title: Rudolph Isley

text: Isley married Elaine Jasper in 1958. At first, Isley and his family settled at a house he bought in Teaneck, New Jersey, where they lived for ten years. By the mid-1970s, Rudy was living in Haworth, New Jersey. Though having had health issues following his exit from the Isleys, his wife Elaine has stated that his health "is good and he is watching what he eats." Rudy briefly reunited with Ronald & Ernie in 2004 where the brothers were honored with a lifetime achievement award at the BET Awards. Rudy served as best man for brother Ronnie's 2006 marriage to his backup singer Kandy Johnson. Rudy and his wife were long-term residents of Otisville, New York before moving to Olympia Fields near Chicago in 2013, buying R. Kelly's former house to be near their children and grandchildren.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: Gloria is a 1980 American neo-noir crime thriller film written and directed by John Cassavetes. It tells the story of a gangster's girlfriend who goes on the run with a young boy who is being hunted by the mob for information he may or may not have. It stars Gena Rowlands, Julie Carmen, Buck Henry, and John Adames.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: In South Bronx, Jeri Dawn is heading home with groceries. Inside the lobby of her apartment building, she passes a man whose dress and appearance are out of place. The woman quickly boards the elevator.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: She is met in her apartment by her husband Jack Dawn, an accountant for a New York City mob family. There is a contract on Jack and his family, as he has been acting as an informant for the FBI. Suddenly, the family's neighbor, Gloria Swenson, rings their doorbell, asking to borrow some coffee. Jeri tells Gloria of the impending hit and implores Gloria to protect the children. Gloria, formerly a mobster's girlfriend, tells Jeri that she doesn't like kids but begrudgingly agrees. The Dawns' daughter Joan refuses to leave and locks herself in the bathroom, so Gloria takes only their young son Phil to her apartment and taking a Bible – narrowly missing the hit squad.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: After hearing loud shotgun blasts from the Dawns' apartment, a visibly shaken Gloria decides that she and Phil must go into hiding. She quickly packs a bag and leaves the building with Phil, just as a police SWAT team are entering with heavy weapons. Meanwhile, a crowd of onlookers and news reporters have gathered in front of the building, and a cameraman captures a picture of Gloria leaving the building with Phil.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: Gloria and Phil take a cab into Manhattan, where they hide out in an empty apartment belonging to a friend of hers. While Phil sleeps, Gloria has the TV on and hears a news report say that there was a mob hit in the South Bronx, and that the name of the suspected abductor is Gloria Swenson.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: The next morning, Gloria and Phil sneak out of the apartment just as a group of gangsters close in on them. The gangsters are old friends of Gloria's, and confront her on the sidewalk outside, exhorting her to give up Phil and the ledger. In desperation, Gloria empties her revolver at the car of five gangsters, which takes off and flips over. Gloria realizes both her fate and Phil's are now intertwined, and that they will have to leave New York to survive.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: Gloria goes to the bank to empty her safe deposit box, and the two settle for the night at a flophouse. She confronts another group of gangsters at a restaurant; she asks for immunity in exchange for the ledger. "Only Mr. Tanzinni can agree to that", says one of the goons, so she takes some of their guns and flees.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: The next day, Gloria tells Phil that she plans to send him away to a boarding school. Offended by her intentions, Phil claims he is an independent grown man who can manage alone. Gloria decides to abandon him, and have a drink. She is soon filled with guilt and rushes back to look for him; however, he has been captured by some wise-guys. Gloria rescues him, killing one thug in the process, and fleeing from two other thugs via a taxi and the subway, where several by-standers help her escape from the two mobsters.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: The two eventually make it to a hotel room, where Gloria laments the mob's strength and ubiquitous presence, explaining to Phil that she was once the mistress of Tanzinni himself. She meets with Tanzinni, relinquishes the ledger, and then flees, killing one gangster as another shoots down upon her elevator car. Phil waits several hours, then flees to Pittsburgh via rail. At a cemetery, Phil and Gloria (the latter disguised as the former's grandmother arriving in a limousine after miraculously surviving her ordeal) reunite.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: John Cassavetes did not originally intend to direct his screenplay; he planned merely to sell the story to Columbia Pictures. However, once his wife, Gena Rowlands, was asked to play the title character in the film, she asked Cassavetes to direct it.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 93% approval rating based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "A comparatively commercial entry from director John Cassavetes, "Gloria"s pulpy pleasures are elevated by his observant touch and Gena Rowlands' galvanizing star performance."


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: Reviewing for the "Chicago Sun-Times", Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and described it as "tough, sweet and goofy", as well as "fun and engaging but slight". He believed the overly silly nature of the script is redeemed by "Cassavetes' reliance on a tried-and-true plot construction" and the acting performances, particularly that of Rowlands, who he said "propels the action with such appealing nervous energy that we don't have the heart to stop and think how silly everything is".


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: The film was remade in 1999 under the same title with a screenplay by Steve Antin. The remake was directed by Sidney Lumet. It starred Sharon Stone and Jean-Luke Figueroa.


title: Gloria (1980 film)

text: Other films inspired by "Gloria" include Erick Zonca's 2008 film "Julia", starring Tilda Swinton and Luc Besson's 1994 film "Léon: The Professional". In 2013, Paul Schrader was planning his own remake of the film, starring Lindsay Lohan.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: Robert Penn Warren (April 24, 1905 – September 15, 1989) was an American poet, novelist, and literary critic and was one of the founders of New Criticism. He was also a charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers. He founded the literary journal "The Southern Review" with Cleanth Brooks in 1935. He received the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for the Novel for "All the King's Men" (1946) and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1958 and 1979. He is the only person to have won Pulitzer Prizes for both fiction and poetry.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: Warren was born in Guthrie, Kentucky, very near the Tennessee-Kentucky border, to Robert Warren and Anna Penn. Warren's mother's family had roots in Virginia, having given their name to the community of Penn's Store in Patrick County, Virginia, and she was a descendant of Revolutionary War soldier Colonel Abram Penn.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: Robert Penn Warren graduated from Clarksville High School in Clarksville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt University (summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa) in 1925; and the University of California, Berkeley (M.A.) in 1926. Warren pursued further graduate study at Yale University from 1927 to 1928 and obtained his B.Litt. as a Rhodes Scholar from New College, Oxford, in England in 1930. He also received a Guggenheim Fellowship to study in Italy during the rule of Benito Mussolini. That same year he began his teaching career at Southwestern College (now Rhodes College) in Memphis, Tennessee.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: While still an undergraduate at Vanderbilt University, Warren became associated with the group of poets there known as the Fugitives, and somewhat later, during the early 1930s, Warren and some of the same writers formed a group known as the Southern Agrarians. He contributed "The Briar Patch" to the Agrarian manifesto "I'll Take My Stand" along with 11 other Southern writers and poets (including fellow Vanderbilt poet/critics John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and Donald Davidson). In "The Briar Patch" the young Warren defends racial segregation, in line with the political leanings of the Agrarian group, although Davidson deemed Warren's stances in the essay so progressive that he argued for excluding it from the collection. However, Warren recanted these views in an article on the civil rights movement, "Divided South Searches Its Soul", which appeared in the July 9, 1956 issue of "Life" magazine. A month later, Warren published an expanded version of the article as a small book titled "Segregation: The Inner Conflict in the South". He subsequently adopted a high profile as a supporter of racial integration. In 1965, he published "Who Speaks for the Negro?", a collection of interviews with black civil rights leaders including Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr., thus further distinguishing his political leanings from the more conservative philosophies associated with fellow Agrarians such as Tate, Cleanth Brooks, and particularly Davidson. Warren's interviews with civil rights leaders are at the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: Warren's best-known work is "All the King's Men", a novel that won the Pulitzer Prize in 1947. Main character Willie Stark resembles Huey Pierce Long (1893–1935), the radical populist governor of Louisiana whom Warren was able to observe closely while teaching at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge from 1933 to 1942. The 1949 film by the same name was highly successful, starring Broderick Crawford and winning the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1949. There was another film adaptation in 2006 featuring Sean Penn as Willie Stark. The opera "Willie Stark" by Carlisle Floyd, to his own libretto based on the novel, was first performed in 1981.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: Warren served as the Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, 1944–1945 (later termed Poet Laureate), and won two Pulitzer Prizes in poetry, in 1958 for "Promises: Poems 1954–1956" and in 1979 for "Now and Then". "Promises" also won the annual National Book Award for Poetry.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: In 1974, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. Warren's lecture was entitled "Poetry and Democracy" (subsequently published under the title "Democracy and Poetry"). In 1977, Warren was awarded the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. In 1980, Warren was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter. In 1981, Warren was selected as a MacArthur Fellow and later was named as the first U.S. Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry on February 26, 1986. In 1987, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. Warren was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: Warren was co-author, with Cleanth Brooks, of "Understanding Poetry", an influential literature textbook. It was followed by other similarly co-authored textbooks, including "Understanding Fiction", which was praised by Southern Gothic and Roman Catholic writer Flannery O'Connor, and "Modern Rhetoric", which adopted what can be called a New Critical perspective.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: His first marriage was to Emma Brescia. His second marriage was in 1952 to Eleanor Clark, with whom he had two children, Rosanna Phelps Warren (born 1953) and Gabriel Penn Warren (born 1955). During his tenure at Louisiana State University he resided at Twin Oaks (otherwise known as the Robert Penn Warren House) in Prairieville, Louisiana. He lived the latter part of his life in Fairfield, Connecticut, and Stratton, Vermont, where he died of complications from prostate cancer. He is buried at Stratton, Vermont, and, at his request, a memorial marker is situated in the Warren family gravesite in Guthrie, Kentucky.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: In April 2005, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp to mark the 100th anniversary of Warren's birth. Introduced at the post office in his native Guthrie, it depicts the author as he appeared in a 1948 photograph, with a background scene of a political rally designed to evoke the setting of "All the King's Men". His son and daughter, Gabriel and Rosanna Warren, were in attendance.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: Vanderbilt University houses the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities, which is sponsored by the College of Arts and Science. It began its programs in January 1988, and in 1989 received a $480,000 Challenge Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. The center promotes "interdisciplinary research and study in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences."


