title: Peaceful Warrior

text: Slightly before the competition, Dan diverts the bus he is riding to Socrates' station, only to find that Socrates has vanished without a trace. At the arena, he attempts to teach his teammate Tommy what he has learned, but fails due to Tommy's emotional insecurity and lack of comprehension. Dan then is called upon for his turn to perform on the still rings. While he does his routine, Dan performs flawlessly just like Pommel Horse tryouts. Moments before he completes his routine, Socrates is in his thoughts asking him three questions: "Where are you, Dan?" "Here." "What time is it?" "Now." "What are You?" "This Moment." Dan then performs triple consecutive flips, with the commentators frantically speaking and the judges staring at him in amazement. He then dismounts, and the rings swing outwards, eventually touching each other. The screen goes black, leaving his last moment unknown.


title: Peaceful Warrior

text: The postscript states that Dan and his Berkeley Gymnastics Team won their first National title. It is implied at the end, in a postscript appearing on screen, that Dan of the film and Dan the author of the book on which the film is based are one and the same. It is also stated that the latter Dan lives with his wife Joy.


title: Peaceful Warrior

text: According to Nolte, “I’ve known this book since the late seventies. I had gone through the sixties with the peace movement, resistance of the war, civil rights. Millman had written this book about spiritual discovery in a novel. It was very open and readable and it appealed to a lot of people. At that time that it was offered to me, way, way back like 19 years ago I didn’t feel as close or the importance of the message in this piece as I do now.”


title: Peaceful Warrior

text: "Peaceful Warrior" received mixed to negative reviews, currently holding a 25% "rotten" rating from Rotten Tomatoes; the consensus states: "Based on a best-selling memoir, "Peaceful Warrior" loses something in the transition from page to screen. It hits the viewer over the head with philosophical jargon, and ultimately fails to live up to its source material." On Metacritic, the film has a 40/100 rating, indicating "mixed or average reviews." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 2½ stars out of 4.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Hemianopsia, or hemianopia, is a visual field loss on the left or right side of the vertical midline. It can affect one eye but usually affects both eyes.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Homonymous hemianopsia (or homonymous hemianopia) is hemianopic visual field loss on the same side of both eyes. Homonymous hemianopsia occurs because the right half of the brain has visual pathways for the left hemifield of both eyes, and the left half of the brain has visual pathways for the right hemifield of both eyes. When one of these pathways is damaged, the corresponding visual field is lost.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Mobility can be difficult for people with homonymous hemianopsia. "Patients frequently complain of bumping into obstacles on the side of the field loss, thereby bruising their arms and legs."


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: People with homonymous hemianopsia often experience discomfort in crowds. "A patient with this condition may be unaware of what he or she cannot see and frequently bumps into walls, trips over objects or walks into people on the side where the visual field is missing."


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: A related phenomenon is hemispatial neglect, the possible neglect of the right or left. The patient is not conscious of its existence. The right side of the face is not shaven, make up is applied to one side of the face only and only half of a plate of food is eaten. This, however, is not necessarily due to a sensory abnormality, and is therefore distinct from hemianopsia.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Homonymous hemianopsia can be congenital, but is usually caused by brain injury such as from stroke, trauma, tumors, infection, or following surgery.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Vascular and neoplastic (malignant or benign tumours) lesions from the optic tract, to visual cortex can cause a contralateral homonymous hemianopsia. Injury to the right side of the brain will affect the left visual fields of each eye. The more posterior the cerebral lesion, the more symmetric (congruous) the homonymous hemianopsia will be. For example, a person who has a lesion of the right optic tract will no longer see objects on his left side. Similarly, a person who has a stroke to the right occipital lobe will have the same visual field defect, usually more congruent between the two eyes, and there may be macular sparing.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: A stroke on the right side of the brain (especially parietal lobe), in addition to producing a homonymous hemianopsia, may also lead to the syndrome of hemispatial neglect.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Transient homonymous hemianopsia does not necessarily mean stroke. For instance, it can constitute the aura phase of migraine. Concomitant presence of a moving scintillating scotoma is suggestive of migraine, but has been seen in cerebral cancer as well. Computed tomography (CT scan) or MRI can be used to investigate if stroke, tumor, structural lesion, or demyelination is the cause of homonymous hemianopsia.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Homonymous hemianopsia secondary to posterior cerebral artery occlusion – may result in syndromes of memory impairment, opposite visual field loss (homonymous hemianopsia), and sometimes hemisensory deficits.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Infarction of occipital cortex typically causes macular sparing hemianopias due to dual blood supply from both posterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Occlusion of the calcarine artery that results in infarction of the superior part of the occipital lobe causes a lower peripheral visual field defect.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Posterior cerebral artery penetrating branch occlusion may result in infarction of the posterior capsule, causing hemisensory loss, and (if low enough) a transient hemianopia may also occur.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Prisms or "field expanders" that bend light have been prescribed for decades in patients with hemianopsia. Higher power Fresnel ("stick-on") prisms are commonly employed because they are thin and lightweight, and can be cut and placed in different positions on a spectacle lens.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Peripheral prism spectacles expand the visual field of patients with hemifield visual defects and have the potential to improve visual function and mobility. Prism spectacles incorporate higher power prisms, with variable shapes and designs. The Gottlieb button prism, and the Peli superior and inferior horizontal bands are some proprietary examples of prism glasses. These high power prisms "create" artificial peripheral vision into the non-blind field for obstacle avoidance and motion detection.


title: Homonymous hemianopsia

text: Certain counterbalancing brain lesions have also been shown to improve visual deficits in a phenomenon known as the Sprague effect.


title: Midnight movie

text: The term midnight movie is rooted in the practice that emerged in the 1950s of local television stations around the United States airing low-budget genre films as late-night programming, often with a host delivering ironic asides. As a cinematic phenomenon, the midnight screening of offbeat movies began in the early 1970s in a few urban centers, particularly in New York City with screenings of "El Topo" at the Elgin Theater, eventually spreading across the country. The screening of non-mainstream pictures at midnight was aimed at building a cult film audience, encouraging repeat viewing and social interaction in what was originally a countercultural setting.


title: Midnight movie

text: The national success of "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" and the changing economics of the film exhibition industry altered the nature of the midnight movie phenomenon; as its association with broader trends of cultural and political opposition dwindled in the 1980s, the midnight movie became a more purely camp experience—in effect, bringing it closer to the television form that shares its name. The term "midnight movie" is now often used in two different, though related, ways: as a synonym for "B movie", reflecting the relative cheapness characteristic of late-night movies both theatrically and on TV, and as a synonym for "cult film".


title: Midnight movie

text: In 1953, the Screen Actors Guild agreed to a residuals payment plan that greatly facilitated the distribution of B movies to television. A number of local television stations around the United States soon began showing inexpensive genre films in late-night slots; these late-night slots were after the safe-harbor time, meaning they were largely exempt from Federal Communications Commission regulations on indecent content. In the spring of 1954, Los Angeles TV station KABC expanded on the concept by having an appropriately offbeat host introduce the films: for a year on Saturday nights, "The Vampira Show", with Maila Nurmi in her newly adopted persona of a sexy bloodsucker ("Your pin-down girl"), presented low-budget movies with black humor and a low-cut black dress. The show—which ran at midnight for four weeks before shifting to 11 p.m. and, later, 10:30 p.m.—aired horror pictures like "Devil Bat's Daughter" and "Strangler of the Swamp" and suspense films such as "Murder by Invitation", "The Charge Is Murder", and "Apology for Murder". The format was echoed by stations across the country, who began showing their late-night B movies with in-character hosts such as Zacherley and Morgus the Magnificent offering ironic interjections.


title: Midnight movie

text: A quarter-century later, Cassandra Peterson established a persona that was essentially a ditzier, more buxom version of Vampira. As Elvira, Mistress of the Dark, Peterson became the most popular host in the arena of the TV midnight movie. Starting at L.A.'s KHJ-TV in 1981, Elvira's "Movie Macabre" was soon being syndicated nationally; Peterson presented mostly cut-rate horror films, interrupted on a regular basis for tongue-in-cheek commentary. Some local stations aired the "Movie Macabre" package in late-night slots. Others showed it during prime time on weekend nights; after a break for the local news, another genre film—a literal midnight movie—might follow, resulting in such virtual double bills as "Dr. Heckyl & Mr. Hype" and "The Night Evelyn Came Out of the Grave". USA Network launched a midnight movie package in 1989—"Up All Night", which showed mainly horror and soft-core sexploitation films, ran until 1998. In 1993, Buffalo's WKBW-TV began airing a late-night hosted mix of low-budget genre movies, foreign art films and eventually well-known classic films; "Off Beat Cinema" later became nationally syndicated (currently through Retro Television Network) and, as of 2013, originates from WBBZ-TV. In the 2000s, horror-oriented late-night movie programming has disappeared from many broadcast stations, though B pictures, mostly of a melodramatic nature, are still widely used in post–prime time slots. The small America One broadcast network distributes the "Macabre Theatre" movie package hosted by Butch Patrick, known for his portrayal of Eddie Munster on the 1960s show "The Munsters". In 2006, Turner Classic Movies began airing cult films as part of its new late-night series, "TCM Underground".


title: Midnight movie

text: In the United Kingdom, the BBC launched a regular late night movie slot on Saturday nights on BBC Two. From Saturday August 20, 1966, BBC Two started to air a "Midnight Movie" every Saturday night on the channel. The first "Midnight Movie" was "Blind Date" starring Hardy Krüger. The Midnight Movie would air every Saturday night on BBC Two, and would continue through the 1970s. The Midnight Movie was an attempt by the BBC to provide a late night alternative, when the two other channels BBC One and ITV would normally end their Saturday programming at around 12-midnight. This was partly due to the restrictions imposed on the broadcasting hours of both BBC and ITV by the British government, normally no more than 8 hours in a given day. As BBC Two did not broadcast a large amount of daytime programming, they had plenty of hours to spare to remain on the air late into the night, especially on a Saturday, thus the creation of the "Midnight Movie" strand was started. Most of the films aired were at least a decade old, but from 1967 nearly all of the films broadcast were made in color, as BBC Two became the first UK channel in 1967 to transmit color television. It is also noted however, that the "Midnight Movie" never actually started at Midnight. The movie was designed to air "through" the midnight hour, and could start as early as 11.15pm. By 1983 the "Midnight Movie" strand was abandoned by BBC Two, with BBC One airing a late night movie on a Friday night instead, usually a horror film. The "Midnight Movie" slot on BBC Two would be replaced with late night sporting coverage or different genre of films on occasions, which would not use the "Midnight Movie" strand.


