title: Patlabor 2: The Movie

text: In Australia and New Zealand, Manga Entertainment UK still holds the rights to "Patlabor" movie 1 & 2 and is sub-licensed and distributed by Madman Entertainment on DVD. Due to this ongoing license and the popularity of Manga's dub of the 2 movies in Australia amongst Anime fans, Madman & Manga were refused the remastered DVD & Blu-ray license from Bandai Visual which contained the new Elastic Media dub. Since Bandai Visual USA is no longer releasing new anime and letting current licenses lapse, the chances of a remastered release in Australia is slim.


title: Patlabor 2: The Movie

text: Beez Entertainment licensed the film in Europe. Section23 Films has licensed all three "Patlabor" films, with the second film released on Blu-ray and DVD on July 21, 2015.


title: Patlabor 2: The Movie

text: "Patlabor 2: The Movie" has been very well received. One review from the Anime Cafe states that "Patlabor 2" is an "intellectually stimulating anime," combining the movie's mecha concept with the plot similar to a Tom Clancy novel. Anime World Order states that while the sequel is better than the first in terms of action and drama, some viewers may not understand the political aspects of the film, though its philosophical themes may be easier to understand, especially with the concept of just war and unjust peace. Japan Hero's review of the movie commented well on the side story that the movie showcased the main characters who had to let go of their past and to move on and grow up, with the fact that they had to get back together and face a threat that could make a country ruled by civilian authority or one ruled by fear and paranoia. Anime News Network has noted the background music used in the movie "favors heavy, pulsing techno beats backed by airy, haunting vocals for the intense scenes and soaring synthesized scores in other places ... If you’re looking for something wholly dramatic, insightful, and mature then you’ve come to the right place." Raphael See of THEM Anime Reviews gave "Patlabor 2" a perfect 5-star review, stating that "The nuances and elements of the plot are even more complex and involved than in Patlabor 1, although it's slightly easier to keep track of what's generally going on in this one. The storyline is intricate and political enough to make Tom Clancy grin in his military uniform. Philosophical undertones of the nature of peace and war keep this movie smart, brooding, and highly engaging."


title: Patlabor 2: The Movie

text: Many entries in the Patlabor series are disconnected from each other, but Patlabor 2 saw a direct sequel in the form of the 2015 live action film .


title: 1800s (decade)

text: The 1800s (pronounced "eighteen-hundreds") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1800, and ended on December 31, 1809. The term "eighteen-hundreds" can also mean the entire century from January 1, 1800 to December 31, 1899 (the years beginning with "18"), and is almost synonymous with the 19th century (1801–1900). This article refers to the decade comprising 1800–1809.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: The decade was a period of drastic change. The advancements of the previous three decades towards the end of the 18th century had propelled the Industrial Revolution into a global movement, with entire wars fought with the newly developed technologies – creating an impetus to imperialist campaigns across Africa and Asia, as well as the counter-movement on Latin America later on.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: The European political landscape was dominated by the Napoleonic Wars, a series of conflicts declared against Napoleon's First French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe by the end of the decade. The decade brought hard times.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire), Napoleon overthrew the French government, replacing it with the Consulate, in which he was First Consul. On 2 December 1804, after a failed assassination plot, he crowned himself Emperor. In 1805, Napoleon planned to invade Britain, but a renewed British alliance with Russia and Austria (Third Coalition), forced him to turn his attention towards the continent, while at the same time failure to lure the superior British fleet away from the English Channel, ending in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar (in this battle, British Admiral Horatio Nelson was fatally wounded) on 21 October put an end to hopes of an invasion of Britain. On 2 December 1805, Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro-Russian army at Austerlitz, forcing Austria's withdrawal from the coalition ("see Treaty of Pressburg") and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, a Fourth Coalition was set up, on 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at Friedland. The Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: The War of the Fifth Coalition, fought in the year 1809, pitted a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against the French Empire and Bavaria. Major engagements between France and Austria, the main participants, unfolded over much of Central Europe from April to July, with very high casualty rates. Britain, already involved on the European continent in the ongoing Peninsular War, sent another expedition, the Walcheren Campaign, to the Netherlands in order to relieve the Austrians, although this effort had little impact on the outcome of the conflict. After much campaigning in Bavaria and across the Danube valley, the war ended favorably for the French after the bloody struggle at Wagram in early July, resulting in the Treaty of Schönbrunn . Although fighting in the Iberian Peninsula continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition was the last major conflict on the European continent until the French invasion of Russia in 1812 sparked the Sixth Coalition.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: The 1800s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1800, and ended on December 31, 1809. It was a decade of drastic change to the world.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: This decade marked the greatest increase of the Atlantic slave trade to the United States. During the period of 1798 and 1808, approximately 200,000 slaves were imported from Africa to the United States. Still, the abolitionist movement began to gain ground in this period. Britain enacted the Slave Trade Act 1807, which barred the trade of slaves in Great Britain (though slavery was still legal). The United States enacted a similar ban in 1808. However, Napoleon revoked the French Empire's ban on slavery with the Law of 20 May 1802.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: On 30 August 1800, under the cloak of religious meetings, Gabriel Prosser and Jack Bowler planned a slave rebellion in Richmond, Virginia. The rebellion was postponed due to poor weather and was ultimately unsuccessful because of unnamed two slaves betraying the cause.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: This decade contained some of the earliest experiments in electrochemistry. In 1800 Alessandro Volta constructed a voltaic pile, the first device to produce a large electric current, later known as the electric battery. Napoleon, informed of his works, summoned him in 1801 for a command performance of his experiments. He received many medals and decorations, including the Légion d'honneur.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: Also in 1800, William Nicholson and Johann Wilhelm Ritter succeeded in decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis. Soon thereafter Ritter discovered the process of electroplating. He also observed that the amount of metal deposited and the amount of oxygen produced during an electrolytic process depended on the distance between the electrodes. By 1801 Ritter observed thermoelectric currents and anticipated the discovery of thermoelectricity by Thomas Johann Seebeck.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: In 1806, Humphry Davy decomposed potash and soda, employing a voltaic pile of approximately 250 cells, showing that these substances were respectively the oxides of potassium and sodium, which metals previously had been unknown. Employing a battery of 2,000 elements of a voltaic pile and charcoal enclosed in a vacuum, Davy gave the first public demonstration of the electric arc lamp in 1809.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: Steam transportation started to become viable during this decade. In 1803, William Symington's "Charlotte Dundas", generally considered to be the world's first practical steamboat, made her first voyage. Later, in 1807, Robert Fulton's "North River Steamboat", the world's first commercially successful steamboat, made her maiden voyage.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: In 1801, Richard Trevithick ran a full-sized steam 'road locomotive' on the road in Camborne, England, followed by his 10-seater London Steam Carriage in 1803. In 1804, Trevithick built a prototype steam-powered railway locomotive.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: The first railway began operating during this time. The Surrey Iron Railway in Great Britain was established by the British Parliament in 1801, and began operation on 26 July 1803. The railway relied on horse-drawn haulage than powered locomotives.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: In 1807, Isaac de Rivas made a hydrogen gas-powered vehicle, the first vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: Fashion in this period in European and European-influenced countries saw the final triumph of undress or informal styles over the brocades, lace, periwig, and powder of the earlier eighteenth century.


title: 1800s (decade)

text: 1800–1809 was the height of dandyism in men's fashion in Europe, following the example of Beau Brummell. Older men, military officers, and those in conservative professions such as lawyers and physicians retained their wigs and powder into this period, but younger men of fashion wore their hair in short curls, often with long sideburns. This period saw the final abandonment of lace, embroidery, and other embellishment from serious men's clothing outside of formalized court dress. Instead, cut and tailoring became much more important as an indicator of quality.


title: Jason Kessler

text: Jason Eric Kessler (born September 22, 1983) is an American neo-Nazi, white supremacist, and antisemitic conspiracy theorist. Kessler organized the Unite the Right rally held in Charlottesville, Virginia, on August 11–12, 2017, and the Unite the Right 2 rally held on August 12, 2018.


title: Jason Kessler

text: Jason Kessler graduated from the University of Virginia with a Bachelor of Arts in psychology in 2009. Prior to his involvement in political extremism, Kessler wrote that he was employed in various working class jobs as a dishwasher, gym technician, truck driver and handyman.


title: Jason Kessler

text: Up to 2008, Kessler was a supporter of Democrats and held liberal views. He voted for Barack Obama. He also engaged in activism with the Occupy movement before being dismissed for attempting to register homeless individuals. According to a public Facebook post by former college friend, Jenny Rebecca, Kessler lived for a time in government-subsidized housing with a roommate who was described as an African Muslim.


title: Jason Kessler

text: In late 2015, Kessler began his original blog JasonKessler.net. The site was used to publish a noir crime novel, "Badland Blues," as well as a work of poetry, "Midnight Road".


title: Jason Kessler

text: In November 2016, he revealed lewd and offensive tweets made by Charlottesville vice-mayor and councilman Wes Bellamy, who is also a teacher at Charlottesville's Albemarle High School. Bellamy first drew criticism from Kessler when he called a press conference to call for the removal of the Robert E. Lee statue in Charlottesville in March 2016. In December, Kessler began circulating a petition demanding that Bellamy resign or be removed from office. During the ensuing investigations, Bellamy voluntarily resigned from his teaching position at Albemarle High School in December 2016.


title: Jason Kessler

text: In January 2017, while attempting to gain signatures for his petition, Kessler was arrested for misdemeanor assault after punching a man in the face. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 50 hours of community service and 30 days of suspended sentence. A charge of perjury was filed but subsequently dropped.


title: Jason Kessler

text: In April 2017, Kessler was contracted to write two pieces for "The Daily Caller". He wrote another piece in May about the first protests in Charlottesville over the statue of Lee. Kessler also wrote several posts for the anti-immigrant white nationalist site VDare. One of Kessler's posts claimed that the government was waging genocide against white people by policies that cause low Caucasian birth rates.


title: Jason Kessler

text: After "ProPublica" contacted "The Daily Caller" about Kessler's ties to white supremacist groups, the outlet severed its ties with Kessler, and its Executive Editor Paul Conner defended his editorial judgment.


