title: Amelia (film)

text: Setting out to refuel at tiny Howland Island, radio transmissions between USCGC "," a Coast Guard picket ship, and Earhart's aircraft reveal a rising crisis; the Coast Guard radio operators realize they do not have sufficient length to provide a "fix". "Itasca" has a directional finder with a dead battery, and weak radio communications prevent Earhart and USCGC "Itasca" from making contact. Running low on fuel, Earhart and Noonan fly on. They disappear. A massive search effort is unsuccessful, but solidifies Earhart as an aviation icon.


title: Amelia (film)

text: Hilary Swank took on the role of Executive Producer, working closely with Nair. Filming took place in New York City, Toronto, Parkwood Estate in Oshawa, Nova Scotia, Dunnville, Ontario and Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario as well as various locations in South Africa. Over the weekend of June 22, 2008, Swank was in Wolfville, Nova Scotia for filming at Acadia University. At the time, although Swank was a pilot-in-training, her appearance in the aerial sequences was limited, with three other women pilots contracted for the flying scenes. Nair was concerned about insurance and liability issues, and opted for professional pilots, Jimmy Leeward and Bryan Regan to do the bulk of the flying in the film. Contemporary newsreel footage of Earhart was interspersed throughout the film while a combination of static, real aircraft and CGI effects was utilized for the flying sequences. Numerous period aircraft, automobiles and equipment were obtained to provide authenticity, including the use of two replica aircraft, a Lockheed Vega and Fokker F.VIIb/3m Tri-motor "Friendship" (with limited ability to run up engines and taxi).


title: Amelia (film)

text: The Lockheed 12A Electra Junior "Hazy Lily" (F-AZLL) used alongside another Electra Junior, filled in for the much rarer Lockheed Electra 10E that Earhart used. Despite the efforts to faithfully replicate the period, numerous historical inaccuracies were evident, as chronicled in some reviews.


title: Amelia (film)

text: The aerobatic flying maneuvers in the film were handled by Canadian musician-turned pilot, Larry Ernewein.


title: Amelia (film)

text: At the completion of filming, the two replica aircraft featured in the Earhart transatlantic flights were donated to museums. The Lockheed Vega is now in the collection of the San Diego Air & Space Museum while the Fokker F. VIIB/3M tri-motor is now housed at the Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario where it was unveiled in 2009 with a local Amelia Earhart reenactor Kathie Brosemer recounting the story of Earhart's flight in 1928.


title: Amelia (film)

text: Oscar-winning screenwriter Ronald Bass wrote seven drafts of the script for aviation buff and Gateway founder Ted Waitt, who has funded expeditions to search for Earhart's aircraft, and was prepared to finance the film himself. Bass used research from books on Earhart, such as biographies by Susan Butler, "East to the Dawn" and Mary S. Lovell's "The Sound of the Wings" as well as Elgen and Mary Long's "Amelia Earhart: The Mystery Solved". Although the film was not intended to be a documentary, Bass incorporated many of Earhart's actual words into key scenes. Oscar-nominated screenwriter Anna Hamilton Phelan did a rewrite, taking a different approach from the original screenplay.


title: Amelia (film)

text: "Amelia" received largely negative reviews from film critics, holding a 20% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 164 reviews, along with an average score of 4.42/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Amelia" takes the compelling raw materials of its subject's life and does little with them, conventionally ticking off Earhart's accomplishments without exploring the soul of the woman." Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns rating of 100 reviews from mainstream critics, gave the film a score of 37 based on 34 reviews.


title: Amelia (film)

text: Echoing the majority view, Martin Morrow's review on the "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation" website was very critical of the film, labeling it "a dud," declaring: "Hilary Swank may look the spitting image of Earhart in those vintage newsreels, but her performance is more insipid than inspiring. Mira Nair directs as if she were piloting an overloaded plane on an endless runway – the film lumbers along interminably, never achieving takeoff ... As the film limps to a close, "Amelia" has accomplished a feat we didn't think possible: it has made us indifferent to this real-life heroine's tragic fate." Most critics decried the inconsistencies and lack of focus in the film; Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" wrote, "The actors don't make a persuasive fit, despite all their long stares and infernal smiling. ...the movie is a more effective testament to the triumphs of American dentistry than to Earhart or aviation." Ric Gillespie, author of "Finding Amelia", wrote that "Swank, under Nair's direction, accomplishes the amazing feat of making one of the most complex, passionate, ferociously ambitious, and successful women of the 20th century seem shallow, weepy, and rather dull."


title: Amelia (film)

text: A small number of positive reviews included Ray Bennett of "The Hollywood Reporter" who characterized the film as an "instant bio classic," stressing the production values in which "director Nair and star Swank make her quest not only understandable but truly impressive." Matthew Sorrento of "Film Threat", gave the film 4 stars, and wrote: "Director Mira Nair trusts her old school filmmaking style enough to inspire a fresh take on a legend." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times", gave the film a positive review and gave it 3 stars out of 4, and called it "a perfectly sound biopic, well directed and acted". In pre-release publicity, Hilary Swank had been touted as a candidate for a third Oscar, but later that prospect was viewed as distant. Carrie Rickey of "The Philadelphia Inquirer", however, awarded the film 3 stars, praising Swank's performance in her review stating that "like Maggie in "Million Dollar Baby", [Swank] is unwavering in her gaze, ambition, and drive," and "in Nair's evocatively art-directed (and sensationally costumed) film, Earhart comes alive."


title: Amelia (film)

text: On February 2, 2010, Fox Home Entertainment released "Amelia" in DVD and Blu-ray versions. Extras on the DVD include deleted scenes and "The Power of Amelia Earhart", "Making Amelia" and "Movietone News" featurettes. The Blu-ray release also has two additional featurettes: "The Plane Behind the Legend" and "Re-constructing the Planes of Amelia" along with a digital copy of the film.


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: Sejo of Joseon (2 November 1417 – 23 September 1468), personal name Yi Yu (Korean: 이유; Hanja: 李瑈), sometimes known as Grand Prince Suyang (Korean: 수양대군; Hanja: 首陽大君), was the seventh ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of Sejong the Great and the uncle of King Danjong, against whom he led a "coup d'état" in 1455.


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: Born in 1417 as the fourth child and second son of Grand Prince Chungnyeong (future King Sejong) by his primary wife, Lady Shim of the Cheongsong Shim clan (future Queen Soheon), he showed great ability at archery, horse riding and martial arts, and was also a brilliant military commander, though he never went to the battlefront himself. In 1428, he received the title Grand Prince Suyang by which he is better known.


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: Following the death of King Sejong in 1450, Suyang's ill brother, Yi Hyang (later known as King Munjong), took the throne but died two years later, and the crown passed to his 12-year-old son, Yi Hong-wi (posthumously named King Danjong). The new monarch was too young to rule the nation, and the government was controlled by Chief State Councillor Hwangbo In and General Gim Jong-seo, who was the Left State Councillor. As Gim Jong-seo and his faction used the chance to extend the power of court officials against royal family members, the tension between him and Suyang greatly increased; not only Suyang himself, but his younger brother, Grand Prince Anpyeong, also sought an opportunity to take control of the country.


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: In order to court the support of the Ming dynasty, Suyang became an ambassador in 1452. He also surrounded himself with trusted allies, including his famous tactician, Han Myeong-hoe, who advised him to take over the government in a coup. In 1453, Suyang killed Gim Jong-seo and his faction, thereby taking the reins of power into his own hands. After the coup, he arrested his own brother, Grand Prince Anpyeong, first sending him into exile, then sentencing him to death.


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: Finally, in 1455 Suyang forced the powerless king to abdicate, declaring himself the new ruler of Joseon (today known by the temple name "Sejo").


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: After his younger brother Grand Prince Geumsung, and six scholars, including Seong Sam-mun, Park Paeng-nyeon and Yi Gae, plotted to remove him from power in an attempt to put his nephew back on the throne, Suyang demoted the former king from "King Emeritus" ("Sangwang"; 상왕, 上王) to "Prince Nosan" ("Nosan Gun"; 노산군, 魯山君) and later ordered him to commit suicide by poison.


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: Despite having snatched the throne from his young nephew and killing many people in the process, Sejo proved himself one of the ablest rulers and administrators in Korean history. First, he continued King Taejong's legacy of strengthening the monarchy by weakening the power of the State Council and bringing the officials directly under the king's control. He also further developed the administrative system, which had also been introduced by Taejong, enabling the government to determine exact population numbers and to mobilize troops effectively (this caused Yi Si-ae's Rebellion, which he suppressed). Just like Taejong, Sejo was a hardliner concerning foreign policy and attacked the Jurchens on the northern front in 1460 (오랑캐, 兀良哈) and 1467 (호리개, 胡里改). He also revised the land ordinance to improve the national economy and encouraged the publication of history, economy, agriculture, and religion books.


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: Sejo himself compiled a number of books based on his interests. One of them is "Seokbosangjeol", a biography of Gautama Buddha. The others are "Worinseokbo" (월인석보, 月印釋譜) and "Yeokdaebyeongyo" (역대병요, 歷代兵要).


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: Most importantly, he compiled the Grand Code for State Administration, which became the cornerstone of dynastic administration and provided the first form of written constitutional law in Korea.


title: Sejo of Joseon

text: Sejo died in 1468, and the throne passed to his sickly second son, Yi Hwang (Yejong of Joseon). His tomb is known as "Gwangneung" (광릉) and is located in Namyangju, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: His best performance in a Grand Slam was making the semifinals of the 2009 Australian Open, where he lost to compatriot and eventual champion Rafael Nadal in five sets. The match itself has been considered one of the greatest Grand Slam semifinals of all time. Verdasco has also reached the quarterfinals twice at the US Open, in 2009 and 2010, losing to Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal respectively, the latter of whom went on to win the title, and once at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, where he led eventual champion Andy Murray by two sets to love before being defeated in five sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In singles, the Spaniard won the 2010 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell and six ATP 250 tournaments and was a finalist at the 2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters and five ATP 500 tournaments. In men's doubles, he won the 2013 ATP World Tour Finals and three ATP 500 tournaments and was a finalist at the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, all of them partnering with David Marrero. He earned his 500th win at the 2018 Mutua Madrid Open becoming the 45th man in ATP World Tour history with 500 wins. He is currently No. 6 on the list of active players with over 500 wins. He has the third-most losses in singles history, behind Feliciano López (485) and Fabrice Santoro (444).


