title: Keoladeo National Park

text: By virtue of being one of the best bird watching sites of Asia, more than 100,000 visitors come to the park every year. The range of visitors varies from very serious birdwatchers to school children. Of the visitors, 45,000 are foreign tourists. In addition, the location of the park is such that tourists visiting Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Jaipur invariably stop over at Bharatpur. The park opens from sunrise to sunset around the year. Food and accommodation facilities are available within the precincts of the park. The only accommodation inside the Keoladeo National Park is available in the property of government Bharatpur Ashoka Forest Lodge and lesser expensive Shanti Kutir, which is maintained and run by the ITDC. Bharatpur Forest Lodge is a quaint hotel in the vicinity of natural treasure trove of the park and has a total of 16 rooms to offer to visitors. Its circuit house and dak bungalow also offer good accommodation options. Visitors coming to Bharatpur can also stay in palaces, havelis and other heritage properties converted into hotels. It is always advisable to have one’s accommodation pre-booked, especially so during winters. An array of 3 star hotels and resorts are also located in the vicinity of the park where visitors can stay cozily. Besides the normal tourism activities and self-arranged bird watching tours of the Keoladeo National Park, visitors can also opt for a tour of this birding destination by selecting from an array of luxury tourist train services. Luxury trains like Palace on Wheels include Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in its tour itinerary.


title: Keoladeo National Park

text: The Bombay Natural History Society(BNHS) has done considerable work in the area, including the ringing of birds for the last 40 years. The society has recently intensified its operations and has established a hydro-biological station to monitor the ecology of the wetland. Particular attention will be given to any in dramatic change in the vegetation following the ban on grazing. Limnological studies have been carried out by the Zoology Department of the University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. The park authorities are monitoring the bird populations. A documentary film 'Indian birds of the monsoon' was produced by S. and B. Breeden in 1979–1980. The park has considerable potential for education, more so than other wetland sites in India, in view of it being relatively near to the cities of Agra, Delhi and Jaipur.


title: Keoladeo National Park

text: Between December 1992 and January 1995, a collaborative project between the Governments of India and Russia, International Crane Foundation and Wild Bird Society of Japan was set up to save the Siberian crane. The project focused on releasing captivity bred cranes into the wild, tracking migratory routes of common cranes, and building up the resident crane population in the park. Although the project did not yield the desired results, the successful survival of introduced cranes in the park has given sufficient hope to develop a viable resident population in the future.


title: Keoladeo National Park

text: A proposal for water supply to Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur was forwarded by the Government of Rajasthan seeking assistance from Planning Commission as advised and approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) vide their letter dated 10.04.2008. As per the MoEF, the proposal is beyond the purview of the existing centrally sponsored scheme of the MoEF, seems to be viable and has the potential to put an end to the eternal water scarcity in Bharatpur National Park.


title: Keoladeo National Park

text: The Keoladeo National Park is a Ramsar Wetland Site and a World Heritage Site. Due to acute water scarcity, the ecosystem of the Park has been affected badly and this has resulted in reduction in the arrival of migratory birds in the National Park. Water supply is essential for the National Park, which is a wetland and a Ramsar site facing acute shortage of water for the last few years. Currently, apart from rainfall the Park receives water from "Ajan Bund", a temporary reservoir via the Dakan canal. Through a small canal dug last year water from Khokhar Weir (Bees Mora) is also available. The total requirement of water for the Park is estimated at 14.17 million cubic meters (500 MCft). The supply from Ajan Bund is irregular and subject to the bund being full to the extent of reservoir level at 8.5 meters. During the last several years either water is not supplied or supplied insufficiently.


title: Keoladeo National Park

text: The project had been prepared to keep in view the need for 400 MCFT of water during late July to August, for a period of 30 days to the Park which is to be had by diverting and lifting flood waters of Yamuna. The project thus covered diversion of water during monsoon through underground pipes with lifting arrangements over a length of 16 km from the off-take point of Goverdhan drain near Santruk village. The estimated cost of the project as proposed by the State Government was to the tune of Rs. 650 million. The project proposed was to channelize water from Govardhan drain to meet the water deficit of KNP during the months of July to September at the time of requirement. The major components of the project were construction of a head regulator with control gate at the drain located in the state, raw water reservoir with capacity of 13,000 m, 3 pump houses, DG sets for pumping station and laying and testing of /PCC/MS pipelines.


title: Black garden ant

text: The black garden ant ("Lasius niger"), also known as the common black ant, is a formicine ant, the type species of the subgenus "Lasius", which is found across Europe and in some parts of North America, South America, Asia and Australasia. The European species was split into two species; "L. niger", which are found in open areas; and "L. platythorax", which is found in forest habitats. It is monogynous, meaning colonies contain a single queen.


title: Black garden ant

text: "Lasius niger" colonies can reach in size up to around 40,000 workers in rare cases, but 4,000–7,000 is around average. A "Lasius niger" queen can live for up to 29 years the longest recorded lifespan for any eusocial insect. "Lasius niger" queens in the early stages of founding can have two to three other queens in the nest. They will tolerate each other until the first workers come, then it is most likely they will fight until one queen remains. Under laboratory conditions, workers can live at least 4 years.


title: Black garden ant

text: "Lasius niger" is host to a number of temporary social parasites of the "Lasius mixtus" group including "Lasius mixtus" and "Lasius umbratus".


title: Black garden ant

text: Ants mate on the wing, so "flying ants" are alates (reproductive individuals), which includes males and gynes (virgin queens). The mating (or nuptial) flights of "Lasius niger" usually occur around June to September throughout the species' range; in North America flights usually occur during the autumn, whereas in Europe they generally take place during the hot summer months of July and August. Flights can contain thousands of winged males and females.


title: Black garden ant

text: Disparities between local weather conditions can cause nuptial flights to be out of phase amongst widespread populations of "L. niger". During long-lasting, hot summers, flights can take place simultaneously across the country, but overcast weather with local patches of sunshine results in a far less synchronized emergence of alates.


title: Black garden ant

text: Once the queens have mated they will land and discard their wings and begin to find a suitable place to dig a tunnel. Meanwhile, males generally only live for a day or two after the mating flights and will then die.


title: Black garden ant

text: After removing her wings, a queen will move quickly to find moist ground, then start digging a tunnel. Once the tunnel has been completed, the queen will block the entrance and retreat to the bottom. Subsequently, she will dig out a small chamber. This will serve as the claustral chamber of the new colony. Generally, a queen will begin to lay eggs immediately after the construction of the chamber, and the eggs will hatch after 8–10 weeks. Until the eggs hatch and the larvae grow to maturity, a "Lasius niger" queen will not eat, relying on the protein of her wing muscles to be broken down and digested. In some cases, a "Lasius niger" queen may eat her own eggs in order to survive.


title: Black garden ant

text: "Lasius niger", like other ants, have four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. "Lasius niger" lay tiny, white, kidney-shaped eggs with a smooth sticky surface which helps them to be carried in a group instead of one by one. After hatching "Lasius niger" proceed onto the larva stage resembling tiny maggots. The larvae need to be fed by the queen (or workers in the case of an established colony) if they are to mature; as they feed the larvae grow, shedding their skin, doing so usually three times in total. With each molt, the larvae grow hooked hairs which allow them to be carried in groups. When "Lasius niger" larvae reach the last molt they are generally too big to be carried as part of a group and so are carried individually. Once the larva grows big enough it spins a cocoon around itself. To aid this process a queen (or workers) may bury the larva so that it can spin its cocoon undisturbed, and begin a process of metamorphosis. Once the process is complete the "Lasius niger" worker emerges from the cocoon. At this stage, the callow worker is completely white but will darken over the course of an hour until it has turned black.


title: Black garden ant

text: The first worker ants that emerge are very small compared to later generations. At this point the workers immediately begin to expand the nest and care for the queen and brood; they eventually remove the seal from the entrance to the nest and begin to forage above ground. This is a critical time for the colony as they need to gather food quickly to support future growth and particularly to feed the starved queen, who would have lost around 50% of her body weight. From this point on the queen's egg laying output will increase significantly, becoming the queen's sole function. The later generations of worker ants will be bigger, stronger and more aggressive because there is more nutrition for them at the larval stage. The initial brood being fed only by the scarce resources available to a queen will be much smaller than brood supported by a team of foraging and nursing workers. Provided workers are able to find food, at this stage the colony will see an exponential rise in population. After several years, once the colony is well established, the queen will lay eggs that will become queens and males. Black ants often make large nests with extensive tunnel connections.


title: Black garden ant

text: When building their colony, the ants structure it so as to inhibit the transmission of different contagions. Different communities within the colony are segregated by a limited number of connective nodes, allowing for greater protection of vulnerable hive members, such as larvae and pupae, and the queen.


title: Black garden ant

text: Additionally, individual infected ants have been observed as spending more time foraging outside of the hive, venturing farther than other ants, and limiting their interactions once within the hive again.


title: Black garden ant

text: Although worker ants live for a couple of months, queens typically survive for almost 15 years but there have been instances of queens living up to 29 years, the longest recorded lifespan for any eusocial insect. Understanding the basis for the greater longevity of queens has a bearing on the general unsolved problem in biology of the causes of aging. In the study of long-lived queen ants it was found that queens have a higher expression than genetically identical workers of genes involved in processing damaged macromolecules. Genes with higher expression included those that are necessary for repair of DNA damage (see DNA damage theory of aging) and genes involved in proteasome-mediated, ubiquitin-dependent, protein catabolic processes.


title: Black garden ant

text: "Lasius niger" removes predators such as ladybirds from the vicinity of black bean aphid thus keeping their "milch cows" safe. On a test plot of field beans ("Vicia faba"), plants without black bean aphids yielded an average of 56 seeds per plant, those with aphids and no ants yielded 17 seeds, and those with both ants and aphids averaged eight seeds per plant. "Vicia faba" also produces extrafloral nectaries that "Lasius niger" can feed from directly.


