title: Domestic violence in India

text: The "Dowry Prohibition Act" 1961, prohibits the request, payment or acceptance of a dowry, "as consideration for the marriage", where "dowry" is defined as a gift demanded or given as a precondition for a marriage. Gifts given without a precondition are not considered dowry and are legal. Asking or giving of dowry can be punished by imprisonment of up to six months or a fine. It replaced several pieces of anti-dowry legislation that had been enacted by various Indian states. Murder and suicide under compulsion are addressed by India's criminal penal code. The law was made more stringent with Section 498a of Indian Penal Code (enacted in 1983). Under the "Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005" (PWDVA), a woman can seek help against dowry harassment by approaching a domestic violence protection officer.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: Kimuna et al. have published domestic violence trends in India, based on the 2005–2006 India National Family Health Survey-III (NFHS-III) data on the 69,484 ever-married women ages 15 to 49 from all regions of India. They report 31% of respondents had experienced minor to major form of physical violence in the 12 months prior to the survey, while the domestic sexual violence prevalence rate ever experienced by the woman was about 8%. Women who lived in cities, had higher household wealth, were Christian and educated had significantly lower risk of physical and sexual domestic violence. In contrast, wives of men who drank alcohol had significantly higher risks of experiencing both physical and sexual violence.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: According to a study made by Michael Koenig about the determinants of domestic violence in India published by the American Journal of Public Health in 2006, higher socioeconomic status reduced domestic abuse.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: Babu et al. surveyed both genders on domestic violence in eastern region of India. The results show that 16% of women had reported experiencing physical forms of domestic violence, 25% sexual form, 53% psychological, and 56% reported any form of domestic violence. Men reported being perpetrators of domestic violence with 22% reporting some form of physical domestic abuse, 17% sexual, 59% psychological, and 59.5% any form of domestic abuse. Men reported experiencing higher prevalence of all forms of violence, but reported experiencing lowest rates of sexual violence. The perpetrator of domestic violence, physical or sexual or psychological, was typically the husband in majority of cases and in some cases husbands' parents. Further, low income and low education increased the risks of domestic violence.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: The National Family Health Survey of India in 2006 estimated the lifetime prevalence of sexual violence among women aged 15–49, including instances of marital rape in India. The study included in its definition of "sexual violence" all instances of a woman experiencing her husband "physically forcing her to have sexual intercourse with him even when she did not want to; and, forcing her to perform any sexual acts she did not want to".[12] The study sampled 83,703 women nationwide, and determined that 8.5% of women in the 15–49 age group had experienced sexual violence in their lifetime.[13] This figure includes all forms of forced sexual activity by husband on wife, during their married life, but not recognised as marital rape by Indian law.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: In 2005–2006 nationwide family and health survey report, the lowest domestic violence prevalence rate was reported by women of Jainism religion (12.6% of women), the highest by women of Buddhist religion (40.9%). The same report also states that the frequency and intensity of domestic violence experienced was lowest among Jain women who had ever been victims of such violence.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: According to Unicef's "Global Report Card on Adolescents 2012", 57% of boys and 53% of girls in India think a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: There are three main aspects of the patriarchal household structure in India that affect women's agency: marriage, active discrimination by means of abuse (marital or extramarital), and diminished women's agency through limited economic opportunity through stifled opportunity for independence. In all these dimensions, there is a clear relationship between strong patriarchal familial structures and limited capabilities and agency for women, which are strongly correlated with causal factors for domestic violence such as gender disparities in nutritional deprivation and a lack of women's role in reproductive decisions.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: Domestic violence often happens in India as a result of dowry demands. Dowry payments are another manifestation of the patriarchal structure in India. There are strong links between domestic violence and dowry, a cultural practice deeply rooted in many Indian communities, which is the money, goods, or property the woman/woman's family brings to a marriage to now become under the ownership of the husband. This practice continues even today in India although banned by law since 1961, and in recent years dowry amounts have risen dramatically.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: In a 2005 study published in World Development, results from a survey pointed to a negative correlation between dowry amount and inter-spousal violence, indicating the potential dangers of a wife falling short on dowry payments or expectations. These dangers include not only common physical and emotional abuse such as hitting and continual degradation, but in some cases dowry death and bride burning as a result of the husband's dissatisfaction with the dowry payment. In fact, 8391 dowry deaths reported in 2010, a steep rise from 6995 such reported cases in 1997.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: According to Shalu Nigam, the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1983 Section 498A "criminalized cruelty within a marriage." However, many women who filed cases under section 498A of Indian Penal Code end up getting revictimized in the process. Domestic violence was often not handled as a legitimate crime or complaint, but more of a private or family matter while negating the rights of women as citizens. Myth and misogyny operate while implementing the law. But now this trend has changed. Section 498a introduced to protect women from Domestic Violence.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: Caste, class, religious bias and race also determine whether action is taken or not. For example, poor or lower-caste females do not have the same access to legal enforcement or education and often have trouble getting help from law enforcement.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: Other factors outside culture that demonstrate differences in domestic violence prevalence and gender disparities in India include socioeconomic class, educational level, and family structure beyond the patriarchal framework. A 1999 study published by the American Journal of Epidemiology identified so-called “stress factors” that are critical to understanding varying rates of domestic violence in other scopes outside of region-specific factors. These stress-related factors within the household include low educational attainment, poverty, young initial age of marriage, having multiple children, and other limiting engendered development factors.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: Women suffer many types of physical and emotional abuse as a result of illegal actions taken within the private home, and those who have experienced some form of domestic violence tend to have greater long-term mental disorders and drug dependencies than those who do not. In India, reducing domestic violence is imperative not only from an ethical and human rights perspective but also because of obvious instrumental and immediate health benefits that would be gained from such reduction.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: Serious health problems often result from physical, emotional, and sexual forms of domestic violence. Physical health outcomes include: Injury (from lacerations to fractures and internal organs injury), Unwanted Pregnancy, Gynaecological problems, STDs including HIV, Miscarriage, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Chronic pelvic pain, Headaches, Permanent disabilities, Asthma, Irritable bowel syndrome, Self-injurious behaviours (smoking, unprotected sex) Mental health effects can include depression, fear, anxiety, low self-esteem, sexual dysfunction, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or post traumatic stress disorder. Fatal effects can include suicide, homicide, maternal mortality, or HIV/AIDS.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: Negative public health consequences are also strongly associated with domestic violence. Social and economic costs have been identified as direct results of these public-health consequences, and it is argued that these justify state action to act in the interest of the public to reconcile these costs (specifically including costs such as worker earnings and productivity, public healthcare, and costs associated with the criminal justice system).


title: Domestic violence in India

text: The act of domestic violence towards women is a human rights violation as well as an illegal act under Indian law. It is therefore widely considered a threat to women's agency through any lens, and there is a growing recognition in many Indian regions that the nation can reach a higher potential through obtaining greater social and economic capital than by reducing women's participation in society. Domestic violence is one of the most significant determinants of this denial. Greater gender equality through greater women's agency cannot be achieved if basic health needs are not being met and if cultural biases that allow for domestic violence in India persist.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: On 19 March 2013, the Indian Parliament passed a new law with the goal of more effectively protecting women from sexual violence in India. It came in the form of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, which further amends the Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1973, the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. The law makes stalking, voyeurism, acid attacks and forcibly disrobing a woman explicit crimes for the first time, provides capital punishment for rapes leading to death, and raises to 20 years from 10 the minimum sentence for gang rape and rapes committed by a police officer. The new law doesn't address marital rape, rape committed by the armed forces or rape against men.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: Conservative lawmakers and anti-women's rights supporters still claim that the higher age of consent could results in abuses and wrongful arrests in statutory rape in spite of the high incidence of unreported or reported cases of sexual abuse that warrants such laws. According to a 2012 United Nations report, 47% of Indian women marry younger than 18 (the legal marriage age is 21 for men and 18 for women).


title: Domestic violence in India

text: The domestic abuse laws are claimed to be discriminatory against men by anti-feminists. In particular, Section 498A, the act that criminalizes cruelty against women by husband and his relatives, has been used by anti-feminists in their arguments to justify removing any legal penalty against criminals. Men's rights activists such as the "Save the family foundation" in India argue that the law is often misused by women. However, a 2012 report on Section 498A from the Government of India found that the empirical study did not establish any disproportionate misuse of Section 498A as compared to other criminal laws. Even though misuse of Section 498A was not established, more recently the Supreme Court came out with directives that every complaint received by the police under Section 498A must be referred to a Family Welfare Committee before the police can arrest the perpetrator.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: More glaringly, the law only offers reliefs to women. Men in India cannot avail of a similar legal remedy to protect themselves from domestic violence from either men or women. For men, even a simple relief of having a male or female aggressor stay away from them (a restraining or protection order) is not afforded by the current law.


title: Domestic violence in India

text: But in 2016 this discrimination was removed by supreme court itself. The bench of Justices Kurian Joseph and Rohinton F Nariman ruled on 6 October 2016 (Thursday) that this provision frustrated the objective of the legislation since "perpetrators and abettors of domestic violence" can be women too. The words "adult male" has been struck down from the domestic violence act. However this new definition still did not include men as victims and was later changed back to the original.


title: The Summer of George

text: "The Summer of George" is the 156th episode of the sitcom "Seinfeld". It was also the 22nd and final episode of the eighth season. It originally aired on May 15, 1997 on NBC. In this episode, after being fired from the New York Yankees, George wallows in idleness, while assisting Jerry with a girlfriend who is too much work for him to handle by himself. Meanwhile, Elaine is menaced by an unstable, violent woman who doesn't swing her arms when she walks, but everyone else dismisses the matter as a catfight.