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: The high school that Robert Penn Warren attended, Clarksville High School (Tennessee), was renovated into an apartment complex in 1982. The original name of the apartments was changed to The Penn Warren in 2010.


title: Robert Penn Warren

text: In 2014 Vanderbilt University opened the doors to Warren College, one of the first 2 residential colleges at the university, along with Moore College.


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: The Nemmersdorf massacre was a civilian massacre perpetrated by Red Army soldiers in the late stages of World War II. Nemmersdorf (present-day Mayakovskoye, Kaliningrad Oblast) was one of the first prewar ethnic German settlements to fall to the advancing Red Army during the war. On 21 October 1944, Soviet soldiers killed many German civilians as well as French and Belgian POWs.


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: The 2nd Battalion, 25th Guards Tank Brigade, belonging to the 2nd Guards Tank Corps of the 11th Guards Army, crossed the Angerapp bridge and established a bridgehead on the western bank of the Rominte river on 21 October 1944. The German forces tried to retake the bridge, but several attacks were repelled by the Soviet tanks and the supporting infantry. During an air attack, a number of Soviet soldiers took shelter in an improvised bunker that was already occupied by 14 local men and women. According to the testimony of a seriously injured woman, Gerda Meczulat, when a Soviet officer arrived and ordered everybody out, the Soviets shot and killed the German civilians at close range. During the night, the Soviet 25th Tank Brigade was ordered to retreat across the river and take defensive positions along the Rominte. The Wehrmacht regained control of Nemmersdorf and discovered the massacre.


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: Nazi German authorities organized an international commission to investigate, headed by the Estonian Hjalmar Mäe and other representatives of neutral countries, such as Francoist Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. It heard the report from a medical commission, which reported that all of the dead females had been raped (they ranged in age from 8 to 84). The Nazi Propaganda Ministry (separately) used the "Völkischer Beobachter" and the cinema news series "Wochenschau" to accuse the Soviet Army of having killed dozens of civilians at Nemmersdorf and having summarily executed about 50 French and Belgian noncombatant prisoners-of-war, who had been ordered to take care of thoroughbred horses but had been blocked by the bridge. The civilians were allegedly killed by blows with shovels or gun butts.


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: The former chief of staff of the German Fourth Army, Major General Erich Dethleffsen, testified on 5 July 1946 before an American tribunal in Neu-Ulm:


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: Karl Potrek of Königsberg, the leader of a "Volkssturm" company present when the German Army took back the village, testified in a 1953 report:


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: At the time, the Nazi Propaganda Ministry disseminated a graphic description of the events to dehumanize Soviets in eyes of German soldiers. On the home front, civilians reacted immediately, with an increase in the number of volunteers joining the Volkssturm. More civilians, however, responded with panic and started to leave the area en masse.


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: To many Germans, "Nemmersdorf" became a symbol of war crimes committed by the Red Army and an example of the worst behaviour in Eastern Germany. Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, the post-war copublisher of the weekly "Die Zeit", lived at the time of the reports in the village of Quittainen (Kwitany) in western East Prussia, near Preussisch Holland (Pasłęk). She wrote in 1962:


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: In his book "Blood Red Snow", the Wehrmacht soldier Gunter Koschorrek reported being among those who entered Nemmersdorf on the morning of October 22, 1944, and that he saw with his own eyes the atrocities that had been committed by Red Army soldiers against the civilian population. He described the naked and mutilated bodies of women, babies and elderly people. He compared it to the treatment meted out by the Red Army to their own citizens as it pushed German forces out of the villages of Western Russia.


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: After the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union, new sources became available and the dominant view among scholars became that the massacre had been embellished and actually exploited by Goebbels in an attempt to stir up civilian resistance to the advancing Soviet Army. Bernhard Fisch, in his book, "Nemmersdorf, October 1944. What actually happened in East Prussia", concluded that liberties were taken with at least some of the photographs, some victims on the photographs were from other East Prussian villages, and the notorious crucifixion barn doors were not even in Nemmersdorf. Additionally, the writer Joachim Reisch, who also claimed to be witness to the events, placed the Soviet presence in Nemmersdorf to less than four hours of heavy fighting in front of the bridge, before pulling back to defensive positions.


title: Nemmersdorf massacre

text: Sir Ian Kershaw is among the historians who believe that the Soviet forces committed a massacre at Nemmersdorf, but the details and numbers are disputed. The German Federal Archives ("Bundesarchiv") contain many contemporary reports and photographs by officials of Nazi Germany of the victims of the Nemmersdorf massacre. They hold evidence of other Soviet massacres in East Prussia, notably Metgethen. In the late 20th century, Alfred de Zayas interviewed numerous German soldiers and officers who had been in the Nemmersdorf area in October 1944, to learn what they saw. He also interviewed Belgian and French prisoners-of-war who had been in the area and fled with German civilians before the Soviet advance. De Zayas incorporated those sources into two of his own books: "Nemesis at Potsdam" and "A Terrible Revenge".


title: Great Spirit

text: The Great Spirit is the concept of a life force, a Supreme Being or god known more specifically as Wakan Tanka in Lakota, Gitche Manitou in Algonquian, and by other, specific names in a number of Native American and First Nations cultures. While the concept is common to a number of indigenous cultures in the United States and Canada, it is not shared by all cultures, or necessarily interpreted in the same way. According to Lakota activist Russell Means, a more semantically accurate translation of Wakan Tanka is the Great Mystery.


title: Great Spirit

text: Due to perceived similarities between the Great Spirit and the Christian concept of God, colonial European missionaries frequently used such existing beliefs as a means of introducing indigenous Americans to Christianity and encouraging conversion.


title: Great Spirit

text: The Great Spirit has at times been conceptualized as an "anthropomorphic celestial deity," a god of creation, history and eternity, who also takes a personal interest in world affairs and might regularly intervene in the lives of human beings.


title: Great Spirit

text: Numerous individuals are held to have been "speakers" for the Great Spirit; persons believed to serve as an earthly mediator responsible for facilitating communication between humans and the supernatural more generally. Such a speaker is generally considered to have an obligation to preserve the spiritual traditions of their respective lineage. The Great Spirit is looked to by spiritual leaders for guidance by individuals as well as communities at large.


title: Great Spirit

text: While belief in an entity or entities known as the Great Spirit exists across numerous indigenous American peoples, individual tribes often demonstrate varying degrees of cultural divergence. As such, a variety of stories, parables, fables, and messages exhibiting different, sometimes contradictory themes and plot elements have been attributed to the same figure by otherwise disparate cultures.


title: Great Spirit

text: "Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka" can be interpreted as the power or the sacredness that resides in everything, resembling some animistic and pantheistic beliefs. This term describes every creature and object as "wakȟáŋ" ("holy") or having aspects that are "wakȟáŋ". The element "Tanka" or "Tȟáŋka" corresponds to "Great" or "large".


title: Great Spirit

text: Prior to the Christianization of indigenous Americans by European settlers and missionaries, the Lakota used "Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka" to refer to an organization or group of sacred entities whose ways were considered mysterious and beyond human understanding. It was the elaboration on these beliefs that prompted scholarly debate suggesting that the term "Great Mystery" could be a more accurate translation of such a concept than "Great Spirit". Activist Russell Means also promoted the translation "Great Mystery" and the view that Lakota spirituality is not originally monotheistic.


title: Great Spirit

text: Manitou, akin to the Iroquois "orenda", is perceived as the spiritual and fundamental life force by Algonquian peoples. It is believed by practitioners to be omnipresent; manifesting in all things, including organisms, the environment, and events both human-induced and otherwise. Manifestations of Manitou are also believed to be dualistic, and such contrasting instances are known as "aashaa monetoo" ("good spirit") and "otshee monetoo" ("bad spirit") respectively. According to legend, when the world was created, the Great Spirit, "Aasha Monetoo", gave the land to the indigenous peoples, the Shawnee in particular.


title: Great Spirit

text: The Anishinaabe culture, descended from the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Cree, inherited the Great Spirit tradition of their predecessors. "Gitche Manitou" (also transliterated as "Gichi-manidoo") is an Anishinaabe language word typically interpreted as Great Spirit, the Creator of all things and the Giver of Life, and is sometimes translated as the "Great Mystery". Historically, Anishinaabe people believed in a variety of spirits, whose images were placed near doorways for protection.


title: Great Spirit

text: According to Anishinaabe tradition, "Michilimackinac", later named by European settlers as Mackinac Island, in Michigan, was the home of Gitche Manitou, and some Anishinaabeg tribes would make pilgrimages there for rituals devoted to the spirit.


title: Great Spirit

text: Other Anishinaabe names for such a figure, incorporated through the process of syncretism, are "Gizhe-manidoo" ("venerable "Manidoo""), "Wenizhishid-manidoo" ("Fair "Manidoo"") and "Gichi-ojichaag" ("Great Spirit"). While "Gichi-manidoo" and "Gichi-ojichaag" both mean "Great Spirit", "Gichi-manidoo" carried the idea of the greater spiritual connectivity while "Gichi-ojichaag" carried the idea of individual soul's connection to the "Gichi-manidoo". Consequently, Christian missionaries often used the term "Gichi-ojichaag" to refer to the Christian idea of a Holy Spirit.


title: Great Spirit

text: The contemporary belief in the great spirit is generally associated with the Native American Church. The doctrine regarding the great spirit within this modern tradition is quite varied and generally takes on Christian ideas of a monotheistic God alongside animistic conceptions. The number of adherents to these contemporary beliefs in the great spirit are unknown, but it is likely they number over a quarter million people.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Pamela Colman Smith (16 February 1878 – 18 September 1951), nicknamed "Pixie", was a British artist, illustrator, writer, publisher, and occultist. She is best-known for illustrating the Rider–Waite tarot deck (also called the Rider–Waite–Smith or Waite–Smith deck) for Arthur Edward Waite. This tarot deck became the standard among tarot card readers, and remains the most widely used today. Smith also illustrated over 20 books, wrote two collections of Jamaican folklore, edited two magazines, and ran the Green Sheaf Press, a small press focused on women writers.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Smith was born at 28 Belgrave Road in Pimlico, part of central London. She was the only child of an American merchant from Brooklyn, New York (before it was part of New York City), Charles Edward Smith (son of Brooklyn mayor Cyrus Porter Smith), and his wife Corinne Colman (sister of the painter Samuel Colman). The family was based in Manchester for the first decade of Smith's life, but they moved to Jamaica when Charles Smith took a job in 1889 with the West India Improvement Company (a financial syndicate involved in extending the Jamaican railroad system). The Smiths lived in the capital, Kingston, for several years, travelling to London and New York.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: By 1893, Smith had moved to Brooklyn, where, at the age of 15, she enrolled at the Pratt Institute, which had been founded six years earlier. There she studied art under Arthur Wesley Dow, painter, print maker, photographer, and influential arts educator. Her mature drawing style shows clear traces of the visionary qualities of fin-de-siècle Symbolism and the Romanticism of the preceding Arts and Crafts movement. While Smith was in art school, her mother died in Jamaica, in 1896. Smith herself was ill on and off during these years and in the end left Pratt in 1897 without a degree. She became an illustrator; some of her first projects included "The Illustrated Verses of William Butler Yeats", a book on actress Dame Ellen Terry by Bram Stoker, and two of her own books, "Widdicombe Fair" and "Fair Vanity" (a reference to "Vanity Fair").


