title: Durga Khote

text: In 1936, she played Saudamini in "Amar Jyoti", which is one of her most memorable roles. The characters played by her were very much like her regal personality and she commanded a screen presence even in front of legendary actors like Chandra Mohan, Sohrab Modi and Prithviraj Kapoor.


title: Durga Khote

text: In 1937, she produced and directed a film titled "Saathi", making her one of the first women to step into this role in Indian cinema. The 40s opened for her in a big way, with award-winning performances in Aachary Atre's "Payachi Dasi" (Marathi) and "Charnon Ki Dasi" (Hindi) (1941) and Vijay Bhatt's classic "Bharat Milap" (1942), both of which got her the BFJA Best Actress Award for two consecutive years.


title: Durga Khote

text: Durga Khote remained active in the theatre circuit for many years, especially the Marathi theatre in Mumbai. She was actively associated with the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) and worked in several plays for the Mumbai Marathi Sahitya Sangh. In 1954, she famously performed the role of Lady Macbeth in V.V. Shirwadkar's Marathi adaptations of Macbeth, as "Rajmukut", "The Royal Crown", along with Nanasaheb Phatak.


title: Durga Khote

text: Durga Khote played a wide variety of roles over a career that was not only long, but also untouched by scandal. She was the inspiration for several generations of Indian actresses, including veterans such as the late Shobhna Samarth, who frequently spoke of how she had been inspired by Khote's example.


title: Durga Khote

text: During later years, she played several important character roles, such as the mother of the protagonist. Her portrayal of Jodhabai, the queen of Akbar torn between duty towards her husband and love towards her son in "Mughal-e-Azam" (1960) was well received. In 1963, she acted in Merchant Ivory's debut film "The Householder" (1963).


title: Durga Khote

text: She went on to play other widely appreciated character roles in later movies, such as the role of the grandmother of the heroine in "Bobby" (1973), the hero's aunt in "Abhimaan" (1973), and the very memorable "Bidaai" (1974), where she played a mother, a very sensitive role that can make one cry and received the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award.


title: Durga Khote

text: Her final memorable role was in Subhash Ghai's "Karz" (1980), where she played the role of the mother of Raj Kiran and later, mother to Rishi Kapoor, who played the role of Raj Kiran's reincarnation after the screen death of Raj Kiran in the movie.


title: Durga Khote

text: She acted in over 200 films in her career. By the 1980s she successfully diversified into production of short films, ad films and documentaries by setting up Fact Films and later, Durga Khote Productions, which produced the Doordarshan TV series "Wagle Ki Duniya".


title: Durga Khote

text: Durga Khote was married when she was a teenager to Vishwanath Khote, a gentleman of her own caste and similar social background, in a match arranged by their parents in the usual Indian manner. It was a traditional marriage into an orthodox family, the couple lived a harmonious and happy life, and the marriage was blessed with two sons. Vishwanath was a mechanical engineer who had graduated from Banaras Hindu University. His family was upper middle class and professional, with modern English education and high social standing; his ancestors had been prominent bankers.


title: Durga Khote

text: Unfortunately, Vishwanath Khote died young, when Durga was barely into her 20s. She and her sons continued to reside with her in-laws, as is traditional in India, but she was not comfortable with her dependent position, especially because her father-in-law was no more, and they were dependent on other family members for their expenses. She thus felt impelled to make a living any which way she could, and the opening in films happened entirely by chance. The fact that she came from a modern and English-educated family meant that, even as a widow, she was able to act in films, which was derided as a disreputable profession in those days.


title: Durga Khote

text: She thus raised her two sons, Bakul and Harin, single-handedly. Both of them went on to become well-settled in life. But she suffered the loss of her son Harin, who predeceased her and died in his 40s. Harin was married to Vijaya Jaywant, and they were the parents of two sons. After Harin's early death, his widow married a Parsi man named Farrokh Mehta and became famous as the film-maker Vijaya Mehta.


title: Durga Khote

text: Durga Khote's grandchildren (children of Bakul and Harin) include her grandson Ravi, a filmmaker; granddaughter Anjali Khote, an actress; and grandson Deven Khote, a successful producer who is one of the co-founders of UTV, and who has also directed a film. Deven Khote is noted for producing films such as "Jodhaa Akbar" and "Life in a Metro."


title: Durga Khote

text: Durga Khote's brother-in-law, Nandu Khote (brother of Vishwanath), was a noted stage and silent movie actor. Two of Nandu's children also became actors in the film industry. His son Viju Khote (1941-2019) was an actor perhaps best known for his role of "Kalia" in "Sholay" (1975). Nandu's daughter is the actress Shubha Khote, who debuted in "Seema" (1955) and worked as a heroine in several films before moving to character roles. Still later, she moved to directing and producing Marathi films and also entered television in the 90s. Shubha's daughter, Bhavana Balsavar, is also an award-winning TV actress who appeared in sitcoms like "Dekh Bhai Dekh" and "Zabaan Sambhalke" before deciding to settle down and raise a family. Thus, the acting profession which was pioneered by Durga Khote in her family has been fully embraced by her late husband's family.


title: Durga Khote

text: Durga Khote also had some rather improbable, distinguished relatives with no connection to films. The socialite and politician Sharda Mukherjee (nee Sharada Pandit), who herself served as governor of the states of Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, and who was the wife of Subroto Mukherjee, India's first Chief of the Air Staff, was Durga Khote's first cousin (her mother's sister's daughter). Sharda Mukherjee's paternal uncle, Ranjit Sitaram Pandit, was the husband of Jawaharlal Nehru's sister Vijayalakshmi Pandit.


title: Durga Khote

text: Later in life, Durga Khote wrote an autobiography in Marathi, entitled "Mee, Durga Khote," which was translated into English as "I, Durga Khote", and moved to Alibaug, near Mumbai. Durga Khote died on 22 September 1991.


title: Jaya-Vijaya

text: In Hinduism, Jaya and Vijaya are the two "dvarapalakas" (gatekeepers) of the abode of Vishnu, known as Vaikuntha (meaning "place of eternal bliss"). Due to a curse by the four Kumaras, they were forced to undergo multiple births as mortals who would be subsequently killed by various avatars of Vishnu. They were incarnated as Hiranyakashipu and Hiranyaksha in the Satya Yuga, Ravana and Kumbhakarna in the Treta Yuga, and finally Shishupala and Dantavakra in the Dvapara Yuga.


title: Jaya-Vijaya

text: According to the Brahmanda Purana, Jaya and Vijaya were the sons of Kali, a demon, and Kali, in turn, was one of the sons of Varuna and his wife, Stuta (Sanskrit (स्तुत, meaning 'praise'). The brother of Kali (and uncle of Jaya and Vijaya) was Vaidya.


title: Jaya-Vijaya

text: Jaya is depicted as a four-armed demigod with the chakra in his upper left hand, a shankha in his upper right hand, a mace in his lower left hand, and a sword in his lower right hand. Vijaya is depicted in the same manner except that he holds a chakra in his upper right hand, a shankha in his upper left hand, a mace in his lower right hand, and a sword in his lower left hand. They hold three weapons that Vishnu holds namely the chakra, the shankha, and the mace, but have a sword in their fourth hands, whereas Vishnu holds a lotus.


title: Jaya-Vijaya

text: According to a story from Bhagavata Purana, the Four Kumaras, Sanaka, Sanandana, Sanatana, and Sanatkumara, who are the manasaputras (mind-born children) of Brahma, visit Vaikuntha, the abode of Vishnu, to see him.


title: Jaya-Vijaya

text: Due to the strength of their "tapas", the four Kumaras appear to be mere children, though they are of great age. Jaya and Vijaya, the gatekeepers of the Vaikuntha interrupt the Kumaras at the gate, thinking them to be children. They also tell the Kumaras that Vishnu is resting and that they cannot see him now. The Kumaras deduce that these beings must possess some kind of fault and sentence them to be born on earth, where they would have to overcome the flaws of lust, anger, and greed, and then be purified. When Vishnu appears before them, and the gatekeepers request Vishnu to lift the curse of the Kumaras. Vishnu says that the curse of the Kumaras cannot be reversed. Instead, he gives Jaya and Vijaya two options. The first option is to take seven births on earth as devotees of Vishnu, while the second is to take three births as his staunch enemies. After serving either of these sentences, they can reattain their stature at Vaikuntha and be with him permanently. Jaya and Vijaya cannot bear the thought of staying away from Vishnu for seven lives. As his enemies, the deity would have to incarnate on earth 3 times to vanquish them. Thus, they would meet him in each of their births. As a result, they choose to be born three times on earth, even though it would have to be as enemies of Vishnu.


title: Jaya-Vijaya

text: In their first life during Satya Yuga, they were born as Hiranyaksha (Vijaya) and Hiranyakashipu (Jaya) to Diti (daughter of Daksha Prajapati) and sage Kashyapa. Hiranyaksha was killed by Varaha (boar avatar) and Hiranyakashipu was killed by Narasimha (man-lion avatar). In their second life during the Treta Yuga, they were born as Ravana (Jaya) and Kumbhakarna (Vijaya), and both were killed by Rama. In their third life during Dvapara Yuga, they were born as Shishupala (Jaya) and Dantavakra (Vijaya) and both were killed by Krishna. In their first two births they were brothers, and in their final birth, they were cousins.