title: Black garden ant

text: The "Plebejus argus" butterfly lays eggs near nests of "L. niger", forming a mutualistic relationship. This mutualistic relationship benefits the adult butterfly by reducing the need for parental investment. Once the eggs hatch, the ants chaperone the larvae, averting the attacks of predatory organisms like wasps and spiders as well as parasites. In return, the ants receive a saccharine secretion fortified with amino acids from an eversible gland on the larvae's back. As first instar larvae prepare to pupate, the ants carry the larvae into their nests. Once the larvae become pupae, the ants continue to provide protection against predation and parasitism. The butterfly leaves the nest when it emerges in June.


title: The Escort (2015 film)

text: The Escort is a 2015 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Will Slocombe, starring Michael Doneger and Lyndsy Fonseca.


title: The Escort (2015 film)

text: Journalist Mitch is a sex addict. When he is fired, he applies for a job with a magazine. The editor promises to hire him if he writes a more interesting article than his competitors. He decides to write about Natalie, a Stanford-educated escort he met by chance. She is not interested at first, but after a violent encounter with a client, she allows him to accompany her and provide security. Mitch learns that Natalie also tutors school children in mathematics, she finds out about his sex addiction, and they become friends. When he visits his father and sister, he presents her as his girlfriend. She stands up for him when his father puts him down for not having achieved much, and she tells him that she was Internet-bullied because of a sex journal she wrote in college and cannot get a regular job. They have sex that night, and Mitch shows signs of jealousy when he accompanies her to her next clients. He picks a fight with one of them, and he and Natalie fall out. He later confesses his feelings for her and tries to make up with her, but she refuses.


title: The Escort (2015 film)

text: At first Mitch does not want to go through with his article about Natalie, but the editor encourages him to, and the story becomes a success, which impresses his father. Mitch gets the job and joins a self-help group for his sex addiction. Finally, Natalie contacts him, tells him that she has given up prostitution, is enrolled in an MBA program and intends to start a legitimate tutoring business, and admits she loves him too. They start a relationship.


title: The Escort (2015 film)

text: According to Sheri Linden of "Variety", Michael Doneger and his co-star Lyndsy Fonseca in "The Escort" "played with charm... and their mercenary alliance proceeds as a spirited, mostly convincing, exploration of life in the big city."


title: Mary Tamm

text: Mary Tamm (22 March 1950 – 24 July 2012) was a British actress, known for her role as Romana I in the BBC's science fiction television series "Doctor Who", starring opposite Tom Baker in the 1978–1979 story arc "The Key to Time".


title: Mary Tamm

text: Tamm was born in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, to Estonian immigrant parents, and attended Bradford Girls' Grammar School. She was a graduate and an associate member of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where she studied from 1969–1971.


title: Mary Tamm

text: Tamm began acting on the stage with the Birmingham Repertory Company in 1971. She moved to London in 1972 and appeared in the musical "Mother Earth". Her first TV role for the BBC was as Sally in "The Donati Conspiracy" shown in 1973. This was followed by an episode of "Warship" in 1974. In 1975, she featured in Muriel Spark's "The Girls of Slender Means" on BBC2. Before her association with "Doctor Who", Tamm acted in a few films, including "Tales That Witness Madness" (1973), "The Odessa File" (1974) and "The Likely Lads" (1976). In 1981, she took the part of Rhoda Dawes in Agatha Christie's "Cards on the Table" at London's Vaudeville Theatre.


title: Mary Tamm

text: Tamm was not initially interested in playing a companion to the Doctor, believing that the role was merely that of the "damsel in distress". She changed her mind when assured by the producers that Romana would be a member of the Doctor's own race and therefore as capable as he. Tamm left the programme after only one season because she felt that the character had reverted to the traditional assistant role and could not be developed further. In a 2007 interview, she stated that she was willing to shoot a regeneration sequence to allow a smooth transition between her tenure and that of her eventual successor (Lalla Ward), but was not invited to do so. One source states that pregnancy was the reason that she was not asked to return, which Tamm denied as a false rumour invented by producer John Nathan-Turner.


title: Mary Tamm

text: After leaving the series, Tamm took leading roles in two BBC 1 dramas, "The Treachery Game" (1980) and its sequel "The Assassination Run" (1981) alongside Malcolm Stoddard. She subsequently appeared in Barry Letts' production of "Jane Eyre" on BBC1 in 1983, opposite Timothy Dalton. She had a leading role in the sitcom "The Hello, Goodbye Man" opposite Ian Lavender in 1984 for BBC 2, around the same time as her guest appearance in "Bergerac". In the early 1990s she was a regular guest panellist on the ITV morning quiz show "Crosswits".


title: Mary Tamm

text: Subsequently, Tamm played the characters of Penny Crosbie in the soap opera "Brookside" from 1993 to 1996, and Yvonne Edwards in the BBC drama "Paradise Heights" (2002), as well as guest roles in many other television programmes, including "Crime Traveller" on BBC1, another time travel drama. Tamm returned as Pandora in the second series of the "Gallifrey" audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions. Her first such appearance was in "Gallifrey: Lies" (2005). She also appeared (as herself) in a special feature in the 2007 DVD boxed set release of "The Key to Time", discussing her experiences on the programme. In August 2009, Tamm made a brief one-week appearance as Orlenda in "EastEnders". Reprising the role of Romana, Tamm recorded seven new "Doctor Who" audio adventures for Big Finish Productions with Tom Baker shortly before her death, which were released in 2013 as series 2 of the Fourth Doctor Adventures.


title: Mary Tamm

text: Mary Tamm was married to Marcus Ringrose, an insurance executive, from 1978 until her death from cancer on 26 July 2012. They had one daughter, Lauren, born November 1979. Ringrose himself died from a heart attack just hours after Tamm's funeral.


title: Mary Tamm

text: Her autobiography, entitled "First Generation", was published in September 2009 by Fantom Films. Before her death she had been working on a second part of her autobiography, "Second Generation", which was published in 2014.


title: Carlist Wars

text: The Carlist Wars () were a series of civil wars that took place in Spain during the 19th century. The contenders fought over claims to the throne, although some political differences also existed. Several times during the period from 1833 to 1876 the Carlists — followers of Don Carlos (1788–1855), an infante, and of his descendants — rallied to the cry of "God, Country, and King" and fought for the cause of Spanish tradition (Legitimism and Catholicism) against liberalism, and later the republicanism, of the Spanish governments of the day. The Carlist Wars had a strong regional component (Basque region, Catalonia, etc.), given that the new order called into question region–specific law arrangements and customs kept for centuries.


title: Carlist Wars

text: When King Ferdinand VII of Spain died in 1833, his widow, Queen Maria Cristina, became regent on behalf of their two-year-old daughter Queen Isabella II. The country splintered into two factions known as the Cristinos (or Isabelinos) and the Carlists. The Cristinos supported Queen Maria Cristina and her government, and were the party of the Liberals. The Carlists advocated for Infante Carlos of Spain, Count of Molina, a pretender to the throne and brother of the deceased Ferdinand VII. Carlos denied the validity of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 that abolished the semi Salic Law (he was born before 1830). The Carlists wanted a return to autocratic monarchy.


