title: Domicile (law)

text: Until the passage of the "Divorce Act" in 1968, divorce could only be obtained in the province of domicile, which effectively required those domiciled in Quebec and Newfoundland to obtain divorce only through an Act of the Parliament of Canada. The 1968 Act required that "the domicile of a married woman shall be determined as if she were unmarried, and, if she is a minor, as if she had attained her majority", with one year's residence in the province where the divorce order was sought. The later 1986 Act removed the domicile requirement completely. As of March 2021, "A court in a province has jurisdiction to hear and determine a divorce proceeding if either spouse has been habitually resident in the province for at least one year immediately preceding the commencement of the proceeding".


title: Domicile (law)

text: When later court proceedings revealed complications arising from the impact of domicile on the validity of same-sex marriages solemnized in Canada, the "Civil Marriage Act" was amended in 2013 to provide for divorce to be available to nonresident spouses in the province where the marriage took place.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Outside of marriage and divorce, rules relating to domicile generally fall under provincial jurisdiction. The "Civil Code of Quebec" standardizes rules for that province, while Manitoba is the only common-law province to attempt to completely revise and simplify the rules within its scope. Other provinces have modified their rules as the need arose.


title: Domicile (law)

text: A domiciled individual is defined as one who, by reason of the individual’s permanent registered address, family, and/or economic interests, habitually resides in China. A PRC national with a Chinese passport or a domicile registration is likely to be deemed as domiciled in China–whether resident in China or not–and therefore attract liability for individual income tax on worldwide income.


title: Domicile (law)

text: A domicile of origin is the one with which a person is born. It can be changed as a result of adoption and marriage.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Under the common law, a married woman was deemed to have the same domicile as her husband, so the domicile of origin of the children of the marriage was the same as that of their father and the time of birth. Children gained their mother's domicile if their father was predeceased or they were born outside marriage. An orphan has the jurisdiction over the original domicile where they were found.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Every adult (other than married women) can change their domicile by leaving the jurisdiction of the prior domicile with an intention of permanently residing somewhere else. This is referred to as a domicile of choice. A domicile of choice can be abandoned if a new domicile of choice is acquired or if the domicile of origin revives.


title: Domicile (law)

text: A child's domicile is dependent and, therefore the same, as the adult on whom he or she is dependent.


title: Domicile (law)

text: The United Kingdom contains three jurisdictions: England and Wales; Scotland; and Northern Ireland. All UK jurisdictions distinguish between domicile of origin (decided by the domicile of their father, or if parents unmarried their mother), domicile of choice (when a person has exercised a legal option to change their domicile as can be done when attaining majority) and domicile of dependence (applicable to those legally dependent on another such as some incapable persons, children, or women married before 1974) but in general only one place can be a person's domicile at any one time thus preventing the creation of differing simultaneous domiciles for different purposes; the three types of domicile can enable a voluntary change when a person reaches a relevant age. If a domicile of choice lapses and is not replaced the domicile of origin reasserts itself. The concept of domicile is not rooted in statute, thus the basic matter of an individual's domicile is not decided by any single statute but rather by case law in combination with applicable international law and statutes following in accord.


title: Domicile (law)

text: The Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973 abolished the rule that a married woman had the domicile of her husband (with transitional rules for those married before 1 January 1974), as well as reforming the rules dealing with the domicile of minors.


title: Domicile (law)

text: The rules for domicile of persons under 16 for the particular purposes of some Scottish family law are dealt with in the Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006.


title: Domicile (law)

text: A person who is no longer domiciled in the U.K. is nevertheless still deemed to be domiciled in the UK for inheritance tax purposes if they meet one of the following rules:


title: Domicile (law)

text: The start date for acquisition of 15-year deemed domicile is 6 April in the tax year after the 15/20 year test is satisfied. It does not matter whether a person is resident in that tax year. The deemed domicile under this rule ends when either of the two conditions under s.267(1)(b) set out above are not met.


title: Domicile (law)

text: The domicile start date for formerly-domiciled residents under the IHT deemed domicile rule is 6 April in the 2nd year of residence. The domicile end date for formerly-domiciled residents is 6 April in the first year of non-residence. The same rule applies for income tax and capital gains tax but without the one-year grace period in condition (d).


title: Domicile (law)

text: The 3-year rule concerns the person who is actually UK domiciled and who loses their UK domicile. The domicile start date for this rule is the date of change of domicile, and the domicile end date is 3 years after that date.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Each state of the United States is considered a separate sovereign within the U.S. federal system, and each therefore has its own laws on questions of marriage, inheritance, and liability for tort and contract actions.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Persons who reside in the U.S. must have a state domicile for various purposes. For example, a person can always be sued in their state of domicile. Furthermore, in order for individual parties (that is, natural persons) to invoke the diversity jurisdiction of a United States district court (a federal trial court), all the plaintiffs must have a different state of domicile from all the defendants (so-called "complete diversity").


title: Domicile (law)

text: In 2010, the United States Supreme Court case of "Hertz Corp. v. Friend" concluded that the "principal place of business refers to the place where corporations' high level officers direct, control and coordinate the corporations' activities." A corporation's state of incorporation and principal place of business each count for (or against) diversity jurisdiction.


title: Domicile (law)

text: It is important in terms of politics, as in many jurisdictions candidates must maintain residency within the district in which they intend to run. Requirements vary by jurisdiction, and sometimes by the political office for which a person runs. The cutoff may be as little as a month or as much as several years. Once elected, the office-holder must remain resident in the appropriate district, or may usually be forced to resign.


title: Domicile (law)

text: To run as a candidate for election to the House of Commons of Canada, a candidate must have established residency in Canada — however, a person does "not" need to have established residency in the specific district where they are running. In most elections, in fact, virtually all of the major political parties run at least a few paper candidates in districts where they do not have a strong organization or a viable local candidate; a paper candidate may be from almost anywhere in the country.


title: Domicile (law)

text: As well, when a political party with representation in the House of Commons selects a new leader who is not a sitting Member of Parliament, it is common for a member of that party's caucus to resign his or her seat so that the leader can run in the resulting by-election. The leader may, at their own discretion, continue to represent that district for the duration of their career in politics, or may run in a district closer to their home in the next election. As of 2012, for instance, Stockwell Day continued to represent the same district in British Columbia to which he was elected in 2000 when he first entered the House of Commons as leader of the Canadian Alliance, even though he was a resident of Alberta at the time of his initial election. Conversely, Joe Clark was elected in a by-election in Nova Scotia on the very same date as Day, following his reelection to his second stint as leader of the Progressive Conservatives, but held that seat only until the 2000 election and then stood in the Alberta riding of Calgary Centre.


title: Domicile (law)

text: In still other cases, a politician may run in a district other than the one they live in for personal reasons — such as having an established power base in that area from a prior political office, or simply not wanting to get drawn into a nomination contest with an existing incumbent. For instance, Jack Layton represented the electoral district of Toronto—Danforth for the entirety of his term as a member of the House of Commons, even though his personal residence was in the nearby district of Trinity—Spadina. Trinity—Spadina was concurrently represented by Layton's wife, Olivia Chow, and both districts corresponded to the areas that Chow and Layton had previously represented on Toronto City Council.


title: Domicile (law)

text: However, a non-resident candidate may sometimes face accusations of being a parachute candidate, which may or may not compromise their ability to win the election depending on the circumstances. In recent federal elections, some non-resident candidates have won election while others have lost. A non-resident candidate who does win election is generally expected to establish a residence in or near the district soon afterward, although this is by public expectation rather than legal requirement.


title: Domicile (law)

text: To be eligible for appointment to the Senate, a person must officially reside in the province which they are being appointed to represent. However, this criterion has historically been interpreted quite liberally, with virtually any form of property holding — including primary residences, second residences, summer homes, rental or retail holdings or even lots of undeveloped land — having been deemed to meet the requirement, as long as the senator listed it as their primary residence on paper regardless of whether they actually resided there in any meaningful way. Again, however, controversy may result among the general public around the definition of residency — for instance, Senator Pamela Wallin faced some controversy in 2008 around whether she was truly a resident of Saskatchewan, although she does own property in the province. In 2013, however, a Senate committee launched a review, ordering all senators to provide documentation confirming their residency status following allegations of irregularities in some senators' housing expense claims, including those of Wallin, Patrick Brazeau, Mac Harb and Mike Duffy.


title: Domicile (law)

text: All provinces and territories have a similar requirement by which a person must be a resident of that province or territory to be eligible for election to the provincial or territorial legislative assembly. Depending on the province or territory, however, there may or may not be a legal requirement to be a resident of the specific district where one is standing as a candidate.


title: Domicile (law)

text: As a general principle, in the United States residency for federal politicians is defined as the intent to return to the particular district or state they represent following their term in office. For example, the purchase or occupancy of a home in the DC metro area, for proximity to the Capitol and the Congressional offices, does not change an Iowa congressman's or congresswoman's legal residency in his or her state.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Conversely, to be eligible for election to a state-level office, such as a state assembly or a governorship, a person must be resident within the state where they are running for office; however, states vary in whether or not an assembly candidate is required to reside in the specific district where they are running. In one noted recent case, Nevada Assembly candidate Andrew Martin's eligibility for office was called into question due to ambiguity regarding his residency status. Martin owned two properties, a condominium in the district where he was running for office and a house in a neighboring district, and his campaign was affected by conflicting claims about which property should be regarded as his primary residence. A judge ruled Martin ineligible to run on November 5, 2012, just one day before the election — but as the decision came too late for Clark County officials to reprint the ballots, Martin's name remained on the ballot and he won the election. Martin was allowed to take his seat in the legislature without a formal challenge being filed against him.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Permanent residents of Latvia, a participant of the Schengen Agreement and like all countries within the Schengen zone, are able to


title: Domicile (law)

text: visit any other country within the zone for up to 90 days a year, without any kind of administrative or legal procedures.