title: Jaya-Vijaya

text: It has been noted by many that the strengths of Jaya and Vijaya gradually declined with each subsequent birth due to the yuga effect. In their first birth, they are born as asuras who captured and ruled the earth individually. In their second birth, they are born as rakshasas ruling merely a region on earth. In the third birth, they are born as humans in Krishna's extended family itself. Moreover, Vishnu incarnated as two avatars to kill Hiranyaksha (Varaha) and Hiranyakashipu (Narasimha) in the Satya Yuga. Born as Rama in the Treta Yuga, he was able to vanquish both Ravana and Kumbhakarna. In the Krishna avatar during the Dvapara Yuga, the killing of Dantavakra and Shishupala are not even the purpose of the avatar, but rather they are slain to reduce the "bhubhara" (the burden on Bhumi due to too many sinners and non-truthful people).


title: Jaya-Vijaya

text: In the modern era, known in Sanskrit and held in Hindu tradition as the Kali Yuga, Jaya and Vijaya are free from their curse, and they can be seen as gatekeepers in Vishnu temples affiliated with Vaishnavism. Statues of Jaya-Vijaya stand prominently in the temple of Venkateshvara in Tirumala, the temple of Jagannath in Puri, and the temple of Ranganatha in Srirangam.


title: Bashy

text: Ashley Thomas (born 4 February 1985), also known by his stage name Bashy, is an English actor and rapper.


title: Bashy

text: Thomas was born in Hammersmith, West London, the first born of a Jamaican mother and Dominican father. He attended St. Mary's of the Angels RC Primary School. Aged eleven, his family moved to Kensal Rise, northwest London and he attended Cardinal Hinsley High School. Thomas attended The BRIT School for Performing Arts as a theatre student.


title: Bashy

text: Before becoming an actor and musician, Thomas worked as a postman for the Royal Mail and later as a London Bus driver.


title: Bashy

text: In 2007, Thomas released the song "Black Boys". With frequent reports of shootings and stabbings on news bulletins, and with the media continuously focusing on the lack of role models in black communities, he felt that the nation's inner-city youth needed a reminder that they had a number of positive role models they could look to for inspiration. His début single provoked controversy as some critics called the track racist. This prompted the governing body Ofcom to investigate.


title: Bashy

text: In 2008, Thomas started working on "Adulthood". Noel Clarke, the writer and director of "Adulthood", first encountered Thomas when he was passed a copy of The Chupa Chups Mixtape, which contained samples from Clarke's previous "Kidulthood" film. Clarke was so impressed with what he heard that his thoughts soon drifted from copyright protection to finding a way to record the Adulthood theme song. He asked Thomas to submit a track to be included on the official soundtrack, and Thomas delivered "Kidulthood to Adulthood". Thomas also curated music from other artists for Clarke to consider. Subsequently, Clarke asked Thomas to act as a music supervisor for the entire film.


title: Bashy

text: Thomas released his debut album, "Catch Me If You Can" in June 2009. "Hiphop.com" rated the album "good" and stated, ""Catch Me If You Can" is a debut album that perfectly demonstrates how hip hop has become the world's local music. With vocal accents, lyrical references, swagger and varied production styles that will take a minute for the non-Brit to get their head around, much of this likable and well-intentioned set still deserves wider attention."


title: Bashy

text: Thomas landed his first role in 2010 as Rager in British flick, "Shank", an independent action film set in a decaying future London. He then went on to feature in "4.3.2.1." that same year.


title: Bashy

text: In April 2010, BBC Learning launched Off By Heart Shakespeare, a recital contest for secondary school pupils. For the project launch, Thomas was asked to play the role of Shylock from "The Merchant of Venice".


title: Bashy

text: Early in 2011, Thomas signed on to play the lead role in "The Man Inside", opposite Peter Mullen, David Harewood and Michelle Ryan. Later that year, he was part of an ensemble cast in "Cockneys vs Zombies", taking up the role of Mental Mickey.


title: Bashy

text: Thomas' first television role came in the winter of 2011, in the Emmy award-winning series "Black Mirror" by Charlie Brooker for Channel 4 as Judge Wraith in the episode "Fifteen Million Merits". Thomas' next film was "My Brother the Devil" which received critical acclaim, winning awards at both the Sundance Film Festival and Berlin Film Festival.


title: Bashy

text: In 2013, played the recurring character Jermaine Newton in "Top Boy ", a role he would reprise in 2019 after it was announced that Netflix would revive the British drama series.


title: Bashy

text: Early in 2015, Thomas guest-starred in the BBC series "The Interceptor". Thomas' next TV appearance would be as Gil in the short-lived fantasy drama "" for ITV in January 2016. Thomas signed up to the ensemble cast of A Hundred Streets released the same year.


title: Bashy

text: Early in 2016, it was confirmed Thomas would appear as Calvin Hart in the HBO limited series "The Night Of" directed by James Marsh and Steve Zaillian. In March 2016, Thomas was set as a lead role in the 20th Century Fox Television reboot of franchise series "24" as Isaac Carter.


title: Bashy

text: In 2018, Thomas played the brother of lead character Luca Quinn (Cush Jumbo) in the legal drama "The Good Fight", airing on CBS All Access.


title: Bashy

text: In 2019 it was announced Thomas would co-star in the "NYPD Blue" reboot. That same year Thomas was set to headline the Amazon Prime series "Them;" for his performance he received an Independent Spirit Award nomination.


title: Timeline of the National Football League

text: This article is a timeline of the National Football League (NFL). It tracks the history of each of the league's 32 current franchises from the early days of the league, through its merger with the American Football League (AFL). The history of franchises that began as independent teams, or as members of the Ohio League, New York Pro Football League, and other defunct leagues are shown as well.


text: The American Professional Football Association is formed. The fourteen teams were mainly drawn from the Ohio League, Chicago Circuit, New York Pro Football League and other teams from the lower midwest. A $100 membership fee was charged. The Chicago Tigers folded after the season.


text: A new and distinct Cleveland Indians franchise was formed. Two other teams joined the NFL, the Duluth Kelleys and the St. Louis All Stars. The St. Louis team folded after one season.


text: Before the season, the owner of the Cleveland Indians bought the Canton Bulldogs and "mothballed" it, taking the team's nickname and players to Cleveland for the season. The Canton Bulldogs had won the NFL championship in 1923, and won it again as the Cleveland Bulldogs in 1924.


text: The Canton Bulldogs were reactivated. Four other franchises were awarded. This was the final season for the Rochester Jeffersons.


text: The league grew to 22 teams, a figure that would not be equaled in professional football until 1961, adding the Brooklyn Lions, the Hartford Blues, the Los Angeles Buccaneers, and the Louisville Colonels, with Racine Tornadoes re-entering.


text: Prior to the season, the league decided to eliminate the financially weaker teams. As a result, the league dropped from 22 to 12 teams, and a majority of the remaining teams were centered around the East Coast instead of the Midwest, where the NFL had started. The New York Yankees were added from the American Football League and the Cleveland Bulldogs returned.


text: The NFL drops to ten teams. Two teams had folded, the Buffalo Bisons sat out the season and the Cleveland Bulldogs moved and played as the Detroit Wolverines.


text: The league increased back to 12 teams with the addition of two franchises, the Staten Island Stapletons, and the Orange Tornadoes. Two mothballed teams activated for the season. Minneapolis re-entered as the Red Jackets and the re-entry of the Buffalo Bisons.


text: Prior to the season, Brooklyn businessmen William B. Dwyer and John C. Depler bought the Dayton Triangles, moved it, and renamed it the Brooklyn Dodgers. The Orange Tornadoes relocated to Newark. The Portsmouth Spartans entered as a new team.


text: The league decreased to 10 teams due to financial hardships caused by the Great Depression. While the Cleveland Indians joined as an expansion team, the league lost the Minneapolis Red Jackets and the Newark Tornadoes, and the Frankford Yellow Jackets folded midway through the season.


title: ID.me

text: ID.me is an American online identity network company that allows people to provide proof of their legal identity online. ID.me digital credentials can be used to access government services, healthcare logins, or discounts from retailers. The company is based in McLean, Virginia.


title: ID.me

text: In the wake of the economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, ID.me was contracted by numerous state unemployment agencies to verify the identities of claimants. The US Internal Revenue Service also uses ID.me as an option in accessing its online taxpayer tools.


title: ID.me

text: ID.me was founded in early 2010 by Blake Hall and Matt Thompson as TroopSwap, a daily deals website similar to Groupon and LivingSocial with a focus on the American military community. The company evolved into Troop ID, which provided digital identity verification for military personnel and veterans. Troop ID allowed service members and veterans to access online benefits from retailers, such as military discounts, as well as government agencies like the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.