title: Jason Kessler

text: Kessler was sworn in as a member of the far-right organization the Proud Boys. Proud Boys founder Gavin McInnes said that he kicked Kessler out of the group once his views on race became known.


title: Jason Kessler

text: Kessler was one of the organizers of the Unite the Right rally on August 12, 2017. The rally was a protest of the removal of the statue of Robert E. Lee, a cause Kessler had taken up a year earlier when he began his crusade against Bellamy. Kessler was also involved in a smaller protest of the removal of the statue on May 14, 2017, which ended in a torch-lit march. At this event, he was arrested for failure to obey an officer's commands. On July 11, Kessler appeared at town hall to promote his rally and distanced himself from another rally that was held by the Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.


title: Jason Kessler

text: On July 25, Kessler and most speakers scheduled to attend the rally were described by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) as alt-right leaders. The ADL's director said that Kessler was listed because of both his statements and his activities. Kessler responded by calling the ADL hypocritical for "attacking uppity whites when they support the ethno-state of Israel" and saying he was "happy to be considered the enemy of the ADL".


title: Jason Kessler

text: On August 7, the city manager attempted to change the location of the rally, away from Emancipation Park towards McIntire Park. The city manager confirmed that Kessler had a First Amendment right to protest but stressed the city's need to protect public safety. On August 10, the Rutherford Institute and the Virginia state branch of the ACLU supported Kessler in an injunction lawsuit, later known as "Kessler v City of Charlottesville", in the United States District Court. They pointed out that "Two other groups that oppose Kessler's message, which have called on thousands of protesters to attend, have been granted permits by the city for downtown parks close to Emancipation Park on August 12." Arguments were heard in Judge Glen Conrad's courtroom on the afternoon of August 11. The court enjoined the city from revoking Kessler's permit to conduct a demonstration at Emancipation Park on August 12, and the rally went ahead.


title: Jason Kessler

text: The rally on August 12 turned violent and resulted in the death of Heather Heyer, when one of the rally attendees drove at high speed into a crowd of counter-protestors several blocks from the rally. On the day following the rally Kessler attempted to hold a news conference in front of Charlottesville City Hall which was quickly overtaken by protesters. However, before ending the short news conference, Kessler stated, "I disavow any political violence and what happened yesterday was tragic." He also posted videos online in which he blames the city for the violence and death.


title: Jason Kessler

text: On August 18, 2017, Kessler contradicted his previous statement by tweeting "Heather Heyer was a fat, disgusting Communist. Communists have killed 94 million. Looks like it was payback time." The next morning Kessler repudiated the tweet and blamed Ambien, Xanax, and alcohol for the tweet. He received criticism for the tweet from other white nationalists including Richard B. Spencer and Tim Gionet. Kessler subsequently deleted his Twitter account. Hacker and internet troll Andrew Auernheimer, a.k.a. weev, later claimed that he hacked Kessler's Twitter account.


title: Jason Kessler

text: Kessler was allowed to move to Ohio in October 2018. Earlier that month, Kessler was arrested on suspicion of doxing after local anti-racist activist Emily Gorcenski was swatted and reported the incidents to the police.


title: Jason Kessler

text: On September 6, 2018, a jury in Charlottesville ordered Jeffrey Winder to pay a fine of $1 and no jail time for the misdemeanor assault charge against Kessler that took place on August 13, 2017. Winder and his attorney James Abrenio appealed his original February 2018 guilty finding, which included a 30-day jail sentence.


title: Jason Kessler

text: In November 2017, Kessler applied for a permit to hold a rally in Charlottesville in August 2018, on the anniversary of the first march. In December 2017, the city of Charlottesville denied the permit, writing that Kessler's application "likely underestimates the number of participants" and that "no reasonable allocation of city funds or resources" could guarantee a violence-free event. Kessler sued the city, and in June 2018, Kessler sought a temporary injunction from the court to permit a rally in Emancipation Park on the anniversary. On June 24, 2018, during a court hearing, Kessler unexpectedly dropped plans to hold a rally in Charlottesville, and posted plans on Twitter for a rally in Washington, D.C. On August 3, 2018, after withdrawing his request for an injunction, Kessler voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit against the City of Charlottesville.


title: Jason Kessler

text: Kessler later applied for and obtained a permit to hold a "Unite the Right 2" anniversary rally in Lafayette Park in Washington, D.C., across from the White House. In addition to Kessler, the former politician and Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke was set to address the rally participants.


title: Jason Kessler

text: However, other far-right individuals and groups who participated in the first Unite the Right rally – including Richard B. Spencer, the League of the South, Christopher Cantwell, Andrew Anglin, and militia groups – indicated that they would not attend the anniversary rally, having distanced themselves from Kessler, who holds "pariah status among his fellow racists".


title: Jason Kessler

text: In late August, live stream video surfaced of Kessler in which he reveals that due to numerous lawsuits filed against him, he has moved in with his parents. Kessler's father can be heard in the video berating him and demanding that he stop recording white supremacist content in his room.


title: Jason Kessler

text: In October 2017, Kessler was named as a defendant in a case brought by nine Charlottesville residents following the Unite the Right rally in August 2017. Kessler was the first named defendant in the case due to his role as a primary organiser of the Unite the Right rally. The trial was originally scheduled for late 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The trial began on October 25, 2021, and the jury reached a verdict on November 23. Kessler was found liable on two counts; civil conspiracy under Virginia state law, and engaging in race-based harassment or violence.


title: Bleach (season 1)

text: The is the first season of the "Bleach" anime series. The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe, and produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu and Studio Pierrot. In the English release by Viz Media, the title is changed to The Substitute. The season adapts the first eight volumes (chapters 1–70) of Tite Kubo's "Bleach" manga series, spanning twenty episodes. The episodes' plot covers the adventures of Ichigo Kurosaki after becoming a Soul Reaper and assuming the duties of Soul Reaper Rukia Kuchiki.


title: Bleach (season 1)

text: The arc initially ran from October 5, 2004 to February 22, 2005 in Japan on TV Tokyo. The first English airing of the series was from September 9, 2006 until January 26, 2007. It was shown on YTV's Bionix programming block in Canada and Cartoon Network's Adult Swim in the United States, with Bionix airing the show one day sooner. The arc started airing in the UK starting in September 2007 on AnimeCentral.


title: Bleach (season 1)

text: The episodes use three pieces of theme music: one opening theme and two ending themes. The opening theme is Orange Range's single "Asterisk". The ending theme for the first thirteen episodes is "Life is Like a Boat" by Rie Fu, while the remaining seven used "Thank You!!" by Home Made Kazoku.


title: Bleach (season 1)

text: The arc was released on five DVD compilations, each containing four episodes of the show. They were released in Japan from February 2 to June 1, 2005. Viz Media's release of the DVDs was made from November 5 to July 31, 2007. The first of these compilations, with art featuring the series main character Ichigo Kurosaki, was nominated at the American Anime Awards in 2007 for best DVD package design. A DVD collection box, containing all twenty episodes of the arc, was released by Viz Media on October 30, 2007. Manga Entertainment released two DVDs containing the first season in the United Kingdom on November 5, 2007 and March 3, 2008. A compilation of these two volumes was released on May 5, 2008.


title: Putney Swope

text: Putney Swope is a 1969 American satirical comedy film written and directed by Robert Downey Sr., and starring Arnold Johnson as the title character, a black advertising executive. The film satirizes the advertising world, the portrayal of race in Hollywood films and the nature of corporate corruption.


title: Putney Swope

text: In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Putney Swope

text: Putney Swope, the only black man on the executive board of an advertising firm, is accidentally put in charge after the sudden death of the chairman of the board. Prevented by the company by-laws from voting for themselves, board members voted by secret ballot for the one person they thought could not win: Putney Swope.


title: Putney Swope

text: Renaming the business "Truth and Soul, Inc.", Swope replaces all but one of the white employees with black employees and insists they no longer accept business from companies that produce alcohol, tobacco or toy guns. The success of the business draws unwanted attention from the United States government and the President (Pepi Hermine), which considers it "a threat to the national security".


title: Putney Swope

text: Swope decides to test his followers by saying he's going to go back on his pledge to not take certain accounts. He's delighted when they accuse him of copping out, then disillusioned when they relent and say they'll follow him no matter what, and he walks away, leaving them to squabble over a glass bin full of money, which one sets on fire with a Molotov cocktail when he finds out he isn't getting any.


title: Putney Swope

text: In a DVD interview, Downey claims that Johnson had great difficulty memorizing and giving his lines during filming. Downey says he was unconcerned as he had developed a plan to dub his own voice over Johnson's.


title: Putney Swope

text: The theatrical release poster showed a raised hand with the image of a girl replacing the out-thrust middle finger. The "Los Angeles Times" declined to print the advertisement, and it was not reprinted by the "Los Angeles Herald Examiner" after initial complaints. In Chicago, the "Tribune" and "Today" refused to publish it, and it was pulled by the "Sun-Times" and "Daily News", although they later published the advertisement without the girl as the middle finger. Roger Ebert was embarrassed by the "Sun-Times" censorship.


title: Putney Swope

text: "Putney Swope" opened on July 10, 1969, at Cinema II in New York City, grossing $32,281 in its first week. The film opened in Los Angeles on January 21, 1970, and set a house record of $16,000 at the 3 Penny Cinema in Chicago when it opened in February 1970; and, in Los Angeles, it was felt that the controversy boosted public interest.


title: Putney Swope

text: The film was released on DVD on May 22, 2001, by Rhino Home Video. It received a Blu-ray on July 2, 2019, by Vinegar Syndrome.


title: Putney Swope

text: The character Buck Swope from Paul Thomas Anderson's "Boogie Nights" (1997), portrayed by Don Cheadle, was named as a homage to this film. Downey also made a small cameo in "Boogie Nights" as the owner of a recording studio. The character Wing Soney, a Chinese businessman, was the inspiration for Cosmo, the Chinese man throwing firecrackers during the drug deal scene.


title: Putney Swope

text: Anderson, Louis C.K. and Jim Jarmusch have cited "Putney Swope" as an inspiration for their approach to filmmaking.