title: Carlist Wars

text: While some historians count three wars, other authors and popular usage refer to the existence of two major engagements, the First and the Second Carlist Wars, treating the 1846–1849 events as a minor episode.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: The economy of Delhi is the 13th largest among states and union territories of India. The Nominal GSDP of the NCT of Delhi for 2020-21 was estimated at recording an annual growth of 8.1%. Growth rate in 2014-15 was 9.2%.In 2020-21, the tertiary sector contributed 85% of Delhi's GSDP followed by the secondary and primary sectors at 12% and 3% respectively. The services sector recorded an annual growth of 7.3%.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: Delhi is the largest commercial centre in northern India. , recent estimates of the economy of the urban area of Delhi have ranged from $370 billion (PPP metro GDP) and it has $272.603 billion as (Nominal GDP) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: Manufacturing grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhi's large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign investment. Delhi contributes 4.94% to the total GDP of the country. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and the city had 129,000 industrial units.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: Key service industries are information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism. Construction, power, health and community services and real estate are also important to the city's economy.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: As with other regions of India, the IT industry has been expanding in Delhi. Although not as robust as the IT industry in some of India's southern states, it still hosts significant IT companies such as Google India, Teleperformance India, HCL Technologies, SAP Labs India, Tata Consultancy Services, Cinfoways and SAS Institute India. Its satellite cities that fall within the NCR, such as Noida in Uttar Pradesh or Gurgaon in Haryana, are also home to a strong IT sector. According to the Industrial Policy for Delhi 2010-21, the Delhi government hopes to increase investments into and further develop the state's IT and ITeS industries. Delhi's government institutions, well-developed infrastructure, increasing workforce and business-friendly culture makes it an ideal location for such an expansion of the IT sector.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: Due to its history, central position and status as the nation's capital, Delhi is a common destination for tourists. Some common tourist attractions include the Red Fort, Qutb Minar, India Gate, Jama Masjid, Humayun's Tomb, Lotus Temple, Akshardham and the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Delhi's tourism sector makes up 5.6% of its GDP and the Delhi government considers it to be "high growth industry." 62% of tourists and NRIs visiting India come to Delhi.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated US$3.2 billion or 3.6% of the city's GDP in 2016 and supported 460,300 jobs, 8.3% of its total employment. The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 10.8% to US$8.9 billion by 2026 (3.7% of GDP). Foreign tourists accounted for 35.5% of all tourism-related spending in Delhi in 2016. The largest source of foreign tourists visiting the city was the United States, which accounted for 11% of foreign tourist visits to the city.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: The real estate sector has been another growing industry within the NCR. It boomed in the 2000s and many Indians, induced by the soaring property prices, decided to invest in real estate, especially in the growing satellite cities of Gurgaon, Noida and Greater Noida. At the real estate market's peak between 2001 and 2007, one could expect 20-30% annual returns or double their investment in about 3–5 years. By 2013 however, demand for real estate began to decline, reaching an all-time low in 2016. With sales plummeting and real estate firms ridden with debt, developers such as Unitech, Jaypee Infratech Ltd. and the Amrapali Group have slowed progress on their development projects since they lack the necessary working capital.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: In response to the crisis, the Parliament of India passed the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 to protect home-buyers and the real estate industry. The act created the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) which is responsible for regulating the real estate industry and for addressing disputes for non-delivery. The act also makes it mandatory to register real projects with a clear deadline. This was followed by the Modi government's demonetization of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes. One of the stated aims of such an action was to curtail the widespread use of black money in real estate transactions.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: Greater compliance and transparency following the establishment of the RERA has had a stabilizing effect on the real estate market. Although the RERA has made it harder for new projects to launch, curtailing the supply-side of the real estate industry, demand has been increasing. For now, except for Gurgaon which is experiencing marginal real estate growth, home values in the Delhi NCR region remain stable.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: Another key contributer to Delhi's economy is the transportation sector and the city has been investing various in transport infrastructure projects. More than half of the population in Delhi is dependent on public transport for commuting purposes. Various methods of transportation thrive in Delhi, including the Delhi Metro, trains and buses.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: The city's metro system in particular is a highly efficient public transport system that was initiated by the Delhi and Indian government in 1998. In 2017, the Metro brought in a revenue of ₹5,388 crore. That said, the Metro has been operating with a loss on an EBITDA basis for the past few years and, as of March 2016, its total debt stands at ₹291.5 billion.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) runs the world's largest fleet of CNG buses and one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are a very popular means of transportation in Delhi, accounting for about 60% of Delhi's total transport demand. Delhi used to have a Bus Rapid Transit System as well that was a much-vaunted project of the previous Sheila Dikshit-led Congress government however, due to criticisms over poor planning, the Aam Aadmi Party government dismantled the system in 2016.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: Auto-rickshaws (commonly known as "Auto") are also popular. Cheap, environment-friendly and easily available, these Auto-rickshaws are used both by Delhi residents going on short commutes and tourists yearning for a joyride.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: Indira Gandhi International Airport, the primary civilian aviation hub for the NCR, serves Delhi's domestic and international flights and is the busiest airport in India. The airport contributes about 34.5% of the total trade transacted through all major airports of India. It serves as a hub for Air India, GoAir, SpiceJet, IndiGo and AirAsia India.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: As per the Economic survey of Delhi (2005–2006), Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population, and increased by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001. Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to 4.63% in 2003. In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi. In 2001 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi-government sector was 620,000, and the private sector employed 219,000.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: The workforce participation rate for Delhi residents aged above 15 years was 40.8% in 2015-16, lower than the 41.8% recorded in 2012-13. Delhi's workforce participation rate is lower than the national average of 50.5%.


title: Economy of Delhi

text: The Delhi chief minister launched a job portal "Rozgar Bazar" for recruiters and job aspirants during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The Capital Region of Denmark (, ) is the easternmost administrative region of Denmark. The Capital Region has 29 municipalities and a regional council consisting of 41 elected members. As of 1 August 2021 the chairperson is Lars Gaardhøj, who is a member of the Social Democrats party of Denmark.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The Capital Region was established on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform. This reform abolished the traditional counties (Danish plural: , singular: ) and created five regions. As part of this reform 271 smaller municipalities were merged into larger units reducing the number of municipalities to 98.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The reform dramatically diminished the power of regional governments while enhancing that of local government and that of the central government in Copenhagen. It was implemented on 1 January 2007.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: Unlike the former counties (1970–2006) (Danish "", literally 'county municipality') the regions are not municipalities and are thus not allowed to have a coat of arms, only logotypes.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The regions do not collect taxes and are financed primarily through block grants, they are unable to transfer money from one area of expenditure to another, and they must return any unused money to the central government. This makes the regions more like departments or agencies of the central government.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The Capital Region is not to be confused with the Copenhagen Metropolitan Area or the Øresund Region.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The Capital Region of Denmark is one of five regions in Denmark and consists of the municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg, the former counties of Copenhagen and Frederiksborg, and the regional municipality of Bornholm. The Danish name for this region is . It borders Zealand and Sweden's Skåne County via the Øresund Bridge.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: Denmark's largest lake (Danish ), Arresø, lies 43 kilometers (28 miles) northwest of Copenhagen. There are several other lakes, the deepest in Denmark being Furesø, 14.5 km (9 miles) northwest of Copenhagen, which is the namesake of the Furesø Municipality. Among several forests, the region also has the Gribskov forest, which is the namesake of the Gribskov Municipality. The Dyrehaven forest park is just north of Copenhagen (and east of Furesø) in the Gentofte Municipality and the Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: Geologically, the region lies in the northern part of Denmark, which is rising because of post-glacial rebound, making lakes out of former inlets and bays. Arresø is one example, having extended in a northwesterly direction as a part of Brødemose Sund into Kattegat. (The land is rising by 9 millimeters every year in , the northeastern part of Skellefteå Municipality, north of Kvarken.) Because of the mobility of the sand dunes, forests have been planted along the coast of Kattegat in the municipalities of Helsingør, Gribskov, and Halsnæs.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: For the purpose of a road and rail connection to Øresund Bridge, land has been added to the island of Amager, which has a tunnel connecting it with the artificial island Peberholm just south of the island of Saltholm. The land area of east Denmark (east of the Great Belt strait) is approximately 9,622 km (3,715 sq mi), which is set to increase due to housing projects in the north of Copenhagen Municipality, and also due to new bridges and tunnels being added, including the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link and other traffic infrastructure projects. A new high-speed train line called the Copenhagen-Ringsted Line came into operation on 1 June 2019 to increase transport capacity and relieve congestion in Roskilde and the narrow 9-9.5 mile isthmus between Roskilde Fjord and the bay of Køge Bugt. It does this by moving international and national train traffic to the new train line and only keeping local and regional traffic.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The primary function and largest expenditure, which takes up around 90% of the budget of the Capital Region, is owning and operating the hospitals and health services of the region.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: In the east of Denmark, there is one traffic region covered by the public transport agency Movia, which is owned by the Capital Region of Denmark and Region Zealand, and operates in 45 of the 46 municipalities. Because of its remote location, Bornholm has its own traffic company, , also known as BAT.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: Likewise, in the east of Denmark, the two regions and 45 of the 46 municipalities make up one sole employment region, with Bornholm being its own employment region. Bornholm also performs other tasks that are normally performed by the regions in the rest of Denmark. The municipality of Bornholm is therefore called "Bornholm Regional Municipality". In some respects, the island forms a region of its own.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: As Denmark is a unitary state, its "capital region" is not a capital district, but merely one among several regions of Denmark that happens to contain the national capital.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The region does not include the Ertholmene archipelago which is situated to the northeast of Bornholm.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was €122.2 billion in 2018, accounting for 40.6% of Denmark's economic output. GDP per capita, adjusted for purchasing power, was €50,000 or 166% of the EU27 average in the same year. GDP per person employed was 130% of the EU27 average. The Capital Region is the wealthiest region in Denmark.


title: Capital Region of Denmark

text: The five regions of Denmark each have a regional council of 41 members. Members are elected every four years during local elections.


title: Head shop

text: A head shop is a retail outlet specializing in paraphernalia used for consumption of cannabis and tobacco and items related to cannabis culture and related countercultures. They emerged from the hippie counterculture in the late 1960s, and at that time, many of them had close ties to the anti-Vietnam War movement as well as groups in the marijuana legalization movement like LeMar, Amorphia, and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.


title: Head shop

text: Products sold may include magazines (e.g., about cannabis culture, cannabis cultivation, tattooing, and music), clothing, and home décor (e.g., posters and wall hangings illustrating drug culture themes such as cannabis, jam bands like The Grateful Dead, Phish, psychedelic art, etc.). Some head shops also sell oddities, such as antique walking sticks and sex toys. Since the 1980s, some head shops have sold clothing related to the heavy metal or punk subculture, such as band T-shirts and cloth patches with band logos, studded wristbands, bullet belts, and leather boots. Other items offered typically include hashish pipes, "one hitter" pipes; pipe screens; bongs (also referred to as water pipes); roach clips (used for smoking the end of a marijuana "joint"); vaporizers used for inhaling THC vapor from cannabis; rolling papers; rolling machines; small weighing scales; small ziplock baggies; cannabis grinders (i.e. herb grinders); blacklight-responsive posters and blacklights; incense; cigarette lighters; "stashes", which include a range of standard consumer products such as clocks, books, tins of cleaning powder, and toilet brushes which have hidden compartments for cannabis and non-camouflaged "stash boxes" which are tins or wooden containers for storing marijuana; and legal highs such as whipped-cream chargers (which contain nitrous oxide) and "Salvia divinorum" (both of which are illegal in some countries and some US states for recreational purposes). Some head shops also sell items used for home cultivation of marijuana plants, such as hydroponic equipment and lights and guidebooks on cultivation. Since the 2000s, some head shops also sell e-cigarettes and the flavoured liquids used with these devices.


title: Head shop

text: American head shops originated in the 1960s in cities with high concentrations of college-age youth, often growing out of independently owned poster or candle stores. Historically, U.S. head shops proliferated on St. Mark's Place in New York City's East Village, in West Los Angeles, in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood, and in Chicago's Old Town. Sources cite the Psychedelic Shop on Haight Street in San Francisco as the first head shop in the United States. Operated by United States Army veteran Ron Thelin and his younger brother Jay, it opened on January 3, 1966. Four months later Jeff Glick opened "Head Shop" on East Ninth Street in New York City. Also in 1966, The Birmingham Balloon Company opened at 113 Fry Street in Denton, Texas.