title: ID.me

text: In 2013, the company rebranded again as ID.me with the goal of providing a ubiquitous secure identity verification network. To that end, they expanded to include verification of credentials for first responders, nurses, and students for discounts. In 2013, ID.me was awarded a two-year grant by the United States Chamber of Commerce to Participate in the President's National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC), a pilot project intended to help develop secure digital identification methods.


title: ID.me

text: In late 2014, ID.me won a contract with the General Services Administration to provide digital identity credentials with Connect.gov. Co-founder Matt Thompson left the company in 2015. In March 2017, ID.me received $19 million in its Series B funding round. In 2018, ID.me became the first digital identity provider to be certified by the Kantara Initiative at the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) IAL2 level.


title: ID.me

text: In 2019, ID.me signed a contract with the Department of Veterans Affairs to offer “virtual in-person identity proofing”, allowing veterans to verify their identity with the VA via video call. ID.me also signed a contract with the Social Security Administration for single sign-on, identity management, and multi-factor authentication in 2020. ID.me also began work with the state of California in 2019 to provide REAL ID document pre-screening for DMVs. Listed partners for discounts on ID.me’s website also include Under Armour, Apple, and Lenovo.


title: ID.me

text: In the wake of the economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, at least 27 states contracted with ID.me to verify the identities of Pandemic Unemployment Assistance claimants as required by federal law and the U.S. Department of Labor.


title: ID.me

text: In most states, including Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Michigan, New York, and Texas, ID.me's verification process resulted in delays of several months during which legitimately unemployed people went without their unemployment checks.


title: ID.me

text: In late 2020, the California Employment Development Department (EDD) notified 1.4 million accounts that the EDD suspected were fraudulent that their benefits would be suspended in 30 days unless they were verified by ID.me. News coverage at this time focused on legitimately unemployed individuals who complained that it took as long as 2–3 days to speak with a referee and/or that the EDD did not resume benefits even after they completed the ID.me verification process.


title: ID.me

text: In November 2021, the Internal Revenue Service announced plans to replace their current log-in systems with a third-party verification system along with replacing their old log-in system with ID.me by Summer 2022. However, researchers raised concerns about lack of evidence of accuracy, false negatives which prevent dark-skinned or transgender people from accessing their own information, false positives which let third parties impersonate a taxpayer to access tax information, and citizens' right to refuse to give their biometric information to the government and its contractors. On January 28, 2022, the United States Department of the Treasury, the parent agency of the IRS, announced that it may consider alternatives due to privacy concerns. The IRS has not abandoned plans to use ID.me but has instead made changes to how users are verified. On February 21, 2022 the IRS announced that a new option in the agency’s authentication system, referring to ID.me, was available for taxpayers to sign up for IRS online accounts without the use of any biometric data, including facial recognition. This is consistent with the IRS’s commitment earlier to transition away from the requirement for taxpayers creating an IRS online account to provide a selfie to a third-party service to help authenticate their identity. Taxpayers will have the option of verifying their identity during a live, virtual interview with agents; no biometric data – including facial recognition – will be required if taxpayers choose to authenticate their identity through a virtual interview. Taxpayers will still have the option to verify their identity automatically through the use of biometric verification through ID.me’s self-assistance tool if they choose. For taxpayers who select this option, new requirements are in place to ensure images provided by taxpayers are deleted for the account being created. Any existing biometric data from taxpayers who previously created an IRS Online Account that has already been collected will also be permanently deleted within a few weeks. It was stated that while this short-term solution is in place for this year’s filing season, the IRS will work closely with partners across government to roll out Login.Gov as an authentication tool. The General Services Administration was said to be working with the IRS to achieve the security standards and scale required of Login.Gov, with the goal of moving toward introducing this option after the 2022 filing deadline.


title: ID.me

text: ID.me offers numerous identity verification products, supplied by third parties. For "high-assurance" identity verification, the company verifies personal data, including drivers' licenses, passports, and social security numbers. Users must also take a video selfie with their phones, using the ID.me photo app. If ID.me fails to verify users through this information, users are directed to talk to a "Trusted Referee" video call. ID.me has stirred controversy due to long delays on its video call line.


title: ID.me

text: As part of its identification system, the company collects a wide range of personal information, including photographs and identification documents. The company verifies information by sending it to a number of "government agencies, telecommunications networks, financial institutions" and other companies which the company trusts and considers reliable. The company treats Internet Protocol addresses and unique device identifiers as non-personally identifiable, and releases them to third parties, along with location, occupation, language, the list of pages browsed at ID.me, and the URLs visited before and after using ID.me.


title: ID.me

text: ID.me is one of three companies, along with USAA and Zentry, certified to Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) Level of Assurance 3. ID.me's privacy policy states that users must consent before any information is shared with third-party sources. However, its policy also states that "by utilizing your ID.me Account at Third-Party Websites, you are expressly authorizing [ID.me] to share certain Personally Identifiable Information or Sensitive Information tied to your ID.me Account with such Third-Party Websites."


title: ID.me

text: ID.me said in a press release that their products use one-to-one facial recognition technology that matches a photo taken from an individual to a Government ID. Co-founder and CEO Blake Hall also confirmed the one-time use of one-to-many facial recognition, which matches an image against a database of other faces, to identify people who are known for committing fraud. This information has sparked concerns from privacy activists and organizations. It also led to concerns about people with limited access to technology that they are required to use a third-party company to access the services that they can use. In an interview with "Axios", Hall has defended its practices, citing that the company is working to make its service both equitable and available.


title: Abi Morgan

text: Abigail Louise Morgan (born 1968) is a Welsh playwright and screenwriter known for her works for television, such as "Sex Traffic" and "The Hour", and the films "Brick Lane", "The Iron Lady", "Shame" and "Suffragette".


title: Abi Morgan

text: Abigail Louise Morgan was born in Cardiff, Wales, in 1968. She is the daughter of actress Pat England and theatre director Gareth Morgan, who was director of the Gulbenkian Theatre in Newcastle upon Tyne (now the Northern Stage). Her parents divorced when she was a teenager and her childhood was spent moving around the country while her mother acted in repertory theatre; she told "The Scotsman" in 2010 that she had attended seven separate schools during her childhood. Her sister is the fundraiser at London's Unicorn Theatre.


title: Abi Morgan

text: After initial ambitions to become an actress herself, she decided to become a writer while reading drama and literature at Exeter University. She then took a postgraduate writing course at the Central School of Speech and Drama.


title: Abi Morgan

text: Having not dared to show any of her writing "to anyone for five years", her first professional stage credit was in 1998 with "Skinned" at the Nuffield Theatre, Southampton. She has written plays for the Royal Exchange Studio Theatre Manchester, the Royal Lyceum Theatre, the Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh, the National Theatre of Scotland and the Royal Court, London. Her 2001 play "Tender" commissioned by Birmingham Rep Theatre and co-produced with the Hampstead Theatre gained her a nomination as "most promising playwright" at the 2002 Laurence Olivier Theatre Awards.


title: Abi Morgan

text: Morgan gained her first television writing credit in 1998 on the continuing ITV drama series "Peak Practice", following that with a television play "My Fragile Heart" (2000) and a BBC2 drama "Murder" in 2002, starring Julie Walters.


title: Abi Morgan

text: She was commissioned to write the single drama "Sex Traffic" for Channel 4 in 2004, about a teenage girl trafficked from the Balkans to Britain. This drama, directed by David Yates, won the 2005 BAFTA award for Best Drama Serial. She has since written a number of single dramas for television including "" (2006), "White Girl", part of "White" (2008) and "Royal Wedding" (2010), which follows the 1981 Royal Wedding through the perspective of events held in a small Welsh mining village. Her television work also includes writing "Birdsong", a two-part television adaptation of Sebastian Faulks's novel of the same title.


title: Abi Morgan

text: Morgan's first continuing drama series was "The Hour" (2011), set in a BBC newsroom during the 1956 Suez Crisis. It was commissioned for a second series, but cancelled after the second series was transmitted, its ratings having been one quarter lower than the first. In 2013, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special for "The Hour", having also been nominated in 2012.


title: Abi Morgan

text: Morgan wrote the legal drama "The Split", about the private and professional lives of divorce lawyers, first shown on BBC1 in April 2018.


title: Abi Morgan

text: Morgan has also written for cinema: her 2007 adaptation of Monica Ali's novel "Brick Lane" was critically acclaimed, but created controversy – some Brick Lane Bengalis labelled the film "defamatory" and a planned royal film performance was cancelled. Her next film was "The Iron Lady", which starred Meryl Streep as Margaret Thatcher, closely followed by a smaller-budget production, "Shame", co-written with Steve McQueen. Her work on "The Iron Lady" earned her a BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay nomination, while her work on "Shame" earned her a BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film nomination. She has said that she always puts one line from her last film in her next film.


