Masques" album. Released in 1978, it was the first and only Brand X album during the period to not feature Phil Collins on drums. The band would once again embark on a tour to promote this album in 1978, with a couple different drummers in place of Chuck Burgi. The next year, 1979, signalled the end of Brand X's recording sessions for over 10 years. It was in this time that they would record "Product" that same year, "Do They Hurt?" in 1980, and 1982's "Is There Anything About?."Following the completion of the recording sessions, the band embarked on a world tour, following which Collins departed for the final time. Clark returned to the drum stool, and the band toured the UK in April and May 1980 (co-headlining with Bruford).


title: Brand X

text: With the passing of John Goodsall, Percy Jones and Robin Lumley confirmed on Facebook, on 14 November 2021, that the Brand X name is now officially retired. No further activity will be done under that name.


title: Brand X

text: John Goodsall passed on November 10th 2021 at The Mayo Clinic Rochester in Minnesota from complications due to Covid-19.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: Jonathan Rechner (April 11, 1972 – April 12, 2016), better known by his ring name Balls Mahoney, was an American professional wrestler. He is perhaps best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) during the late 1990s and early 2000s, where he was a three-time ECW Tag Team Champion, as well as working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on its ECW brand.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: Rechner was born in Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey. A graduate of Manasquan High School where he competed on the school's wrestling team, He started wrestling at the age of 15.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: Rechner trained at the Monster Factory and debuted in 1987, at age 15, as "Abbudah Singh". He began wrestling on the independent circuit in New Jersey.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: He made a name for himself as Boo Bradley Jr. (a take-off of the character Boo Radley from "To Kill a Mockingbird") in Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). He was originally allied with Chris Candido and managed by Tammy Sytch, who abused him for months, but they eventually turned on him, killing his pet cat, and turning him into a fan favorite in the process. He formed a friendship with Cactus Jack during this time. He went on to have a lengthy rivalry with Candido and Sytch. After his battles with Candido he moved on to a feud with Killer Kyle of the Gangstas. During his time in SMW Bradley won the SMW Beat the Champ Television Championship twice.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: In 1995, he briefly appeared in the World Wrestling Federation as Xanta Klaus. At in December, while Savio Vega and "Santa Claus" were at ringside handing out presents and playing to the fans, villainous manager "Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase appeared. DiBiase proclaimed that everyone had a price, even Santa. As Vega argued with DiBiase, "Santa" jumped him from behind and attacked him. DiBiase laughed his trademark laugh and introduced this warped Santa as Xanta Klaus, from the South Pole who steals presents. As Xanta, Rechner made only a couple more appearances (one on the following night's "Monday Night Raw"), before never being mentioned again.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: After WWF, Rechner wrestled as Boo Bradley for Mid Eastern Wrestling Federation where he became the MEWF Mid-Atlantic Champion.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: In 1996, Rechner signed with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). He debuted at Holiday Hell as "Balls Mahoney". Capitalizing on the ECW crowd's lust for violence and the hardcore attitude Rechner was never seen without his signature steel chair, usually with some kind of writing or sign placed on it, which he would use to bash any opponent at any time. He would come to the ring to the AC/DC song "Big Balls" and lead the crowd in singing the chorus before or after his matches. While in ECW he teamed with Axl Rotten, a similar hardcore and violent wrestler, and the duo became informally known as "The Hardcore Chair Swingin' Freaks". They feuded with The Dudley Boyz (Buh Buh Ray and D-Von) during their tenure.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: Mahoney made his pay-per-view debut at November to Remember, participating in a Four-Way Dance match for the Tag Team Championship, along with his partner Rotten; The F.B.I. (Tracy Smothers and Little Guido) retained the titles. At Living Dangerously, they participated in a three-way dance, along with the Dudleyz in a losing effort to Spike Dudley and New Jack. Mahoney and Rotten got another chance at the titles at Wrestlepalooza against Chris Candido and Lance Storm, but lost.