title: Head shop

text: From 1968 to c. 1975, head shops served as an important outlet for underground newspapers and the underground comix of Robert Crumb and other counterculture cartoonists, which had little access to the established channels of newsstand distribution.


title: Head shop

text: The shops' popularity eventually waned with the aging of that era's baby boomer generation, as well as a 1973 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, Miller v. California, that found that local communities could decide their own First Amendment standards concerning obscenity. In the mid-1970s, the sale of drug paraphernalia was outlawed in many places, and the distribution network for underground comics and newspapers dried up. In addition, the retail mainstream discovered and co-opted aspects of the head shop's market niche, such as acid rock and eco-friendly products.


title: Head shop

text: Head shops exist and are legal in Ireland, and were reported by authorities to be opening at a rate of one per week in January 2010. The legality of the shops was discussed in the Seanad Éireann, and a motion was passed requesting the Government to regulate the sale of products. Some politicians were in favour of outlawing the shops whereas others argued that prohibiting the purchases of legal intoxicants would be a "huge mistake" which would allow illegal street dealers to thrive.


title: Head shop

text: During early 2010, a number of incidents of firebombing and arson against head shops took place around the country. Some attacks were traced to disgruntled drug dealers. One petrol bomb attack occurred in the home county of the then Minister for Justice, Dermot Ahern, and hours later, plans for legislation for regulation of head shops got underway.


title: Head shop

text: Many head shop products became illegal in Ireland on 23 August 2010 when the new "Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010" became law. The Act empowered Gardaí (Irish police) to seek court orders to close head shops suspected of selling drug-like products, with the onus on the owners to prove they are not doing so.


title: Head shop

text: In the United States, head shops are legal so long as they only sell items used for legal substances. Shops typically place signs stating that the products sold are "for tobacco use only" or "not for use with illegal substances". In many head shops, a sign will be posted (and often reiterated verbally) stating that customer references regarding the use of the shop's products for illegal drug use will result in the suspension of all sales for that time period, and/or removal of the customer from the shop. In some shops, simply saying the word "bong" is grounds for removal from the shop.


title: Head shop

text: Head shops have been targeted by the Drug Enforcement Administration. In 2003, The U.S. Department of Justice indicted fifty-five people on charges of selling drug paraphernalia in Idaho, Texas, Iowa, Pennsylvania, Florida and Ohio as part of "Operation Headhunter" and "Operation Pipe Dreams", including comedian Tommy Chong. During the investigation, government officials also targeted customers of the shops, arresting those who were in possession of drugs like cannabis and heroin. Chong was caught by sending shipments through the mail. Today, online head shops have also become prevalent; there are hundreds of head shops willing to sell their products online.


title: Head shop

text: The legality of cannabis varies widely in the United States, but in states where medical cannabis is legal, cannabis dispensaries often double as head shops.


title: Head shop

text: Notably, in the state of Florida, items "designed for use in ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing cannabis, cocaine, hashish, hashish oil, or nitrous oxide into the human body" are illegal. At the same time, "pipes primarily made of briar, meerschaum, clay, or corn cob" are legal.


title: Head shop

text: Smart shops are shops, prominently found in the Netherlands, where the sale of marijuana is practically legal, which sell psychoactive substances and various smokable herbs in addition to the drug paraphernalia found in head shops.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: Trujillo is a municipality located in Extremadura, an autonomous community of Spain in the Province of Cáceres. In 2013, the municipality had 9,086 inhabitants (INE Census, 2013). Originally settled on a granite knoll which was readily fortified, the town now extends to the southeast of its original site. Trujillo is both a centre for tourism, with over 25 hotels, and a regional market town.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: Trujillo was settled on a granite batholith during Prehistoric times. In Roman times, the town was known as "Turgalium" and became a prefecture stipendiary of the Lusitanian capital, Emerita Augusta (today's Mérida). Later, it was colonised by East Germanic tribes (mainly Visigoths), although the prevalence of the population would still have been Hispano-Roman.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: Following the Islamic conquest after 711, Trujillo became one of the main towns in the region (known as ترجالة "Turjalah" in Arabic). This taifa was subject to the Umayyad Emirate and the subsequent Caliphate ruled until the middle of the 11th century. During this time, the ethnic tensions between Berbers and Arabs weakened the Caliphate militarily.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: Following the seizure of a large part of the territory of the former Taifa of Toledo by the Almoravids away from Alfonso VI, Trujillo became a staging ground from where Almoravid "razzias" were launched against the land of Talavera in the early 12th century.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: During the time of Almohad rule, wars with Portugal, Castile, and León guaranteed that the possession of Trujillo was tenuous. Rule alternated between these kingdoms and the Almohads, returning for the last time to the Muslims in 1195. Between 1188 and 1195, it was the headquarters of the military order of Trujillo.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: In the Spring of 1196, with help from the Kingdom of León, Almohads raided the Tagus valley and occupied Santa Cruz and Trujillo, which had been previously left forsaken by the order of Trujillo.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: An army formed by forces of the military orders and the Bishop of Plasencia laid siege to Trujillo with the support of Ferdinand III. Muhammad ibn Hüd tried to relieve the town, but was driven off by the besieging army.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: The town was finally captured on 25 January 1232. During the final assault, according to the local legend, the Christian forces were faltering just short of victory when many reported seeing the Virgin Mary (known as "Virgen de la Victoria" in Spanish, or the "Virgin Mary of Victory") between the two towers, or "Arco del Triunfo," in the castle. Sufficiently inspired, Christian troops pressed on and achieved victory, defeating the Muslims who were inside.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: Together with Plasencia, Cáceres and Coria, Trujillo was one of the few major royal demesne towns in the region, where otherwise "maestrazgo" lands tended to prevail.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: John II conferred Trujillo the status of city ("ciudad") in 1430 by means of a "". Later, it had a Jewish quarter located outside the powerful medieval walls. Trujillo, with the growth of the population, was gradually extended beyond the walls.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: Then some "Trujillanos" went to America to discover new places. When they come back, they built majestic palaces near the Plaza Mayor and surrounds, most of them can be visited today. Francisco Pizarro came back and helped enrich his family in the Plaza Mayor. His daughter from an Incan princess returned at 18 to marry her uncle, and lived the rest of her life in Trujillo as a lady of great estate.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: After 1595, the city experienced the arrival of a number of forcibly relocated 'new moriscos' banished from Granada. From 1610 to 1611, about 130 "morisco" families (590 individuals) were reportedly expelled from Trujillo, although the permanence of a number of 'old moriscos', who enjoyed support from the local society, remained a cause of concern.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: During the War for Independence, one of the first authorities that responded to the call of the Junta of Móstoles in May 1808 was the mayor of Trujillo, Antonio Martin Rivas, who prepared enlistments of volunteers, with food and arms, plus the mobilization of troops, to go to the aid of the Junta. Trujillo was captured by the French in 1811 and held until 1812.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: In 1834, the city became the official headquarters of the Judicial District of Trujillo. In the census of 1842, it had 110 households and 6026 residents.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: As in many towns in Extremadura, Trujillo's old buildings provide homes for a breeding population of storks. Other birds of interest include the Lesser kestrel, which nests in the bull-ring and other urban sites.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: Trujillo has a rich heritage. Among the most important monuments are the Castle (Alcazaba), the church of Santiago, the church of "Santa María la Mayor", the church of "San Francisco", the Church of "San Martín", the "Plaza Mayor", and renaissance palaces such as the palace of the Marquis of the Conquest, the palace of the Orellana-Pizarro family, the palace of the Duques de San Carlos, Marquesado de Piedras Albas, the house of the strong Altamirano, Palace Chaves (Luis Chaves Old), and of course the walled old town.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: The Palacio de Piedras Albas was built circa 1530 by Don Pedro Suárez de Toledo, formerly owned by the Orellana Toledo family, the Marqueses de Orellana and later by the Marqueses de San Juan de Piedras Albas.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: The city has several museums, including the Museum of Coria (Javier Salas Foundation), Pizarro's House, Enrique Elías Museum (local designer), and the Museum of Cheese and Wine.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: The culmination of Holy Week is celebrated on Easter Sunday (declared an event of regional interest). The town square is full of people dressed in local costumes. They sing, dance, eat and drink to the beat of Chíviri. The following day, Easter Monday, is a holiday in the city and locals have the custom of going to the countryside for picnics.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: On 1 May, the National Cheese Fair takes place, which is the most important cheese competition in Spain. The "Plaza Mayor" becomes a huge fair where it is possible to taste cheeses from around Spain. This festival draws a large crowd, with organizers reporting that approximately 100,000 people attend on a yearly basis.


title: Trujillo, Cáceres

text: They take place at the end of August or in early September. During the festival the Virgen de la Victoria (Our Lady of Victory) is moved from her normal place in the chapel of the Castle to the church of San Martín, in the "Plaza Mayor", where the religious events are celebrated. In addition, there are puppets (The Adventures of "Peneque el Valiente" (Peneque the brave) with Miguel Pino), capeas and the Festival of Music, Dance and Theatre in the Castle. Also a local teenager is elected as "Queen of the festivities" and she has her own entourage.


title: Tail

text: The tail is the section at the rear end of certain kinds of animals’ bodies; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso. It is the part of the body that corresponds roughly to the sacrum and coccyx in mammals, reptiles, and birds. While tails are primarily a feature of vertebrates, some invertebrates including scorpions and springtails, as well as snails and slugs, have tail-like appendages that are sometimes referred to as tails. Tailed objects are sometimes referred to as "caudate" and the part of the body associated with or proximal to the tail are given the adjective "caudal".


title: Tail

text: Animal tails are used in a variety of ways. They provide a source of locomotion for fish and some other forms of marine life. Many land animals use their tails to brush away flies and other biting insects. Some species, including cats and kangaroos, use their tails for balance; and some, such as monkeys and opossums, have what are known as prehensile tails, which are adapted to allow them to grasp tree branches.