title: Domicile (law)

text: The Malaysia My Second Home program (commonly abbreviated "MM2H") is an international residency scheme enacted by the Government of Malaysia to allow foreigners to live in the country on a long-stay travel visa of up to 10 years. To qualify for the program, applicants must meet certain financial and medical criteria. Successful applicants are then entitled to enter and leave the country on a largely unrestricted basis, and also benefit from other incentives aimed at making their stay in Malaysia more convenient. Certain restrictions may apply.


title: Domicile (law)

text: In Malta, residency has been interpreted to include not only the physical presence in the country, but includes and allows periodic absence from the country. A person who is temporarily absent from Malta because of work, study, illness or mission, must not and cannot be considered as not resident in Malta. A person who goes abroad to study or for work purposes is still 'directly and continuously concerned' with the political activity of the country of residence and therefore has the right to vote.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Voting by the general public (the electorate) is also defined by residency, with most people being prohibited from doing so except at the precinct for their primary residence. There are exceptions for this such that expatriates can vote in the country where they maintain their original citizenship.


title: Domicile (law)

text: The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA) provides specific protections to military service members who are domiciled outside their home states.


title: Domicile (law)

text: It is also important in terms of other law, such as requirements that vehicles and other things which must be licensed in the place which the owner resides. There is a grace period normally around 30 days for persons moving into the area.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Discounts on tuition usually are allowed for students who are resident within the state or province (or country) for a year or more, if it is a public university or the like. Other forms of public assistance such as welfare may also have a waiting period, to prevent abuse.


title: Domicile (law)

text: Residency in any given U.S. state is recognized by the United States Constitution as "citizenship" of that state, a somewhat unusual arrangement known as "dual citizenship" (though not in the original multi-national context).


title: The Purpose Driven Life

text: The Purpose Driven Life is a bible study book written by Christian pastor Rick Warren and published by Zondervan in 2002. The book offers readers a 40-day personal spiritual journey and presents what Warren says are God's five purposes for human life on Earth.


title: The Purpose Driven Life

text: Warren was encouraged by Billy Graham in his 20s after he wrote his first book: "Rick Warren’s Bible Study Methods". This greatly inspired Warren when he had "little confidence" in his writing ability:


title: The Purpose Driven Life

text: The book is intended to be read as a daily inspiration, with each of the 40 short chapters read on consecutive days. Each chapter contains a personal application section at the end with a "point to ponder," a verse to remember, and a question to consider over the course of that day. Rick Warren described his book as an "anti-self-help book." The first sentence of the book reads, "It's not about you," and the remainder of the chapter goes on to explain how the quest for personal fulfillment, satisfaction, and meaning can only be found in understanding and doing what God placed you on Earth to do. The book's 40 chapters are divided into six major sections, with the following titles:


title: The Purpose Driven Life

text: In later versions of the book, 2 additional chapters were added about the 2 biggest reasons why Christians don't live purpose driven lives, envy and "people pleasing."


title: The Purpose Driven Life

text: The book topped the "Wall Street Journal" best seller charts as well as "Publishers Weekly" charts. "The Purpose Driven Life" was also on the "New York Times" Bestseller List for over 90 weeks. It had sold over 18 million copies by 2008, and 32 million copies within its first decade, by 2012. According to both the author and publisher Simon & Schuster, 50 million copies had been sold in more than 85 languages by 2020.


title: The Purpose Driven Life

text: A May 2005 survey of American pastors and ministers conducted by George Barna asked Christian leaders to identify what books were the most influential on their lives and ministries. "The Purpose Driven Life" was the most frequent response. "The Purpose Driven Church", written prior to "The Purpose Driven Life", was the second most frequent response. Billy Graham described the book as one that would "guide you to greatness—through living the Great Commandment and the Great Commission of Jesus."


title: The Purpose Driven Life

text: Biblical scholar Robert M. Price criticized Warren for applying eisegesis, which includes quoting various translations of the Bible and selectively choosing whichever paraphrase or translation supports his theses. Jason Harris criticized the book for providing the scripture citations only in end notes, making it harder for readers to know the context of the passages it cites.


title: The Purpose Driven Life

text: NFL legend Ray Lewis gave the book to 23-time Olympic gold medalist Michael Phelps when he went to rehab. Phelps was deeply touched by the book. He read it while in rehab, even to other patients, earning him the nickname "Preacher Mike".


title: The Purpose Driven Life

text: The book occupies an important place in the film "Captive" released in 2015. This fact-based film tells the story of Ashley Smith, a young single mom of Atlanta, being held hostage by Brian Nichols, in her apartment for seven hours. Smith reported to news outlets that during this time she read chapter 32 of "The Purpose Driven Life" to Nichols, which she credited as influencing his decision to release her from captivity. In 2012, Smith also stated that she had been struggling with drug addiction at the time, and she gave Nichols drugs to calm him down. Smith had to decide whether to do the drugs with Nichols. Smith chose not to, and she hasn't touched drugs since. Sales of "The Purpose Driven Life" rose greatly, with the book becoming Amazon's second-best-selling book after news of Smith's captivity and release was announced.


title: Forge

text: A forge is a type of hearth used for heating metals, or the workplace (smithy) where such a hearth is located. The forge is used by the smith to heat a piece of metal to a temperature at which it becomes easier to shape by forging, or to the point at which work hardening no longer occurs. The metal (known as the "workpiece") is transported to and from the forge using tongs, which are also used to hold the workpiece on the smithy's anvil while the smith works it with a hammer. Sometimes, such as when hardening steel or cooling the work so that it may be handled with bare hands, the workpiece is transported to the slack tub, which rapidly cools the workpiece in a large body of water. However, depending on the metal type, it may require an oil quench or a salt brine instead; many metals require more than plain water hardening. The slack tub also provides water to control the fire in the forge.


title: Forge

text: A forge typically uses bituminous coal, industrial coke or charcoal as the fuel to heat metal. The designs of these forges have varied over time, but whether the fuel is coal, coke or charcoal the basic design has remained the same.


title: Forge

text: A forge of this type is essentially a hearth or fireplace designed to allow a fire to be controlled such that metal introduced to the fire may be brought to a malleable state or to bring about other metallurgical effects (hardening, annealing, and tempering as examples). The forge fire in this type of forge is controlled in three ways: amount of air, the volume of fuel, and shape of the fuel/fire.


title: Forge

text: Over thousands of years of forging, these devices have evolved in one form or another as the essential features of this type of forge:


title: Forge

text: During operation, fuel is placed in or on the hearth and ignited. A source of moving air, such as a fan or bellows, introduces additional air into the fire through the tuyere. With additional air, the fire consumes fuel faster and burns hotter (and cleaner - smoke can be thought of as escaped potential fuel).


title: Forge

text: A blacksmith balances the fuel and air in the fire to suit particular kinds of work. Often this involves adjusting and maintaining the shape of the fire.


title: Forge

text: In a typical coal forge, a firepot will be centred in a flat hearth. The tuyere will enter the firepot at the bottom. In operation, the hot core of the fire will be a ball of burning coke in and above the firepot. The heart of the fire will be surrounded by a layer of hot but not burning coke. Around the unburnt coke will be a transitional layer of coal being transformed into coke by the heat of the fire. Surrounding all is a ring or horseshoe-shaped layer of raw coal, usually kept damp and tightly packed to maintain the shape of the fire's heart and to keep the coal from burning directly so that it "cooks" into coke first.


title: Forge

text: If a larger fire is necessary, the smith increases the air flowing into the fire as well as feeding and deepening the coke heart. The smith can also adjust the length and width of the fire in such a forge to accommodate different shapes of work.


title: Forge

text: The major variation from the forge and fire just described is a 'backdraft' where there is no fire pot, and the tuyere enters the hearth horizontally from the back wall.


title: Forge

text: Coke and charcoal may be burned in the same forges that use coal, but since there is no need to convert the raw fuel at the heart of the fire (as with coal), the fire is handled differently.


title: Forge

text: Individual smiths and specialized applications have fostered the development of a variety of forges of this type, from the coal forge described above to simpler constructions amounting to a hole in the ground with a pipe leading into it.


title: Forge

text: A gas forge typically uses propane or natural gas as the fuel. One common, efficient design uses a cylindrical forge chamber and a burner tube mounted at a right angle to the body. The chamber is typically lined with refractory materials such as a hard castable refractory ceramic or a soft ceramic thermal blanket (ex: Kaowool). The burner mixes fuel and air which are ignited at the tip, which protrudes a short way into the chamber lining. The air pressure, and therefore heat, can be increased with a mechanical blower or by taking advantage of the Venturi effect.


title: Forge

text: Gas forges vary in size and construction, from large forges using a big burner with a blower or several atmospheric burners to forges built out of a coffee can utilizing a cheap, simple propane torch. A small forge can even be carved out of a single soft firebrick.


title: Forge

text: The primary advantage of a gas forge is the ease of use, particularly for a novice. A gas forge is simple to operate compared to coal forges, and the fire produced is clean and consistent. They are less versatile, as the fire cannot be reshaped to accommodate large or unusually shaped pieces. It is also difficult to heat a small section of a piece. A common misconception is that gas forges cannot produce enough heat to enable forge-welding, but a well-designed gas forge is hot enough for any task.


title: Forge

text: The anvil serves as a workbench to the blacksmith, where the metal to be forged is worked. Anvils may seem clunky and heavy, but they are a highly refined tool carefully shaped to suit a blacksmith's needs. Anvils are made of cast or wrought iron with a tool steel face welded on or of a single piece of cast or forged tool steel. Some anvils are made of only cast iron and have no tool steel face. These are not real anvils, and will not serve a blacksmith as such because they are too soft. A common term for a cast iron anvil is "ASO" or "Anvil Shaped Object". The purpose of a tool steel face on an anvil is to provide what some call "Rebound" as well as being hard and not denting easily from misplaced hammer blows. The term rebound means it projects some of the force of the blacksmith's hammer blows back into the metal thus moving more metal at once than if there were no rebound. A good anvil can project anywhere from 50 to 99% of the energy back into the workpiece. The flat top, called the "face" is highly polished and usually has two holes (but can have more or less depending on the design). The square hole is called the hardy hole, where the square shank of the hardy tool fits. There are many different kinds of hardy tools. The smaller hole is called the pritchel hole, used as a bolster when punching holes in hot metal, or to hold tools similar to how the hardy tool does, but for tools that require being able to turn a 360-degree angle such as a hold-down tool for when the blacksmith's tongs cannot hold a workpiece as securely as it needs to be. On the front of the anvil, there is sometimes a "horn" that is used for bending, drawing out steel, and many other tasks. Between the horn and the anvil face, there is often a small area called a "step" or a "cutting table" That is used for cutting hot or cold steel with chisels, and hot cut tools without harming the anvil's face. Marks on the face transfer into imperfections in the blacksmith's work.