title: Abi Morgan

text: Her next film, "The Invisible Woman", was an adaptation of the book of the same name by Claire Tomalin, about the secret love affair between Charles Dickens and Nelly Ternan, which lasted for thirteen years until his death in 1870. The film was released to critical acclaim in 2013, but its production was reportedly strained after clashes between lead actress Kristin Scott Thomas and Morgan on set, the source of which was never disclosed.


title: Abi Morgan

text: A staunch opponent of Brexit, Morgan was one of nine leading playwrights to contribute to a series of online dramas in 2017 responding to the causes and consequences of the EU referendum result. Entitled "Brexit Shorts", Morgan's monologue, "The End", starred Penelope Wilton as a woman on the brink as she faces the consequences of the end of her 43-year-old marriage.


title: Abi Morgan

text: In May 2022, Morgan released a memoir entitled "This Is Not a Pity Memoir", in which she discusses her husband's battle with encephalitis.


title: Abi Morgan

text: Morgan lives in the north London neighbourhood of Stroud Green in Haringey, with her husband, actor Jacob Krichefski, and their two children.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Lake Atitlán (, ) is a lake in the Guatemalan Highlands of the Sierra Madre mountain range. The lake is located in the Sololá Department of southwestern Guatemala. It is known as the deepest lake in Central America.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Atitlán means "between the waters". In the Nahuatl language, "atl" is the word for water, and "titlan" means between. The "tl" at the end of the word "atl" is dropped (because it is a grammatical suffix) and the words are combined to form "Atitlán".


title: Lake Atitlán

text: The lake has a maximum depth of about and an average depth of . Its surface area is . It is approximately with around of water. Atitlán is technically an endorheic lake, feeding from two nearby rivers and not draining into the ocean. It is shaped by deep surrounding escarpments and three volcanoes on its southern flank. The lake basin is volcanic in origin, filling an enormous caldera formed by a supervolcanic eruption 84,000 years ago. The culture of the towns and villages surrounding Lake Atitlán is influenced by the Maya people. The lake is about west-northwest of Antigua. It should not be confused with the smaller Lake Amatitlán.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Lake Atitlán is renowned as one of the most beautiful lakes in the world, and is one of Guatemala's most important national and international tourist attractions. German explorer and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt called it "the most beautiful lake in the world," and Aldous Huxley famously wrote of it in his 1934 travel book "Beyond the Mexique Bay": "Lake Como, it seems to me, touches on the limit of permissibly picturesque, but Atitlán is Como with additional embellishments of several immense volcanoes. It really is too much of a good thing."


title: Lake Atitlán

text: The area around San Marcos has particularly tall cliffs abutting the lake and in recent years has become renowned for cliff diving.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: The area supports extensive coffee and avocado orchards and a variety of farm crops, most notably corn and onions. Significant agricultural crops include: corn, onions, beans, squash, tomatoes, cucumbers, garlic, chile verde, strawberries and pitahaya fruit. The lake itself is a significant food source for the largely indigenous population.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: The first volcanic activity in the region occurred about 11 million years ago, and since then the region has seen four separate episodes of volcanic growth and caldera collapse, the most recent of which began about 1.8 million years ago and culminated in the formation of the present caldera. The lake now fills a large part of the caldera, reaching depths of up to .


title: Lake Atitlán

text: The caldera-forming eruption is known as Los Chocoyos eruption and ejected up to of tephra. The enormous eruption dispersed ash over an area of some : it has been detected from Florida to Ecuador, and can be used as a stratigraphic marker in both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans (known as Y-8 ash in marine deposits). A "chocoyo" is a type of bird which is often found nesting in the relatively soft ash layer.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Since the end of Los Chocoyos, continuing volcanic activity has built three volcanoes in the caldera. Volcán Atitlán lies on the southern rim of the caldera, while Volcán San Pedro and Volcán Tolimán lie within the caldera. San Pedro is the oldest of the three and seems to have stopped erupting about 40,000 years ago. Tolimán began growing after San Pedro stopped erupting and probably remains active, although it has not erupted in historic times. Atitlán has developed almost entirely in the last 10,000 years and remains active, its most recent eruption having occurred in 1853.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: On February 4, 1976, a very large earthquake (magnitude 7.5) struck Guatemala, killing more than 26,000 people. The earthquake fractured the lake bed and caused subsurface drainage from the lake, allowing the water level to drop within one month.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: In 1955, the area around Lake Atitlán became a national park. The lake was mostly unknown to the rest of the world, and Guatemala was seeking ways to increase tourism and boost the local economy. It was suggested by Pan American World Airways that stocking the lake with a fish prized by anglers would be a way to do just that. As a result, an exotic non-native species, the black bass, was introduced into the lake in 1958. The bass quickly took to its new home and caused a radical change in the species composition of the lake. The predatory bass caused the elimination of more than two-thirds of the native fish species in the lake and contributed to the extinction of the Atitlan grebe, a rare bird that lived only in the vicinity of Lake Atitlán.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: A unique aspect of the climate is what is referred to as Xocomil (of the Kaqchickel language meaning "the wind that carried away sin"). This wind is common late morning and afternoon across the lake; it is said to be the encounter of warm winds from Pacific meeting colder winds from the North.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: In August 2015 a thick bloom of algae known as Microcystis cyanobacteria re-appeared in Lake Atitlan; the first major occurrence was in 2009. Bureaucratic red tape has been blamed for the lack of action to save the lake. If current activities continue unchecked, the toxification of the lake will make it unsuitable for human use.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: The lake is surrounded by many villages in which Maya culture is still prevalent and traditional dress is worn. The Maya people of Atitlán are predominantly Tz'utujil and Kaqchikel. During the Spanish conquest of the Americas, the Kaqchikel initially allied themselves with the invaders to defeat their historic enemies, the Tz'utujil and K'iche' Maya, but were themselves conquered and subdued when they refused to pay tribute to the Spanish.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Santiago Atitlán is the largest of the lakeside communities, and it is noted for its worship of Maximón, an idol formed by the fusion of traditional Mayan deities, Catholic saints, and conquistador legends. The institutionalized effigy of Maximón is under the control of a local religious brotherhood and resides in various houses of its membership during the course of a year, being most ceremonially moved in a grand procession during Semana Santa. Several towns in Guatemala have similar cults, most notably the cult of San Simón in Zunil.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: While Maya culture is predominant in most lakeside communities, Panajachel has been overwhelmed over the years by Guatemalan and foreign tourists. It attracted many hippies in the 1960s, and although the civil war caused many foreigners to leave, the end of hostilities in 1996 saw visitor numbers boom again, and the town's economy is almost entirely reliant on tourism today.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Several Mayan archeological sites have been found at the lake. Sambaj, located approximately 55 feet below the current lake level, appears to be from at least the pre-classic period. There are remains of multiple groups of buildings, including one particular group of large buildings that are believed to have been the city center.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: A second site, Chiutinamit, where the remains of a city were found, was discovered by local fishermen who "noticed what appeared to be a city underwater". During subsequent investigations, pottery shards were recovered from the site by divers, which enabled the dating of the site to the late pre-classic period (300 B.C. – 300 A.D.), more specifically 250 AD.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: A project titled "Underwater archeology in the Lake Atitlán. Sambaj 2003 Guatemala" was recently approved by the Government of Guatemala in cooperation with Fundación Albenga and the Lake Museum in Atitlán. Because of the concerns of a private organization as is the Lake Museum in Atitlán the need to start the exploration of the inland waters in Guatemala was analyzed.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: There is no road that circles the lake. Communities are reached by boat or roads from the mountains that may have brief extensions along the shore. Jaibalito can only be reached by boat. Santa Catarina Palopó and San Antonio Palopó are linked by road to Panajachel. Main places otherwise are Santa Clara La Laguna, San Juan La Laguna, and San Pedro La Laguna in the west; Santiago Atitlán in the south; Cerro de Oro in the southeast; and San Lucas Tolimán in the east.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Recent studies indicate that a ceremonial site named Samabaj was located on an island about long in Lake Atitlán. The site was revered for its striking connection to the Popol Wuj of the K'iche' Mayan peoples.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: "During the Guatemalan Civil War (1960 - 1996), the lake was the scene of many terrible human rights abuses, as the government pursued a scorched earth policy." Indigenous people were assumed to be universally supportive of the guerrillas who were fighting against the government, and were targeted for brutal reprisals. At least 300 Maya from Santiago Atitlán are believed to have disappeared during the conflict.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Two events of this era made international news. One was the assassination of Stanley Rother, a missionary from Oklahoma, in the church at Santiago Atitlán in 1981. In 1990, a spontaneous protest march to the army base on the edge of town was met by gunfire, resulting in the death of 11 unarmed civilians. International pressure forced the Guatemalan government to close the base and declare Santiago Atitlán a "military-free zone". The memorial commemorating the massacre was damaged in the 2005 mudslide.