title: Putney Swope

text: The Beastie Boys song "Shadrach", from their 1989 album "Paul's Boutique", mentions the film in the lyric "Music for all and not just one people, and now we're gonna bust with the Putney Swope sequel". Film dialogue is sampled on De La Soul's 1989 song "The Magic Number", as well as The Avalanches' 2016 album "Wildflower".


title: Putney Swope

text: A black-and-white photo of the film's poster, which Sloan band member Jay Ferguson saw in a book, inspired the "quick and photocopy looking" look of the album cover for the band's 1999 album "Between the Bridges".


title: Putney Swope

text: "Putney Swope" was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2019. It is currently available to stream on Peacock.


title: Camille Winbush

text: Camille Simoine Winbush (born February 9, 1990) is an American actress and recording artist best known for her roles as Emma Aimes on short-lived sitcom "Minor Adjustments", Vanessa Thomkins on "The Bernie Mac Show" and as Lauren Treacy on the popular teen drama "The Secret Life of the American Teenager". Her work in television has earned her three Image Awards and a Young Artist Award.


title: Camille Winbush

text: Winbush was born in Los Angeles, California on February 9, 1990, the only child of Anthony and Alice Winbush. She never attended public school, having been homeschooled and educated by an on-set tutor while acting as a child. Winbush was a competitive gymnast during her childhood.


title: Camille Winbush

text: Winbush made her acting debut on television series "Viper" in 1994, playing the role of Lucy Wilkes. The following year, she acted in her first film, "Dangerous Minds". She appeared regularly on sitcom "Minor Adjustments" (1995−96) as Emma Aimes, the daughter of Rondell Sheridan's character. Winbush reprised her role of Emma on "Brotherly Love" in a Halloween episode.


title: Camille Winbush

text: She portrayed a young girl named Camille in "Eraser" (1996) and appeared as Pearline, a bookworm, in "" (1999). Winbush had a recurring role on "7th Heaven" and provided the voice of Ashley Tomossian on the Disney cartoon "Recess".


title: Camille Winbush

text: Winbush's big break came in 2001 when she was cast as Vanessa Thomkins on "The Bernie Mac Show", a role she would play until the series ended in 2006. During her run on the show Winbush earned numerous award nominations for her role, winning three NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress in 2006.


title: Camille Winbush

text: She has guest starred on "Strong Medicine", "Criminal Minds", "That's Life", "The Norm Show", "NYPD Blue", and "Any Day Now". In 2007, she appeared in an episode of "Grey's Anatomy". Winbush acted in Disney's musical production of "Geppetto".


title: Camille Winbush

text: From 2008 to 2013, Winbush played Lauren Treacy, a recurring character in "The Secret Life of the American Teenager". Winbush was cast as Miriam in the web series "The Choir", replacing Idara Victor in the role. She provided the voice of Rhonda in "Children of Ether" and portrayed Syrena in "Cannon Busters", both productions by animator LeSean Thomas.


title: Camille Winbush

text: In 2002, Winbush recorded "One Small Voice" featuring singers Myra and Taylor Momsen and "The Night Before Christmas Song" for the compilation album "School's Out! Christmas". She also sang on the soundtrack of the Disney musical production of "Geppetto".


title: Camille Winbush

text: As a teenager, Winbush operated an ice cream shop she named Baked Ice, located in Pasadena, California. It opened in 2003 and an aunt supervised the store when Winbush was unavailable. She received a Teenpreneur Award from "Black Enterprise" in 2004. The business was still extant as of 2005.


title: Target Number One

text: Target Number One (released as Most Wanted in the United States, Suspect numéro un in Quebec) is a 2020 Canadian crime drama film directed by Daniel Roby. Based on the true story of Alain Olivier, a Canadian drug addict from Quebec who spent eight years in prison in Thailand in the 1980s after having been set up as an unwitting pawn in an espionage plot by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, the film stars Josh Hartnett as Canadian investigative journalist Victor Malarek, investigating the arrest of drug addict Daniel Léger (Antoine Olivier Pilon). The film's cast also includes Jim Gaffigan, Stephen McHattie, Don McKellar, J.C. MacKenzie, and Amanda Crew.


title: Target Number One

text: The film was theatrically released in Canada on July 10, 2020, and on video on demand services in the United States on July 24, 2020.


title: Target Number One

text: In 1989, Canadian journalist Victor Malarek investigates the circumstances surrounding the suspicious arrest of Daniel Léger, a 25-year-old heroin addict serving time in a prison in Thailand and facing the death penalty.


title: Target Number One

text: Malarek is a dedicated investigative journalist working for The Globe and Mail newspaper who is being pressured by his boss to move to writing weekly feature articles. He comes across the strange case of a Canadian citizen under arrest in Thailand after a joint investigation by Canadian and Thai authorities, in which Léger is identified as a mastermind in the drug trafficking trade. Malarek's interest is piqued when he queries a few details with the Canadian authorities and receives push back. He decides to dig deeper and uncovers some worrying items about the case. He brings the case to his editor Art with a view to doing a piece. Art reluctantly agrees to let Malarek visit Thailand to interview the Thai authorities and Léger.


title: Target Number One

text: The film then splits and introduces Daniel Léger, shown to be little more than a drug addict who unwittingly took a job with dealer Glen Picker. Picker befriends the naïve Léger and offers to let him stay and work for him, all the while intending to set up Léger for a pay-off from the Canadian police narcotics division. He identifies Léger as a major player in the Thai drug world and indicates that Léger can organize a major shipment of heroin to be smuggled to Canada. The narcotics police, in need of a major morale-boosting drug seizure, fall for Picker's scam. The lead detective, Frank Cooper, makes an egregious error while reviewing Léger's file and mistakes him for another criminal with a detailed criminal history.


title: Target Number One

text: Picker manipulates Léger into meeting with Detective Cooper under the guise of a favor and believes the ruse that Cooper is a drug smuggler. The narcotics operation hits a snag when it's uncovered that Léger is nervous to travel to Thailand, and he has had his passport withheld. The Canadian police arrange for Léger's passport to be issued and pay for the young man's flights, hotels and expenses in Thailand. Léger, left with no other options, travels to Thailand and tries to put together a drug buy but can only find a Tuk Tuk driver who can get two kilos of heroin. The Canadian police agree to the deal but it goes awry.


title: Target Number One

text: Léger turns up with Cooper, who is working undercover, and the suppliers arrive separately. There is a struggle, and in the chaos that ensues, Detective Cooper shoots his son Al Cooper fatally. The drug suppliers are arrested, alongside Léger, and taken to a Thai prison.


title: Target Number One

text: Malarek meets with and interviews Léger, uncovering the aforementioned details. Upon leaving the prison, Malarek shouts to Léger to plead guilty, as he will likely be found guilty and given the death penalty otherwise. At the trial, Léger is unable to understand the proceedings. Detective Cooper testifies falsely that Léger is a hardened criminal with a long list of convictions in Canada. Léger pleads his innocence, but once he has been found guilty, he alters his plea to guilty and receives a 100-year sentence.


title: Target Number One

text: In Canada, Malarek is feeling pressure to proceed with the investigation. He loses his job at The Globe and Mail and on TV and his wife leaves him due to the pressure. A last ray of hope is offered when Malarek's article is read by the newly formed ethics investigation department, who review Léger's case and petition him to respond.


title: Target Number One

text: The film concludes with Léger's release from a Thailand prison, where he kicked his addiction. He then educates himself in the Thai judicial system and, after serving eight years, manages to get a prison transfer. Malarek meets him at the airport, where it is revealed that both of Léger's parents have passed, but it is shown that Léger maintains a positive outlook and is practicing Buddhism.


title: Target Number One

text: Cooper and his fellow officers received commendations, and the investigation into their handling of the Léger case was watered down, while Malarek returns to investigative journalism.


title: Target Number One

text: Daniel Roby began his first research soon after concluding production of his 2007 debut film "White Skin", and wrote the first draft of the script concurrently with his 2011 film "Funkytown". However, he had difficulty attracting enough funding to make the film; although he took payment for the screenplay, he reinvested his directorial salary, as did the film's producers, into the film to keep it under its $7 million budget. To prepare the script, Roby attended the actual trials of Alain Olivier, flew to Thailand to interview witnesses, and read documents about the case. At one point he found an investor, had assembled a cast, and began pre-production, only to have the investor pull out.


title: Target Number One

text: The film finally entered production in June 2018 under the working title "Gut Instinct", and was retitled "Target Number One" during the production process.


title: Target Number One

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads, "Although it suffers in comparison to similar suspense thrillers, "Most Wanted" benefits from solid casting and a taut, intelligent storytelling approach." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on seven critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Target Number One

text: Chris Knight of the "National Post" rated the film three stars out of five, writing that "The story, mostly devoid of car chases and gunfire except in one key scene, may strike some as a little dour, a touch too Canadian, and "Target Number One"s fate outside our borders remains to be seen. But it's a crafty crime thriller, a rough-and-ready Heritage Minute given room to bloom into something worthy of its feature length. Run it up the flagpole, I say."


title: Naseeb (1981 film)

text: Naseeb () is a 1981 Indian Hindi-language masala film produced and directed by Manmohan Desai, and written by Kader Khan. It is a typical Manmohan Desai film starring, Amitabh Bachchan, Shatrughan Sinha, Rishi Kapoor, Hema Malini, Reena Roy, Kim in lead roles and Pran, Prem Chopra, Shakti Kapoor, Kader Khan, Amjad Khan, Amrish Puri in supporting roles, along with Jeevan in a small positive role. The music is by the Manmohan Desai regulars Laxmikant–Pyarelal.


title: Naseeb (1981 film)

text: Amitabh Bachchan and Shatrughan Sinha were shooting for 3 movies during the same time. Dostana, Shaan and Naseeb.