title: Forge

text: There are many types of hammer used in a blacksmith's workshop but this will name just a few common ones. Hammers can range in shape and weight from half an ounce to nearly 30 pounds depending on the type of work being done with it.


title: Forge

text: Chisels are made of high carbon steel. They are hardened and tempered at the cutting edge while the head is left soft so it will not crack when hammered. Chisels are of two types, hot and cold chisels. The cold chisel is used for cutting cold metals while the hot chisel is for hot metals. Usually, hot chisels are thinner and therefore can not be substituted with cold chisels. Also, many smiths shape chisels as to have a simple twisted handle as to resemble a hammer, they can be used at a greater distance away from the hot metals. They are very useful and found throughout the world.


title: Forge

text: Tongs are used by the blacksmith for holding hot metals securely. The mouths are custom made by the smith in various shapes to suit the gripping of various shapes of metal. It is not uncommon for a blacksmith to own twenty or more pairs of tongs; traditionally, a smith would start building their collection during the apprenticeship.


title: Forge

text: Fullers are forming tools of different shapes used in making grooves or hollows. They are often used in pairs, the bottom fuller has a square shank which fits into the hardy hole in the anvil while the top fuller has a handle. The work is placed on the bottom fuller and the top is placed on the work and struck with a hammer. The top fuller is also used for finishing round corners and for stretching or spreading metal.


title: Forge

text: The hardy tool is a tool with a square shank that fits in a hardy hole. There are many different kinds of hardy tools such as the hot cut hardy, used for cutting hot metal on the anvil; the fuller tool, used for drawing out metal and making grooves; bending jigs - and too many others to list.


title: Forge

text: A "slack tub" is usually a large container full of water used by a blacksmith to quench hot metal. The slack tub is principally used to cool parts of the work during forging (to protect them, or keep the metal in one area from "spreading" for example, nearby hammer blows); to harden the steel; to tend a coal or charcoal forge; and simply to cool the work quickly for easy inspection. In bladesmithing and tool-making the term will usually be changed to a "quench tank" because oil or brine is used to cool the metal. The term slack is believed to derive from the word "slake", as in slaking the heat.


title: Forge

text: Drop forging is a process used to shape metal into complex shapes by dropping a heavy hammer with a die on its face onto the workpiece.


title: Forge

text: The workpiece is placed into the forge. Then the impact of a hammer causes the heated material, which is very malleable, to conform to the shape of the die and die cavities. Typically only one die is needed to completely form the part. Extra space between the die faces causes some of the material to be pressed out of the sides, forming flash. This acts as a relief valve for the extreme pressure produced by the closing of the die halves and is later trimmed off of the finished part.


title: Forge

text: The equipment used in the drop forming process is commonly known as a power or drop hammer. These may be powered by air, hydraulics, or mechanics. Depending on how the machine is powered, the mass of the ram, and the drop height, the striking force can be anywhere from 11,000 to 425,000 pounds.


title: Forge

text: The tools that are used, dies and punches, come in many different shapes and sizes, as well as materials. Examples of these shapes are flat and v-shaped which are used for open-die forging, and single or multiple-impression dies used for closed die forging. The designs for the dies have many aspects to them that must be considered. They all must be properly aligned, they must be designed so the metal and the flash will flow properly and fill all the grooves, and special considerations must be made for supporting webs and ribs and the parting line location. The materials must also be selected carefully. Some factors that go into the material selection are cost, their ability to harden, their ability to withstand high pressures, hot abrasion, heat cracking, and other such things. The most common materials used for the tools are carbon steel and, in some cases, nickel-based alloys.


title: Forge

text: The materials that are used most commonly in drop forging are aluminium, copper, nickel, mild steel, stainless steel, and magnesium. Mild steel is the best choice, and magnesium generally performs poorly as a drop forging material.


title: Forge

text: Various gods and goddesses are associated with the forge in a number of mythologies, such as the Irish Brigid, West African Ogun, Greek Hephaestus and Roman Vulcan.


title: Love You Forever

text: Love You Forever is a 1986 children's picture book written by Robert Munsch and illustrated by Sheila McGraw. The story centers on a mother who sings a lullaby to her son at each stage of his life. During his childhood, she becomes frustrated with his rebellious nature, yet always sings to him after he falls asleep. The mother and son grow older, with the former becoming sick due to old age, and one day unable to sing the lullaby. The son sings the rest for her, and after her death, begins to sing the lullaby to his newborn daughter.


title: Love You Forever

text: The story details the cycle of life by chronicling the experiences of a young son and his mother throughout the course of the boy's life and describing the exasperating behavior exhibited by him throughout his youth. Despite her occasional aggravation caused by her son's behavior, the mother nonetheless visits his bedroom nightly to cradle him in her arms, and sing a brief lullaby promising to always love him. After her son enters adulthood and moves across town, his elderly mother occasionally sneaks into his bedroom at night to croon her customary lullaby. However, she gradually grows old and frail, and her grown son visits his feeble, sickly mother for the final time. When the son first arrives, his mother tries to sing her lullaby to him, but she is too weak to finish. The son then cradles his mother in his arms and sings an altered rendition of her lullaby in reciprocation for the unconditional love that she had shown him throughout his life, vowing to always love her in return. After returning home in a scene implying the death of his mother, the son cradles his newborn daughter and sings his mother's signature lullaby for her, implying that the cycle will continue.


title: Love You Forever

text: The book was written after Munsch and his wife had two stillborn babies. They have since adopted three children.


title: Love You Forever

text: "Love You Forever" was listed fourth on the 2001 "Publishers Weekly" All-Time Bestselling Children's Books list for paperbacks at 6,970,000 copies (not including the 1,049,000 hardcover copies). In 2001, Maria Shriver wrote in "O, The Oprah Magazine": "I have yet to read this book through without crying. It says so much about the circle of life, youth, parenting, and our responsibility for our parents as we grow older. The message is so simple yet so profound. "Love You Forever" is a great gift for anyone with a child, or even for your own parents." Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association listed the book as one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."


title: Love You Forever

text: Some readers dislike the portion of the story where the mother sneaks into her grown son's home. One "Publishers Weekly" reviewer states that "Love You Forever" is a divisive children's book. "Either it moves you to tears and you love it, or it makes your skin crawl and you detest it..." A commentator wrote "it's either a touching account of a mother's unending love or the ultimate helicopter parenting gone bad."


title: Love You Forever

text: The book is prominently featured in the "Friends" episode "The One with the Cake". In the episode, Joey performs a dramatic reading of the book at Emma's first birthday, moving everyone to tears. Inspired by this, Joey later decides to recite the book as a dramatic monologue at an audition.


title: Love You Forever

text: The book was read by Madeleine Stowe to Tori Barban in the movie "The Christmas Hope", the third movie in "The Christmas Shoes" trilogy.


title: Love You Forever

text: Playwright Topher Payne wrote an alternative ending to the story, in which the mother is forced to recognize the son's need for personal space, and they instead agree to share their time doing things together.


title: Carmine (color)

text: Carmine color is the general term for some deep red colors that are "very slightly" purplish but are generally "slightly" closer to red than the color crimson is. Some rubies are colored the color shown below as "rich carmine". The deep dark red color shown at right as "carmine" is the color of the raw unprocessed pigment, but lighter, richer, or brighter colors are produced when the raw pigment is processed, some of which are shown below.


title: Carmine (color)

text: Ultra red is a color formulated by Crayola in 1972. In 1990, the name of the color was changed to "wild watermelon".


title: Carmine (color)

text: This color is supposed to be fluorescent, but there is no mechanism for displaying fluorescence on a computer screen.


title: Carmine (color)

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-1755 TPX—Paradise Pink.


title: Carmine (color)

text: The rich carmine color tone displayed at right matches the color shown as "carmine" in the 1930 book "A Dictionary of Color" (cited below). This color is also called Chinese carmine. This is the color usually referred to as "carmine" in fashion and interior design.


title: Carmine (color)

text: Spanish carmine is the color that is called "Carmin" (the Spanish word for "carmine") in the "Guía de coloraciones" ("Guide to colorations") by Rosa Gallego and


title: Carmine (color)

text: Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.


title: Carmine (color)

text: Pictorial carmine is the color that is called "Carmín pictórico" (Spanish for "pictorial carmine") in the "Guía de coloraciones" ("Guide to colorations") by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.


title: Carmine (color)

text: The name of this shade of carmine in Japanese is , literally "cochineal/rouge color", as means rouge, the cosmetics. The insect is called .


title: Will McCormack

text: William Joseph McCormack Jr. (born January 13, 1974) is an American actor, executive producer, screenwriter, and film director. He is best known for his short film "If Anything Happens I Love You" (2020), which earned him the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.


title: Will McCormack

text: McCormack is also known for writing the screenplay for "Celeste and Jesse Forever" (2012) and the story for "Toy Story 4" (2019), the former of which earned him nominations for the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay and the Black Reel Award for Outstanding Screenplay, Adapted or Original. He appeared in the television series "The Sopranos" (1999–2001), "Brothers & Sisters" (2008–2009), and "In Plain Sight" (2008–2012), as well as the films "American Outlaws" (2001), "Syriana" (2005), and "A Wrinkle in Time" (2018). He won a Lucille Lortel Award for his role in the off-Broadway one-act play "The Long Christmas Ride Home" (2003).