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: After failing to win the titles with Rotten, Mahoney found a new partner in Masato Tanaka. At November to Remember, the two defeated Dudley Boyz to win the World Tag Team Championship, thus beginning Mahoney's first reign as tag champion. Six days later, Mahoney and Tanaka dropped the titles to the Dudleyz in a rematch. At Guilty as Charged, Mahoney and Rotten defeated the F.B.I. and Danny Doring and Roadkill in a three-way dance.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: Mahoney's first singles match at a pay-per-view was a victory over Steve Corino at Living Dangerously. Shortly after, Mahoney formed a tag team with Spike Dudley. At Hardcore Heaven, the two faced the Dudleyz in a championship match but failed to win the title. The two teams faced in a rematch at Heat Wave, and this time, Mahoney and Dudley won the match and the World Tag Team Championship, marking Mahoney's second individual reign. At a show in August, the duo re-lost the title to the Dudleyz.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: On the edition of August 14 of "ECW on TNN", Mahoney and Dudley defeated the Dudleyz in another rematch to win back the World Tag Team Championship. At The Last Show at the Madhouse on August 26, they lost the titles to the Dudleyz again. At Anarchy Rulz, ECW World Television Champion Rob Van Dam was scheduled to defend his title against Johnny Smith but before the match, Mahoney, Rotten, and Dudley attacked Smith and took him out of the match. Mahoney then challenged RVD for the title but lost the match.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: At November to Remember, Mahoney and Rotten lost to Da Baldies (Spanish Angel, Tony DeVito, Vito LoGrasso, and P. N. News) in a 4-on-2 handicap match.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: During an exchange of blows, ECW fans would often chant "Balls!" when Rechner landed a punch or kick on an opponent, and "Nuts!" when his opponent retaliated. At Living Dangerously, he defeated Kintaro Kanemura. He met his former tag team partner, Masato Tanaka in the first match at Hardcore Heaven, which Tanaka won.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: At Heat Wave, he lost a match to F.B.I. member Sal E. Graziano. He formed a tag team with Chilly Willy and the duo feuded with Da Baldies. After losing a match to Da Baldies at Anarchy Rulz, Mahoney and Willy defeated them in a Flaming Tables match at November to Remember. At Massacre on 34th Street, Mahoney lost to EZ Money.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: Mahoney's final ECW appearance was at ECW's final pay-per-view Guilty as Charged where Mahoney and Chilly Willy's match with Simon Diamond and Johnny Swinger ended in a no contest.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: After ECW folded, Rechner spent time in a number of independent federations across America, most notably USA Pro Wrestling (UXW) as well as Juggalo Championship Wrestling where he united with The Dead Pool (Violent J, Shaggy 2 Dope, and Raven) to become The Dead Pool 2000. He made an appearance in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) in 2004, teaming with The Sandman to face off against The Gathering. On January 9, 2004, he wrestled for Ring Of Honor losing to Samoa Joe.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: In 2005, Mahoney made a non-wrestling appearance at the World Wrestling Entertainment-promoted ECW One Night Stand reunion show, taking part—alongside Axl Rotten—in a brawl with Kid Kash, Tommy Dreamer, The Sandman, the Dudley Boyz, and The Blue World Order (bWo) before the main event. After the main event, Mahoney and Rotten returned to the ring to brawl with the "invading" Raw and SmackDown! wrestlers.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: In 2006, when WWE relaunched ECW as their own brand, one of the first announcements was the signing of Balls Mahoney. His signing was announced with that of Axl Rotten, but when Rotten missed some WWE dates and was released, Balls was left to start a singles career. During the "cross promotion" hype, Balls appeared on the June 5 edition of "Raw" with other ECW wrestlers who proceeded to attack WWE Champion John Cena. He appeared again as a part of the ECW team in the "WWE vs. ECW team battle royal" at the "WWE vs. ECW Head to Head" event on June 7. At ECW One Night Stand, Balls defeated Masato Tanaka in a match following a chair shot (denting the chair) to Tanaka's head.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: When "ECW on Sci Fi" debuted, Balls started off with a small role in the company, having sporadic matches and little else. Shortly after, his internal name within the company became "Blue Balls' due to his distinctive blue coloring. Once the show got going he started to appear in vignettes talking about how tough he was, elevating his role on the show. On the edition of September 5 of "ECW on Sci Fi" Mahoney entered a feud with Kevin Thorn after Thorn and his valet Ariel cost him a match against Stevie Richards and the next week, René Duprée.