title: Ellise Chappell

text: Chappell was born and raised in rural Warwickshire, her mother was an artist, her father runs a creative agency, while her elder brother went on to be a video choreographer. She was educated at The King's High School for Girls, a private school for girls in Warwick. After completing her time at school she applied for Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and Guildhall School of Music and Drama; however, she was unsuccessful in the applications. Instead Chappell studied English literature at the University of Sheffield, before deciding to switch to studying drama at the University of Exeter, where she graduated in 2014. She took a nine-month intensive course on acting, before moving to London, where she joined the National Youth Theatre and performed in the West End.


title: Ellise Chappell

text: Chappell was part of the National Youth Theatre REP Company in 2015, where she starred in "Wuthering Heights" by Emily Brontë, "The Merchant of Venice" by William Shakespeare and "Consensual" by Evan Placey. She then landed the role of Jennifer Strange in the 2016 Sky TV series adaptation of "The Last Dragonslayer", before starring as Wendy Roberts in Anthony Horowitz's BBC TV series "New Blood." Chappell has also been a regular in the BBC series "Poldark" since its third season, playing Morwenna Chynoweth. She plays Lucy in the 2019 film "Yesterday," and plays Mona in the Netflix series "Young Wallander".


title: Soarin'

text: Soarin', also known as Soarin' Around the World, Soaring Over the Horizon and Soaring: Fantastic Flight, is a flight motion simulator attraction at Disney California Adventure, Epcot, Shanghai Disneyland, and Tokyo DisneySea. It employs a mechanical lift system, a


title: Soarin'

text: projected presentation on an concave 180-degree dome screen, and artificial scents and wind to simulate a hang gliding flight over locations in six of the world's continents. Many consider it the first flying theater.


title: Soarin'

text: The attraction's first iteration, Soarin Over California, was an opening-day attraction at Disney California Adventure on February 8, 2001. It took guests over several locations in California and included a pre-show on the history of California's aviation industry. It was also installed at Epcot in Walt Disney World as "Soarin" in 2005.


title: Soarin'

text: The current global version of the ride debuted at Shanghai Disneyland Park as "Soaring Over the Horizon" on June 16, 2016. The American versions were also replaced with the new film as "Soarin Around the World" on June 17. A fourth attraction, "Soaring: Fantastic Flight", opened at Tokyo DisneySea on July 23, 2019. The original "Soarin' Over California" returned to Disney California Adventure for a limited engagement in June 2019, and its popularity led Disney to extend the run through the end of August of that year. Another limited run began February 28, 2020 as part of the park's Food & Wine Festival, but was cut short when the resort closed on March 13 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On February 13th 2022, Disney announced Soarin' Over California would return on March 4th for Disney California Adventure Annual Food & Wine Festival.


title: Soarin'

text: "Soarin" was first conceptualized in 1996 as "Ultra Flight", a name that can still be seen on the tower consoles of the California Adventure attraction. It was to feature an OMNIMAX screen with an inverted track, allowing guests to fly over California's landmarks. It was to have three load levels, with a system operating on a horizontal cable, much like a dry cleaner's rack. The plan was abandoned when it was determined that the design's construction and labor costs would be prohibitive. It seemed that "Soarin" wouldn't become a reality until engineer Mark Sumner developed a different idea for the ride vehicles, using an Erector Set and string to create a working model. The new design allowed Disney to efficiently load guests on one level instead of three, significantly cutting its building costs.


title: Soarin'

text: Each ride vehicle consists of three rows of seats under a wing-like canopy, with a capacity of 87 guests. After guests have been safely restrained in the vehicle with standard lap belts, the canopy descends slightly and a cantilever system lifts the chairs forward and into the air with the guests' feet dangling freely. The vehicle is lifted forward so that guests look into a large, concave movie screen onto which aerial views are projected. The original film's scenes were shot at an IMAX HD frame rate of 48 frames per second, twice the conventional rate of regular films. The vehicle is moved forward toward the center of the dome so guests can see only the projected images and experience the sensation of flight. The ride structure contains about one million pounds (454,000 kg) of steel; 37 tons (33.5 metric tonnes) are lifted during each ride cycle.


title: Soarin'

text: To enhance the illusion, subtle vertical movements of the seats are synchronized to the film. Sensations of horizontal motion are created with a combination of vertical carriage movement and turning the image on the screen. Scents complementing the scenes are also injected into the air streams blowing on riders. When it opened, the scent was only present during the Redwood Creek scene and the Valencia Orange Farms scene. In the updated show, scents include rose blossoms in the Taj Mahal scene, grass in the Africa scene, and a sea breeze in the South Pacific scene.


title: Soarin'

text: "Soarin Around the World" is in the Grizzly Peak Airfield section of Disney California Adventure at the Disneyland Resort. One of the resort's most popular attractions, it utilizes the park's FastPass system, allowing guests to reserve specific ride times to avoid long queues.


title: Soarin'

text: While in line, guests pass the Wings of Fame, an homage to California's aviation history, including profiles of the P-51 Mustang, SR-71 Blackbird, and Bell X-1. There is also a section dedicated to aviators such as John J. Montgomery, Amelia Earhart, Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, Jack Northrop, the Wright brothers, Howard Hughes, Jacqueline Cochran, Kelly Johnson, Paul MacCready, and Chuck Yeager. Inspirational music from a variety of aviation-related films is played in the queue areas, including "Patton", "MacArthur", "Air Force One", "The Blue Max", "Explorers" (all by Jerry Goldsmith), "The American President" (by Marc Shaiman), "DragonHeart", "", Angels in the Outfield (1994) (both by Randy Edelman), "The Last Starfighter" (by Craig Safan), "Apollo 13", and "The Rocketeer" (both by James Horner), "Always" (by John Williams) and the HBO miniseries "Band of Brothers" (by Michael Kamen). "The Air Force Song" and "Jupiter" from Gustav Holst's orchestral suite "The Planets" are also heard, based on their use in "The Right Stuff".


title: Soarin'

text: Before entering the theater area, guests are placed in one of three preshow areas, called Alpha Gate, Bravo Gate, and Charlie Gate (named for the first three letters of the NATO phonetic alphabet). Just before boarding, guests see a pre-boarding video hosted by their chief flight attendant, Patrick Warburton.


title: Soarin'

text: The attraction opened with the park in 2001 as "Soarin Over California" in what was then the park's Condor Flats area. In early 2015, it closed for refurbishment as the surrounding area was transformed into Grizzly Peak Airfield. It reopened on May 15, 2015, with new exterior theming and updates to its screen and projection system. It now utilizes a laser illuminated digital projection array, replacing its original IMAX systems. Several exterior changes include the replacement of the mock-up RS-25 rocket engine with a fire lookout tower.


title: Soarin'

text: From January to March 2016, the attraction intermittently operated as "Soarin Over California" to prepare for the introduction of the "Soarin Around the World" ride film. The original film was shown until June 16, when the attraction was closed to prepare for the new film's debut on June 17.


title: Soarin'

text: On May 23, 2019, Disney announced that "Soarin Over California" would temporarily return to the park for the month of June, following the opening of at Disneyland Park on May 31. On June 21, they announced that the limited return had been extended to August 31, 2019 due to popular demand.


title: Soarin'

text: On February 28, 2020, the California version of the ride returned to California Adventure for the Disney California Adventure Food & Wine Festival. The limited engagement was scheduled to run through April 21, but ended prematurely when the resort began its extended closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic on March 13.


title: Soarin'

text: The attraction was duplicated, simply as "Soarin", and officially opened inside "The Land" pavilion at Epcot in Walt Disney World on May 5, 2005, along with at Disney's Hollywood Studios as part of the Happiest Celebration on Earth festival. Unlike the Disney California Adventure version, the show had guests taking flights "to" California. The concept was reinforced with theming of guests being loaded into "gates", with airport-themed spiels referring to "Flight 5505", an homage to the attraction's opening day. Cast members wear costumes resembling flight attendant uniforms, whereas the California version wear airfield crew uniforms.


title: Soarin'

text: The Epcot queue originally had pictures of natural wonders from around the world, not just California. It currently utilizes a new infrared technology that allows guests to participate in interactive games. In 2009, this interactive technology appeared in the Magic Kingdom as part of a seven-month overhaul of Space Mountain.


title: Soarin'

text: The attraction closed for refurbishment on January 4, 2016, and was originally slated to reopen on June 17, with a third theater to coincide with the release of the new "Soarin Around the World" film. The ride reopened with the original film on May 27, and the change to the new film occurred on June 17, 2016.


title: Soarin'

text: The attraction was retooled as "Soaring Over the Horizon" for Shanghai Disneyland Park. It was not part of the park's original plan, but was added to it after Walt Disney Imagineering began developing similar attractions for the U.S. parks. Located in the park's Adventure Isle area, it opened with the park on June 16, 2016.


title: Soarin'

text: Embedded in the Adventure Isle setting, the attraction is presented as an ancient observatory and temple to the Arbori tribe's Condor god. The preshow and safety spiel are hosted by a shaman of the tribe who grants guests the ability of flight, but has trouble controlling her own shapeshifting abilities.


title: Soarin'

text: On April 27, 2016, Tokyo Disney Resort announced a number of coming attractions for Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea parks, including a proposed version of "Soarin" (titled "Soaring: Fantastic Flight") to be in the Mediterranean Harbor section of Tokyo DisneySea. The announcement said this version would have a different theme, with ride vehicles designed as Renaissance-era Dream Flyers created by aviatrix and Society of Explorers and Adventurers member Camellia Falco. It opened on July 23, 2019.


title: Soarin'

text: In this version of the attraction, rather than an aviation terminal, it is set in the Museum of Fantastic Flight, which is hosting a retrospective on the life of Camellia Falco. Her spirit takes guests to see some of her Dream Flyer gliders, and invites them on a flight of fantasy around the world. (Falco's name was first seen by guests at Disneyland's Tropical Hideaway restaurant as one of the names on a series of oars belonging to members of the Society.)