title: Will McCormack

text: McCormack was born on January 13, 1974, in Plainfield, New Jersey, to William Sr. and Norah Magdalene (née Ross) McCormack. He has two older sisters, Mary, an actress, and Bridget, a Michigan Supreme Court Justice and former University of Michigan law professor. He graduated from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut.


title: Will McCormack

text: McCormack's key television roles include Jason La Penna on "The Sopranos" (1999–2001). More recently, he played the role of Leo Spiller, brother of lead character Lucy Spiller (Courteney Cox), in the FX series "Dirt". He also played a recurring role as the FBI agent in the television drama "In Plain Sight", which stars his older sister, Mary.


title: Will McCormack

text: In 1996, McCormack appeared on Broadway at the Criterion Center Stage Right as a member of the ensemble in a revival of the drama play "Summer and Smoke" (1948) by Tennessee Williams, produced by The Roundabout Theatre Company. He has also appeared in two Off-Broadway theatre productions, "Chinese Friends" and "The Long Christmas Ride Home". McCormack and Rashida Jones worked on the script of "Toy Story 4". They ultimately withdrew from the project in November 2017, and received "story by" credit.


title: Primal Rage

text: Primal Rage is a fighting game developed and released by Atari Games to arcades in August 1994. The game takes place on a post-apocalyptic version of Earth called "Urth". Players control one of seven large beasts that battle each other to determine the planet's fate. Matches feature many of the conventions of fighting games from the era including special moves and gory finishing maneuvers. Ports were released for home consoles and personal computers. Efforts to perfectly emulate the arcade original have been unsuccessful due to the use of an unusual copy protection method. Toys, comics, a novel and other merchandise tie-ins were produced. The game sold more than 1.5 million copies.


title: Primal Rage

text: "Primal Rage" is a traditional two-dimensional fighting game in which two players select characters to battle each other in one-on-one combat, or a single player is faced with a campaign of fights against the artificial intelligence (AI) over increasing difficulty. The final battle of the single-player game (accessible only at difficulty level 10 or higher) consists of fighting all the other AI monsters with an increased power bar, made available in a minigame prior to the fight. A total of seven characters are playable. Each character has their own specialized set of three attack moves and abilities. The object is to deplete the opposing character's health meter before the player's own runs out. There are also seven different background stages where fighting takes place, each one representing one of the character's innate domains: the Cliff (Blizzard), the Hollows (Armadon), the Strip (Talon), the Cove (Sauron), the Ruins (Chaos), the Tomb (Vertigo) and the Inferno (Diablo).


title: Primal Rage

text: During fights, human tribesmen wander nearby and worship their gods. This allows for the creatures to toss them around or devour some to regain health (eating opponents' worshipers adds a bonus to one's score, while eating one's own will penalize the player). Prior to the final battle, a minigame commences in which the player is given the chance to eat as many worshippers as possible to increase health for the endurance round. Two human-controlled characters can trigger easter egg minigames of human volleyball and bowling.


title: Primal Rage

text: Unlike most fighting games, where the special moves are performed by moving the joystick followed by pressing one or more buttons, "Primal Rage" features a system where the player holds down certain buttons, then performs the joystick movements. Later revisions of the arcade game added the ability to perform special moves in the more traditional way, with motion followed by button presses, but kept the original method as well. After the opponent is defeated, a brief moment is allowed for the player to perform a finishing move to end the match in a more dramatic fashion; these are performed in a similar manner to the special moves. Although all characters feature three finishing moves, some of them were more of easter eggs than fatalities, such as Vertigo's "La Vache Qui Rit" (French for "the laughing cow"), a fatality in which Vertigo transforms her opponent into a cow, which moos and runs away.


title: Primal Rage

text: A massive meteor strike has devastated Earth. Human civilization comes to an end in the ensuing cataclysms and humanity regresses into tribes of Stone Age dwellers. A primordial rainforest covers the land and the continental landmass has shifted into the shape of a fire-breathing dinosaur skull. The planet is now primitively referred to as "Urth" by the survivors of the cataclysms.


title: Primal Rage

text: Seven fearsome creatures with supernatural abilities emerge from their slumber deep within the Urth's crust, and become worshiped as gods by the humans, who form segregated clans beneath the ones they follow. The beasts themselves are divided between those who wish to keep peace on Urth, and those who attempt to plunge the world into further chaos for their own benefit. These creatures are Blizzard, the ape-like god of good; Armadon, the ceratopian/thyreophoran-like god of life; Talon, the raptor-like god of survival; Sauran, the tyrannosaur-like god of hunger; Chaos, the ape-like god of decay; Vertigo, the cobra-like goddess of insanity and Diablo, the tyrannosaur-like god of evil.


title: Primal Rage

text: The game's development began with a series of production sketches of the fighters drawn by Leong. Using these drawings as a basis, model maker Dan Platt crafted model figures of the fighters, from which flexible metal armatures were then cast. The models were airbrushed according to Leong's drawings. The animations seen in the game were then filmed using these models, through the process of stop motion animation, with about 400 frames shot for each fighter.


title: Primal Rage

text: Senior producer Ken Humphries explained, "To be honest, the Saturn version got lost in the shuffle. In the process of trying to get other versions done, the Saturn version was the one they ended up pulling resources from." To allow the Saturn version to run at a solid frame rate, the team used a frame replacement speed of 30 Hz instead of the usual 60 Hz. According to Humphries, it was easier to make the Saturn hardware approximate the size of the arcade version's sprites than it was with other conversions of the game.


title: Primal Rage

text: "Primal Rage" was released for arcades by Time Warner Interactive during August 1994. The game was released under two variants; a standard 25″ cabinet and a deluxe 33″ cabinet. Known commercial ports of the title include: 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, 32X, Amiga, Atari Jaguar CD, Game Boy, Game Gear, MS-DOS, PlayStation, Sega Genesis, Sega Saturn and Super Nintendo Entertainment System. To promote the home versions, Time Warner Interactive hosted a "National Primal Rage Video Game Tournament" at Six Flags Over Texas in October 1995. A Sega CD 32X version was slated for a November 1995 launch but it was never released. A Mac OS port was also planned to be published in November 1995 and advertised in "Macworld"s January 1996 issue, however development on the conversion was cancelled in April of the same year. The original arcade version was included as part of "Midway Arcade Treasures 2" for GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2004 featuring a mixture of Atari, Midway and Williams titles. The arcade version was later included as part of "Midway Arcade Treasures Deluxe Edition" for the PC in 2006.


title: Primal Rage

text: "Primal Rage" was ported to the Game Boy by Probe Software and first released in North America in July 1995 and later in Europe on August 25 of the same year. This port excluded Vertigo from the roster, featuring a reduced moveset for every character and downgraded visuals. The Game Gear port is similar to the Game Boy release but with color graphics, much of the blood and gore retained and the "urination" fatality intact. The Genesis port was based on version 1.7, thus special moves and fatalities introduced in revision 2.3 are not present, featuring less vibrant colors and a cheat code that replaces Diablo's followers with Fergus McGovern, former CEO and founder of Probe Software. Prior to launch, a limited version was available for Sega Channel subscribers while a different version was released through the service on August 26, 1995, with twenty-four percent of subscribers taking part in the event to receive an 800 number and win prizes. The SNES port, developed by Bitmasters and released in both North America and Europe in August 1995, has more detailed visuals compared to the Genesis release, however Chaos' golden shower fatality was censored. The MS-DOS port, developed by Teeny Weeny Games, is a faithful conversion of the original arcade release and features a special setup for keyboard setups.


title: Primal Rage

text: "Primal Rage" was then ported to the 3DO and published by LG Electronics in both North America and Europe on November 14, 1995, featuring a pre-rendered introduction full motion video sequence and smaller sprites compared to previous releases. The 32X port was developed by Probe Entertainment and first published in North America in November 1995 and later in Europe in March 1996, based on the Genesis release but features more arcade-accurate visuals. The Jaguar CD port is similar to the 3DO release, although the intro is based on the original arcade version and has shorter loading times. The PlayStation port was first released in North America in November 1995, then in Europe in May 1996 and later in Japan on December 13 of the same year, featuring long loading times and fewer frames of animation for each character. The Saturn port was first released in North America in June 1996, then in Europe in August 1996 and later in Japan by GameBank on March 26, 1998, featuring more colors and lager sprites as well as pre-rendered FMV sequences for each character in single-player mode. The Amiga port was released only in Europe in December 1995, featuring visuals similar to the Genesis release but only one button is used during gameplay. Although marketed as an Amiga 1200 release, this port is compatible is any Amiga computer with a least 2MB of RAM.


title: Primal Rage

text: "Primal Rage" was a major commercial success, although Atari Games derived more profit from its merchandising than the game itself. "RePlay" reported the game to be the third most-popular deluxe arcade game at the time. "Play Meter" also listed the title to be the fourth most-popular arcade game at the time. "Next Generation" reviewed the original arcade version, stating that "All in all, an excellent show of graphics and sound design tarnished by unbalanced gameplay." "AllGame"s Brad Cook praised the arcade version's visuals, sound, gameplay and replay value, stating that "This is a fun game and a good value at 25 cents per play with 25 cents to continue." The title was nominated for the Video Software Dealers Association's "Video Game of the Year" for 1995, losing to "".


title: Primal Rage

text: "GamePro"s Sir Gamabus gave the Game Boy version a rave reviews, applauding the graphics and the large selection of easy-to-execute special moves and expressed astonishment at the absence of slowdown. "VideoGames"s Gabe Soria commended the Game Boy version. "Mega Fun"s Stephan Girlich and Ulf Schneider commended the visuals but the sound design was criticized.


title: Primal Rage

text: "GamePro"s Sir Gamabus also gave the Game Gear version a rave review, stating that "There haven't been Game Gear graphics like these since "Mortal Kombat II"s debut". Likewise, "VideoGames"s Gabe Soria commended the Game Gear version as well. "Mega Fun"s Girlich and Schneider praised the visuals but, like the Game Boy version, criticized the sound design. "Mean Machines Sega" gave the Game Gear version a positive outlook but one reviewer remarked that the game does not translate as well compared to the Genesis version. "Sega Pro"s Steve Hardy praised the visuals but criticized the complex controls due to Game Gear's limited number of buttons.