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Torrential rains from Hurricane Stan caused extensive damage throughout Guatemala in early October 2005, particularly around Lake Atitlán. A massive landslide buried the lakeside village of Panabaj, causing the death of as many as 1,400 residents, leaving 5,000 homeless, and many bodies buried under tonnes of earth. Following this event, Diego Esquina Mendoza, the mayor of Santiago Atitlán, declared the community a mass gravesite: "Those buried by the mudslide may never be rescued. Here they will stay buried, under five meters of mud. Panabáj is now a cemetery."


title: Lake Atitlán

text: Four and a half years after Hurricane Stan, Tropical Storm Agatha dropped even more rainfall causing extensive damages to the region resulting in dozens of deaths between San Lucas Tolimán and San Antonio Palopó.


title: Mercedes W12

text: The Mercedes-AMG F1 W12 E Performance, commonly abbreviated as the Mercedes W12, was a Formula One racing car designed and constructed by the Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team under the direction of James Allison to compete in the 2021 Formula One World Championship. The car was driven by Lewis Hamilton and Valtteri Bottas. The car is based on the Mercedes-AMG F1 W11 EQ Performance which won the Drivers' and Constructors' Championships the previous season.


title: Mercedes W12

text: Whilst the W12 won the team's eighth consecutive constructors' title, this was the first Mercedes F1 car since V6 turbo-hybrid era started in 2014 with which Mercedes failed to win the Drivers' Championship with either driver with Hamilton finishing 2nd in the standings.


title: Mercedes W12

text: The W12, whilst still highly competitive, was not as dominant as its predecessor either in pre-season testing or at the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix. The regulation changes designed to reduce downforce produced by the floor area are said to have compromised lower rake designs, like the W12, more than higher rake designs like that of Red Bull RB16B, along with the banning of the DAS system. Pundits Lawrence Barretto, Scott Mitchell, Mark Hughes and Edd Straw made Red Bull favourites for the first race of the year due to a stronger performance than Mercedes during testing. Although Verstappen did beat the Mercedes cars of Hamilton (2nd) and Bottas (3rd) to pole at the season opener, Hamilton narrowly won from Verstappen, with Bottas finishing third. Williams driver and Mercedes protégé George Russell (who drove the W12's predecessor, the W11, at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix) suggested that the W12 and the Williams FW43B could have issues with wind sensitivity and could explain the struggles of Mercedes relative to Red Bull in Bahrain.


title: Mercedes W12

text: In the season opener at the Bahrain Grand Prix, Hamilton qualified in second place behind Verstappen. When the race got underway, Verstappen managed to stay ahead of Hamilton, but Mercedes decided to undercut Verstappen by pitting Hamilton for hard tyres at the end of lap 14, and eventually won the race. In the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, Hamilton achieved his 99th pole position, ahead of Sergio Pérez and Verstappen. In the race, Verstappen started well and overtook Hamilton for first place, Hamilton briefly regained the lead only to lose it again to Verstappen after Hamilton pitted. On lap 31, Hamilton went off-track and through the gravel trap, rejoining in eighth position. A red flag soon followed after a crash between Bottas and George Russell. After a rolling start, Hamilton made a lot of overtakes to finish in second position, over 20 seconds behind the eventual race winner, Verstappen.


title: Mercedes W12

text: At the Portuguese Grand Prix, Valtteri Bottas qualified on pole ahead of Hamilton. Bottas kept the lead of the race onto turn 1, Later both Hamilton and Verstappen overtook Bottas, Hamilton maintained the lead to win the race over 29 seconds ahead of Verstappen. Hamilton achieved his 100th pole position at the Spanish Grand Prix, at the start of the race, Verstappen took the lead from him onto turn 1. Verstappen's first pit stop was slower and Red Bull decided to stay on a one-stop strategy. On lap 59, Hamilton got past Verstappen for the lead and went onto win the Spanish Grand Prix. In the Monaco Grand Prix, Hamilton experienced the worst qualifying session since the 2018 German Grand Prix because of a tyre temperature issue, only managed to qualify seventh position. Issues continued into race day, and he couldn't get past anyone. But made a late pit stop to set a fastest lap and finished the race seventh, while Bottas retired when the team was unable to remove a wheel during a routine pitstop. At the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, Hamilton qualified second ahead of third-placed Verstappen, while Bottas qualified in 10th place, after a red flag prevented him and other drivers from setting a second flying lap in the third and final session, but both drivers failed to finish in the points since the 2012 United States Grand Prix. At the French Grand Prix, Hamilton qualified behind Verstappen for the race. In the opening lap, Hamilton took the lead as Verstappen made a mistake, Hamilton made his first pit stop on lap 19, one lap later than Verstappen. In doing so, Hamilton lost the lead to Verstappen, because of Verstappen's undercut performed with those newer tyres. On lap 32, Verstappen pitted for the second time, but Mercedes decided to keep Hamilton out in a one-stop strategy. With five laps remaining, Verstappen took the lead and went onto win the race just 3 seconds ahead of Hamilton, while Bottas finished 4th after being passed by Perez.


title: Mercedes W12

text: At the Styrian Grand Prix and Austrian Grand Prix, it was a Red bull dominance as Verstappen took both pole positions. In both races, both drivers struggled with race pace, but managed to be on the podium, with Hamilton finishing 2nd in Styrian, and Bottas taking 3rd in Styrian and 2nd In Austrian. This led Verstappen to increase his championship lead by 32 points as he achieved his first grand slam. At the British Grand Prix, Mercedes introduced a huge upgrade package to increase the car's competitiveness. Hamilton qualified on pole for the first sprint race, while Bottas qualified 3rd. In the sprint, Verstappen made a better start than Hamilton and overtook him before the first corner, leading every lap and winning the sprint with Hamilton second and Bottas third, thus Verstappen started on pole for the Grand Prix itself. In the race, Hamilton made a better start over Verstappen and both contested each other for the lead during the first half of the opening lap. Both repeatedly swapped positions until the Copse corner, where Hamilton's car understeered and collided with Verstappen, who hit the wall by going sideways across the gravel, while Hamilton was slowed down and allowed Leclerc to take the lead of the race. Due to Verstappen's crash, the race was red flagged. The race was resumed after fifteen minutes as Hamilton was given a ten-second time penalty, with stewards ruling that Hamilton was predominantly, but not fully, at fault in the collision. Hamilton remained at second position after the restart, pitted and served his time penalty to rejoin fourth. Hamilton immediately overtook Norris and Bottas to claim back second position, took the lead of the race on lap 50, as Leclerc struggled with an engine issue of his car. Hamilton won his record equalling eighth British Grand Prix.


title: Mercedes W12

text: Hamilton qualified on pole for the Hungarian Grand Prix, which was the first Mercedes front row lockout of the season. The race started on damp conditions, at turn 1 some drivers collided on each other, with Bottas involved in it. The safety car was bought out, after two laps behind the safety car, the race was red-flagged. The restart saw Hamilton being the only driver in the grid at the restart while rest of the grid pitted for slick tyres and was forced to start from the pit lane. Hamilton made his first pit stop by the end of the lap 4, letting Estaban Ocon to lead of the race. Hamilton made his made his second pit stop on lap 19 for Hard compound tyres, which allowed to undercut Verstappen and Daniel Riccardo, Hamilton fought his way up to fourth position and then pitted on lap 48 to come out behind Fernando Alonso. Hamilton was held behind Alonso for twelve laps, but finally got past Alonso as he locked up his brakes and ran wide at turn 1 on lap 53. Hamilton caught up to Sainz and overtook him to take third position on lap 67 and finished the race behind Ocon and Sebastian Vettel, though was promoted to second after Vettel's disqualification. Both Hamilton and Mercedes took the championship lead from Verstappen and Red Bull respectively. Verstappen took pole from Russell and Hamilton in the Belgian Grand Prix in a wet qualifying session. The race was heavily affected by rain, which initially saw the start delayed by 25 minutes. After two formation laps behind the safety car, the race start was suspended and red-flagged due to poor conditions and lack of visibility. A nearly three-hour delay followed before the race was resumed. After a further three laps, the race was red-flagged again. It was not restarted, becoming the shortest race in Formula 1 history and the sixth to award half-points as less than 75% of the race was completed. Verstappen won by default, with Russell in second and Hamilton in third place. It was Russell's first podium in Formula 1. As a result, Hamilton's lead in the championship was cut to three points from Verstappen. Hamilton qualified in second position for the Dutch Grand Prix, just 0.038 seconds behind Verstappen. Hamilton set the fastest lap and finished race in second position behind the home race winner, Verstappen and again lost the championship lead. Bottas came third, overtaking Norris, who finished tenth.