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: The following week, he brought Francine to ringside with him, marking her first televised appearance at the revived ECW ring, where she proceeded to get into a catfight with Ariel. That pairing, however, was short lived as Francine was released shortly after.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: On the edition of January 2, 2007 of "ECW on Sci Fi", Mahoney had one of his front teeth legitimately knocked out during a match with Kevin Thorn. Shortly after, Balls began a short feud with Snitsky. On the edition of June 5 of "ECW", Balls, Tommy Dreamer, and the Sandman faced Bobby Lashley in a 3 on 1 Hardcore Handicap match for the ECW World Championship, in which they were defeated.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: On the August 7, 2007 episode of "ECW", Balls went against The Miz in a losing effort. During and after the match, it appeared that Kelly Kelly was concerned about him. Over the weeks that followed, he attempted to ask her out and flirted with her backstage, but was interrupted by The Miz, Brooke, and Layla before Kelly could get a word in. Regardless, Kelly still showed interest in him each week, wishing him good luck before his match and cheering him on during his match. He asked if she would go out with him to which she could not respond due to The Miz taking her backstage. Weeks later, however, Kelly asked him out, starting an on-screen relationship.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: On February 29, 2008, Balls made his return to television on "SmackDown", taking on Big Daddy V. The match went to a no contest after The Undertaker chokeslammed Mahoney. Mahoney was released from his WWE contract on April 28, 2008.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: On December 13, 2008, he returned to wrestling in World Wrestling Council his re-debut match against Abdullah the Butcher in Bayamon Puerto Rico in the annual event WWC Lockout, Abdullah the Butcher's final match in WWC. On April 16, he and Brother Runt appeared on "TNA Impact!" to wish Team 3D luck in their match at Lockdown. They later were attacked by Beer Money, Inc. Mahoney made an appearance for Insane Clown Posse's Juggalo Championship Wrestling at the 10th Annual Gathering Of The Juggalos on August 8, 2009, interfering in a "Loser Leaves JCW" match between 2 Tuff Tony and Viscera, which also featured WWE Hall of Famer Terry Funk as a special guest referee. After Viscera won the match, he, Mahoney, and Funk all attacked Tony. Also, as of late 2009, Mahoney has become a regular competitor for National Wrestling Superstars. On May 8, 2010, Mahoney made his debut for Ring of Honor, saving Grizzly Redwood from Erick Stevens and The Embassy. On July 29, 2010, it was confirmed that Mahoney would take part in TNA's ECW reunion show Hardcore Justice on August 8. However, his name was later pulled from the event's official website. At the event Rechner, using the ring name Kahoneys, teamed with Axl Rotten in a South Philadelphia Street Fight, where they were defeated by Team 3D. After the match Rechner vented his frustrations on Axl Rotten, proclaiming that he would never again team with him.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: On September 11, 2010, Rechner returned to Ring of Honor at Glory By Honor IX, where he, competing under the ring name Ballz Mahoney, teamed with Grizzly Redwood in a losing effort against Erick Stevens and Necro Butcher. On October 23, 2010, Mahoney and Axl Rotten reunited at a Jersey All Pro Wrestling, where they unsuccessfully challenged Monsta Mack and Havok for the JAPW Tag Team Championship, in a three-way match, which was won by Sami Callihan and Chris Dickinson. On October 18, 2014, Mahoney was defeated by Sabu to crown the first WWL Extreme Champion at Insurrection. Mahoney's last match before his death took place at the DFC A Very Deathproof Christmas event on December 6, 2015, defeating Shaunymo in a Flaming Tables Match in Toronto, Ontario.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: Rechner had numerous tattoos, including two tribal pieces, a dragon and inverted pentagram on his arm (he was a member of the Church of Satan), and a tattoo dedicated to deceased wrestler and the namesake of his son Chris Candido. Rechner and Candido were childhood friends who got their start in the wrestling business setting up rings for local shows during their teenage years and eventually trained together at the Monster Factory.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: On August 21, 2010, Rechner was charged with disorderly conduct after brandishing a knife during a staged fight with fellow wrestler "Calypso" Jim Zaccone in South Brunswick, New Jersey. The fight was meant to drum up publicity for an upcoming match in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.