title: Primal Rage

text: "GamePro"s Air Hendrix gave the Genesis version a mixed review, criticizing that the sprites are too small and the graphics in general are unimpressive. Hendrix complained that the controls are a straight translation of the arcade version's four-button control, making special moves needlessly awkward to execute, however he praised the combo system and character design and gave it version an overall recommendation. "VideoGames"s Dan Vebber noted that the Genesis version failed to replicate the arcade original. "Mega Fun"s Girlich and Schneider commended the presentation and sound. "Sega Power"s Dean Mortlock praised the visuals and replay value, regarding the Genesis version to be "Another excellent conversion from Probe. A worthy alternative to current beat-em-ups.". "MAN!AC"s Oliver Ehrle criticized the graphics and sound of the Genesis version. "Mean Machines Sega" gave the Genesis version a rave review, stating that the game is a "great beat 'em up which may have been beaten to its niche." A critic for "Next Generation" also derided the graphics in the Genesis version, saying the sprites have "that flat, fuzzy, pasted-on-the-screen look that just isn't acceptable anymore." He further argued that the actual play mechanics of "Primal Rage" are unexceptional, such that without the sharp graphics and sounds of the arcade version the game isn't worth playing. "Sega Pro"s Mat Yeo commended Probe's work on the Genesis version but noted several missing features compared to the arcade original, stating that it fell short of capturing the "frantic fighting action of the coin-op."


title: Primal Rage

text: "GamePro"s Scary Larry gave the Super NES version a mixed reviews, feeling that the game was outshone by the Super NES version of "Killer Instinct", which came out at the same time. However, Larry praised the combo system and character design. "Mega Fun"s Girlich and Schneider praised the visuals and sound. Likewise, "Super Game Power"s Marjorie Bros commended the conversion, praising the visuals, sound, controls and fun factor. "Next Generation" reviewed the SNES version, stating that "it's so average it hurts to watch, much less play." "Hobby Consolas"s Sonia Herranz praised the gameplay, graphics and sound design highly. "MAN!AC"s Oliver Ehrle, as with the Genesis version, also criticized its graphics and sound. "Jeuxvideo.com"s nuktos praised the presentation, gameplay and sound but criticized the replay value.


title: Primal Rage

text: "GamePro"s The Axe Grinder similarly said that the 3DO version had the best graphics and sounds of any home version to date, but that "it still won't convert those who never took to the arcade original.", though he had an overall more positive impression of the game. "Mega Fun"s Sandrie Souleiman praised the graphics and sound of the 3DO version but felt that the PlayStation version was better. "Fun Generation"s Philipp Noack and Götz Schmiedehause commended the sound and gameplay of the 3DO version, but both felt the visuals were better on the PlayStation version. Likewise, "MAN!AC"s Oliver Ehrle commended the visuals and sound of the 3DO version but felt that the PlayStation version was slightly better. A "Next Generation" reviewer found that while the 3DO version accurately recreated the arcade version's graphics and sound, the game's visuals had become severely dated in the years since it was first released and the gameplay was never very deep to begin with.


title: Primal Rage

text: "GameFan" praised the visual presentation of the 32X version, though the reviewers criticized the sound and lack of additional gore effects from the arcade original. "GamePro"s Scary Larry contended that the 32X version is the best one, with graphics comparable to the 3DO version's and controls which are easier than the 3DO's when using the six-button controller. "Hobby Consolas" praised the sprite's quality and gameplay speed compared to the previous 16-bit versions. "Mean Machines Sega" gave the 32X version a positive outlook but stated that the game fell short when compared to other titles in the 32X library. "Sega Power"s James Ashton regarded the 32X version to be as good as the previous Genesis release but noted that the game "doesn't add much to the monster mash formula." However, "IGN"s Levi Buchanan noted that the 32X version paled in comparison to the arcade original.


title: Primal Rage

text: "Última Generación"s Gonzalo Herrero commended the Jaguar CD version, praising the visuals and sound design as well as controls. "GamePro"s Bruised Lee assessed the Jaguar CD version as "one of the Jag CD's strongest titles". They criticized the smaller sprites but said the game otherwise did an exemplary job of recreating the graphics and sound of the arcade version, and that the control with the Jaguar ProController is excellent. In contrast, "AllGame"s Colin Williamson commended the controls but criticized the downgraded visuals compared to the arcade original and loading times, stating that "It's sad that the Jaguar CD suffered such a horrible fate -- but with games like this one, it's no big surprise. This is one dino-sized disappointment."


title: Primal Rage

text: "GameFan" praised the PlayStation version for being a near-arcade perfect port, as well as the addition of a six-button control setup. "GamePro"s Scary Larry declared the PlayStation version the new best, commenting that the control setup is particularly suited to the PlayStation Controller and "The graphics blow away all other versions to date, and even make the arcade version seem tame." However, Larry found the game as a whole less impressive than recent fighting games such as "Virtua Fighter 2". "VideoGames" stated that the PlayStation version was not worth the asking price due to persisting gameplay issues from the arcade original. "IGN" noted that the PlayStation version paled in comparison to 3-D fighting games on the market.


title: Primal Rage

text: "GamePro"s Scary Larry and "Sega Saturn Magazine"s Rob Bright both ruled that the Saturn version, though superior to previous versions of the game, was sorely outdated by the time of its release, particularly due to the game's simplistic and repetitive combat. "VideoGames" noted the Saturn's visuals to be better than the PlayStation version. "GameFan", as with the previous PlayStation version, commended the Saturn release for being a near-arcade perfect port but criticized the full motion video sequences. "Fun Generation"s Götz Schmiedehause and Stephan Girlich commended the visuals and sound of the Saturn version. "Mega Fun"s Sandrie Souleiman praised the visuals but criticized the sound design of the Saturn version. "Mean Machines Sega" regarded the Saturn version to be a fair conversion of the arcade original. "AllGame"s Joe Ottoson criticized the Saturn version's visuals and sound design but commended its replay value, stating that "If you can bear the loading times and the unusual system for executing super moves, there's some interesting things to unearth."


title: Primal Rage

text: In 1996, Ellie Rovella of Gilbert, Arizona launched a grassroots campaign against the game after her 11-year-old son bought and played the Genesis version of "Primal Rage" and executed Chaos' golden shower/urination fatality. The campaign resulted in Best Buy pulling the game from 251 stores nationwide. In response, "Primal Rage" publisher Time Warner Interactive pointed out that Rovella never complained to Time Warner themselves, instead taking the issue directly to the media, and that the game was clearly rated "T" for Teen and so should not have been purchased by her 11-year-old son in the first place. They also resubmitted "Primal Rage" for evaluation by the ESRB, who determined that the game had nothing in it to merit increasing the rating to "M" for mature or "AO" for adults only, and again rated it "T". After this reevaluation, Best Buy put every version of "Primal Rage" back on the shelves except for the Genesis version, which they said they would only sell if it were rated "M", even though most home versions of the game contain all the same fatalities and gore as the Genesis version.


title: Primal Rage

text: Time Warner PR director Tracy Egan said the publisher was not overly concerned about the Ellie Rovella controversy since "Primal Rage", being a two-year-old arcade game, was already past its sales peak by the time Rovella started her campaign. In the United Kingdom, the game's advert parodied the controversy by placing gentle scenes over the violent parts and using Simon Bates in the advert, mocking his VSC video warnings.


title: Primal Rage

text: After an unveiling at the 1996 American International Toy Fair, five inch action figures of the seven "Primal Rage" characters (each bundled with accessories like lava rocks, armor, and tiny humans) were released in stores. Action figures were also created for Necrosan and Slash Fang. "Sirius Entertainment" published a 4-issue comic book mini-series based on the game from 1996 to 1998. While issue #1 featured color interior art, the low-run published issues #2–4 featured black-and-white interior art.


title: Primal Rage

text: By 1995, Atari had begun production of "Primal Rage II". Ken Humphries, senior producer of the home versions of the original "Primal Rage", said in an early 1996 interview that ""Primal Rage 2" should come out in the arcades in September 1996. As soon as they finish that, we'll start working on the consumer versions." However, the game did not get very far into production before being cancelled, as Atari felt that it wouldn't generate enough sales.


title: Primal Rage

text: The controls were expanded from a four-button to a six-button configuration. The game was to feature all seven gods from the original plus ten newcomers: a new dinosaur, a boss, and eight humans called the Avatars, that were the gods' surrogates on Urth, with the first game's characters meant to make a comeback as said gods. Necrosan, a boss in the form of a skeletal dragon, once rumored by video game magazine "GamePro" to be added in an updated release of the original "Primal Rage", was to become the main antagonist.


title: Primal Rage

text: The plot focused on the years after the first game's timeline. It turns out the meteor that crashed on Urth was actually an egg which hatched a being known as Necrosan. The gods fight it but their efforts end up being useless. Necrosan imprisons them in a state of semi-suspended animation, forms minions of his own and starts to wreak havoc on Urth. The gods then choose human Avatars for themselves. The Avatars fight the minions of Necrosan, release the gods from their prison and battle Necrosan himself. The warriors would be Malyssa: Avatar of Vertigo, Arik: Avatar of Sauron, Keena: Avatar of Talon, Shank: Avatar of Chaos, Sinjin: Avatar of Diablo, Kaze: Avatar of Blizzard, Tor: Avatar of Armadon, and Xiao Ming: Avatar of Slash Fang. Slash Fang is a newly introduced Primal God in the form of a Smilodon-type Weretiger.


title: Primal Rage

text: Although the game never came to be, its story was later adapted into "Primal Rage: The Avatars". Also, the characters of Slash Fang and Necrosan were released with the other god characters in the short-lived "Primal Rage" action figure series.