title: Naseeb (1981 film)

text: "Naseeb", a story of destiny and fate, begins with a lottery ticket. A drunken man who cannot pay his tab trades: he decides to sell his ticket to the waiter, Naamdeo (Pran). Namdeo purchases this ticket with his three friends Damu (Amjad Khan), Raghu (Kader Khan) and Jaggi (Jagdish Raj). Using a system of drawing out the highest card to decide who keeps the ticket, Jaggi wins, and the ticket stays with him. When the ticket turns out to be a winner, Damu and Raghu turn on the other two, murdering Jaggi and framing Namdeo, However, Damu takes a photo of Raghu killing Jaggi. Namdeo goes on the run, but Raghu and Damu intervene and throw him over a bridge into a river. Namdeo is presumed dead.


title: Naseeb (1981 film)

text: Twenty years later, Damu and Raghu have used their stolen lottery money to build a fabulous hotel and make millions, becoming very successful businessmen. Damu has used a share of his money to send his youngest son, Vicky (Shatrughan Sinha), to school in England. They have even employed Namdeo's oldest son Johnny (Amitabh Bachchan), Vicky's best friend, as a waiter in the hotel. By coincidence (or by fate!) Johnny and Vicky fall in love with the same beautiful singer, Miss Asha (Hema Malini). Julie (Reena Roy) is a childhood friend of Vicky's who is in love with him, but he only sees her as a friend. When Johnny discovers this, he and Julie sacrifice their own love to ensure that Vicky and Asha get together. At the same time, Johnny's younger brother Sunny (Rishi Kapoor) has fallen for Asha's younger sister, Kim (Kim Yashpal). Namdeo has revealed to be rescued by a person called Don. He sends Namdeo undercover to investigate the death of KK after Damu kills him. Mrs Gomes sees him and in excitement, falls off a bus and becomes unconscious. Raghu's and his sons plan to kill Damu and Vicky for their own financial gains. His younger son Ashok shoots at them but they survive. Namdeo knocks out Ashok and Vicky and takes them away. Johnny follows him. Namdeo gets into a fight with Johnny and is about to kill him just as Mrs. Gomes regains consciousness and reveals that Johnny is Namdeo's son. Kim and Asha happen to be the daughters of Jaggi, the man Namdeo supposedly murdered.


title: Naseeb (1981 film)

text: Damu confronts Raghu and reveals the photo he took of him killing Jaggi. Raghu gets into a fight with Damu, ending with Raghu's elder son Prem pushing him off the balcony, killing him. Before dying, he reveals to Sunny that the proof of Namdeo's innocence is somewhere near. Sunny finds the photo but Raghu and his son hold him at gunpoint and burn the evidence. Namdeo, Johnny and Vicky capture Raghu's younger son Ashok. Namdeo and Raghu exchange their sons at the rotating hotel with Sunny revealing another photo of Jaggi's killing. Don however, holds them hostage and takes the photo. He tells Namdeo that if he confesses to murdering Jaggi that he will free him later on. He also tells Raghu that his men will shoot Johnny, Vicky and Sunny when they get home. Asha, Julie and Kim overhear this. Don's son Zabisco tries to kill them, motivated by revenge due to Vicky closing down his casino in London. Asha, Julie and Kim break in and take Zabisco down. Johnny, Vicky and Sunny beat him up and force him to tell his father that they are all dead. That night they go to the hotel during a performance, take the photo off Don and hand it over to the police. Namdeo, Johnny, Vicky and Sunny fight their enemies. While doing so, the hotel catches fire with Zabisco and Raghu falling to their death. Johnny, Vicky and Sunny narrowly escape and Namdeo is proved innocent. The film ends with Namdeo owning the hotel and allowing the man who sold them his lottery ticket free food from the hotel forever, telling him never to sell his destiny.


title: Naseeb (1981 film)

text: One of the songs in the film sung by Mohammed Rafi, "John Jani Janardan", has cameo appearances by many actors playing themselves. The appearances include Raj Kapoor, Shammi Kapoor, Randhir Kapoor, Dharmendra, Rajesh Khanna, Rakesh Roshan, Vijay Arora, Waheeda Rehman, Sharmila Tagore, Mala Sinha, Bindu, Simi Garewal, Simple Kapadia and Prema Narayan. According to eminent film expert Rajesh Subramanian, the opening line was composed by Manmohan Desai himself. The tune was inspired by a catchy line from the song "Aksar Koi Ladka" from "Bobby".


title: Naseeb (1981 film)

text: The star studded song was shot at R. K. Studios and the shooting spanned one week. Showman Raj Kapoor played an integral part in the song and during the shooting. The one-week shoot was a gala event.


title: Naseeb (1981 film)

text: The film was an "All Time Earner", got the highest verdict (equivalent to All Time Blockbuster today) present at that time by "Trade Guide" Bollywood box office magazine, and was among those rare movies which crossed 1 crore per territory. There were only 13 All Time Earners (crossing 1 crore per territory) before 1984, and "Naseeb" was among them.


title: Art Angels

text: Art Angels is the fourth studio album by Canadian musician Grimes, pseudonym of Claire Elise Boucher. It was digitally released on November 6, 2015, through 4AD, and in physical formats on December 11. Boucher began planning the record in 2013 as the follow-up to her third studio album, "Visions"; however, for unknown reasons, she scrapped most of the material from these sessions and began a new set of recordings in 2014. The track "Realiti", which came from the earlier recordings, was released as a demo in early 2015.


title: Art Angels

text: "Art Angels" has been described as being more accessible than Boucher's previous albums while retaining her experimental influences. The album features guest appearances by Taiwanese rapper Aristophanes and American singer Janelle Monáe. The album spawned two singles—"Flesh Without Blood" and "Kill V. Maim"—as well as music videos for several tracks. "Art Angels" sold 11,000 copies in its first week, peaking at number 36 in the United States. The album was released to widespread critical acclaim and was ranked by several publications as one of the best albums of 2015.


title: Art Angels

text: Boucher's constant touring in 2013 for her 2012 album, "Visions", almost led to a physical collapse by the end of the year, bringing her to a point where she recalled "putting a hand up and grabbing a piece of [her] hair, and [she] could just pull [her] hair out". She also became tired of how the music industry ignored her technical abilities, who would focus on her being a "female musician" and having a "girly voice"; she responded to these generalisations with "yeah, but I'm a producer and I spend all day looking at fucking graphs and EQs and doing really technical work". When media outlets began running her Tumblr posts as headlines, she wrote a post on her blog about her misrepresentation in the media and the sexism she had faced in the music industry, declaring "i dont want my words to be taken out of context. i dont want to be infantilized because i refuse to be sexualized [...] im tired of the weird insistence that i need a band or i need to work with outside producers". Being in an "unstable" and "beyond exhausted" state, along with her frustration toward the media, caused her to consider ending the Grimes project and solely writing songs for other artists, or at least putting her life in the public eye on hold. Her experiences, however, eventually began to strengthen her conviction in her being a solo artist. In a 2015 feature by "The Fader", Boucher stated that while working in music studios "there [were] all these engineers [that didn't let her] touch the equipment [...] and then a male producer would come in, and he'd be allowed to do it". These incidents, which she described as sexist, left her "disillusioned with the music industry" and made her "realize what [she] was doing is important".


title: Art Angels

text: Musically, the album has been described as pop, synth-pop, art pop, indie pop, and dance. "Rolling Stone" described the album as a "[move toward] an off-kilter guitars-and-beats sound," and also stated that the album "uses rock sounds in a really different context." Boucher produced and engineered all of the tracks on the album alone. She began using Ableton Live after recording "Visions" entirely in GarageBand and also learned how to play the guitar, drums, keys, ukulele, and violin to explore new musical directions on "Art Angels". Realizing it was "too much pressure" to pay per hour to work in a professional studio, the album was recorded by Boucher in her home studio in Los Angeles, California.


title: Art Angels

text: By 2014 Boucher had produced "hundreds of songs" for her next album, most of which were not included on "Art Angels". She described the recording of these tracks as "this period where I had no way of dealing with anything, so I was writing these really depressing songs, and nothing was fun at all". Aside from the tracks being too gloomy, Boucher also rejected the tracks she had made during this time because they were not enough of a sonic departure from "Visions". Boucher's 2014 single "Go", recorded during these sessions, was originally written for the Barbadian singer Rihanna; however, after Rihanna turned down the track, Boucher released it as a "surprise" under her Grimes alias. The negative response to the single from fans, who believed Boucher was "pandering to the radio", led media outlets to report that this was the reason she had started over the recording of her new album. Boucher stated this was false and commented that "Go" and the other tracks she had cut were not from a complete album; they were only songs which had not made it onto "Art Angels". She later stated that she would consider releasing the archived material for free sometime in the future.


title: Art Angels

text: On March 8, 2015, Boucher released a music video for the demo version of her song "Realiti" as a gift to her fans. "Realiti" was produced during the scrapped recording sessions for "Art Angels" and not intended to be included on the final version of her fourth album. Boucher stated that the demo version which she released was "not mixed or mastered" as she had "lost the [song's] Ableton file". Despite Boucher regarding the demo as "a bit of a mess", "Realiti" was well received by critics and fans, which led her to consider including a new version of the song on the final release of "Art Angels". When the track listing for "Art Angels" was announced, a new version of "Realiti" appeared on the CD and digital release and the demo version was included as a bonus track on the CD edition only.


title: Art Angels

text: Boucher shared the title and cover artwork for "Art Angels" on social media networks on October 19, 2015 and announced that a new music video would be released the following week. On October 26, 2015, Boucher revealed that her new album would be available digitally on November 6, 2015, with releases in physical formats on December 11 in the same year. To accompany the announcement, Boucher released her self-directed "Flesh Without Blood/Life in the Vivid Dream" music video, a digital single for "Flesh Without Blood" and individual artwork for each track on "Art Angels". "Scream" was released as a promotional single on October 29, 2015. Boucher also directed a video for "Kill V. Maim" with her brother Mac Boucher which was released on January 19. "Kill V. Maim" was released on March 4, 2016 as the second single from "Art Angels". On May 9, 2016, Boucher released another co-directed music video for "California", using an alternate mix of the song. On October 5, 2016, Boucher released self-directed music videos for four songs from the album: "Butterfly", "World Princess Part II", "Scream", and "Belly of the Beat", as part of "The Acid Reign Chronicles", a long form video project shot on her phone while on tour. On February 2, 2017, Boucher released a music video for "Venus Fly", starring the song's featured artist Janelle Monáe along with Boucher, who also directed the video.