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco aided Spain in winning three Davis Cup titles, winning the deciding match in both 2008 and 2009, he was part of the winning team in 2011 as well.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco started playing tennis at four years of age and had a full-time coach when he was eight. Verdasco worked in Las Vegas with Andre Agassi and his team, including Darren Cahill (Agassi's former coach) and Gil Reyes (Agassi's fitness coach).


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He turned professional in 2001, finishing as world No. 464. 2002 was a good year for him, as he won his first Futures category title in Spain F1 and was runner-up in Spain F3. He played his pond career challenger in Segovia, where he reached the final after beating Belarusian Vladimir Voltchkov in the semifinals. He then reached two additional Challenger semifinals in Kyiv and in Eckental, finishing the year in the top 200 at no. 173. 2002 also finished strongly off the court, as Fernando finished runner-up in a closely contested Best Abs in Castilla La Mancha contest.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In 2003, Verdasco played his first Masters Series tournament (Miami Masters). He joined the main draw as a qualifier, and after defeating Karol Kučera and Max Mirnyi, he lost to countryman Carlos Moyá in the third round. After this good performance, he had a poor season on clay, and then he lost in the first round at Wimbledon against Finn Jarkko Nieminen in five sets in which he changed tennis racquets to the new Wilson Prestige and took new natural products for increased speed on the court. Then Verdasco played in Cincinnati, where he lost to Andy Roddick in straight sets. He reached the third round at the US Open, where he lost to Thai Paradorn Srichaphan, after defeating countryman Tommy Robredo in the first round and Italian Davide Sanguinetti in the second round.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: After finishing 2003 as No. 109 in the world (with a 15–8 record in Challengers), he had a breakthrough in 2004 when he won his first ATP title in Valencia. He defeated defending champion Juan Carlos Ferrero in the semifinals and Albert Montañés in the final. He also reached the final in Acapulco, losing to Carlos Moyá, and the quarterfinals in Halle and in 's-Hertogenbosch on grass. He reached the third round in two Masters Series tournaments: the Hamburg Masters and the Madrid Masters. He reached the quarterfinals in Stockholm and the semifinals in Kitzbühel, and won a doubles title in Stockholm (with countryman Feliciano López), ending the year ranked no. 36 in the world.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In 2005, he defeated Andy Roddick twice, in Miami and in Rome. In Rome, the match was famous for Roddick being matchpoint up on Verdasco's serve and having the match end with a double fault from Verdasco, but Roddick claimed that the serve was not out and the match went on, with Verdasco winning. He also reached the quarterfinals in Valencia (where he was defending the title), Rome, and New Haven; the semifinals of Saint Petersburg; and was finalist in Kitzbühel, where he lost to Argentine Gastón Gaudio. Verdasco reached his first Grand Slam fourth round at the U.S. Open, where he lost to Jarkko Nieminen, after defeating Novak Djokovic. His year-end ranking improved slightly to no. 32 in the world.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Fernando reached the fourth round at Wimbledon, after beating Vince Spadea and German Benjamin Becker, and also upsetting third seed and former runner-up David Nalbandian in straight sets in the third round. Verdasco then lost to Czech Radek Štěpánek in five sets. At the US Open, Fernando reached the third round but lost to eventual runner-up Andy Roddick in five sets. In previous rounds, Fernando defeated Fabrice Santoro in four sets and Thiago Alves in three. Fernando then lost in the quarterfinals of Palermo to Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo, and then he lost to Ramírez Hidalgo again the following week in the first round at Metz. Verdasco did not win a match the rest of year. He lost to Italian Daniele Bracciali in Moscow, and then in the last two Masters Series tournaments of the year, he lost to Tim Henman in the Madrid Masters and to Michaël Llodra in the Paris Masters. Verdasco finished the year ranked no. 35.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In 2007, Verdasco lost in the first round in the three Masters Series tournaments on clay. He lost to Frenchman Richard Gasquet in both Monte-Carlo Masters and Rome Masters, and to Czech Tomáš Berdych in the Hamburg Masters. He lost to Novak Djokovic in the fourth round of the French Open. In the previous rounds, he beat Jérôme Haehnel in the first round, Dmitry Tursunov in the second round, and David Ferrer in the third round. In the grass season, he lost in the first round in Queen's, and he reached the third round at Wimbledon, where he lost to third seed Andy Roddick after beating Bobby Reynolds in the first round and Italian Andreas Seppi in the second round.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the Madrid Masters, Verdasco cruised through to the second round with a win over Albert Montañés, beating him in straight sets. However, in the second round, he faced third seed Novak Đoković and after winning the first set, the Serb player won the next two. At the St. Petersburg Open, Verdasco played some brilliant tennis to reach the final without losing a single set. En route to this final, he defeated Marin Čilić, who defeated Nikolay Davydenko early on, in the semifinal. However, his quest to win the title ended with a defeat by Scot Andy Murray. Still, this solid performance raised Verdasco's position in the ATP rankings to No. 27 the next week.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Fernando entered the Australian Open as the 25th seed. He won his opening match with a strong performance against Thierry Ascione. He lost his second-round match in a close battle with Serbian Janko Tipsarević, who later went on to take Roger Federer to 5 sets. Fernando entered the Dubai Tennis Championships with a possible second-round opponent of either Roger Federer or Andy Murray, his opponent would be Murray after he beat Federer in three sets. Fernando managed to take Murray to three sets but after a good performance, he lost the match. In Berlin, Fernando and doubles partner Feliciano López clinched Spain's spot in the Davis Cup semifinals after defeating Germany's Philipp Kohlschreiber and Philipp Petzschner in a four-hour and 45-minute marathon match.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the Monte-Carlo Masters in Monaco, Fernando lost to Gaël Monfils in straight sets in the first round. In Barcelona the following week he also lost his first-round match in straight sets to Nicolás Lapentti. His form improved dramatically for the Rome Masters where he reached the third round, en route he got the better of Carlos Moyá and Nicolás Lapentti (who had beaten him the week earlier) before losing in a thriller to James Blake. Fernando continued his run of excellent form into the Hamburg Masters where he beat Mikhail Youzhny in the first round. In the second round, he beat Michaël Llodra. Verdasco then went on to record a remarkable win against compatriot David Ferrer in straight sets. His run ended when he met world number 1, Roger Federer, losing. At the French Open Verdasco was seeded No. 22 and enjoyed a good run, ending with a loss to Rafael Nadal in the last 16.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: On 9 June, Fernando achieved his career-high ranking of No. 20, as a result of his run at the French Open. He reached the final of the Nottingham Open raising his ranking to a career-high of No. 18. At Wimbledon, he lost to Mario Ančić in a five-set thriller in which the last set lasted over 90 minutes and ended 13–11, in the fourth round. His performance at The Wimbledon Championships brought his world ranking up to No. 13. His most recent ATP victory was in Umag (Studena Croatian Open Umag), Croatia where he defeated Igor Andreev. Afterward, he again improved in the rankings to 11th place. Verdasco was the 13th seed at the US Open in 2008, and lost to the 23rd seed Andreev in the third round.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: On 23 November, Verdasco won the fourth rubber of Spain's Davis Cup final match against Argentina, defeating José Acasuso. This was enough to ensure victory for the team; Verdasco had also played in the doubles match the previous day and won, partnering with Feliciano López.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco started his season by reaching the final of the Brisbane International losing to Radek Štěpánek in three sets. Partnering Mischa Zverev, he was also the runner-up in the doubles final. At the 2009 Australian Open Verdasco defeated Andy Murray in the fourth round to reach his first Grand Slam quarterfinal, where he defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. Verdasco then lost to World No. 1 Rafael Nadal in what was at the time the longest match in Australian Open history, lasting 5 hours, 14 minutes. Verdasco's semi-final run earned him No. 9 ranking, lifting the Spaniard into the top 10 for the first time.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: After being sidelined by injury since the Australian Open, he reached the quarterfinals at Indian Wells, where he lost to Roger Federer. At the 2009 Miami Masters, Verdasco recorded his 200th ATP match win by defeating qualifier Benjamin Becker in the second round. He would go on to reach the quarterfinals, losing to Andy Murray. His run at this tournament earned him a further career-high ranking of No. 8.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: During the clay-court season, Verdasco again reached the quarterfinal stage at the 2009 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, where he lost to Novak Djokovic. Following this tournament, his ranking rose further to No. 7. In Barcelona, he lost in the quarterfinals to Fernando González. At the 2009 Rome Masters, he advanced to the quarterfinals, where he lost to Rafael Nadal. At the 2009 Madrid Masters, Verdasco reached the quarterfinals, Verdasco again lost to Nadal for the ninth time. Competing as the 8th seed at the 2009 French Open, Verdasco lost in the fourth round to 10th seed Nikolay Davydenko.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: On his first tournament on grass that season, Verdasco lost in the first round of the 2009 Gerry Weber Open to Philipp Petzschner. At the 2009 Ordina Open, he lost in the second round to eventual title winner Benjamin Becker. At the third Grand Slam of the year, Wimbledon, he matched his best result at that tournament by reaching the fourth round, where he was ousted by the big-serving Croat, Ivo Karlović.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco competed in the Swedish Open as the top seed, advancing to the quarterfinals where he retired against Juan Mónaco. After a small break he played in the Rogers Cup and was defeated by Andy Roddick in the third round. He was then upset by compatriot Guillermo García López in the first round of the Cincinnati Masters in two tiebreaks. In New Haven, Verdasco defeated Igor Andreev in two tiebreak sets in the semifinals. Due to rain delays in the previous days, Verdasco returned later the same day for the final against Sam Querrey, winning in straight sets. He did not lose a set in the entire tournament. He was seeded 10th at the US Open, the year's final Grand Slam, losing in the quarterfinals to Novak Djokovic.