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: In 1899 her father died, leaving Smith at the age of 21 without either parent. She returned to England that year, continuing to work as an illustrator, and branching out into theatrical design for a miniature theatre. In London, she was taken under the wing of the Lyceum Theatre group led by Terry (who is said to have given her the nickname 'Pixie'), Henry Irving, and Bram Stoker and traveled with them around the country, working on costumes and stage design.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: In 1901, she established a studio in London and held a weekly open house for artists, authors, actors, and others involved with the arts. Arthur Ransome, then in his early 20s, describes one of these "at home" evenings, and the curious artistic circle around Smith, in his 1907 "Bohemia in London".


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Smith wrote and illustrated two books about Jamaican folklore: "Annancy Stories" (1899) and "Chim-Chim, Folk Stories from Jamaica" (1905). These books included Jamaican versions of tales involving the traditional African folk figure Anansi the Spider. She also continued her illustration work, taking on projects for William Butler Yeats and his brother, the painter Jack Yeats. She illustrated Bram Stoker's last novel, "The Lair of the White Worm" in 1911, and Ellen Terry's book on Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, "The Russian Ballet" in 1913.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Smith supported the struggle for the right to vote, and through the Suffrage Atelier, a collective of professional illustrators, she contributed artwork to further the cause of women's suffrage in Great Britain. Additionally, Smith donated her services for more poster designs and toys to the Red Cross during World War I.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: In 1903, Smith launched her own magazine under the title "The Green Sheaf", with contributions by Yeats, Christopher St John (Christabel Marshall), Cecil French, A. E. (George William Russell), Gordon Craig (Ellen Terry's son), Dorothy Ward, John Todhunter, and others. "The Green Sheaf" survived for a little over a year, a total of 13 issues.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Discouraged by "The Green Sheaf's" lack of financial success, Smith shifted her efforts towards setting up a small press in London. In 1904, she established The Green Sheaf Press which published a variety of novels, poems, fairy tales, and folktales until at least 1906, mostly by women writers.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: In 1907, Alfred Stieglitz gave an exhibition of Smith's paintings in New York at his Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession (also known as gallery 291), making Smith the first painter to have a show at what had been until then a gallery devoted exclusively to the photographic avant-garde. Stieglitz was intrigued by Smith's synaesthetic sensibility; in this period, Smith would paint visions that came to her while listening to music. The show was successful enough that Stieglitz issued a platinum print portfolio of 22 of her paintings and showed her work twice more, in 1908 and 1909. Some Smith works that did not sell remained with Stieglitz and ended up in the Stieglitz/Georgia O'Keeffe Archive at Yale University.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Yeats introduced Smith to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, which she joined in 1901 and in the process met Waite. When the Golden Dawn splintered due to personality conflicts, Smith moved with Waite to the Independent and Rectified Rite of the Golden Dawn (or Holy Order of the Golden Dawn). In 1909, Waite commissioned Smith to produce a tarot deck with appeal to the world of art, and the result was the unique Waite–Smith tarot deck. Published by William Rider & Son of London, it has endured as the world's most popular 78-card tarot deck. The innovative cards depict full scenes with figures and symbols on all of the cards including the pips, and Smith's distinctive drawings have become the basis for the design of many subsequent packs.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Apart from book illustration projects and the tarot deck, her art found little in the way of commercial outlets after her early success with Stieglitz in New York. Several examples of her works done in gouache were collected by her cousin, the American Sherlock Holmes actor William Gillette, and may be found today prominently displayed in his castle in Connecticut.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: In 1911, Smith converted to Roman Catholicism. After the end of the First World War, Smith received an inheritance from an uncle that enabled her to lease a house on the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall, an area popular with artists. For income, she established a vacation home for Catholic priests in a neighboring house. Her longtime friend, Nora Lake, joined her in Cornwall and helped to run the vacation home.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: After several years of financial difficulty, Smith left the Lizard and relocated first to Exeter in 1939, and then to Bude in the early 1940s. Although she continued writing and illustrating, she was unable to find publishers for her work, likely due to changes in public taste following the First World War.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Smith died in her apartment at the Bencoolen House in Bude on 18 September 1951. Her possessions were auctioned off to pay her debts. The location of her gravesite is unknown, but it is likely that she was buried in an unmarked grave in St. Michael's Cemetery in Bude.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: The 78 illustrations that make up the Waite–Smith tarot deck "represent archetypal subjects that each become a portal to an invisible realm of signs and symbols, believed to be channeled through processes of divination." They are original works of art and unique in terms of the cards' stylization, draftsmanship, and composition, which is a significant aesthetic achievement. They are one of the best examples of Smith's imagination for fantasy, folly, ecstasy, death, and the macabre.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: When Smith's tarot was first published by Rider, in England, in December 1909, it was simply called "Tarot Cards" and it was accompanied by Arthur Edward Waite's guide entitled "The Key to the Tarot". The following year Waite added Smith's black-and-white drawings to the book and published it as "The Pictorial Key to the Tarot". In 1971, U.S. Games bought the right to publish the deck and published it under the title "The Rider Tarot Deck" (because of differences in U.S. and U.K. copyright law, the extent of their copyright in the Waite–Smith deck is disputed). In later editions they changed the name to "Rider Tarot" and then "Rider Waite Tarot". Today most scholars, in order to recognize the importance of Smith's contribution, refer to the deck as the "Waite–Smith Tarot". Tarot writers often refer to the deck with the simple abbreviation of RWS, for Rider–Waite–Smith.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: In the century since the deck's first printing, there have been dozens of editions put out by various publishers; for some of these the Smith drawings were redrawn by other artists, and for others the cards were rephotographed to create new printing plates. Many versions have been recolored as the coloration is rather harsh in the original deck, due to the limitations of color printing at the time. One example is the 1968 Albano-Waite tarot, which has brighter colors overlaid on the same pen-and-ink drawings. Some recent U.S. Games editions have removed Smith's hand-drawn titles for each card, substituting text in a standard typeface. Altogether, these decks encompass the full range from editions very closely based on the original printings to decks that can at most be termed 'inspired' by the Waite–Smith deck.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Waite is often cited as the designer of the Waite–Smith Tarot, but it would be more accurate to consider him as half of a design team, with responsibility for the major concepts, the structure of individual cards, and the overall symbolic system. Because Waite was not an artist himself, he commissioned Smith to create the actual deck.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: It is likely that Smith worked from Waite's written and verbal instructions rather than from sketches; that is, from detailed descriptions of the desired designs. This is how illustrators often work, and as a commercial illustrator, Smith would probably have been comfortable with such a working process. It appears that Waite provided detailed instructions mainly or exclusively for the Major Arcana, and simple lists of meanings for the Minor Arcana or 'pip' cards. Thus the memorable scenes of the Minor Arcana owe largely to Smith's own invention. The Minor Arcana are indeed one of the notable achievements of this deck, as most earlier tarot decks (especially those of the Marseilles type) have extremely simple pip cards. Smith's innovative illustrations for the Minor Arcana, with their rich symbolism, made the Waite–Smith deck a widely imitated model for other tarot decks.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Smith and Waite drew on a number of sources as inspirations for the deck's designs. In particular, it appears that Waite took his inspiration for the trumps mainly from the French "Tarot of Marseilles" (although the oldest date from the 16th century, his model was possibly a Marseilles deck from the 18th century). It is not unlikely that other Marseilles-type Italian tarot decks from the 18th or 19th century were used as additional models. For the pips, it appears that Smith drew mainly on the 15th century Italian "Sola Busca tarot"; the 3 of Swords, for example, clearly shows the congruity between the two decks. In addition, there is evidence that some figures in the deck are portraits of Smith's friends, notably actresses Ellen Terry (the Queen of Wands) and Florence Farr (the World).