title: Art Angels

text: "Art Angels" debuted at number one on "Billboard"s Top Alternative Albums chart with first-week sales of 11,000 copies, earning Boucher her first number one on the chart. As of February 2016, the album had sold 50,000 copies in the United States. The album also peaked at numbers two and 36 on the Independent Albums and "Billboard" 200 charts, respectively. The album debuted at number 31 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 2,964 copies in its first week. Upon the album's release on CD five weeks later, it re-entered the UK chart at number 59 with 4,193 copies sold.


title: Art Angels

text: "Art Angels" received widespread acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 88, based on 32 reviews. Corbin Reiff from "The A.V. Club" called it "slick and gritty, fun and funny, and horrifying and grotesque all at once" and said "it will also make you shake your ass like nothing else". He also highlighted the track "Kill V. Maim" as holding "the full weight of Grimes' abilities as both a producer and singer". In "Billboard", Rob Tannenbaum praised "Art Angels" as "a marvel of meticulous, even obsessive home-studio recording, uncompromised by bandmates or collaborators". "Clash" magazine's Maya Rose Radcliffe deemed it "the truest representation of Grimes we've heard yet: "Art Angels" is boundary pushing, it's listenable and it's Boucher's most ambitious and most consistent work to date" and commended the production of the album as the "one thing that does tie it all together". Although referring to "Art Angels" as "simultaneously [Boucher's] most accessible and her least personal body of work", "Consequence of Sound" also said it exemplified her artistry, being "performative, maximalist, joyful, and broad".


title: Art Angels

text: "DIY"s El Hunt found "Art Angels" "impossible to resist", possessing an "instant, limb-grabbing appeal". Cam Lindsay from "Exclaim!" said it was "worth every second of the wait" and hailed the album as "a complete record that's everything pop should be in 2015: utterly uncompromising, imaginative and, somehow, universally accessible". Writing for "NME", Barry Nicholson dismissed notions that Boucher had "sacrificed some of what made her seem so alien when 4AD debut "Visions" emerged" by "embracing the pop orthodoxy", and commented that "she's still laughing and not being normal, only this time, it's all the way to the bank". Reviewing for "Pitchfork", Jessica Hopper deemed the album "evidence of Boucher's labor and an articulation of a pop vision that is incontrovertibly hers, inviting the wider world in", while calling Boucher "a human zeitgeist, redrawing all the binaries and boundaries by which we define pop music and forcing us to come along".


title: Art Angels

text: In a less enthusiastic review for "The Observer", Kitty Empire stated "packed as it is with all this goodness, "Art Angels" fails to comprehensively blow your mind" and "ultimately, Grimes has not reinvented the pop wheel, she's just driven it off road a little". Similarly, "The Line of Best Fit" gave the album an average review and wrote that "on "Art Angels", we hear that high art experimentation fall into mainstream territory with only fleeting moments of brilliance".


title: Art Angels

text: In an interview with "Cultured" magazine in April 2019, Grimes called the album "a piece of crap", stating: "I feel like people really misread it and it feels like a stain on my life."


title: Art Angels

text: "Art Angels" was voted by Robert Christgau the fifth best album of 2015 in his ballot for "The Village Voice"s annual Pazz & Jop critics poll.


title: Vicky the Viking

text: Vicky the Viking, known as Wickie und die starken Männer () in Germany and Austria and in Japan, is an animated television series which tells the adventures of Vicky, a young Viking boy who uses his wits to help his Viking fellows. It is based on the novel "Vicke Viking" (1963) written by the Swedish author Runer Jonsson. It premiered on the German TV channel ZDF on 31 January 1974 and aired in various countries. In 2013–2014, the series also existed in 3D animation produced by Studio 100.


title: Vicky the Viking

text: The series' main character is Vicky, son of Halvar, chief of the Viking village of Flake. Unlike his village fellows - including most of the other boys of his age - Vicky has a sharp and imaginative mind which helps his fellow Vikings out of many tight situations, including rival Viking lord Sven the Terrible. Certain results of his intellectual approach shown in the series and the film adaptation include building a makeshift catapult to beat his father in a stone-ferrying contest, fitting their longship with kites to make it glide through the air, and using a small sawfish to cut an escape hole through a wooden door.


title: Vicky the Viking

text: The script was developed from the children's book "Vicke Viking" (1963) written by the Swedish author Runer Jonsson, who won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (German Children's Book Award) for it in 1965. The Japanese animation studio Zuiyo Enterprise Company (from which Nippon Animation was formed) adapted the original version (1972–1974) and developed from it an 85-minute-long movie (original title: Chiisana Baikingu Bikke) as well as the series with 78 episodes, each 25 minutes long. The animation of the first episodes was commissioned by Zuiyo Eizo to Mushi Production, directed by Chikao Katsui. Following the failure of the latter, Zuiyo Eizo continued the production of the series alone hiring director Hiroshi Saitô. Later Zuiyo Eizo will split into Zuiyo Co., and Nippon Animation which will complete the rest of the episodes with director Kōzō Kusuba, while Zuiyo will maintain the rights to the series (copyright has been registered in 1972). The series' Japanese roots are clearly visible in its styling and character design - this led to the series being the first unwitting brush with Japanese animation for those who would become anime fans later in life.


title: Vicky the Viking

text: Responsible for the German dubbing was Eberhard Storeck, who spoke as one of the characters (Snorre) himself. The music in the German version was composed by Christian Bruhn and Karel Svoboda. The text of the title song (Hey, hey, Wickie! Hey, Wickie, hey! ...) was written by Andrea Wagner. The German version also features new brief portions of animation. The English dubbing was largely poor, with characters talking endlessly to fit the lip movements of the characters, not pausing for a breath or using verbal punctuation. In the years that followed this was not uncommon for some voice actors who dubbed Japanese-produced series, up to the 1990s' anime boom in the West.


title: Vicky the Viking

text: The series was produced for the German TV network ZDF and Austrian TV network ORF. In the United Kingdom, it was shown on ITV.


title: Vicky the Viking

text: German director Michael "Bully" Herbig filmed a live action adaptation of the series called "Wickie The Mighty Viking" (aka "Wickie und die starken Männer"). It was produced by Christian Becker of Rat Pack Filmproduktion for a 2009 release.


title: Vicky the Viking

text: Vicky is portrayed by Jonas Hämmerle. Günther Kaufmann portrays "Sven", the antagonist of the Vikings. The Vikings of Flake are portrayed by Jörg Moukkadam ("Faxe"), ("Gorm"), Christian Koch ("Snorre"), Nic Romm ("Tjure"), Patrick Reichel ("Ulme") and Olaf Krätke ("Urobe").


title: Vicky the Viking

text: The film premiered on 9 September 2009, in Munich. On its opening weekend, it grossed approximately $5,595,895. On 3 October, during a show of "Wetten, dass..?", Herbig was presented with the Goldene Leinwand award for the film's viewership of three million within its first 18 weeks. The film sold nearly 5 million tickets in Germany, for a total gross revenue of approximately $40,582,384.


title: Vicky the Viking

text: Following the success of the first film, a sequel, "Wickie auf Großer Fahrt", was released on 29 September 2011.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: Prince - It's Showtime! (simply Prince) is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language science fiction action film directed by Kookie Gulati. Co-produced by Kumar S. Taurani and Ramesh S. Taurani under the banner of Tips Industries, the film stars Vivek Oberoi as the titular amnesiac thief who races against time to find an antique coin and becomes surrounded by several people wanting the coin, including three women claiming to be his only girlfriend.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: The film co-stars Aruna Shields, Nandana Sen, Neeru Bajwa and Sanjay Kapoor. The dialogues were written by Mayur Puri. The songs were composed by Sachin Gupta, with the lyrics penned by Sameer. The background score was composed by Sandeep Shirodkar.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: Along with its dubbed versions in Tamil and Telugu, the film was released theatrically on 9 April 2010.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: Prince is a sharp and intelligent burglar, but when he wakes up one morning, he finds that he does not remember anything about his past. He goes to a club and meets a girl who claims to be his girlfriend, Maya. The next day, he meets a second girl who claims to be his girlfriend named Maya. She also claims that they work for the police and are after a man named Sarang. She reveals that they must find a special coin and give it to Sarang, after which the cops will arrest him. This coin has a chip in it that can go into one's mind and change one's thoughts completely.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: They find the coin inside Prince's shoe and give it to Sarang. Prince finds out that the second "Maya" is really a woman named Serena who works for Sarang. His servant P.K. works for Sarang along with her. The coin is revealed to be a fake. Just as Prince is trapped, the real Maya, who is, in fact his girlfriend, saves him and tells him the actual story. The chip was put inside Prince so that he could work for Sarang. The two began running away. The chip made Prince's brain like a computer, so that once he woke up from sleep, he would forget everything.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: Prince and Maya meet Sarang Chinea, who tells them a side effect: every morning when Prince wakes up, his brain crashes, which results in a lot of pain. He has only six days to live as a result. This particular day was the last day. Prince and Maya find the coin, which can save Prince, and Serena goes after them, leading to a high-profile chase. Prince manages to keep the coin safe but faints. A mysterious car arrives, pulls him in, and flees. Shortly after, Maya gets a phone call, saying she must come to a certain location if she wants Prince alive. The caller is a friend of Prince's named Mike. It is revealed that the first Maya that Prince had met at the club, is actually named Priya. Then Maya calls the police.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: Priya takes the coin and runs away with it, but Mike tells Maya that he has the real coin; the one Priya fled with is a fake. While they are fixing an unconscious Prince, Priya returns, begging to be saved, but gets shot by Sarang and his gang. Prince awakes from his deep sleep. Sarang and his gang escape, but Prince puts a tracking device on Sarang. They track him down, and Prince and Sarang engage in a brief fight. Prince ultimately gets the coin, and Sarang falls off a waterfall to his death. While Prince and Maya are looking forward to a happily-ever-after, in a twist ending, Serena's eyes open, implying that she is still alive.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: In its opening weekend, the film netted about INR 110 million (Rs. 110 million). It did well in few places and moderately at places primarily having single screens. Overall, the performance at the single screens (70–75%) was far better than its performance in the multiplexes (50–60%).