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco's first indoor tournament of the season was the 2009 Malaysian Open, where he lost to Nikolay Davydenko in straight sets in the final. At the China Open, Verdasco was seeded fifth, losing to Djokovic in the quarterfinals for the third time in that year. In Shanghai, a Masters 1000 tournament, he lost his opening match to Ivan Ljubičić.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He next competed at the Valencia Open 500. He advanced to the semifinals where he lost to top seed Andy Murray.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He next competed at the Paris Masters as the seventh seed. In the third round, Verdasco lost to Marin Čilić. His bid in qualifying for the ATP World Tour finals depended on the results of other players because of this loss. However, Robin Söderling and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga failed to pass the quarterfinals, allowing Verdasco to qualify for the Tennis Masters Cup for the first time in his career.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the ATP Tour Finals, Verdasco lost to Roger Federer in his first Round Robin match and to Juan Martín del Potro in his second match. He then lost his third match against Andy Murray in the round-robin hence ending his run at the tournament. Verdasco finished 2009 with a 52–25 record in singles, his best record to date, and finished the year at No. 9, the first time he has finished the year in the top 10.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: To close 2009, Verdasco partnered Feliciano López in the 2009 Davis Cup Final doubles match against the Czech Republic. Playing against Radek Štěpánek and Tomáš Berdych, Verdasco and Lopez saved a set point to win the first set, and eventually the match. This victory retained the Davis Cup for Spain and was a fitting end to Verdasco's most successful season on the tour so far.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco started his 2010 season at the exhibition tournament AAMI Kooyong Classic in Melbourne, in preparation for the upcoming Australian Open. He beat Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the final. His first official tournament for the year was in the Australian Open. As the 9th seed, he lost in the fourth round against Nikolay Davydenko in a five-set match.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: His next tournament was the SAP Open in San Jose, California. Before his first-round match, he won an exhibition match against Pete Sampras in straight sets. In the tournament final, he defeated Andy Roddick to capture his fourth ATP singles title. This was his first win over a Top 10 ranked player since the 2009 Australian Open. He arrived late at the 2010 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships in Memphis, and as a result, he was ousted in the opening round by Jérémy Chardy.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Seeded 10th (and as a result, receiving a bye into the second round) at the 2010 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells where, in the third round, he lost to Tomáš Berdych. At the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open, after receiving an opening-round bye, he lost to Berdych in the quarterfinals.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the 2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, as the sixth seed, he defeated the number 1 seed Novak Djokovic to reach his first-ever Masters 1000 final, to meet five-time defending champion, Rafael Nadal. It was the first all-Spanish final of a Masters 1000 event since Monte Carlo in 2002. However, he was defeated by Rafael Nadal. Despite the lopsided final, Verdasco had done enough to ensure a return to the Top 10, at number nine.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: The following week, Verdasco played at the 2010 Barcelona Open as the fifth seed, where he defeated Robin Söderling to win his fifth career singles title.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia, where he played in his second semifinal appearance at the Masters 1000 level, he faced David Ferrer and lost. Verdasco's next tournament was the Madrid Open, where he was seeded sixth. After receiving a bye in the first round, he defeated Ivo Karlović before falling to Jürgen Melzer.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Then, a week before the French Open, he reached his fourth final of the year at Nice by beating Leonardo Mayer in the semifinals. He then lost to Richard Gasquet in the final. During the third set, he was captured by a microphone yelling profanities about the crowd and was seen to sarcastically wave at them, after which the crowd booed him. He apologized after the match and before the French Open to everyone and stated that two fans had agitated him.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco was the seventh seed at the 2010 French Open where, in the fourth round, he lost to Nicolás Almagro. In an upset, Verdasco then lost in the opening round of Wimbledon to Fabio Fognini.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: After losing in the quarterfinals in Båstad, Verdasco then travelled to the US to begin his preparations for the US Open. At the Legg Mason Classic in Washington, Verdasco lost to Marcos Baghdatis in the second round.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the 2010 US Open, Verdasco came back from two sets down in the round of 16 to defeat compatriot David Ferrer in five sets. However he lost to top seed and eventual champion Rafael Nadal in the next round, increasing Nadal's lead over the career head-to-head 11–0.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He next played at the 2010 PTT Thailand Open, losing to Benjamin Becker in the second round after receiving a first-round bye. He then traveled to China for the 2010 China Open in Beijing, losing to Philipp Kohlschreiber of Germany there, and to Thiemo de Bakker of the Netherlands at the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters. In the 2010 BNP Paribas Masters in Paris, he lost to Gaël Monfils in three sets despite holding two match points at 5–4 in the decider. Verdasco finished the year with the same ranking he ended with in 2009, which was No. 9.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco started the year losing in the first round of the Brisbane International to Benjamin Becker. He then failed to defend his title at the exhibition tournament, the 2011 Kooyong Classic, losing to Gaël Monfils in the first round.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Seeded 9th at the 2011 Australian Open, Verdasco lost in the fourth round to sixth seed Tomáš Berdych, saying after the match he had a long-time injury in his foot. He had MRI scans on his foot and is confirmed that he had a fractured foot (where a broken bone was detected). He has claimed he has sustained this since late 2009.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: His next tournament was the SAP Open in San Jose, California where was defending champion and top seed. He advanced to the final without losing a set against Rajeev Ram, Ivo Karlović, Denis Istomin and Juan Martín del Potro. His opponent in the final was young Canadian first-time finalist Milos Raonic. Verdasco held four set points in a first-set tiebreak but lost the next six points and the set. He eventually lost the match.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco faced off against Raonic in the first round of Memphis. For the second time in two weeks, he lost to Raonic, this time in a third set tiebreak. He then travelled to Mexico, where he was seeded second. Again, he lost in the first round, this time to Brazilian Thomaz Bellucci.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco and his Spanish teammates next played Davis Cup against Belgium. Verdasco won both of his rubbers in singles and doubles and helped Spain to a 4–1 victory.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At Indian Wells, Verdasco snapped his losing streak in ATP tour events when his second round opponent Ričardas Berankis had to retire after Verdasco was leading. But he then lost to Sam Querrey in the third round. At Miami, he again received a first-round bye but lost to Pablo Andújar, committing three double faults in his service game at 4–4 in the third.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the Estoril Open Verdasco reached his fifteenth singles final, defeating Frederico Gil, Kevin Anderson and was aided by the retirement of Milos Raonic in the semifinals. In the final, he lost to Juan Martín del Potro. Then at the Madrid Masters, his home-town, Verdasco lost in the second round after a first round bye to Lu Yen-hsun, which was only Lu's second victory on clay courts in his decade-long career. Verdasco reached the third round of the French Open as the 16 seed where he lost to Ivan Ljubičić.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Beginning his grass season at the 2011 Aegon Championships as the 7th seed, he defeated Nicolas Mahut and David Nalbandian in straight sets before losing to Andy Roddick in the quarterfinals. At Wimbledon, as the 21st seed, he defeated Radek Štěpánek in the first round in a long five set match, before succumbing to Dutchman Robin Haase in the second round.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco reached his sixteenth singles final at the 2011 Crédit Agricole Suisse Open Gstaad where he lost to compatriot Marcel Granollers.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco started the year with a first-time participation at the Hopman Cup partnering Anabel Medina Garrigues representing Spain. He reached the quarterfinals in Auckland, where he lost to David Ferrer in straight sets. Verdasco lost in the first round of the 2012 Australian Open to Australian Bernard Tomic in five sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco then traveled to Brazil, where he reached the quarterfinals, only to be defeated by compatriot Albert Ramos. He reached the final in Acapulco, but was defeated again by David Ferrer. In Barcelona, he was defeated in the semifinals by eventual champion Rafael Nadal. At the Masters 1000 event in Madrid, Verdasco defeated Nadal in three sets after Nadal served for the match at 5–2 in the decider. This was Nadal's only defeat on clay that season. Verdasco lost to eventual runner-up Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals. He then reached the third round of the 2012 French Open, but was defeated in five sets by Andreas Seppi, who had earlier defeated Nikolay Davydenko in the first round and went on to take Novak Djokovic to five sets in the very next round.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco then played in Prostějov and lost in the first round. He was defeated by no. 1166 Marek Semjan from Slovakia in three sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the 2012 US Open, he lost in the third round to Roger Federer. Verdasco reached the quarterfinals in Bangkok, losing to Janko Tipsarević in straight sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco was playing with significant pain in 2012, starting before the US Open. In 2013, he was healthy again and achieved significantly better results.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He reached the third round of the 2013 Australian Open, falling to Kevin Anderson, and of the Masters 1000 in Madrid, succumbing to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. Unseeded at the French Open, he lost in the second round to Janko Tipsarević in five sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Also unseeded at Wimbledon, Verdasco progressed to the quarterfinals where he met tournament favourite Andy Murray. Verdasco exceeded expectations by winning the first two sets, and had multiple break points against Murray's serve in the third and fourth sets, but Verdasco eventually lost the match in five sets. Murray eventually went on to capture the championship.