title: Balls Mahoney

text: On April 12, 2016, a day after his 44th birthday, Rechner died suddenly at his home in Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey. He was watching "Jeopardy!" as he laid on his side to get more comfortable. Moments later, his wife noticed he was unconscious and called 911 before attempting CPR. However, he had already died before medics arrived. His death was first reported via Twitter by Johnny Candido. His autopsy was released in August 2016, where it ruled that he had died of a heart attack. On October 21, 2016, it was revealed Rechner had experienced CTE. As a result of the CTE diagnosis, the Rechner family became part of a class-action lawsuit against the WWE over these reports and was represented by attorney Konstantine Kyros. U.S. district judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant dismissed the lawsuit in September 2018.


title: Mohan Joshi

text: Mohan Joshi is an Indian film, television and theater actor. He has worked in Hindi, Marathi and Bhojpuri films.


title: Mohan Joshi

text: Joshi was born in Bangalore, Karnataka. He made his acting debut in Pune, Maharashtra. For better career prospects, he later moved to Mumbai.


title: Mohan Joshi

text: Joshi started his career as a theatre artist in Pune. He was noticed through the play "Kuryat Sada Tingalam". Along with Anand Abhyankar and Suhasini Deshpande, the show was performed more than 1000 times.


title: Mohan Joshi

text: Joshi later on got various roles in Hindi and Marathi films. His 1993 comedy film "Savat Mazi Ladki" directed by Smita Talwalkar was quite successful. Joshi played the lead role of a doctor husband of actress Neena Kulkarni and who is engaged in an extra-marital affair with his junior doctor played by Varsha Usgaonkar. For his work in "Tu Tithe Mee" (1998), Joshi's work was appreciated. Produced by Smita Talwalkar and directed by Sanjay Surkar, the film was adjudged as the Best Feature Film in Marathi at the 46th National Film Awards. In their official citation, the jury noted Joshi's and his co-star Suhas Joshi's works by quoting "Beautiful performance by Mohan Joshi and Suhas Joshi are the highlights of the film." He won his only National Film Awards till now for 1999 Marathi film "Gharabaher" as a Special Mention (Feature Film) "for his wonderfully controlled performance of a corrupt politician". at 47th National Film Awards. In 2009, he played the lead role of Gadge Maharaj, a social reformer and saint from Maharashtra, in the film "Debu".


title: Mohan Joshi

text: Joshi also played various character and side roles in Hindi films and is known for his portrayal of negative roles. For the role of Tirpat Singh in the Hindi film "Mrityudand" (1997), Joshi received the Screen Award for Best Villain. His villainous role of Sadhu Yadav in the 2003 Hindi film "Gangaajal" directed by Prakash Jha was appreciated. This socio-political film was based on the Bhagalpur blindings that happened in 1980. He has also worked in Bhojpuri films.


title: Mohan Joshi

text: Joshi stepped in the Hindi television industry through the show "Jamuniya" in 2010 that aired on Imagine TV.


title: Mohan Joshi

text: Joshi was president of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Parishad from 2003 to 2011 and then reelected in 2013 to at present. .


title: Mohan Joshi

text: On 16 October 2021 Zee Marathi awarded them their highest award " Jeevan Gaurav "award for their successful completion of almost 50 years in both bollywood and marathi industry.


title: Thoracic duct

text: In human anatomy, the thoracic duct is the larger of the two lymph ducts of the lymphatic system. It is also known as the "left lymphatic duct", "alimentary duct", "chyliferous duct", and "Van Hoorne's canal". The other duct is the right lymphatic duct. The thoracic duct carries chyle, a liquid containing both lymph and emulsified fats, rather than pure lymph. It also collects most of the lymph in the body other than from the right thorax, arm, head, and neck (which are drained by the right lymphatic duct). The thoracic duct usually starts from the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12) and extends to the root of the neck. It drains into the systemic (blood) circulation at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins, at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein.


title: Thoracic duct

text: When the duct ruptures, the resulting flood of liquid into the pleural cavity is known as chylothorax.


title: Thoracic duct

text: In adults, the thoracic duct is typically 38–45 cm in length and has an average diameter of about 5 mm. The vessel usually starts from the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12) and extends to the root of the neck. It drains into the systemic (blood) circulation at the angle of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins as a single trunk, at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein.