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: Smith completed the art for the deck in the six months between April and October 1909. This is a short period of time for an artist to complete some 80 pictures (the number claimed by Smith in a letter to Stieglitz in 1909 and corresponding almost exactly to the standard 78-card tarot deck). The illustrations were most likely done in pen and ink, possibly over a pencil underdrawing; the original drawings are lost so this cannot be determined with certainty at present. They were either colored with watercolor by Smith or colored by someone else after the fact.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: An exhibition of Smith's art entitled "To All Believers—The Art of Pamela Colman Smith" was held in the United States in 1975. It was sponsored by the University of Delaware and the Delaware Art Museum in association with the Delaware chapter of The Victorian Society in America. The exhibition was held at the Delaware Art Museum from 11 September to 19 October, and at the Art Museum, Princeton University, from 4 November to 7 December.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: An exhibition, "Georgia O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle", was held in 2007–2008. It was at three museums: the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, New Mexico; the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia; and the San Diego Museum of Art in San Diego, California. The exhibition included works by Smith and other women artists who were active in the art and photography scene prior to O'Keeffe. Their works help to put O'Keeffe's art in the context of the time. The exhibition was based on the scholarly book "Modernism and the Feminine Voice: O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle" by Kathleen Pyne, which contains a chapter on Smith.


title: Pamela Colman Smith

text: In 2019, the Brooklyn Campus of the Pratt Institute Libraries held an exhibition of Smith's work entitled "Pamela Colman Smith: Life and Work". The exhibition included books, prints, reproductions of paintings and illustrations, tarot decks, and photographs.


title: Jun Kunimura

text: Kunimura was born Yoshihiro Yonemura (米村 喜洋 "Yonemura Yoshihiro") in Yatsushiro, Kumamoto Prefecture, but his family moved to Amagasaki, Hyōgo Prefecture soon after, before moving again to Osaka when he was two years old. He graduated from a theatre program operated by the Osaka Broadcasting Corporation, a theatre company owned and operated by a local NHK affiliate. He has cited actor Yūsaku Matsuda as an influence.


title: Jun Kunimura

text: Kunimura began his acting career with a bit part in Shirō Moritani's 1973 disaster film "Tidal Wave". He went on to appear in the TV dramas "Ayu no Uta" and "Yôi don," before holding his first starring role in Kazuyuki Izutsu's "Gaki Teikoku". Throughout the late 80s and early 90s, he appeared in a number of Hong Kong-produced films, including a prominent cameo role in John Woo's "Hard Boiled," as a Triad gunman in the film's opening teahouse shootout. In 1989, he starred in his first American film, "Black Rain." The Ridley Scott-helmed Yakuza action film was shot on-location in Kunimura's hometown of Osaka, and starred his mentor Yūsaku Matsuda.


title: Jun Kunimura

text: Kunimura is known internationally for his work with Western directors such as Ridley Scott, Quentin Tarantino, and Roland Emmerich. He has collaborated with prominent Japanese filmmakers like Takashi Miike, Lee Sang-il, Hideaki Anno, and Ryuhei Kitamura. In 2016, he starred in Na Hong-jin's Korean horror film "The Wailing," which earned him critical and popular acclaim. It earned him the Best Supporting Actor and Popular Star Awards at the 37th Blue Dragon Film Awards, making him the first-ever non-Korean and Japanese actor to be nominated for the award.


title: Vaginitis

text: Vaginitis, also known as vulvovaginitis, is inflammation of the vagina and vulva. Symptoms may include itching, burning, pain, discharge, and a bad smell. Certain types of vaginitis may result in complications during pregnancy.


title: Vaginitis

text: The three main causes are infections, specifically bacterial vaginosis, vaginal yeast infection, and trichomoniasis. Other causes include allergies to substances such as spermicides or soaps or as a result of low estrogen levels during breast-feeding or after menopause. More than one cause may exist at a time. The common causes vary by age. Prepubescent girls are often at risk for development of vulvovaginitis because of low amounts of estrogen and an underdeveloped labia minora.


title: Vaginitis

text: Diagnosis generally include examination, measuring the pH, and culturing the discharge. Other causes of symptoms such as inflammation of the cervix, pelvic inflammatory disease, cancer, foreign bodies, and skin conditions should be ruled out.


title: Vaginitis

text: Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Infections should be treated. Sitz baths may help with symptoms. Soaps and feminine hygiene products such as sprays should not be used. About a third of women have vaginitis at some point in time. Women of reproductive age are most often affected.


title: Vaginitis

text: A woman may have vaginal irritation, itching, or burning or may notice a foul-smelling or abnormal discharge that could appear green or yellow.


title: Vaginitis

text: Vaginal infections left untreated can lead to further complications, especially for the pregnant woman. For bacterial vaginosis, these include "premature delivery, postpartum infections, clinically apparent and subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease, [as well as] postsurgical complications (after abortion, hysterectomy, caesarian section), increased vulnerability to HIV infection and, possibly, infertility". Studies have also linked trichomoniasis with increased likelihood of acquiring HIV; theories include that "vaginitis increases the number of immune cells at the site of infection, and HIV then infects those immune cells." Other theories suggest that trichomoniasis increases the amount of HIV genital shedding, thereby increasing the risk of transmission to sexual partners. While the exact association between trichomoniasis infection and HIV genital shedding has not been consistently demonstrated, "there is good evidence that TV treatment reduces HIV genital shedding. Five studies were reported in the literature and, of these, four found a decrease in HIV genital shedding after TV treatment."


title: Vaginitis

text: Vaginitis is often caused by an infection or the disruption of the healthy vaginal flora. The vaginal flora consists of those organisms which generally do not cause symptoms and is dominated mainly by "Lactobacillus" species. Disruption of the normal flora can cause a vaginal yeast infection. Vaginal yeast infection can affect women of all ages and is very common. The yeast "Candida albicans" is the most common cause of vaginitis. Specific forms of vaginal inflammation include the following types:


title: Vaginitis

text: Other less common infections are caused by gonorrhea, chlamydia, "Mycoplasma", herpes, "Campylobacter", improper hygiene, and some parasites, notably "Trichomonas vaginalis". Rare cases of amebic vaginitis have been reported, primarily in tropical, developing countries. Women who have diabetes develop infectious vaginitis more often than women who do not.


title: Vaginitis

text: Further, either a change in pH balance or introduction of foreign bacteria in the vagina can lead to infectious vaginitis. Physical factors that have been claimed to contribute to the development of infections include the following: constantly wet vulva due to tight clothing, chemicals coming in contact with the vagina via scented tampons, antibiotics, birth control pills, or a diet favoring refined sugar and yeast.


title: Vaginitis

text: Irritant vaginitis can be caused by allergies or reactions to vaginal sprays, douches, spermicides, soaps, detergents, or fabric softeners. It can also be caused by hot tubs, abrasion, tissue, tampons, or topical medications.


title: Vaginitis

text: Foreign body vaginitis (most common foreign bodies are retained tampons or condoms) may cause extremely malodorous vaginal discharges. Treatment consists of removal, for which ring forceps may be useful. Further treatment is generally not necessary.


title: Vaginitis

text: Diagnosis is typically suspected based on a women's symptoms. Diagnosis is made with microscopy (mostly by vaginal wet mount) and culture of the discharge after a careful history and physical examination have been completed. The color, consistency, acidity, and other characteristics of the discharge may be predictive of the causative agent. Determining the agent is especially important because women may have more than one infection, or have symptoms that overlap those of another infection, which dictates different treatment processes to cure the infection. For example, women often self-diagnose for yeast infections but due to the 89% misdiagnosis rate, self-diagnoses of vaginal infections are highly discouraged.


title: Vaginitis

text: Another type of vaginitis, called desquamative inflammatory vaginitis (DIV) also exists. The cause behind this type is still poorly understood. DIV corresponds to the severe forms of aerobic vaginitis. About 5 to 10% of women are affected by aerobic vaginitis.


title: Vaginitis

text: The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes for the several causes of vaginitis are:


title: Vaginitis

text: Prevention of candidiasis, the most common type of vaginitis, includes using loose cotton underwear. The vaginal area should be washed with water. Perfumed soaps, shower gels, and vaginal deodorants should be avoided. Douching is not recommended. The practice upsets the normal balance of yeast in the vagina and does more harm than good.


title: Vaginitis

text: Prevention of bacterial vaginosis includes healthy diets and behaviors as well as minimizing stress as all these factors can affect the pH balance of the vagina.


title: Vaginitis

text: Prevention of trichomoniasis revolves around avoiding other people's wet towels and hot tubs, and safe-sex procedures, such as condom use.


title: Vaginitis

text: Some women consume good bacteria in food with live culture, such as yogurt, sauerkraut and kimchi, or in probiotic supplements either to try to prevent candidiasis, or to reduce the likelihood of developing bacterial vaginitis following antibiotic treatment. There is no firm evidence to suggest that eating live yogurt or taking probiotic supplements will prevent candidiasis.


title: Vaginitis

text: Studies have suggested a possible clinical role for the use of standardized oral or vaginal probiotics in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, either in addition to or in place of the typical antibiotic regimens. However, recent articles question their efficacy in preventing recurrence compared with other means, or conclude that there is insufficient evidence for or against recommending probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.


title: Vaginitis

text: The cause of the infection determines the appropriate treatment. It may include oral or topical antibiotics and/or antifungal creams, antibacterial creams, or similar medications. A cream containing cortisone may also be used to relieve some of the irritation. If an allergic reaction is involved, an antihistamine may also be prescribed. For women who have irritation and inflammation caused by low levels of estrogen (postmenopausal), a topical estrogen cream might be prescribed.


title: Vaginitis

text: Treatment can include topical steroids to diminish the inflammation. Antibiotics to diminish the proportion of aerobic bacteria is still a matter of debate. The use of local antibiotics, preferably local non-absorbed and broad spectrum, covering enteric gram-positive and gram-negative aerobes, can be an option. In some cases, systemic antibiotics can be helpful, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate or moxifloxacin. Vaginal rinsing with povidone iodine can provide relief of symptoms but does not provide long-term reduction of bacterial loads. Dequalinium chloride can also be an option for treatment.


title: Vaginitis

text: Vulvovaginitis in children may be "nonspecific", or caused by irritation with no known infectious cause, or infectious, caused by a pathogenic organism. Nonspecific vulvovaginitis may be triggered by fecal contamination, sexual abuse, chronic diseases, foreign bodies, nonestrogenized epithelium, chemical irritants, eczema, seborrhea, or immunodeficiency. It is treated with topical steroids; antibiotics may be given in cases where itching has resulted in a secondary infection.


title: Vaginitis

text: Infectious vulvovaginitis can be caused by group A beta-hemolytic "Streptococcus" (7-20% of cases), "Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella, Yersinia", or common STI organisms ("Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis", herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus)"." Symptoms and treatment of infectious vulvovaginitis vary depending on the organism causing it. "Shigella" infections of the reproductive tract usually coexist with infectious of the gastrointestinal tract and cause mucous, purulent discharge. They are treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. "Streptococcus" infections cause similar symptoms to nonspecific vulvovaginitis and are treated with amoxicillin. STI-associated vulvovaginitis may be caused by sexual abuse or vertical transmission, and are treated and diagnosed like adult infections.