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco reached his first final of the year at the Swedish Open where he was defeated by Carlos Berlocq. The following week Verdasco reached the quarterfinals of the 2013 International German Open, where he was ousted in three tight sets by Argentine qualifier Federico Delbonis.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In November 2013, Verdasco along with doubles partner David Marrero, beat the Bryan brothers to win the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the 2014 Indian Wells Masters, Verdasco defeated eight-seeded Richard Gasquet to reach quarterfinals, where he lost to John Isner. The Spaniard won his sixth career singles title at the 2014 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships by beating Nicolás Almagro in straight sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco lost to Almargro in quarterfinals of the 2014 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell. He again reached the fourth round of the 2014 French Open by defeating Richard Gasquet in straight sets, after which he lost to Andy Murray.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco began the year at the 2015 Qatar ExxonMobil Open defeating Teymuraz Gabashvili in the first round before losing to eventual champion David Ferrer in straight sets. Verdasco then participated in the 2015 AAMI Classic exhibition tournament where he defeated Gilles Simon in straight sets. He then won the title for the second time by defeating Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final after Dolgopolov retired citing a knee injury. At the Australian Open, Verdasco defeated James Ward and Go Soeda and then lost to eventual champion Novak Djokovic in straight sets despite serving for the first set during the tiebreaker. At the Dubai Championships, he reached the second round to face the eventual champion Roger Federer and while he was a break above Federer in the first set, he lost twenty successive points and soon lost the match in straight sets. He defeated Rafael Nadal in Miami for only his second win against Nadal, but second in succession. At the French Open, he beat Taro Daniel in the first round, before losing in the second round, to Benjamin Becker in 5 sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco then competed at the Aegon Championships at Queen's Club. He beat Roberto Bautista Agut in the first round, before losing to eventual champion Andy Murray in straight sets. At Wimbledon, Verdasco won his first two matches in five sets against Dudi Sela and Dominic Thiem but lost in the third round to Stan Wawrinka in straight sets. He then faced Nadal again in the first round of the Hamburg Open but was unable to record a third successive win against him and lost the match in three sets. At the US Open, he lost in the second round to Milos Raonic 6–2, 6–4, 6–7, 7–6.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the Australian Open, Verdasco defeated world No. 5, 2009 champion and compatriot Rafael Nadal in the first round in five sets, thus marking just his third win against Nadal in his career; additionally, he became just the second player to beat Nadal in the first round of a Grand Slam. He subsequently lost his second round match to Dudi Sela in four sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In singles, Verdasco began the year in 42nd place, played in 25 tournaments, won 29 matches and lost 25. Among these wins, 11 were against players ranked higher than him, including 2 wins against top 10 players Dominic Thiem (6th) and Alexander Zverev (10th) while 9 of his losses were against lower ranked players. He ended his year in 34th place, having reached as high as 29th in March and as low as 43rd in August.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He reached 1 final in Dubai, an ATP 500 event, where he lost to first seeded Andy Murray in straight sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He reached 3 semifinals in Doha, Stockholm, and Båstad: In the semifinal of Doha, against second seeded and defending champion Novak Djokovic, Verdasco won the first set 6–4, and at 4–4 in the second set had 3 break points but failed to convert any. In the tie-break he led 6–2 but failed to win 5 match points and lost the tiebreak 7–9, and ultimately the match. Djokovic went on to win the tournament and defend his title. At Stockholm, he lost to defending champion del Potro in the semis; del Potro went on to win the tournament and defend his title. At Båstad, Verdasco avenged his last year loss in the final to Albert Ramos Viñolas, by defeating him in the quarterfinal; this was his 4th semifinals in 5 years, but lost to the eventual champion David Ferrer in the semis.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco reached 4 quarterfinals in 2017: Paris Masters ATP 1000 event, and in Houston, Budapest, and Antalya.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In doubles, partnering Nicolás Almagro, Verdasco reached the semifinal of Qatar ExxonMobil after defeating second seeded M. Pavić–A. Peya in the first round, and F. Bagnis–J. Veselý in the quarterfinal. However, they didn't play the semifinal against V. Pospisil–R. Štěpánek who walked over to the final.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the 2017 French Open Men's Doubles, and for the first time in his Grand Slam doubles career, Verdasco (partnering Nenad Zimonjić) reached the semifinal stage where they lost to González–Young in three sets.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In 2018, seeded 8th Verdasco reached the final of the 2018 Rio Open where he was defeated by 6th seed Diego Schwartzman but he won the doubles final with his fellow Spaniard David Marrero entering the draw as lucky losers.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He reached his 500th career win at the 2018 Mutua Madrid Open making him the sixth Spaniard to join the elite club, and also the ninth active player to achieve the milestone. The 34-year-old, became the 45th player in ATP World Tour history to claim 500 match wins and also recorded 120 triumphs at the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 level. He also reached the fourth round of the 2018 French Open for the seventh time in his career where he lost to Novak Djokovic and the same round at the 2019 Wimbledon for the fifth time in his career where he lost to David Goffin.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: As of December 2018, he appointed a new coach Quino Muñoz Hernandez to his team. Diego Dinomo, who worked with Andrea Hlaváčková and Guillermo García López in the past, and the physio Chema Castillo were also included as part of the new coaching team for 2019.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He competed in his 67th consecutive Grand Slam at the 2020 Australian Open. His streak of 67 straight Grand Slam appearances was the second longest of all time behind Feliciano López's streak of 72 consecutive Grand Slam appearances. He made 5th place on the list of Grand Slam appearances overall. He also recorded his 550th win and became only the fifth active player on the list.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco struggled with form the rest of the season as he was recovering from a nine-month leg injury and also due to a difficult time post COVID break as he tested positive before the 2020 French Open.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: As a result of his continuous struggles, on 17 May 2021 he dropped out of the top 100 for the first time since 2004 to No. 105, his lowest singles ranking in 17 years. At the 2021 Belgrade Open he recorded two consecutive victories over Frenchmen Lucas Pouille and Adrian Mannarino but lost to eventual finalist, Slovak qualifier Alex Molčan. He did not win another ATP-level match and dropped out of the top 150 at year-end finishing 2021 at World No. 154.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Ranked No. 201, Verdasco returned to the ATP tour at the 2022 Argentina Open in Buenos Aires where he reached the second round using his protected ranking and recorded his first ATP win over Hugo Dellien in nearly a year. He went one step further with a win over Thiago Monteiro to reach the quarterfinals.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: At the ATP 500 2022 Rio Open he recorded his first win at this level for 2022 defeating Dušan Lajović.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He reached his second quarterfinal of 2022 at the 2022 Estoril Open as a lucky loser where he replaced second seed Diego Schwartzman who had a first round bye. As a result, he moved up to No. 108 in the rankings on 2 May 2022.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: With his participation at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships as of 27 June 2022, he was in second place on the list of Grand Slam appearances overall with 70, tied with Fabrice Santoro.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: He reached the main draw of the US Open as a lucky loser, after losing to Pavel Kotov in the final round of the qualifications, recording his 18th participation at this Major and his 71st participation overall.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: In November 2022, Verdasco was banned from professional tennis for two months after testing positive in February for the prohibited drug methylphenidate; he had inadvertently forgotten to renew his Therapeutic Use Exemption for the medication.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco is an offensive baseliner who is comfortable on all surfaces, with fast hard courts being his best. Verdasco is good at backhand but considers his best shot to be his forehand, a shot that commentator Brad Gilbert often refers to as his "Fearhand". His serve is characteristic of a left-handed player predominantly using slice to create a lot of spin, and is capable of speeds exceeding 230 km/h.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco is known for rivaling compatriot Rafael Nadal with the amount of topspin he can put on a ball. which partly explains his improved results since 2009, but still struggles with his nerves when facing the best players in the world. He is endorsed by Adidas (he wears the Adizero group and the Adizero Feather II) and is currently using the Head series for racquets, after having played with Tecnifibre for the majority of his career (with Yonex for a very short time in 2010), Dunlop from 2011 to 2013 and the Babolat Aeropro series in 2014. He is currently using the Head Graphene Touch Speed Pro.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco began playing tennis when he was four years old, practicing with his father on the two hard courts in the backyard of their family home. He stopped school at the age of 11, and his father took over his son's academic training. His parents own a restaurant in Madrid. He has two younger sisters.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: Verdasco was diagnosed with ADHD when he was a child, but did not receive treatment in order not to have problems with doping. Verdasco supports Real Madrid. Verdasco has often spoken of his love for the English rock band Oasis and once proposed that he would play a tennis match wearing headphones listening to their 1994 album, "Definitely Maybe". He is known to use mindfulness techniques during his tennis matches, often visualizing soothing and romantic scenes to help dampen the stress of professional tennis. He owns a dog named Bono Bono.