title: Midnight movie

text: Since at least as far back as the 1930s, exploitation films had sometimes been presented at midnight screenings, usually as part of independent roadshow operations. In 1957, Hammer Films' "The Curse of Frankenstein" set off a spate of midnight presentations. What film qualifies as the first true midnight movie in the sense of the term that emerged in the 1970s remains an open question. Critic Jennifer M. Wood points to the Palace Theater in San Francisco's North Beach district where, in late February 1969, San Francisco Art Institute graduates Steven Arnold and Michael Wiese, after a sellout screening of their Dalí-esque thesis film "Messages, Messages", were invited to program offbeat films at midnight. Author Gary Lachman claims that Kenneth Anger's short "Invocation of My Demon Brother" (1969), a mélange of occult symbology intercut with and superimposed on images from a Rolling Stones concert, "inaugurat[ed] the midnight movie cult at the Elgin Theatre." The Elgin, in New York City's Chelsea neighborhood, would soon become famous as a midnight venue when it gave the U.S. premiere of a very unusual Mexican movie directed and written by a rather Dalí-esque Chilean.


title: Midnight movie

text: The movie generally recognized as igniting the theatrical midnight film movement is Alejandro Jodorowsky's surrealist "El Topo", which opened in December 1970 at the Elgin. Playing with the conventions of the spaghetti Western, the film was described by one newspaper critic as "full of tests and riddles" and "more phony gore than maybe 20 years of "The Wild Bunch"." "El Topo" regularly sold out every night for months, with many fans returning on a weekly basis. It ran at the theater through June 1971, until at the prompting of John Lennon—who was reported to have seen the film at least three times—Beatles manager Allen Klein purchased the film through his ABKCO film company and gave it a relatively orthodox rerelease. The Elgin soon came up with another midnight hit in Peter Bogdanovich's spree-killer thriller "Targets" (1968), featuring one of the last performances by horror movie mainstay Boris Karloff and a tale that resonated with the assassinations and other political violence of that era. By November 1971, four Manhattan theaters beside the Elgin were featuring regularly scheduled midnight movies: the St. Marks ("Viva la muerte", a blast of surrealism in the Franco-Spanish tradition of Luis Buñuel and another Lennon favorite), the Waverly ("Equinox", which had just replaced "Night of the Living Dead"), the Bijou (both "Freaks" and "Night of the Living Dead"), and the Olympia ("Macunaíma", a Brazilian political black comedy). "Equinox" (1970) and "Night of the Living Dead" (1968), both low-budget horror pictures, demonstrate the ties between the old, TV brand of midnight movie and the newer phenomenon. George A. Romero's zombie masterpiece, in particular, highlighted one of the differences: produced completely outside of New York and/or Los Angeles as Romero was making industrial films in Pittsburgh at the time.


title: Midnight movie

text: Shot over the winter of 1971–72, John Waters's "filth epic" "Pink Flamingos", featuring incest and coprophagia, became the best known of a group of campy midnight films focusing on sexual perversions and fetishism. Filmed on weekends in Waters's hometown of Baltimore, with a mile-long extension cord as a power conduit, it was also crucial in inspiring the growth of the independent film movement. In 1973, the Elgin Theater started midnight screenings of both "Pink Flamingos" and a crime drama from Jamaica with a remarkable soundtrack. In its mainstream release, "The Harder They Come" (1972) had been a flop, panned by critics after its U.S. distributor, Roger Corman's New World Pictures, marketed it as a blaxploitation picture. Rereleased as a midnight film, it screened around the country for six years, helping spur the popularity of reggae in the United States. While the midnight-movie potential of certain films was recognized only some time after they opened, a number during this period were distributed to take advantage of the market from the beginning—in 1973, for instance, "Broken Goddess", "Dragula", "The White Whore and the Bit Player", and "Elevator Girls in Bondage" (as well as "Pink Flamingos") had their New York premieres at midnight screenings. Other examples (albeit animated) during this time were Ralph Bakshi's 1972 debut feature "Fritz the Cat" based on the Robert Crumb comic of the same name and Sally Cruikshank's 1975 experimental short "Quasi at the Quackadero".


title: Midnight movie

text: Around this time, the black comedy "Harold and Maude" (1971) became the first major Hollywood studio movie of the era to develop a substantial cult audience of repeat viewers; though apparently it was not picked up by much of the midnight movie circuit during the 1970s, it subsequently became a late show staple as the phenomenon turned more to camp revivals. The midnight screening phenomenon was spreading around the country. In Milwaukee, it began in May 1974, spurred by the sales manager of a local radio station who had already successfully sponsored such screenings in St. Louis. By the following February, four Milwaukee theaters were regularly showing midnight films, and the Marcus chain, the owner of one, had brought the concept to its theaters in four other Midwestern cities. "Films that feature rock concerts draw big", "Boxoffice" reported, "as do those dealing with outer space and fantasy". The trade paper noted one popular midnight film by name: "Alice's Restaurant" (1969), a comedy with political overtones starring folk singer Arlo Guthrie.


title: Midnight movie

text: On the midnight following April Fool's Day 1976, "The Rocky Horror Picture Show", which had flopped on initial release the year before, opened at the Waverly Theater, a leading midnight movie venue in New York's Greenwich Village. Midnight screenings of the film soon became a national sensation, amassing a cult following all over the United States. Every Friday and Saturday night, audience members would talk back to the screen, dress up as characters in the film, and act out scenes complete with props. Where the social aspect had always been a part of the midnight movie's attraction, with "Rocky Horror" in an exaggerated way it became "the" attraction. By summer 1979, the film was playing on weekend midnights in twenty-odd suburban theaters in the New York region alone; 20th Century Fox had approximately two hundred prints of the movie in circulation for midnight shows around the country. Beginning in 1978, the Waverly developed another midnight success that was much smaller commercially, but more significant artistically: "Eraserhead", originally distributed the previous year. A model of shoestring surrealism, David Lynch's feature debut (which played alongside Susan Pitt's animated short "Asparagus") reaffirmed the midnight movie's most central traditions.


title: Midnight movie

text: The commercial viability of the sort of big-city arthouses that launched outsider pictures for the midnight movie circuit began to decrease in the late 1970s as broad social and economic shifts weakened their countercultural base. Leading midnight movie venues were beginning to fold as early as 1977—that year, New York's Bijou switched back permanently to the live entertainment for which it had been built, and the Elgin, after a brief run with gay porn, shut down completely. In succeeding years, the popularization of the VCR and the expansion of movieviewing possibilities on cable television meant the death of many additional independent theaters. While "Rocky Horror" soldiered on, by then a phenomenon unto itself, and new films like "The Warriors" (1979), "Altered States" (1980), "Forbidden Zone" (1980, released 1982), "The Evil Dead" (1981), "Heavy Metal" (1981), "Liquid Sky" (1982), "Pink Floyd – The Wall" (1982), "Repo Man" (1984) and "Akira" (1988)—all from mainstream distributors—were picked up by the midnight movie circuit, the core of exhibitors that energized the movement was disappearing. By the time the fabled Orson Welles Cinema in Cambridge, Massachusetts, shut its doors after a fire in 1986, the days of the theatrical midnight movie as a significant countercultural phenomenon were already past.


title: Midnight movie

text: In 1988, the midnight movie experience was institutionalized in a new manner with the introduction of the Toronto International Film Festival's nightly Midnight Madness section. In the years since, new or recent films still occasionally emerge as midnight movie "hits" on the circuit of theaters that continue to show them. The most successful of the 1990s generation were the Oscar-winning Australian drag queen road saga "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" (1994) and the 1995 Razzie-winning stripper drama "Showgirls". One of the theaters to show it regularly at midnight was New York's Waverly (also now closed), where "Rocky Horror" had played for a house record ninety-five weeks. A celebrated episode of television's "The Drew Carey Show" features a song-and-dance battle between "Rocky Horror" fans (led by Drew Carey) and "Priscilla" fans (led by Mimi Bobeck).


title: Midnight movie

text: Since the turn of the millennium, the most notable successes among newly minted midnight movies have been "Donnie Darko" (2001) and "The Room" (2003). Older films are also popular on the circuit, appreciated largely in an imposed camp fashion—a midnight movie tradition that goes back to the 1972 revival of the hectoring anti-drug movie "Reefer Madness" (1936). (Tod Browning's 1932 horror classic "Freaks", the original midnight movie revival, is both too dark and too sociologically acute to readily consume as camp.) Where the irony with which "Reefer Madness" was adopted as a midnight favorite had its roots in a countercultural sensibility, in the latter's place there is now the paradoxical element of nostalgia: the leading revivals on the circuit currently include the crème de la crème of the John Hughes oeuvre—"The Breakfast Club" (1985), "Pretty in Pink" (1986), and "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" (1986)—and the preteen adventure film "The Goonies" (1985). As of late 2006, "Rocky Horror" itself continues to play on a weekly basis at thirty-two venues around the country, and at least once a month at about two dozen others.


title: Midnight movie

text: Two popular midnight movies made during the phenomenon's heyday have been selected to the National Film Registry: "Eraserhead" (inducted 2004) and "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" (inducted 2005). Midnight movie staples "Freaks" (1932) and "Night of the Living Dead" (1968) were inducted in 1994 and 1999 respectively. "Harold and Maude", a cult film before it was adopted as a midnight movie, was also inducted in 1997. Also in the mix are "Quasi at the Quackadero" (inducted 2009) and "Pink Flamingos" (inducted 2022).