title: The Summer of George

text: George gets a severance package from the New York Yankees that equals three months' pay, so he decides to treat it as three months off. He never changes out of his pajamas or leaves his apartment, asking his friends to visit him and calling Jerry on the phone to learn what is going on. Elaine's coworker Sam talks to Elaine about how Sam isn't fitting in at work. Elaine explains to her that she is the subject of office ridicule because she walks without moving her arms. In a rage, Sam trashes Elaine's office and leaves her threatening phone messages. J. Peterman and the police excitedly say that she's now involved in a catfight, and refuse to help.


title: The Summer of George

text: Jerry and Kramer go to the Tony Awards: Jerry as an invited guest, Kramer as a seat filler. Jerry picks up his date to the Tonys, a waitress named Lanette, only to find a man named Lyle living in her apartment. While Kramer fills a seat for a nominee who has stepped away, he receives a Tony Award for the musical "Scarsdale Surprise", starring Raquel Welch. While Kramer is using his Tony to mingle with stars, the producers of "Scarsdale Surprise" confront him, and say he can only keep his Tony if he fires Raquel Welch. Like Sam, she doesn't swing her arms when she moves, but they are afraid to fire Raquel directly because of her temper. Kramer fires her and she responds by attacking him, destroying his Tony. Walking down the street afterwards, Raquel sees Elaine describing Sam's walk to police; thinking Elaine is mocking her, Raquel attacks her, too.


title: The Summer of George

text: Under pressure from Jerry, Lanette breaks up with Lyle, but she begins to wear Jerry out with her busy lifestyle. George suggests they team up, with George acting as Jerry's "dating intern". When Lanette needs invitations to a party, George picks them up, but on the way back to his apartment he stops to play frisbee golf. At his apartment, an invitation falls out and lands on the stairs. George slips on the invitation and falls, sending him to the hospital. The doctor, who is the same doctor who informed George of Susan's death, tells George his legs were in a state of atrophy because of his inactivity, and due to the resulting trauma he may never walk again. The others respond with the same apathy as they did to Susan's death. George learns to walk again through physiotherapy.


title: The Summer of George

text: The episode was written under the working title "The Dude", then renamed as the George story ended up taking greater prominence in the episode. The Jerry/Lanette/Lyle story was based on the time the episode's co-writer, Alec Berg, invited an actress who had appeared in one episode of "Seinfeld" to come with him to the Oscars. (Berg declined to identify the actress, but said the episode she appeared in was "The Calzone".) When Berg came to pick her up, he found a man in the apartment, with whom she shared what he described as "more than a peck, but not quite a smooch."


title: The Summer of George

text: The character Sam was inspired by a high schoolmate of the episode's other co-writer Jeff Schaffer, Sonya Chada, who didn't swing her arms when she walked. Schaffer said that none of Chada's classmates noticed this until one day, while Chada was carrying a beaker across the room, their chemistry teacher, Mr. Horgen, exploded, "For God's sake, Sonya, swing your arms!" Molly Shannon accidentally slashed her arm in the first take of the rampage in Elaine's office, but insisted on proceeding with several more takes.


title: The Summer of George

text: The callback to "The Muffin Tops" was not in the episode's script. Rather, when Jerry Seinfeld came onto the set in a towel, the crew noticed that his chest hair had not fully regrown from when he shaved it for "The Muffin Tops", and decided to work this into the episode.


title: The Summer of George

text: Though guest star Raquel Welch had a reputation as being difficult to work with, as the episode itself parodies, the "Seinfeld" cast and crew said they encountered no problems with her and that she seemed happy to be a part of the show. The fight between Raquel Welch and Elaine was filmed, but during the editing stage it was decided that it was funnier to have the fight entirely off-camera.


title: Bury Me at Makeout Creek

text: Bury Me at Makeout Creek (stylized in all lowercase) is the third studio album by Japanese-American indie rock musician Mitski, released through Double Double Whammy on November 11, 2014. The album was written entirely by Mitski, with production handled by Patrick Hyland, who also produced her previous record, "Retired from Sad, New Career in Business" (2013). The title of the album is a quote from the "Simpsons" episode "Faith Off".


title: Bury Me at Makeout Creek

text: After graduating from Purchase College's Conservatory of Music, where she studied studio compositions and released her first two albums as student projects, Mitski learned to play the guitar and began work on her third studio album. The projects, combined with completing her degree while working outside jobs to pay rent, left Mitski exhausted, a state which heavily influenced the creation of the album. The album was recorded mostly in houses and makeshift studios with a select group of musicians and friends and represented a departure from Mitski's classical training showcased in her orchestral, piano-based first two albums.


title: Bury Me at Makeout Creek

text: The lead single of the album, "First Love / Late Spring", was released on May 15, 2014, with Double Double Whammy announcing Mitski joined their label roster and will release a full-length record later that year. The album was announced on September 16 alongside the release of the second single, "Townie". Two music videos were released for "Townie", the first directed by Allyssa Yohana and premiered on "Rookie" on November 9, 2014, and the second directed by Faye Orlove and premiered on "The Fader" on March 9, 2015. She released two more singles, "I Don't Smoke" on September 29 and "I Will" on October 21.


title: Bury Me at Makeout Creek

text: The album was reissued with four new bonus tracks on April 7, 2015, through Don Giovanni Records. In 2016, the album was released under Mitski's new label Dead Oceans.


title: Bury Me at Makeout Creek

text: "Bury Me at Makeout Creek" received acclaim from music critics. Writing for "Pitchfork", Ian Cohen said, "though not necessarily nostalgic, the sound of "Bury Me at Makeout Creek", the impressive third album from Mitski Miyawaki, is inventive and resourceful in a '90s-indie way," concluding the review saying the album "still sounds like a breakthrough even if nothing's coming up Mitski in these songs." "Consequence of Sound"s Sasha Geffen said "love and death and violence all smash into each other throughout the record, which delicately balances on a thin line between polished, academic pop music and unhinged punk rock," adding: "Mitski's grip on melody, pacing, and composition is tight from years of practice, but the raw energy with which she applies it is what brings "Make Out Creek" to life. Her courage as a musician distinguishes her more than any amount of training. Here, it's on full display." "Rolling Stone" Paula Mejia wrote, ""Bury Me" is edged with heavy riffs that at various times recall Black Sabbath and even Liz Phair. But it's Mitski's talent for penning deep-cutting lyrics that makes this album soar."


title: Bury Me at Makeout Creek

text: Concluding the review for AllMusic, Marcy Donelson called the album an "auspicious if fatalistic label debut" and described it as "Grungy, impulsive, and with memorably acerbic, vulnerable lyrics."


title: Bury Me at Makeout Creek

text: The song "Francis Forever" was covered by Marceline the Vampire Queen in the episode "The Music Hole" from the eighth season of "Adventure Time".


title: B.Y.O.B. (song)

text: "B.Y.O.B." ("Bring Your Own Bombs") is a song by Armenian-American heavy metal band System of a Down. It was released in March 2005 as the lead single from their fourth album "Mezmerize". Like their earlier song "Boom!", it was written in protest against the Iraq War. The song reached number 27 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, the band's highest peak to date on the chart.


title: B.Y.O.B. (song)

text: Directed by Jake Nava, the music video for "B.Y.O.B." shows an army of soldiers marching through the streets, wearing paintball masks with television screens projecting words like "DIE", "TRUTH", "OBEY", "BUY" or "GOD", with the band members playing in the middle of the street. During the chorus, the band is shown playing inside a night club. Midway through the video, co-lead vocalist Daron Malakian is shown screaming the words ""Blast off! It's party time! And we don't live in a fascist nation! Blast off! It's party time! And where the fuck are you?!"", when the soldiers storm the night club and force everyone to put on the drone masks, during which the masks show images of television shows and war. At the end of the video, the band members are shown wearing the drone masks, which are playing static.


title: B.Y.O.B. (song)

text: Casey Chaos claimed to have helped write the song in 2002, and Malakian offered to gift him a 2% royalties credit. When Chaos asked for more, the offer was rescinded. Casey Chaos then subsequently sold a 50% interest in the song to Maxwood Music Ltd. However, in 2010 a Manhattan court ruled Malakian and Tankian to be the sole writers of the song.


title: Edgar Berlanga

text: Berlanga was born to the large Nuyorican community of Brooklyn, to parents from Puerto Rico. He started boxing at the age of 7, As a child, he was a fan of Félix Trinidad, a former world champion who frequently fought at Madison Square Garden. When queried about his heritage, Berlanga responded “I feel a hundred percent Puerto Rican [...] I was born over there, but belong here. I am very Puerto Rican”. He also emphasized that most of his family still resides on the island, and that when he boxes he represents them and its "beautiful flag.".


title: Edgar Berlanga

text: He made his professional debut on April 29, 2016, scoring a first-round knockout (KO) victory against Jorge Pedroza at Isla San Marcos in Aguascalientes City, Mexico. He has gone on to compile a record of 17-0, with all but one of his wins coming by first-round stoppage.


title: Edgar Berlanga

text: By late 2020, Berlanga's record had improved to 16–0, with all of his victories coming in the 1st round, catching the attention of media as he was closing in on the official world record for consecutive 1st-round KOs held by Ali Raymi. On December 12, 2020, he equalled Young Otto's record when he knocked out Ulises Sierra in the first round.


title: Edgar Berlanga

text: His attempt to capture the world record for consecutive 1st-round KOs ended on April 24, 2021 when he was taken the full distance in his unanimous decision victory against Demond Nicholson in his 17th pro fight.


title: Edgar Berlanga

text: On October 9, 2021 on the undercard of Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III, Berlanga overcame a knockdown in the ninth round against former WBO title challenger Marcelo Esteban Coceres to attain his eighteenth successive professional victory. He won via unanimous decision with all three scorecards reading 96–93.