title: Fernando Verdasco

text: After 5 years of dating, Verdasco married Ana Boyer, on 7 December 2017. The wedding took place on the private island of Mustique in the Caribbean. Boyer is the daughter of former Spanish politician Miguel Boyer, and Spanish Filipina socialite, Isabel Preysler. Boyer's half-brother is Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias. The couple have two sons, Miguel and Mateo.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: American Eagle Flight 4184, officially operating as Simmons Airlines Flight 4184, was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Indianapolis, Indiana to Chicago, Illinois, United States. On , 1994, the performing this route flew into severe icing conditions, lost control and crashed into a field. All 68 people aboard were killed in the high-speed impact.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: The aircraft involved, registration was built by the French-Italian aircraft manufacturer ATR and was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127 turboprops. It made its first flight on March 7, 1994, and was delivered to American Eagle on March 24, 1994. It was operated by Simmons Airlines on behalf of American Eagle. American Eagle was the banner carrier regional airline branding program of AMR Corporation's regional system, prior to the formation of the fully certificated carrier named American Eagle Airlines.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: The captain of Flight 4184 was Orlando Aguilar, 29. He was an experienced pilot with almost 8,000 hours of flight time, including 1,548 hours in the ATR. Colleagues described Aguilar's flying skills in positive terms and commented on the relaxed cockpit atmosphere that he promoted. The first officer was Jeffrey Gagliano, 30. His colleagues also considered him to be a competent pilot, and he had accumulated more than 5,000 flight hours, including 3,657 hours in the ATR. There were two flight attendants, one of them was on the first day of the job.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: National Weather Service reports revealed low cloud ceilings and visibility under three miles in the area. The air temperature was approximately at the accident site but at , with precipitation in the air.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: The weather conditions provided by Lowell Airport, located about northwest of the accident site, indicated broken clouds at and an overcast sky at with gusty winds from the southwest at and light drizzle. However, the report observation was made about 30 minutes after the accident.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: The flight was en route from Indianapolis International Airport, Indiana to O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois. Adverse weather in Chicago caused delays, prompting air traffic control to hold Flight 4184 over the nearby LUCIT intersection at . While holding, the plane encountered freezing rain, a dangerous icing condition in which supercooled droplets rapidly cause intense ice buildup. Soon after, the flight was cleared to descend to . The pilots were then ordered to enter another hold. During the descent, a sound indicating an overspeed warning caused by the extended flaps was heard in the cockpit. After the pilot took action by retracting the flaps, the pitch attitude and angle of attack of the airplane increased, followed by a sharp, uncommanded roll excursion that disengaged the autopilot. Flight recorder data showed that the aircraft rolled 77 degrees to the right, and the ailerons moved to a neutral position and the plane began rolling back toward wings level. However, another right-aileron deflection occurred as the bank angle was decreasing through 59 degrees, bringing the plane completely inverted. Throughout this roll, the data recorder showed that the first officer was sustaining nose-up elevator inputs. After the aircraft completed a full right roll and passed through a wings-level attitude, the ailerons were deflected toward the left and the roll was stopped at 144 degrees of right bank. The pilots rolled the airplane to the left, and as the bank angle decreased through 90 degrees, they applied nose-up elevator to stop the downward pitch, as the plane had reached a 73-degree nose-down attitude. By this point, the airplane was descending through . The airplane's ground-proximity warning system began to sound, followed by an expletive from the first officer and a rapid increase in nose-up elevator. A loud "crunching" sound was heard shortly before the end of the cockpit voice recording. The airplane crashed into a wet soybean field, partially inverted, in a nose-down attitude.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: The disintegration of the plane indicated extreme velocity, and data recovered from the flight data recorder showed that the plane had an indicated airspeed of at impact. There was no fire. The distribution of wreckage, combined with data from the flight recorders, indicated that the horizontal stabilizer and outboard sections of both wings separated from the airplane prior to impact, "in close proximity to the ground." As the bodies of all on board were fragmented by the impact forces, the crash site was declared a biohazard.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: Flight 4184 was the first hull loss, and also the deadliest aviation accident, involving an ATR 72 aircraft. Sixteen years later, Aero Caribbean Flight 883 crashed into a high range of terrain, also in icing conditions, resulting in the same number of fatalities.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: In its report, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found that the aircraft manufacturer ATR, the French Directorate General for Civil Aviation (the French counterpart of the American FAA) and the FAA itself had each contributed to the accident by failing to achieve the highest possible level of safety.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: The French Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA) made its own separate investigation and agreed with the NTSB's cause of the accident as aileron deflection leading to loss of control. However, the BEA stated in its response to the NTSB's report that the aileron deflection was caused by pilot error instead of by ice, citing several off-topic conversations made by the crew during the holding phase as well as the flight crew's extension of the flaps to 15 degrees while at a high speed, which can create large axial loads. The BEA also stated that the air-traffic controller was not adequately monitoring the flight. However, the NTSB refuted the BEA's arguments in its final report and in a separate detailed response article. In addition, there was no factual evidence to support the BEA's claims. The NTSB stated that the crew's conversation took place at a non-critical moment of the flight and that the pilots were aware of the ice on the wings. Therefore, the NTSB concluded that the non-pertinent conversation did not contribute to the accident.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: In March 1995, some families of the victims discovered remains of their loved ones at the accident site, giving rise to a suspicion that cleanup efforts were not thorough. In a statement, the Newton County coroner – referring to other comments made – said he was not surprised there were remains left, given how serious the accident was.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: In April 1996 the FAA issued 18 Airworthiness Directives (ADs) affecting 29 turboprop aircraft having the combination of unpowered flight controls, pneumatic deicing boots and NACA "five-digit sharp-stall" airfoils. They included significant revisions of pilot operating procedures in icing conditions (higher minimum speeds, manual control and different upset recovery procedures) as well as physical changes to the coverage area of the deicing boots on the airfoils.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: In the years following the accident, AMR stopped flying its American Eagle ATRs out of its northern hubs and moved them to its southern and Caribbean hubs at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Miami, Florida and San Juan, Puerto Rico to reduce potential icing problems in the future. Other American ATR operators, particularly Atlantic Southeast Airlines, operated ATR 72 aircraft in areas where icing conditions were not common.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: While the ATR 42 and ATR 72 aircraft are now compliant with all icing-condition requirements imposed by those 18 ADs, the deicing boots still only reach back to 12.5% of the chord. Prior to the accident, they had extended only to 5% and 7%, respectively. Robert Boser believes the ADs still fail to deal with the findings of tests conducted by British regulators at MoD Boscombe Down, which demonstrated that ice could form as far back on the wing as 23% of the chord, and on the tail at 30% of the chord. Both percentages are well beyond the reach of the extended deicing boots installed in compliance with the FAA ADs. Those tests limited the size of the droplets to 40 micrometres, near the maximum limit of the FAA design certification rules for Transport Category aircraft (Part 25, Appendix C), still in effect at that time of the Roselawn crash. "Extensive airborne testing" following the accident revealed that airliners can encounter water droplets exceeding 200 micrometers in average diameter. It is likely that the lack of further ATR icing accidents during the 1990s is attributable to the changes in pilot operating procedures, as well as the moving of those aircraft to operating areas where severe icing is not a problem, rather than to the modest extension of the deicing boots to 12.5% of the chord.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: Three ATR 72s have since crashed because of icing. TransAsia Airways Flight 791 crashed on December 21, 2002, killing both pilots. The cause was attributed to water-droplet size that was beyond Part 25, Appendix C of the FAA design certification. Aero Caribbean Flight 883 crashed on November 4, 2010, killing all 68 people on board. UTair Flight 120 crashed on April 2, 2012 because of a failure to deice the aircraft prior to takeoff, and 33 of the 43 people on board were killed.


title: American Eagle Flight 4184

text: A 2020 report from Flight Global described a 2016 icing incident with an ATR 72 involving a Jet Time flight for SAS during a domestic Bergen-Alesund service in Norway. Nobody was injured in the flight.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: The tabò () is the traditional hygiene tool primarily for cleansing, bathing, and cleaning the floor of the bathroom in the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, and Brunei. Tabò is the Filipino name, while gayung and cebok (pronounced chabo') are the equivalent terms used in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, and East Timor. The tabò could most commonly be found in the provinces though it is also widely used in the cities. The word may be related to the word "cebok" in neighboring Indonesia and Malaysia, which describes the process of cleansing oneself using a tabò (or "cebok") in a "mandi" (another Bahasa phrase for the tabò is "kamar mandi").


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: The "tabò" can sometimes be translated into English as a "dipper" or "pitcher", but according to Michael Tan, chancellor at the University of the Philippines-Diliman and a columnist at the "Philippine Daily Inquirer", "tabò" is much more than a dipper. The plastic "tabò" is an almost indispensable fixture in the Filipino home. Filipinos living overseas will bring their own "tabò" or even ask their relatives to send one over if ever they forget.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: Tabò is also widely used anywhere in a household for purposes other than bathing, such as for measuring volume. 1 tabo is often equal to 1 liter, as usually the household tabò would be the used plastic container of 1 liter of motor oil.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: A tabò has similarity in design and use to the hishaku (柄杓), a Japanese water dipper with a handle made of bamboo.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: The "tabo" is the Filipino version of the dipper that is also well known in other Southeast Asian countries that use their own version of a dipper. The "modern" "tabo" was created during the introduction of plastic, using modern material to create the dipper instead of traditional coconut and bamboo materials. In the past, the "tabo" was called a "sartin", from the Spanish "sartén"; back then sources of water were sometimes few and far between, which caused the ancestors of today's Filipinos to develop the tool or device. Instead of standing up each time to be able to reach the water source and wash their hands, the "sartin" was passed around to save time and, essentially, water, according to historian Lito Nunag of the University of the Philippines-Diliman.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: The early "tabò" dating back to the pre-colonial period used to be made out of coconut shell and bamboo, and it was not used as a toilet implement.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: The "tabò" and its equivalent in many traditional homes in Southeast Asia is not so much a toilet item as an all-purpose household object. It is found at the entrance of the house, next to a terracotta water jar, a "palayók", so guests can wash their hands and feet before entering the house. There, the "tabo" speaks of courtesies, the host's as well as the guest's. In the traditional kitchen, the "tabo" is again found with the "palayók", which keeps and cools drinking water. The "tabò" is strategically located there for the purposes of taking out water to drink and of washing of hands and/or dishes. The "tabò" reflects an obsession with cleanliness, one which seems to have declined over time as the "palayók" and the "tabò" disappeared, or, in the case of the "tabò", was relegated to the toilet and limited to its present, less sanitary function.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: The plastic tabo is kept mainly in the bathroom and is used as a water dipper for various functions. The emphasis is on properly utilizing the "tabo" or else a mess will be made in the toilet.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: Its primary purpose is to clean. It is used to clean the toilet floor, to get water to flush the toilet, and most importantly, to get water for personal cleanliness: for washing the anus after using the toilet, for washing hands, for shampooing, or for bathing the whole body.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: Filipinos use the "tabo" in addition to or instead of toilet paper to wash after using the bathroom. Not all toilets in the Philippines have an automatic flush, so instead, a "timbâ" (generally a plastic pail with a metal handle) and a "tabò" kept floating inside it is used. Upon entering the toilet, the pail should be checked if it has enough water.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: Filipinos thoroughly wash their hands after going to the toilet, using water and any available cleansing agent be it soap or a laundry detergent bar.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: Michael Tan mentioned that in the 17th century, the Jesuit Ignacio Alcina noticed how different words were used in the Visayan languages to refer to washing the feet, the hands, and the genitalia. One of Tan's readers wrote to confirm this, giving the many verbs for different types of washing, many of which probably involved the "tabò".