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: Overseas, "Prince" performed badly at countries such as the US, UK and Australia. In comparison to "My Name Is Khan" (February 12, 2010), "3 Idiots" (December 25, 2009) and "Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na" (July 4, 2008). "Prince" performed and is likely to gross much money from overseas markets.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: "Prince" opened in the US in 54 screens and fetched US$89,047 in its opening weekend; it debuted at #36 at the US box office making US$6,000,000.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated it 3 out of 5, saying "Prince has all merits to strike a chord with the youth", praising Vivek Oberoi's 'bravura' performance, the film's 'Hollywood style' look and action sequences, as well as the music. Noyon Jyoti Parasara of AOL India gave 3 out of 5, saying, "once you are willing to let go off your beliefs and logic – like you really can't jump off a cliff on your bike and remain unscratched – you would like the film."


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: On the other hand, Omar Qureshi of Zoom rated "Prince" 2.5 out of 5, saying, "The film is over the top and unrealistic." "Indiatimes.com" rated it 2 out of 5 stars saying, "The film has taken the audience for granted, which shows us gadgets hard to believe and futuristic and that such futuristic shows should be limited to Hollywood.". Subhash K. Jha gave 2 out of 5 stars, and said, ""Prince" wears its super-cool shirt with the slogan 'Come Watch Me' with a little bit too much aggression. But if you love popcorn crunching adventure stories watch Vivek Oberoi play the hero from the hemisphere of hijinks." He praised Oberoi's acting and the action sequences, saying that "To his credit, Oberoi carries off the ceaseless stint with the stunt with arresting aplomb[...]The expertly-executed stunts frequently see our hero jumping down high-rise buildings in breathtaking leaps of fate, with the camera pulling back in respectful awe."


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: The original songs of "Prince" are composed by Sachin Gupta and background score by Sandeep Shirodkar. The lyrics are written by Sameer. The audio comprises six original songs, one instrumental and nine types of remixes by DJ Suketu featuring Aks. The singles of the soundtrack are "O Mere Khuda," "Tere Liye", and "Kaun Hoon Main".


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: "Tere Liye" appears in as many as four versions in the soundtrack. The last (the unplugged version) is sung by the composer Gupta.


title: Prince (2010 film)

text: Ankit Ojha of "Planet Bollywood", stated in his music review, that "This album is destined to remain on the charts for a very long time, just like Tips' 3 last musical hits including "Race" (March 21, 2008), "Kismat Konnection" (July 18, 2008) and "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani" (November 6, 2009) did." He rated the music 8 stars out of 10.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Sviatoslav Teofilovich Richter ( – August 1, 1997) was a Soviet classical pianist. He is frequently regarded as one of the greatest pianists of all time, and has been praised for the "depth of his interpretations, his virtuoso technique, and his vast repertoire."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter was born in Zhytomyr, Volhynian Governorate, in the Russian Empire (modern-day Ukraine), the hometown of his parents. His father, (1872–1941), was a pianist, organist and composer born to German expatriates; from 1893 to 1900 he studied at the Vienna Conservatory. His mother, Anna Pavlovna Richter (née Moskaleva; 1893–1963), came from a noble Russian landowning family, and at one point she studied under her future husband. In 1918, when Richter's parents were in Odessa, the Civil War separated them from their son, and Richter moved in with his aunt Tamara. He lived with her from 1918 to 1921, and it was then that his interest in art first manifested itself: he first became interested in painting, which his aunt taught him.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1921 the family was reunited, and the Richters moved to Odessa, where Teofil taught at the Odessa Conservatory and, briefly, worked as organist of a Lutheran church. In the early 1920s Richter became interested in music (as well as other art forms such as cinema, literature, and theatre) and started studying piano. Unusually, he was largely self-taught. His father gave him only a basic education in music, as did one of his father's pupils, a Czech harpist.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Even at an early age, Richter was an excellent sight-reader and regularly practised with local opera and ballet companies. He developed a lifelong passion for opera, vocal and chamber music that found its full expression in the festivals he established in La Grange de Meslay, France, and in Moscow, at the Pushkin Museum. At age 15, he started to work at the Odessa Opera, where he accompanied the rehearsals.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: On March 19, 1934, Richter gave his first recital, at the Engineers' Club of Odessa; but he did not formally start studying piano until three years later, when he decided to seek out Heinrich Neuhaus, a pianist and piano teacher, at the Moscow Conservatory. During Richter's audition for Neuhaus (at which he performed Chopin's Ballade No. 4), Neuhaus apparently whispered to a fellow student, "This man's a genius." Although Neuhaus taught many pianists, including Emil Gilels and Radu Lupu, it is said that he considered Richter to be "the genius pupil, for whom he had been waiting all his life", while acknowledging that he taught Richter "almost nothing".


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Early in his career, Richter also tried composition, and it even appears that he played some of his works during his audition for Neuhaus. He gave up composition shortly after moving to Moscow. Years later, Richter explained this decision as follows: "Perhaps the best way I can put it is that I see no point in adding to all the bad music in the world".


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: By the beginning of World War II, Richter's parents' marriage had failed and his mother had fallen in love with another man. Because Richter's father was a German, he was under suspicion by the authorities and a plan was made for the family to flee the country. Due to her romantic involvement, his mother did not want to leave and so they remained in Odessa. In August 1941, his father was arrested and later found guilty of espionage, being sentenced to death on October 6, 1941. Richter did not speak to his mother again until shortly before her death nearly 20 years later in connection with his first US tour.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1943, Richter met Nina Dorliak (1908–1998), an operatic soprano. He noticed Dorliak during the memorial service for Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, caught up with her at the street and suggested to accompany her in recital. It is often alleged that they married around this time, but in fact Dorliak only obtained a marriage certificate a few months after Richter's death in 1997. They remained living companions from around 1945 until Richter's death; they had no children. Dorliak accompanied Richter both in his complex private life and career. She supported him in his final illness, and died herself less than a year later, on May 17, 1998.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: It was rumored that Richter was homosexual and that having a female companion provided a social front for his true sexual orientation, because homosexuality was widely taboo at that time and could result in legal repercussions. Richter was an intensely private person and was usually quiet and withdrawn, and refused to give interviews. He never publicly discussed his personal life until the last year of his life when filmmaker Bruno Monsaingeon convinced him to be interviewed for a documentary.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1949, Richter won the Stalin Prize, which led to extensive concert tours in Russia, Eastern Europe and China. He gave his first concerts outside the Soviet Union in Czechoslovakia in 1950. In 1952, Richter was invited to play Franz Liszt in a film based on the life of Mikhail Glinka, called "The Composer Glinka" (remake of the 1946 film "Glinka"). The title role was played by Boris Smirnov.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: On February 18, 1952, Richter made his sole appearance as a conductor in the world premiere of Prokofiev's Symphony-Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in E minor, with Mstislav Rostropovich as the soloist.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In April 1958, Richter was on the jury of the first Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow. Watching Van Cliburn's performance of Rachmaninoff's Concerto No. 3, Richter wept with joy. He awarded Cliburn a 25—a perfect score.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1960, even though he had a reputation for being "indifferent" to politics, Richter defied the authorities when he performed at Boris Pasternak's funeral.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Having received the Stalin and Lenin prizes and become People's Artist of the RSFSR, he gave his first tour concerts in the US in 1960, and in England and France in 1961.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1948, Richter and Dorliak gave recitals in Bucharest, Romania, then in 1950 performed in Prague and Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. In 1954, Richter gave recitals in Budapest, Hungary. In 1956, he again toured Czechoslovakia, then in 1957, he toured China, then again performed in Prague, Sofia, and Warsaw. In 1958, Richter recorded Prokofiev's 5th Piano Concerto with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra under the baton of Witold Rowicki – the recording which made Richter known in the United States. In 1959, Richter made another successful recording of Rachmaninoff's 2nd Piano Concerto with the Warsaw Philharmonic on Deutsche Grammophon label. Thus the West first became aware of Richter through recordings made in the 1950s. One of Richter's first advocates in the West was Emil Gilels, who stated during his first tour of the United States that the critics (who were giving Gilels rave reviews) should "wait until you hear Richter."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter's first concerts in the West took place in May 1960, when he was allowed to play in Finland, and on October 15, 1960, in Chicago, where he played Brahms's 2nd Piano Concerto with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Erich Leinsdorf, creating a sensation. In a review, "Chicago Tribune" music critic Claudia Cassidy, who was known for her unkind reviews of established artists, recalled Richter first walking on stage hesitantly, looking vulnerable (as if about to be "devoured"), but then sitting at the piano and dispatching "the performance of a lifetime". Richter's 1960 tour of the United States culminated in a series of concerts at Carnegie Hall.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter disliked performing in the United States. Following a 1970 incident at Carnegie Hall in New York City, when Richter's performance alongside David Oistrakh was disrupted by anti-Soviet protests, Richter vowed never to return. Rumors of a planned return to Carnegie Hall surfaced in the last years of Richter's life, although it is not clear whether there was any truth behind them.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1961, Richter played for the first time in London. His first recital, pairing works of Haydn and Prokofiev, was received with hostility by British critics. Neville Cardus concluded that Richter's playing was "provincial", and wondered why Richter had been invited to play in London, given that London had plenty of "second class" pianists of its own. Following a July 18, 1961, concert, where Richter performed both of Liszt's piano concertos, the critics reversed course.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1963, after searching in the Loire Valley, France, for a venue suitable for a music festival, Richter discovered La Grange de Meslay, several kilometres north of Tours. The festival was established by Richter and became an annual event.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1970, Richter visited Japan for the first time, traveling across Siberia by railway and ship as he disliked flying. He played Beethoven, Schumann, Mussorgsky, Prokofiev, Bartók and Rachmaninoff, as well as works by Mozart and Beethoven with Japanese orchestras. He visited Japan eight times.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: While he very much enjoyed performing for an audience, Richter hated planning concerts years in advance, and in later life took to playing at very short notice in small, most often darkened halls, with only a small lamp lighting the score. Richter said that this setting helped the audience focus on the music being performed, rather than on extraneous and irrelevant matters such as the performer's grimaces and gestures.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1981, Richter initiated the international December Nights music festival, held at the Pushkin Museum, which after his death in 1997 was renamed December Nights of Sviatoslav Richter.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1986, Richter embarked on a six-month tour of Siberia with his beloved Yamaha piano, giving perhaps 150 recitals, at times performing in small towns that did not even have a concert hall. It is said that after one such concert, the members of the audience, who had never before heard classical music performed, gathered in the middle of the hall and started swaying from side to side to celebrate the performer. It is said that in his last years, Richter contemplated giving concerts free of charge (although he never actually did so).