title: Mercedes W12

text: At the Italian Grand Prix, Hamilton qualified in second position for the sprint race, just 0.096 seconds behind Bottas. Hamilton seemed to have struggling during the sprint race, already lost four positions at turn 2, but made up one place to finish fifth at the end of the race. Hamilton was promoted to the fourth position, as Bottas had to start the race from back of the grid due to exceeding the quota of power unit components. However, Verstappen and Hamilton collided during the race on lap 24, which saw Hamilton's first retirement since the 2018 Austrian Grand Prix, and Bottas went on to finish 3rd behind the two Mclaren drivers of Ricciardo and Norris. Hamilton was the fastest in Q1 and Q2 during qualifying at the Russian Grand Prix, but wasn't unable to set a faster lap time in Q3, due to making contact with the pit wall while on the way to change his tyres to slicks. Resulting a front wing damage and he couldn't get his tyres up to temperature as he was forced to slow down to let go those cars which were on flying laps. Also, lack of time left till the end of the session saw Hamilton qualifying fourth for the race. Hamilton had a bad start, lost six positions before heading into turn 1, Hamilton overtook Alonso in the following lap. On lap 48, rain began to fall as Hamilton immediately pitted for Intermediate tyres while the race leader, Norris stayed out in racing. On lap 51, despite stayed out in racing on slick tyres, Norris ran wide at turn 5, allowing Hamilton to take the lead of the and achieve a century of wins in Formula One, as well as the championship lead from from Verstappen.


title: Mercedes W12

text: Hamilton was the fastest in qualifying in Turkey, but was dropped down the grid because of a penalty due to a power unit component change. Valtteri Bottas was promoted to pole position and won the race, his first of 2021. Hamilton was forced to make a late pit stop, which cost him couple of places to finish the race in fifth position. In doing so Hamilton was frustrated and lost his championship lead again to Verstappen. At the United States Grand Prix, Hamilton qualified in second position, just behind Verstappen for the race. Hamilton took lead from him onto turn 1, but lost it after the pit stops, Hamilton finished race in second position, just 1.3 seconds behind Verstappen, also set the fastest lap of the race. Bottas qualified 4th but was forced to take yet another engine penalty, thus starting 9th. Bottas struggled with dirty air throughout the race, which made overtaking difficult, but he managed to climb back to 6th after overtaking the Ferrari of Carlos Sainz on the last lap. Hamilton qualified in second position again for the Mexico City Grand Prix, but this time Bottas was on pole position. Verstappen immediately took the lead of the race onto turn 1 from Bottas, where he suffered a poor start in the race and was tagged by Daniel Ricciardo going into Turn 1, sending him to the back of the field. Having suffered from a poor pitstop and being stuck behind Ricciardo for much of the race, he was pit by Mercedes to take the fastest lap off Verstappen, thus maintaining Mercedes' lead over Red Bull in the constructors' championship.. Hamilton stood behind Verstappen for the entire race, and managed to secure second from Pérez, who was chasing close behind him.


title: Mercedes W12

text: In the São Paulo Grand Prix, Hamilton qualified on pole position, half a second ahead of second-placed Verstappen. After the session, stewards claimed his car's DRS opening slot was larger than the permitted 85 millimeters. As a result, Hamilton was forced to start from the back of the grid for the sprint. In the sprint race, Hamilton started from back and made up fifteen places to finish the race fifth just from 24 laps. But he was dropped to the tenth position for the race start, due to taking another new engine for the race. In the race, Hamilton caught up race-leading Verstappen by lap 48, Hamilton tried to get past Verstappen, but was pushed wide by Verstappen and stewards claimed no investigation necessary for his aggressive move. On lap 59, Hamilton finally got past Verstappen to win the race. Bottas meanwhile jumped Verstappen at the start, and he went on to win the sprint race. In the race, Bottas was passed by both Red Bulls on the opening lap after contact with Verstappen. Bottas let Hamilton past and re-overtook Pérez during the pitstop phase, ending the race in third. Hamilton qualified on pole position for the Qatar Grand Prix, which took place for the first time in the Formula One calendar. Hamilton led every single lap in the race, won 25 seconds ahead of second-placed Verstappen. This was Hamilton's 30th different circuit where he has won a Grand Prix. The Saudi Arabian Grand Prix was another rookie Grand Prix for the Formula One calendar. Hamilton set the pole position lap in his first attempt, in the second one he was unable to improve his time as he had a slide, forcing him to abort his flying lap. But his effort was enough to qualify on pole position, as Verstappen also aborted his second flying lap due to a mistake. On lap 37 of the race, Hamilton caught up to Verstappen and tried to overtake him at turn 1, Verstappen defended by going of the track, almost crashing onto Hamilton. In the same lap, Verstappen was told to give back his position to Hamilton, but Hamilton wasn't informed and as soon as Verstappen slowed down to let him go, Hamilton crashed onto the back of Verstappen's car, as a result Hamilton slightly damaged his front wing of the car. Verstappen was given a ten-second time penalty for slowing down in the middle of the track. On lap 42, Verstappen finally let Hamilton get past, but immediately overtook Hamilton in the following corner, which wasn't allowed. On lap 43, Hamilton got past Verstappen to win the first ever Saudi Arabian Grand Prix, also set the fastest lap of the race. This result allowed both championship contenders level on points to head onto the final race of the season.


title: Mercedes W12

text: The Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was the title decider of the season, which ended up in controversy. Hamilton qualified in second position, behind Verstappen, who was slipstreamed by his teammate to snatch pole position. In the race, Hamilton overtook Verstappen with a better start at turn 1, but Verstappen tried to take back his position at turn 6, in doing so pushed Hamilton wide and forced him cut the chicane. Red Bull immediately reported as Hamilton has gained an advantage from it, but the steward refused it and claimed no investigation necessary. Hamilton made his first pit stop to change onto Hard compound tyres on lap 14, one lap later than Verstappen, which let Pérez in the lead. Red Bull informed Pérez to hold up Hamilton, to allow Verstappen to close the gap, in doing so the gap between the championship rivals has become down onto 1.3 seconds from 11 seconds. But Verstappen was unable to make advantage of it, as Hamilton took the lead from Pérez and extended the gap between Verstappen. On lap 35, Antonio Giovinazzi retired from the race, which caused a virtual safety car period, Verstappen gained advantage from it, as pitted for newer tyres. Mercedes decided to keep Hamilton racing, to prevent losing the lead to his rival. Hamilton comfortably led the race with a significant gap between Verstappen, on lap 53, Nicholas Latifi crashed onto the wall at turn 14, despite battling with Schumacher. As a result, the safety car was bought out, Mercedes decided again to keep Hamilton in racing, while Verstappen pitted for fresh Soft compound tyres, in doing so five of the lapped cars stood between the title contenders. Race director, Michael Masi decided to prevent all of the lapped cars from overtaking the race leader, Hamilton. But as soon as Red Bull boss, Christian Horner told Masi "one more lap of racing" via radio, Masi decided to restart the race, after only letting five lapped cars between Hamilton and Verstappen to unlap themselves, instead of finishing the race behind the safety car or red-flaging for a restart. In doing so, Verstappen was just close behind Hamilton with better and fresher tyres to go on racing only for the final lap. As a result, Verstappen got past Hamilton at turn 5, almost colliding with Hamilton. Hamilton tried to gain his position back but was unsuccessful due to Verstappen's tyre advantage. Hamilton crossed the finish line in second position, losing the chance to claim his record breaking eighth World Driver's Championship. Mercedes won their eighth consecutive World Constructor's Championship. Hamilton claimed the race result was "manipulated" via team radio to his senior race engineer, Peter Bonnington, most of the drivers claimed Masi's decision "made for TV" and criticised him for the safety car controversy and not following the rules properly.


title: Peugeot 5008

text: The Peugeot 5008 is a series of automobiles produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot since 2009. Originally compact MPV in classification, for model year 2017 it was reclassified as a compact crossover SUV. Five- and seven-seat versions have been available. Its engine range mimics the Peugeot 3008.


title: Peugeot 5008

text: The first generation was unveiled in July 2009, and officially went on sale in November 2009. The 5008’s introduction coincided with the promotion of Peugeot design director Gilles Vidal, whose influence was already beginning to show itself in the firm’s models, promising a renaissance in styling direction.


title: Peugeot 5008

text: The 5008 shares core structure and mechanical components with the first generation Peugeot 3008. The 5008 was awarded 2010 "MPV of the Year" by "What Car?" magazine. Owing to its spacious interior and futuristic design, the 5008 has been developed a loyal fan base who colloquially refer to the car as the 'Space Wagon'.


title: Peugeot 5008

text: The first generation received a facelift in October 2013. The facelift has also brought a refreshed engine line-up that now includes the "PureTech" three-cylinder petrol, and the newer "BlueHDi" diesel options.


title: Peugeot 5008

text: The second generation is an SUV, unveiled to the press on 7 September 2016, before a presentation to the public scheduled for the 2016 Paris Motor Show. It is essentially a seven seater version of the Peugeot 3008, which was to be released in the spring of 2017. Its wheelbase is 165 mm longer, and about 50 kg heavier than the 3008.


title: Peugeot 5008

text: The 5008 is assembled in France at the PSA plant in Rennes. Assembly in China takes place at the Dongfeng PSA Plant in Chengdu, together with the 3008 II (called the 4008 in China) and the Citroën C5 Aircross. In China, these three models all share the same platform, engines and transmission.


title: Peugeot 5008

text: Unlike the previous generation that was a pure MPV, the 5008 is an SUV to follow the trend in sales. It is actually an extended version of the 3008, presented several months previously. Specific elements include a different front grille and front bumper, and a chrome arch running through the entire pavilion to the bottom of the rear window.