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: The "tabo" is crafted out of two of the more ubiquitous items in the Philippine natural environment: coconut and bamboo.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: The use of the "tabo" is ecological in the way it recycles coconut shells. More importantly with regards to the toilet, it allows an economical use of water, often a scarce resource in many of the homes of Filipino families. For this purpose, the traditional tabo loses in terms of effectivity in saving water to the modern plastic version. The traditional "tabo" was developed in a pre-toilet era. It takes less water than the plastic one, not enough for flushing the toilet. The plastic "tabo" takes just about the right amount of water, which can have enough force for flushing, but that also requires some degree of artistry in the way one douses the water.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: Non-Filipinos (apart from non-Filipino Muslims who use similar hygiene practices, or others from places in Asia and Africa where the use of water is normal) may find the practice strange.


title: Tabo (hygiene)

text: A controversy sparked in January 2009 when a Filipino machine operator was reportedly sacked by an engineering firm in Australia allegedly for his toilet habits. A Townsville Bulletin report posted on news.com.au said that Amador Bernabe, 43 years old, who is a Filipino machine operator, was kicked out of his job by the Townsville Engineering Industries (TEI) for using water, instead of toilet paper, to clean himself during toilet visits. After an investigation was conducted, Bernabe got his job back in the firm.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: Alireza Safar Beiranvand (; born 21 September 1992) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the Persian Gulf Pro League club Persepolis and the Iran national team.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: Beiranvand represented Iran internationally at the 2015 and 2019 AFC Asian Cups, and at the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: In 2017, Beiranvand became the first Iranian ever to be nominated for an individual award at The Best FIFA Football Awards. He has been the best goalkeeper in the Persian Gulf Pro League for four consecutive seasons from 2014 to 2019 and has also been the Iranian Footballer of the Year in 2019. With 23 clean sheets in 37 matches during the 2017–18 season, he ranked as the second goalkeeper in the world for the cleanest sheets.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: Beiranvand was born in the small village of Sarab-e Yas in Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, and grew up in a nomadic family. In his teenage years, Beiranvand ran away from home and moved to Tehran in order to fulfil his dream of becoming a professional footballer, where he was homeless for some time.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: Beiranvand got married in 2010 at the age of 18, resulting in a son named Taha and a daughter named Barana.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: Beiranvand has played with Naft Tehran since 2011. He made his debut in the Hazfi Cup against Damash on 25 October 2011. There were links between him and the red half of Tehran, Persepolis, but the chairman of Naft Tehran, Mansour Ghanbarzadeh, did not allow him to leave the club. In his first year as the first-choice goalkeeper, Beiranvand led the team to a 3rd place League finish and a spot in the AFC Champions League for the first time in the club's history. On 23 March 2014, he extended his contract with the club until June 2019. On 24 November 2014, Beiranvand provided an assist in their match against Tractor Sazi by throwing the ball into the opponent's half.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: He was linked with a move to Persepolis in January 2016, but the move fell through at the last moment. Beiranvand left Naft at the end of the 2015–16 season after his contract expired.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: On 16 May 2016, Beiranvand signed a two–year contract with league runners-up Persepolis. In 2017 Beiranvand extended his contract with the club until 2021. In December 2017, in a match against Foolad, Beiranvand set a League record of going 718 minutes without conceding a goal, which was later broken by Esteghlal goalkeeper Hossein Hosseini.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: Beiranvand was named 2018 AFC Champions League semi-final first leg player of the week following his performance against Al Sadd. He was also "Man of the match" and with "Team of the Week" 2nd leg after saved many Al Sadd's chances and help Persepolis to reach the final, His five clean sheets during the competition was the most of any goalkeeper. He was reportedly chosen as one of the candidates for the 2018 Asian Footballer of the Year award, but his exclusion was described by Asian football writers as a big shock, and an outrageous and scandalous event. The following season Beiranvand kept 16 clean sheets in 2018–19 Pro League and claimed Golden Gloves for three Years in a row and four times as a whole.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: In late July 2020, Jupiler Pro League side Royal Antwerp confirmed the signing of Beiranvand a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: On 10 July 2021, Beiranvand joined Primeira Liga side Boavista on a one-year loan, with a purchase option for €1 million.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: He represented Iran at various youth levels, such as the U-19 team during the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship and the U-22 team in the 2013 U-22 Asian Cup qualifiers.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: In April 2014, he was called up to the Iran national football team training camp in South Africa by coach Carlos Queiroz after many Sepahan players could not make it because of AFC Champions League matches, including goalkeeper Rahman Ahmadi. He was also selected in Iran's 30-man provisional squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. However, Beiranvand was not included in Iran's squad for the World Cup, without playing any match in pre-World Cup friendly matches. He was called into Iran's 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad on 30 December 2014 by Carlos Queiroz.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: He made his debut in a friendly match against Iraq on 4 January 2015, just before the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: During the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, first-choice goalkeeper Alireza Haghighi was denied a visa for entry to Guam ahead of their fixture, alongside left back Ehsan Hajsafi. Beiranvand was thus given his first competitive start for the senior team. However, he was given a straight red in the 72nd minute for a foul on Guam midfielder Dylan Naputi, less than a minute after Iran had used up all of their substitutions, forcing defender Ezzatollah Pourghaz to take on goalkeeper duties.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: During the final round of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, Beiranvand became Iran's starting goalkeeper, replacing Alireza Haghighi. In May 2018, he was named in Iran's preliminary squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: In Iran's last match of the 2018 World Cup, Beiranvand saved a penalty from Cristiano Ronaldo, as Iran drew 1–1 with Portugal. Beiranvand was the starting goalkeeper of the Iran squad at the Asian cup 2019. He was again in the spotlight when he saved a penalty from Ahmed Mubarak Al-Mahaijri, as Iran won 2–0 against Oman. He was again in the spotlight when he saved a penalty from the captain of Cambodia, as Iran won 14–0 against Cambodia.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: He was Iran's starting goalkeeper at the 2022 FIFA World Cup, but during the match against England he collided with defender Majid Hosseini; after a lengthy medical treatment on the field, he was allowed to continue, but appeared disoriented and minutes later lied down on the ground and requested a substitution, after which he was taken to a nearby hospital. Headway called the decision to keep him on the field an "utter disgrace" and an "abject failure" of the concussion protocol. He was replaced by Hossein Hosseini, who remained in the starting position for the next match against Wales; Beiranvand then returned for the third group stage match against the United States.


title: Alireza Beiranvand

text: Beiranvand's main trait is his ability to take very long throws. In the 2015 AFC Champions League Round of 16 against Al Ahli, Beiranvand made a throw that reached 60m. On 24 November 2014, he provided an assist against Tractor Sazi by throwing the ball into the opponent's half. Beiranvand is good in aerial duels and has been praised for his athleticism, "outstanding shot-stopping", acrobatic dives, and quick reflexes.


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: , also known as or , was a semi-legendary regent and a politician of the Asuka period in Japan who served under Empress Suiko. He was the son of Emperor Yōmei and his consort, Princess Anahobe no Hashihito, who was also Yōmei's younger half-sister. But later, he was adopted by Prince Shōtoken. His parents were relatives of the ruling Soga clan and also he was involved in the defeat of the rival Mononobe clan. The primary source of the life and accomplishments of Prince Shōtoku comes from the "Nihon Shoki". The Prince is renowned for modernizing the government administration and for promoting Buddhism in Japan.


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: Over successive generations, a devotional cult arose around the figure of Prince Shōtoku for the protection of Japan, the Imperial Family, and for Buddhism. Key religious figures such as Saichō, Shinran and others claimed inspiration or visions attributed to Prince Shōtoku.


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: According to tradition, Shōtoku was appointed regent ("Sesshō") in 593 by Empress Suiko (554–628), his aunt. Shōtoku, inspired by the Buddha's teachings, succeeded in establishing a centralized government during his reign. In 603, he established the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System at the court. He is credited with promulgating the seventeen-article constitution.


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: Shōtoku was an ardent Buddhist and is traditionally attributed the authorship of the "Sangyō Gisho" or "Annotated Commentaries on the Three Sutras" (the "Lotus Sutra", the "Vimalakirti Sutra", and the "Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra"). The first of these commentaries, "Hokke Gisho", is traditionally dated to 615 and thus regarded as "the first Japanese text", in turn making Shōtoku the first known Japanese writer.


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: In the late 6th century, Shōtoku led an enormous national project to promote Buddhism and he commissioned the construction of Shitennō-ji. The Buddhist temple was built in Settsu Province (present-day Osaka) after his military victory against the powerful Mononobe clan, for he is said to have summoned them to crush his enemies. Shōtoku's name has been linked with Hōryū-ji, a temple in Yamato Province, and numerous other temples in the Kansai region. Documentation at Hōryū-ji claims that Suiko and Shōtoku founded the temple in the year 607. Archaeological excavations in 1939 have confirmed that Prince Shōtoku's palace, the "Ikaruga no miya" (斑鳩宮), stood in the eastern part of the current temple complex, where the "Tō-in" (東院) sits today. Despite being credited as the founder of Japanese Buddhism, it is also said that the Prince respected Shinto and never visited Buddhist temples without visiting Shinto shrines.


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: In his correspondence with Emperor Yang of Sui, Shōtoku's letter contains the earliest known written instance in which the Japanese archipelago is referred to by a term meaning "land of the rising sun." The Sui Emperor had dispatched a message in 605 that said, "the sovereign of Sui respectfully inquires about the sovereign of Wa," and Shōtoku responded by sponsoring a mission led by Ono no Imoko in 607, who brought along a note reading: "From the sovereign of the land of the rising sun ("hi izuru tokoro") to the sovereign of the land of the setting sun."


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: A legend claims that when Bodhidharma came to Japan, he met with Prince Shōtoku whilst under the guise of a starving beggar. The Prince asked the beggar to identify himself, but the man did not reply. Instead of going ahead, Shōtoku gave him food, drink, and covered him with his purple garment, telling him to "lie in peace". Shōtoku then sang for the starving man.


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: The second day, Shōtoku sent a messenger to the starving man, but he was already dead. Hereupon, he was greatly grieved and ordered his burial. Shōtoku later thought the man was no ordinary man for sure, and sending another messenger, discovered the earth had not been disturbed. On opening the tomb there was no body inside, and the Prince's purple garment lay folded on the coffin. The Prince then sent another messenger to claim the garment, and he continued to wear it just as before. Struck by awe, the people praised the Prince: "How true it is that a sage knoweth a sage." This legend is linked with the temple of Daruma-dera in Ōji, Nara, where a stone stupa was found underground, which is exceedingly rare.