title: Tail

text: Tails are also used for social signaling. Some deer species flash the white underside of their tails to warn other nearby deer of possible danger, beavers slap the water with their tails to indicate danger, and canids (including domestic dogs) indicate emotions through the positioning and movement of their tails. Some species' tails are armored, and some, such as those of scorpions, contain venom.


title: Tail

text: Some species of lizard can detach ("cast") their tails from their bodies. This can help them to escape predators, which are either distracted by the wriggling, detached tail or left with only the tail while the lizard flees. Tails cast in this manner generally grow back over time, though the replacement is typically darker in colour than the original and contains only cartilage, not bone. Various species of rat demonstrate a similar function with their tails, known as degloving, in which the outer layer is shed in order for the animal to escape from a predator.


title: Tail

text: Most birds' tails end in long feathers called rectrices. These feathers are used as a rudder, helping the bird steer and maneuver in flight; they also help the bird to balance while it is perched. In some species—such as birds of paradise, lyrebirds, and most notably peafowl—modified tail feathers play an important role in courtship displays. The extra-stiff tail feathers of other species, including woodpeckers and woodcreepers, allow them to brace themselves firmly against tree trunks.


title: Tail

text: The tails of grazing animals, such as horses, are used both to sweep away insects and positioned or moved in ways that indicate the animal's physical or emotional state.


title: Tail

text: Infrequently, a child is born with a "soft tail", which contains no vertebrae, but only blood vessels, muscles, and nerves, but this is regarded as an abnormality rather than a vestigial true tail, even when such an appendage is located where the tail would be expected. Fewer than 40 cases have been reported of infants with "true tails" containing the caudal vertebrae, a result of atavism.


title: Tail

text: Humans have a "tail bone" (the coccyx) attached to the pelvis; it comprises fused vertebrae, usually four, at the bottom of the vertebral column. It does not normally protrude externally - humans are an "acaudal" (or "acaudate") species (i.e., tailless).


title: Underarm hair

text: Underarm or axillary hair goes through four stages of development, driven by weak androgens produced by the adrenal in males and females during adrenarche, and testosterone from the testicle in males during puberty.


title: Underarm hair

text: The importance of human underarm hair is unclear. It may naturally wick sweat or other moisture away from the skin, aiding ventilation. Colonization by odor-producing bacteria is thereby transferred away from the skin (see skin flora).


title: Underarm hair

text: Armpit hair prevents skin-to-skin contact during activities that involve arm motion, such as running and walking. The same applies to pubic hair.


title: Underarm hair

text: The armpits release odor-containing pheromones, a naturally-produced chemical that plays an important role in sexual attraction. Armpit hair traps odor, making the pheromones even stronger. A study in 2018 including 96 heterosexual couples found that there were stress-relieving benefits to smelling a romantic partner’s natural scent.


title: Underarm hair

text: А 2012 study on the impact of hair removal on odor found that shaved armpits were rated the same as unshaved armpits.


title: Underarm hair

text: A 2017 study on chemical absorption from deodorants as a result of hair removal showed an increase in chemical absorption from .01% to .06% where skin has been damaged by recent shaving.


title: Underarm hair

text: A 2003 study on aluminum antiperspirant usage and the age of breast cancer onset tentatively concluded that “underarm shaving with antiperspirant/deodorant use may play a role in breast cancer.”


title: Maury Travis

text: Maury Troy Travis (October 25, 1965 – June 10, 2002) was an American serial killer. Travis was named in a federal criminal complaint for the murders of two women. At the time of the murders, he was a hotel waiter, and on parole for a 1989 robbery. While Travis claimed in a letter to have murdered 17 women, some authorities were doubtful; others thought he may have murdered up to 20 women. He committed suicide by hanging in custody in St. Louis County, Missouri, after being arrested for murder.


title: Maury Travis

text: At least one videotape showing Travis murdering and/or torturing some of his victims was found in the search of his home in Ferguson, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. He is believed to have killed two women: Alysia Greenwade, whose body was discovered April 1, 2001 in Illinois (after having been last seen in Missouri), and Betty James, whose body was discovered about two months later in Missouri (after having been last seen in Illinois). Although Travis appears to have acknowledged at least seventeen murders, the police believe his victim count could be as high as twenty.


title: Maury Travis

text: From May to October 2001, four other women were tortured and strangled: Teresa Wilson, Verona Thompson, Yvonne Crues and Brenda Beasley. "The St. Louis Post-Dispatch" ran a profile piece on Wilson, to which Travis responded by sending an anonymous letter and a computer-generated map. The letter had a return address of I THRALLDOM, a bondage website, but no other identification. However, the map was recognized to have come from Expedia.com, and further investigation traced it back to Travis, leading to his arrest.


title: Maury Travis

text: In his letter to the newspaper, Travis wrote, "I'll tell you where many others are." And then: "To prove I'm real, here's directions to number seventeen." Travis was arrested on a federal criminal complaint and, while in the custody of the U.S. Marshals Service, was housed at a St. Louis County jail facility in Clayton. Investigators discovered a torture chamber at Travis' residence, torture instruments, a stun gun, newspaper clippings of some of his crimes, and videotapes of Travis killing or abusing victims.


title: Maury Travis

text: Before he could be put on trial for the crimes, Travis hanged himself on June 10, 2002, in his jail cell. Travis had been placed on suicide watch (i.e. checked upon at 15-minute intervals); however two consecutive checks were missed by the guards, allowing Travis his opportunity.


title: Maury Travis

text: "Forensic Files" covered the story of Travis' crime spree in the episode "X Marks the Spot". "Cold Case Files" covered the story in the episode "A Map to Murder". "Evil, I" also covered the story in an episode "Hell's Basement".


title: Maury Travis

text: After watching the "Cold Case Files" documentary on the A&E network, the current tenant of Travis' house found out about its history. It was revealed that her landlord, who would not return the money or break the lease when confronted, was Travis' mother. Upon being approached by the local housing authority, the landlord subsequently agreed to rescind the lease.


title: Maury Travis

text: His killings are also discussed on Last Podcast on the Left, Episode 91: Black Serial Killers Part 1: Call Me God.


title: Not invented here

text: Not invented here (NIH) is the tendency to avoid using or buying products, research, standards, or knowledge from external origins. It is usually adopted by social, corporate, or institutional cultures. Research illustrates a strong bias against ideas from the outside.


title: Not invented here

text: The reasons for not wanting to use the work of others are varied, but can include a desire to support a local economy instead of paying royalties to a foreign license-holder, fear of patent infringement, lack of understanding of the foreign work, an unwillingness to acknowledge or value the work of others, jealousy, belief perseverance, or forming part of a wider turf war. As a social phenomenon, this tendency can manifest itself as an unwillingness to adopt an idea or product because it originates from another culture, a form of tribalism and/or an inadequate effort in choosing the right approach for the business.


title: Not invented here

text: The term is typically used in a pejorative sense. The opposite predisposition is sometimes called "proudly found elsewhere" (PFE) or "invented elsewhere".


title: Not invented here

text: In computer programming, "NIH syndrome" refers to the belief that in-house developments are inherently better suited, more secure, more controlled, quicker to develop, and incur lower overall cost (including maintenance cost) than using existing implementations.


title: Not invented here

text: In some cases, software with the same functionality as an existing one is re-implemented just to allow the use of a different software license. One approach to doing so is clean room design.


title: Wine cooler

text: A wine cooler is an alcoholic beverage made from wine and fruit juice, often in combination with a carbonated beverage and sugar.


title: Wine cooler

text: Traditionally home-made, wine coolers have been bottled and sold by commercial distributors since the early 1980s, especially in areas where their alcohol content, lower than wine, causes them to come under less restrictive laws than table wines. Because most of the flavor in the wine is obscured by the fruit and sugar, the wine used in wine coolers tends to be of the cheapest available grade. Since January 1991, when the United States Congress quintupled the excise tax on wine, most producers of wine coolers dropped wine from the mix, substituting it with cheaper malt liquor. These malt-based coolers, while sometimes referred to as "wine coolers", are in a different category of beverage—sometimes called "malt beverage", "malternative", or just "cooler". Bartles & Jaymes refers to its malt beverage as a "flavored malt cooler".


title: Wine cooler

text: In Germany, wine coolers became popular in 2004, when the German government imposed an extra duty on alcopops (pre-mixed spirits) of 0.80 to 0.90 euro per bottle, effective 1 August 2004. To circumvent higher taxation, some German producers have switched to wine coolers, which are being marketed in the same way as alcopops.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: The Lisunov Li-2 (NATO reporting name: Cab), originally designated PS-84, was a license-built Soviet-version of the Douglas DC-3. It was produced by Factory #84 in Moscow-Khimki and, after evacuation in 1941, at TAPO in Tashkent. The project was directed by aeronautical engineer Boris Pavlovich Lisunov.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: The Soviet Union received its first DC-2 in 1935. A total of 18 DC-3s had been ordered on 11 April 1936, and the government of the USSR purchased 21 DC-3s for operation by Aeroflot before World War II. A production license was awarded to the government of the USSR on 15 July 1936. Lisunov spent two years at the Douglas Aircraft Company, between November 1936 and April 1939 translating the design. One of the engineers who accompanied him to Douglas was Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev. Design work and production were undertaken at State Aviation Factory 84 in Khimki (now a suburb of Moscow). The Soviet version was given the designation PS-84 – Passazhirskiy Samolyot 84, passenger airplane 84 (i.e. made in GAZ/State Aircraft Plant No. 84).