title: Thoracic duct

text: The thoracic duct originates in the abdomen from the confluence of the right and left lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk, forming a significant pathway upward called the cisterna chyli. It traverses the diaphragm at the aortic aperture, and ascends the superior and posterior mediastinum between the descending thoracic aorta (to its left) and the azygos vein (to its right). The duct extends vertically in the chest and curves posteriorly to the left carotid artery and left internal jugular vein. At the T5 vertebral level it crosses the midline to the left side. It ascends further to terminate into the systemic (blood) circulation at the venous angle of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins i.e. the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein, below the clavicle, near the shoulders.


title: Thoracic duct

text: The thoracic duct collects most of the lymph in the body other than from the right thorax, arm, head, and neck. These are drained by the right lymphatic duct.


title: Thoracic duct

text: The lymph transport, in the thoracic duct, is mainly caused by the action of breathing, aided by the duct's smooth muscle and by internal valves which prevent the lymph from flowing back down again. There are also two valves at the junction of the duct with the left subclavian vein, to prevent the flow of venous blood into the duct. In adults, the thoracic duct transports up to 4 L of lymph per day.


title: Thoracic duct

text: The first sign of a malignancy, especially an intra-abdominal one, may be an enlarged Virchow's node, a lymph node in the left supraclavicular area, in the vicinity where the thoracic duct empties into the left brachiocephalic vein, right between where the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular join (i.e., the left Pirogoff angle). When the thoracic duct is blocked or damaged a large amount of lymph can quickly accumulate in the pleural cavity, this situation is called chylothorax.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: Nested RAID levels, also known as hybrid RAID, combine two or more of the standard RAID levels (where "RAID" stands for "redundant array of independent disks") to gain performance, additional redundancy or both, as a result of combining properties of different standard RAID layouts.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: Nested RAID levels are usually numbered using a series of numbers, where the most commonly used levels use two numbers. The first number in the numeric designation denotes the lowest RAID level in the "stack", while the rightmost one denotes the highest layered RAID level; for example, RAID 50 layers the data striping of RAID 0 on top of the distributed parity of RAID 5. Nested RAID levels include RAID 01, RAID 10, RAID 100, RAID 50 and RAID 60, which all combine data striping with other RAID techniques; as a result of the layering scheme, RAID 01 and RAID 10 represent significantly different nested RAID levels.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: RAID 01, also called RAID 0+1, is a RAID level using a mirror of stripes, achieving both replication and sharing of data between disks. The usable capacity of a RAID 01 array is the same as in a RAID 1 array made of the same drives, in which one half of the drives is used to mirror the other half. formula_1, where formula_2 is the total number of drives and formula_3 is the capacity of the smallest drive in the array.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: At least four disks are required in a standard RAID 01 configuration, but larger arrays are also used.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: RAID 03, also called RAID 0+3 and sometimes RAID 53, is similar to RAID 01 with the exception that byte-level striping with dedicated parity is used instead of mirroring.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: RAID 10, also called RAID 1+0 and sometimes RAID 1&0, is similar to RAID 01 with an exception that the two used standard RAID levels are layered in the opposite order; thus, RAID 10 is a stripe of mirrors.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: RAID 10, as recognized by the storage industry association and as generally implemented by RAID controllers, is a RAID 0 array of mirrors, which may be two- or three-way mirrors, and requires a minimum of four drives. However, a nonstandard definition of "RAID 10" was created for the Linux MD driver; Linux "RAID 10" can be implemented with as few as two disks. Implementations supporting two disks such as Linux RAID 10 offer a choice of layouts. Arrays of more than four disks are also possible.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: According to manufacturer specifications and official independent benchmarks, in most cases RAID 10 provides better throughput and latency than all other RAID levels except RAID 0 (which wins in throughput). Thus, it is the preferable RAID level for I/O-intensive applications such as database, email, and web servers, as well as for any other use requiring high disk performance.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: RAID 50, also called RAID 5+0, combines the straight block-level striping of RAID 0 with the distributed parity of RAID 5. As a RAID 0 array striped across RAID 5 elements, minimal RAID 50 configuration requires six drives. On the right is an example where three collections of 120 GB RAID 5s are striped together to make 720 GB of total storage space.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: One drive from each of the RAID 5 sets could fail without loss of data; for example, a RAID 50 configuration including three RAID 5 sets can tolerate three maximum potential simultaneous drive failures (but only one per RAID 5 set). Because the reliability of the system depends on quick replacement of the bad drive so the array can rebuild, it is common to include hot spares that can immediately start rebuilding the array upon failure. However, this does not address the issue that the array is put under maximum strain reading every bit to rebuild the array at the time when it is most vulnerable.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: RAID 50 improves upon the performance of RAID 5 particularly during writes, and provides better fault tolerance than a single RAID level does. This level is recommended for applications that require high fault tolerance, capacity and random access performance. As the number of drives in a RAID set increases, and the capacity of the drives increase, this impacts the fault-recovery time correspondingly as the interval for rebuilding the RAID set increases.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: RAID 60, also called RAID 6+0, combines the straight block-level striping of RAID 0 with the distributed double parity of RAID 6, resulting in a RAID 0 array striped across RAID 6 elements. It requires at least eight disks.