title: Edgar Berlanga

text: Berlanga attracted controversy due to an incident during his June 11, 2022 fight against Roamer Alexis Angulo, during which Berlanga attempted to bite Angulo on the shoulder. The incident was not noticed at the time by referee Ricky Gonzales. Berlanga went on to win the fight by unanimous decision. The following day Berlanga joked about the incident saying "I was about to do a Mike Tyson on him". Berlanga received criticism for this comment and later apologized. The New York State Athletic Commission later fined Berlanga $10,000 and suspended him from professional boxing for a period of six months for the incident.<ref>


title: The White Stripes (album)

text: The White Stripes is the debut studio album by American rock duo The White Stripes, released on June 15, 1999. The album was produced by Jim Diamond and vocalist/guitarist Jack White, recorded in January 1999 at Ghetto Recorders and Third Man Studios in Detroit. White dedicated the album to deceased blues musician Son House.


title: The White Stripes (album)

text: Johnny Walker of the Soledad Brothers played slide guitar on two songs: "Suzy Lee" and "I Fought Piranhas". Walker is credited with having taught Jack White how to play slide, a technique featured heavily on the White Stripes' first two albums. Walker explains, "[Jack] had a four track in his living room and invited me to come by and do some recording. In return, I showed him how to play slide."


title: The White Stripes (album)

text: The duo covered "St. James Infirmary Blues" after, according to Jack, he and Meg were introduced to the song from a "Betty Boop" cartoon.


title: The White Stripes (album)

text: The album received mostly positive reviews. Norene Cashen of "The Metro Times" said the LP "serves better to remind us that [Detroit's] local identity has more options than a membership card to the latest cliché...or a one-way ticket to the coast."


title: The White Stripes (album)

text: Much of the media feedback came two or three years after its initial release, following the duo's fame spreading beyond Detroit. AllMusic said of the album, "Jack White's voice is a singular, evocative combination of punk, metal, blues, and backwoods while his guitar work is grand and banging with just enough lyrical touches of slide and subtle solo work... Meg White balances out the fretwork and the fretting with methodical, spare, and booming cymbal, bass drum, and snare... All D.I.Y. punk-country-blues-metal singer-songwriting duos should sound this good."


title: The White Stripes (album)

text: BBC DJ John Peel first spotted the album in a record shop and said, "I just liked the look of it and I looked at the titles – you develop an instinct, d'you know what I mean? And it looked like the sort of record I would like, so I took it out and I did like it, and started playing it." His endorsement was key in heightening their popularity in the UK.


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: Blue Monday is the name given to a day in January (typically the third Monday of the month) said by a UK travel company, Sky Travel, to be the most depressing day of the year. The concept was first published in a 2005 press release from the company, which claimed to have calculated the date using an "equation". It takes into account weather conditions and thus only applies to the Northern Hemisphere.


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: This date was published in a press release under the name of Cliff Arnall, who was at the time a tutor at the Centre for Lifelong Learning, a Further Education centre attached to Cardiff University. "Guardian" columnist Ben Goldacre reported that the press release was delivered substantially pre-written to a number of academics via public relations agency Porter Novelli, along with an offer of money to those who offered to put their names to it. A statement later printed in the "Guardian" sought to distance leaders of Cardiff University from Arnall: "Cardiff University has asked us to point out that Cliff Arnall . . . was a former part-time tutor at the university but left in February." Arnall himself now campaigns against the concept of Blue Monday via Twitter.


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: Variations of the story have been repeatedly reused by other companies in press releases, with 2014 seeing Blue Monday invoked by legal firms and retailers of bottled water and alcoholic drinks. Some versions of the story purport to analyse trends in social media posts to calculate the date.


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: In 2018, Arnall told a reporter at the "Independent" newspaper that it was "never his intention to make the day sound negative", but rather "to inspire people to take action and make bold life decisions". It was also reported that he was working with Virgin Atlantic and Virgin Holidays, having "made it his mission to challenge some of the negative news associated with January and to debunk the melancholic mind-set of "Blue Monday"".


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: The date is generally reported as falling on the third Monday in January, but also on the second or fourth Monday. The first such date declared was 24 January in 2005 as part of a Sky Travel press release.


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: The formula uses many factors, including: weather conditions, debt level (the difference between debt accumulated and ability to pay), time since Christmas, time since new year’s resolutions have been broken, low motivational levels, and the feeling of a need to take action. One relationship used by Arnall in 2006 was:


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: where Tt = travel time; D = delays; C = time spent on cultural activities; R = time spent relaxing; ZZ = time spent sleeping; St = time spent in a state of stress; P = time spent packing; Pr = time spent in preparation. Units of measurement are not defined; as all the factors involve time, dimensional analysis of the "formula" shows that it violates the fundamental property of dimensional homogeneity and is thus meaningless.


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: where W=weather, D=debt, d=monthly salary, T=time since Christmas, Q=time since the failure of new year's resolutions, M=low motivational levels, and N=the feeling of a need to take action. Again, no units were defined; the lack of any explanation for what is meant by "weather" and "low motivational levels" means the dimensional homogeneity of the resulting formula cannot be assessed or verified, rendering it similarly meaningless.


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: Ben Goldacre has observed that the equations "fail even to make mathematical sense on their own terms", pointing out that under Arnall's original equation, packing for ten hours and preparing for 40 will always guarantee a good holiday, and that "you can have an infinitely good weekend by staying at home and cutting your travel time to zero". Dean Burnett, a neuroscientist who has worked in the psychology department of Cardiff University, has described the work as "farcical", with "nonsensical measurements".


title: Blue Monday (date)

text: Arnall also says, in a press release commissioned by Wall's ice cream, that he has calculated the happiest day of the year – in 2005, 24 June, in 2006, 23 June, in 2008, 20 June and in 2010, 18 June. So far, this date has fallen close to Midsummer in the Northern Hemisphere (June 21 to 24).


title: The Mighty B!

text: The Mighty B! (stylized in all caps) is an American animated television series created by Amy Poehler, Cynthia True, and Erik Wiese for Nickelodeon. The series centers on Bessie Higgenbottom, an ambitious Honeybee girl scout who believes she will become The Mighty B (a superhero) if she collects every Honeybee badge. Bessie lives in San Francisco with her single mother Hilary, brother Ben and dog Happy. Poehler provides the voice of Bessie, who is loosely based on the character Cassie McMadison, who Poehler played on the improvisational comedy troupes Upright Citizens Brigade and Second City before she joined the cast of "Saturday Night Live".


title: The Mighty B!

text: The series ran on Nickelodeon from April 26, 2008, to January 16, 2010, before it was moved to Nicktoons on November 6, 2010, which followed the series' ending on June 18, 2011. Since its debut, the show has attracted an average of 3.1 million viewers. In the second quarter of 2008, the show ranked among the top five animated programs on television.


title: The Mighty B!

text: In September 2008, the show was renewed for a second and final season with 20 episodes that premiered on September 21, 2009.


title: The Mighty B!

text: "The Mighty B!" was nominated for six Annie Awards and four Daytime Emmy Awards, winning one Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation. It has garnered one Artios Award nomination and one Golden Reel Award nomination.


title: The Mighty B!

text: The show is set in San Francisco, California, and revolves around the adventures of Bessie Higgenbottom, an ambitious and optimistic 9¾-year-old Honeybee scout who wears her uniform every day. She believes she will become a superhero called The Mighty B if she collects every Honeybee badge. As of the first episode, she has 4,584 badges to go. Her loyal younger brother, Benjamin "Ben", aspires to be her sidekick. Happy, a stray dog with a torn ear, is Bessie's pet and best friend. Bessie and Ben live with their single mother, Hilary, who owns and operates a coffee shop called Hilary's Café. Bessie has an "imaginary friend"; Finger, which is her index finger with a smiley face on her left hand.


title: The Mighty B!

text: Many recurring characters appear alongside the Higgenbottom family, including the Honeybee scouts; Penny is Bessie's clumsy, dim-witted, obese best friend, who loves taffy. Although she and Bessie are best friends, Penny also shows loyalty to Portia and Gwen. Portia is a bratty, and snobby Honeybee scout, whose mother is the troop leader. Along with the business-minded Gwen, Portia is often opposing Bessie or tries to ruin her life. Bessie is also friends with Rocky Rhodes, an older, "cool" skater who works part-time at Hilary's Café.


title: The Mighty B!

text: Former SNL cast member Amy Poehler voices Bessie Higgenbottom, a 9¾-year-old Honeybee scout. Poehler describes her as "superoptimistic and a super spaz" and "a bit bossy, but with good intentions". She is based on a character Poehler had played during her time at improvisational comedy troupes Second City and Upright Citizens Brigade, but also girls Poehler looked up to when she was younger, which she called "the leaders". Poehler provides the voice of Bessie only, but for the episode "Boston Beean", she provided the voice of Sissy Sullivan, a Honeybee scout from Boston whose voice sounded exactly like Bessie's. Dee Bradley Baker voices Happy, Bessie's dog which she found at the harbor in the first episode "So Happy Together". Andy Richter voices Ben Higgenbottom, Bessie's younger brother. Richter is also the voice of Mort on another Nick show "The Penguins of Madagascar". Richter talked about "The Mighty B!", quoting: "[...] another dream come true, to be able to do cartoon voices! And, also, to get to do cartoon voices for [Ben and Mort] two really funny, cool cartoons that my kids love and that I'm proud to have them love. It's pretty great." Dannah Feinglass voices Penny, Bessie's sidekick. Feinglass is also a writer for the show. Grey DeLisle voices Portia Gibbons, a Honeybee scout, Megan Cavanagh voices Hilary Higgenbottom, Bessie and Ben's single mother, and Jessica DiCicco voices Gwen, Portia's best friend.


title: The Mighty B!