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: Despite the original intention to incorporate as few changes as necessary to the basic design, the GAZ-84 works had to make some 1,293 engineering change orders to the original Douglas drawings, involving part design, dimensions, materials and processes, most as a part of metrication of the design from U.S. customary units to suit Soviet standards, no small task for Vladimir Myasishchev to accomplish. The well-established Shvetsov OKB-19 design bureau, responsible for the great bulk of the Soviets' air-cooled radial aviation powerplant designs of the 1930-40s, used their Shvetsov ASh-62IR radial engines, a Soviet development of the nine-cylinder Wright R-1820 "Cyclone 9", to power the PS-84. The same Wright Aeronautical "Cyclone 9" radial also powered the earliest Douglas DST "Sleeper Transport" versions, and initial 21-passenger versions, of the original American DC-3 airliner.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: The Soviet standard design practice usually mandated fully shuttered engines in order to cope with temperature extremes. A slightly shorter span was incorporated, but many of the other alterations were less evident. The passenger door was moved to the right or starboard side of the fuselage, with a top-opening cargo door on the left or port side in place of the original passenger door. The structural reinforcement included slightly heavier skins, because the metric skin gauges were not exact equivalents of the American alloy sheet metal. Standard Soviet metric hardware was different and the various steel substructures such as engine mounts and landing gear, wheels, and tires were also quite different from the original design. Later modifications allowed the provision of ski landing gear in order to operate in remote and Arctic regions. The first PS-84s had begun to emerge from the GAZ-84 production line by 1939.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: By the time Germany invaded the USSR on 22 June 1941, 237 PS-84s had been built at GAZ-84, all in civil passenger configuration. In response to the invasion, the Kremlin set in motion a plan to relocate much of the industrial capability of the Soviet Union to the East, with production of the Li-2 ending up at GAZ-33 in Tashkent, now the capital of Uzbekistan. After a monumental struggle, the factory was producing PS-84s again by January 1942.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: GAZ-124 at Kazan also built ten aircraft before the start of World War II, and 353 Li-2Ts were built by GAZ-126 at Komsomolsk-on-Amur between 1946 and 1950, before that plant switched to MiG-15 production.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: Some military versions of the Li-2 also had bombing equipment—such as bomb sight and bomb racks, and defensive turret, unlike the military C-47 development of the DC-3. The defensive armaments consisted of MV-3 dorsal turret with a 7.62 mm (.30 in) ShKAS machine gun, later replaced with a 12.7 mm (.50 in) UBT heavy machine gun. Additionally two ShKAS machine guns on pivot mount could also be mounted on both sides of the rear fuselage near the cargo door. A version designated Li-2VV ("Voyenny Variant" = military variant) had a redesigned nose for extra ShKAS machine gun and could carry up to four 250 kg (551 lb) bombs under the central fuselage. Smaller bombs could be carried inside the fuselage and thrown out of the cargo door by the crew.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: The PS-84 had flown with Aeroflot primarily as a passenger transport before World War II. When Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941 many of the PS-84s were taken into military use and redesignated the Lisunov Li-2 in 1942. The military models were equipped with a machine gun on dorsal turret. The aircraft were used for transport, partisan supply, bombing, and as ambulance aircraft.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: A total of 4,937 aircraft were produced of all Li-2 variants between 1940 and 1954 and it saw extensive use in Eastern Europe until the 1960s. The last survivors in use were noted in China and Vietnam during the 1980s. There were many versions, including airliner, cargo, military transport, reconnaissance, aerial photography, parachute drop, bomber and high altitude variants. In Poland they were fitted for cropdusting against forest pests. The Li-2 also saw extensive service in the Chinese Air Force in the 1940s and 1950s.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: Several airlines operated Lisunov Li-2s, among others Aeroflot, CAAK, CSA, LOT, MALÉV, Polar Aviation, TABSO and Tarom.


title: Lisunov Li-2

text: Only one Li-2 restored to airworthy condition exists in Europe. The Hungarian registered HA-LIX was built in 1949 in Airframe Factory Nr.84 (GAZ-84) of Tashkent, as serial number 18433209 and was operated by MALÉV till 1964. It was withdrawn to a museum in 1974 as an airforce parachute trainer airplane. After a complete reconstruction finished in 2001 it flies sightseeing tours and regularly participates at air shows. It is operated by the Goldtimer Foundation, based at Budaörs Airport, Budapest, Hungary. The North Korean Air Force is known to still use a number of Li-2s for transport, although they may have been decommissioned despite their continued presence on certain airbases.


title: Slave to the Grind

text: Slave to the Grind is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Skid Row, released on June 11, 1991, by Atlantic Records. The album displayed a harsher sound than its predecessor and lyrics that avoided hard rock cliches. "Slave to the Grind" is the first heavy metal album to chart at number one on the "Billboard" 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era, selling 134,000 copies in its opening week. The album was certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1998 for shipping two million copies in the United States. It produced five singles: "Monkey Business", "Slave to the Grind", "Wasted Time", "In a Darkened Room" and "Quicksand Jesus". Skid Row promoted the album opening for Guns N' Roses in 1991 and as a headliner the following year.


title: Slave to the Grind

text: Skid Row wrote most of "Slave to the Grind" in a New Jersey studio and demoed the tracks with Michael Wagener, who produced their previous album. Recording began in late 1990 and took place at two studios: New River in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and Scream in Studio City, California. "Slave to the Grind" marked the band's move toward a heavier sound, with the title track verging on speed metal, but the album also includes power ballads and a few lighter tracks reminiscent of pop punk. The lyrics were more complex, criticizing modern ways of life, authority, politics, drugs, and organized religion, among other topics. Wagener said the demoing and pre-production went well, and the title track was recorded and mixed in an hour, and was placed on the album without being remixed.


title: Slave to the Grind

text: During a February 2017 interview for the "Backspin" segment of Yahoo! Music, vocalist Sebastian Bach revealed that the version of the title track included in the finished album is actually the original demo the band recorded during pre-production with producer Michael Wagener. The band recorded a proper version during the album sessions, but were unable to match the intensity of the demo, and therefore opted to use the latter instead.


title: Slave to the Grind

text: Sebastian Bach's father, David Bierk, painted the cover art, which is actually a long mural, continued inside the album's booklet. Although it is set in the medieval era, it depicts people using modern technological gadgets. The cover was inspired by Caravaggio's Burial of St. Lucy from 1608 and shows John F. Kennedy in the crowd.


title: Slave to the Grind

text: When recording finished, Skid Row opened for Guns N' Roses on the 1991 North American leg of their Use Your Illusion Tour. In 1992, Skid Row took Pantera and Soundgarden as supporting bands on its Slave to the Grind Tour. Two different versions of the album were released: the original and a "clean" version, in which "Get the Fuck Out" is replaced with the less-offensive "Beggar's Day". Music videos were produced for all five singles: "Monkey Business", "Slave to the Grind", "Wasted Time", "In a Darkened Room" and "Quicksand Jesus", all of which feature on the video album "No Frills Video". Skid Row's label Atlantic Records was not supportive of the group's transformation when filming the video for the title track. The label wanted a bikini model to star in the video, but the idea was turned down by the band because the song was not about female sexuality. A music video was also made for "Psycho Love" in 3D which featured on the video album "Road Kill".


title: Slave to the Grind

text: "Slave to the Grind" received generally positive reviews by music critics. "Spin"s Daina Darzin said the album had integrity and passion, and reminded her of early Mötley Crüe and Judas Priest. Martin Popoff called the album "a surprising and welcome jolt to the system", with Skid Row "proving their mettle, their self-worth, their guts" on songs taking the listener "to dark unsettling places where reflection collides with worry." AllMusic's Steve Huey said "Slave to the Grind" was more aggressive than its predecessor and called it one of the best examples of mainstream hard rock and heavy metal. Brenda Herrmann of the "Chicago Tribune" observed that Bolan and Sabo improved their songwriting and wrote positively about the group's attitude and humor. Conversely, "Rolling Stone"'s David Fricke thought Skid Row had not matured lyrically at all, rehashing the glam metal cliches. However, he complimented Wagener's production and the band's interplay and sound. Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic and graded the album a "dud", indicating "a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought". Janiss Garza of the "Entertainment Weekly" praised the ballads' lyrical depth and the fury of "Riot Act" and the title track, giving the album an A−.


title: Slave to the Grind

text: "Slave to the Grind" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, selling 134,000 copies in its first week. The album was the first to debut atop the "Billboard" 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era, since it was uncommon for albums to open at number one before SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991. Previously, the only album to debut at number one had been "Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy" by Elton John in 1975.


title: Brian Nichols

text: Brian Gene Nichols (born December 10, 1971) is a rapist and murderer known for his escape and killing spree in the Fulton County Courthouse in Atlanta, Georgia, on March 11, 2005. Nichols was on trial for rape when he escaped custody and murdered the judge presiding over his trial, a court reporter, a Fulton County Sheriff's deputy, and later an (ICE) special agent. Twenty-six hours after a large-scale manhunt was launched in the metropolitan Atlanta area, Nichols was taken into custody. The prosecution charged him with committing 54 crimes during the escape; he was found guilty on all counts on November 7, 2008 and was subsequently sentenced to life in prison.


title: Brian Nichols

text: Nichols grew up in a middle class household in Baltimore, Maryland, and attended Cardinal Gibbons School.


title: Brian Nichols

text: He later attended Kutztown University of Pennsylvania in Kutztown, Pennsylvania, from 1989 to 1990, where he played football and was known for having a "knack for trouble". Nichols dropped out of college and moved to Georgia in 1995, where he worked for Hewlett-Packard and UPS.


title: Brian Nichols

text: Nichols was arrested on multiple charges for the rape, kidnapping, and assault of a former girlfriend after discovering that she was dating a minister from the church that they both attended. The first attempt at a trial ended with a mistrial and a hung jury. While awaiting a second trial, friends and family members of Nichols expressed concern that he would attempt to escape, having tried to formulate an escape plan with a friend.


title: Brian Nichols

text: On March 11, 2005, Nichols overpowered Sheriff Deputy Cynthia Hall while changing clothes at the Fulton County Courthouse. He stole her Glock service pistol and beat her into a coma. Nichols had previously attempted to sneak "shanks" into the courtroom via his shoes. Nichols changed into civilian clothes originally intended for use during the trial and entered the courthouse and the chambers of Judge Rowland Barnes.