title: Goldenhar syndrome

text: Goldenhar syndrome is a rare congenital defect characterized by incomplete development of the ear, nose, soft palate, lip and mandible on usually one side of the body. Common clinical manifestations include limbal dermoids, preauricular skin tags and strabismus. It is associated with anomalous development of the first branchial arch and second branchial arch.


title: Goldenhar syndrome

text: The term is sometimes used interchangeably with hemifacial microsomia, although this definition is usually reserved for cases without internal organ and vertebrae disruption.


title: Goldenhar syndrome

text: Chief markers of Goldenhar syndrome are incomplete development of the ear, nose, soft palate, lip, and mandible on usually one side of the body. Additionally, some patients will have growing issues with internal organs, especially heart, kidneys and lungs. Typically, the organ will either not be present on one side or will be underdeveloped. While it is more usual for there to be problems on only one side, it has been known for defects to occur bilaterally (approximate incidence 10% of confirmed GS cases).


title: Goldenhar syndrome

text: Other problems can include severe scoliosis (twisting of the vertebrae), limbal dermoids and hearing loss (see hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes), and deafness or blindness in one or both ears/eyes. Granulosa cell tumors may be associated as well.


title: Goldenhar syndrome

text: The cause of Goldenhar syndrome is largely unknown. However, it is thought to be multifactorial, although there may be a genetic component, which would account for certain familial patterns. It has been suggested that there is a branchial arch development issue late in the first trimester.


title: Goldenhar syndrome

text: An increase in Goldenhar syndrome in the children of Gulf War veterans has been suggested, but the difference was shown to be statistically insignificant.


title: Goldenhar syndrome

text: Diagnosis is based on clinical features. General features include unilateral facial asymmetry. Ocular abnormalities include limbal dermoids and strabismus. Otorhinolaryngological features include microtia, partial to complete atresia of external acoustic meatus, preauricular skin tags, deafness, and macrosomia. Skeletal abnormalities include mandibular deformities, scoliosis. Other organ abnormalities include cardiac defects and renal abnormalities.


title: Goldenhar syndrome

text: Treatment is usually confined to such surgical intervention as may be necessary to help the child to develop e.g. jaw distraction/bone grafts, ocular dermoid debulking (see below), repairing cleft palate/lip, repairing heart malformations or spinal surgery. Some patients with Goldenhar syndrome will require assistance as they grow by means of hearing aids or glasses. Stem cell grafting (womb tissue grafting) has been successfully used to "reprogram" eye dermoids, effectively halting the regrowth of eye dermoids. These tissues that grow on the eye are "mis-programmed" cells (sometimes tooth or nail cells instead of eye cells).


title: Goldenhar syndrome

text: The condition was documented in 1952 by Belgian–American ophthalmologist Maurice Goldenhar (1924–2001).


title: Love Yourself: Her

text: Love Yourself: Her (stylized as LOVE YOURSELF 承 'Her') is the fifth extended play by South Korean boy group BTS. The EP was released on September 18, 2017, by Big Hit Entertainment. The album was released in four versions and contains nine tracks, with "DNA" as its lead single.


title: Love Yourself: Her

text: "Love Yourself: Her" is the first album to be released since BTS revealed their new "brand identity" on July 4, 2017, complete with a new, simplified logo. On September 18, the album was released alongside the music video for its lead single, "DNA". In the 24 hours after release, the "DNA" music video had been viewed 21 million times, becoming the first K-pop group music video to reach over 20 million views in 24 hours.


title: Love Yourself: Her

text: Sonically, the EP served as "a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings," with the first half consisting of "dance tracks that emphasize the group's vocals" while in the second half "the act's hip-hop side arrives in earnest...delivering powerful rap performances."


title: Love Yourself: Her

text: "Love Yourself" series which sought the enlightenment of self-love through the "起承轉結" (Korean: 기승전결; RR: "Giseungjeongyeol") narrative sequence of "beginning, development, turn, and conclusion." In the narrative sequence, the EP represented the "承," or "development" of the series and is considered by RM to be one of the major turning points in BTS' career. Within the larger narrative, "Love Yourself: Her" described the joy and happiness of falling in love. Sonically, the EP served as "a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings".


title: Love Yourself: Her

text: "Love Yourself: Her" recorded 1,051,546 stock pre-orders during the period dated August 25–31, making BTS the first K-pop group to reach and cross one million pre-orders with a single album. The EP debuted at number one on the South Korean Gaon Album Chart, while its lead single "DNA" debuted at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart—all tracks from the EP also placed in the top 40 of the chart. According to the monthly Album Chart, released on October 14, the album was the highest-selling release of September 2017, with 1,203,533 copies sold since its release on September 18. The album also had the second highest monthly sales in the history of the Gaon Chart, and was the first in 16 years to exceed 1.2 million copies sold since g.o.d's fourth album "Chapter 4" (2001). It won the grand prize at the 32nd Golden Disc Awards in the Physical Category on January 11, 2018, and went on become BTS' highest-selling album at the time, surpassing "Wings" (2016). It is one of the best-selling albums in Gaon Chart history, with over 2.2 million copies sold as of April 2020.


title: Love Yourself: Her

text: The EP opened at number seven on the US "Billboard" 200, making it the highest-charting K-pop album on the chart and biggest sales week of a K-pop album until the release of BTS' own "" in 2018. It achieved 31,000 album-equivalent units, of which 18,000 were in pure album sales. This made BTS the first Asian artist in seven years to debut within the top ten of the chart, surpassing the record set by Filipino singer Charice with her eponymous American debut album, which debuted at number eight in 2010. The album remained on the Billboard 200 for 44 weeks, and is the first Korean album to do so.


title: Love Yourself: Her

text: "Billboard" writer Tamar Herman described the EP as "a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings", with the first half consisting of “dance tracks that emphasize the group's vocals" while in the second half "the act's hip-hop side arrives in earnest...delivering powerful rap performances." Viri Garcia of "The Cornell Daily Sun" commended BTS for "trying to achieve a sound closer to pop while keeping their own signature sounds" and succeeding in creating a "masterpiece full of emotion and musicality that can't be paralleled by any American or Korean act." However, Monique Melendez from "Spin" summarized the album as "thematically confident in its separate halves but musically disparate", with the group refusing to compromise on a specific musical direction. Melendez further commented that "Love Yourself 承 'Her"' came up short compared to BTS' past works, such as "Wings" and "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1" and "Part 2", in which "visuals, lyrics, and sounds united under fully-realized concepts."


title: Love Yourself: Her

text: The EP's lead single "DNA" was featured on "Vulture" as one of the "8 Best New Songs of the Week", describing the track as the "sound of a boy band headed in a new direction plotted for crossover domination“ and one that "recategorizes BTS by shrugging off genre entirely." "The New York Times" pop music critic Jon Caramanica wrote that while BTS' music often exhibits the “flamboyance and sometimes manic energy" that is characteristic of K-pop, "Love Yourself: Her" takes a remarkably "tranquil approach” to the genre through side tracks such as "Pied Piper", which he described as "a slow disco number that's emphatic in its relaxation." Caramanica additionally highlighted "Outro: Her" as a track with a hip hop beat that is "lush with instrumentation, and moves with a casual saunter reminiscent of the mid 1990s." Tamar Herman also offered praises for the lyrical delivery of "Pied Piper", and stated, "A take on K-pop's rampant and highly profitable fan culture, 'Pied Piper,' is BTS doing what they do best: addressing a societal problem through their jaunty music." Herman called the track "BTS' most subversive song of their career."


title: Semrush

text: Semrush Inc is an American public company that offers a SaaS platform known as Semrush. The platform is often used for keyword research and online ranking data, including metrics such as search volume and cost per click (CPC). The platform also collects information about online keywords gathered from Google and Bing search engines. It was released by Boston-based company Semrush Inc, founded by Oleg Shchegolev and Dmitri Melnikov.


title: Semrush

text: As of 2022, the company has 1000+ employees and offices in Barcelona, Belgrade, Berlin, Yerevan, Limassol, Prague, Warsaw, Amsterdam, Austin, Boston, Dallas, Philadelphia, and Trevose. It went public in March 2021 and trades on .


title: Semrush

text: Oleg Shchegolev and Dmitri Melnikov started out as SEO enthusiasts, interested in industry developments and new technologies, and wanted to create a tool to identify market trends and industry best practices.


title: Semrush

text: The software was released as Seodigger before becoming an extension of Firefox, then renamed SeoQuake Company in 2007, before landing on SEMrush. In 2016, the software broke the one million user mark with customers in more than 100 countries.


title: Semrush

text: In April 2018, the company received $40 million in funding as part of a financing transaction co-led by venture capital firms Greycroft, E.ventures and Siguler Guff, in preparation for its expansion into various platforms of research, including those owned by Amazon, Microsoft, and Baidu.


title: Semrush

text: In December 2020, the company rebranded with a new visual identity, updating its name from "SEMrush" to "Semrush".


title: Semrush

text: In March 2021, Semrush had an initial public offering and went public on NYSE under the symbol . The S-1 form revealed that the company had sales of $213 million and more than 82,000 customers.


title: Semrush

text: In June 2022, the company launched a beta tool for content generation called "Content Outline Builder". The tool will suggest ideas on article writing and blog posts. SEMrush also announced on June 27, 2022, that their Backlinks insights data is now integrated with SurferSEO, a marketing tool focussed on content creation.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: Laban (Aramaic: ܠܰܒܰܢ; ), also known as Laban the Aramean, is a figure in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. He was the brother of Rebekah, who married Isaac and bore Jacob. Laban welcomed his nephew, and set him the stipulation of seven years' labour before he permitted him to marry his daughter Rachel. Laban tricked Jacob into marrying his elder daughter Leah instead. Jacob then took Rachel as his second wife, on condition of serving an additional seven years' labour.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: Laban and his family were described as dwelling in Paddan Aram, in Mesopotamia. Though the biblical text itself does not attest to this, rabbinic sources also identify him as the father of Bilhah and Zilpah, the two concubines with whom Jacob also has children ("Midrash Rabba", Gen. 24).