text: In addition to the main cast, Sarah Thyre, Kenan Thompson, Matt Besser, Keone Young, Jessica Chaffin and Kevin Michael Richardson voice supporting characters. Guest stars that have appeared on the show include Jill Talley, Jackée Harry, Rob Corddry, John Ross Bowie, Brian Posehn, Zachary Gordon, Paul Butcher, Niecy Nash, Maya Rudolph (another SNL veteran), Dan Schneider, Audrey Wasilewski, and Mike O'Malley. Poehler's then husband, Will Arnett, also guest starred on the show, in the episode "Tour D'Alcatraz" as Captain Stonewall.


title: The Mighty B!

text: Several years before "The Mighty B!" premiered, co-creator Amy Poehler and a number of people at Nickelodeon were speaking and thinking about making a "female-driven" animated television series. Poehler stated that the series would be pitched as: "where this girl is at that great age [...] where you're not boy-crazy and you're not rude to other girls". She found that enthusiasm "fascinating" and wanted to "bottle it and take it like a pill".


title: The Mighty B!

text: "The Mighty B!" was picked up for a pilot in early 2006 under the name of "Super Scout". It was co-created by Poehler, Cynthia True and Erik Wiese. Brown Johnson, president of animation at Nickelodeon, was "absolutely thrilled to have a comedy team of the caliber of Amy, Erik and Cynthia create this iconic character for a new generation". Poehler said that she was "thrilled that the world will finally meet the funny and sweet girl-tornado that is Bessie Higgenbottom [...] Erik, Cynthia and I are so pleased to be working with the wonderful people at Nickelodeon. In the words of Bessie, it's been awesome!"


title: The Mighty B!

text: Bessie is loosely based on a character Poehler had played during her time at improvisational comedy troupes Second City and Upright Citizens Brigade as well as girls she looked up to when she was younger. She described Bessie as a "feisty, plucky, bossy, Honey Bee scout" and called her "our hero [...] who goes on all these adventures in hopes of collecting all these badges". Poehler referred to the show as "double the action, triple the adventures and quadruple the awesomeness". During an interview with "TV Guide", when asked if Poehler was trying to appeal adults with the show, she wrote:


title: The Mighty B!

text: "Yeah. What I love about "SpongeBob SquarePants" is that it's very watchable for an adult. But kids like it because they don't feel like they're being pandered to. That was what we were looking to do with "The Mighty B!" [...] We wanted to do a show that had a strong female character who didn't have too many rainbows and unicorns."


title: The Mighty B!

text: A DVD of selected episodes from the series, entitled "We Got the Bee", was released on February 24, 2009. It contained 8 episodes, behind the scenes footage, an animatic version of the episode "Bat Mitzvah Crashers" and a karaoke music video for "Running with the Rainbow Unicorn". Another DVD, named "BEEing Bessie Higgenbottom", was released on December 8, 2009, exclusively at Amazon.com. This release contains 3 episodes as well as the karaoke music video for "Buzz Off" from the Dragonflies special. It is published on demand onto DVD-Rs. On December 8, 2020, the entire series was added to Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access).


title: The Mighty B!

text: One review from Brian Lowry of "Variety" explained it contains a "kind of crazed energy and inventiveness that isn't associated often enough with girl-oriented children's fare [...] [and] opts for a more elevated approach – like that aforementioned roller-coaster jaunt, taking a free-spirited jump off the tracks and trusting its audience to hang on for the ride." David Hinckley of "Daily News" gave the show four stars, while writing that "The Mighty B!" "has a decent shot at becoming a pre-tween fave." Aaron H. Bynum of "Animation Insider" called the series a "good, brainless cartoon [...] [Because] viewers shouldn't ever be bored with Bessie," but criticized part of its humor for not "try[ing] to do too much, which may ultimately work against it when the story calls for the characters to do too little.


title: The Mighty B!

text: "Denver Post" contributor Joanne Ostrow declared the protagonist of the series a "female answer to SpongeBob SquarePants". "<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Ed Liu of "Toon Zone" called "The Mighty B!" a show that he admires more than what he "truly love[s]", stating: "There is prodigious talent behind it and its wonderfully energetic, boisterous comedy. It's clearly trying very, very hard to be entertaining and largely succeeds [...] I almost feel bad for not liking "The Mighty B!" more than I do, and I'm still not sure why I don't enjoy it more". He noted it was worth pointing out that more recent episodes of the show seem "more assured and funnier" than the eight episodes on the "We Got the Bee" DVD.


title: The Mighty B!

text: Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series 3 out of 5 stars; saying that, "Bessie is fairly one-dimensional; her single-minded devotion to badge acquisition (which she often pursues by pestering both adults and her peers to get her way) means that her social skills suffer. Plus, the show maintains a chaotic pace, and there are no real attempts to teach strong positive lessons. While Bessie's dedication to her goal could theoretically be considered admirable, the show makes light of her disregard for her adoring younger brother's feelings and her lack of real friends (in favor of an imaginary pal she draws on her finger and her reluctant dog sidekick). You have to wonder - are those the makings of a truly mighty hero?" But Ashby added that, "young tweens will likely enjoy Bessie's outlandish, fantasy-fueled adventures - which are fast-paced and, on the surface, entertaining." Marilyn Moss from The Hollywood Reporter said, "Nickelodeon's new animated series "The Mighty B!" has what every kid needs in order to grow up strong and self-sufficient in today's adult world: violence, nonsensical verbiage and, most importantly, a built-in idea that you rule the universe. It used to be called narcissism, something that kids are thought to need in order to negotiate childhood. Then it's supposed to disappear. But with the violent, clanging-banging kids and action we see in "Mighty B!" it could last forever if young minds get overloaded on programming with this kind of senselessness."


title: The Mighty B!

text: "The Mighty B!" premiered at 10:30 AM on April 26, 2008, and scored "above average for Nickelodeon programming" in the Nielsen ratings. It ranked in the top ten of all programming for combined broadcast and basic cable shows, with 1.92 million viewers in the 2–11 demographic and a rating of 5.2/23. "The Mighty B!" had double the viewership as "Bakugan Battle Brawlers", a show that aired simultaneously on Cartoon Network.


title: The Mighty B!

text: In September 2008, the show had an average of 3.1 million viewers, and in the second quarter of 2008, the show ranked among the top five animated programs on television. During the third quarter of 2009, it averaged 2.6 million viewers, and was number-one in its timeslot in the children's 2-11 and children's 6-11 demographics.


title: The Mighty B!

text: "The Mighty B!" and its crew have been nominated for six Annie Awards. The show has also been nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards, winning one. It has also been nominated for one Artios Award and one Golden Reel Award.


title: Hellhammer

text: Hellhammer was a Swiss metal band from Nürensdorf, active from 1982 to 1984. Although the band's sound and style were heavily criticized and poorly reviewed during their active years, they have been widely praised in retrospect and are often regarded as a key influence on black metal. In June 1984, Hellhammer disbanded but two of its members soon formed the influential extreme metal band Celtic Frost.


title: Hellhammer

text: Inspired by the music of Black Sabbath, Venom, Raven, Motörhead and Angel Witch, guitarist/vocalist Thomas Gabriel Fischer (a.k.a. "Tom Warrior"), bassist/vocalist Urs Sprenger (a.k.a. "Savage Damage" and "Steve Warrior") and drummer Pete Stratton formed Hammerhead (later Hellhammer) in early 1982. Although Fischer "was not into punk at all," he was "blown away" by the Discharge records"Why" and "Hear Nothing See Nothing Say Nothing", which profoundly influenced his music from then on. As he noted, a lack of extreme metal at the time meant that fans of Venom and Motörhead often had to resort to punk bands for similar sounds. GBH and Anti-Nowhere League also proved influential.


title: Hellhammer

text: After the exit of Stratton and drummer Jörg Neubart (aka "Denial Fiend" and "Bruce Day") joining in the ranks in autumn 1982, Hellhammer attempted to find proper rehearsal spaces, which proved difficult due to either exceedingly high rents or unavailable studio hours. In June 1983, the group recorded their demo tape, "Triumph of Death", for a mere $70. Despite being embarrassed by the end results, Hellhammer shipped their demo to a number of heavy metal magazines, such as Great Britain's "Metal Forces"; critical response toward them was generally favorable. Although rejected by the labels they sent tapes to, the band eventually caught the attention of newcomer Noise Records.


title: Hellhammer

text: Steve Warrior had been replaced by former "Schizo" bassist Martin Eric Ain, a change which marked the beginning of a serious and radical transformation in the band's music and lyrics. These changes were ultimately responsible for Fischer's and Ain's increasing perception of being limited within the confines of the purposely primitive Hellhammer vehicle. Hellhammer disbanded in May 1984, and Fischer and Ain formed a new band under the name of Celtic Frost in June.


title: Hellhammer

text: At the dawn of the next decade Noise Records released a new version of Hellhammer's debut, retitled "Apocalyptic Raids 1990 A.D." This re-issue was augmented by two tracks off the "Death Metal" compilation, which was "something we always wanted to, even back in '84", claimed Tom Warrior. This re-release also came with a new cover design done by Martin Ain.


title: Hellhammer

text: In November 2007, Tom Gabriel Fischer announced that the original master tapes of Hellhammer's demos ("Death Fiend", "Triumph of Death", and "Satanic Rites") would be released as a 2CD/3LP package, titled "Demon Entrails", in February 2008 with new liner notes on the complete history of Hellhammer, unreleased photos and artwork, and all tracks remastered personally by Tom Gabriel Fischer, Martin Eric Ain and Steve Warrior. The album was released by Prowlin' Death/Century Media Records.


title: Hellhammer

text: Additionally, Tom Fischer released a book in 2010 titled "Only Death Is Real: An Illustrated History of Hellhammer and early Celtic Frost 1982–1985", which documents the early days of said bands. The book featured a foreword by Darkthrone guitarist Nocturno Culto and an introduction by the author Joel McIver.