title: Soarin'

text: Two other differences can be seen in this version of the film: The Paris scene is replaced with Tokyo at sunset, with Mount Fuji in the background; and the finale is a flight over Tokyo DisneySea.


title: Soarin'

text: The original ride film, which lasts four minutes and 51 seconds, takes guests on a simulated hang-glider tour of California. Appropriate scents (citrus, pine, sagebrush, ocean mist) fill the air as the ride vehicles move gently to simulate the sensations of flight. In addition to the state's various landscapes, it also highlights its diverse recreation, including snow skiing, river rafting, kayaking, golf, horseback riding, hot air ballooning, surfing, and of course, hang gliding. Its locations are:


title: Soarin'

text: The original "Soarin Over California" ride film at both Disney California Adventure and Epcot has an orchestral score by Jerry Goldsmith, who is said to have come down from his first ride in tears. In addition to finding it visually beautiful and magical, he said that his father was a pilot who loved all things Californian. "I'd do anything to be part of this project," Goldsmith said. "I'd even score the film for free." His soundtrack plays during the entire attraction, starting with a crescendo in the low strings while the screen is still dark. Numerous variations of a serene theme for horn and strings are heard, and several statements of a fanfare accompanies the grandest vistas. The original ride score was included on Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World official albums, including "". It continues to be heard as ambient music in the Disneyland Resort Esplanade and Epcot's entrance plaza.


title: Soarin'

text: An updated version of the "Soarin" attraction debuted at the Adventure Isle section of Shanghai Disneyland Park as "Soaring Over the Horizon" on June 16, 2016. On August 15, 2015 at the D23 Expo, it was announced that the attractions at Epcot and Disney California Adventure would debut versions of the new "Soaring Over the Horizon" ride film, titled "Soarin Around the World", featuring locations, landscapes and landmarks across six continents. Unlike the original film, the updated version heavily utilizes computer generated imagery., including animated transitions between scenes, such as close encounters with a seaplane, a kite, and an eagle. The updated attractions opened on June 17, 2016 at Disney California Adventure and Epcot, along with a third theater for the latter location. The film's locations are:


title: Soarin'

text: "Soarin Around the World" and "Soaring Over the Horizon" received a new score by Bruce Broughton, heavily based on Goldsmith's original score, and performed by the London Studio Orchestra.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The LRT Kelana Jaya Line is a medium-capacity light rapid transit (LRT) line and the first fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. It forms a part of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System in and around Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Servicing 37 stations, the line has 46.4 km of grade-separated tracks running mostly on underground and elevated guideways. Formerly known as the PUTRA LRT, it is operated as part of the RapidKL system by Rapid Rail, a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia. The line is named after its former terminus, the Kelana Jaya station.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: Construction began in 1994, about the same time as construction of the Ampang Line. The tunnels were constructed by Hazama Corporation and Hyundai E&C. Operation commenced on 1 September 1998 between Subang Depot and Pasar Seni, with phase two, Pasar Seni to Terminal Putra, on 1 June 1999.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: In 2002, the line carried its 150 millionth passenger, with an average of 160,000 passengers daily. Today, it carries over 250,000 passengers a day and over 350,000 a day during national events.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The line underwent a 17 km extension with construction commencing in early 2010 through to 2016. With 13 new stations to the line, the new terminus is now at Putra Heights, extending from Kelana Jaya, where it meets with the .


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The Kelana Jaya Line was known as PUTRA LRT, "PUTRA" standing for "Projek Usahasama Transit Ringan Automatik Sdn Bhd" (Automatic Light Transit Joint Venture Project), until the company was taken over by its current owner Prasarana Malaysia.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On 4 March 2018, a high-voltage power line broke and fell on the roof of the Kelana Jaya station, causing the roof to be blown off. Trains on both routes pass through the station while it is closed for repairs. The Kelana Jaya station reopened a few days later.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On 24 May 2021, the Kelana Jaya LRT collision occurs at around 9 p.m. between KLCC and Kampung Baru. 47 people were seriously injured, and 166 suffered minor injuries.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On 2 May 2022, a train braked suddenly in the tunnel between Dang Wangi and Kampung Baru while travelling towards Gombak at around 11:20 p.m. The train eventually continued towards KLCC, with passengers being asked to disembark. No injuries were reported.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On November 2022, a series of service disruptions caused by faulty automatic train control (ATC) device(s) forced trains to move slower and stop longer than usual, especially between Kelana Jaya and KLCC stations.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On 5 November 2022, a fault occurred between KLCC and Ampang Park stations. RapidKL resolved the problem by updating the software of the faulty ATC device, and train service resumed as usual on 6 November 2022.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The problem resurfaced again between KLCC and Kelana Jaya stations on the evening of 7 November 2022. Stations between Damai and Lembah Subang were closed at night to resolve the ATC stability issues.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: However, the same problem recurred on the evening of 8 November 2022, leading to a 4-day suspension. Prasarana carried out the repairs, including finding the root cause of the problem.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: After the subsequent stability tests under the supervision of technical experts from Thales Group and Land Public Transport Agency, the Ampang Park-Kelana Jaya stretch re-opens on 14 November 2022, two days earlier than expected.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: <mapframe text="Location of Kelana Jaya LRT line" width=270 height=400 zoom=11 latitude=3.11445 longitude=101.65519>


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The line runs from Putra Heights through Kelana Jaya to Gombak, serving the Subang Jaya and Petaling Jaya regions to the south; southwest and central Kuala Lumpur, and Kuala Lumpur City Centre to the centre; and low density residential areas further north. At 46.4 km in length, it is one of the longest fully automated driverless metro lines in the world.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The stations are given in a north–south direction, consists primarily of elevated stops and a handful of underground and at-grade stations. Of the 37 stations, 31 are elevated, Sri Rampai lies at ground level, and five stops (Masjid Jamek, Dang Wangi, Kampung Baru, KLCC and Ampang Park) are underground.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The stations, like those of the Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines, are styled in several types of architectural designs. Elevated stations, in most parts, were constructed in four major styles with distinctive roof designs for specific portions of the line. KL Sentral station, added later, features a design more consistent with the Stesen Sentral station building. Underground stations, however, tend to feature unique concourse layout and vestibules, and feature floor-to-ceiling platform screen doors to prevent platform-to-track intrusions. 22 stations (including two terminal stations and the five subway stations) use a single island platform, while 15 others use two side platforms. Stations with island platforms allow easy interchange between north-bound and south-bound trains without requiring one to walk down/up to the concourse level. The island platform at Putra Heights terminal station is shared with the Sri Petaling Line trains bound for Sentul Timur, allowing cross-platform line interchange at the station.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The stations were built to support disabled passengers, with elevators and wheelchair lifts alongside escalators and stairways between the levels. The stations have platform gaps smaller than 5 cm to allow easy access for the disabled and wheelchair users. They are able to achieve this with:


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The stations on the Kelana Jaya Line are the earliest rapid transit stations in the Klang Valley designed to provide a degree of accessibility for handicapped users. In contrast, handicapped-friendly facilities for the Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines were installed beginning in 2012.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On 29 August 2006, Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Mohd Najib Abdul Razak announced that the western end would be extended to the suburbs of Subang Jaya which are USJ and Putra Heights to the south-west of Kuala Lumpur. The extension will be part of a RM10 billion plan to expand Kuala Lumpur's public transport network.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The expansion plan will also see the Sri Petaling Line extended to the suburbs of Puchong and the south-west of Kuala Lumpur The plan also involved the construction of an entirely new line, tentatively called the Kota Damansara–Cheras line, running from Kota Damansara in the western portion of the city, to Cheras which lies to the south-east of Kuala Lumpur.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: As of August 2008, Syarikat Prasarana Negara was reportedly running land and engineering studies for the proposed extension.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: In September 2009, Syarikat Prasarana Negara began displaying the alignment of the proposed extensions over a 3-month period for feedback. The Kelana Jaya extension will see 13 new stations over 17 km from Kelana Jaya to Putra Heights. Construction is expected to commence in early 2010.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: In November 2010, Prasarana announced that it has awarded RM1.7 billion for first phase of the project. The winners include Trans Resource Corp Bhd for the Kelana Jaya Line extension. UEM Builders Bhd and Intria Bina Sdn Bhd were appointed as subcontractors for the fabrication and supply of segmental box girder jobs for the Kelana Jaya Line.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: Construction works on the Kelana Jaya Line and the Sri Petaling Line extension project are targeted to accelerate at the end of March, with commencement of structural works, subject to approval from state government and local authorities.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: As of 2014, completion of the extension is targeted for 2016. Refer to the previous table in #Line and Station section above.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On 14 April 2016, Prasarana Malaysia confirmed in a media release that the Kelana line extension will be fully operating on 30 June 2016.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The rolling stock, in use since the opening of the line in 1998, consists of 35 Innovia ART 200 trains with related equipment and services supplied by the Bombardier Group and train electronics company Quester Tangent. They consist of two-electric multiple units, which serve as either a driving car or trailer car depending on its direction of travel. They are equipped with Linear Induction Motor (LIM) propulsion technology which allows for operation on tighter curves, with less noise and greatly reduced wheel and track wear. The plating in between the running rails is used for accelerating and decelerating the train and the reaction plate is semi-magnetised, which pulls the train along as well as helps it to slow down.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The ART is completely automated and operates without drivers, stopping at stations for a limited amount of time. Nevertheless, manual override control panels are provided at each end of the trains for use in an event of an emergency. The technology is essentially identical to that of the Vancouver SkyTrain, which operates in very similar environments.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The interior of the ART, like its Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines' counterparts, consists of plastic seating aligned sideways towards the sides of the train, with one foldable seats for passengers at the end of the cars for wheelchair, and spacing in the middle for standing occupants. Since its launch in 1998, the ART rolling stock has remained relatively unchanged; only more holding straps have been added and the labeling has been modified from Putra-LRT to RapidKL. Some of the rolling stock has the majority of the seats removed for added passenger capacity during rush hours.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On 13 October 2006, Syarikat Prasarana Negara signed an agreement with Bombardier HARTASUMA Consortium for the purchase of 88 Innovia ART 200 cars (22 train sets of 4-cars) with an option for another 13 for RM1.2 billion. The 22 train sets, initially targeted to be delivered from August 2008 onwards, will have four cars each and will boost the carrying capacity of the fleet by 1,500 people. On 8 October 2007, Syarikat Prasarana Negara exercised its option to purchase an additional 52 Innovia ART 200 cars (13 train sets of 4-cars) for €71 million, expected to be delivered in 2010.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: Although the trains were expected to arrive in August 2008, the delivery was delayed to November 2008 by the manufacturer. Rapid Rail said that the trains will only be usable by September 2009 after having sufficient rolling stocks, power line upgrades and safety testing. Transport Minister, Datuk Seri Ong Tee Keat has said in Parliament that the new trains will begin operations by December 2009. However, in July 2009, Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak announced that the four-car trains will only be fully operational by end-2012.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On 30 December 2009, 3 of the 35 new four-car trains entered commercial service. New features other than increased capacity up to 950 passengers per trip are seat belts for wheel-chair bound travelers, door alarm lights for hearing impaired and more handles for standing commuters.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: In June 2012, several 2-car Innovia ART 200 trains underwent major refurbishment work done by from Hartasuma Consortium known as Mid-Life Refurbishments (MLR). The refurbishments include an updated livery, changes of the LED headlights and interior lights, as well as other interior refurbishments which include a newer seat design and the installation of additional infotainment systems. Facilities were also added such as openable windows during emergencies. The first MLR set, TR08 entered service on October 15, 2014.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: In 2017, another MLR project included two 2-car sets permanently coupled to form a 4-car set, known as the 'married train'. Interiors were similar to the previous MLR sets with added TV panels at each end of the sets, dynamic route map displays and walkable through gangways between the two sets. The first coupled train, TR87 (previously TR22 and TR27) entered service on 29 December 2017, with the remaining undergoing delivery in stages.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: Starting from June 2016 under the Kuala Lumpur Additional Vehicle programme, the new generation Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 started service. Each driverless train features a new design for the end caps, a curved sidewall structure, and a larger, more spacious interior. All trains come in a four-car configuration with each car accommodating up to 220 passengers. Low energy consumption is achieved through a combination of lightweight aluminium car shells and a LIM propulsion system. Furthermore, the vehicle's regenerative braking enables the reuse of energy released during braking. The aisles and walk-through gangways are also wider when compared with the previous fleet. In addition, the trainsets are equipped with 16 cameras on board, infotainment LCD screens, dynamic route maps, better air-conditioning and bigger windows. With the new trains, the line could increase its capacity by 20 to 30 per cent.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: An additional 27 new trainsets are being delivered. As of August 2020, three have arrived with two of them under installation. They were delivered for the first time by air using an Antonov An-124, one of the largest cargo planes in existence. The rest of the fleet are to be delivered by ship. Since 27 June 2021, two trainsets labelled Sets 92 and 93 were spotted to be in service on the line.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: The old RM10 banknote of the 1996 series featured an image of the 2-car Bombardier Innovia ART 200 Kelana Jaya Line train.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: Below are the list of the Bombardier Innovia ART 200 refurbished 2-car set or known as MLR (Mid Life Refurbishment).


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: Below are the prototype of the four-car refurbished, combining two sets of two-car together into one.


title: Kelana Jaya line

text: On 24 May 2021, at 8:45 pm MYT, train number 181 and 240 collided with each other between the KLCC and Kampung Baru LRT stations, both trains were traveling in opposite directions on the same track and collided head-on. One of the trains was under maintenance and was being driven manually on the wrong track, while the other was automatically driven from KLCC. A total of 213 people were on board that was moving automatically. Preliminary reports indicated that no fewer than 166 people were injured with no deaths reported but 64 requiring hospitalization with 6 in critical condition. The case is under investigation as of 25 May 2021. This is the only and most severe incident involving a collision between two trains to occur along the Kelana Jaya line since it first opened in 1999.


title: Lead time

text: A lead time is the latency between the initiation and completion of a process. For example, the lead time between the placement of an order and delivery of new cars by a given manufacturer might be between 2 weeks and 6 months, depending on various particularities. One business dictionary defines "manufacturing lead time" as the total time required to manufacture an item, including order preparation time, queue time, setup time, run time, move time, inspection time, and put-away time. For make-to-order products, it is the time between release of an order and the production and shipment that fulfill that order. For make-to-stock products, it is the time taken from the release of an order to production and receipt into finished goods inventory.


title: Lead time

text: A conventional definition of lead time in a supply chain management context is the time from the moment the customer places an order (the moment the supplier learns of the requirement) to the moment it is ready for delivery. In the absence of finished goods or intermediate (work in progress) inventory, it is the time it takes to actually manufacture the order without any inventory other than raw materials. The Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply identifies "total lead time" as a combination of "internal lead time" (the time required for the buying organisation's internal processes to progress from identification of a need to the issue of a purchase order) and "external lead time" (the time required for the supplying organisation's processes, including any development required, manufacture, dispatch and delivery).


title: Lead time

text: In the manufacturing environment, lead time has the same definition as that of Supply Chain Management, but it includes the time required to ship the parts from the supplier. Shipping time is included because the manufacturing company needs to know when the parts will be available for material requirements planning purposes. It is also possible to include within lead time the time it takes for a company to process and have the part ready for manufacturing once it has been received. The time it takes a company to unload a product from a truck, inspect it, and move it into storage ("put-away time") is not trivial. With tight manufacturing constraints or when a company is using Just In Time manufacturing, it is important for supply chain to know how long their own internal processes take.


title: Lead time

text: Company A needs a part that can be manufactured in two days once Company B has received an order. It takes three days for company A to receive the part once shipped, and one additional day before the part is ready to go into manufacturing.


title: Lead time

text: Lead Time terminology has been defined in greater detail. The Supply Chain from customer order received to the moment the order is delivered is divided into five lead times.


title: Lead time

text: A restaurant opens up and a customer walks in. A waiter guides him to a table, gives him the menu and asks what he would like to order. The customer selects a dish and the waiter writes it in his notepad. At that moment the customer has made an order which the restaurant has accepted – Order Lead Time and Order Handling Time have begun. Now the waiter marks the order in the cash register, rips the paper from the notepad, takes it into the kitchen and puts into the order queue. The order has been handled and is waiting in the factory (kitchen) for manufacturing. As there are no other customers, the waiter decides to stand outside the kitchen, by the door, waiting for the dish to be prepared and begins calculating Manufacturing Lead Time.


title: Lead time

text: Meanwhile, the chef finishes what he was doing, takes the order from the queue, starts his clock as a mark for the start of Production Lead Time and begins cooking. The chef chops the vegetables, fries the meat and boils the pasta. When the dish is ready, the chef rings a bell and stops his clock. At the same time, the waiter stops calculating Manufacturing Lead Time and rushes through the kitchen door to get the food while it is hot.


title: Lead time

text: When he picks it up, he begins timing the Delivery Lead Time that ends when the dish is served to the customer, who can now happily say that the Order Lead Time was shorter than he had expected.


title: Lead time

text: To best meet the customer needs, a company should work towards the shortest possible lead time in manufacturing, production, and delivery. It can be helped by:


title: Lead time

text: When talking about Order Lead Time (OLT) it is important to differentiate between the definitions that may exist around this concept. Although they look similar, there are differences between them that help the industry to model the order behavior of their customers. The four definitions are :


title: Lead time

text: The OLT will be determined by the difference between the date the customer wants the material in his facilities (wish date) and the date when they provided its order to the supplier.


title: Lead time

text: The OLT will be determined by the difference between the date the customer agree to receive the material in their facilities (Quote date) and the date when the order is provided to the supplier.


title: Lead time

text: The OLT will be determined by the difference between the day the provider deliver the material (Delivery date) and the date when they enter the order in the system.


title: Lead time

text: The OLT will be determined by the difference between the date the confirmed date by the provider to deliver the material in the customer facilities (Confirmed date) and the date when they provide the order to the supplier.


title: Lead time

text: The Average OLT based on Volume (OLT) is the addition of all the multiplications between the volume of product we deliver (quantity) and the OLT divided by the total quantity delivered in the period of time we are studying for that specific facility.


title: Lead time

text: By doing this the company will be able to find a relation of volume weighted between the quantities of material required for an order and the time requested to accomplish it. The volume metric could be applied to the 4 types of OLT.


title: Lead time

text: The figure obtained from this calculation will be the average time (e.g. in days) between order placing and the requested delivery date of a specific customer under consideration of the average quantities ordered during that particular time.


title: Lead time

text: In project management lead time is the time it takes to complete a task or a set of interdependent tasks. The lead of the entire project would be the overall duration of the critical path for the project.


title: Lead time

text: According to the PMBOK (4th edition) by PMI, lead is a dependency between two activities. An example would be scheduling the start of a 2-week activity dependent with the finish of the successor activity with a lead of 2 weeks so they will finish at the same time.


title: Lead time

text: Lead time in publishing describes the amount of time that a journalist has between receiving a writing assignment and submitting the completed piece. Depending on the publication, lead times can be anything from a couple of hours to many months/years.


title: Lead time

text: Lead time (when referring to a disease) is the length of time between detection of a disease through screening and the moment in time where it would have normally presented with symptoms and led to a diagnosis. An example of this is seen with breast cancer population screening, where women who are asymptomatic have a positive test result with mammography, whereas the underlying disease would have taken many more years to manifest.