title: Laban (Bible)

text: Laban first appears in the Hebrew Bible in as the grown spokesman for his father Bethuel's house; he was impressed by the gold jewelry given to his sister on behalf of Isaac, and played a key part in arranging their marriage. Twenty years later, Laban's nephew Jacob was born to Isaac and Rebekah.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: When grown, Jacob comes to work for Laban. The biblical narrative provides a framework for dating these events: Jacob begat Joseph 14 years after his flight to Laban; Joseph entered Pharaoh's service at age 30; and from that point, after seven years of plenty and two years of famine, Jacob met Pharaoh and stated his age as 130. Subtracting yields an age of 77 (Jacob at his flight to Laban). Laban was more than 30 years older than Jacob, and employed him for 20 years.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: Laban promised his younger daughter Rachel to Jacob in return for seven years' service, only to trick him into marrying his elder daughter Leah instead. Jacob then served another seven years in exchange for the right to marry his choice, Rachel, as well (). Laban's flocks and fortunes increased under Jacob's skilled care, but there was much further trickery between them. Six years after his promised service has ended, Jacob, having prospered largely by proving more cunning than his father-in-law, finally left. Laban pursued him, but they eventually parted on good terms (). Laban's wife and the mother of Leah and Rachel was Adinah.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: Laban can be seen as symbolizing those whose concern for the welfare of their immediate family, nominally a virtue, is taken to the point where it has lasting negative ramifications. Laban's urge to ensure his older daughter not be left unmarried can be interpreted as leading to the Exile in Egypt; his anxiety over seeing his son-in-law throw away his family's comfortable position in Aram in search of a risky new beginning back in Canaan leads him to oppose the return of the Children of Israel to the Promised Land. His name can also be seen as symbolic in this matter: it means "white", the visual representation of purity, without visible stain, symbolizing those without apparent evil motives whose actions nevertheless result in undesirable outcomes.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: Laban is referenced significantly in the Passover Haggadah, in the context of the answer to the traditional child's question, "Why is this night different from all other nights?" The prescribed answer begins with a quote from : ""arami oved avi"": normally translated as "a wandering Aramean was my father", alluding either to Abram or Jacob, but here interpreted unusually as ""ibbed Arami et-avi"", "an Aramean "destroyed" my father", as made clear by the rabbinical exegesis read in the Seder:


title: Laban (Bible)

text: There may also be a play on words here, using "arami" in two senses – as both "arami", "an Aramean", and "rama′i", "a deceiver", since Laban cheated Jacob (Genesis Rabbah 70:19). In this interpretation, "arami" personifies the Israelite peoples’ bitter enemy.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: The question of what the connection is between the apparently disjoint tales of Laban and Pharaoh is interpreted in several ways by rabbinical authorities.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer explains in his "Hukkat HaPesach" that Laban was, in fact, the "primum mobile" of the entire Exile and Exodus saga. Rachel was Jacob's divinely intended wife and could hypothetically have given birth to Joseph as Jacob's firstborn with rights of primogeniture. In this counterfactual, Jacob's favoring Joseph's succession as the leader of the fledgling nation of Israel would have been seen as perfectly normal and fitting, given the customs of the time. No older brothers would have felt cheated and jealous, and Joseph would not have been sold into slavery. Thus, there would have been no need for Jacob's family to be sent to Egypt to unite with Joseph.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: In actuality, Laban married Jacob to Leah first, causing Leah's sons to precede Joseph in birth order, so that they felt justifiably outraged when their father seemed to violate societal norms by treating his second-youngest son as his heir, in preference to his older sons' natural and legal rights. In this way, Laban can be seen as "seeking to uproot all", by attempting to sever the family tree of the Patriarchs between Jacob and Joseph before the Children of Israel could become more than a single small family.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: Devora Steinmetz, assistant professor of Talmud at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, says that the story of Jacob and Laban also resonates with the covenant with Abraham, more frequently interpreted as applying to the Exodus: ""your seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them and they shall afflict them ... Afterward they shall come out with great wealth"" (Genesis 15:13–16). Jacob lived in the strange land of Aram, served Laban, and was afflicted by him; then he left with great wealth and returned to the Promised Land. The story thus serves to reinforce one of the central messages of the Passover Haggadah; that the Old Testament cycle of exile, persecution and return recurs again and again, and links the observant Jew in the Diaspora to the Land of Israel.


title: Laban (Bible)

text: The Book of Jasher reports Laban was also the father of Boer the father of Balaam and Balaam's sons were Jannes and Jambres.


title: FC Ufa

text: FC Ufa (, ) is a Russian football club based in Ufa that will play in the second-tier Russian First League in the 2022–23 season.


title: FC Ufa

text: During the summer of 2010, Rustem Khamitov, the second President of the Republic of Bashkortostan, began considering the establishment of a football club with the intention to represent the city of Ufa and also the Republic in the Russian Premier League.


title: FC Ufa

text: On 23 December 2010, FC Ufa was formed on the base of FC Bashinformsvyaz-Dynamo Ufa, which then plied their trade in the Russian Professional Football League, the third tier of the Russian football league system. The head coaching position of the team was first assigned to Andrei Kanchelskis, who was tasked with leading the club to the Russian First Division.


title: FC Ufa

text: The first official match of the club was against FC Syzran-2003 in the second round of the Russian Cup, which after extra time Ufa lost on penalties.


title: FC Ufa

text: Ufa made their debut in the Russian league system on 24 April 2011 with a home match against FC Tyumen. Ufa ran out winners, 3–1, with Konstantin Ionov scoring a hat-trick for the hosts.


title: FC Ufa

text: Ufa continued to build on their initial success to the extent that, coming to the end of the season, they were equal with Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk at the top of the table with 86 points. However, Ufa's loss away to Nefthekhimik following the draw at Dynamo Stadium meant that Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk had a better head-to-head record; Ufa had to postpone promotion to the Russian First Division for another year.


title: FC Ufa

text: However, Dynamo Bryansk's failure to meet the licensing requirements for the 2012–13 Russian First Division opened up a slot in the said division, which Ufa took, enabling their promotion from the Second Division into the First Division.


title: FC Ufa

text: In their first season in the First Division Ufa finished in sixth, four points off the last promotion playoff spot.


title: FC Ufa

text: The following season showed improvement by Ufa, as the club had built on the previous year's showing and managed to end up in fourth, thus enabling them to contest the promotion playoff against Tom Tomsk, who finished their campaign in the Russian Premier League in 13th.


title: FC Ufa

text: On 18 May 2014, Ufa welcomed Tom Tomsk in Dynamo for the first leg of the playoff and Ufa managed to overpower Tom 5–1, with club captain Dmitri Golubov scoring four goals. The return leg was played four days later in Tomsk, and despite going down early in the match, Ufa managed to hold on to their aggregate lead; a 3–1 loss to Tom was moot. Ufa therefore claimed a historic promotion to the top-flight Russian Premier League after just three seasons playing in the Russian league system.


title: FC Ufa

text: At the end of the 2017–18 season, they secured 6th spot in the Russian Premier League, which qualified them for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League due to FC Tosno, the Russian Cup winner, not applying for the UEFA license in time.


title: FC Ufa

text: Ufa played their first ever European game at home against Slovenian side NK Domzale. The game finished in a goalless draw. Domzale dominated the return leg in Slovenia but Ufa didn't give up and a late goal saw them draw 1-1 and progress on away goals. Next was Progres Niederkorn for the Russian side, and another late goal in the return leg in Luxembourg send Ufa through 4-3 on aggregate and set them up against Scottish side Rangers in the play-off round. They lost 1-0 at Ibrox, and drew 1-1 at their stadium, which caused them to be eliminated from the play-off rounds of the Europa League. For the 2020-21 season, the club changed its colour scheme from red to purple and mint green.


title: FC Ufa

text: In the 2021–22 season, Ufa avoided direct relegation by winning a dramatic away game against FC Rubin Kazan on the last matchday of the regular season, Dilan Ortiz scored a go-ahead goal in the 90th minute and Rubin's Vitaly Lisakovich missed the added-time penalty kick for Rubin, which would mean Ufa's direct relegation if scored, instead Rubin was relegated directly and Ufa qualified for the relegation play-offs. In the subsequent play-offs against FC Orenburg, Ufa was ahead 2–0 in the first leg away game before Orenburg came back and equalized 2–2. In the return leg on Ufa's home field, the score was 1–1 (which would keep Ufa's Premier League spot on away goals rule) before Orenburg's Andrei Malykh scored the winning goal in 4th added minute to ensure Ufa's relegation to FNL.


title: FC Ufa

text: Ufa made their UEFA competition debut in July 2018, entering the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League second qualifying round.


title: FC Ufa

text: WFC Ufa, a female football club, plays in the Russian First Division, the second tier of the Women Russian football system.


title: FC Ufa

text: Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Ufa.


title: Ion channel

text: Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane, controlling the flow of ions across secretory and epithelial cells, and regulating cell volume. Ion channels are present in the membranes of all cells. Ion channels are one of the two classes of ionophoric proteins, the other being ion transporters.


title: Ion channel

text: The study of ion channels often involves biophysics, electrophysiology, and pharmacology, while using techniques including voltage clamp, patch clamp, immunohistochemistry, X-ray crystallography, fluoroscopy, and RT-PCR. Their classification as molecules is referred to as channelomics.


title: Ion channel

text: There are two distinctive features of ion channels that differentiate them from other types of ion transporter proteins:


title: Ion channel

text: Ion channels are located within the membrane of all excitable cells, and of many intracellular organelles. They are often described as narrow, water-filled tunnels that allow only ions of a certain size and/or charge to pass through. This characteristic is called selective permeability. The archetypal channel pore is just one or two atoms wide at its narrowest point and is selective for specific species of ion, such as sodium or potassium. However, some channels may be permeable to the passage of more than one type of ion, typically sharing a common charge: positive (cations) or negative (anions). Ions often move through the segments of the channel pore in a single file nearly as quickly as the ions move through the free solution. In many ion channels, passage through the pore is governed by a "gate", which may be opened or closed in response to chemical or electrical signals, temperature, or mechanical force.