title: Spencer Smith (musician)

text: Spencer James Smith (born September 2, 1987) is an American talent agent and former musician and songwriter. He is best known as a co-founding member and the former drummer of the rock band Panic! at the Disco. He recorded four studio albums with the band: "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2005), "Pretty. Odd." (2008), "Vices & Virtues" (2011), and "Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!" (2013). The band's debut album went triple platinum and charted at No. 13 on the US "Billboard" 200, spearheaded by the hit single "I Write Sins Not Tragedies", which peaked at No. 7 in the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Spencer Smith (musician)

text: After recording four albums with the band, he announced his departure from Panic! on April 2, 2015 via the band's official website, citing a need to settle his drug issues. As of February 7, 2018, Smith works as an official manager and talent finder at DCD2 Records.


title: Spencer Smith (musician)

text: Born in Colorado, Smith was raised in Las Vegas, Nevada and attended Centennial High School, with former bandmate Ryan Ross.


title: Spencer Smith (musician)

text: Spencer Smith was the drummer for American rock band Panic! at the Disco, formed in 2004. Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz discovered the band through the Internet and quickly signed them to his Decaydance Records label before the band had even played a single show. Smith has played the percussion parts on the band's first four studio albums, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2005), "Pretty. Odd." (2008), "Vices & Virtues" (2011) and "Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!" (2013). "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" has sold over two million units worldwide, spurred on by the lead single "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" which became the band's second most successful song, reaching #7 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and becoming the band's mainstream breakthrough so early in their career. The 2008 album "Pretty. Odd." debuted at #2 on the "Billboard" 200, however it was less widely received in comparison to "Fever" and quickly fell off the charts.


title: Spencer Smith (musician)

text: In 2007, members of The Cab sent Smith a demo and he helped sign them to Pete Wentz's record label, Decaydance. Smith appears in the music videos "What a Catch, Donnie" and "Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet" by Fall Out Boy, and also appears in the Gym Class Heroes video for the song "Clothes Off!!" alongside bandmate Brendon Urie, and former Panic! at the Disco band members Ryan Ross and Jon Walker. The members are seen dancing in animal costumes, Smith being in a seal suit. Recently Smith and bandmate Brendon Urie appeared in Butch Walker's music video "Pretty Melody", appearing as ninjas.


title: Spencer Smith (musician)

text: In 2009, founding member/guitarist Ryan Ross and bassist Jon Walker left the band, leaving Smith and vocalist Brendon Urie as the sole remaining members. Smith completed work on Panic! at the Disco's third studio album "Vices & Virtues" with bandmate Brendon Urie, which was released in March 2011. Prior to the release of "Vices & Virtues", Smith co-starred with Brendon Urie in a seven-minute short film, called "The Overture", directed by Shane Drake. The short film addressed the departure of two former Panic! at the Disco members, founding member and guitarist Ryan Ross and bassist Jon Walker.


title: Spencer Smith (musician)

text: In an April 2011 interview with "Blogcritics", Smith revealed plans to expand Panic! at the Disco from the current duo with the addition of new band members saying, "We knew it would be just me and Brendon, but we have also left the option open to work with other people." Smith also stated that being on tour is his favorite part of the musical process, though that would be impossible without work in the recording studio.


title: Spencer Smith (musician)

text: On August 2, 2013, he released an open letter to his fans, coming clean about his battle with alcohol and prescription pills. On August 7, 2013, Brendon Urie announced via the band's website that Smith would no longer be taking part in the tour, stating that "He is away getting the help that he needs." On April 2, 2015, Smith announced his departure from Panic! at the Disco.


title: Gunpowder tea

text: Gunpowder tea (; pronounced ) is a form of tea in which each leaf has been rolled into a small round pellet. Its English name comes from its resemblance to grains of gunpowder. This rolling method of shaping tea is most often applied either to dried green tea (the most commonly encountered variety outside China) or oolong tea.


title: Gunpowder tea

text: Gunpowder tea production dates back to the Tang Dynasty 618–907. It was first introduced to Taiwan in the nineteenth century. Gunpowder tea leaves are withered, steamed, rolled, and then dried. Although the individual leaves were formerly rolled by hand, today all but the highest grade gunpowder teas are rolled by machines. Rolling renders the leaves less susceptible to physical damage and breakage and allows them to retain more of their flavor and aroma. In addition, it allows certain types of oolong teas to be aged for decades if they are cared for by being occasionally roasted.


title: Gunpowder tea

text: Shiny pellets indicate that the tea is relatively fresh. Pellet size is also associated with quality, larger pellets being considered a mark of lower quality tea. High quality gunpowder tea will have small, tightly rolled pellets. The tea is divided into several grades using a combination of numbers and letters. As an example, 3505AAA is considered the highest grade while 9375 is a relatively lower grade.


title: Gunpowder tea

text: Several types of green teas are commonly rolled into "gunpowder" form, including Chunmee, Tieguanyin, Huang Guanyin, and Dong Ding, as well as many other oolong and higher-end jasmine teas.


title: Gunpowder tea

text: In Mandarin, gunpowder tea is called (珠茶; literally 'pearl tea' or 'bead tea'; not to be confused with boba tea).


title: Gunpowder tea

text: The origin of the English term may come from the tea's similarity in appearance to actual gunpowder: grayish, dark pellets of irregular shape used as explosive propellant for early guns. The name may also have arisen from the fact that the grey-green leaf is tightly rolled into a tiny pellet and "explodes" into a long leaf upon being steeped in hot water. Another explanation is that the tea can also have a smoky flavor.


title: Gunpowder tea

text: It is also possible that the English term may stem from the Mandarin Chinese phrase for 'freshly brewed', (剛泡的), which sounds like the English word "gunpowder".


title: Gunpowder tea

text: While brewing methods vary widely by tea and individual preferences, 1 teaspoon of loose-leaf tea is recommended for every 150 ml (5.07 oz) of water. Ideal water temperature for this type of tea is between and . For the first and second brewing, leaves should be steeped for around one minute. It is also recommended that the tea cup or tea pot used be rinsed with hot water prior to brewing the tea to warm the vessels. When brewed, gunpowder tea is a yellow color.


title: Gunpowder tea

text: Gunpowder tea is exported to the Maghreb where it is used in the preparation of traditional North African mint tea. The Moroccan tea ritual is at the heart of any social gathering, from an informal visit to a neighbor to lavish soirees with dignitaries. Mint tea is made by adding mint and sugar or honey to gunpowder tea while brewing.


title: Gunpowder tea

text: It was later introduced to Algeria by the great Saharan Dynasty of the Ouled Sidi Cheikh, who adapted it from the Moroccans as a luxurious beverage.


title: Randy Gregory

text: Randy Gregory (born November 23, 1992) is an American football outside linebacker for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Nebraska, and was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 2015 NFL Draft.


title: Randy Gregory

text: Gregory was born in Jacksonville, Florida and moved seven different times. His father, Ken Gregory, played college football at Northwestern. He attended Hamilton Southeastern High School in Fishers, Indiana, where he was a two-sport athlete in football and basketball.


title: Randy Gregory

text: In football, he posted 92 tackles and 17 sacks. Following his senior season, he was ranked as one of the top 15 players in the state of Indiana. In addition to numerous scholarship offers in football, Gregory also drew some interest from Division I basketball teams.


title: Randy Gregory

text: Gregory enrolled at Arizona Western College. As a freshman in 2011, he had 82 tackles, nine sacks, 21 tackles for loss, 3 forced fumbles and 2 fumble recoveries, while helping the team reach the NJCAA title game. As a sophomore in 2012, he missed the entire season due to a broken leg.


title: Randy Gregory

text: He originally committed to Purdue University, but was academically ineligible and decided to attend the University of Nebraska–Lincoln instead. As a sophomore in 2013, he started 10-of-13 games, recording 66 tackles (19 for loss), 10.5 sacks, 18 quarterback hurries, one pass defensed, one forced fumble, one fumble revovery and one interception that he returned for a touchdown. His 10.5 sacks led the Big Ten Conference. He was named a first-team All-Big Ten and was Nebraska's Defensive MVP.


title: Randy Gregory

text: "Sporting News" listed Gregory as their preseason number 5 player in college football for 2014. As a junior, he started 10 out of 11 games, while making 54 tackles (fifth on the team), 10 tackles for loss (third on the team), 7 sacks (led the team), 16 quarterback hurries, one interception, 3 passes defensed, one forced fumble and 2 blocked kicks. He missed the second game against Fresno State University with an injury. He decided to forgo his senior season and enter the 2015 NFL Draft.


title: Randy Gregory

text: As early as May 2014, Gregory was projected as a high first-round selection in the 2015 NFL Draft by various mock drafts. However, after failing the 2015 NFL Scouting Combine drug test for marijuana, he was looked over during the first round of the draft and fell heavily to the second round, until being selected by the Dallas Cowboys (60th overall).


title: Randy Gregory

text: In 2015, although he showed promise during preseason (three sacks in three games) and in the season opener against New York Giants (three quarterback pressures in only 18 snaps), he suffered a high ankle sprain in the fourth quarter that forced him to miss the next four games and held back his development. He made his return to the field in week 7 against the Giants; however, it wasn't until the team's week 10 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers that Gregory posted his first professional tackle, making one solo and one assisted tackle in the game. He didn't have a sack during the season, but still managed 16 quarterback pressures (fourth on the team) and one tackle-for-loss.


title: Randy Gregory

text: On February 19, 2016, Gregory was suspended for the first four games of the season due to violating the league's substance abuse policy. A few months later, Gregory failed a second drug test, checked into an undisclosed treatment facility and was removed from the team's roster. He received an additional 10-game suspension, making him ineligible to return to the Cowboys until December 19.


title: Randy Gregory

text: On November 11, it was reported that Gregory supposedly failed another drug test and was facing a year-long suspension added on to his current 14-game suspension.


title: Randy Gregory

text: Gregory was activated from his consecutive suspensions on December 26, prior to a Week 16 matchup against the Detroit Lions. His year-long suspension was not in place at the time so he could make his 2016 season debut. In the game, he was able to play through an oblique strain he suffered in the second quarter , while posting two tackles and one quarterback hurry. With the team suffering multiple injuries along the defensive line, he started in the last game of the season against the Philadelphia Eagles, recording his first career sack, one tackle for loss, a quarterback hurry and was second on the team with seven tackles.