title: Lead time

text: Lead time in video games can refer to the amount of time certain special, important actions in high-twitch action games, such as using health-recovering items, may need to take in order to be completed successfully. Lead time can be used to prevent players from abusing helpful abilities or items by making them a little more difficult to use safely, requiring some strategy, risk or caution.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: The Gunman is a 2015 action thriller film directed by Pierre Morel and written by Don Macpherson, Pete Travis and Sean Penn, based on the novel "The Prone Gunman" (French title: "La position du tireur couché") by Jean-Patrick Manchette. It stars Penn along with Javier Bardem, Idris Elba, Mark Rylance, Jasmine Trinca and Ray Winstone. The film is about Jim Terrier (Penn), a mercenary who assassinates the Minister of Mining of the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2006 on orders from multinational mining companies. Eight years after Terrier has retired from mercenary work, he and the people close to him become the targets of hit squads sent by a powerful multinational security firm, and he must fight to stay alive. The film was released on March 20, 2015 by Open Road Films. It was a box office bomb, grossing just $24 million against its $40 million budget and receiving a poor critical reception.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: American Jim Terrier is a former Special Forces soldier who has become a black-ops mercenary. He is part of a team deployed by a corporation in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2006, under the cover of providing security to local projects. He falls in love with Annie, a fellow expat working as an NGO doctor in a local hospital. During this period, even though civil war has wreaked havoc on the country, large multinational mining companies continue to profit from the country's mining industry. After the Minister of Mining announces his plans to declare contracts with the mining companies unjust and renegotiate the terms, the mining companies hire Terrier's team to assassinate the Minister to ensure their access to the rich mineral resources. Terrier delivers the fatal shot from a sniper rifle and flees from Africa, leaving Annie behind. After that, Terrier retires from his mercenary career.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: Eight years later he returns to DRC as a charity worker to build wells. One day Terrier is brutally assaulted by a local hit squad, but he manages to kill them all. While searching the attackers' bodies, he finds signs that the attack was not random and that he was the target. Scared and suspicious, Terrier flees to London to meet an ex-mercenary colleague, who reveals that Cox, their ex-boss in the Congo assassination, has formed a large international security firm offering its services to major clients, such as the Pentagon. The firm's head wants to eliminate all of the former members of the assassination squad as revelations of their former activities could hinder the development of the new firm. Now the firm's hit teams chase Terrier around the clock, meanwhile killing his friends and kidnapping Annie.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: However, Terrier still keeps highly compromising materials that can reveal Cox's role in the Congo assassination and uses it to lure Cox and his team to a bullfight in Spain, threatening to expose their complicity unless they trade Annie for the evidence. Unknown to them, Terrier makes a deal with Interpol to provide evidence to aid their ongoing investigation. Despite battling severe head trauma suffered from his violent past, Terrier defeats the experienced mercenaries sent to kill him. As he struggles to help Annie escape to safety, Cox discovers them. Terrier is wounded but manages to shoot Cox, who is then gored by a loose bull. Interpol officers arrive and take Terrier into custody, though Agent Barnes promises to do what he can to help Terrier avoid doing more jail time than necessary.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: Circa January 2013, French action director Pierre Morel ("Taken") entered negotiations to direct Sean Penn in "Prone Gunman", an action thriller being produced by Silver Pictures’ Joel Silver and Andrew Rona. The film is based on the 1981 novel "The Prone Gunman" by French crime novelist Jean-Patrick Manchette. The project, from Silver Pictures, was fully financed by StudioCanal, who sold out rights to the film at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: In May 2013, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Javier Bardem would play a villain. In June, Deadline stated that Ray Winstone had just joined the project. He played a mentor of the hitman (Penn), who is betrayed and then hunted by the organization he worked for. Italian actress Jasmine Trinca was cast as the female lead. Bardem played Trinca’s husband, and Elba played a mysterious operative named Dupont.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: Principal photography took place in the spring of 2013 in Barcelona and Logroño, Spain; Gibraltar; Cape Town, South Africa; and Wimbledon Studios, England.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: "The Gunman" grossed $10.7 million in the United States and Canada and $13.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $24.2 million, against a production budget of $40 million.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 17% based on 171 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an uninspired plot and rote set pieces that are overshadowed by its star's physique, "The Gunman" proves a muddled misfire in the rapidly aging Over-50 Action Hero genre." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 39 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: Guy Lodge of Variety called it a "rote, humorless thriller" and "a distinctly unconvincing attempt to refashion the star — who also co-wrote and produced — as a middle-aged action hero in the Liam Neeson mold."


title: The Gunman (2015 film)

text: Ann Hornaday of the Washington Post wrote: "The Gunman may start as a genre exercise of promising purpose, but it winds up being just a lot of bull."


title: Reef knot

text: The reef knot, or square knot, is an ancient and simple binding knot used to secure a rope or line around an object. It is sometimes also referred to as a Hercules knot. The knot is formed by tying a left-handed overhand knot between two ends, instead of around one end, and then a right-handed overhand knot via the same procedure, or vice versa. A common mnemonic for this procedure is "right over left; left over right", which is often appended with the rhyming suffix "... makes a knot both tidy and tight". Two consecutive overhands tied as described above of the same handedness will make a granny knot. The working ends of the reef knot must emerge both at the top or both at the bottom, otherwise a thief knot results.


title: Reef knot

text: The reef knot is not recommended for tying two ropes together, because of the potential instability of the knot when not stabilized; something that has resulted in many deaths (see Misuse as a bend).


title: Reef knot

text: The reef knot is at least 4,000 years old. The name "reef knot" dates from at least 1794 and originates from its common use to reef sails, that is to tie part of the sail down to decrease its effective surface area in strong winds. To release the knot a sailor could collapse it with a pull of one hand; the sail's weight would make the collapsed knot come apart. It is specifically this behavior which makes the knot unsafe for connecting two ropes together.


title: Reef knot

text: The name "square knot" is found in Dana's 1841 maritime compendium "A Seaman's Friend", which also gives "reef knot" as an alternative name.


title: Reef knot

text: The name "square knot" is often used for the unslipped version of reef knot. "Reef knot" itself then is understood as the single slipped version, while the name shoelace knot is to indicate double slipped version. Sometimes the name bowtie also may be used to indicate a double slipped version, but tying a bowtie is usually performed on flat material, and involves a slip knot of one end holding a bight of the other end i.e. not really a double slipped reef knot. The name "Square knot" is also used for completely different other knots such as the mathematical concept of square knot, or friendship knot; this last one earns the name by being flat and drawing a square on one face (and a cross on the other face).


title: Reef knot

text: The reef knot is used to tie the two ends of a single rope together such that they will secure something, for example a bundle of objects, that is unlikely to move much. In addition to being used by sailors for reefing and furling sails, it is also one of the key knots of macrame textiles.


title: Reef knot

text: The knot lies flat when made with cloth and has been used for tying bandages for millennia. As a binding knot it was known to the ancient Greeks as the Hercules knot ("Herakleotikon hamma") and is still used extensively in medicine. In his "Natural History", Pliny relates the belief that wounds heal more quickly when bound with a Hercules knot.


title: Reef knot

text: It has also been used since ancient times to tie belts and sashes. A modern use in this manner includes tying the obi (or belt) of a martial arts keikogi.


title: Reef knot

text: With both ends tucked (slipped) it becomes a good way to tie shoelaces, whilst the non-slipped version is useful for shoelaces that are excessively short. It is appropriate for tying plastic garbage or trash bags, as the knot forms a handle when tied in two twisted edges of the bag.


title: Reef knot

text: The reef knot figures prominently in Scouting worldwide. It is included in the international membership badge and many scouting awards. In the Boy Scouts of America demonstrating the proper tying of the square knot is a requirement for all boys joining the program. In Pioneering (Scouting), it is commonly used as a binding knot to finish off specialized lashing (ropework) and whipping knots. However, it is an insecure knot, unstable when jiggled, and is not suitable for supporting weight.


title: Reef knot

text: A surgeon's variation, used where a third hand is unavailable, is made with two or three twists of the ropes on bottom, and sometimes on top, instead of just one.


title: Reef knot

text: The reef knot's familiarity, ease of tying, and visually appealing symmetry conceal its weakness. The International Guild of Knot Tyers warns that this knot should never be used to bend two ropes together. However, modern instruction teaches that it is fine for noncritical applications, especially if stabilized. A proper bend knot, for instance a sheet bend or double fisherman's knot, should be used instead. Knotting authority Clifford Ashley claimed that misused reef knots have caused more deaths and injuries than all other knots combined. Further, it is easily confused with the granny knot, which is a very poor knot.


title: Reef knot

text: An approximate physical analysis predicts that a reef knot will hold if formula_1, where μ is the relevant coefficient of friction. This inequality holds if formula_2. Experiments show that the critical value of μ is actually somewhat lower.


title: 2019 US Open – Men's singles

text: Rafael Nadal defeated Daniil Medvedev in the final, 7–5, 6–3, 5–7, 4–6, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2019 US Open. It was his fourth US Open title and 19th major title overall. Nadal's victory meant that every major title since the beginning of 2017 had been won by either himself (5), Novak Djokovic (4) or Roger Federer (3). This was the first time since 2006–08 that Djokovic, Federer, and Nadal had claimed all four major singles titles in three consecutive years.


title: 2019 US Open – Men's singles

text: Djokovic was the defending champion, but retired due to a left shoulder injury against Stan Wawrinka in the fourth round. This was the first time since 2006 that Djokovic failed to reach the semifinals (not counting the 2017 tournament, which he also missed due to injury).


title: 2019 US Open – Men's singles

text: Federer was attempting to win an Open Era record sixth US Open title, but lost in the quarterfinals to Grigor Dimitrov. This was the final US Open appearance of Federer's career.


title: 2019 US Open – Men's singles

text: The respective losses of Wawrinka and Federer in the quarterfinals guaranteed a first-time finalist in the top half of the draw. Medvedev became the second Russian player (after Marat Safin) to reach the final. Medvedev also became the first Russian man to reach a major final since Safin at the 2005 Australian Open.