title: Ion channel

text: Ion channels are integral membrane proteins, typically formed as assemblies of several individual proteins. Such "multi-subunit" assemblies usually involve a circular arrangement of identical or homologous proteins closely packed around a water-filled pore through the plane of the membrane or lipid bilayer. For most voltage-gated ion channels, the pore-forming subunit(s) are called the α subunit, while the auxiliary subunits are denoted β, γ, and so on.


title: Ion channel

text: Because channels underlie the nerve impulse and because "transmitter-activated" channels mediate conduction across the synapses, channels are especially prominent components of the nervous system. Indeed, numerous toxins that organisms have evolved for shutting down the nervous systems of predators and prey (e.g., the venoms produced by spiders, scorpions, snakes, fish, bees, sea snails, and others) work by modulating ion channel conductance and/or kinetics. In addition, ion channels are key components in a wide variety of biological processes that involve rapid changes in cells, such as cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle contraction, epithelial transport of nutrients and ions, T-cell activation, and pancreatic beta-cell insulin release. In the search for new drugs, ion channels are a frequent target.


title: Ion channel

text: There are over 300 types of ion channels just in the cells of the inner ear. Ion channels may be classified by the nature of their gating, the species of ions passing through those gates, the number of gates (pores), and localization of proteins.


title: Ion channel

text: Further heterogeneity of ion channels arises when channels with different constitutive subunits give rise to a specific kind of current. Absence or mutation of one or more of the contributing types of channel subunits can result in loss of function and, potentially, underlie neurologic diseases.


title: Ion channel

text: Ion channels may be classified by gating, i.e. what opens and closes the channels. For example, voltage-gated ion channels open or close depending on the voltage gradient across the plasma membrane, while ligand-gated ion channels open or close depending on binding of ligands to the channel.


title: Ion channel

text: Also known as ionotropic receptors, this group of channels open in response to specific ligand molecules binding to the extracellular domain of the receptor protein. Ligand binding causes a conformational change in the structure of the channel protein that ultimately leads to the opening of the channel gate and subsequent ion flux across the plasma membrane. Examples of such channels include the cation-permeable "nicotinic" Acetylcholine receptor, ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors, acid sensing ion channels (ASICs), ATP-gated P2X receptors, and the anion-permeable γ-aminobutyric acid-gated GABA receptor.


title: Ion channel

text: Ion channels activated by second messengers may also be categorized in this group, although ligands and second messengers are otherwise distinguished from each other.


title: Ion channel

text: This group of channels opens in response to specific lipid molecules binding to the channel's transmembrane domain typically near the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP) and phosphatidic acid (PA) are the best-characterized lipids to gate these channels. Many of the leak potassium channels are gated by lipids including the inward-rectifier potassium channels and two pore domain potassium channels TREK-1 and TRAAK. KCNQ potassium channel family are gated by PIP. The voltage activated potassium channel (Kv) is regulated by PA. Its midpoint of activation shifts +50 mV upon PA hydrolysis, near resting membrane potentials. This suggests Kv could be opened by lipid hydrolysis independent of voltage and may qualify this channel as dual lipid and voltage gated channel.


title: Ion channel

text: Gating also includes activation and inactivation by second messengers from the inside of the cell membrane – rather than from outside the cell, as in the case for ligands.


title: Ion channel

text: Ion channels are also classified according to their subcellular localization. The plasma membrane accounts for around 2% of the total membrane in the cell, whereas intracellular organelles contain 98% of the cell's membrane. The major intracellular compartments are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. On the basis of localization, ion channels are classified as:


title: Ion channel

text: Channels differ with respect to the ion they let pass (for example, Na, K, Cl), the ways in which they may be regulated, the number of subunits of which they are composed and other aspects of structure. Channels belonging to the largest class, which includes the voltage-gated channels that underlie the nerve impulse, consists of four subunits with six transmembrane helices each. On activation, these helices move about and open the pore. Two of these six helices are separated by a loop that lines the pore and is the primary determinant of ion selectivity and conductance in this channel class and some others. The existence and mechanism for ion selectivity was first postulated in the late 1960s by Bertil Hille and Clay Armstrong. The idea of the ionic selectivity for potassium channels was that the carbonyl oxygens of the protein backbones of the "selectivity filter" (named by Bertil Hille) could efficiently replace the water molecules that normally shield potassium ions, but that sodium ions were smaller and cannot be completely dehydrated to allow such shielding, and therefore could not pass through. This mechanism was finally confirmed when the first structure of an ion channel was elucidated. A bacterial potassium channel KcsA, consisting of just the selectivity filter, "P" loop, and two transmembrane helices was used as a model to study the permeability and the selectivity of ion channels in the Mackinnon lab. The determination of the molecular structure of KcsA by Roderick MacKinnon using X-ray crystallography won a share of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.


title: Ion channel

text: Because of their small size and the difficulty of crystallizing integral membrane proteins for X-ray analysis, it is only very recently that scientists have been able to directly examine what channels "look like." Particularly in cases where the crystallography required removing channels from their membranes with detergent, many researchers regard images that have been obtained as tentative. An example is the long-awaited crystal structure of a voltage-gated potassium channel, which was reported in May 2003. One inevitable ambiguity about these structures relates to the strong evidence that channels change conformation as they operate (they open and close, for example), such that the structure in the crystal could represent any one of these operational states. Most of what researchers have deduced about channel operation so far they have established through electrophysiology, biochemistry, gene sequence comparison and mutagenesis.


title: Ion channel

text: Channels can have single (CLICs) to multiple transmembrane (K channels, P2X receptors, Na channels) domains which span plasma membrane to form pores. Pore can determine the selectivity of the channel. Gate can be formed either inside or outside the pore region.


title: Ion channel

text: Chemical substances can modulate the activity of ion channels, for example by blocking or activating them.


title: Ion channel

text: A variety of ion channel blockers (inorganic and organic molecules) can modulate ion channel activity and conductance.


title: Ion channel

text: Several compounds are known to promote the opening or activation of specific ion channels. These are classified by the channel on which they act:


title: Ion channel

text: There are a number of disorders which disrupt normal functioning of ion channels and have disastrous consequences for the organism. Genetic and autoimmune disorders of ion channels and their modifiers are known as channelopathies. See for a full list.


title: Ion channel

text: The fundamental properties of currents mediated by ion channels were analyzed by the British biophysicists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley as part of their Nobel Prize-winning research on the action potential, published in 1952. They built on the work of other physiologists, such as Cole and Baker's research into voltage-gated membrane pores from 1941. The existence of ion channels was confirmed in the 1970s by Bernard Katz and Ricardo Miledi using noise analysis . It was then shown more directly with an electrical recording technique known as the "patch clamp", which led to a Nobel Prize to Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, the technique's inventors. Hundreds if not thousands of researchers continue to pursue a more detailed understanding of how these proteins work. In recent years the development of automated patch clamp devices helped to increase significantly the throughput in ion channel screening.


title: Ion channel

text: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2003 was awarded to Roderick MacKinnon for his studies on the physico-chemical properties of ion channel structure and function, including x-ray crystallographic structure studies.


title: Ion channel

text: Roderick MacKinnon commissioned "Birth of an Idea", a tall sculpture based on the KcsA potassium channel. The artwork contains a wire object representing the channel's interior with a blown glass object representing the main cavity of the channel structure.


title: Tabassum

text: Kiran Bala Govil ( Sachdev; 9 July 1944 – 18 November 2022), known professionally as Tabassum, was an Indian actress, talk show host and YouTuber, who started her career as child actor Baby Tabassum in 1947. She later had a television career as the host of first TV talk show of Indian television, "Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan". It ran on National broadcaster Doordarshan from 1972 to 1993, wherein she interviewed film and TV personalities.


title: Tabassum

text: Tabassum was born in Mumbai, then known as Bombay, in 1944 to Ayodhyanath Sachdev, an Indian freedom fighter, and Asghari Begum, a freedom fighter, journalist and author. She explained how she was named in an interview in 2014:


title: Tabassum

text: My father named me 'Tabassum', keeping my mother's religious sentiments in mind. My mother kept my name 'Kiran Bala', keeping my father's religious sentiments in mind. My name on all official documents was 'Kiran Bala Sachdev'. After marriage, it became 'Kiran Bala Govil'. 'Tabassum' is my screen name; it means "muskhurahat" (smile).


title: Tabassum

text: Tabassum made her film debut as a child actor with "Nargis" (1947) followed by "Mera Suhaag" (1947), "Manjhdhar" (1947) and "Bari Behen" (1949). Later in "Deedar" (1951), directed by Nitin Bose, she played the childhood role of Nargis; the hit song "Bachpan Ke Din Bhula Na Dena" sung by Lata Mangeshkar and Shamshad Begum was picturised on her. Also, in the next year, she appeared in another important film "Baiju Bawra" (1952) directed by Vijay Bhatt, where she appeared in the childhood role of Meena Kumari. She also worked in the popular film Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon starring Joy Mukherjee and Asha Parekh. She also starred in the beautiful song 'Aji qibla mohtarma'. After a gap, she reentered films in adult roles, working as a character actress.


title: Tabassum

text: Tabassum hosted the first talk show of Indian television, "Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan", which ran for 21 years from 1972 to 1993. Produced by Doordarshan Kendra Mumbai, it was based on interviews of film celebrities and became immensely popular. This also led to a career as stage compere. She was also the editor of "Grihalaxmi", a Hindi women's magazine for 15 years and wrote many joke books.


title: Tabassum

text: In 1985, she directed, produced and wrote her first film, "Tum Par Hum Qurban". In 2006, she returned to television, as an actress in "", produced by Rajshri Productions. She became a judge in a reality stand-up comedy show "Ladies Special" (2009) on Zee TV.