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: Shōtoku is known by several titles, although his real name is since he was born in front of a stable. He is also known as or . In the "Kojiki", his name appears as . In the "Nihon Shoki", in addition to "Umayado no ōji", he is referred to as "Toyosamimi Shōtoku" (豊聡耳聖徳), "Toyosatomimi no Nori no Ōkami" (豊聡耳法大王), and simply "Nori no Ushi no Ōkami" (法主王).


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: The name by which he is best known today, "Prince Shōtoku", first appeared in "Kaifūsō", written more than 100 years after his death in 622 AD.


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: A number of institutes are named after Shōtoku, such as Shotoku Gakuen University and its associated junior college (both in Gifu). The first syllable of his name (聖), can be read "shō" in Go-on and can also be read "sei" in Kan-on. The later reading is found in Seitoku University and its associated junior college (both in Matsudo, Chiba) as well as Tokyo's defunct Seitoku Junior College of Nutrition (and indirectly its replacement Seiei College).


title: Prince Shōtoku

text: The portrait of Prince Shōtoku has appeared on 100, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 yen bills. Two bills made with different types of materials and special inks with a face value of 100,000,000 (one hundred million yen) were also issued. The characteristic of these bills is that they have a border around it to prevent its alteration. As characteristics, it has a seal and figures in different positions starting from the middle outwards. The measurements of these 2 issues of bills are 35.3 cm x 16 cm and the other with a small variation of 34.3 by 16.5 cm. These cloth tickets were used for the exchange of important values.


title: R. James Long

text: Raymond James Long (born December 15, 1938) is an American academic and professor emeritus of philosophy at Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut. He is also a faculty member at St. John Fisher Seminary in Stamford, Connecticut. Long was the president of the Society for Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy.


title: R. James Long

text: Long has published nine books, including "The Life and Works of Richard Fishacre, O.P., Prolegomena to the Edition of his Commentary on the "Sentences"", published in 1999; editions of parts one and two of the second book of "Fishacre's Sentences Commentary" (2008 and 2011); "Adam of Bockenfield, 'Glossaae super De vegetabilibus et plantis': A Critical Edition with Introduction"; and, most recently "Hagar's Vocation. Philosophy's Role in the Theology of Richard Fishacre" (CUA Press, 2015).


title: R. James Long

text: Of German and Italian ancestry, Long has also authored more than 60 articles on medieval philosophy (which include editions of the works of such writers as Alfred of Sareshel, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, the anonymous author of a Peterhouse manuscript on the science of botany, in addition to his work on Fishacre and Adam of Bockenfield), and was the recipient of numerous academic awards, including a Fulbright Scholarship, a Canada Council Postdoctoral Fellowship and a NEH Text and Editions Grant. Long received a licentiate in medieval studies from the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in 1966 and earned his doctorate from the University of Toronto in 1968.


title: R. James Long

text: Long is married to former Broadway actress Wendy Lesniak, with whom he has three sons: Damian, Justin, and Christian.


title: Cirque

text: A ' (; from the Latin word ') is an amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion. Alternative names for this landform are corrie (from Scottish Gaelic , meaning a pot or cauldron) and ' (; ). A cirque may also be a similarly shaped landform arising from fluvial erosion.


title: Cirque

text: The concave shape of a glacial cirque is open on the downhill side, while the cupped section is generally steep. Cliff-like slopes, down which ice and glaciated debris combine and converge, form the three or more higher sides. The floor of the cirque ends up bowl-shaped, as it is the complex convergence zone of combining ice flows from multiple directions and their accompanying rock burdens. Hence, it experiences somewhat greater erosion forces and is most often overdeepened below the level of the cirque's low-side outlet (stage) and its down-slope (backstage) valley. If the cirque is subject to seasonal melting, the floor of the cirque most often forms a tarn (small lake) behind a dam, which marks the downstream limit of the glacial overdeepening. The dam itself can be composed of moraine, glacial till, or a lip of the underlying bedrock.


title: Cirque

text: The fluvial cirque or , found in karst landscapes, is formed by intermittent river flow cutting through layers of limestone and chalk leaving sheer cliffs. A common feature for all fluvial-erosion cirques is a terrain which includes erosion resistant upper structures overlying materials which are more easily eroded.


title: Cirque

text: Glacial cirques are found amongst mountain ranges throughout the world; 'classic' cirques are typically about one kilometer long and one kilometer wide. Situated high on a mountainside near the firn line, they are typically partially surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs. The highest cliff is often called a headwall. The fourth side forms the "lip", "threshold" or "sill", the side at which the glacier flowed away from the cirque. Many glacial cirques contain tarns dammed by either till (debris) or a bedrock threshold. When enough snow accumulates, it can flow out the opening of the bowl and form valley glaciers which may be several kilometers long.


title: Cirque

text: Cirques form in conditions which are favorable; in the Northern Hemisphere the conditions include the north-east slope, where they are protected from the majority of the Sun's energy and from the prevailing winds. These areas are sheltered from heat, encouraging the accumulation of snow; if the accumulation of snow increases, the snow turns into glacial ice. The process of nivation follows, whereby a hollow in a slope may be enlarged by ice segregation weathering and glacial erosion. Ice segregation erodes the vertical rock face and causes it to disintegrate, which may result in an avalanche bringing down more snow and rock to add to the growing glacier. Eventually, this hollow may become large enough that glacial erosion intensifies. The enlarging of this open ended concavity creates a larger leeward deposition zone, furthering the process of glaciation. Debris (or till) in the ice also may abrade the bed surface; should ice move down a slope it would have a ‘sandpaper effect’ on the bedrock beneath, on which it scrapes.


title: Cirque

text: Eventually, the hollow may become a large bowl shape in the side of the mountain, with the headwall being weathered by ice segregation, and as well as being eroded by plucking. The basin will become deeper as it continues to be eroded by ice segregation and abrasion. Should ice segregation, plucking and abrasion continue, the dimensions of the cirque will increase, but the proportion of the landform would remain roughly the same. A bergschrund forms when the movement of the glacier separates the moving ice from the stationary ice, forming a crevasse. The method of erosion of the headwall lying between the surface of the glacier and the cirque's floor has been attributed to freeze-thaw mechanisms. The temperature within the bergschrund changes very little, however, studies have shown that ice segregation (frost shattering) may happen with only small changes in temperature. Water that flows into the bergschrund can be cooled to freezing temperatures by the surrounding ice, allowing freeze-thaw mechanisms to occur.


title: Cirque

text: If two adjacent cirques erode toward one another, an arête, or steep sided ridge, forms. When three or more cirques erode toward one another, a pyramidal peak is created. In some cases, this peak will be made accessible by one or more arêtes. The Matterhorn in the European Alps is an example of such a peak.


title: Cirque

text: Where cirques form one behind the other, a cirque stairway results, as at the Zastler Loch in the Black Forest.


title: Cirque

text: As glaciers can only originate above the snowline, studying the location of present-day cirques provides information on past glaciation patterns and on climate change.


title: Cirque

text: Although a less common usage, the term cirque is also used for amphitheatre-shaped, fluvial-erosion features. For example, an approximately anticlinal erosion cirque is at on the southern boundary of the Negev highlands. This erosional cirque or "" was formed by intermittent river flow in the Makhtesh Ramon cutting through layers of limestone and chalk, resulting in cirque walls with a sheer drop. The Cirque du Bout du Monde is another such feature, created in karst terraine in the Burgundy region of the department of in France.


title: Cirque

text: Yet another type of fluvial erosion-formed cirque is found on Réunion island, which includes the tallest volcanic structure in the Indian Ocean. The island consists of an active shield-volcano () and an extinct, deeply eroded volcano (Piton des Neiges). Three cirques have eroded there in a sequence of agglomerated, fragmented rock and volcanic breccia associated with pillow lavas overlain by more coherent, solid lavas.


title: Cirque

text: A common feature for all fluvial-erosion cirques is a terrain which includes erosion resistant upper structures overlying materials which are more easily eroded.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Stella Maudine Nickell (née Stephenson; born August 7, 1943) is an American woman who was sentenced to ninety years in prison for product tampering after she poisoned Excedrin capsules with lethal cyanide, resulting in the deaths of her husband Bruce Nickell and Sue Snow. Her May 1988 conviction and prison sentence were the first under federal product tampering laws instituted after the 1982 Chicago Tylenol murders.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Stella Maudine Stephenson was born in Colton, Oregon, to Alva Georgia "Jo" (née Duncan; later changed her name to Cora Lee) and George Stephenson, and grew up poor. By age 16, she was pregnant with her daughter Cynthia Hamilton. Nickell then moved to Southern California, married, and had another daughter. She began to have various legal troubles, including a conviction for fraud in 1968, a charge the following year of beating Hamilton with a curtain rod, and a conviction for forgery in 1971. Nickell served six months in jail for the fraud charge, and was ordered into counseling after the abuse charge.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Stella Nickell met Bruce Nickell in 1974. Bruce was a heavy equipment operator with a drinking habit, which suited her lifestyle, and the two were married in 1976. In the course of their ten-year marriage, he entered a drug rehab and gave up drinking, which Nickell reportedly resented. When her bar visits were curtailed by Bruce's sobriety, Nickell began requesting evening shifts at her security screener job at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and cultivated a home aquarium as a new hobby.


title: Stella Nickell

text: On June 5, 1986, the couple was living in Auburn, Washington, when Bruce, 52, came home from work with a headache. According to Nickell, Bruce took four extra-strength Excedrin capsules from a bottle in their home for his headache and collapsed minutes later. He died shortly thereafter at Harborview Medical Center, where treatment had failed to revive him. His death initially was ruled to be by natural causes, with attending physicians citing emphysema.


title: Stella Nickell

text: A second death, less than a week later, forced authorities to reconsider the cause of Bruce's death. On June 11, Sue Snow, a 40-year-old Auburn bank manager, took two Excedrin capsules for an early-morning headache. Snow's husband, Paul Webking, took two capsules from the same bottle for his arthritis and left the house for work. At 6:30 am, their 15-year-old daughter Hayley found Snow collapsed on the floor of her bathroom, unresponsive and with a faint pulse. Paramedics were called and transported Snow to Harborview Medical Center, but she died later that day without regaining consciousness.