title: Hellhammer

text: In 2016, both Century Media and Prowling Death Records joint released an unreleased 7" vinyl single the band originally recorded in 1983 titled "Blood Insanity". Tom Gabriel Fischer explained that the band contemplated releasing material they recorded at the time of the "Triumph of Death" demo sessions which would contain two songs. Unfortunately, the single languished into an unrealized state until the band's split, rendering any plans for future releases redundant. Fischer went on to say that it never left his mind since then and presented the idea of releasing the single to Century Media, in which the record company agreed.


title: Hellhammer

text: Although its former members felt proud of Hellhammer's legacy by the end of the 1980s, that was not always so. In fact, Tom Warrior feared that his prior commitment to Hellhammer could hinder the future of Celtic Frost. A 1985 "Kerrang!" review summed up his worst fears: "The truly execrable Hellhammer may now have turned into Celtic Frost but still suck on the big one."


title: Hellhammer

text: Other metal publications were also skeptical of Hellhammer's musical endeavor. "Metal Forces", for one, absolutely loathed the group; that started a long-lasting feud between that zine and Warrior, which kept Celtic Frost from playing in England for a couple of years. "Rock Power" was not fond of Hellhammer either; they considered it "the most terrible, abhorrent, and atrocious thing 'musicians' were ever allowed to record". In fact, they were "receiving miserable reviews everywhere", Warrior concluded.


title: Hellhammer

text: A four-track 12" EP, "Apocalyptic Raids", was released in March 1984. At the time, it was regarded as one of the heaviest and most extreme records produced. By then, the band had already broken up, but the recording was one of the original black/death metal recordings, and spawned a legion of imitators, playing doom metal, thrash metal, black metal and death metal. Both Fischer and Ain later teamed up again when forming Celtic Frost in summer of 1984.


title: Hellhammer

text: Hellhammer covers by notable bands include Napalm Death, Sepultura, Samael, Incantation, Slaughter, Behemoth, and Gallhammer. Fischer's post-Celtic Frost band, Apollyon Sun, also re-worked "Messiah".


title: Mott MacDonald

text: The Mott MacDonald Group is a consultancy headquartered in the United Kingdom. It employs 16,000 staff in 150 countries. Mott MacDonald is one of the largest employee-owned companies in the world.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Mott MacDonald was formed in 1989 through the merger of Mott, Hay and Anderson and Sir M MacDonald & Partners. Mott, Hay and Anderson was a transportation engineering consultancy responsible for projects such as the London Underground while Sir M MacDonald & Partners was a water engineering consultancy with projects that included the Aswan Dam. The merger made Mott MacDonald one of the first international engineering, management, and development consultancies.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Mott, Hay and Anderson was founded as a private partnership between Basil Mott and David Hay in 1902, with the original firm name of Mott & Hay. Prior to forming the original partnership, Mott and Hay had spent time building London tube railways and Hay had worked on the Blackwall Tunnel. Both engineers had worked together since 1888 on the City & South London Railway under Sir Benjamin Baker and James Henry Greathead. Early projects included the reconstruction and extension of the City and South London Railway (C&SLR), the building and extension of the Central London Railway, the construction of lifts beneath St Mary Woolnoth church at Bank tube station, the underpinning of Clifford's Tower, the reconstruction of Southwark Bridge and the widening of Blackfriars Bridge. Mott and Hay employed a young engineer called David Anderson as resident engineer for the latter project.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: The firm also advised on proposals for underground railways in Sydney, Africa, and Russia. David Anderson was made a partner in 1920 after returning from army service. The firm was thereafter known as Mott, Hay and Anderson. During the 1920s, it designed the rolling bridge over the River Dee at Queensferry, the Tyne Bridge in Newcastle and the Trent Bridge in Nottingham. It also designed the enlargement of the City & South London Railway tunnels and their extension past Camden Town and Clapham South to form the Northern line of the London Underground.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Both founding partners died in 1938, at which time most of the construction projects stopped. During the 1940s after World War II, it began expanding and working on additional projects, some of which including repairing of roads and bridges damaged or destroyed during the war, and, later, included the Victoria line of the London Underground and Australia's Melbourne Underground Rail Loop. The firm continued in these fields until the merger with Sir M MacDonald & Partners in 1989, at which time it was also working on the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France beneath the English Channel.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Sir M MacDonald & Partners was named after Murdoch Macdonald, a British civil engineer and later politician. The company formed out of affairs relating directly to British infrastructure development in Egypt between 1890 and 1930, in particular MacDonald's involvement with Aswan Low Dam, starting in 1898. MacDonald was involved in the original construction of the Aswan Dam and later became an advisor to the Egyptian Ministry of Public Works after the dam was completed in 1902. He became closely associated with the development and first heightening of the Aswan Low Dam for the development of hydroelectricity.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: MacDonald retired from his service with the Egyptian government in 1921 and returned to Britain where he began a partnership with Archibald MacCorquodale. In 1927, the two were later joined by PH East (also an engineer in the Egyptian government from 1907 to 1926) and OL Prowde, at which time the name of the company was changed to Sir M MacDonald & Partners. One of the first major projects of the partnership included the second heightening of the Aswan Low Dam, which continued from 1929 through design and construction stages until 1933. The firm continued on projects through its merger with Mott, Hay and Anderson in 1989.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Mott MacDonald began to expand after the 1989 merger. Early acquisitions included the consultancies of Husband & Company as well as James Williamson & Partners. These acquisitions brought Mott MacDonald's total staffing to 3,300. Its 1994 acquisition of Ewbank Preece expanded its reach into the power and telecommunication fields, with its 2000 purchase of Cambridge Education Associates expanding its education consultancy. Additional early acquisitions included India-based firm Dalal Consultants in 2001, cost consultants Franklin + Andrews in 2002 and health practice HLSP in 2003. In 2007, Mott MacDonald bought Dutch firm Euroconsult BMB who specialized in international development and natural resource management.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: 2008 marked the first year that Mott MacDonald earned more internationally than it did in the United Kingdom, earning it recognition by "New Civil Engineer" as the "International Consultant of the Year". Its top two international projects for that year were the Delhi Metro in India and Macau City of Dreams in China. The same year, the firm had 7,021 staff assigned to overseas projects, with 6,669 working overseas.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Mott MacDonald purchased Fulcrum Consulting in 2009 as a way of expanding its sustainable energy consultancy in the building sector. Fulcrum was a building services engineer consultancy and a founding member of the UK Green Building Council, specializing in green and eco-friendly engineering and design. Fulcrum was responsible for projects such as the Darwin Centre and considered a pioneer of low-energy building techniques. MacDonald also expanded to open principal offices in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Albania, and Serbia while opening smaller offices in throughout Africa. It also purchased Merz & McLellan, a South African electrical engineering consultancy. 2009 also marked the opening of Mbombela Stadium, a stadium in South Africa for which Mott MacDonald designed the roof. In 2010 it added South African healthcare and development specialist HDA, and Australian engineering consultancy Hughes Trueman to its portfolio. In 2011 Mott MacDonald purchased Australian firm Mortimer Project Management and opened an office in Auckland, New Zealand.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Mott MacDonald continued to expand their international presence in 2013 with the purchase of Habtech Engenharia Ambiental. The purchase of the Brazilian-based environmental consultancy added 80 people to Mott MacDonald's staff. It also purchased PD Naidoo & Associates nine days after the purchase of Habtech. PD Naidoo was a consultancy based in South Africa which added 550 personnel for Mott MacDonald. The acquisitions added to the company's previous year purchases of Canadian consultancy Engineering Northwest, oil and gas firm Procyon, and the oil and gas operations of Mouchel.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: In 2014 Mott MacDonald acquired AWT, a specialist water technology and consulting company based in New Zealand and Australia.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: In 2015 Mott MacDonald and Hatch have announced that the Hatch Mott MacDonald (HMM) joint venture will be separated into two distinct businesses. HMM’s Canada business will become part of Hatch while HMM’s US business will become part of Mott MacDonald. HMM’s pipelines business, which operates in both Canada and the US, will also join Mott MacDonald.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Mott MacDonald has worked on many notable projects. It was the design engineer for Heathrow Terminal 5 sub-structures and foundations, as well as providing rail assurance services, tunnelling advice and project and program management. The project began in 2002, with construction being completed in 2008.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Mott MacDonald was the engineer and worked with Denton Corker Marshall on the design of the Manchester Civil Justice Centre which was completed in 2007. The Centre was the largest court complex in the United Kingdom for a century and has won 26 awards for its design, including the "Major Project of the Year Award" in 2008 from Building.com. The Centre was designed and constructed to have minimal impact on the environment and included a narrow form, acoustic privacy, and natural ventilation. It was also featured in the book "Microgeneration: Low Energy Strategies for Larger Buildings" for its sustainability features.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Mott MacDonald was chosen to be part of the design-build team for a $41 million bridge rehabilitation project announced by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo in January 2014. The project is scheduled to repair bridges in Niagara County in the western part of New York.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: The $125 million contract for engineering the single bore tunnel segment of the Silicon Valley BART extension was awarded to a joint venture bid placed by Mott MacDonald and San Francisco based PGH Wong Engineering in January 2019.


title: Mott MacDonald

text: Since 1998, Mott MacDonald has been providing waste water management for Union Pacific. In January 2018, a Mott MacDonald employee distracted by a cell phone call left a tank unattended for an hour while working at the railroad's Albina Yard in Portland, Oregon, United States. The tank overflowed and released several thousands gallons of oil into the environment according to US attorneys. 1,800 gallons of the released oil was estimated to have been lost into the Willamette River. The former employee Robert LaRue Webb II was convicted with violating the Clean Water Act in October 2019 and was sentenced to a probation and a fine for negligently causing the oil release. The clean up and emergency response cost the railroad over $500,000. United States Coast Guard, EPA and Oregon Department of Environmental Quality assisted with the clean up.


title: Men's long jump world record progression

text: The men's long jump world record progression lists records ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) starting in 1912. The inaugural record was the performance by Peter O'Connor in 1901.


text: The IAAF considers marks set at high altitude as acceptable for record consideration. However, high altitude can significantly assist long jump performances. At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Bob Beamon broke the existing record by a margin of , and his world record of stood until Mike Powell jumped in 1991. However, Beamon's jump was set at an altitude of , with a maximum allowable wind, factors which assisted his performance.


text: This list contains the progression of long jump marks set at low altitude starting with the mark that stood at Beamon's record in 1968 to Powell's 1991 world record.