title: Peugeot 5008

text: In the same way, the interior essentially takes up the iCockpit of its cousin. In particular, the 8-inch captive touchscreen, but also a 12.3-inch high resolution digital head up panel, is available.


title: Peugeot 5008

text: On the other hand, the wheelbase extended to 2.84 m makes it possible to significantly increase the capacity; seven places are now available, divided into three rows. On the first, the passenger seat can be shelved to load the long objects. The second row is composed of three independent seats, retractable and adjustable in length and inclination. Finally, the third row consists of two additional seats which can be folded or removed individually.


title: Korah

text: Korah ( "Qōraḥ"; "Qārūn"), son of Izhar, is an individual who appears in the Book of Numbers of the Hebrew Bible and four different verses in the Quran, known for leading a rebellion against Moses. Some older English translations, as well as the Douay–Rheims Bible, spell the name Core, and many Eastern European translations have Korak.


title: Korah

text: The name Korah is also used for at least one other individual in the Hebrew Bible: Korah (son of Esau).


title: Korah

text: Exodus cites Korah as being the son of Izhar, son of Kehath, son of Levi. lists his three sons. Korah's brothers through Izhar were Nepheg and Zichri. connects this Korah with Hebron, Uzziel and Amram, who were his father's brothers (Izhar son of Kohath). 1 Chronicles , and , repeat this genealogy; however, this reference could have been inspired by the Exodus genealogies.


title: Korah

text: Numbers traces this lineage back further to Levi, son of the patriarch Israel. According to , his lineage goes: "Korah, the son of Izhar, the son of Kehath, the son of Levi," making him the great-grandson of the patriarch Levi and the first cousin of Moses and Aaron.


title: Korah

text: indicates that Korah rebelled against Moses along with 249 co-conspirators and were punished for their rebellion when God sent fire from heaven to consume all 250 of them. Korah's Reubenite allies Dathan and Abiram were also punished when God caused the ground to split open beneath their feet swallowing them, their families, anyone associated with Korah, and all their possessions.


title: Korah

text: Furthermore, the Israelites who did not like what had happened to Korah, Dathan and Abiram (and their families) objected to Moses, and God then commanded Moses to depart from the multitude. God then smote 14,700 men with plague, as punishment for objecting to Korah's destruction (ff.)


title: Korah

text: The rabbis of the Talmudic era explained the name "Korah" as meaning "baldness." It was given to Korah on account of the gap or blank which he made in Israel by his revolt. Korah is represented as the possessor of extraordinary wealth, he having discovered one of the treasures which Joseph had hidden in Egypt. The keys of Korah's treasuries alone formed a load for 300 mules. He and Haman were the two richest men in the world, and both died on account of their rapacity, and because their riches were not the gift of Heaven. On the other hand, Korah is represented as a wise man, chief of his family and as one of the Kohathites who carried the Ark of the Covenant on their shoulders.


title: Korah

text: According to the Rabbis, the main cause of Korah's revolt was the nomination of Elizaphan, son of Uzziel, as prince over the Kohathites, Korah arguing thus: "Kohath had four sons. The two sons of Amram, Kohath's eldest son, took for themselves the kingdom and the priesthood. Now, as I am the son of Kohath's second son, I should be made prince over the Kohathites; however Moses gave that office to Elizaphan, the son of Kohath's youngest son".


title: Korah

text: Korah asked Moses the following questions: "Does a tallit made entirely of tekhelet need fringes?" To Moses' affirmative answer Korah objected: "The blue color of the ṭallit does not make it ritually correct, yet according to your statement four blue threads do so". "Does a house filled with the books of the Law need a mezuzah?" Moses replied that it did; whereupon Korah said: "The presence of the whole Torah, which contains 175 chapters, does not make a house fit for habitation, yet you say that one chapter of it does so. It is not from God that you have received these commandments; you have invented them yourself." He then assembled 250 men, chiefs of the Sanhedrin, and, having clad them in tallitot of blue wool, but without fringes, prepared for them a banquet. Aaron's sons came for the priestly share, but Korah and his people refused to give the prescribed portions to them, saying that it was not God but Moses who commanded those things. Moses, having been informed of these proceedings, went to the house of Korah to effect a reconciliation, but the latter and his 250 followers rose up against him.


title: Korah

text: Korah consulted also his wife, who encouraged him in the revolt, saying: "See what Moses has done. He has proclaimed himself king; he has made his brother high priest, and his brother's sons priests; moreover, he has made you shave all your hair in order to disfigure you." Korah answered: "But he has done the same to his own sons." His wife replied: "Moses hated you so much that he was ready to do evil to his own children provided the same evil would overtake you".


title: Korah

text: Modern Jewish reform and secular interpretations of the Korah revolt supply new causes for the revolt to reflect new agendas and concerns of the authors.


title: Korah

text: Korah incited all the people against Moses, arguing that it was impossible to endure the laws Moses had instituted. He told them the following parable: "A widow, the mother of two young daughters, had a field. When she came to plow it, Moses told her not to plow it with an ox and an ass together; when she came to sow it, Moses told her not to sow it with mingled seeds; At the time of harvest she had to leave unreaped the parts of the field prescribed by the Law, while from the harvested grain she had to give the priest the share due to him. The woman sold the field and with the proceeds bought two sheep. But the first-born of these she was obliged to give to Aaron the priest; and at the time of shearing he required the first of the fleece also. The widow said: 'I cannot bear this man's demands any longer. It will be better for me to slaughter the sheep and eat them.' But Aaron came for the shoulder, the two cheeks, and the maw. The widow then vehemently cried out: 'If you persist in your demand, I declare them devoted to the Lord.' Aaron replied: 'In that case the whole belongs to me', whereupon he took away the meat, leaving the widow and her two daughters wholly unprovided for".


title: Korah

text: The question how it was possible for a wise man like Korah to be so imprudent as to rebel is explained by the fact that he was deceived through his own prophetic ability. He had foreseen that the prophet Samuel would be his descendant, and therefore concluded that he himself would escape punishment. But he was mistaken; for, while his sons escaped, he perished.


title: Korah

text: At the time of Korah's engulfment, the earth became like a funnel, and everything that belonged to him, even linen that was at the launderer's and needles that had been borrowed by persons living at a distance from Korah, rolled till it fell into the chasm. According to the Rabbis, Korah himself underwent the double punishment of being burned and buried alive. He and his followers continued to sink until Hannah prayed for them; and through her prayer, the Rabbis declare, Korah will ascend to paradise. Rabbah bar bar Hana narrates that while he was traveling in the desert, an Arab showed him the place of Korah's engulfment. There was at the spot a slit in the ground into which he introduced some wool soaked in water. The wool became parched. On placing his ear to the slit, he heard voices cry: "Moses and his Torah are true; and we are liars".


title: Korah

text: Korah is referenced in the New Testament in : "Woe to them! They have taken the way of Cain; they have rushed for profit into Balaam's error; they have been destroyed in Korah's rebellion." (NIV)


title: Korah

text: The rebellion of Korah is also made reference to in chapter 11 of 2 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.


title: Korah

text: Korah is mentioned in the 1768 edition of "The New England Primer". Here, as part of an alphabet, we read that "Proud Korah's troop was swallowed up" which is a paraphrasing of .


title: Korah

text: Korah is also mentioned by Irenaeus in his anti-Gnostic work "Against Heresies" (), written in about 180. He criticized the excuse that some evil people in the Bible were credited with obtaining their power from God. Specifically he wrote that there are some who "declare that Cain derived his being from the Power above, and acknowledge that Esau, Korah, the Sodomites, and all such persons, are related to themselves."


title: Korah

text: Korah is also mentioned in the Quran by the name of Qārūn (). He is recognized as wealthy, and became very arrogant due to his pride and ignorance. He gave the credit of his wealth to his knowledge instead of to God.


title: Korah

text: The Quran states he was punished due to his extreme arrogance by being swallowed by earth along with all his great material wealth.


title: Korah

text: In the Malay and Indonesian language, the term for treasure is literally "Harta Karun" ("Qarun's treasure"). It is also often referred to in Turkish as ""Karun'un Hazineleri"". In Muslim culture, he is referred to as a tyrant who is the epitome of arrogance based on wealth.


title: WWE Backlash

text: WWE Backlash, known as WrestleMania Backlash since 2021, is a professional wrestling event that is produced by WWE, a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut. It is broadcast live and available only through pay-per-view (PPV) and the online streaming services Peacock and the WWE Network. The event was established in 1999 and was the first monthly PPV held after the discontinuation of the original In Your House shows, which were monthly PPVs held between the promotion's "Big Five" PPVs at the time: Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, King of the Ring, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series. The inaugural Backlash had been originally advertised as an In Your House show, but the branding was dropped before the event took place.