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: An anecdote illustrates Richter's approach to performance in the last decade of his life. After reading a biography of Charlemagne (he was an avid reader), Richter had his secretary send a telegram to the director of the theater in Aachen, Charlemagne's favoured residence city and his burial place, stating "The Maestro has read a biography of Charlemagne and would like to play at Aquisgrana (Aachen)". The performance took place shortly thereafter.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: As late as 1995, Richter continued to perform some of the most demanding pieces in the pianistic repertoire, including Ravel's "Miroirs" cycle, Prokofiev's Second Sonata and Chopin's études, Ballade No. 4, and Schumann's Toccata.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter's last recorded orchestral performance was of three Mozart concerti in 1994 with the Japan Shinsei Symphony Orchestra conducted by his old friend Rudolf Barshai.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter's last recital was a private gathering in Lübeck, Germany, on March 30, 1995. The program consisted of two Haydn sonatas and Reger's "Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Beethoven", a piece for two pianos, which Richter performed with pianist Andreas Lucewicz.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter died at Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow from a heart attack on August 1, 1997, aged 82. He had been suffering from depression due to an inability to perform caused by changes in his hearing that altered his perception of pitch. At the time of his death, he was rehearsing Schubert's "Fünf Klavierstücke", D. 459.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: As Richter once put it, "My repertory runs to around eighty different programs, not counting chamber works." His repertoire ranged from Handel and Bach to Tchaikovsky, Scriabin, Szymanowski, Berg, Webern, Stravinsky, Bartók, Hindemith, Britten, and Gershwin.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter worked tirelessly to learn new pieces. For instance, in the late 1980s, he learned Brahms's Paganini and Handel Variations, and in the 1990s, several of Debussy's études and pieces by Gershwin, and works by Bach and Mozart that he had not previously included in his programs.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Central to his repertoire were the works of Schubert, Schumann, Beethoven, J. S. Bach, Chopin, Liszt, Prokofiev and Debussy. He is said to have learned and memorized the second book of Bach's "The Well-Tempered Clavier" in one month.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: He gave the premiere of Prokofiev's Sonata No. 7, which he learned in four days, and No. 9, which Prokofiev dedicated to Richter. Apart from his solo career, he also performed chamber music with partners such as Mstislav Rostropovich, Rudolf Barshai, David Oistrakh, Oleg Kagan, Yuri Bashmet, Natalia Gutman, Zoltán Kocsis, Elisabeth Leonskaja, Benjamin Britten and members of the Borodin Quartet. Richter also often accompanied singers such as Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Peter Schreier, Galina Pisarenko and his wife and long-time artistic companion Nina Dorliak.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter also conducted the premiere of Prokofiev's Symphony-Concerto for cello and orchestra. This was his sole appearance as a conductor. The soloist was Rostropovich, to whom the work was dedicated. Prokofiev also wrote his 1949 Cello Sonata in C for Rostropovich, and he and Richter premiered it in 1950. Richter himself was a passable cellist, and Rostropovich was a good pianist; at one concert in Moscow at which he accompanied Rostropovich on the piano, they exchanged instruments for part of the program.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter explained his approach to performance as follows: "The interpreter is really an executant, carrying out the composer's intentions to the letter. He doesn't add anything that isn't already in the work. If he is talented, he allows us to glimpse the truth of the work that is in itself a thing of genius and that is reflected in him. He shouldn't dominate the music, but should dissolve into it." "I am not a complete idiot, but whether from weakness or laziness have no talent for thinking. I know only how to reflect: I am a mirror ... Logic does not exist for me. I float on the waves of art and life and never really know how to distinguish what belongs to the one or the other or what is common to both. Life unfolds for me like a theatre presenting a sequence of somewhat unreal sentiments; while the things of art are real to me and go straight to my heart."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter's belief that musicians should "carry ... out the composer's intentions to the letter", led him to be critical of others and, most often, himself. After attending a recital of Murray Perahia, where Perahia performed Chopin's Third Piano Sonata without observing the first movement repeat, Richter asked him backstage to explain the omission. Similarly, after Richter realized that he had been playing a wrong note in Bach's Italian Concerto for decades, he insisted that the following disclaimer/apology be printed on a CD containing a performance thereof: "Just now Sviatoslav Richter realized, much to his regret, that he always made a mistake in the third measure before the end of the second part of the 'Italian Concerto'. As a matter of fact, through forty years – and no musician or technician ever pointed it out to him – he played 'F-sharp' rather than 'F'. The same mistake can be found in the previous recording made by Maestro Richter in the fifties."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Despite his large discography, Richter disliked making studio recordings, and most of his recordings originate from live performances. Thus, his live recitals from Moscow (1948), Warsaw (1954 and 1972), Sofia (1958), New York City (1960), Leipzig (1963), Aldeburgh (multiple years), la Grange de Meslay near Tours (multiple years), Prague (multiple years), Salzburg (1977) and Amsterdam (1986), are considered among the finest documents of his playing, as are other live recordings issued during his lifetime and since his death on labels including Music & Arts, BBC Legends, Philips, Russia Revelation, Parnassus, and Ankh Productions.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Other critically acclaimed live recordings by Richter include performances of Scriabin's selected études, preludes and sonatas (multiple performances), Schumann's C major Fantasy (multiple performances), Beethoven's "Appassionata" Sonata (Moscow, 1960), Schubert's B-flat Sonata (multiple performances), Ravel's "Miroirs" (Prague, 1965), Liszt's B minor Sonata (multiple performances, 1965–66), Beethoven's "Hammerklavier" Sonata (multiple performances, 1975) and selected preludes by Rachmaninoff (multiple performances) and Debussy (multiple performances).


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Despite his professed aversion for the studio, Richter took the recording process seriously. For instance, after a long recording session for Schubert's "Wanderer Fantasy", for which he had used a Bösendorfer piano, Richter listened to the tapes and, dissatisfied with his performance, told the recording engineer "Well, I think we'll remake it on the Steinway after all". Similarly, during a recording session for Schumann's Toccata, Richter reportedly chose to play this piece (which Schumann himself considered "among the most difficult pieces ever written") several times in a row, without taking any breaks, in order to preserve the spontaneity of his interpretation.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: According to Falk Schwartz and John Berrie's 1983 article "Sviatoslav Richter – A Discography", in the 1970s, Richter announced his intention of recording his complete solo repertoire "on some 50 discs". This "complete" Richter project did not come to fruition, however, although twelve LPs worth of recordings were made between 1970 and 1973 and were subsequently reissued (in CD format) by Olympia (various composers, 10 CDs) and RCA Victor (Bach's "The Well-Tempered Clavier").


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: In 1961, Richter's RCA Victor recording with Erich Leinsdorf and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra of the Brahms Piano Concerto No. 2 won the Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Concerto or Instrumental Soloist. That recording is still considered a landmark (despite Richter's dissatisfaction with it), as are his studio recordings of Schubert's "Wanderer Fantasy", Liszt's two Piano Concertos, Rachmaninoff's Second Piano Concerto and Schumann's Toccata, among many others.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Richter appeared in a 1952 Soviet film, playing Liszt in "Kompozitor Glinka" ("The Composer Glinka"; Russian: "Композитор Глинка").


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: The Italian critic Piero Rattalino has asserted that the only pianists comparable to Richter in the history of piano performance were Franz Liszt and Ferruccio Busoni.


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Glenn Gould called Richter "one of the most powerful communicators the world of music has produced in our time".


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Nathan Milstein described Richter in his memoir "From Russia to the West" as the following: "Richter was certainly a marvelous pianist but not as impeccable as he was reputed to be. His music making was too dry for me. In Richter's interpretation of Ravel's "Jeux d'eau", instead of flowing water you hear frozen icicles."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Van Cliburn attended a Richter recital in 1958 in the Soviet Union. He reportedly wept during the recital and, upon returning to the United States, described Richter's playing as "the most powerful piano playing I have ever heard".


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Arthur Rubinstein described his first exposure to Richter as follows: "It really wasn't anything out of the ordinary. Then at some point I noticed my eyes growing moist: tears began rolling down my cheeks."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Heinrich Neuhaus described Richter as follows: "His singular ability to grasp the whole and at the same time miss none of the smallest details of a composition suggests a comparison with an eagle who from his great height can see as far as the horizon and yet single out the tiniest detail of the landscape."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Dmitri Shostakovich wrote of Richter: "Richter is an extraordinary phenomenon. The enormity of his talent staggers and enraptures. All the phenomena of musical art are accessible to him."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Vladimir Sofronitsky proclaimed that Richter was a "genius", prompting Richter to respond that Sofronitsky was a "god".


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Pierre Boulez wrote of Richter: "His personality was greater than the possibilities offered to him by the piano, broader than the very concept of complete mastery of the instrument."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Marlene Dietrich, who was Richter's friend, wrote in her autobiography, "Marlene": "One evening the audience sat around him on the stage. While he was playing a piece, a woman directly behind him collapsed and died on the spot. She was carried out of the hall. I was deeply impressed by this incident and thought to myself: “What an enviable fate, to die while Richter is playing! What a strong feeling for the music this woman must have had when she breathed out her life!” But Richter did not share this opinion, he was shaken".