title: Primal Rage

text: A test arcade cabinet briefly appeared playable at the Golfland arcades in Milpitas, California and Sunnyvale, California, and a supposedly finished machine of this was shown at the California Extreme 2001 show. The machine had the original board and most of the original art. In subsequent years, screenshots of the incomplete game were released on the Internet. In December 2012, a YouTube user posted a video that showcased the almost never-before-seen game in action, and then in June 2014, it was reported that the game was available for play at Galloping Ghost Arcade in Brookfield, Illinois. With only two boards of the game considered to be in existence, a dump from the game's board had been circulating in the internet for some years, but no emulator had been able to run it, until in March 2017 it was revealed that an individual had created a modified version of MAME, named "MAME4RAGE2", making it able to emulate the game.


title: Primal Rage

text: When "Primal Rage II" was cancelled, Atari allegedly felt it was necessary to somehow present the story for the sequel in one form or another. Thus, in 1997, a novel called "Primal Rage: The Avatars", written by John Vornholt, was published by Boulevard Books. The book tells what happened to the dinosaur gods 65 million years ago, and then moves into the main story of the gods' reign on Urth renewed, then the beast Necrosan appears. The book also focuses on fleshing out the world of "Primal Rage", and does so by bringing "the Avatars" to the forefront of the story, they being the humans chosen by their respective gods to be their shamans or other titles of nobility.


title: Primal Rage

text: A number of details to the backstory of "Primal Rage" are made clear in "The Avatars": The events in "Primal Rage" take place in the year 1000 AC (After Cataclysm) or about the year 3000 AD by the Gregorian calendar. The battles of the dinosaurs are referred to as "The Primal Rage". The spell used to imprison the dinosaur gods is called the Bonds of Forbidding. Necrosan the skeletal dragon (who is referred to as Necronus on the introductory page) reactivates the Bonds of Forbidding to entrap the gods.


title: Josef Albers

text: Josef Albers (; ; March 19, 1888March 25, 1976) was a German-born artist and educator. The first living artist to be given a solo show at MoMA and at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, he taught at the Bauhaus and Black Mountain College, headed Yale University's department of design, and is considered one of the most influential teachers of the visual arts in the twentieth century.


title: Josef Albers

text: As an artist, Albers worked in several disciplines, including photography, typography, murals and printmaking. He is best known for his work as an abstract painter and a theorist. His book "Interaction of Color" was published in 1963.


title: Josef Albers

text: Albers was born into a Roman Catholic family of craftsmen in Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany in 1888. His father, Lorenzo Albers, was variously a housepainter, carpenter, and handyman. His mother came from a family of blacksmiths. His childhood included practical training in engraving glass, plumbing, and wiring, giving Josef versatility and lifelong confidence in the handling and manipulation of diverse materials. He worked from 1908 to 1913 as a schoolteacher in his home town; he also trained as an art teacher at Königliche Kunstschule in Berlin, Germany, from 1913 to 1915. From 1916 to 1919 he began his work as a printmaker at the Kunstgewerbschule in Essen, where he learnt stained-glass making with Dutch artist Johan Thorn Prikker. In 1918 he received his first public commission, "Rosa mystica ora pro nobis", a stained-glass window for a church in Bottrop. In 1919 he moved to Munich, Germany, to study at the Königliche Bayerische Akademie der Bildenden Kunst, where he was a pupil of Max Doerner and Franz Stuck.


title: Josef Albers

text: Albers enrolled as a student in the preliminary course ("vorkurs") of Johannes Itten at the Weimar Bauhaus in 1920. Although Albers had studied painting, it was as a maker of stained glass that he joined the faculty of the Bauhaus in 1922, approaching his chosen medium as a component of architecture and as a stand-alone art form. The director and founder of the Bauhaus, Walter Gropius, asked him in 1923 to teach in the preliminary course 'Werklehre' of the department of design to introduce newcomers to the principles of handicrafts, because Albers came from that background and had appropriate practice and knowledge.


title: Josef Albers

text: In 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to Dessau, Albers was promoted to professor. At this time, he married Anni Albers ("née" Fleischmann) who was a student at the institution. His work in Dessau included designing furniture and working with glass. As a younger instructor, he was teaching at the Bauhaus among established artists who included Oskar Schlemmer, Wassily Kandinsky, and Paul Klee. The so-called "form master" Klee taught the formal aspects in the glass workshops where Albers was the "crafts master"; they cooperated for several years.


title: Josef Albers

text: With the closure of the Bauhaus under Nazi pressure in 1933 the artists dispersed, most leaving the country. Albers emigrated to the United States. The architect Philip Johnson, then a curator at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, arranged for Albers to be offered a job as head of a new art school, Black Mountain College, in North Carolina. In November 1933, he joined the faculty of the college where he was the head of the painting program until 1949.


title: Josef Albers

text: At Black Mountain, his students included Ruth Asawa, Ray Johnson, Robert Rauschenberg, Cy Twombly, and Susan Weil. He also invited important American artists such as Willem de Kooning, to teach in the summer seminar. Weil remarked that, as a teacher, Albers was "his own academy". She said that Albers claimed that "when you're in school, you're not an artist, you're a student", although he was very supportive of self-expression when one became an artist and began on her or his journey. Albers produced many woodcuts and leaf studies at this time.


title: Josef Albers

text: In 1950, Albers left Black Mountain to head the department of design at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. While at Yale, Albers worked to expand the nascent graphic design program (then called "graphic arts"), hiring designers Alvin Eisenman, Herbert Matter, and Alvin Lustig. Albers worked at Yale until he retired from teaching in 1958. At Yale, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Eva Hesse, Neil Welliver, and Jane Davis Doggett were notable students.


title: Josef Albers

text: In 1962, as a fellow at Yale, he received a grant from the Graham Foundation for the Advanced Studies of Fine Arts for an exhibit and lecture on his work. Albers also collaborated with Yale professor and architect King-lui Wu in creating decorative designs for some of Wu's projects. Among these were distinctive geometric fireplaces for the Rouse (1954) and DuPont (1959) houses, the façade of Manuscript Society, one of Yale's secret senior groups (1962), and a design for the Mt. Bethel Baptist Church (1973). Also, at this time he worked on his structural constellation pieces.


title: Josef Albers

text: Also during this time, he created the abstract album covers of band leader Enoch Light's Command LP records. His album cover for Terry Snyder and the All Stars 1959 album, "Persuasive Percussion", shows a tightly packed grid or lattice of small black disks from which a few wander up and out as if stray molecules of some light gas. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973. Albers continued to paint and write, staying in New Haven with his wife, textile artist Anni Albers, until his death in 1976.


title: Josef Albers

text: Josef Albers produced album covers for over three years between 1959 and 1961, Albers' seven album sleeves for Command Records incorporated elements such as circles and grids of dots, highly uncommon in his practice. "The series of records made by Command Records over half a century ago still resonate with audiophiles today, and are much sought-after by connoisseurs of mid-century modern design for their striking covers. This was all due to the collaboration between two individuals, Josef Albers and Enoch Light. Both men — one an influential teacher and artist, the other a stereo-recording pioneer — driven by strong convictions and passion for their respective crafts."


title: Josef Albers

text: Accomplished as a designer, photographer, typographer, printmaker, and poet, Albers is best remembered for his work as an abstract painter and theorist. He favored a very disciplined approach to composition, especially in the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series "Homage to the Square". In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with nested squares. Usually painting on Masonite, he used a palette knife with oil colors and often recorded the colors he used on the back of his works. Each painting consists of either three or four squares of solid planes of color nested within one another, in one of four different arrangements and in square formats ranging from 406×406 mm to 1.22×1.22 m.


title: Josef Albers

text: In 1959, a gold-leaf mural by Albers, "Two Structural Constellations" was engraved in the lobby of the Corning Glass Building in Manhattan. For the entrance of the Time & Life Building lobby, he created "Two Portals" (1961), a 42-feet by 14-feet mural of alternating glass bands in white and brown that recede into two bronze centers to create an illusion of depth. In the 1960s, Walter Gropius, who was designing the Pan Am Building with Emery Roth & Sons and Pietro Belluschi, commissioned Albers to make a mural. The artist reworked "City", a sandblasted glass construction that he had designed in 1929 at the Bauhaus, and renamed it "Manhattan". The giant abstract mural of black, white, and red strips arranged in interwoven columns stood 28-feet high and 55-feet wide and was installed in the lobby of the building; it was removed during a lobby redesign around 2000. Before he died in 1976, Albers left exact specifications of the work so that it could easily be replicated; in 2019, it was replicated and reinstalled in its original place in the Pan Am building, now renamed MetLife. In 1967, his painted mural "Growth" (1965) as well as "Loggia Wall" (1965), a brick relief, were installed on the campus of the Rochester Institute of Technology. Other architectural works include "Gemini" (1972), a stainless steel relief for the Grand Avenue National Bank lobby in Kansas City, Missouri, and "Reclining Figure" (1972), a mosaic mural for the Celanese Building in Manhattan destroyed in 1980. At the invitation of a former student, the Australian architect Harry Seidler, Albers designed the mural "Wrestling" (1976) for the Mutual Life Centre in Sydney.


title: Josef Albers

text: In 1963, Albers published "Interaction of Color", which is a record of an experiential way of studying and teaching color. He asserted that color "is almost never seen as it really is" and that "color deceives continually", and he suggested that color is best studied via experience, underpinned by experimentation and observation. The very rare first edition has a limited printing of only 2,000 copies and contained 150 silk screen plates. This work has since been republished, and is now available as an iPad App.


title: Josef Albers

text: Albers presented color systems at the end of his courses (and at the end of 'Interaction of Color') and these featured descriptions of primary, secondary and tertiary color, as well as a range of connotations that he assigned to specific colors on his triangular color model.


title: Josef Albers

text: In respect to his artworks, Albers was known to meticulously list the specific manufacturer's colours and varnishes he used on the back of his works, as if the colours were catalogued components of an optical experiment. His work represents a transition between traditional European art and the new American art. It incorporated European influences from the Constructivists and the Bauhaus movement, and its intensity and smallness of scale were typically European, but his influence fell heavily on American artists of the late 1950s and the 1960s. "Hard-edge" abstract painters drew on his use of patterns and intense colors, while Op artists and conceptual artists further explored his interest in perception.