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: A Gentleman's Dignity () is a 2012 South Korean romantic comedy television series starring Jang Dong-gun, Kim Ha-neul, Kim Su-ro, Kim Min-jong, and Lee Jong-hyuk. It aired on SBS from May 26 to August 12, 2012 on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:55 for 20 episodes.


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: The series marked Jang Dong-gun's return to television after twelve years. It was directed by Shin Woo-chul and written by Kim Eun-sook, the same team behind hit dramas "Secret Garden", "On Air", "Lovers in Prague", and "Lovers in Paris".


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: "A Gentleman's Dignity" is about the careers and love lives of urban professionals. It tells the story of four men in their forties who have been friends since they were eighteen, as they go through love, breakup, success and failure.


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: Kim Do-jin is a confident playboy who meets Seo Yi-soo and falls for her. To his surprise, she doesn't give him the time of day and he discovers that she has a crush on his best friend Im Tae-san. He begins a one-sided love for the first time in his life and tries to win her heart.


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: Im Tae-san starts dating Yi-soo's roommate, Hong Se-ra, but troubles arise when Yi-soo's crush is revealed and when Se-ra tells him she doesn't want to get married.


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: Choi Yoon is a lawyer who is still recovering from his wife's death four years ago but begins to have feelings for Tae-san's much younger sister, Im Meari. Meari has always had a crush on Yoon. However, Yoon refuses to give into his feelings and jeopardize his friendship with Tae-san.


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: Lee Jung-rok is married to a rich woman, Park Min-sook, but constantly flirts with other women which causes problems and trust issues in their marriage.


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: Meanwhile, a teenager named Colin comes to Korea looking for the four men and claims one of them is his biological father.


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: A unique feature of this drama is at the beginning of every episode, a prologue (or cold open) is shown. The prologues involve anecdotes about Do-jin, Tae-san, Yoon and Jung-rok's friendship through the years, and they carry a humorous tone with the exception of episode 16's. The prologues are not related narratively to the previous episode's ending or the present storyline, however they underline each episode's theme.


title: A Gentleman's Dignity

text: The drama has released seven parts of the soundtrack in two OST albums, the first part is "High High" by Kim Tae-woo and the second part features various artists including Jeon Geun-hwa with single "Beautiful Words", Kyung-woo with single "When I Look At You" and Park Eun-ooh with single "Everyday". Actors Jang Dong-gun, Lee Jong-hyun and Kim Min-jong also contributed songs to the soundtrack included in "A Gentleman's Dignity OST 2".


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: Eridanus () is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. It is represented as a river. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is the sixth largest of the modern constellations, and the one that extends farthest in the sky from north to south. The same name was later taken as a Latin name for the real Po River and also for the name of a minor river in Athens.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: At its southern end is the magnitude 0.5 star Achernar, designated Alpha Eridani. It is a blue-white hued main sequence star 144 light-years from Earth, whose traditional name means "the river's end". Achernar is a very peculiar star because it is one of the flattest stars known. Observations indicate that its radius is about 50% larger at the equator than at the poles. This distortion occurs because the star is spinning extremely rapidly.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: There are several other noteworthy stars in Eridanus, including some double stars. Beta Eridani, traditionally called Cursa, is a blue-white star of magnitude 2.8, 89 light-years from Earth. Its place to the south of Orion's foot gives it its name, which means "the footstool". Theta Eridani, called Acamar, is a binary star with blue-white components, distinguishable in small amateur telescopes and 161 light-years from Earth. The primary is of magnitude 3.2 and the secondary is of magnitude 4.3. 32 Eridani is a binary star 290 light-years from Earth. The primary is a yellow-hued star of magnitude 4.8 and the secondary is a blue-green star of magnitude 6.1. 32 Eridani is visible in small amateur telescopes. 39 Eridani is a binary star also divisible in small amateur telescopes, 206 light-years from Earth. The primary is an orange-hued giant star of magnitude 4.9 and the secondary is of magnitude 8. 40 Eridani is a triple star system consisting of an orange main-sequence star, a white dwarf, and a red dwarf. The orange main-sequence star is the primary of magnitude 4.4, and the white secondary of magnitude 9.5 is the most easily visible white dwarf. The red dwarf, of magnitude 11, orbits the white dwarf every 250 years. The 40 Eridani system is 16 light-years from Earth. p Eridani is a binary star with two orange components, 27 light-years from Earth. The magnitude 5.8 primary and 5.9 secondary have an orbital period of 500 years.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: Epsilon Eridani (the proper name is Ran) is a star with one extrasolar planet similar to Jupiter. It is an orange-hued main-sequence star of magnitude 3.7, 10.5 light-years from Earth. Its one planet, with an approximate mass of one Jupiter mass, has a period of 7 years.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: The Eridanus Supervoid is a large supervoid (an area of the universe devoid of galaxies) discovered . At a diameter of about one billion light years it is the second largest known void, superseded only by the Giant Void in Canes Venatici. It was discovered by linking a "cold spot" in the cosmic microwave background to an absence of radio galaxies in data of the United States National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Very Large Array Sky Survey. There is some speculation that the void may be due to quantum entanglement between our universe and another.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: NGC 1535 is a small blue-gray planetary nebula visible in small amateur telescopes, with a disk visible in large amateur instruments. 2000 light-years away, it is of the 9th magnitude.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: IC 2118 is a faint reflection nebula believed to be an ancient supernova remnant or gas cloud illuminated by nearby supergiant star Rigel in Orion.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: Eridanus contains the galaxies NGC 1232, NGC 1234, NGC 1291 and NGC 1300, a grand design barred spiral galaxy.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: NGC 1300 is a face-on barred spiral galaxy located 61 (plus or minus 8) million light-years away. The center of the bar shows an unusual structure: within the overall spiral structure, a grand design spiral that is 3,300 light-years in diameter exists. Its spiral arms are tightly wound.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: The Nu Eridanids, a recently discovered meteor shower, radiate from the constellation between August 30 and September 12 every year; the shower's parent body is an unidentified Oort cloud object. Another meteor shower in Eridanus is the Omicron Eridanids, which peak between November 1 and 10.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: Eridanus is depicted in ancient sky charts as a flowing river, starting from Orion and flowing in a meandering fashion past Cetus and Fornax and into the southern hemispheric stars. Johann Bayer's Uranometria depicts the river constellation as a flowing river.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: According to one theory, the Greek constellation takes its name from the Babylonian constellation known as the Star of Eridu (MUL.NUN.KI). Eridu was an ancient city in the extreme south of Babylonia; situated in the marshy regions it was held sacred to the god Enki-Ea who ruled the cosmic domain of the Abyss - a mythical conception of the fresh-water reservoir below the Earth's surface.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: Eridanus is connected to the myth of Phaethon, who took over the reins of his father Helios' sky chariot (i.e., the Sun), but didn't have the strength to control it and so veered wildly in different directions, scorching both Earth and heaven. Zeus intervened by striking Phaethon dead with a thunderbolt and casting him to Earth. The constellation was supposed to be the path Phaethon drove along; in later times, it was considered a path of souls. Since "Eridanos" was also a Greek name for the Po (Latin "Padus"), in which the burning body of Phaethon is said by Ovid to have extinguished, the mythic geography of the celestial and earthly Eridanus is complex.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: Another association with Eridanus is a series of rivers all around the world. First conflated with the Nile River in Egypt, the constellation was also identified with the Po River in Italy. The stars of the modern constellation Fornax were formerly a part of Eridanus.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: The stars that correspond to Eridanus are also depicted as a river in Indian astronomy starting close to the head of Orion just below Auriga. Eridanus is called "Srotaswini" in Sanskrit, "srótas" meaning the course of a river or stream. Specifically, it is depicted as the Ganges on the head of Dakshinamoorthy or Nataraja, a Hindu incarnation of Shiva. Dakshinamoorthy himself is represented by the constellation Orion.


title: Eridanus (constellation)

text: The stars that correspond to Eridanus cannot be fully seen from China. In Chinese astronomy, the northern part is located within the White Tiger of the West (西方白虎, "Xī Fāng Bái Hǔ"). The unseen southern part was classified among the Southern Asterisms (近南極星區, "Jìnnánjíxīngōu") by Xu Guangqi, based on knowledge of western star charts.


title: Popular science

text: Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad-ranging. It may be written by professional science journalists or by scientists themselves. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages.


title: Popular science

text: As early as 1830, astronomer John Herschel had recognized the need for the genre of popular science. In a letter to philosopher William Whewell, he wrote that the general public needed "digests of what is actually known in each particular branch of science... to give a connected view of what has been done, and what remains to be accomplished." Indeed, as the British population became not just increasingly literate but also well-educated, there was growing demand for science titles. Mary Somerville became an early and highly successful science writer of the nineteenth century. Her "On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences" (1834), intended for the mass audience, sold quite well. Arguably one of the first books in the genre of popular science, it contained few diagrams and very little mathematics. It had ten editions and was translated into multiple languages. It was the most popular science title from the publisher John Murray until "On the Origin of Species" (1859) by Charles Darwin.