title: Tabassum

text: Tabassum continued to work as an interviewer for television and was doing a TV show on TV Asia USA and Canada titled "Abhi Toh Main Jawaan Hoon" based on the Golden Era of Hindi Cinema. In 2016, she launched her channel on YouTube, titled "Tabassum Talkies" which consists of nostalgic talks, interviews of celebrities, shayaris, jokes and more. Subsequently she returned to television with "Tab Aur Ab" in 2020.


title: Tabassum

text: Tabassum was married to Vijay Govil, elder brother of television actor Arun Govil. Their son Hoshang Govil had brief career as a lead in three films "Tum Par Hum Qurbaan" (1985), which was produced and directed by Tabassum and introduced Johnny Lever for the first time on screen as a comedian, "Kartoot" (1987) and "Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeah" (1996) produced by Zee TV and directed by J Om Prakash (grandfather of Hrithik Roshan). In 2009, her granddaughter Khushi (daughter of Hoshang) made her film debut with "Hum Phir Mile Na Mile".


title: Tabassum

text: Tabassum suffered from gastrointestinal issues in her last days. She was admitted in hospital but passed away on 18 November 2022, after suffering two successive cardiac arrests. She was 78.


title: Tabassum

text: Various celebrities including Amitabh Bachchan, Twinkle Khanna, Adnan Sami, Asha Parekh, Waheeda Rehman, Deepti Naval and others condoled her death. Milk brand Amul gave Tabassum a tribute with a special doodle.


title: Uelen

text: Uelen (; Chukchi: , "Uvèlèn"; Siberian Yupik: Улыӄ, "Ulyḳ"; Naukan Yupik: Олыӄ, "Oleq"; also known as Whalen in older English-language sources and Ugelen on USCGS charts) is a rural locality (a "selo") in Chukotsky District, just south of the Arctic Circle in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far East. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 720. Located near Cape Dezhnev where the Bering Sea meets the Chukchi Sea, it is the easternmost settlement in Russia and the whole of Eurasia. It is located in the Western Hemisphere, but the International Date Line curves around it, so it remains in a Russian time zone (). Uelen is also the closest Eurasian settlement to North America. It is on the northeast corner of the Uelen Lagoon, a roughly east-west lagoon separated from the ocean by a sandspit. Municipally, Uelen is subordinated to Chukotsky Municipal District and is incorporated as Uelen Rural Settlement.


title: Uelen

text: There are a number of competing ideas as to the origin of the name of the village. The name Uelen is thought by some sources to derive from the Chukchi ""uvelen"" meaning ""black, thawed patch"", since the village is found at the foot of a hill surrounded by black mounds which are visible throughout the year and were often used as a navigation aid in the region.


title: Uelen

text: There is a local legend which offers a second explanation for the origin of the name. It describes the life of a strong local man called Uvelel'yn (literally translated as ""slob""), so named because he was an orphan who was dressed solely in tattered rags. As he grew older, so he used his strength to gain his revenge over the local people for perceived slights received during his childhood because of his background. In fear for their lives, the villagers killed Uvelel'yn. However they realised that in order to prevent these events repeating themselves in the future, they should take better care of their orphans and the village soon got its name to remind the villagers of their duty to those less fortunate than themselves.


title: Uelen

text: Prior to being named Uelen, the village was called Ulyk (, Olyk in Yupik and Pok’ytkyn in Chukchi), meaning "land's end" and "flooded place" respectively. Not surprising given that the village is the most easterly place in Asia and its position on a spit with the Chukchi sea to the north and a lagoon to the south makes the land prone to flooding.


title: Uelen

text: The first mention of the name Uelen appears on a map from the Billings-Sarychev expedition from 1792.


title: Uelen

text: Archeological investigation has revealed the existence of a settlement in and around the present day site of the village about from the village for at least 2000 years, based on fishing and the hunting of marine mammals. The main site of archeological investigation is at the Ekven site, a site of importance comparable to that of the Ipiutak site across the Bering Strait on Point Hope.


title: Uelen

text: Prior to the Russian Revolution, Uelen was, in 1912, a settlement of around 300 individuals divided into four communes and the headquarters of the Russian administration in the Chukotka Region ("Uyezd") and was an important trading port with both local Russian people and America.


title: Uelen

text: Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Uelen became one of the first trade co-operatives in Chukotka and a dedicated American trading post was established. The first school in Chukotka was established in Uelen in 1916.


title: Uelen

text: In the first half of the twentieth century, Uelen was the site of one of the first Russian arctic research stations.


title: Uelen

text: In the 1950s, Uelen became a focal point in the region, along with Lavrentiya, Lorino and Inchoun (see diagram) for the relocation of indigenous peoples following the decision to close a large number of uneconomical villages. Uelen absorbed the population from the nearby village of Dezhnevo (named, like the neighbouring cape, after the explorer Semyon Dezhnev). This village, to the west of Cape Peek and called Keniskun by the local Chukchi was an important regional coastal trading centre in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but was deemed unviable by the Soviet government and the villagers were moved to Uelen. The addition of Dezhnevo carvers to the existing artistic school in Uelen served to strengthen Uelen's cultural reputation not just in the region but across Russia with notable carvers such as Pyotr Penkok and Stepan Ettugi working in Uelen. In addition to absorbing the population of Dezhnevo, Uelen also absorbed the part of the population of the former village of Naukan, which itself had absorbed the population of a number of small villages from the Cape Dezhnev/Diomede Islands area.


title: Uelen

text: Although Dezhnevo was officially abolished, the villagers in Uelen still use it as a base for their fishing and a handful of houses are still maintained for this purpose. As well as a fishing base, the site of the village is still used as an occasional port by Uelen. At the end of summer, storms in the Chukchi Sea can make it impossible for ships to dock at Uelen to unload their supplies. When this occurs, the ships dock at Dezhnevo and the cargo is carried across land to Uelen.


title: Uelen

text: In more recent history, Uelen is where Dimitri Kieffer and Karl Bushby entered Russia during their Goliath Expedition after crossing the Bering Strait. The two were then arrested because they had failed to enter the country at a proper port of entry, but their journey was allowed to continue.


title: Uelen

text: The population according to the most recent census results was 740, of whom 368 were male and 352 female. Uelen had a population of 740 at the start of 2009, down from 776 in 2003 (with 595 Chukchi and 72 Yupik.) Other villagers are Russian.


title: Uelen

text: The village is famous for its walrus ivory carvings. It has long been a major artistic centre in the region, with Several of the leading exponents of the craft, such as Vukvutagin, Vukvol, Tukkai and Khukhutan working out of Uelen. The Uelen Bone Carving Studio () contains the world's only museum of Walrus ivory carving. In 2004, a successful exhibition of their work was held in Bern, Switzerland and carvers from Uelen took first place in the category "Russian hunt: Tradition and Modernity" at the third Moscow Exhibition of Russian Crafts.


title: Uelen

text: It is also home to an indigenous choir which has a history of cultural collaboration with Inuit across the Bering Strait in Alaska.


title: Uelen

text: The writer Yuri Rytkheu was born in Uelen on March 8, 1930 to a family of trappers and hunters. He was the first Chukchi author to achieve national prominence. His book "A Dream in Polar Fog" deals with the Chukchi people's efforts to adapt when a foreigner is shipwrecked on their shores.


title: Uelen

text: The village also serves as a base for archaeology expeditions to the area, which have uncovered a burial ground containing more than 300 burials of Early Whale Hunter cultures, covering a time span from 500 BCE to 1000 AD.These excavations have shown that Uelen was a major settlement in the area in the first few centuries AD, as well as revealing the existence of a culture dependent on whale and walrus hunting, archeologists have also unearthed early examples of the indigenous peoples ivory carvings, a number of which are now held at the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in St. Petersburg.


title: Uelen

text: Uelen is not connected by road to any other part of the world and is 100 km from the district centre, Lavrentiya. However, there is a small network of roads in the village including:


title: Uelen

text: Uelen has a tundra climate (Köppen "ET"). Chukotsky district endures extreme Arctic weather, with an average winter low of in January, though Uelen's average January temperature is slightly higher at . February is the coldest month. The average July temperature is slightly higher at than the district average for the month of , and the overall annual average of is also higher than the district average of . Snow storms in the winter from the north cause harsh frosts and drifting snow, whilst southerly blizzards bring large snowfalls and sudden thaws. The area is also very windy, reaching annually and every two decades. Spring weather is a little milder than winter weather if still below freezing. Due to the position of Uelen by the sea coast there are also many instances of fog and mist per year with the result that sunshine hours are very low especially when the adjacent ocean begins to thaw. The record high is on July 16 1960, and the record low is on January 29 1989.


title: Biofertilizer

text: A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. The micro-organisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Biofertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, but they are not yet able to replace their use. Since they play several roles, a preferred scientific term for such beneficial bacteria is "plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria" (PGPR).


title: Biofertilizer

text: Biofertilizers provide "eco-friendly" organic agro-input. Biofertilizers such as "Rhizobium", "Azotobacter", "Azospirilium" and blue green algae(BGA) have been in use a long time. "Rhizobium" inoculant is used for leguminous crops. "Azotobacter" can be used with crops like wheat, maize, mustard, cotton, potato and other vegetable crops. "Azospirillum" inoculations are recommended mainly for sorghum, millets, maize, sugarcane and wheat. Blue green algae belonging to the general cyanobacteria genera, "Nostoc", "Anabaena", "Tolypothrix" and "Aulosira", fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as inoculations for paddy crop grown both under upland and low-land conditions. "Anabaena" in association with water fern "Azolla" contributes nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha/season and also enriches soils with organic matter. Seaweeds are rich in various types of mineral elements (potassium, phosphorus, trace elements etc) hence they are extensively used as manure by people of coastal districts. Seaweed - manure also helps in breaking down clays. Fucus is used by Irish people as manure on a large scale. In tropical countries bottom mud of dried up ponds which contain abundant blue green algae is regularly used as manure in fields. The mixture of seaweeds and blue green algae may serve as ideal fertilizer.