title: Josef Albers

text: In an article about the artist, published in 1950, Elaine de Kooning concluded that however impersonal his paintings might at first appear, not one of them "could have been painted by any one but Josef Albers himself.".


title: Josef Albers

text: Although Albers prioritized teaching his students principles of color interaction, he was admired by many of his students for instilling a general approach to all materials and means of engaging it in design. Albers "put practice before theory and prioritised experience; 'what counts,' he claimed 'is not so-called knowledge of so-called facts, but vision – seeing.' His focus was process." Although their relationship was often tense, and sometimes, even combative, Robert Rauschenberg later identified Albers as his most important teacher. Albers is considered to be one of the most influential teachers of visual art in the twentieth century.


title: Josef Albers

text: The Josef Albers papers, documents from 1929 to 1970, were donated by the artist to the Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art in 1969 and 1970. In 1971 (nearly five years before his death), Albers founded the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, a nonprofit organization he hoped would further "the revelation and evocation of vision through art". Today, this organization serves as the office for the estates of both Josef Albers and his wife Anni Albers, and supports exhibitions and publications focused on the works of both artists. The foundation building is located in Bethany, Connecticut, and "includes a central research and archival storage center to accommodate the Foundation's art collections, library and archives, and offices, as well as residence studios for visiting artists." A second, and substantial, part of the Josef Albers estate is held by the Josef Albers Museum in Bottrop, Germany, where he was born. Both institutions continue active outreach to secure the artist's reputation.


title: Josef Albers

text: In 2019, his "colossal" mural, Manhattan, was reinstalled at the Walter Gropius-designed 200 Park Avenue (Metlife) Building, New York, following an almost two decade absence. “While we appreciate its importance in the art community, it just doesn’t work for us anymore,” a Metlife representative is quoted as saying, at the time of its removal (2000). Two decades later, the piece is once again being hailed as the vibrant centerpiece of the building, with the Albers Foundation's director on hand for the rededication of the work: “This is what art was for him: something that could affect you, maybe gave a little bit of joy to the lives of those people rushing to their trains or rushing out of the station to their workday.”


title: Josef Albers

text: Josef Albers' book "Interaction of Color" continues to be influential despite criticisms that arose following his death. In 1981, Alan Lee attempted to refute Albers' general claims about colour experience (that colour deceives continually) and to posit that Albers' system of perceptual education was fundamentally misleading.


title: Josef Albers

text: Lee examined four topics in Albers' account of colour critically: In additive and subtractive colour mixture; the tonal relations of colours; the Weber-Fechner Law; and simultaneous contrast. In each case Lee suggested that Albers made fundamental errors with serious consequences for his claims about colour and his pedagogical method. Lee suggested that Albers' belief in the importance of colour deception was related to a misconception about aesthetic appreciation (that it depends upon some kind of confusion about visual perception). Lee suggested that the scientific colour hypothesis of Edwin H. Land should be considered in lieu of the concepts put forward by Albers. Finally, Lee called for a reassessment of Albers' art as necessary, following successful challenge to the foundational colour concepts that were the basis of his corpus.


title: Josef Albers

text: Dorothea Jameson has challenged Lee's criticism of Albers, arguing that Albers' approach toward painting and pedagogy emphasized artists' experiences in the handling and mixing of pigments, which often have different results than predicted by color theory experiments with projected light or spinning color disks. Furthermore, Jameson explains that Lee's own understanding of additive and subtractive color mixtures is flawed.


title: Josef Albers

text: Several paintings in Albers's series "Homage to the Square" have outsold their estimates, including "Homage to the Square: Joy" (1964) which sold for $1.5 million (nearly double its estimate) at a 2007 sale at Sotheby's. In 2015, "Study for Homage to the Square, R-III E.B." (1970) sold for £785,000 (well above the estimated £350,000–450,000), at "the high point of an active market."


title: Josef Albers

text: Albers, a prolific artist, has numerous prints and drawings available outside of the museums where his work is represented.


title: Josef Albers

text: The Albers Foundation, the main beneficiary of the estates of both Josef and Anni Albers, remains protective of the artist's work and reputation. In 1997, one year after the auction house, Sotheby's, bought the Andre Emmerich Gallery, the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation did not renew its three-year contract with the gallery. The Foundation has also been instrumental in exposing fakes.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: Brigadier Sir Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart, generally referred to simply as the Brigadier, is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who", created by writers Mervyn Haisman and Henry Lincoln and played by Nicholas Courtney. He is one of the founders of UNIT (United Nations Intelligence Taskforce, later Unified Intelligence Taskforce), an international organisation that defends Earth from alien threats, and serves as commander of the British contingent. Presented at first as reluctant to accept the continuing aid of the Doctor, over time the Brigadier became one of the Doctor's greatest friends and his principal ally in defending Earth.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: As one of the series' most prominent recurring characters over its fifty-year history, the Brigadier appeared in 23 stories during the original run of "Doctor Who", first appearing in the 1968 serial "The Web of Fear" opposite the Second Doctor (Patrick Troughton). The character made frequent appearances on the series following the introduction of the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) in 1970's "Spearhead from Space". His final appearance in the program was in 1989's "Battlefield" opposite the Seventh Doctor (Sylvester McCoy). Nearly 20 years later, Courtney reprised the role in the DVD Special Feature called “Liberty Hall” in 2009 written by Karen Davies and directed by Brendan Sheppard in which the Brigadier was interviewed by a Times journalist. Then he finally appeared in the spin-off programme "The Sarah Jane Adventures" in 2008, his last appearance prior to Courtney's death in 2011. That year, "Doctor Who" later paid tribute to Courtney by announcing the Brigadier had died with a line of dialogue in "The Wedding of River Song". Later still, a Cyberman avatar of the Brigadier also appears, and achieves some closure with the Twelfth Doctor (Peter Capaldi), in "Death in Heaven" (2014).


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: The 2012 episode "The Power of Three" introduced the Brigadier's daughter, new UNIT chief Kate Stewart (Jemma Redgrave). The character was originally created in the unlicensed video spin-off "Downtime" in 1995, in which the Brigadier also appeared. Kate becomes a recurring character making appearances alongside the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith), Twelfth Doctor (Peter Capaldi), and Thirteenth Doctor (Jodie Whittaker).


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart's ancestry goes back to Scotland, according to dialogue in "Terror of the Zygons" (1975). He first encounters the Second Doctor in "The Web of Fear" (1968), when Lethbridge-Stewart is a colonel in the Scots Guards commanding a British Army detachment sent to investigate the Yeti in the London Underground. By his next appearance in "The Invasion" (1968), he had been promoted to Brigadier and was working with UNIT. When the Doctor was forcibly regenerated and exiled to Earth, Lethbridge-Stewart gave him a position as UNIT's scientific advisor after he helped defeat the Auton invasion. Other military members of UNIT included Captain Mike Yates, Sergeant Benton and Royal Navy Lieutenant Harry Sullivan.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: Most of the stories about the Third Doctor were set on Earth and feature UNIT and the Brigadier heavily. While not as ubiquitous in following years, he appeared alongside every subsequent Doctor in the original television series run, excluding the Sixth Doctor, with whom he appeared only in the 30th anniversary special, "Dimensions in Time" in 1993. Although Lethbridge-Stewart first met the Doctor in his second incarnation, he also met and worked with the First Doctor in the opening serial of the 10th anniversary season, "The Three Doctors" and again in the 20th-anniversary special, "The Five Doctors". He eventually retired from the military to teach mathematics at an English public school in 1976, as seen in "Mawdryn Undead" (1983). The Brigadier and the Sixth Doctor, as well as later incarnations of the Doctor, have been paired in numerous spin-off productions (see Other appearances).


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: As one of the most popular recurring supporting characters in the television series, the Brigadier is often listed among the Doctor's companions. He is listed as such by the BBC and is included in a book by John Nathan-Turner's (a former producer of "Doctor Who") discussing all the Doctor's companions.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: Lethbridge-Stewart's last appearance in a "Doctor Who" television episode was in 1989, in the Seventh Doctor serial "Battlefield". Called out of retirement to deal with an other-dimensional invasion of armoured knights led by Morgaine, he found himself once again at the Doctor's side. Lethbridge-Stewart served as his world's champion as he faced down and killed the demonic Destroyer of Worlds armed only with his service revolver and a load of silver-tipped bullets. ("Battlefield" was stated to be a few years into Ace's future but not a specific date. The Virgin New Adventures books place it in 1997.)


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: Little was shown of Lethbridge-Stewart's life outside UNIT in the television series. "Planet of the Spiders" referred to a relationship with a woman called Doris. By "Battlefield", he was married to her (played by Angela Douglas). It was Courtney's own belief that the Brigadier had been in a previous marriage to a woman named Fiona, and that he and Doris were having an affair; his first marriage ended due to his work.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: Although Lethbridge-Stewart never appeared in the revived series, the character is still alive during the Tenth Doctor's tenure. In the spin-off programme "The Sarah Jane Adventures" story "Revenge of the Slitheen", Sarah Jane Smith says to "give [her] love to the Brig". In the Tenth Doctor episode "The Poison Sky", the Doctor mentions that he could use the help of "the Brigadier". He is then told that "Sir Alistair" is "stranded in Peru", indicating that the Brigadier has been knighted by this time. The first film footage from the classic era to appear in the revived era was his photograph displayed in the slow pan across Sarah Jane Smith's attic in the opening scene of "The Sarah Jane Adventures"’ première, "Invasion of the Bane".