title: Randy Gregory

text: Although there was a possibility that the NFL would delay the appeal hearing for his latest suspension and allow him to play in the postseason, the meeting was held on January 3, 2017, with the league officially announcing that Gregory would be suspended for the playoffs and at least for one season on January 5, after allegedly missing a scheduled drug test. On July 17, 2018, Gregory was reinstated by the NFL on a conditional basis, allowing him to report to training camp and participate in meetings, but is not permitted to participate in games or practices until the conditions are met. He was fully reinstated by the league the following week. On August 30, he visited with the NFL's chief medical director in what was reported to be a proactive meeting to discuss his treatment and progress. In early September, a report surfaced in the media that Gregory may have suffered a substance abuse relapse during the month of August. Although he was called to the New York League Headquarters for a private meeting, no further discipline was applied.


title: Randy Gregory

text: On February 26, 2019, Gregory was suspended indefinitely by the NFL for violating the league's substance abuse policy and the terms of his conditional reinstatement. On April 2, 2019, the Cowboys extended Gregory's contract through the 2020 season.


title: Randy Gregory

text: In March 2020, ESPN reported that Gregory filed for reinstatement with the NFL. On September 7, 2020, Gregory was conditionally reinstated from suspension, and the Cowboys were given a roster exemption for him through the first six games of the season. On September 8, he signed a one-year extension. He was activated from the roster exemption on October 20, 2020.


title: Randy Gregory

text: In Week 7 he made his season debut against the Washington Football Team. In Week 12 on Thanksgiving, he recorded his first career multi-sack game, with two sacks on Alex Smith during the 41–16 loss against the Washington Football Team. He appeared in 10 games, registering 17 tackles (3 for loss), 3.5 sacks (tied for third on the team), 16 quarterback hurries (third on the team), one pass breakup and three forced fumbles (third on the team). In Week 16 against Philadelphia Eagles, he had 3 tackles (one for loss), 1.5 sacks, 2 quarterback hurries, 3 forced fumbles and one pass breakup. He emerged in the second half of the season and began taking playing time at right defensive end from starter Aldon Smith. He finished with 17 tackles (3 for loss), 3.5 sacks, 16 quarterback pressures, one pass breakup and 3 forced fumbles.


title: Randy Gregory

text: Gregory entered the 2021 season as a starting defensive end for the Cowboys. He suffered a calf injury during practice before Week 10 and was placed on injured reserve on November 11, 2021. He was activated on December 11. On December 12, 2021 against the Washington Football Team he recorded a sack, a forced fumble, and his first career interception on a ball that he deflected at the line and caught himself, returning it for 12 yards.


title: Randy Gregory

text: During free agency in 2022, it was reported that Gregory had signed a five-year contract extension with the Cowboys. However, there was a disagreement in the contract language that allowed the Cowboys to claim any bonuses if a player is fined or suspended, which led Gregory to instead sign a five-year, $70 million contract with the Denver Broncos. He suffered a knee injury in Week 4 and was placed on injured reserve on October 4, 2022. He was activated on December 17.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: "A Scandal in Belgravia" is the first episode of the second series of the BBC crime drama series "Sherlock", which follows the modern-day adventures of Sherlock Holmes, and was first broadcast by BBC One on 1 January 2012. It was written by co-creator Steven Moffat, and directed by Paul McGuigan. The episode was based on "A Scandal in Bohemia", a short story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: The episode depicts Sherlock Holmes' (Benedict Cumberbatch) confrontation with Irene Adler (Lara Pulver), a dominatrix who has compromising photographs taken with a female member of the royal family. The photographs are stored inside her mobile phone, along with other valuable information which makes her a target of various political factions. Sherlock spends much of the episode keeping the device out of enemy hands while trying to deduce its password. Besides referring to the Doyle short story, the episode title names Belgravia, a district of London adjacent to the grounds of Buckingham Palace.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: After its broadcast on BBC One, the episode was given consolidated figures of 10.663 million viewers in the United Kingdom. Critical reactions toward the episode were largely positive, with reviewers praising the writing, acting and direction. The episode sparked controversy for showing the character of Irene Adler in the nude; carefully using camera angles to avoid exposing genitalia, pre-watershed.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Continuing the ending of "The Great Game", Sherlock Holmes (Benedict Cumberbatch) and John Watson (Martin Freeman) are confronting Jim Moriarty (Andrew Scott).


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: After a phone call interrupts the dangerous exchange between Moriarty and Sherlock, Moriarty withdraws and dismisses the snipers.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Mycroft reveals that Irene Adler (Lara Pulver) took compromising photographs of herself and a female member of the royal family.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Sherlock and John try to get into Irene's home by deception, but she expects them. Sherlock meets Irene stark naked leaving him unable to deduce anything about her.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: As John deliberately triggers the fire alarm, Sherlock finds Irene's hidden safe, which Irene has glanced at nervously.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Suddenly several CIA operatives led by Neilson (Todd Boyce) break into the house and demand that Sherlock open the safe.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Sherlock solves the password, and some agents are killed in subsequent chaos. Sherlock gets the phone first, and Irene then sedates Sherlock, takes the phone instead, and escapes.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Sherlock effortlessly cracks it, revealing it to be airline seat allocation numbers. Irene conveys this information to Moriarty, who taunts Mycroft Holmes that he (Moriarty) now knows their plan.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Mycroft confirms that the government planned to fly a plane full of corpses to avoid alerting the terrorists planning to bomb the plane, reminiscent of the Coventry myth.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: However, as Sherlock unwittingly helped Irene (and thus Moriarty) crack the code, the scheme was foiled.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Irene reveals a list of demands to Mycroft, including protection, in exchange for the contents of her phone.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: However, Sherlock deduces Irene's love for him and figures the password is "SHER". Thus, the words on the screen together reads, "I AM SHER-LOCKED".


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Some months later, Mycroft informs John that Irene has been killed by terrorists but intends to tell Sherlock instead that she has entered a witness protection programme in America.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Sherlock asks for Irene's phone and says that Irene's last text message was "Goodbye, Mr. Holmes," suggesting her death.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: After John leaves, in the flashback, it is shown that Sherlock was disguised as the executioner and had rescued Irene.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: The episode is based on Arthur Conan Doyle's short story "A Scandal in Bohemia", and also alludes to several other adventures. There are humorous references to numerous famous Holmes stories, such as "The Greek Interpreter" (in this episode, the "Geek Interpreter"), "The Speckled Band" (in the episode, the "Speckled Blonde"), "The Naval Treaty" (in the episode, "The Navel Treatment"), "The Illustrious Client" and "The Priory School". One of Watson's blogs is titled "Sherlock Holmes Baffled", the same title as a 1900 silent film, the first depiction of Holmes on film. Watson reveals his middle name to be Hamish, a nod to Dorothy Sayers' theory. Moriarty's text message to Mycroft of "Dear me, Mr. Holmes. Dear me," is the same as his note to Holmes in the epilogue of "The Valley of Fear". As Holmes opens Adler's safe, he says "Vatican cameos", a reference to a mystery that is mentioned in "The Hound of the Baskervilles".


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Lara Pulver decided to audition for the role of Irene Adler when she read the script shortly after wrapping on the espionage series "Spooks", in which she had played Erin Watts. She was cast after meeting Steven Moffat and reading with Cumberbatch. Pulver told website Digital Spy that Moffat "had written such a multi-dimensional role that I literally immersed myself in his writing. Everything else went out the window for me, research-wise, other than [the dominatrix angle]. Literally, if you search my computer, you'd think I was a porn star or something!" She says that she found the initial vulnerability when filming the nude scenes "empowering" because she was unable to "hide behind anything – there's no mask. This is me, in the flesh! By the end of take two, it wasn't an issue."


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Musician Eos Chater worked as Benedict Cumberbatch's violin coach for this episode. Although Chater's playing is on the actual soundtrack, Cumberbatch was required to appear to be an expert violinist. To achieve this, Chater was positioned on set so that she could synchronise her playing with his. She says, "On set I need to see him; to play when he lifts his violin and stop when he stops. And he needs to see me; to copy my bowings, to ghost what I'm doing. In one scene I have to stand outside on two boxes on a scissor lift, watching him while he watches me out of the window."


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: "A Scandal in Belgravia" was first broadcast on BBC One on Sunday, 1 January 2012. It received preliminary overnight figures of 8.75 million viewers, with a 30.9 per cent audience share. It is "Sherlock's" highest rated episode since the show's first episode, "A Study in Pink", which attracted 7.5 million. The episode won BBC One the timeslot, having drawn more viewers than "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" on ITV1. When consolidated final ratings are factored in, the episode saw an increase of almost two million viewers, totalling 10.663 million viewers, making it the fifth most viewed programme for the week. "A Scandal in Belgravia" also saw significant viewings on the catch-up internet television service BBC iPlayer, with more than 800,000 seeing the episode within 24 hours after its original broadcast, eventually becoming the most-watched programme of 2012 in May with over 2.5 million requests. The episode was later repeated on the digital channel BBC Three on Saturday, 7 January 2012 from 7 pm, which did not censor the nude scenes despite being shown pre-watershed. The repeat was seen by 883,000 viewers.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: The British Board of Film Classification has awarded the episode a 12 certificate for "moderate sex references, violence and threat". The episode, which is accompanied by an audio commentary by Cumberbatch, Moffat, Gatiss, Pulver and Vertue, was released with the remainder of the second series in the UK on DVD and Blu-ray on 23 January 2012.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: In the United States, the episode premiered on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) on 6 May 2012 as part of "Masterpiece Mystery!". It was seen live by 3.2 million viewers, and was considered a success by the service as it doubled their average primetime ratings.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Critical reaction to the episode was largely positive. "The Independent"s Neela Debnath observed a "constant stream of comedy that ran alongside the suspense", while Tom Sutcliffe, also for "The Independent", commends Moffat's "real poignancy" and how "barely a minute passes without a line that's worth making a note of". Sutcliffe continues to praise "lovely performances and great writing", and that "the whole thing is filmed with such invention".