title: Brian Nichols

text: On his way to Barnes's chambers, Nichols encountered case managers Susan Christy and Gina Clarke Thomas and attorney David Allman, whom he held at gunpoint and demanded directions to Barnes's location. Sergeant Grantley White entered the courtroom and attempted to disarm Nichols but failed, and was forced to handcuff the others. White set off an alarm which Nichols attempted to dispel using White's radio. Nichols progressed into the courtroom where he fatally shot Barnes and court reporter Julie Ann Brandau. He fatally shot Sergeant Hoyt Teasley while escaping the courthouse. Nichols stole several vehicles during his escape and was featured on "America's Most Wanted" during his manhunt.


title: Brian Nichols

text: A reward of $65,000 was announced for anyone who gave information leading to Nichols' arrest. Nichols attempted to kidnap a young woman as she was walking home from a gymnasium. He fled after her boyfriend defended her and he heard her call 9-1-1. Later that day, Nichols fatally shot ICE Special Agent David G. Wilhelm and stole his badge, gun, and pickup truck.


title: Brian Nichols

text: Police received a 9-1-1 call from Ashley Smith, a young woman who said Nichols was at her Duluth, Georgia, apartment. Law enforcement responded and Nichols surrendered. Authorities recovered several stolen firearms and Special Agent Wilhelm's wallet. The stolen truck was discovered about two miles from the apartment. Smith told police Nichols had forced his way into her apartment on March 12, and held her hostage at gunpoint for seven hours. She gave Nichols methamphetamine and read portions of "The Purpose Driven Life" to him. She tried convincing Nichols to turn himself in by telling him about her husband's death, and showing him a scar she got in a car wreck while under the influence of drugs. After she made him pancakes for breakfast, Nichols allowed Smith to leave to see her daughter, when she called the police. Smith received reward money for her assistance in Nichols's capture.


title: Brian Nichols

text: Nichols was taken to a Federal Bureau of Investigation field office in Decatur, Georgia, and then to an Atlanta Police Station, where he confessed on video and detailed his crimes.


title: Brian Nichols

text: On May 5, 2005, Nichols was indicted by a Fulton County grand jury on 54 counts, including murder, felony murder, kidnapping, armed robbery, aggravated assault, aggravated battery, theft, carjacking, and escape from authorities. Nichols initially pleaded not guilty, with his lawyers stating that they wanted to defend Nichols on the basis of mental health. Fulton County District Attorney Paul Howard announced he would seek the death penalty. Nichols became Georgia's most expensive defendant, with his case topping $3 million for the prosecution and defense combined.


title: Brian Nichols

text: The case was presided over by Superior Court Judge Hilton Fuller and was set to take place in July in the same courtroom in which the murders had taken place. The trial was placed on hold to find new accommodation, as Superior Court Judge James Bodiford ruled that "fundamental fairness" made a different location necessary. While awaiting trial Nichols was found to be planning another escape, and was moved to DeKalb County Jail in October 2006. The trial began on September 22, 2008, in the Atlanta Municipal Court, where Nichols pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity.


title: Brian Nichols

text: During the trial the prosecution sought to discredit Nichols's claims of mental instability by playing audio recordings of the murders. Witnesses testified that Nichols had not shown signs of mental illness during his rape trial.


title: Brian Nichols

text: Nichols admitted the shootings in a statement to police, but claimed the shooting of Wilhelm was due to the special agent pointing a gun at him. Forensic evidence did not support this, instead showing Wilhelm had been shot while kneeling, and that he had other injuries indicating that he was not holding a gun.


title: Brian Nichols

text: Nichols's defense argued that he was insane and should not be held accountable for his actions, stating that he had previously shown signs of depression and suicidal ideations after breaking up with his girlfriend. An attorney who represented Nichols in his rape trial testified that Nichols had believed his ex-girlfriend still loved him despite receiving injuries from the rape, and would not testify against him. Psychology experts testified that Nichols had had an abusive childhood and that his father's drug abuse led to Nichols abusing drugs as well. The defense provided college papers written by Nichols expressing his belief that white people were conspiring to eradicate the black race.


title: Brian Nichols

text: The jury deliberated for twelve hours, over two days, before finding Nichols guilty of all 54 counts, on November 7, 2008.


title: Brian Nichols

text: On December 13, 2008, Nichols was sentenced to multiple life sentences with no chance of parole. Bodiford handed down the maximum sentence on each of the charges, to run consecutively. Nichols was spared multiple death sentences when the jury failed to reach a unanimous decision, as required by Georgia law, to recommend the death penalty. Bodiford said, "If there was any more I could give you, I would." Nichols is incarcerated in Georgia Diagnostic and Classification State Prison.


title: Brian Nichols

text: Some family members of the victims filed civil lawsuits against Fulton County. Judge Barnes' widow won a $5.2 million lawsuit. County commissioners agreed to pay $5 million to Julie Ann Brandau's daughter, Christina Scholte, who also sued.


title: Brian Nichols

text: Ashley Smith wrote a book about her ordeal with Nichols titled, "Unlikely Angel: The Untold Story of the Atlanta Hostage Hero". The book was adapted into the film "Captive" in 2015, starring David Oyelowo as Nichols.


title: Minthe

text: In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, Minthe (also Menthe, Mintha or Mentha; or or ) is an Underworld Naiad nymph associated with the river Cocytus. She was beloved by Hades, the King of the Underworld, and became his mistress, but she was transformed into a mint plant by either his wife Persephone or his sister and mother-in-law Demeter. The plant was also called by some as Hedyosmos (ἡδύοσμος), which means "sweet-smelling".


title: Minthe

text: The "-nth-"/"-nthos-" element in "menthe" is characteristic of a class of words borrowed from a Pre-Greek language: compare "akanthos", labyrinthos, Korinthos, and hyakinthos. According to R. S. P. Beekes, it is of undoubtedly pre-Greek origin due to the variant ending in "-ᾰ".


title: Minthe

text: The Naiad nymph Minthe, daughter of the infernal river-god Cocytus, became concubine to Hades, the lord of the Underworld and god of the dead. In jealousy, his wife Persephone intervened and metamorphosed Minthe, in the words of Strabo's account, "into the garden mint, which some call "hedyosmos" (lit. 'sweet-smelling')". A mountain near Pylos was named after Minthe, where one of the few temples of Hades in Greece was situated:


title: Minthe

text: Near Pylus, towards the east, is a mountain named after Minthe, who, according to myth, became the concubine of Hades, was trampled under foot by Core, and was transformed into garden-mint, the plant which some call Hedyosmos. Furthermore, near the mountain is a precinct sacred to Hades,


title: Minthe

text: Similarly to that, a scholiast on Nicander wrote that Minthe became Hades' mistress; for this Persephone tore her into pieces, but Hades turned his dead lover into the fragrant plant that bore her name in her memory. Ovid also briefly mentions Minthe and her transformation at the hands of Persephone in his "Metamorphoses", but neglects to mention the story behind it. According to Oppian, Minthe had been Hades' mistress before he abducted and married Persephone, but he set her aside once he carried off and married his queen. Afterwards, she would boast that she surpassed Persephone in beauty and that Hades would soon return to her; in anger over the nymph's insolence, Persephone's mother Demeter trampled her, and thus from the earth sprang the mint herb:


title: Minthe

text: Mint, men say, was once a maid beneath the earth, a Nymph of Cocytus, and she lay in the bed of Aidoneus; but when he raped the maid Persephone from the Aetnaean hill, then she complained loudly with overweening words and raved foolishly for jealousy, and Demeter in anger trampled her with her feet and destroyed her. For she had said that she was nobler of form and more excellent in beauty than dark-eyed Persephone and she boasted that Aidoneus would return to her and banish the other from his halls: such infatuation leapt upon her tongue. And from the earth sprang the weak herb that bears her name.


title: Minthe

text: Oppian writing that she was trampled to death is perhaps an allusion to the verb , "minytho", meaning "to reduce." Orpheus wrote that Demeter, seeing the mint sad, hated it, and made it barren.


title: Minthe

text: In ancient Greece, mint was used in funerary rites, together with rosemary and myrtle, and not simply to offset the smell of decay; mint was an element in the fermented barley drink called the "kykeon" that was an essential preparatory entheogen for participants in the Eleusinian Mysteries, which offered hope in the afterlife for initiates. Minthe might have originated from Demeter's mystery cults, alongside figures like Baubo and the daughters of Celeus.


title: Minthe

text: The mint was highly valued due to its aromatic properties and its capacity as a condiment that brings out the flavour of many foods. It was regarded as an aphrodisiac, hence Minthe's role in becoming the lover of Hades; at the same time it was used as a contraceptive method, as it was believed that consuming it before the act would prevent a pregnancy. Thus the mint, a plant of sterility, was seen as the opponent of Demeter, the goddess of fertility.


title: Peter Watts (road manager)

text: Peter Anthony Watts (16 January 1946 – 2 August 1976) was an English road manager and sound engineer who worked with Pink Floyd.


title: Peter Watts (road manager)

text: Watts was born on 16 January 1946, in Bedford, the son of Jane Patricia Grace ("née" Rolt; in Naivasha, Kenya Colony; 1923–) and Anthony Watts. Watts had one older brother, Michael, and one younger sister, Patricia. Watts' mother remarried Anthony Daniells in 1989.


title: Peter Watts (road manager)

text: Watts was the road manager for The Pretty Things before joining Pink Floyd as their first experienced road manager.