title: 2019 US Open – Men's singles

text: Dimitrov (ranked 78th) became the lowest-ranked men's singles semifinalist at the US Open since Jimmy Connors (ranked 174th) in 1991. Dimitrov was also the lowest-ranked men's singles semifinalist at any major since Rainer Schüttler (ranked 92nd) at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships.


title: 2019 US Open – Men's singles

text: This was the first time in the Open Era that four quarterfinalists (Federer, Nadal, Wawrinka and Gaël Monfils) were 33 years old or older.


title: 2019 US Open – Men's singles

text: It was also the last major appearance for 2010 Wimbledon finalist and former world No. 4 Tomáš Berdych.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Caryl Whittier Chessman (May 27, 1921 – May 2, 1960) was a convicted robber, kidnapper and serial rapist who was sentenced to death for a series of crimes committed in January 1948 in the Los Angeles area. Chessman was charged with 17 counts and convicted under a loosely interpreted "Little Lindbergh law" – later repealed, but not retroactively – that defined kidnapping as a capital offense under certain circumstances. His case attracted worldwide attention, and helped propel the movement to end the use of capital punishment in the state of California.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: While in prison, Chessman was considered vexatious, with one judge writing in 1957, "[Chessman is] playing a game with the courts, stalling for time while the facts of the case grow cold." Chessman wrote four books, including his 1954 memoir "Cell 2455, Death Row". The book was adapted for the screen in 1955 and stars William Campbell as a character modelled after Chessman.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Chessman was born Carol Whittier Chessman ( was, at the time, a popular name for boys of Danish descent; Chessman himself later changed the spelling to ) in St.Joseph, Michigan, the only child of Serl Whittier and Hallie Lillian ("née" Cottle) Chessman, both devout Baptists. In 1922, the family relocated to Glendale, California. Chessman's father became despondent after failing at each of a series of jobs, and attempted suicide twice. In 1929 Chessman's mother was paralyzed in a car accident. As a child, Chessman had asthma, which left him weak, and he also contracted encephalitis, which he later claimed changed his personality. After recovering he began to rebel against his parents' strict Baptist upbringing by committing petty crimes. The family was hit hard by the Depression, and Chessman later recalled that he stole food and other items as an adolescent to help his parents.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: In July 1937 Chessman was caught stealing a car and sent to Preston School of Industry (also known as Preston Castle), a reform school in Northern California. He was released in April 1938, only to return a month later after stealing another car. In October 1939 Chessman was sent to the Los Angeles County Road Camp after yet another car theft. It was there that he met a group of young criminals known as the "Boy Bandit Gang." After his release from the road camp he joined the gang and, in April 1941, was arrested in connection with a number of gang-related robberies and shootouts with police. As the gang's leader, Chessman was convicted of robbery and sent to San Quentin State Prison, then transferred to the California Institution for Men in Chino. He escaped in October 1943 but was arrested a month later. Convicted on another robbery charge, Chessman was sentenced to five years to life and served the minimum, mostly at Folsom State Prison. He was released in December 1947 and returned to Glendale.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: In the first three weeks of January 1948, a number of robberies and thefts were reported throughout the Greater Los Angeles Area. On January 3, two men robbed a haberdashery in Pasadena with a .45 caliber semi-automatic pistol. On January 13, a 1946 Ford coupe was stolen from a Pasadena street. On January 18, a man driving a car described as a 1947 Ford coupe used a red light to stop a vehicle near Malibu Beach, then used a .45 caliber pistol to rob the vehicle's occupants. Later that day a second couple were robbed in the same manner near the Rose Bowl. Police quickly began to suspect a common perpetrator, and Los Angeles newspapers dubbed the suspect "The Red Light Bandit." On January 19, a third couple were robbed as they sat parked on a hill in West Pasadena, and the woman, Regina Johnson, was forced to perform oral sex on her assailant. On January 22, a fourth couple returning home from a church dance was pulled over on Mulholland Drive. The assailant dragged the girl, 17-year-old Mary Alice Meza, a short distance to his vehicle. Her boyfriend then drove away and was pursued by the assailant. After an unsuccessful attempt to force the male victim off the road, the perpetrator drove Meza to a secluded area where he forced her to engage in oral and anal sex, threatening to kill her boyfriend if she did not comply.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: The following day, police in North Hollywood attempted to stop a 1946 Ford coupe matching the description given by Meza and her boyfriend, and also by witnesses to a robbery at a clothing store in Redondo Beach earlier that day. After a high-speed chase the vehicle's occupants, Chessman and David Knowles, were captured and arrested. After a 72-hour interrogation, during which Chessman later claimed he was beaten and tortured, Chessman confessed to the "Red Light Bandit" crimes. He was also positively identified by the rape victims, Johnson and Meza. In late January 1948 Chessman was indicted on 18 counts of robbery, kidnapping, and rape. After a three-week trial in May, he was convicted on 17 of the 18 counts, and was sentenced to death. The prosecution was led by district attorney J. Miller Leavy. Chessman's accomplice, Knowles, was tried and convicted as an accessory in the store robberies, but his conviction was reversed on appeal in 1950 due to an absence of direct incriminating evidence and "impermissible abuse of the law."


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Part of the controversy surrounding the Chessman case stemmed from the state's unusual application of the death penalty. At the time, under California's version of the "Little Lindbergh Law," a crime that involved kidnapping with bodily harm could be considered a capital offense. Two of the counts against Chessman alleged that he dragged Johnson 22 feet from her car before demanding oral sex, and that he abducted Meza against her will, driving her a considerable distance before raping her. The court ruled that both actions fit the law's definition of kidnapping with bodily harm, thus making Chessman subject to the death penalty under the law. The law was repealed by the time his trial began but was in effect at the time of the crimes; the repeal was not applied retroactively.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Chessman asserted his innocence from the outset, arguing throughout the trial and the appeals process that he was alternately the victim of mistaken identity, or of a conspiracy to frame him; he also claimed to know the identity of the real perpetrator, but refused to reveal it. He further alleged that the confession he signed during his initial police interrogation was coerced through force and intimidation.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Over the course of nearly twelve years on death row Chessman filed dozens of appeals, acting as his own attorney, and successfully avoided eight execution deadlines, often by a few hours. Most appeals were based on assertions that he was forced to go to trial unprepared; that the trial itself was unfair; that confessions obtained by force and intimidation and promises of partial immunity were used in evidence against him; that California's "Little Lindbergh Law" was unconstitutional; and that the transcript of record forwarded upon appeal to the state supreme court was incomplete, and important parts of the proceedings were missing or incorrectly recorded. In 1957 the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the State of California to conduct a full review of the transcripts. The review concluded that the transcripts were substantially accurate.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Chessman also took his case to the public through letters, essays and books. His four books—"Cell 2455, Death Row"; "Trial by Ordeal"; "The Face of Justice"; and "The Kid Was a Killer"—became bestsellers. He sold the rights to "Cell 2455, Death Row" to Columbia Pictures, which made a 1955 film of the same name, directed by Fred F. Sears, with William Campbell as Chessman. Chessman's middle name, Whittier, was used as the surname of his alter ego protagonist in the film. The manuscript of his fourth book, "The Kid Was a Killer," was seized by San Quentin warden Harley O. Teets in 1954 as a product of “prison labor." It was eventually returned to Chessman in late 1957, and published in 1960.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Chessman's books and public campaign ignited a worldwide movement to spare his life, while focusing attention on the larger question of the death penalty in the United States, at a time when most Western countries had abandoned it, or were in the process of doing so. The office of California Governor Pat Brown was flooded with appeals for clemency from noted authors and intellectuals from around the world, including Aldous Huxley, Ray Bradbury, Norman Mailer, Dwight Macdonald, and Robert Frost, and from such other public figures as former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and Christian evangelist Billy Graham.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: The Chessman affair put Brown, an opponent of the death penalty, in a difficult position. He was unable to grant Chessman executive clemency as the California Constitution required the commutation of a two-time felon's death sentence to be ratified by the California Supreme Court, which declined ratification by a vote of 4–3. After a long period of inaction Brown finally issued a 60-day stay a few hours before the February 19, 1960, scheduled execution. He issued the stay, he said, out of concern that the execution could threaten the safety of President Dwight D. Eisenhower during an official visit to South America, where the Chessman case had inflamed anti-American sentiment.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Brown's stay of execution, along with Chessman's last appeals, ran out in April 1960, and Chessman finally went to the gas chamber at San Quentin Prison on May 2, twenty-five days before his 39th birthday. According to some sources, a last-minute attempt by a California Supreme Court justice to impose a new stay pending a habeas corpus motion failed when a court secretary misdialed the prison's phone number; by the time the call was routed to the execution chamber, the execution had begun and could not be halted. During the execution Chessman vigorously nodded his head, a pre‑arranged signal to reporters that he was experiencing pain. Chessman's body was cremated, as per his wishes, at the Mount Tamalpais Mortuary and Cemetery in San Rafael, California. He requested that his ashes be interred with his parents' at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, but Forest Lawn refused the request on "moral grounds." His ashes were buried at the Mount Tamalpais Cemetery, then disinterred in 1974 by Chessman's attorney Rosalie Asher and scattered off the coast of Santa Cruz Island.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Chessman was dubbed "the first modern American executed for a non-lethal kidnapping." His time on death row – eleven years and ten months – was then the longest ever in the United States, a record that was broken in the post-"Furman v. Georgia" era on March 15, 1988, when Willie Darden Jr. was executed in Florida's electric chair for a 1973 murder. Several months after Chessman's execution, Billy Wesley Monk was executed on November 21, 1960, for kidnapping two women, attempting to rape the first and raping the second, and was the last to be executed for a non-lethal kidnapping in the United States. Further executions for non-lethal offenses, including robbery and rape, occurred as late as 1964, but have not been carried out since the 1960s. Such convictions were also considerably focused on the Southern states, whereas the executions of Chessman, Monk and Rudolph Wright, gassed in 1962 for an assault (with deadly outcome, although without mens rea) possibly faced greater scrutiny for occurring in California.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Megan Terry’s play, "The People vs Ranchman", loosely based on Chessman’s crimes and punishment, was produced Off-Broadway in New York during the 1968–1969 season.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Author Dominique Lapierre visited Chessman several times during his incarceration. Lapierre was then a young reporter working for a French newspaper. His account of Chessman appears in the book "A Thousand Suns."


title: Caryl Chessman

text: The radio version of "Dragnet" referenced the Chessman case and the Redlight Bandit in a 1949 episode. The producers changed the storyline of his crimes, allowing the rape victim to die in the fictitious version, justifying the death penalty.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Chessman's execution is referenced in Lucio Fulci's 1969 giallo "One on Top of the Other", in which the character of George Dumurrier (Jean Sorel) is prepared to be executed in San Quentin's gas chamber. Not only were these sequences shot on location in San Quentin, but several of the prison personnel who were responsible for Chessman's death acted in them; a fact that was especially highlighted in the film's trailer.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Chessman is mentioned in Neil Diamond's 1970 song "Done Too Soon and in French singer Nicolas Peyrac's song "So far away from LA".