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Sarah Crompton, for "The Telegraph", asserts that "Cumberbatch is utterly credible as a man who lives entirely in his cerebellum with little regard for the world outside, make "Sherlock" the perfect depiction of Holmes for our times". "Radio Times" writer David Brown agreed, stating that adaptation has the "heartbeat of Conan Doyle's original". Crompton further argues that the frequent allusions to the Holmes canon shows how "Sherlock" "revels in its own cleverness". Chris Harvey, also for "The Telegraph", wrote, "We'll be lucky if there's a drama that's as much fun all year, so explaining that it was good, seems somehow superfluous". "The Guardian"s Sam Wollaston says that Conan Doyle's original story has "been Moffatised as well as modernised. He starts off parallel but then wanders off left and right, into international terrorism and CIA plots and complicated conspiracy theories. It's very complicated, I find at times." Wollaston later called it "a bit of a confusing mish-mash". In its otherwise positive review, Digital Spy's Morgan Jeffery suggests that "the resolution to the 'Scandal' case is perhaps a little too far-fetched".


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Following the episode's broadcast, the tabloid "Daily Mail" reported that Irene Adler's nude scene early in the episode had been met with disapproval from some viewers; "The Guardian" claimed that there was "no mystery about the Mail's reaction", observing that the paper was "so outraged by the scenes" that it illustrated its story "with a big blow-up picture on page 9". Following the broadcast, a BBC spokesman said: "We're delighted with the critical and audience response to the first episode, which has been extremely positive, and have received no complaints at this stage." As of 4 January 2012, the BBC had received 102 complaints "relating to inappropriate scenes broadcast before the Watershed", although "it could not tell when the complaints had been made, or how many came before and after the "Daily Mail" story". The regulator Ofcom also received 20 complaints about the episode, but they decided that it didn't warrant investigating.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Jane Clare Jones, a doctoral student of feminist ethics writing in her blog on "The Guardian"s website, criticised episode writer Steven Moffat's representation of Irene Adler, arguing that her sexualisation was a regressive step. She writes, "While Conan Doyle's original is hardly an exemplar of gender evolution, you've got to worry when a woman comes off worse in 2012 than in 1891." Jones argues that while Conan Doyle's Adler was a "proto-feminist", Moffat undermined "her acumen and agency ... Not-so-subtly channelling the spirit of the predatory femme fatal "[sic]", Adler's power became, in Moffat's hands, less a matter of brains, and more a matter of knowing 'what men like' and how to give it to them ... Her masterminding of a cunning criminal plan was, it was revealed late in the day, not her own doing, but dependent on the advice of Holmes's arch nemesis, James Moriarty." However, Laura Pledger of "Radio Times" listed Adler as a strong female television character, writing, "Not since Scarlett O'Hara has a woman employed quite so many feminine wiles in pursuit of her ultimate goal – and with such chutzpah it feels churlish to criticise." Moffat rejected any suggestion that he or Conan Doyle's creation harboured sexist views, labelling the allegation "deeply offensive", and misguided in that the critics had assumed that he was "presenting the characters as the way it is and the way it ought to be". But, he says, both Adler and Sherlock "are clearly defined as deranged – it's love among the mad. He's a psychopath, so is she." In another interview with WalesOnline, Moffat says:


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: I think it's one thing to criticise a programme and another thing to invent motives out of amateur psychology for the writer and then accuse him of having those feelings. I think that was beyond the pale and strayed from criticism to a defamation act. I'm certainly not a sexist, a misogynist and it was wrong. It's not true and in terms of the character Sherlock Holmes, it is interesting. He has been referred to as being a bit misogynist. He's not; the fact is one of the lovely threads of the original Sherlock Holmes is whatever he says, he cannot abide anyone being cruel to women – he actually becomes incensed and full of rage.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: Moffat later stated that he didn't feature more bisexual to the character of Adler, because, "We don’t acknowledge you on television 'cos you’re having FAR TOO MUCH FUN. You probably don’t even watch 'cos you’re so BUSY!" His statement was criticised by some as a prejudiced comment.


title: A Scandal in Belgravia

text: In May 2012, the episode won three British Academy Television Craft Awards. Moffat was awarded the Best Writer category for his work on the episode. In the meantime, Charlie Phillips was awarded in Editing: Fiction and the sound team (John Mooney, Jeremy Child, Howard Bargroff, Doug Sinclair) won Sound: Fiction. The episode managed to win all three Craft categories it was nominated for. The episode was nominated for 13 Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Miniseries or Movie. Benedict Cumberbatch was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie for his portrayal of Sherlock and Martin Freeman was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie for his portrayal of Watson. Moffat and Paul MacGuigan were also nominated for their writing and directing respectively. In May 2013, the episode won the Edgar Award for Best Episode in a TV Series.


title: Siddha medicine

text: Siddha medicine is a form of traditional medicine originating in southern India. It is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India.


title: Siddha medicine

text: In rural India, have learned methods traditionally through master-disciple relationships to become local "healers". are among an estimated 400,000 traditional healers practicing medicine in India, comprising some 57% of rural medical care. Siddha practitioners believe that five basic elements – earth, water, fire, air, sky – are in food, "humours" of the human body, and herbal, animal or inorganic chemical compounds, such as sulfur and mercury, used as therapies for treating diseases.


title: Siddha medicine

text: The Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy of the Government of India regulates training in Siddha medicine and other traditional practices grouped collectively as AYUSH. Practitioners are called ( in Tamil), and may have formal training with advanced degrees, such as BSMS (Bachelor in Siddha Medicine and Surgery), MD (Medical Doctor, Siddha) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). The Central Council of Indian Medicine, a statutory body established in 1971 under AYUSH, monitors education in areas of rural Indian medicine, including Siddha medicine. The Indian Medical Association regards Siddha medicine degrees as "fake" and Siddha therapies as quackery, posing a danger to national health due to absence of training in science-based medicine. Identifying fake medical practitioners without qualifications, the Supreme Court of India stated in 2018 that "unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives of people without having the requisite training and education in the science from approved institutions".


title: Siddha medicine

text: Siddha is an ancient Indian traditional treatment system which evolved in South India, and is dated to the times of 3rd millennium BCE Indus Valley civilization or earlier. According to ancient literature of Siddha, it is said that the system of this medicine originated from Hindu God Shiva who taught it to his consort Parvati. Parvati then passed it on to Nandi and Nandi taught about it to nine Devtas.


title: Siddha medicine

text: Though the origin of this system is considered to be divine, Siddhar Agasthyar is considered as the founding father of this medical system. There are 18 prominent siddhars who are the main contributors to this system of medicine. The original texts and treatise for siddha are written in Tamil language.


title: Siddha medicine

text: Siddha views disease as a condition caused when the normal equilibrium of the three humors (collectively called "mukkuttram") – "vaadham" (airy), "pittham" (fiery) and "kapam" (watery) – is disturbed. The factors assumed to affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between Vaadham, Pittham, and Kapam are 4:2:1, respectively.


title: Siddha medicine

text: According to the Siddha medicine system, diet and lifestyle play a major role in health and in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha medicine is termed as "pathiyam" and "apathiyam", which is essentially a rule-based system with a list of "do's and don'ts".


title: Siddha medicine

text: The herbal agents used by the could be classified into three groups: "thavaram" (herbal product), "thadhu" (inorganic substances) and "jangamam" (animal products). The thadhu agents are further classified as: "uppu" (water-soluble inorganic substances that give out vapour when put into fire), "pashanam" (agents not dissolved in water but emit vapour when fired), "uparasam" (similar to "pashanam" but differ in action), "loham" (not dissolved in water but melt when fired), "rasam" (substances which are soft), and "ghandhagam" (substances which are insoluble in water, like sulphur).


title: Siddha medicine

text: Tamil Nadu state runs a 5.5-year course in Siddha medicine (BSMS: Bachelor in Siddha Medicine and Surgery). The Indian Government also gives its focus on Siddha, by starting up medical colleges and research centers like National Institute of Siddha. and Central Council for Research in Siddha. Commercially, Siddha medicine is practiced by referred in Tamil as .


title: Siddha medicine

text: Practicing Siddha medicine and similar forms of rural alternative medicine in India was banned in the Travancore-Cochin Medical Practitioners' Act of 1953, then reinforced in 2018 by the Supreme Court of India which stated that "A number of unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives of people." The Act requires that qualified medical practitioners be trained at a recognized institution, and be registered and displayed on a list of valid physician practitioners, as published annually in "The Gazette of India". The Gazette list does not recognize practitioners of Siddha medicine because they are not trained, qualified or registered as valid physicians.


title: Siddha medicine

text: Since 2014, the Supreme Court of India and Indian Medical Association have described Siddha medicine as quackery, and there is no governmental recognition of as legitimate physicians. The Indian Medical Association regards the Indian institutions that train people in Siddha medicine, the supposed degrees granted, and the graduates of those programs as "fake". Since 1953, the Indian national government has not recognized Siddha medicine or any alternative system of medicine as valid, and there is no proposal to integrate Siddha medicine into conventional medicine practiced in India.


title: Siddha medicine

text: There may be as many as one million quack "doctors", including , practicing medicine in the rural regions of India, a condition not actively opposed by the Indian government out of concern for serving some health needs for the large rural population. The Indian Medical Association emphatically opposed this position in 2014. In 2018, licensed Indian physicians staged demonstrations and accused the government of sanctioning quackery by proposing to allow rural quacks to practice some aspects of clinical medicine without having complete medical training.


title: Len Wein

text: Leonard Norman Wein (; June 12, 1948 – September 10, 2017) was an American comic book writer and editor best known for co-creating DC Comics' Swamp Thing and Marvel Comics' Wolverine, and for helping revive the Marvel superhero team the X-Men (including the co-creation of Nightcrawler, Storm, and Colossus). Additionally, he was the editor for writer Alan Moore and illustrator Dave Gibbons' influential DC miniseries "Watchmen".


title: Len Wein

text: Wein was born on June 12, 1948, in New York City, and was raised in a Jewish household. One of two children of Phillip and Rosalyn (née Bauman) Wein, he lived in The Bronx until age 7, when he moved with his family to Levittown, New York, on Long Island. There he graduated from Division Avenue High School in 1966, and went on to an art degree from nearby Farmingdale State College. Wein's younger brother, Michael, died in 2007.


title: Len Wein

text: In a 2003 interview, Len Wein recalled having been "a very sickly kid. While I was in the hospital at age seven, my dad brought me a stack of comic books to keep me occupied. And I was hooked. When my eighth grade art teacher, Mr. Smedley, told me he thought I had actual art talent, I decided to devote all my efforts in that direction in the hope that I might someday get into the comics biz."