title: Peter Watts (road manager)

text: Alongside fellow roadie Alan Styles, he appears on the rear cover of Pink Floyd's 1969 album "Ummagumma", shown with the band's van and equipment laid out on a runway at Biggin Hill Airport, with the intention of replicating the "exploded" drawings of military aircraft and their payloads, which were popular at the time. On the 1973 album "The Dark Side of the Moon", he contributed the repeated laughter during "Brain Damage", also heard in the album's overture, "Speak to Me". His wife Patricia 'Puddie' Watts was responsible for the line about the "geezer" who was "cruisin' for a bruisin used in the segue between "Money" and "Us and Them", and the words "I never said I was frightened of dying." heard near the end of "The Great Gig in the Sky".


title: Peter Watts (road manager)

text: In 1966, Watts married Myfanwy Edwards-Roberts, the daughter of a Welsh father and Australian mother, who was an antiques dealer and costume and set designer. They had two children, Ben (born 1967; a photographer), and Naomi (1968; an actress).


title: Peter Watts (road manager)

text: The couple divorced in 1972. After the divorce, the children were raised between grandparents and mother as she built a career. The family relocated to London.


title: Peter Watts (road manager)

text: Peter Watts left Pink Floyd's service in 1974. In 1976, he married Patricia Deighton, known as "Puddie", who can be heard on "The Dark Side of the Moon."


title: Peter Watts (road manager)

text: In August 1976, Watts was found dead in a flat in Notting Hill, London, of a heroin overdose. After his death, Pink Floyd provided financial support to his two young children. The money allowed the family to move to Sydney, Australia, in 1982, where Edwards-Roberts became part of a burgeoning film industry.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: Foreign relations between neighbouring countries Australia and New Zealand, also referred to as Trans-Tasman relations, are extremely close. Both countries share a British colonial heritage as antipodean Dominions and settler colonies, and both are part of the wider Anglosphere. New Zealand sent representatives to the constitutional conventions which led to the uniting of the six Australian colonies but opted not to join. In the Boer War and in both world wars, New Zealand soldiers fought alongside Australian soldiers. In recent years the Closer Economic Relations free trade agreement and its predecessors have inspired ever-converging economic integration. Despite some shared similarities, the cultures of Australia and New Zealand also have their own sets of differences and there are sometimes differences of opinion which some have declared as symptomatic of sibling rivalry. This often centres upon sports and in commercio-economic tensions, such as those arising from the failure of Ansett Australia and those engendered by the formerly long-standing Australian ban on New Zealand apple imports.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: Both countries are constitutional monarchies and Commonwealth realms – sharing the same person as the sovereign and independent head of state – with parliamentary democracies based on the Westminster system. Their only land border defines the western extent of the Ross Dependency and eastern extent of the Australian Antarctic Territory. They acknowledge two distinct maritime boundaries conclusively delimited by the Australia–New Zealand Maritime Treaty of 2004.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: In 2017, a major poll showed that New Zealand was considered Australia's "best friend", a position previously held by the United States.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: The History of Indigenous Australians is generally thought to be rich to the extent of at least 40,000–45,000 years duration, whereas Polynesian Māori arrived in Aotearoa/New Zealand in several waves by means of waka in waves roughly between 1320 and 1350. Indigenous Australians and Polynesian Māori indigenous to New Zealand are not recorded to have met or interacted prior to 17th and 18th century European exploration of Australia. Regarding the respective indigenous populations, while it may be said that there is a single Māori language and the iwi have been able to present as a unified population represented by a monarch neither has ever been able to be said of the Australian Aboriginal languages or their corresponding population groups.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: The first European landing on the Australian continent occurred in the Janszoon voyage of 1605–06. Abel Tasman in two distinct voyages in the period 1642–1644 is recorded as the first person to have coastally explored regions of the respective landforms including Van Diemen's Land – later named for him as the Australian state of Tasmania. The first voyage of James Cook stands as significant for the circumnavigation of New Zealand in 1769 and as the European discovery and first ever coastal navigation of Eastern Australia from April to August 1770. The European settlement of Australia and New Zealand, then referred to as the colony of New South Wales, dates from the arrival of the First Fleet into Cadi/Port Jackson on Australia Day, 1788.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: New Zealand was separated from the Colony of New South Wales in 1840, at which time its pākehā population numbered about 2000 descended from Christian missionaries, sealers, and whalers (as opposed to mainland Australia's much larger penal colony population).


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: Although it is accurate to distinguish that New Zealand was never a penal colony, neither were some of the Australian colonies. In particular, South Australia was founded and settled in a similar manner to New Zealand, both being influenced by the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: Both countries experienced ongoing internal conflict concerning indigenous and settler populations, although this conflict took very different forms most sharply manifested in the New Zealand Wars and Australian frontier wars respectively. Whereas Maori iwi endured the Musket Wars of the period 1807–1839 preceding the former in New Zealand, indigenous Australians have no comparable period of the experience of warfare amongst each other employing European-introduced modern weaponry either before or after their own confrontations with European settler society. Both countries experienced nineteenth century gold rushes and during the nineteenth century there was extensive trade and travel between the colonies.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: New Zealand participated as a member of the Federal Council of Australasia from 1885 and fully involved itself among the other self-governing colonies in the 1890 conference and 1891 Convention leading up to Federation of Australia. Ultimately it declined to accept the invitation to join the Commonwealth of Australia resultingly formed in 1901, remaining as a self-governing colony until becoming the Dominion of New Zealand in 1907 and with other territories later constituting the Realm of New Zealand effectively as an independent country of its own. In the 1908 Olympics, the 1911 Festival of Empire and the 1912 Olympics the two countries were represented at least in sporting competition as the unified entity "Australasia".


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: Both continued to co-operate politically in the 20th century as each sought closer relations with the United Kingdom, particularly in the area of trade. This was helped by the development of refrigerated shipping, which allowed New Zealand in particular to base its economy on the export of meat and dairy – both of which Australia had in abundance – to Britain.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: The two nations sealed the Canberra Pact in January 1944 for the purpose of successfully prosecuting war against the Axis Powers in World War II and providing for the administration of an armistice and territorial trusteeship in its aftermath. The Agreement foreshadowed the establishment of a permanent Australia–New Zealand Secretariat, it provided for consultation in matters of common interest, it provided for the maintenance of separate military commands and for "the maximum degree of unity in the presentation ... of the views of the two countries".


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: The quantity of trans-Tasman trade increased by 9% per annum from the early 1980s through to the end of 2007, with the Closer Economic Relations free trade agreement of 1983 being a major turning point. This was partially a result of Britain joining the European Economic Community in the early 1970s, thus restricting the access of both countries to their biggest export market.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: In the Harriet Affair of 1834, a group of British soldiers of the 50th Regiment from Australia landed in Taranaki, New Zealand, to rescue the wife and children of John (Jacky) Guard and punish the kidnappers – the first clash between Māori and British troops. The expedition was sent by Governor Bourke from Sydney and was subsequently criticised by a British House of Commons report in 1835 for use of excessive force.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: In 1861, the Australian ship HMCSS "Victoria" was dispatched to help the New Zealand colonial government in its war against Māori in Taranaki. "Victoria" was subsequently used for patrol duties and logistic support, although a number of personnel were involved in actions against Māori fortifications. In late 1863, the New Zealand government requested troops to assist in the invasion of the Waikato. Promised settlement on confiscated land, more than 2500 Australians were recruited. Other Australians became scouts in the Company of Forest Rangers. Australians were involved in actions at Matarikoriko, Pukekohe East, Titi Hill, Ōrākau and Te Ranga.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, both countries or their colonial precursors were enthusiastic members of the British Empire and both either sent soldiers or permitted the sending of military volunteers to the Mahdist War in the Sudan, the quelling of the Boxer Rebellion, the Second Boer War, the First and Second World Wars and the Malayan Emergency and Konfrontasi. Independent of the sense of Empire (or Commonwealth), both nations in the second half of the twentieth century otherwise provided contingents in support of United States strategic aims in the Korean War, Vietnam War, and Gulf War. Whereas military personnel from both countries participated in UNTSO, the Multinational Force and Observers to Sinai, INTERFET to East Timor, the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, UNMIS to Sudan, and more recent intervention in Tonga the New Zealand government officially condemned the 2003 invasion of Iraq and stood apart from Australia in refusing to contribute any combat forces. Somewhat similarly in 1982, although without speaking in condemnation, Australia found no purpose in joining with New Zealand to support the United Kingdom in the Falklands War against Argentina just as New Zealand had declined to join Australia in Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War or in UNEF to Egypt and Israel during the 1970s.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: In the First World War, the soldiers of both countries were formed into the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs). Together Australia and New Zealand saw their first major military action in the Battle of Gallipoli, in which both suffered major casualties. For many decades the battle was seen by both countries as the moment at which they came of age as nations. It continues to be commemorated annually in both countries on Anzac Day, although since the 1960s there has been some questioning of the "coming of age" idea.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: World War II was a major turning point for both countries, as they realised that they could no longer rely on the protection of Britain. Australia was particularly struck by this realisation, as it was directly targeted by the Empire of Japan, with Darwin bombed and Broome attacked. Subsequently, both countries sought closer ties with the United States. This resulted in the ANZUS pact of 1951, in which Australia, New Zealand and the United States agreed to defend each other in the event of enemy attack. Although no such attack occurred until, arguably, 11 September 2001, Australia and New Zealand both contributed troops to the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Australia's contribution to the Vietnam War in particular was much larger than New Zealand's; while Australia introduced conscription, New Zealand sent only a token force. Australia has continued to be more committed to the American alliance, ANZUS, than New Zealand; although both countries felt considerable unease about American military policy in the 1980s, New Zealand angered the United States by refusing port access to nuclear ships into its nuclear-free zone from 1985 and in retaliation, the United States 'suspended' its obligations otherwise owed under the alliance treaty to New Zealand. Australia has made a significant contribution to the Iraq War, while New Zealand's much smaller military contribution was limited to UN-authorised reconstruction tasks.


title: Australia–New Zealand relations

text: In 2001 the Australia–New Zealand Memorial was opened by the prime ministers of both countries on Anzac Parade, Canberra. The memorial commemorates the shared effort to achieve common goals in both peace and war.