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: In 2008, Courtney again reprised the role in a "The Sarah Jane Adventures" story, "Enemy of the Bane", and confirmed his knighthood repeatedly: Major Kilburne and Sarah Jane each address him as "Sir Alistair" and he later introduces himself fully as "Brigadier Sir Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart" to Mrs. Wormwood. This episode refers back to the Peru mission as there is mention of him being de-briefed about it. Sarah Jane asks Lethbridge-Stewart to assist her in accessing UNIT's "Black Archive", a top secret alien artefact facility first alluded to by Douglas Cavendish to Sir Alistair's daughter in "Dæmos Rising". Sarah Jane prefers to avoid seeking official clearance, to avoid awkward questions about Luke, her artificially-grown son. In his old age, the Brigadier has developed a dislike for the new way UNIT works and often refers to events that happened in "his day". He walks with a walking stick now, but is seen driving a Bentley T-series to UNIT's "Black Archive". His wife (presumably Doris) is mentioned in this episode. The Brigadier assists Sarah Jane and Rani in escaping UNIT and later confronts a Bane disguised as a UNIT officer, shooting him dead with a gun hidden within his cane.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: In "The Sarah Jane Adventures" story "The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith", Clyde Langer tells Peter Dalton that the Brigadier cannot make it to the wedding because he is back in Peru. It had been intended by the production team that Lethbridge-Stewart would indeed appear in the story and meet the Tenth Doctor, but Courtney was recovering from a stroke and unable to take part. He is reported to be in Peru for a third time in "Death of the Doctor" (2010). Clyde describes him as being Sarah Jane's oldest friend; Sarah Jane met both the Doctor and Sir Alistair in the first episode of the Third Doctor serial, "The Time Warrior" (1974).


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: In 2009, Courtney reprised the role for a final time in the short film "Liberty Hall", an extra for "Mawdryn Undead"s DVD release. The film is a seven-minute mockumentary where a fictional journalist interviews the Brigadier about his life. The Brigadier discusses his marriages with Fiona and Doris, and mentions his daughter Kate and grandson Gordon (referencing "Downtime"). He states that his most recent encounter with the Doctor took place in 2000, when he was on unofficial UNIT business in Malebolgia in the United States (referencing the Eighth Doctor audio drama "Minuet in Hell"). He concludes, "So, now I've hung up my uniform for good... unless I hear that a blue police box has been found somewhere, and then, don't you worry, I'll be ready!"


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: Sometime later, the Brigadier becomes ill and is moved into a nursing home. In 2011's "The Wedding of River Song", the Eleventh Doctor rings the nursing home to have the Brigadier made ready for a trip; a nurse regretfully informs him that the Brigadier died peacefully "a few months ago" and had spoken well of him often, insisting a glass always be kept ready for him in case he turned up. The Doctor is visibly shattered by the news, which forces him to realise that he can't avoid his predestined death.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: In the 2014 episode "Death in Heaven", Missy (the regenerated female Master) resurrects the Earth's dead as flight-capable Cybermen. The Brigadier's daughter Kate is apparently killed falling from a plane during a Cybermen attack. Overcoming his programming, the converted Danny Pink commands the Cybermen to sacrifice themselves to thwart Missy's plan. The Doctor prepares to execute Missy, but is preempted by a lone surviving Cyberman, who seemingly vaporizes her with a forearm-mounted ray-gun. Finding that the Cyberman has rescued Kate, the Doctor realizes it is the converted Brigadier, saying "Of course! Earth's darkest hour, and mine. Where else would you be?" Overcome with emotion, the Doctor salutes him – something Kate said her father had always wanted – and the Brigadier fires his leg jets and flies away. What happens to him afterward is left unknown.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: In the 2017 Christmas special "Twice Upon a Time", the First and Twelfth Doctors unwittingly intervene when Testimony, an organization in the far future that collect memories from those about to die, retrieve a seemingly-innocuous captain in the First World War from the moment before his death, the temporal anomaly of the two Doctors resisting their imminent regenerations disrupting Testimony's efforts to return the captain to his scheduled death. The Doctors are able to bend the rules and return the captain to a point a couple of hours after he was taken out of time, in time for his life to be saved by the Christmas truce. Before he returns to time, the captain reveals that his name is Archibald Hamish Lethbridge-Stewart, suggesting that he is a relative of the Brigadier. (It is confirmed that the character is one of the Brigadier's grandfathers.)


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: The Brigadier and the Sixth Doctor were paired in the two-part charity special "Dimensions in Time" and the Big Finish audio play, "The Spectre of Lanyon Moor". The Sixth Doctor also meets the Brigadier in the novel "Business Unusual", also purporting to be the first meeting of the two characters, subsequently working together in "The Shadow in the Glass" to track down the newly discovered Fourth Reich; in the short story "Brief Encounter: A Wee Deoch an..?", written by Sixth Doctor actor Colin Baker and published in "Doctor Who Magazine Winter Special", 1991, they cross paths but neither realises it. The Brigadier has also appeared with the Eighth Doctor in the novel "The Eight Doctors" by Terrance Dicks (set after the events of the TV Movie and during moments of The Doctors' past lives) in audio plays and the novels "The Dying Days" and "The Shadows of Avalon". The Tenth Doctor met the Brigadier in the "Doctor Who Magazine" comic "The Warkeeper's Crown".


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: The Brigadier and his family have made several appearances in the spin-off media. The spin-off UNIT videos "Downtime" and "Dæmos Rising" feature Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, the Brigadier's daughter from his marriage to his first wife, Fiona (first named in the Missing Adventure "The Scales of Injustice" by Gary Russell). Also appearing was Kate's young son, Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart. Kate also played her UNIT role in the fiftieth anniversary episode, "The Day of the Doctor" (2013).


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: The novels also gave Lethbridge-Stewart another offspring. While on duty in Sierra Leone as a young lieutenant, Lethbridge-Stewart met and was intimate with a local girl named Mariatu, the daughter of a village chief, and unknown to Lethbridge-Stewart, she had a son. This was first hinted at in Ben Aaronovitch's novelisation of his 1988 serial "Remembrance of the Daleks", which featured quotes from a fictional history of UNIT ("The Zen Military") written by a Kadiatu Lethbridge-Stewart (Mariatu's granddaughter) in 2006. In the 1992 New Adventures novel "Transit" (also by Aaronovitch, and set in the 22nd Century), the Seventh Doctor meets the adopted daughter of General Yembe Lethbridge-Stewart, one of Mariatu's descendants. This daughter, also named Kadiatu Lethbridge-Stewart, went on to become a recurring character in the New Adventures.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: The novels have also fleshed out the Brigadier's ancestry, establishing that he comes from a long-standing military family. In the New Adventures novel "The Dying Days" by Lance Parkin, he talks about three ancestors who reached the rank of general. One, William Lethbridge-Stewart, was in the retinue of James VI of Scotland and I of England. The other two fought at Naseby and Waterloo. "The Scales of Injustice" names the latter as Major-General Fergus Lethbridge-Stewart. The Brigadier also says in "The Dying Days" that his father died in World War II, fighting alongside Field-Marshal Montgomery in Africa.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: The Past Doctor Adventures novel "The Wages of Sin" by David A. McIntee established that the Brigadier had an ancestor named Alastair Lethbridge-Stewart who worked for the British Government in 1916. "Deadly Reunion" by Terrance Dicks and Barry Letts establishes that the Brigadier was a Second Lieutenant serving in Army Intelligence in 1944, although this makes the Brigadier older than other stories would suggest.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: In the novels, Lethbridge-Stewart emerged from retirement again during the events of "The Dying Days" where he dealt with an invasion of Ice Warriors from Mars in 1997. At the end of that novel he was promoted to General. Lethbridge-Stewart was subsequently rejuvenated with alien technology in "Happy Endings" by Paul Cornell, taking place in 2010. The rejuvenated Lethbridge-Stewart, widowed as a result of an accident at sea but back with the military, next appeared in the BBC Books Eighth Doctor Adventures novel "The Shadows of Avalon", also by Cornell, where he still held the rank of General but preferred to be called "the Brigadier". According to "The King of Terror" by Keith Topping, Lethbridge-Stewart eventually passes away in the early 2050s.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: Courtney played the Brigadier in two BBC Radio 4 "Doctor Who" plays set during the Third Doctor's era, "The Paradise of Death" (1993) and "The Ghosts of N-Space" (1996), alongside Pertwee and Elisabeth Sladen as Sarah Jane Smith. For Big Finish, he has played the part of Lethbridge-Stewart in several plays, with "Minuet in Hell" revealing that he played a role in the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and also that he does covert work for the UN as a plausibly deniable agent. He also played an alternate universe version of the Brigadier in the "Doctor Who Unbound" play "Sympathy for the Devil", opposite David Warner as the Doctor and David Tennant (later cast as the Tenth Doctor) as Colonel Brimmecombe-Wood. At the conclusion of "Sympathy", the alternate Brigadier- referred to as 'Alistair'- joins Warner's Doctor as his companion, but after an unspecified amount of time travelling together, they part ways in the later audio "Masters of War", when the two arrive on Skaro and force the Daleks and the Thals to join forces to fight off an invasion by a race known as the Quatch, Alistair remaining once the Quatch are defeated to help the two sides maintain their new truce.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: In December 2004, Big Finish released the first of a series of UNIT-based audio plays, where General Sir Alistair Lethbridge-Stewart acted as a consultant to a new generation of officers and by series' end became UNIT's new Scientific Advisor. If the events in this series are to be reconciled with the books, these plays would seem to take place between the events of "The Dying Days" and "Happy Endings", as this version of Lethbridge-Stewart does not seem to be rejuvenated. Also, the public does not believe in existence of aliens, which would appear to place it before the events of "The Christmas Invasion".


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: In the "Doctor Who Magazine" comic strip story "Warkeeper's Crown" (DWM #378–380), Lethbridge-Stewart made a reappearance alongside the Tenth Doctor after being kidnapped by Warlords as a tactical commander. He was an old officer stationed at Sandhurst.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: A series of novels featuring the young Colonel Lethbridge-Stewart has been published by Candy Jar Books since 2015. The novels are licensed by the literary estate of co-creator Mervyn Haisman and endorsed by Henry Lincoln.


title: Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

text: In 2017, "The Third Doctor Adventures- Volume Five" features Jon Culshaw acting as the Brigadier in a series of audios set during the Third Doctor's era.