title: Biofertilizer

text: Other types of bacteria, so-called phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, such as "Pantoea agglomerans" strain P5 or "Pseudomonas putida" strain P13, are able to solubilize the insoluble phosphate from organic and inorganic phosphate sources. In fact, due to immobilization of phosphate by mineral ions such as Fe, Al and Ca or organic acids, the rate of available phosphate (P) in soil is well below plant needs. In addition, chemical P fertilizers are also immobilized in the soil, immediately, so that less than 20 percent of added fertilizer is absorbed by plants. Therefore, reduction in P resources, on one hand, and environmental pollutions resulting from both production and applications of chemical P fertilizer, on the other hand, have already demanded the use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria or phosphate biofertilizers.


title: Biofertilizer

text: Biofertilizers have been shown to have varying effects in different environments, and even within the same environment. This is something that many scientists have been working on, however there is no perfect solution at this time. They however, have been shown to have the most profound effects in drier climates. In the future, it is hoped that biofertilizers effects will be better controlled and regulated in all environments.


title: Women's football in England

text: Women's football has been played in England for over a century, sharing a common history with the men's game as the country in which the Laws of the Game were codified.


title: Women's football in England

text: Women's football was originally very popular in the early 20th century, but after being banned by the men's Football Association, its popularity declined. It took until the 1990s for the number of female players and spectators to increase, culminating in England hosting the Women's European Championships in 2005.


title: Women's football in England

text: It is impossible to locate the precise moment at which women started playing football, just as much of the history of the men's game is uncertain. While football in the medieval era is generally believed to have been a men's game, limited evidence suggests that women were occasionally involved. Sir Philip Sidney briefly mentioned female involvement in his 16th Century poem "A Dialogue Betweene Two Shepherds", meanwhile Mary Queen of Scots was known to have been a spectator of the sport. A ball formerly in her possession is claimed by some to be the oldest football still in existence.


title: Women's football in England

text: As football developed from a disorganised village sport into a codified game, with more spectators than players at the end of the 19th century, women's football also developed. A team represented England in a series of matches against Scotland, in 1881 in Edinburgh, Glasgow and the north-west of England, organised by two theatre entrepreneurs and played by members of the theatre community – Lily St. Clare scored the first goal in the first match, a 3–0 win for Scotland at Hibernian Park. Their games in Glasgow (with a crowd of more than 5,000) and Manchester were marred by pitch invasions and match abandonments.


title: Women's football in England

text: These matches are understood to have been the first international women's association football matches in history. Later in the decade, a match scheduled in 1887 between Edinburgh and Grimsby also inspired claims that Grimsby was the first women's football club side. Other women's football clubs were reported to exist in 1889, in England, Scotland and Canada.


title: Women's football in England

text: Nettie Honeyball later founded a team in late 1894 called the British Ladies' Football Club (BLFC), of which Lady Florence Dixie, daughter of the 8th Marquess of Queensberry, was president. The Lady Footballers and the British Ladies Football Club were able to tour England, playing teams across the country. However, women footballers in England were not entirely able to operate without prejudice, as evidenced in the way many elected to play under assumed names such as "Mrs Graham", to avoid reprisals for their participation. The British Ladies Football Club experiment lasted for less than two seasons.


title: Women's football in England

text: Football clubs took advantage of women's budding interest in the sport. In 1885, seeking to curb the more boisterous behaviour of male spectators, Preston North End began offering free admission to women in the hope that their presence would restrain the men. This was successful, attracting 2,000 women to Preston's next match, and was rapidly adopted by other clubs around England. It was so successful that by the late 1890s free entry had been entirely discontinued as clubs realised how much revenue they were losing. As women's teams continued to grow in reputation, some began to stage games on grounds used by teams of their all-male, and longer-established, counterparts, often reaching respectably high attendances. Notably, a game played in 1895 at the home of Reading and featuring the British Ladies Football Club managed to draw a crowd higher than the previous highest attendance for the men's team.


title: Women's football in England

text: Whereas the 1915 FA Cup Final marked the final organised male football match before the men's sport was suspended, the First World War in Europe saw women's football games increase in popularity and raise the equivalent of millions of pounds for charitable causes.


title: Women's football in England

text: The changing nature of women's work in wartime Britain helped to raise the profile of the game both as a women's sport and more generally. Although women workers were encouraged to engage with official workplace sports teams to improve health and productivity, many played football with each other in their lunch-breaks, forming unsactioned teams such as Bella's Team, the Blyth Spartans, and the Carlisle Munitionettes. Others were invited to join the remaining men's kick-arounds outside working hours. After observing women munitions workers playing football from his office window, Alfred Frankland suggested to worker Grace Sibbert they should establish a team and play for charity. Taking the factory's name and becoming well-known as Dick, Kerr's Ladies F.C., they played a total of 828 games between 1917 and 1965 and raised tens of thousands of pounds for charity in its first few years, a sum equivalent to tens of millions in the 2010s. One of these matches, played at Goodison Park, Liverpool on Boxing Day 1920, attracted a crowd of 53,000, with another 10,000–15,000 reportedly turned away because the ground was full. In north east England, the Munitionettes Cup contest in 1917–18 was another very popular event, featuring star goal-scorer Bella Reay.


title: Women's football in England

text: Even though the end of WWI in 1918 saw many men return to work and women return to the home, the immense popularity of women's football continued, with the Dick, Kerr's Ladies playing more games in 1920 than any professional men's team in the same period. Women's international games emerged. In 1920, Alfred Frankland liaised with the Federation des Societies Feminine Sportives de France to send a French team to tour England and play the Dick, Kerr's Ladies. They competed at four venues - Preston, Stockport, Manchester and London - and played to crowds in the tens of thousands. The first ever international matches between women's clubs resulted in two wins for the English side, one for the French and one draw. The series was popular enough to result in Dick, Kerr's being invited over to France for a corresponding away tour. Going unbeaten in France, the team returned home to cheering crowds lining the streets, the equal of any accolade a men's team had received.


title: Women's football in England

text: The 1920s saw the re-emergence of unsubstantiated theories which contended that football threatened women's health and morality. In 1921, the Football Association banned all women's teams from playing on Association-affiliated grounds, arguing that the game is "not fitted for females", citing the high costs of player expenses, and alleging financial corruption. Dick, Kerr's player Alice Barlow recounted how women players disputed these rulings, explaining that "we could only put it down to jealousy. We were more popular than the men and our bigger gates were for charity". While a handful of teams, like Dick, Kerr's, found alternative venues, the FA's decision saw most women's teams disband and reduced spectator numbers for the few who remained.


title: Women's football in England

text: For several decades, this decision meant that professional women's football virtually ceased to exist. Women developed their own amateur leagues, such as the English Ladies' Football Association (ELFA) which incorporated 57 teams, however these leagues drew in far smaller crowds and funding remained limited. In the context of widespread popular interest in the game following England's men's 1966 World Cup triumph, the Women's Football Association was established in 1969 which oversaw the creation of a women's England and premier league team. It would take a further two years – and an order from UEFA – to force the (men's) Football Association to remove its restrictions on the playing rights of women's teams. In the same year, the Mitre Challenge Trophy was created as the first national cup competition for women's teams in England, a competition which would eventually morph into the FA Women's Cup. Although the Women's Football Association did much to advance the game, taking an English team to the European Championship Final in 1984, insufficient funds continued to stunt growth at a grassroots level.


title: Women's football in England

text: The FA resumed direct involvement in women's football in 1993 however, by this time, the WFA had already created the Women's National League, becoming the Women's Premier League in 1992, to parallel the renaming of the top level of men's competition. Most professional men's clubs chose to create, or affiliate to, a women's team and the sport gradually grew. In 2008, the women's league system was transformed following the announcement of a new top-level competition – the Women's Super League. Taking the best eight teams following sixteen applications and placing them into a no-relegation single division, the Women's Super League sought to draw greater exposure and funding into the game. The WSL faced several problems in its early stages, with the league having to be delayed a year until March 2011 due to the lingering financial instability in the aftermath of the 2007 global recession. Launching in 2011, the WSL proved successful enough to expand to a two-division, 20-team set-up in 2014. It wasn't until 2018 that the Women's Super League become fully professional with all 11 top flight teams strictly full-time.


title: Women's football in England

text: Today, the FA directly runs the top women's competitions. The most significant national competition is the national cup, the FA Women's Cup, followed by the top national league, the FA WSL (Women's Super League). Before the formation of the WSL in 2011, the top flight was the FA Women's Premier League National Division, which later become the second-level league and has now been reorganised into the third and fourth levels of the pyramid. Originally, the Premier League champion was the only English representative allowed in Europe. When the UEFA Women's Cup was relaunched as the UEFA Women's Champions League for the 2009–10 season, England became one of eight nations with two Champions League places, a status it has retained ever since. In the first two seasons of the new Champions League, England's two places were filled by the Premier League champion and the FA Women's Cup winner. For 2011–12, the two finalists in the 2010–11 FA Women's Cup earned the Champions League places. Starting with the 2012–13 Champions League, the two berths were initially planned to go to the WSL and FA Women's Cup champions, but the FA chose instead to send the top two teams from the WSL. Women's football also has two significant secondary cup competitions. The FA WSL Cup, contested by the WSL teams, is held after the league season. The Premier League Cup, limited to the teams in the Premier League and its regional subdivisions, is held during the league season.


title: Women's football in England

text: The WSL and Premier League have operated on different season structures – the WSL conducted a summer season contained entirely within a calendar year, whilst the Premier League continues to operate on the traditional winter season spanning two calendar years. Following an abbreviated spring season in 2017, women's football is moving to a parallel calendar to the premier league starting in the fall of 2017.


title: Women's football in England

text: The women's football pyramid was significantly reorganised in 2014. The WSL added a second division known as WSL 2, with the original WSL becoming WSL 1. The Premier League's regional North and South Divisions became the third level of the pyramid, with the Combination Women's Football Leagues becoming the fourth level. Further changes came in 2015; the FA announced that both divisions of the WSL would expand by one team in 2016, and WSL 2 would also add a team in 2017. Significantly, the new WSL 2 entries will come via promotion from the Premier League, connecting the WSL to the rest of the pyramid for the first time.