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: "Gramophone" critic Bryce Morrison described Richter as follows: "Idiosyncratic, plain-speaking, heroic, reserved, lyrical, virtuosic and perhaps above all, profoundly enigmatic, Sviatoslav Richter remains one of the greatest recreative artists of all time."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: On listening to Bach: "It does no harm to listen to Bach from time to time, even if only from a hygienic standpoint."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: On Scriabin: "Scriabin isn't the sort of composer whom you'd regard as your daily bread, but is a heavy liqueur on which you can get drunk periodically, a poetical drug, a crystal that's easily broken."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: On picking small venues for performance: "Put a small piano in a truck and drive out on country roads; take time to discover new scenery; stop in a pretty place where there is a good church; unload the piano and tell the residents; give a concert; offer flowers to the people who have been so kind as to attend; leave again."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: On his plan to perform without a fee: "Music must be given to those who love it. I want to give free concerts; that's the answer."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: On Neuhaus: "I learned a lot from him, even though he kept saying that there was nothing he could teach me. Music is written to be played and listened to and has always seemed to me to be able to manage without words... This was exactly the case with Heinrich Neuhaus. In his presence I was almost always reduced to total silence. This was an extremely good thing, as it meant that we concentrated exclusively on the music. Above all, he taught me the meaning of silence and the meaning of singing. He said I was incredibly obstinate and did only what I wanted to. It's true that I've only ever played what I wanted. And so he left me to do as I liked."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: On playing: "I don't play for the audience, I play for myself, and if I derive any satisfaction from it, then the audience, too, is content."


title: Sviatoslav Richter

text: After playing some Haydn for a television programme whilst touring in the US, Richter said, after much coaxing by the interviewer and embarrassment on his own part, that Haydn was "better than Mozart".


title: Photo 51

text: Photo 51 is an X-ray based fiber diffraction image of a paracrystalline gel composed of DNA fiber taken by Raymond Gosling, a graduate student working under the supervision of Rosalind Franklin in May 1952 at King's College London, while working in Sir John Randall's group. The image was tagged "photo 51" because it was the 51st diffraction photograph that Franklin and Gosling had taken. It was critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA.


title: Photo 51

text: According to Raymond Gosling's later account, although photo 51 was an exceptionally clear diffraction pattern of the "B" form of DNA, Franklin was more interested in solving the diffraction pattern of the "A" form of DNA, so she put Gosling's photo 51 to the side. When it had been decided that Franklin would leave King's College, she suggested that Gosling show the photograph to Maurice Wilkins (who would become Gosling's advisor after Franklin left).


title: Photo 51

text: A few days later, Wilkins showed the photo to James Watson after Gosling had returned to working under Wilkins' supervision. Rosalind Franklin did not know this at the time because she was leaving King's College London. Randall, the head of the group, had asked Gosling to share all his data with Wilkins. Watson recognized the pattern as a helix because his co-worker Francis Crick had previously published a paper of what the diffraction pattern of a helix would be. Watson and Crick used characteristics and features of "Photo 51", together with evidence from multiple other sources, to develop the chemical model of the DNA molecule. Their model, along with papers by Wilkins both and colleagues, and by Gosling and Franklin, were first published, together, in 1953, in the same issue of "Nature".


title: Photo 51

text: In 1962, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins. The prize was not awarded to Franklin; she had died four years earlier, and although there was not yet a rule against posthumous awards, the Nobel Committee generally does not make posthumous nominations. Likewise, Gosling's work was not cited by the prize committee.


title: Photo 51

text: The photograph provided key information that was essential for developing a model of DNA. The diffraction pattern determined the helical nature of the double helix strands (antiparallel). The outside of the DNA chain has a backbone of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate moieties, and the base pairs, the order of which provides codes for protein building and thereby inheritance, are inside the helix. Watson and Crick's calculations from Gosling and Franklin's photography gave crucial parameters for the size and structure of the helix.


title: Photo 51

text: "Photo 51" became a crucial data source that led to the development of the DNA model and confirmed the prior postulated double helical structure of DNA, which were presented in the series of three articles in the journal "Nature" in 1953.


title: Photo 51

text: As historians of science have re-examined the period during which this image was obtained, considerable controversy has arisen over both the significance of the contribution of this image to the work of Watson and Crick, as well as the methods by which they obtained the image. Franklin had been hired independently of Maurice Wilkins, who, taking over as Gosling's new supervisor, showed "Photo 51" to Watson and Crick without Franklin's knowledge. Whether Franklin would have deduced the structure of DNA on her own, from her own data, had Watson and Crick not obtained Gosling's image, is a hotly debated topic, made more controversial by the negative caricature of Franklin presented in the early chapters of Watson's history of the research on DNA structure, "The Double Helix". Watson admitted his distortion of Franklin in his book, noting in the epilogue: "Since my initial impressions about [Franklin], both scientific and personal (as recorded in the early pages of this book) were often wrong, I want to say something here about her achievements."


title: Midlothian

text: Midlothian (; ) is a historic county, registration county, lieutenancy area and one of 32 council areas of Scotland used for local government. Midlothian lies in the east-central Lowlands, bordering the City of Edinburgh, East Lothian and the Scottish Borders.


title: Midlothian

text: Midlothian emerged as a county in the Middle Ages under larger boundaries than the modern council area, including Edinburgh itself – and also known as Edinburghshire until 1921. It bordered West Lothian to the west, Lanarkshire, Peeblesshire and Selkirkshire to the south, and East Lothian, Berwickshire and Roxburghshire to the east. Traditional industries included mining, agriculture and fishing – although the modern council area is now landlocked.


title: Midlothian

text: Following the end of the Roman occupation of Britain, Lothian was populated by Brythonic-speaking ancient Britons and formed part of Gododdin, within the Hen Ogledd or Old North. In the seventh century, Gododdin fell to the Angles, with Lothian becoming part of the kingdom of Bernicia. Bernicia united into the Kingdom of Northumbria which itself became part of the early Kingdom of England. Lothian came under the control of the Scottish monarchy in the tenth century.


title: Midlothian

text: In the Middle Ages, Lothian was the scene of several historic conflicts between the kingdoms of Scotland and England. The Battle of Roslin took place in 1303 at Roslin as part of the First War of Scottish Independence. A Scottish army led by Simon Fraser and John Comyn defeated an army led by English commander John Segrave.


title: Midlothian

text: Along with other parts of the Lothians, the county was involved in the Rough Wooing when Roslin Castle, seat of the Earl of Caithness, was destroyed in 1544 by forces of Henry VIII of England.


title: Midlothian

text: In the 17th century, the county featured in the War of the Three Kingdoms, where General George Monck had his base at Dalkeith Castle as the Commonwealth's Commander in Scotland. Following the Restoration of the monarchy, the "Pentland Rising" in the region culminated with the Battle of Rullion Green in 1666, a decisive victory for the Government forces against Covenanter rebels.


title: Midlothian

text: In 1650, Oliver Cromwell's army came to Dalkeith. His officer General George Monck, was Commander in Scotland, and the government of the country was based out of Dalkeith castle.


title: Midlothian

text: The 1878-80 Midlothian campaign by British Liberal politician William Ewart Gladstone entered history as an early example of modern political campaigning, resulting in Gladstone taking the Midlothian constituency from the long-time Conservative Member of Parliament William Montagu Douglas Scott and going on to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.


title: Midlothian

text: The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 established a uniform system of county councils in Scotland and realigned the boundaries of many of Scotland's counties. Subsequently, Midlothian County Council was created in 1890. Midlothian County Council was based at Lothian Chambers in Edinburgh. Under local government reforms in 1975, Midlothian became a district council within the Lothian region and in 1996 the current unitary council area was created. It contains the towns of Dalkeith, Bonnyrigg and Penicuik, as well as a portion of the Pentland Hills Regional Park, Rosslyn Chapel and Dalkeith Palace.


title: Midlothian

text: The historic county of Midlothian remains a lieutenancy area, excluding the city of Edinburgh where lieutenancy functions are held by the Lord Provost and a registration county for which purposes Edinburgh is included.


title: Midlothian

text: Midlothian County Council ceased to exist in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 with Midlothian becoming a district and then a unitary council area in 1996. Consequent boundary changes removed the burgh of Musselburgh and the parish of Inveresk (which included the villages of Inveresk, Wallyford and Whitecraig) to East Lothian; the Calders (East Calder, Midcalder and West Calder) and the Midlothian part of Livingston to West Lothian; Heriot and Stow parishes to the Ettrick and Lauderdale district of the Scottish Borders, and Currie, Balerno, Ratho and Newbridge to Edinburgh.


title: Midlothian

text: There was a Midlothian constituency of the Scottish Parliament up to the 2011 elections when it was divided between Midlothian North and Musselburgh and Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale.


title: Midlothian

text: The traditional county has a roughly trapezoidal shape; it consists of a fairly flat area along the Firth of Forth, which is heavily urbanised and dominated by the Edinburgh conurbation. Off the coast lie the small islands of Inchmickery and Cramond Island. The land gradually rises to the south, with the Pentland Hills in the south-west, Moorfoot Hills in the centre-south and the Lammermuir Hills in the far south-east. Blackhope Scar on the border with Peeblesshire is the highest point in the county at 651 m (2,136 ft). The county contains no lochs of any size, though there are many reservoirs, most notably Gladhouse Reservoir, Rosebery Reservoir, Edgelaw Reservoir, Loganlea Reservoir, Glencorse Reservoir, Threipmuir Reservoir, Harlaw Reservoir, Harperrig Reservoir, Crosswood Reservoir, Morton Reservoir and Cobbinshaw Reservoir.


title: Midlothian

text: "The above list does not include parishes which have been within the City of Edinburgh for county purposes since 19th century, namely within the "County of the City" of which the Lord Provost was and is Lord Lieutenant."


title: Midlothian

text: Midlothian has a modern road network as well as some rural single-track roads. The Borders Railway runs between Tweedbank to Edinburgh, with four stations in Midlothian – Shawfair, Eskbank, Newtongrange and Gorebridge.


title: Midlothian

text: Midlothian is twinned with Komárom-Esztergom, Hungary and Kreis Heinsberg, Germany. It is a sister city with Midlothian, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago a town of Illinois.


title: Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Otto spent most of his early life in England and France. He was a follower of his uncle Richard the Lionheart, who made him Count of Poitou in 1196. With Richard's support, he was elected King of Germany by one faction in a disputed election in 1198, sparking ten years of civil war. The death of his rival, Philip of Swabia, in 1208 left him sole king of Germany.