title: Stella Nickell

text: During an autopsy on Snow, Assistant Medical Examiner Janet Miller detected the scent of bitter almonds, an odor distinctive to cyanide. Tests verified that Snow had died of acute cyanide poisoning. Investigators examined the contents of the Snow-Webking household and discovered the source of the cyanide: the bottle of Excedrin capsules that both Snow and Webking had used the morning of Snow's death. Three capsules out of those that remained in the 60-capsule bottle were found to be laced with cyanide in toxic quantities.


title: Stella Nickell

text: A murder by cyanide was sensational news in Washington. When another tainted bottle from the same lot was found in a grocery store in nearby Kent, Washington, Bristol-Myers, the manufacturers of Excedrin, responded to the discovery with a heavily publicized recall of all Excedrin products in the Seattle area, and a group of drug companies came together to offer a $300,000 reward for the capture of the person responsible.


title: Stella Nickell

text: In response to the publicity, Nickell came forward on June 19. She told police that her husband had recently died suddenly, after taking pills from a 40-capsule bottle of Excedrin with the same lot number as the one that had killed Snow. Tests by the FDA confirmed the presence of cyanide in her husband's remains and in two Excedrin bottles Nickell had turned over to police.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Initial suspicions were directed at Bristol-Myers. Both Webking and Nickell filed wrongful death lawsuits against the company, and the FDA inspected the Morrisville, North Carolina plant where the tainted lot had been packaged, but found no traces of cyanide to explain its presence in the Washington bottles. On June 18, Bristol-Myers recalled all Excedrin capsules in the US, pulling them from store shelves and warning consumers to not use any they may already have bought; two days later the company announced a recall of all of their non-prescription capsule products. On June 24, a cyanide-contaminated bottle of Anacin-3 was found at the same store where Snow had bought her contaminated Excedrin. On June 27, Washington State put into effect a 90-day ban on the sale of non-prescription medication in capsules.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Examination of the contaminated bottles by the FBI Crime Lab found that, in addition to containing cyanide powder, the poisoned capsules also contained flecks of an unknown green substance. Further tests showed that the substance was an algaecide used in home aquariums, sold under the brand name Algae Destroyer.


title: Stella Nickell

text: With contamination of the Excedrin at the source having been ruled out, investigators began to focus their investigation on the end-users of the product. The FBI began an investigation into possible product tampering having been the source of the poison. At the time, Excedrin was packaged in plastic bottles with the mouth of the bottle sealed with foil and the lid secured to the bottle with plastic wrap.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Both Webking and Nickell were asked to take polygraph examinations. Webking did so, but Nickell, who had started drinking heavily, declined. A lawyer representing Nickell told reporters that she was too "shaken up" to be subjected to the examination. Investigators' suspicions began to turn to Nickell when they discovered that she claimed that the two contaminated Excedrin bottles that she had turned over to police had been purchased at different times and different locations. A total of five bottles had been found to be contaminated in the entire country, and it was regarded as suspicious that Nickell would happen to have acquired two of them purely by chance.


title: Stella Nickell

text: With investigatory focus turned to Nickell, detectives uncovered more circumstantial evidence pointing to her as the culprit. Nickell had taken out a total of about $76,000 in insurance coverage on her husband's life, with an additional payout of $100,000 if his death was accidental. She was also known to have, even before Snow's death, repeatedly disputed doctors' ruling that her husband had died of natural causes. Further FBI investigation showed that Bruce's purported signatures on at least two of the insurance policies in his name had been forged. Investigators were also able to verify that Nickell had purchased Algae Destroyer from a local fish store; it was speculated that the algaecide had become mixed with the cyanide when Nickell used the same container to crush both substances without washing it in between uses.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Nickell finally consented to a polygraph examination in November 1986. She failed and investigators narrowed their focus to her even further. Concrete evidence proving that Nickell had ever purchased or used cyanide was lacking, and despite their relative certainty that Nickell had orchestrated the poisonings as either an elaborate cover-up for an insurance-motivated murder of her husband or a desperate attempt to force her husband's death to be ruled an accident to increase her insurance payout, they were unable to build a strong case supporting arrest.


title: Stella Nickell

text: In January 1987, Hamilton, now grown, approached police with information: her mother, Nickell, had spoken to her repeatedly about wanting Bruce dead, having grown bored with him after he quit drinking. Nickell, Hamilton claimed, had even told her that she had tried to poison Bruce previously with foxglove hidden in capsules. When that failed, she had begun library research into other methods and hit upon cyanide. Hamilton also claimed that Nickell had spoken to her about what the two of them could do with the insurance money if Bruce was dead.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Records from the Auburn Public Library, when subpoenaed, showed that Nickell had checked out numerous books about poisons, including "Human Poisonings from Native and Cultivated Plants" and "Deadly Harvest". The former was marked as overdue in library records, indicating that Nickell had borrowed but never returned it. The FBI identified Nickell's fingerprints on cyanide-related pages of a number of the works she had checked out during this period. By the summer of 1987, even Nickell's attorneys acknowledged that she was the prime suspect in the case.


title: Stella Nickell

text: On December 9, 1987, Nickell was indicted by a federal grand jury on five counts of product tampering, including two which resulted in the deaths of Bruce and Snow, and arrested the same day. She went on trial in April 1988 and was found guilty of all charges on May 9, after five days of jury deliberation. Nickell's legal team sought a mistrial on grounds of jury tampering and judicial misconduct. One of the jurors had been a plaintiff in a case involving a pill baked into Pepperidge Farm Goldfish crackers. While it was deemed to be a manufacturing error, the defense thought that it involved product tampering, and therefore should have been disclosed during jury selection. However, the motion was denied. Nickell was sentenced to two terms of 90 years in prison for the deaths of Bruce and Snow, and three 10-year terms for the other product tampering charges. All sentences were to run concurrently, and the judge ordered Nickell to pay a small fine and forfeit her remaining assets to the families of her victims. Nickell was denied parole in 2017.


title: Stella Nickell

text: As of April 2019, Nickell is housed at female-only low security/minimum security Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin, California, just east of San Francisco. Her release date is given as July 10, 2040, when she will be 96 years old.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Nickell continued to maintain her innocence after her trial. An appeal based on jury tampering and judicial misconduct issues was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in August 1989. A second appeal, beginning in 2001, was filed by Nickell's new attorney, Carl Park Colbert, based on evidence obtained by private detectives Al Farr and Paul Ciolino, requesting a new trial on the basis of new evidence having been discovered that the FBI may have withheld documents from the defense. The appeal was denied, though Nickell and her team continue to assert her innocence. Nickell claimed that her daughter, Hamilton, lied about her involvement in the case in order to reap the $300,000 of reward money being offered. Hamilton eventually collected $250,000 of that money. Nickell also alleges, among other things, that the evidence actually points to another person as the killer, and that the testimony about various smaller details in the case, such as the store owner who testified about her having purchased Algae Destroyer, was influenced by promises of payment.


title: Stella Nickell

text: After the 1982 Chicago Tylenol murders, new FDA regulations went into effect which made it a federal crime—rather than just a state or local crime—to tamper with consumer products. Local and state authorities are not, however, prevented from also filing charges in such cases. Under this law, Nickell's crime was prosecutable as a federal product tampering case as well as a state murder case, and she was not convicted of murder, but of product tampering that caused death. The possibility of state charges for the actual murders of Bruce and Snow continues to exist.


title: Stella Nickell

text: Seattle author Gregg Olsen wrote about the Nickell case in his 1993 book "Bitter Almonds: The True Story of Mothers, Daughters and the Seattle Cyanide Murders". The case was also featured on episodes of "Autopsy", "Forensic Files", "The New Detectives", Mysteries at the Museum, and "Snapped", as well as two episodes of "Deadly Women". Nickell's murders are also discussed in the Jodi Picoult novel "House Rules", published in 2010. It was also featured in episode 93 of Casefile True Crime Podcast in August 2018. The case was referenced in an episode of "In Plain Sight" titled "Kill Pill", which aired November 23, 2018 on the "Investigation Discovery" channel.


title: Stella Nickell

text: The 2000 TV film "Who Killed Sue Snow?" was to be made about the Nickell case to air on USA Network, but it was cancelled shortly before production began. One factor was strong objections from advertisers, including Johnson & Johnson, owner of the Tylenol brand of painkillers which had been affected by the 1982 Chicago case. Additionally, network executives feared the film would inspire copycat crimes. The film was to have been directed by Jeff Reiner and starring Katey Sagal as Nickell.


title: Google Drawings

text: Google Drawings is a diagramming software included as part of the free, web-based Google Docs Editors suite offered by Google. The service also includes Google Docs, Google Sheets, Google Slides, Google Forms, Google Sites, and Google Keep. Google Drawings is available as a web application and as a desktop application on Google's ChromeOS. The app allows users to create and edit flowcharts, organisational charts, website wireframes, mind maps, concept maps, and other types of diagrams online while collaborating with other users in real-time.


title: Google Drawings

text: It allows importing images from the computer or from the Web as well as inserting shapes, arrows, scribbles and text from predefined templates. Objects can be moved, resized and rotated. The software also allows for basic editing of images, including cropping, applying masks and adding borders. Other features include laying out drawings precisely with alignment guides, snapping to grid, and auto-distribution. Unlike many of the other software in the Google Docs Editors suite, Google Drawings does not have its own dedicated home, as visiting the Google Drawings URL creates a new document.


title: Google Drawings

text: Drawings can be inserted into other Google documents, spreadsheets, or presentations. They can also be published online as images or downloaded in standard formats such as JPEG, SVG, PNG, or PDF.


title: Google Drawings

text: On August 1, 2011, Google announced that users would be able to copy and paste graphic elements between different Google Drawings.


title: Game creation system

text: A game creation system (GCS) is a consumer-targeted game engine and a set of specialized design tools (and sometimes a light scripting language), engineered for the rapid iteration of user-derived video games. Examples include Novashell and Pie in the Sky.