title: Women's football in England

text: To promote women's football, the FA allows cup finals to be held at various men's Premier League/Football League stadiums throughout the country (as opposed to men's finals which are usually held at the national stadiums). In the 2013–14 season, the FA Cup final was held at MK Dons's Stadium mk, the WSL Cup final at Wycombe Wanderers' Adams Park, and the League Cup final at Burton Albion's Pirelli Stadium.


title: Women's football in England

text: The Women's FA Cup secured its first sponsorship deal with SSE as a sign of the huge resurrection women's football has seen since London 2012. Despite sponsorship, entering the tournament actually costs clubs more than they get in prize money. In 2015, it was reported that even if Notts County had won the tournament outright the £8,600 winnings would leave them out of pocket. The winners of the men's FA Cup in the same year received £1.8 million, with teams not reaching the first round proper getting more than the women's winners.


title: Women's football in England

text: The women's game in England took a hit following the 2012 Olympics after England was unable to advance from the group stages at Women's EURO 2013 in Sweden, which led to Hope Powell's departure as manager and the appointment of Welshman Mark Sampson. The women's game did receive an unexpected boost when they finished third at the 2015 Women's World Cup in Canada. Along the way, they beat Norway for their first knockout stage win and then host nation Canada in front of a capacity partisan crowd in Vancouver. Following a devastating loss in the semis against defending champions, Japan, after a Laura Bassett own goal, the team rebounded to beat Germany for the first time in women's football after a 1-0 extra-time win in the third-place game. It meant that England had finished as the top European team at the World Cup and had recorded the second-best World Cup showing by any England senior team (behind Sir Alf Ramsey, Bobby Charlton and Bobby Moore's England men's squad who famously won the 1966 World Cup). During this period, women’s football received a significant amount of largely positive media coverage in the UK. This was complemented by other developments, including the launch of the (then semi-professional) FA Women’s Super League and, from 2015, Sport England’s This Girl Can national media campaign.


title: Women's football in England

text: The 2015 Women's FA Cup final between Chelsea Ladies and Notts County Ladies was held at Wembley Stadium for the very first time. The largest known English women's attendances to date were recorded at Wembley in that decade, in the 2012 Summer Olympic football final, USA–Japan (80,203) and the England–Germany 2019 friendly (77,768).


title: Women's football in England

text: Euro 2017 saw the national side win their group before being knocked out in the semi finals by the Dutch. Similarly the 2019 World Cup saw the reach the last four. In July 2022 Dutch coach Sarina Wiegman lead England to a 2-1 win over Germany in the final of Euro 2022. This marked the 20th match with Wiegman at the helm, of which England had won 18 and drawn 2, including winning the Arnold Clark Cup that spring.


title: Women's football in England

text: The present national league system in women's football in England was created by the Women's Football Association. The WFA's Women's National League divisions played their first season in 1991–92. In previous decades, there had been women's Regional Leagues, which continue today.


title: Women's football in England

text: The Women's National League (1991–1994) had three divisions: the Northern Division and Southern Division at level 2, and Premier Division at level 1, with annual promotion and relegation between the levels. The Football Association took over the direct operation of the women's leagues in the 1994–95 season with the same structure, but renamed the top division the FA Women's Premier League National Division; it remained the top tier until the 2009–10 season. The Combination Women's Football Leagues, at level 3, began in 1998–99.


title: Women's football in England

text: When the Women's Super League started in 2011 as the level 1 division, it displaced the Women's Premier League to level 2 and displaced all other divisions by one level. The WPL National Division ended after the 2012–13 season, replaced in 2014 season by WSL 2, now named the Women's Championship. The WSL operated from 2011 to 2013 on a licence system with no promotion or relegation.


title: Women's football in England

text: The "Women's Premier League" name was implausibly used from 2014 to 2018 only for lower-league tiers at levels 3 and 4: the FA Women's Premier League Northern Division and Southern Division, and the four rebranded regional divisions of the Combination Leagues. In 2018 the "WPL" was renamed the Women's National League, restoring the name used in the leagues' early years.


title: Women's football in England

text: As in the men's game, some Welsh women's football clubs compete in the English pyramid. The most successful are Cardiff City and the now defunct Barry Town, both of which have played in the Women's Premiership.


title: Women's football in England

text: Including the introduction of the WSL, WSL 2 and rebrands, an overview of the top five levels since 1991 is below. From 2011 to 2016, the WSL divisions changed to a summer season, while other levels stayed on a winter-based season. In 2017–18, the WSL reverted to a winter league.


title: Human Poverty Index

text: The Human Poverty Index (HPI) was an indication of the poverty of community in a country, developed by the United Nations to complement the Human Development Index (HDI) and was first reported as part of the Human Deprivation Report in 1997. It is developed by United Nations Development Program which also publishes indexes like HDI It was considered to better reflect the extent of deprivation in deprived countries compared to the HDI. In 2010, it was supplanted by the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index.


title: Human Poverty Index

text: The HPI concentrates on the deprivation in the three essential elements of human life already reflected in the HDI: longevity, knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HPI is derived separately for developing countries (HPI-1) and a group of select high-income OECD countries (HPI-2) to better reflect socio-economic differences and also the widely different measures of deprivation in the two groups.


title: Human Poverty Index

text: The Human Development Reports website summarizes this as "A composite index measuring deprivations in the three basic dimensions captured in the human development index—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living." The formula for calculating it is:


title: Human Poverty Index

text: The Human Development Reports website summarizes this as "A composite index measuring deprivations in the four basic dimensions captured in the human development index—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living—and also capturing social exclusion." The formula for calculating it is:


title: Human Poverty Index

text: The last report, 2007–2008, only has a ranking for 19 of the 22 countries with the highest Human Development Index. The ranking is as follows (with the country with the lowest amount of poverty at the top):


title: Human Poverty Index

text: The countries ranked in the top 22 by HPI that are not on this list are Iceland, New Zealand and Liechtenstein.


title: Human Poverty Index

text: Not all countries are included in this ranking because data are not always available. The ranks of many countries, especially those at the bottom, could drop considerably if the list included more countries. For information about the component values for countries other than the ones on the list, see source links below.


title: Monica Dogra

text: Monica Dogra is an American musician and actress. She has acted in six feature films, as well as released five studio albums with the band Shaa’ir and func. She is a member on the judging panel of India's first English music talent show, "The Stage". She hosted four seasons of the music-Docu series "The Dewarists" that was nominated for a Cannes Lion. She also worked on the Viceland Emmy nominated series "Woman" produced by Gloria Steinem.


title: Monica Dogra

text: Monica Dogra is the daughter of Dogra immigrants from Jammu, India. Her maternal uncle is Dogri folk music singer Prakash Sharma. She grew up in Baltimore, Maryland. She attended Oakleigh Elementary School, Montessori and Dulaney High School. She attended New York University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in musical theatre.


title: Monica Dogra

text: In 2005, she formed the electronic rock group "Shaa'ir+Func", along with guitarist Randolph Correia. In 2007, they released their first album "New Day: The Love Album", followed by "Light Tribe" in 2008 and "Mantis" in 2010. She also sang a song "Dooriyan Bhi Hai Zaroori" with Vishal Dadlani in the film "Break Ke Baad" and the theme song in English (with Shahid Mallya) for the film "Inkaar".


title: Monica Dogra

text: She made her acting debut with a guest appearance in "Rock On!!". In 2008, she was approached by Kiran Rao for the lead role in Rao's directorial debut film "Dhobi Ghat" - a role Dogra initially turned down, but eventually accepted. In December 2011, she served as a judge for "Rolling Stone"'s Never Hide Sounds musical talent contest. She is the host of "The Dewarists", a musical collaborative show on STAR World India. In 2013, she performed with award-winning violinist Scott Tixier, for a series of shows sponsored by Dos Equis around the US.


title: Monica Dogra

text: In March 2014, she was featured on the cover page of "FHM" Magazine. In March 2013 and May 2015, she was featured on the cover and had a pictorial in "Maxim India" Magazine.


title: Monica Dogra

text: Monica Dogra will be next seen in her upcoming web series "The Married Woman", directed by Sahir Raza. The star cast also includes Ridhi Dogra in lead role.


title: Maps (Yeah Yeah Yeahs song)

text: "Maps" is a song by American indie rock band Yeah Yeah Yeahs from their debut full-length album, "Fever to Tell" (2003). The song is about the relationship between Liars frontman Angus Andrew and Yeah Yeah Yeahs lead singer Karen O. It was released 2003, and the band performed the song at that year's MTV Movie Awards. The music video received extensive play on MTV. It reached number nine on "Billboard"s Alternative Songs chart and was included in the popular video game "Rock Band".


title: Maps (Yeah Yeah Yeahs song)

text: The video shows the band playing in an audition in a high school gymnasium, with different light filters changing the color of the room. Karen O's crying in the video was not staged. She explains: "They were real tears. My boyfriend at the time (Angus Andrew) was supposed to come to the shoot – he was three hours late and I was just about to leave for tour. I didn't think he was even going to come and this was the song that was written for him. He eventually showed up and I got myself in a real emotional state." Some have suggested the song title stands for “My Angus Please Stay,” though this was never confirmed by the band. The video received substantial play on MTV. The video was nominated for four MTV Video Music Awards at the 2004 ceremony: Best Art Direction, Best Editing, Best Cinematography, and the MTV2 Award. It was directed by Patrick Daughters.


title: Maps (Yeah Yeah Yeahs song)

text: "Maps" served as an inspiration for Kelly Clarkson's 2004 hit song "Since U Been Gone," which was written and produced by Max Martin and Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald. In an interview with "Billboard", Dr. Luke said:


title: Maps (Yeah Yeah Yeahs song)

text: That was a conscious move by Max and myself, because we were listening to alternative and indie music ... I said, "Ah, I love this song,' and Max was like, 'If they would just write a damn pop chorus on it!' It was driving him nuts, because that indie song was sort of on six, going to seven, going to eight, the chorus comes ... and it goes back down to five. It drove him crazy. And when he said that, it was like, light bulb. 'Why don't we do that, but put a big chorus on it?" It worked.