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Chessman's execution in the gas chamber is mentioned in Richard Brautigan's 1967 novella "Trout Fishing in America".


title: Caryl Chessman

text: In 1977, Alan Alda starred in an NBC television movie about Chessman's life, "Kill Me If You Can." This was sometimes shown, subsequently, as "The Caryl Chessman Story."


title: Caryl Chessman

text: The song "The Ballad of Caryl Chessman," written by the songwriting team of Al Hoffman and Dick Manning, includes the chorus "let him live, let him live, let him live". It was a minor hit single for Ronnie Hawkins two months before Chessman's execution.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Country music star Merle Haggard stated in an interview in 1995 that many years earlier, when he was a prison inmate, observing Chessman's preparations for his execution helped to set him on the straight and narrow.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: "Chessman", a 2016 play by Joe Rodota, tells the story of the execution from the viewpoint of Governor Pat Brown.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: The song "Broadway Melody of 1974" by the rock group Genesis, off their album "The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway", contains the lyrics: "The cheerleader waves her cyanide wand with the smell of peach blossoms and bitter almond." (Gas chamber reference) then: ""Caryl Chessman sniffs the air and leads the parade, he knows, in a scent, you can bottle all you made."" "Sniffs the air" likely refers to the execution method; also the singer Gabriel pronounces "in a scent" indistinguishable from "innocent".


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Mexican professional "luchador", "Chessman, the red light killer," from AAA, is named after Chessman.


title: Caryl Chessman

text: Chessman is believed by the fictional serial killer Thomas Bishop to be his biological father in the 1979 novel, "By Reason of Insanity" by Shane Stevens.


title: M116 howitzer

text: The 75mm Pack Howitzer M1 (redesignated the M116 in 1962) was a pack howitzer artillery piece used by the United States. Designed to be moved across difficult terrain, gun and carriage could be broken down into several pieces to be carried by pack animals.


title: M116 howitzer

text: The gun saw combat in World War II with the United States Army (primarily used by airborne units), with the United States Marine Corps, and was also supplied to foreign forces.


title: M116 howitzer

text: In addition to the pack / air portable configuration, the gun was mounted on a conventional carriage to serve as a field artillery piece. The M2 and M3 are derived vehicle-mounted howitzers used in the 75mm HMC M8 and some LVT models. In addition, the M1 in its original version was mated to a number of other self-propelled carriages, though only one of those – 75mm HMC T30 – reached mass production.


title: M116 howitzer

text: The 75 mm pack howitzer was designed in the United States in the 1920s to meet a need for an artillery piece that could be moved across difficult terrain. Development began in 1920, and in August 1927, the weapon was standardized as Howitzer, Pack, 75mm M1 on Carriage M1. Due to meager funding, production rates were very low; by 1933, only 32 guns had been manufactured, and by 1940, only 91 pieces. It was not until September 1940 that the howitzer was put into mass production. By then, the M1 had been succeeded by the slightly modified M1A1. Production continued until December 1944.


title: M116 howitzer

text: The only significant changes during the mass production period were carriage improvements. The original carriage M1 was of box trail type, with wooden wheels. The requirement for a lightweight howitzer for airborne troops led to the introduction of the M8 carriage, similar except for new wheels with pneumatic tires.


title: M116 howitzer

text: Another requirement, from the cavalry branch of the US Army, resulted in a completely different family of "field howitzer" split trail carriages M3A1 / M3A2 / M3A3. However, only limited numbers of the M1 field howitzer variant were built, due to cavalry's switch to self-propelled guns.


title: M116 howitzer

text: The howitzer M1 or M1A1 consisted of tube and breech, which were joined together by interrupted threads, allowing for quick assembly and disassembly. One eighth of a turn was required to connect or disconnect tube and breech. The tube had uniform, right hand rifling with one turn in 20 calibers. The breech was of horizontal sliding-block type, with continuous-pull firing mechanism.


title: M116 howitzer

text: The recoil system was Hydro-pneumatic. Both recoil buffer and recuperator were located under the barrel.


title: M116 howitzer

text: The pack howitzer carriage M1 had dismantling construction. The carriage was of box trail type, with steel-rimmed wooden wheels. For transportation, the howitzer M1 or M1A1 on carriage M1 could be broken down into six mule loads, with payload weight between 73 and 107 kg each:


title: M116 howitzer

text: The carriage M8 was identical, except for axle arms and wheels, which were metal with pneumatic tires. The howitzer on carriage M8 could be broken down into seven mule loads or into nine parachute loads (the latter arrangement included 18 rounds of ammunition). It could also be towed by vehicle such as 1/4 ton jeep, or transported by plane or glider such as CG-4 Waco.


title: M116 howitzer

text: The field howitzer carriages of the M3 family were non-dismantling, split trail. All these were fitted with metal wheels with pneumatic tires; all had an additional retractable support, referred to as a firing base. In firing position, the firing base could be lowered and wheels raised, leaving the weapon to rest on the firing base and trails.


title: M116 howitzer

text: An airborne division, according to the organization of February 1944, had three 75 mm howitzer battalions – two glider field artillery battalions (two six-gun batteries each) and one parachute field artillery battalion (three four-gun batteries), in total 36 pieces per division. In December 1944, new Tables of Organization and Equipment increased the divisional firepower to 60 75 mm howitzers (as an option, in glider battalions 75 mm pieces could be replaced with more powerful 105mm M3).


title: M116 howitzer

text: The only mountain division formed, the 10th, had three 75 mm howitzer battalions, 12 pieces each. The gun was also used by some separate field artillery battalions. These included mule-packed field artillery battalions seeing service in Burma.


title: M116 howitzer

text: In the US Marine Corps, under the E-series Tables of Organization (TO) from 15 April 1943 divisional artillery included three 75 mm howitzer battalions, 12 pieces each. The F-series TO from 5 May 1944 reduced the number of 75 mm battalions to two, and the G-series TO removed them altogether, completing the shift to 105 mm and 155 mm howitzers. Although the G-series TO was only adopted on 4 September 1945, in practice in some divisions the change was introduced early in 1945.


title: M116 howitzer

text: Two major lend lease recipients of the M1 were United Kingdom (826 pack howitzers) and China (637 pack howitzers and 125 field howitzers). 68 pieces were supplied to France, and 60 to various countries in Latin America.


title: M116 howitzer

text: In the British service, the howitzer was issued to two mountain artillery regiments, two airlanding light artillery regiments, raiding support regiment and was temporarily used by some other units. The gun remained in British service until the late 1950s.


title: M116 howitzer

text: A single howitzer was airdropped in April 1945 to the 2nd (Italian) SAS Regiment, a special force coordinated by Major Roy Farran and composed of partisans with mixed political allegiances, Russian ex-prisoners-of-war, and Wehrmacht deserters. Baptized ""Molto Stanco"" ("Very tired" in Italian), the gun was used in the course of Operation Tombola to harass enemy convoys driving up and down along Route 12 between Modena and Florence. On 21 April 1945, the howitzer was towed by means of a Willys Jeep to the outskirts of Reggio Emilia, from where the Italian gunners initiated a shelling of the city that wrought panic among Axis troops. Believing that the arrival of Allied forces was imminent, the Germans and their fascist allies evacuated the city.


title: M116 howitzer

text: In China after the loss of the mainland, guns left behind were both used by the People's Liberation Army and exported to the Viet Minh. There is record of these guns being used at the Siege of Dien Bien Phu and, presumably, in later conflicts. The type also remained in use with the Republic of China Army's outlying island garrisons (as coastal artillery) as well as mountain troops.


title: M116 howitzer

text: 153 M116s were supplied to Japan (Japan Ground Self-Defense Force) and they were used until the 1980s. The Croatian Army fields M116 howitzers as ceremonial cannon, 12 of which are still kept in service for that purpose; an additional 45 guns have been retired and are no longer utilized by the army, some being stored in local army museums.


title: M116 howitzer

text: In 2010 the M116 75 mm pack howitzer was used by the Turkish Army in operations against Kurdish separatists in southeastern Turkey.


title: M116 howitzer

text: Three howitzers are used by Norwich University's Norwich Artillery Battery, along with a Civil War-era cannon used for ceremonies. The howitzers are used in field training exercises for both the Battery and the school's Ranger Company and the Corps of Cadets, as well as school traditions, such as at football game kickoffs. The University of North Georgia, one of six senior military colleges also utilizes a pack howitzer at the base of their drill field. The piece is fired daily during reveille, retreat and during any special ceremonies honoring military graduates or active duty personnel.