title: Popular science

text: Popular science is a bridge between scientific literature as a professional medium of scientific research, and the realms of popular political and cultural discourse. The goal of the genre is often to capture the methods and accuracy of science while making the language more accessible. Many science-related controversies are discussed in popular science books and publications, such as the long-running debates over biological determinism and the biological components of intelligence, stirred by popular books such as "The Mismeasure of Man" and "The Bell Curve".


title: Popular science

text: The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science emphasizes uniqueness and generality, taking a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature. Comparisons between original scientific reports, derivative science journalism, and popular science typically reveal at least some level of distortion and oversimplification which can often be quite dramatic, even with politically neutral scientific topics.


title: Popular science

text: Popular science literature can be written by non-scientists who may have a limited understanding of the subject they are interpreting and it can be difficult for non-experts to identify misleading popular science, which may also blur the boundaries between real science and pseudoscience. However, sometimes non-scientists with a fair scientific background and strong technical communication skills can make good popular science writers because of their ability to put themselves in the layperson's place more easily.


title: AMOS

text: mortar turret. AMOS has been fitted to a wide range of armoured vehicles, such as the Sisu Pasi, Patria AMV and Combat Vehicle 90. The Swedish Navy originally planned to fit AMOS to the CB90 assault craft, but found that it was too small to carry it. Instead, a project to develop the larger Combat Boat 2010 was launched specifically to carry AMOS. Sweden cancelled its acquisition of the AMOS in 2009 due to budget regulations by recommendations from Genomförandegruppen. In 2016 a new self propelled mortar system called "Mjölner" based on a CV90 hull was ordered by the Swedish armed forces, it is based on the AMOS and has many visual similarities but is not as advanced.


title: AMOS

text: When fitted to a vehicle, both GPS- and inertia positioning are used. The electronic fire-control system utilizes digital maps. The twin barreled AMOS is able to keep up rate of fire of 12 rounds per minute. Using its computer-controlled Multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI) feature it is possible to set up a burst of up to 10 rounds that hit the target simultaneously. The first rounds are fired at higher angles with more propellant so that the rounds fly in a high arc. The next rounds are shot later with a slightly smaller angle and less propellant so that they fly a lower arc to the same target. This can be done seven times in a row, always adjusting the angle and power. The adjustment between shots is done by a computer. The strike of one AMOS unit roughly equals one strike of an artillery battery.


title: AMOS

text: An AMOS turret has a full 360-degree field of fire at elevations of −3 to +85 degrees. AMOS is capable of both conventional indirect fire and direct fire for self-protection. In a typical installation, mounted on a Patria AMV or a similar vehicle, the vehicle can dash to the next position roughly 30 seconds after initiating the 14-round salvo, leaving minimal time for detection and counter-attack by enemy; evasion is the primary means of self-protection.


title: AMOS

text: AMOS is manufactured and marketed by Finnish/Swedish Patria Hägglunds, a joint venture between Finnish Patria and Swedish BAE Systems Hägglunds. The system is known as the SSG120 in Swedish service. Ammunition for AMOS includes the Strix guided round and a modification of the Spanish Instalaza MAT-120 120 mm Mortar Cargo Round (although the latter is restricted from the Finnish inventory because of Finnish partnership in the Ottawa Treaty abolishing landmines). AMOS is capable of firing standard muzzle-loaded mortar rounds, but due to the breech-load design in the AMOS, the rounds have to be equipped with a short stub case at the base of the fins, similar to a sabot. When the round is fired, the case exits the breech system automatically.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Saving Face is a 2004 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Alice Wu, in her feature-length debut. The film focuses on Wilhelmina, a young Chinese American surgeon; her unwed, pregnant mother; and her dancer girlfriend. It was the first Hollywood movie that centered on Chinese Americans since "The Joy Luck Club" (1993).


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Dr. Wilhelmina "Wil" Pang is a successful young American surgeon living in New York City. Wil is a lesbian but is closeted to her mother Gao and her mother's friends. Wil is forced by her mother to come to a gathering at the restaurant Planet China with family friends where her mother has plans to set her up with a son of a friend, but Wil is drawn to Vivian, the daughter of one of the Chinese mothers who recently got a divorce. They run into each other at the hospital where Wil works, only to discover that Vivian's father is Wil's boss, Dr. Shing. Vivian and her father have a tense relationship since Vivian is currently pursuing her love of modern dance instead of the more respectable ballet.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Wil comes home to discover her mother has been kicked out by her grandfather for being pregnant out of wedlock, bringing shame to the family. Wil asks for the identity of the father, but Gao refuses to answer. From then on, Gao lives with Wil.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Vivian invites Wil to one of her dance shows and after the show, the two hang out. Vivian reveals the fact that they had met once before when they were children; Vivian kissed Wil on the nose after Wil rescued her from bullies; Wil ran away afterward. Vivian and Wil go to Vivian's apartment and the two kiss. The couple goes on several dates, but Wil is afraid of kissing Vivian in public. At Vivian's request, Wil presents Vivian to her mother as a friend so that they can meet and the three share an awkward dinner. It is revealed later that her mother knows of her homosexuality, but is in denial.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Set up by Wil, Gao goes on several dates to find a man to be a father to her unborn child, but remains unattached. She debates on whether to accept the affections of Cho, a man who has loved her for 15 years and is willing to parent her child.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Vivian reveals to Wil that she was accepted into a prestigious ballet program in Paris and is considering the offer. Wil congratulates Vivian and gives her encouragement to accept the offer. While Vivian still debates on the offer, Vivian's father speaks to Wil and presses her to convince Vivian to accept the offer. Wil withdraws from Vivian, and Vivian accepts the job in Paris.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: After Wil’s grandmother passes away unexpectedly, Gao accepts Cho's marriage proposal. At the wedding, Wil interrupts with a love note from the father of the child saying how much he loves her and wants to marry her despite their age gap. Wil points out the elderly pharmacist, Old Yu, as the man she loves. Old Yu protests, and Little Yu, his son, stands up and announces that he is the one. Wil and her mother run out of the wedding and onto a bus, laughing. After an emotional talk with her mother, Wil rushes to the airport to catch Vivian. Wil apologizes, but Vivian challenges Wil to kiss her to prove her sincerity. Unable to publicly display her love out of fear, Wil is left at the terminal as Vivian leaves for Paris.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Three months later, Wil goes to another party at Planet China, where Gao and Little Yu are now a couple. Wil sees Vivian, who has come to see her mother. Wil approaches Vivian and asks her to dance. They dance and kiss. Gao and Vivian's mother smile at each other while giving a thumbs up. Some people leave in disgust, but Wil and Vivian ignore them, while everyone else joins in to dance.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: In between credits, Gao has Wil and Vivian, family and friends over at her apartment for a function. Gao asks Wil about having babies, to which she reacts with a spit take.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Alice Wu, who directed the movie, wrote the script several years earlier while working as a program manager at Cinemania and Music Central, Microsoft's CD-ROM entertainment department. She originally started writing a novel inspired by her experience coming out as a lesbian to her middle-aged mother. Wu came out to her mother in her last year of college and remembered her reaction as “she basically said, 'I don't think you're gay, and I never want to see you again.' We didn't talk for two years. But I never doubted her love for me. It had everything to do with her willingness to make changes in her own life to be happy." Since then, Wu and her mother grew very close, resulting in Wu dedicating "Saving Face" to her mother because “[she] wanted her [mother] to know it’s not too late to fall in love for the first time. [Wu] want[ed] her to leave the theater feeling that sense of hope.” She has also explained that although she has a lot in common with Wil, the situation of the film is not based on her life. Alice Wu later realized that her novel would be a better fit for a movie and drafted the first script in three days during a 12-week screen writing class at the University of Washington. As advised by her instructor, Wu gave herself five years to make the movie, quitting her Microsoft job, moving to New York, and taking a filmmaking class taught by Alan Oxman.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: In 2002, Wu submitted her script for "Saving Face" to a contest sponsored by the Coalition of Asian Pacifics in Entertainment and won. It was there that she met Teddy Zee, the president of Will Smith’s production company, Overbook Entertainment. Zee described the process as "an awakening for me about the Asian American experience in Hollywood, because I was always such a part of the studio system. Every day there are actors coming in who are Chinese American, who don't get an opportunity except to play prostitutes or waiters."


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: As a first-time director and writer, Wu faced many challenges in maintaining her vision of the film. Studios that saw potential in her script wanted to make it like "My Big Fat Greek Wedding." She was asked to make the characters white so that they could cast Reese Witherspoon as Wil and Ellen Burstyn as her mother. The studio then tried to compromise and asked to make the love interest white so that a star like Scarlett Johansson could bring more attention to the film. Despite further proposals for script changes, Wu maintained that the Mandarin dialogue, lesbian romance, and her involvement as both writer and director were non-negotiable.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Alice Wu described the casting process as “a challenge” due to her difficulty in finding Mandarin-speaking actors. She felt the film needed to be bilingual in order to make it authentic and believable and thus met with over one thousand actors before finding the right cast. Wu also experienced an issue in casting one of the main roles because the actor was stuck in China due to visa problems; therefore, she had to use her second choice, who was in the United States.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: At her first audition, Lynn Chen played Vivian simply as a friend of Wil's in the vending machine scene because she did not have access to the script and was therefore unaware that it was a lesbian romantic comedy. She returned to audition four more times, once with Michelle Krusiec before securing the role of Vivian Shing.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Because she was not a native Mandarin speaker and the film required natural comedic timing, Wu allowed Krusiec's character to respond to her mother's Mandarin in English, which the director-writer said “is a very first-generation-American thing to do”. Wil was made to only speak in Mandarin “when she wants to elicit a response from her mother”. Before production began, Michelle Krusiec was flown out to Taiwan for three months to take an immersive Mandarin course.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Filming began in fall 2003 on the $2.5 million project. "Saving Face" was filmed on location in New York’s Flushing, Queens, Brooklyn, and Manhattan on 35 mm film. Featuring the New York City Chinese American community, the film features in a mixture of Mandarin Chinese and English.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: The production team came across budgetary issues when Wu insisted that they include landscape shots of New York to ground the film in its environment. With little money left, the team was able to film in a helicopter that was being used to get aerial shots of Manhattan for the movie "Hitch".