title: Nested RAID levels

text: RAID 100, sometimes also called RAID 10+0, is a stripe of RAID 10s. This is logically equivalent to a wider RAID 10 array, but is generally implemented using software RAID 0 over hardware RAID 10. Being "striped two ways", RAID 100 is described as a "plaid RAID".


title: Nested RAID levels

text: The following table provides an overview of some considerations for nested RAID levels. In each case:


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: Presidential elections were held in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on 12 June 1991. This was the first Russian presidential election in the country's history. The election was held roughly three months after Russians voted in favor of establishing a presidency and holding direct elections in a referendum held in March that year. The result was a victory for Boris Yeltsin, who received 58.6% of the vote.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: In the election of the Supreme Soviet of Russia's Congress of People's Deputies of Russia lower chamber members in the 1990 Russian legislative election, communist candidates won 86% of the seats. On 31 May 1990, Boris Yeltsin was elected Chair of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation in a vote by the body's members; this made him the "de facto" leader of the Russian SFSR. The vote had been relatively close, as Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev had unsuccessfully tried to convince enough members of the Supreme Soviet to vote against Yeltsin. Yelstin made an active effort to push for the creation of an office of president and for a popular election to be held to fill it. Many saw this as a desire by Yeltsin to have a mandate and power separate from the tensely divided legislature. He ultimately succeeded in having Russia hold a referendum on 14 March 1991 on whether Russia should create offices of President and Vice President, and hold elections to fill them. Russians voted in favor of creating and holding elections to these offices.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: Following the referendum, there was a period of more than a week in which a stalemate had caused the Congress of People's Deputies to go without deciding whether or not to vote on whether the Russian Federation should have a directly elected president. On 4 April the Congress of People's Deputies ordered the creation of legislation to authorize the election. While still failing to set an official date for the election, the Congress of People's Deputies provisionally scheduled the election for 12 June. This provisional date would later become the official date of the election. Ultimately, the Congress of People's Deputies would approve for an election to be held, scheduling its initial round of voting to be held roughly three months after the referendum had been decided. The election would jointly elect individuals to serve five-year terms as president and vice-president of the RSFSR.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: Several sub-national elections were scheduled to coincide with the first round of the presidential election. This included mayoral elections in Moscow and Leningrad, and executive elections in federal subjects such as Tatarstan. There were also sub-national referendums scheduled to coincide with the presidential election. These included a number of referendums in which cities were determining whether or not residents wanted to revert to their historic city names, such as in Sverdlovsk (historically Yekaterinburg) and Leningrad (historically Saint Petersburg).