title: M116 howitzer

text: Two nearly identical vehicle mounted variants – M2 and M3 – were developed based on tube and breech of the M1A1, for use in the 75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T47 / M8. Both variants had a cylindrical "recoil surface" around the tube. In the M2, the surface was provided by use of a separately manufactured sleeve, while in the M3 it became an integral part of the barrel. M2 and M3 were fully interchangeable. These guns were mounted on the below armored vehicles:


title: M116 howitzer

text: In addition, M1 / M1A1 was mated to a number of other vehicles. Only the T30 reached mass production.


title: M116 howitzer

text: The gun fired fixed (HEAT M66) and semi-fixed ammunition, fitted with 75mm Cartridge Case M5A1 (type II) and (type I) accordingly. The propellant charge of semi-fixed ammunition consisted of base charge and three increments, forming four different charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 4 (the largest).


title: M116 howitzer

text: HEAT M66 Shell penetrated about 91 mm of homogeneous armor at 0 degrees at any range. While the powder charge was different, this gun fired the same types of shell projectiles as used in the 75mm Tank Guns of WWII, which were themselves derived from the 75×350 mm R ammunition of the French 75mm field gun of WWI.


title: Nancy Springer

text: Nancy Springer (born July 5, 1948) is an American author of fantasy, young adult literature, mystery, and science fiction. Her novel "Larque on the Wing" won the Tiptree Award in 1994. She also received the Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for her novels "Toughing It" in 1995 and "Looking for Jamie Bridger" in 1996. Additionally, she received the Carolyn W. Field Award from the Pennsylvania Library Association in 1999 for her novel "I am Mordred". She has written more than fifty books over a career that has spanned nearly four decades.


title: Nancy Springer

text: She released her first Enola Holmes book in 2006 and followed by 7 sequels in the series. Her other series include "The Book of the Isle" fantasy series and the "Tales of Rowan Hood". "The Enola Holmes Mysteries" was adapted in 2020 as the Netflix film "Enola Holmes" and a 2022 sequel "Enola Holmes 2".


title: Nancy Springer

text: Nancy Springer was born in Montclair, New Jersey to Harry E. and Helen Connor, moving to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania with her family when she was thirteen.


title: Nancy Springer

text: As a child, she read a lot about King Arthur and his Round Table and Robin Hood and had often read and reread Sherlock Holmes. She was raised to "speak grammatically" and is well versed with Victorian literature. Her parents were born in 1906 and 1909. Her two older brothers had left the family for college by the time she hit puberty. Her mother was a professional artist, who painted oil portraits of pets. Springer was 14 when her mother's health began to deteriorate due to cancer, menopause and an early-onset form of Alzheimer's. Her parents had purchased a motel, which she helped work.


title: Nancy Springer

text: She remained in Pennsylvania for forty-six years, raising two children, Jonathan Paul (born in 1974) and Nora Lynn (born in 1978), by her first husband Joel Springer, a minister and fine art photographer. They were divorced in 1996. She met her second husband, Jaime Fernando Pinto, in 1999, while she was working in a no-kill animal shelter. In 2007, they moved to Bonifay, Florida, in a secluded part of the Florida panhandle, a place conducive to her hobbies of birdwatching, horseback riding and fishing, and his love of aviation.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded is the reissue of Barbadian singer Rihanna's third studio album "Good Girl Gone Bad" (2007). It was first released digitally in selected countries on June 2, 2008, by Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records. Launched to mark the first anniversary of the original album, "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" features three newly recorded songs and a DVD showing exclusive behind-the-scenes footage of Rihanna's worldwide tour, the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (2007–2009). For the new material, she worked with past collaborators Ne-Yo, Stargate, and C. "Tricky" Stewart, as well as Brian Kennedy, Mark Endert, Mike Elizondo, Mark "Spike" Stent and Maroon 5.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised the sound and production of the newly added material. However, other critics felt that the album was not worthy of re-release with only three new songs. Among other awards and achievements, the reissue's songs earned two Grammy nominations at the 2009 ceremony; "Disturbia" was nominated for Best Dance Recording, while "If I Never See Your Face Again" received a nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: Following its release, the reissue helped "Good Girl Gone Bad" re-enter several national charts. "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" sold 63,000 copies in its first week and helped the original album peak at number seven on the US "Billboard" 200 chart. The reissue charted in New Zealand and peaked at number four; it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ), denoting shipments of over 15,000 copies. "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" was promoted with four singles, including the US number-one hits "Take a Bow" and "Disturbia", and "If I Never See Your Face Again", which featured Maroon 5. To further promote the album, Rihanna performed songs from the reissue on several television programs and award ceremonies including "FNMTV" and the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: Rihanna began working on her third studio album "Good Girl Gone Bad" (2007) in late 2006 and by late February 2007, the album was almost complete. Most of its songs were recorded in Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California, parallel to the recording sessions for her second studio album, "A Girl like Me" (2006). For the album's production, she worked with some of the producers who were involved on her previous albums, including Evan Rogers and Carl Sturken, Ne-Yo, J.R. Rotem, Sean Garrett, and Norwegian duo Stargate. Rihanna also collaborated with Timbaland and will.i.am for the first time. Following its release, "Good Girl Gone Bad" became a worldwide commercial success and reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and number two on the US "Billboard" 200. It also received generally positive reviews from critics. The album's lead single "Umbrella" became a commercial success and reached number one on over fifteen national singles charts, including the "Billboard" Hot 100, which it topped for seven consecutive weeks, and the UK Singles Chart, which it topped for ten consecutive weeks.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: In early 2008, Rihanna unveiled a new song titled "Take a Bow", which premiered on February 14, 2008 on the KIIS-FM radio show "On Air with Ryan Seacrest". MTV News reported that the track would serve as the lead single from "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded", a reissue of the original album to mark its first anniversary. Rihanna further announced that apart from "Take a Bow", the expanded album would contain two more songs, one of which was a duet with American pop rock band Maroon 5, to supplement the original track listing. "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" was first released digitally on June 2, 2008 in certain countries, including Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The album was released physically on June 13 in Germany. On June 17, it was released in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. A DVD containing behind-the-scenes footage of Rihanna's Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (2007–09) was included in a special version launched in the US for a limited time. Rihanna subsequently hosted a promotion party for "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" in New York City, which featured several celebrity guests, including LeToya Luckett, Teyana Taylor, and Wynter Gordon.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: Four new songs were recorded for "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded": "Disturbia", "Hatin' on the Club", "If I Never See Your Face Again" (with Maroon 5) and "Take a Bow". All were initially confirmed for inclusion on the album, though "Hatin' on the Club" was removed for unspecified reasons. The song was leaked online in January 2009 on "Big Mike & DJ Neptune's R&B Kings Part Two" mixtape.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: "Disturbia" is an uptempo electropop song. According to BBC Music's Fraser McAlpine, it is reminiscent of Rihanna's 2007 single "Don't Stop the Music". McAlpine also noted that the song has a "frosty-rave" chorus accompanied with Rihanna's "icy" vocals. It was written by Brian Kennedy Seals, Chris Brown, Robert Allen and Andre Merritt for the re-release of Brown's second studio album, "Exclusive" (2007). However, after finishing the song, Brown took preference to another track, "Forever", which would later be released as the first single from the re-release. He felt that "Disturbia" would be better suited for a female singer and gave it to Rihanna. Kennedy produced "Disturbia", while Makeba Riddick produced Rihanna's vocals. The song was recorded by Andrew Vastola at Rocky Mountain Recorders in Denver, Colorado. It was mixed by Phil Tan at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta, Georgia. Additional engineering was provided by Josh Houghkirk, with assistance from Carlos Oyanedel. Speaking to "USA Today", Brown described his feelings about giving "Disturbia" to Rihanna: "It's fun being creative and even if you have a concept in your head to write about, you can write it and give it and give it to someone else because it might not personally fit you, but it might be an idea you have".


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: "If I Never See Your Face Again" is an R&B song that incorporates a "jagged" use of synthesizers and "buzzing" guitars in its production. It was written by Adam Levine and James Valentine, two of the five band members from Maroon 5. It was produced by Mark Endert, Mike Elizondo, Mark "Spike" Stent, C. "Tricky" Stewart and Maroon 5. "If I Never See Your Face Again" was recorded by Stent at Conway Studios in Hollywood, Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank and Phantom Studios in Westlake Village. The song was mixed by Endert at Scream Studios in Miami, with assistance from Doug Johnson. "If I Never See Your Face Again" was originally included on the standard version of "It Won't Be Soon Before Long" without the inclusion of Rihanna, however, Levine stated in an interview with James Montgomery for MTV News while on set of the music video that he wanted to try something different for the album's re-release. He also said that he asked Rihanna to do some "bits and pieces" in the recording studio and that it came together very quickly. Levine stated that if there is "magic" between two artists, then "you don't even have to think about it." In an interview with MTV's "Total Request Live", Rihanna said that she was very excited about the collaboration with the band because she always "loved them" and their work.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: "Take a Bow" is an R&B song that tells of how the female protagonist expresses disinterest in rekindling her relationship with a dishonorable and unfaithful ex-boyfriend. The song was written by Ne-Yo, Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen. Hermansen and Eriksen produced and provided instruments for "Take a Bow" under their production name, Stargate, while Smith co-produced the song. Rihanna's vocals were recorded by Eriksen at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City, Westlake Studios in Los Angeles and Parr Street Studios in Liverpool. The song was mixed by Tan at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta, Georgia, with assistance from Houghkirk.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: "Take a Bow" was released as the lead single from "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" and fifth single overall from the two releases. The song was made available to purchase in media outlets, via Def Jam Recordings' website since March 14, 2008, and was later made available to download via iTunes Store on May 6, 2008. It peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and became Rihanna's third song to reach the plateau. It has been certified four-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and sold over three million digital copies. The single also reached number one in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Slovakia and the United Kingdom. The accompanying music video was directed by Anthony Mandler.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: The Spanglish version of "Hate That I Love You" featuring David Bisbal, was released as the second single from the album on April 28, 2008, in certain countries such as Argentina, Brazil and Spain. The song peaked at number 37 on the Spanish Singles Chart and stayed on the chart for a total of two weeks. "If I Never See Your Face Again", the collaboration with Maroon 5, was released as the second single from "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded". It was sent to contemporary hit radio in the US on May 15, 2008. It reached the top twenty on over five national charts worldwide. The music video for the song was directed by Anthony Mandler and shot on an indoor soundstage in Castaic, California. According to Dorian Lynskey of "The Guardian", the concept for the video was "high-end erotica".