title: Len Wein

text: Approximately once a month, as a teenager, Wein and his friend Marv Wolfman took DC Comics' weekly Thursday afternoon tour of the company's offices. Wolfman was active in fanzine culture, and together he and Wein produced sample superhero stories to show to the DC editorial staff. At that point, Wein was more interested in becoming an artist than a writer. In a 2008 interview, Wein said his origins as an artist have helped him "describe art to an artist so that I can see it all in my own head", and claimed he "used to have artists, especially at DC, guys like Irv Novick and a few of the others, who would come into the office waiting for their next assignment and ask [editor] Julie Schwartz, 'Do you have any Len Wein scripts lying around? He's always easy to draw.'"


title: Len Wein

text: DC editor Joe Orlando hired both Wolfman and Wein as freelance writers. Wein's first professional comics story was "Eye of the Beholder" in DC's "Teen Titans" #18 (Dec. 1968), for which he co-created, with Wolfman, Red Star, the first official Russian superhero in the DC universe. Neal Adams was called upon to rewrite and redraw a "Teen Titans" story which had been written by Wein and Wolfman. The story, titled "Titans Fit the Battle of Jericho!", would have introduced DC's first African American superhero but was rejected by publisher Carmine Infantino. The revised story appeared in "Teen Titans" #20 (April 1969).


title: Len Wein

text: Later that year, Wein was writing anthological mystery stories for DC's "The House of Secrets" and Marvel's "Tower of Shadows" and "Chamber of Darkness". He additionally began writing for DC's romance comic "Secret Hearts" and the company's toyline tie-in "Hot Wheels"; Skywald Publications' horror-comics magazines "Nightmare" and "Psycho" and its short-lived Western comic books "The Bravados" and "The Sundance Kid"; and Gold Key Comics' "Mod Wheels", "Boris Karloff Tales of Mystery", the toyline tie-in "Microbots", and the TV-series tie-ins "Star Trek" and "The Twilight Zone".


title: Len Wein

text: Wein's first superhero work for Marvel was a one-off story in "Daredevil" #71 (Dec. 1970) co-written with staff writer/editor Roy Thomas. Wein later began scripting sporadic issues of such DC superhero titles as "Adventure Comics" (featuring Supergirl and Zatanna), "The Flash", and "Superman", while continuing to write anthological mysteries, along with well-received stories for the semi-anthological occult title "The Phantom Stranger" #14–26 (Aug. 1971 – Sept. 1973).


title: Len Wein

text: Wein and artist Bernie Wrightson created the horror character the Swamp Thing in "The House of Secrets" #92 (July 1971). Over the next several decades, the Swamp Thing would star in DC series and miniseries – including an initial 1972–76 series begun by Wein and Wrightson, and the early 1980s "The Saga of the Swamp Thing", edited by Wein and featuring early work by writer Alan Moore—as well as two theatrical films, and a syndicated television series. Abigail Arcane, a major supporting character in the character's mythos, was introduced by Wein and Wrightson in "Swamp Thing" #3 (March 1973). Wein wrote the second story featuring Man-Thing (written circa May 1971, published in June 1972), introducing Barbara Morse and the concept that "Whatever Knows Fear Burns at the Man-Thing's Touch!", and later edited Steve Gerber's run on that title.


title: Len Wein

text: Wein wrote a well-regarded run of "Justice League of America" (issues #100–114) wherein, together with artist Dick Dillin, he re-introduced the Seven Soldiers of Victory in issues #100–102 and the Freedom Fighters in issues #107–108. In the fall of 1972, Wein and writers Gerry Conway and Steve Englehart crafted a metafictional unofficial crossover spanning titles from both major comics companies. Each comic featured Englehart, Conway, and Wein, as well as Wein's first wife Glynis, interacting with Marvel or DC characters at the Rutland Halloween Parade in Rutland, Vermont. Beginning in "Amazing Adventures" #16 (by Englehart with art by Bob Brown and Frank McLaughlin), the story continued in "Justice League of America" #103 (by Wein, Dillin and Dick Giordano), and concluded in "Thor" #207 (by Conway and penciler John Buscema). As Englehart explained in 2010, "It certainly seemed like a radical concept and we knew that we had to be subtle (laughs) and each story had to stand on its own, but we really worked it out. It's really worthwhile to read those stories back to back to back – it didn't matter to us that one was at DC and two were at Marvel – I think it was us being creative, thinking what would be really cool to do." Libra, a supervillain created by Wein and Dillin in "Justice League of America" #111 (June 1974), would play a leading role in Grant Morrison's "Final Crisis" storyline in 2008.


title: Len Wein

text: Wein co-created the Human Target with artist Carmine Infantino and wrote the character's appearances as a backup feature in "Action Comics", "Detective Comics", and "The Brave and the Bold". The character was adapted into a short-lived ABC television series starring Rick Springfield which debuted in July 1992, and was briefly revived in 2010 for a two-season series on Fox that starred Mark Valley, Chi McBride, and Jackie Earle Haley.


title: Len Wein

text: He briefly wrote the "Batman" feature in "Detective Comics" and produced a storyline with artist Jim Aparo and in which Batman was framed for the murder of Talia al Ghul and battled Sterling Silversmith for the first time.


title: Len Wein

text: In the early 1970s, Wein began writing regularly for Marvel Comics. He succeeded Roy Thomas as editor-in-chief of the color-comics line in 1974, staying a little over a year before handing the reins to Wolfman. Remaining at Marvel as a writer, Wein had lengthy runs on "Marvel Team-Up", "The Amazing Spider-Man", "The Incredible Hulk", "Thor", and "Fantastic Four", as well as shorter runs on such titles as "The Defenders" and "Brother Voodoo". Wein co-created Wolverine with Roy Thomas, and artist John Romita Sr. during his run on "The Incredible Hulk". Wein's story "Between Hammer and Anvil" from "The Incredible Hulk" vol. 2, #182 (Dec. 1974) was later cited in Tony Isabella's book "1,000 Comics You Must Read".


title: Len Wein

text: In 1975, he and artist Dave Cockrum revived the Stan Lee / Jack Kirby mutant-superhero team the X-Men after a half-decade's hiatus, reformatting the membership in "Giant-Size X-Men" #1 (May 1975). Among the characters the duo created for the series were Nightcrawler, Storm, Colossus, and Thunderbird. Wein plotted the early "new X-Men" stories with artist Cockrum. These issues were then scripted as "Uncanny X-Men" #94-95 by Chris Claremont, who subsequently developed the title into one of Marvel's leading franchises.


title: Len Wein

text: In 2009, Claremont said, "The history of modern comics would be incredibly different if you took [Wein's] contributions out of the mix. The fact he doesn't get credit for it half the time is disgraceful. We owe a lot of what we are – certainly on the X-Men – to Len and to Dave [Cockrum]".


title: Len Wein

text: In 1977, following an offer to script the "Batman" feature in "Detective Comics", Wein left Marvel to work exclusively at DC Comics as a scriptwriter and editor.


title: Len Wein

text: He scripted "Batman" and collaborated on "Green Lantern" with artists Dave Gibbons and Mark Farmer. On his first issue of "Batman", #307 (Jan. 1979), he created Wayne Foundation executive Lucius Fox, later portrayed by Morgan Freeman in the movies "Batman Begins", "The Dark Knight", and "The Dark Knight Rises". With artist Marshall Rogers, Wein co-created the third version of the supervillain Clayface in "Detective Comics" #478 (Aug. 1978). He wrote "The Untold Legend of the Batman", the first Batman miniseries, in 1980 and the following year wrote a DC-Marvel crossover between Batman and the Hulk in "DC Special Series" #27 (Fall 1981). "Pandora Pann" was a proposed series by Wein and artist Ross Andru which was to have been published in 1982 but other commitments prevented Wein from writing it and the project was cancelled. As editor, he worked on the first twelve-issue limited series "Camelot 3000", and such successful series as "The New Teen Titans", "All-Star Squadron", "Batman and the Outsiders", "Who's Who in the DC Universe", and Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons's acclaimed and highly influential "Watchmen". In 1986, he wrote a revival of the "Blue Beetle", two issues of the "DC Challenge" limited series, and dialogued the miniseries "Legends" over the plots of John Ostrander. The following year, Wein scripted the rebooted "Wonder Woman" series over penciller George Pérez's plots. With artist Steve Erwin, Wein co-created the superhero Gunfire.


title: Len Wein

text: Following his second stint at DC and a move to the West Coast, Wein served as editor-in-chief of "Disney Comics" for three years in the early 1990s. After leaving Disney, Wein began writing and story editing for such animated television series as "X-Men", "Batman", "Spider-Man", "Street Fighter", "ExoSquad", "Phantom 2040", "Godzilla", "Pocket Dragon Adventures", "ReBoot" and "War Planets: Shadow Raiders". In 2001, he and Wolfman wrote the screenplay "Gene Pool" for the production company Helkon, and later wrote a prequel to the screenplay for a one-shot comic book for IDW Publishing.


title: Len Wein

text: Wein collaborated with writer Kurt Busiek and artist Kelley Jones on the four-issue miniseries "Conan: The Book of Thoth" for Dark Horse Comics. He has scripted the comics series "The Victorian" for Penny-Farthing Press and has written comic-book stories for Bongo Comics' TV-series tie-ins "The Simpsons" and "Futurama".


title: Len Wein

text: From 2005 to 2008, Wein appeared as a recurring panelist on the Los Angeles-based stage revival of the TV game show "What's My Line?" He has written episodes of the Cartoon Network animated series "", "", "" and the "Marvel Super Hero Squad."


title: Len Wein

text: Wein was interviewed for commentary tracks on comics-related DVDs, including the animated "" film, the live-action "Spider-Man, Fantastic Four" and "X-Men" films, the "" film, the "Watchmen" film, the "Swamp Thing" TV-series sets, the "Human Target" first season TV series, and the July 2008 History Channel specials "Batman Unmasked" and "Batman Tech".


title: Len Wein

text: He wrote the storyline for the "Watchmen" video game, "", which serves as a backstory to both the comic and the film adaptation.