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: "Saving Face" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 12 September 2004, and made its way around the independent film circuit, screening at Sundance Film Festival, Seattle International Film Festival. It was chosen as the opening night film in 2005 for the Florida Film Festival. The film was subsequently bought by Sony Pictures Entertainment before going into limited release in the US on May 27, 2005.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: "Saving Face" initially opened at only 6 theaters, making $75,104 (averaging $12,517/theater) in its opening weekend, and went on to gross $1,187,266 from 56 theaters in its theatrical run. It grossed an additional $49,252 in the UK, for a worldwide gross of $1,236,518.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: The critical reaction to the movie was mostly positive, with most critics praising the tender romance and the light-hearted comedy, although some critics lambasted it for a lack of depth and a "soap opera-like" ending.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Stephen Holden of "The New York Times", Wesley Morris of the "Boston Globe", Ed Park of "Village Voice", among others, gave positive reviews, with Holden in particular calling it an 'amiable' romance spanning three generations of Chinese Americans. Holden's overall positive review noted that the film had failings at the end: "Sadly, as "Saving Face" ties up the strands of its story, it forfeits its credibility at a wedding finale with a series of instant feel-good solutions and reconciliations."


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised the movie’s interesting storyline and twists but stated that “the writer-director, Alice Wu, fudges a lot of the basics — I never believed the heroine was really a physician”.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: David Rooney of Variety Media said that the film excelled at “spanning the fragile bridge between traditional values and independent spirit” and providing “gentle humor and [a] universal emotional experience”. However, despite the “satisfying payoff” he also criticized the film for its predictability, pacing, and momentum.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Jonathan Rosenbaum of the "Chicago Reader" was notably critical of the film, especially the latter half, describing it as collapsing into "nonsense".


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an 86% approval rating based on reviews from 88 critics, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's consensus describes it as "A charming tale of a love affair that overcomes cultural taboos". On Metacritic it has a score of 65 out of 100 based on 28 reviews.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: "Saving Face" was nominated for the Breakthrough Director Award at the 2005 Gotham Awards, the Viewer's Choice Award and the Best Actress Award for Michelle Krusiec at the 2005 Golden Horse Film Festival, and the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film in Limited Release at the 2006 GLAAD Media Awards. Out of these, it won the Viewer's Choice Award at the 2005 Golden Horse Film Festival.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Michelle Krusiec explained that the Golden Horse nomination enabled her to begin perceiving the Asian and Asian American communities as a legitimate audience, leading her to pursue roles that targeted both groups.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: At the 2006 Asian Excellence Awards, Lynn Chen won the Outstanding Newcomer Award. Alice Wu also won the Visionary Award at the San Diego Asian Film Festival and the Audience Award for Best Narrative at the San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival in 2005.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: "Saving Face" centralizes the relationships between women and their perspectives, mainly that of Vivian and Wil and Wil and Ma. At the start of the movie, Wil is guarded, focused on work and juggling her life as a lesbian in the city and a dutiful daughter in the Chinese community in Flushing, Queens. Vivian acts as a link between Wil's two worlds (the city and Flushing). By falling in love with Wil and wanting her to be open about their relationship, Vivian gave her the confidence to come out to her mother and her community. Eventually, Wil is able to come out which allows for her to start living her life as her true life which also inspires her to stop her mother's unwanted wedding, giving her the same gift of freedom.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Ma's character starts as being dependent, not open about her feelings and willing to marry a man only to restore her father's honour. After being banished from Flushing for her scandalous pregnancy, she is able to deepen her relationship with Wil while simultaneously becoming more independent and in tune with her own feelings. Furthermore, the film briefly addresses the issue of anti-Black racism in Asian communities when Ma insisted that Jay, Wil's African American neighbour use paper plates because it is "safer." However, as the movie progresses, Ma becomes close friends with Jay, demonstrating her ability to change her traditional views.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: The evolution of the importance of saving face is also intertwined with the character development of Wil and Ma since as they become more empowered and sexually liberated, they begin to care less about saving face, implying the possibility of change in traditional Chinese family ethics. The ending scene of the movie included Ma, Wil, and Vivian as a way to indicate Wil's development where all aspects of her life have now become interconnected. The end is also a result of the relationships between these three women, further demonstrating the importance of their relationships in achieving "personhood and…empowerment…The progressive liberating process of coming out of the closet embraced by Ma and Wil in the end also invokes cultural change in the Chinese American community."


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Like the title suggests, one of "Saving Face"’s major themes is the concept of face, a value central to many Chinese families where family members are “expected to perform his or her role properly to maintain the family reputation …and [is] strongly monitored by the community.” The very first scene in the film, Wil is wearing a face mask, indicating that she is hiding and not being her true self. When Ma shows up to Wil's apartment with her face covered by sunglasses, it is a physical manifestation of her father and her own loss of face since she has been banished from Flushing for being pregnant outside of wedlock.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: The concept of face is especially clear during the climactic scene of the film: when Wil comes out to her mother by saying “I love you…and I’m…gay”. When Ma responds by saying “How can you say you love me, and throw that in my face?”, face has a double meaning. Wil's mother sees the impossibility of accepting her daughter's sexuality because she believes it is based on a “bad ideology” on top of it negatively affecting her reputation (face). In this way, the closet serves as a way to reinforce the concept of face because it is used to hide Wil's sexuality and in the same vein, Ma's pregnancy. Consequently, both characters perform normative forms of heterosexuality in order to hide these realities that are perceived as shameful by their community.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: This film has also been interpreted as an example of the blurring between mainstream and marginal representations of Chinese Americans in film. Wu uses stereotypes to establish a “Chinese authenticity” for the characters while also subverting others in important ways. As an intelligent surgeon, Wil is an example of the model minority while her mother is “germ-obsessed…and [a] meddling matchmaker”. Elders are generally shown to be maintainers of tradition who pressure their children to integrate. For instance, Wil's grandfather practices "tai chi" while Old Yu tells fortunes. "Saving Face" references mainstream Chinese American movies such as "The Joy Luck Club, The Last Emperor," and "Maid in Manhattan" in the scene when Ma goes to the video store. There, she examines porn movies that stereotype Asian women as docile, the “China Doll” and “Dragon lady” who are all sexual objects for the Western white male gaze. By combining these stereotypes with ironic comments, consumption of porn meant for men, a homosexual storyline and characters, Wu questions these stereotypes.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: "Saving Face" explores the experiences of being marginalized within an ethnic community and addressing “the multiple layers of minority status by examining intersections of gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation”. The complexities and contradictions of these experiences are displayed using the changing identities of Wil and her mother as well as their defiance of norms. Throughout most of the film, Wil's mother is both constrained by traditional Chinese values and the enforcer of these values. She decides to marry a man that she does not love in order to please her father and regain her family's honour while also setting Wil up with men even though she already knew that she was interested in women. Moreover, Ma's character defies norms despite this emphasis on filial piety: she is autonomous as she is pregnant, explores the city alone, and rents a porn DVD. These contradictions demonstrate Ma's flexibility, negotiation, and social construction of her values.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: This film's dealing with the topic of the incompatibility of homosexuality with Chinese traditions and its evolution throughout demonstrate the fluidity of these traditions in accommodating new realities. Homosexuality is seen as a threat in traditional Chinese families because they threaten “filial piety, family continuity and family reputation” and is seen as linked to failed education and Americanization. The heteronormativity of the Chinese Flushing community is first displayed during the first dance hall scene when the shots alternate between those of men and women. These shots represent accepted heteronormative binary that places men and women on opposite sides.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Wil's mother's refusal to accept Wil's lesbianism despite having walked in on her with a woman demonstrates this incompatibility as she continues to set Wil up with men. The incompatibility of gay and Asian identities was also exemplified in Wil's coming out scene when Ma says “I am not a bad mother. My daughter is not gay”, relating homosexuality to a “bad ideology” that could not have come from Ma's traditional Chinese teachings and must therefore originate in Wil's Americanization. When Vivian and Wil break up near the end of the film, it seems as though these two identities are truly irreconcilable.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Yet at the end of the movie, this dichotomy between men and women at the dancehall is no longer present, and Wil and Vivian's kiss symbolize the breaking of this binary. While some of the partygoers leave, rejecting the inclusion of homosexual people in their community, others stay, including Wil's mother and grandfather. The happy ending shows that even though Chinese families are seen as traditional and static, they can transform to accept homosexuality.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: In an interview with Asians on Film, Michelle Krusiec mentioned that although "Saving Face" did not make a dramatic impact on Hollywood through the box office, the film has remained relevant through its staying power. "Saving Face" has continued to be screened at festivals such as at the San Diego Asian Film Festival in 2019 and at the 30th annual San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival in 2012.


title: Saving Face (2004 film)

text: Looking back on the film at the eight-year anniversary reunion and press conference, Joan Chen, Michelle Krusiec, and Lynn Chen recalled that the movie was a special project that they continue to treasure. On this topic, Joan Chen said “I was always this tragic woman, and Alice gave me this opportunity to play in a comedy. In a lot of the movies that I did, before "Saving Face", I had a dark period where I played a lot of awful roles in films like "On Deadly Ground" and "Judge Dredd" … But I really felt I wasn’t being authentic, and so "Saving Face" came along and gave me the opportunity to get the authenticity that I was craving for.” Similarly, Krusiec was appreciative of her role as a “fulfilling” opportunity to show “real depth” in a central role where she could develop her character. Lynn Chen also praised Alice Wu for her skill at directing and commanding the set and realized that she has not had as much of a special opportunity since filming "Saving Face".