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: In a difference to subsequent Russian presidential elections, a vice-presidential candidate stood for election along with the presidential candidate. Similarly to the United States presidential election system, the candidature of Vice President of the RSFSR was exhibited along with the candidacy of the President of the RSFSR as a joint entry on the ballot paper. Preliminary legislation outlining the rules of the election was passed on 24 April by the Supreme Soviet of Russia; however, it ultimately took the Supreme Soviet until three weeks before the day of the election to finalize the rules that would govern the election.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: Any citizen of the RSFSR between the ages of 35 and 65 were eligible to be elected president. Any citizen of the RSFSR over the age of 18 was eligible to vote. 50% turnout was required in order to validate the election. The winner would need to have captured 50% of the votes cast. The president would be elected to a five-year term, and could serve a maximum of two terms. Originally, the election law stipulated that, once sworn-in, the president would be required to renounce their membership of any political parties. On 23 May, the parliament voted to remove this requirement.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: All candidates needed to be nominated before they could achieve ballot registration. Candidates could be nominated by RSFSR political parties, trade unions, and public organizations. There were two ways for candidates to achieve ballot registration. The first was by providing proof of the having the support of 100,000 voters (a signature drive). The second way for candidates to obtain registration is if they received the support of 25% of the members of the Congress of People's Deputies, which would vote on whether or not to add such candidates to the ballot. On 6 May, it was announced that the deadline for nominations would be 18 May. This was also the deadline for nominating a vice-presidential running mate. Candidates were provided 200,000 rubles in public financing for their campaigns.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: In May 1991, there were some calls to postpone the election, rescheduling it for September. Those urging the postponement of the elections argued that the time before the scheduled 12 June election day provided too brief of a period for nominating candidates and campaigning. In response to these calls, election commission chairman Vasilii Kazakov argued that the law stipulated that the election would be held on 12 June and that the proposed postponement of the election would only serve to "keep Russia seething" for another three months. In mid-May, election commission chairman Vasilii Kazakov announced that the election would be budgeted at 155 million rubles.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: The results of the first round were to be counted and announced by a 22 June deadline. It had ultimately been determined that, if needed, a runoff would be scheduled to be held within two weeks after the first round.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: Due to the rushed circumstances behind the creation of the office and organization the election, many aspects of the office of President were not clear. Sufficient legislative debates were not held to outline the scope of presidential powers. It was unclear, for example, whether the president or the Congress of People's Deputies would hold ultimate legislative authority. One of the few stipulations that was made was that a two-thirds vote in the Congress of People's Deputies had the power, only if such a vote were recommended by the newly created constitutional court, to remove the president if they violated the constitution, laws, or oath of office. Work on drafting a law to outline the presidency itself began on 24 April, with approximately two months until the inaugural holder was set to occupy the office. Under the initial draft the president was the chief executive in the RSFSR, but did not have the right to dismiss the Supreme Soviet or the Congress of People's Deputies or suspend their activities. The president could not be a people's deputy and, once elected, would have needed to suspend their membership in all political parties.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: On 25 May, the newly-founded conservatives group in the Congress of People's Deputies blocked legislation championed by Yeltsin that would have explicitly allowed the president to remove local executives from office if the RSFSR Constitutional Court found them guilty of violating Russian Federation laws. The Supreme Soviet committee that had been tasked with redrafting the Russian Constitution deadlocked over the powers of the presidency. Attempts to reach a single resolution would continue after the election. By November, the committee would give up on reaching a single resolution, and opted to instead present two different drafts, one created by Yeltsin allies and one created by Yeltsin opponents. Neither of these would be approved. The failure to resolve these matters would ultimately contribute to the later eruption of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: Although Yeltsin ran as an independent, he was supported by Democratic Russia. Despite the fact that four candidates were members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikolai Ryzhkov was the only one who was officially nominated by the party. The other communists participating in the election ran as self-nominated candidates.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: Yeltsin was the vast favorite to win the election. Rather than coalescing around a single candidate to challenge Yeltsin, the forces of the Soviet Communist establishment instead fielded a number of candidates, with Ryzhkov being their official candidate. Since no candidate was believed to have a chance of outright defeating Yeltsin in the first round of the election, Communists hoped that a wider field of candidates would increase the odds that they could siphon enough support away from Yeltsin that they could force the election into a runoff (which would occur if no candidate captured more than 50% of the votes cast). Communists believed that the political climate in Russia might be different by the fall, and perhaps less favorable to Yeltsin. Thus, they wagered that, by the time that a runoff vote might be held, Yeltsin might be in a weaker position as a candidate. Ultimately, Yeltsin succeeded in capturing a majority of the votes cast in the first round, negating the need for a runoff to be held.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: Having an immensely comfortable lead, Yeltsin ran a relatively low-intensity campaign. Rather than heightening rhetoric and rallying voters, Yeltsin took a far more relaxed approach, taking very few shots at his challengers and offering very little specifics in regards policy. In contrast, his opponents, trailing Yeltsin's gargantuan lead and having very little time left to decrease their deficit, took many shots at him and at each other.


title: 1991 Russian presidential election

text: While widely celebrated both in Russia and abroad as a breakthrough in Soviet/Russian democratization, the election was not entirely free and fair. Nevertheless, many commentators have regarded the 1991 elections to have been more free and fair than all subsequent Russian presidential elections.