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: When the album was reissued, Rihanna approached L.A. Reid, the head of Def Jam Recordings and suggested that she wanted to release "Disturbia" as the next single. Speaking to MTV News, Reid said, "It was the first time Rihanna actually came to me and said, 'Here's the song I want to put out.' She played me the song. That was her taking control [...] She understands what hits are, and she knows what she wants to say. She's at that place where she can do that." It was solicited to US contemporary hit radio on June 17, 2008, and was released as a CD single in the United Kingdom on July 22, 2008. "Disturbia" earned Rihanna an award for Best International Song at the 2009 NRJ Music Awards. It peaked at number one in Belgium (Flanders) and New Zealand and became a top-ten hit in over twenty countries worldwide. The single topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for two consecutive weeks, and became Rihanna's third number one single from "Good Girl Gone Bad" and fourth overall on the Hot 100 chart. The music video for "Disturbia" was directed by Anthony Mandler and portrays Rihanna in various locations such as in a prison cell and gas chamber.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: To further promote "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded", Rihanna performed on several television programs and award ceremonies. She performed "Take a Bow" for the first time at the 2008 MuchMusic Video Awards held in Toronto, Canada in the MuchMusic's headquarters on June 15, 2008. On June 20, Rihanna appeared on the "Today" Concert Series held at the Rockefeller Plaza, New York City. She performed "Take a Bow" together with her 2007 singles "Umbrella" and "Don't Stop the Music". On June 27, she appeared on "FNMTV" together with Maroon 5. She sang "Take a Bow" before performing together on their collaboration "If I Never See Your Face Again". In July 2008, Rihanna performed the Spanglish version of "Hate That I Love You" with Bisbal, at the sixth series of the Spanish talent show, "Operación Triunfo".


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: Rihanna performed "Disturbia" for the first time at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, held on September 7, 2008. She performed it while revealing a leather "goth inspired" outfit. Together with the dance troops, she performed a "Thriller"-inspired dance in which glow sticks and leather props were used. On September 19, 2008, Rihanna visited France and performed "Disturbia" at "Star Academy France". Rihanna sang "Disturbia" at the 2009 Super Bowl which was held at the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado. The performance of the song featured a sample from the White Stripes song "Seven Nation Army" (2003) and was accompanied by flames that shot up across the front of the stage.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: A reviewer from "The National" praised the material on the original album, particularly the "ubiquity" of "Umbrella", and also complimented "Don't Stop the Music", "Hate That I Love You", and "Shut Up and Drive". He further stated that the release of "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" was made to mark the first anniversary of the album and that "the new tracks are everything you want pop to be, and are a testament to the power of the original record and to the new Rihanna." Spence D. of IGN reviewed the new material and wrote that "Disturbia" is built on an infective "bum-bum-be-dum-bum-bum..." hook "that sucks you into the detached electronic bounce of the track". He said that "Take a Bow" is perfectly fitted for a "post-break-up days of gloom" and further praised Rihanna's vocals on the song. According to D., "If I Never See Your Face Again" is inspired by the works of American musician Prince and wrote that the "Rihanna's presence [on the song] definitely gives it a nice boost".


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: J. Edward Keyes of eMusic gave the album four out of five stars and wrote that the "uber-futurist" production of the release accompanied with Rihanna's "Robo Dominatrix vocal approach—is a big reason the record works so well. "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" is all blue-light electronics and primal throb, 25th-century pop music in the here and now." Digital Spy's Nick Levine also gave "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" four out of five stars, but was skeptical about the choice to re-release the album, writing that "it isn't worth forking out for "Good Girl Gone Bad" twice just to hear the new songs". Despite that, he praised the newly added songs especially "If I Never See Your Face Again"; he called the song "superior". Levine further wrote, "if "Reloaded" encourages a few hesitant pop fans to invest in this album, the closest thing to a "Thriller" that 2007/8 is likely to produce, this rather cynical reissue should be let off the hook... just." Among other achieved awards and nominations, "Disturbia" and "If I Never See Your Face Again" received nominations for Best Dance Recording and Pop Collaboration with Vocals respectively at the 2009 Grammy Awards.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: After the release of "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded", music publications predicted that the reissue would sell between 45,000 and 50,000 copies in its first week in the US. For the week ending June 22, 2008, it sold 63,000 copies and helped the original version of the album to jump from number 124 to number seven on the US "Billboard" 200 in its 55th week. It also helped the original rise to number five on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. With this, "Good Girl Gone Bad" got back in the top 10 for the first time since its debut in June 2007. Five songs from the reissue were listed on the Hot Digital Songs, topped by "Disturbia", which debuted at number six. The next week, "Good Girl Gone Bad" (combined sales with "Reloaded") fell to number nine and sold 40,000 more copies. In its third week, it charted at number ten on sales of 41,000 copies. By November 2012, both "Good Girl Gone Bad" and the reissue had sold 2,800,000 copies in the US alone. "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" helped the original album re-enter and peak at number six on the Canadian Albums Chart.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" debuted at number seven on the New Zealand Albums Chart in the week of June 30, 2008. It reached its peak position on the chart at number four the following week. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipping over 15,000 copies. Following the reissue, the original album re-entered the charts of countries, including UK at number 12, Denmark at number 15, Switzerland at number 32, and Austria at number 36. By June 2012, "Good Girl Gone Bad" (combined sales with "Reloaded") had sold 1,850,000 copies in the UK.


title: Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded

text: When "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" was released, the original album received a sales increase of 930%—more than any other non-debuting album in the history of the "Billboard" 200 chart. Its songs had sold over 17 million digital copies by July 2010. "Disturbia" and "Take a Bow" were two of the album's most downloaded songs. Before reaching number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, "Take a Bow" jumped from number 53 to the top of the chart, following digital sales of 267,000 copies. It registered one of the one of the biggest single-week jump to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Manoj Badale

text: Manoj Badale OBE (born 31 December 1967) is an Indian businessman and venture capitalist. He is the co-founder and managing partner of venture capital firm Blenheim Chalcot, and owner of Indian Premier League franchise Rajasthan Royals.


title: Manoj Badale

text: Badale was born in Dhule Maharashtra India, his primary education was held in Jai Hind High School, Dhule and was educated at the University of Cambridge, where he studied economics.


title: Manoj Badale

text: In 2008, he along with a consortium of investors, Lachlan Murdoch, Illyria Pty Ltd; and Suresh Chellaram, an independent C.G. investor acquired the Jaipur IPL team 'Rajasthan Royals'. Badale, along with Ranjit Barthakur, soon became the source of controversy when inappropriate and fictitious bids were made, violating BCCI norms. Ranjit Barthakur and Fraser Castellino were the only two shareholders of the Jaipur IPL, completely unknown to the BCCI at the time.


title: Shigesato Itoi

text: During the 1980s Itoi established the profession of writing copy for advertisements among the general public in Japan. In 1981, he co-authored a collection of short stories titled "" ("Let's meet in a dream") with writer Haruki Murakami. Later Itoi branched into writing essays, lyrics, and designing video games. He is best known outside of Japan for Nintendo's "Earthbound", released in 1994 in Japan (as "Mother 2 : Giygas Strikes Back") and in 1995 in North America.


title: Shigesato Itoi

text: In 1997, Itoi began using the Internet and bought his first Macintosh. In 1998 he started the website and company Hobo Nikkan Itoi Shinbun ("Almost Daily Itoi Newspaper"), which is the center of his activity today. Under the theme of “creating good mood”, the website has been updated every day for the past 15 years, with Itoi’s essays on lifestyle, interviews and articles, and merchandise sales. He talks about his pet dogs and his interviews with artists, craftsmen, businessmen, etc., which tend to center on philosophical issues. Itoi has co-written several books modeled on these interviews, in which he has a series of long conversations with, for example, an expert on neurology Yūji Ikegaya, about how to live as a human being in the world. Books collecting Itoi's past essays written on the site's front page are also available for purchase.


title: Shigesato Itoi

text: Itoi has voiced Satsuki's father, Tatsuo Kusakabe, in the original Japanese version of the 1988 Studio Ghibli film "My Neighbor Totoro". He has been a judge on several episodes of the Japanese television shows "Iron Chef" and "Hey! Spring of Trivia". He made his acting debut in 2010, when he played the role of a professor in the film adaptation of Haruki Murakami's "Norwegian Wood".


title: Shigesato Itoi

text: Itoi established the company Ape, Inc. as a venue for external developers to help make games for Nintendo. He was the creator of the "Mother" series. In the original "Mother" for the Famicom, he was lead designer, writer and director; on "EarthBound" for the SNES, Itoi was producer, director and writer while in "Mother 3" for Game Boy Advance, Itoi was the writer of the story.


title: Shigesato Itoi

text: Itoi claims that the final battle of "EarthBound" with Giygas was inspired from his accidental childhood viewing of the Shintoho film titled "The Military Policeman and the Dismembered Beauty". Specifically, the scene that inspired the battle was a scene depicting a woman being murdered, which he mistook for rape.


title: Shigesato Itoi

text: Itoi has said that he would not be involved in a fourth title of the series. Itoi’s works have had an impact on other games and other media, including "Undertale", "", and others.


title: Shigesato Itoi

text: Itoi is an avid Monopoly player and is President of the . He also competed in the 1992 Monopoly World Championships and placed eighth. Itoi's video game development company Ape, Inc. developed two Monopoly games for the Super Famicom, with Itoi serving as producer. These versions of Monopoly were not released outside of Japan and featured a more role-playing experience.