title: WWE Backlash

text: The original concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WWE's flagship event, WrestleMania. From its inception until 2009, Backlash held this position as the post-WrestleMania PPV and was held annually in April, with the exception of the 2005 event, which was held in May. After the 2009 event, Backlash was discontinued and replaced by Extreme Rules in 2010, but after seven years, it was reinstated in 2016 and held in September as that year's post-SummerSlam PPV. The events in 2017 and 2018 were then held in May, but other PPVs were held between WrestleMania and Backlash those two years. An event was originally scheduled for June 2019 but was canceled and replaced by a one-off event called Stomping Grounds. Backlash then returned in 2020 and was held that June. The 2021 event moved Backlash back to May as the first PPV held after WrestleMania 37, thus the event returned to its original concept and the event series was renamed as "WrestleMania Backlash".


title: WWE Backlash

text: The 2002 event was WWE's very first PPV held following the implementation of the original brand extension the month prior. With the brand split in effect, the events in 2002 and 2003 featured wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown brands, but from 2004 to 2006, Backlash was held exclusively for the Raw brand. Following WrestleMania 23 in 2007, brand-exclusive PPVs were discontinued, thus the events from 2007 to 2009 featured wrestlers from Raw, SmackDown, and ECW, the latter of which was established as a third brand in 2006 but was disbanded in 2010. The brand split itself ended in 2011, but was reintroduced in mid-2016. Backlash was then reinstated as a SmackDown-exclusive PPV that year and was WWE's first brand-exclusive PPV of the second brand split. The 2017 event was also SmackDown-exclusive. Following WrestleMania 34 in 2018, brand-exclusive PPVs were again discontinued, thus the events held since have featured both the Raw and SmackDown brands.


title: WWE Backlash

text: From 1995 to 1999, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) ran a series of monthly pay-per-views (PPV) titled In Your House, which were held between the promotion's five major PPVs at the time: Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, King of the Ring, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, referred to as the "Big Five"—the King of the Ring PPV was discontinued after its 2002 event. In April 1999, the WWF phased out the In Your House events to establish permanent names for monthly pay-per-views to be held between the "Big Five" events. Backlash was subsequently established to be held after WrestleMania XV, and it took place on April 25, 1999, at the Providence Civic Center in Providence, Rhode Island. Early advertising for the inaugural Backlash had featured the "In Your House" branding until it was quietly dropped in the weeks leading up to the pay-per-view. The concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WWF's flagship event, WrestleMania.


title: WWE Backlash

text: A second Backlash event was held the following year after WrestleMania 2000, thus establishing Backlash as an annual PPV for the WWF. With the exception of the 2005 event, which was held in May, Backlash was held every April through the 2009 event. Throughout this time, it retained its position as the post-WrestleMania PPV. Following the 2009 event, however, Backlash was discontinued and replaced by Extreme Rules in 2010.


title: WWE Backlash

text: In March 2002, the WWF introduced the brand extension in which the roster was divided between the Raw and SmackDown brands, which is where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. The 2002 Backlash was in turn the promotion's very first PPV held following the implementation of the original brand split and it featured wrestlers from both brands. The month after the 2002 event, the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE, which became an orphaned initialism in 2011). While the 2003 event also featured wrestlers from both brands, the 2004 event was held exclusively for the Raw brand and continued to be Raw-exclusive up through the 2006 event. Following WrestleMania 23 in 2007, WWE discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs, thus the events from 2007 to 2009 featured wrestlers from Raw, SmackDown, and ECW, which had been established as a third brand in 2006 but was disbanded in 2010, and the brand extension itself was dissolved in 2011.


title: WWE Backlash

text: After Backlash was discontinued following the 2009 event, it endured a seven-year hiatus. During this time in February 2014, WWE launched their online streaming service, the WWE Network, and in addition to traditional PPV, the events also became available on the Network. In mid-2016, WWE reintroduced the brand split and also brought back brand-exclusive PPVs. Due to the need for more PPV events, Backlash was reinstated, and the 2016 event was held exclusively for the SmackDown-brand and was WWE's first brand-exclusive PPV of the second brand split. Backlash that year was also held in September after SummerSlam, thus ending its previous tradition of being the post-WrestleMania PPV. The 2017 event was moved up to May and was again SmackDown-exclusive. While the event was technically SmackDown's first PPV held after WrestleMania 33, none of the matches were backlash from that WrestleMania. Furthermore, the Raw-exclusive PPV, Payback, was held between WrestleMania 33 and Backlash. The 2018 event was originally scheduled to be a Raw-exclusive PPV, but following WrestleMania 34 that year, WWE again discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs, thus events held since have featured wrestlers from both Raw and SmackDown. Although the 2018 event was held in May, the Greatest Royal Rumble was held between WrestleMania 34 and Backlash.


title: WWE Backlash

text: In 2019, Backlash was originally scheduled to be held in June, however, it was canceled and replaced by a one-off PPV called Stomping Grounds. Backlash then returned in 2020 and was held in June that year. The event was originally scheduled to be held in Kansas City, Missouri, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which began affecting the industry in mid-March that year, WWE had to relocate its programming for Raw and SmackDown to the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida with no fans in attendance, although in late May, WWE began using Performance Center trainees to serve as the live audience. The 2020 event was in turn held at the Performance Center and was WWE's first PPV event to be announced after the start of the pandemic.


title: WWE Backlash

text: In August 2020, WWE relocated Raw and SmackDown's events to a bio-secure bubble called the WWE ThunderDome, which was first hosted at Orlando's Amway Center. In December, the ThunderDome was relocated to Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida, and then in April 2021, it was relocated to the Yuengling Center in Tampa, Florida. The 2021 Backlash was in turn WWE's first PPV held in the ThunderDome at the Yuengling Center. The event was originally scheduled to be held in June, but was moved up to May. This in turn positioned the 2021 event as the first PPV held after WrestleMania 37, thus the event returned to its original concept and was titled "WrestleMania Backlash". The 2021 event was also the first Backlash to air on Peacock's WWE Network channel, following the merger of the American version of the WWE Network under Peacock in March that year.


title: WWE Backlash

text: In July 2021, WWE resumed a live touring schedule. On February 11, 2022, WWE announced that the 2022 event would also be held under the "WrestleMania Backlash" name, thus officially renaming the event series to WrestleMania Backlash.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The "Orion"-class battleships were a group of four dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy (RN) in the early 1910s. The first battleships built for the RN, they were much larger than the preceding British dreadnoughts and were sometimes termed "super-dreadnoughts". The sister ships spent most of their careers assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Home and Grand Fleets, sometimes serving as flagships. Aside from participating in the failed attempt to intercept the German ships that had bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in late 1914, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, their service during World War I generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The "Orion"s were deemed obsolete by the end of the war in 1918 and were reduced to reserve the following year. and were sold for scrap in 1922 while was hulked for use as a stationary training ship. In late 1923, she was converted into a target ship and was sunk in early 1925. served the longest, acting as a training ship from 1921 until she, too, was sold for scrap in late 1926. While being towed to the scrapyard, the ship ran aground; "Thunderer" was refloated and subsequently broken up.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The initial 1909–1910 Naval Programme included two dreadnoughts and a battlecruiser, but was later increased to six dreadnoughts and two battlecruisers as a result of public pressure on the government due to the Anglo-German naval arms race. The original pair of battleships became the and were improved versions of the preceding battleship, . A third dreadnought was added to the programme around April 1909 that was to be armed with more powerful weapons than the guns used in the earlier dreadnoughts. Three more ships of this class, as well as another battlecruiser, were part of the contingency programme authorized in August.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: Unlike all of the previous dreadnoughts, which had been incremental improvements of the original design of 1906, constrained by cost and size limits, the "Orion" class were almost a "clean-slate" design driven by the need to accommodate the larger guns and additional armour. The guns were positioned all on the centreline of the hull in superfiring gun turrets, an arrangement first used in HMS "Neptune" for the aft main turrets. The idea had been pioneered by the United States Navy in their , but the RN was slow to adopt the concept, concerned about the effects of muzzle blast on the gunlayers in the open sighting hoods in the roofs of the lower turrets.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: One of the few things retained from earlier ships was the position of the tripod foremast with its spotting top behind the forward funnel to allow the vertical leg to be used to support the boat-handling derrick. This all but guaranteed that the hot funnel gases could render the spotting top uninhabitable at times, but the Board of Admiralty insisted on it for all the ships of the 1909–1910 Programme. David K. Brown, naval architect and historian, commented on the whole fiasco: "It is amazing that it took so long to attain a satisfactory arrangement, which was caused by the Director of Naval Ordnance (DNO)'s insistence on sighting hoods in the roofs of turrets and Jellicoe's obsession with boat-handling arrangements. These unsatisfactory layouts reduced firepower, prejudiced torpedo protection and probably added to cost. As DNO and then as Controller, Jellicoe must accept much of the blame for the unsatisfactory layout of the earlier ships."


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The "Orion"-class ships had an overall length of , a beam of and a deep draught of . They displaced at normal load and at deep load. Their crew numbered 738 officers and ratings upon completion and 1,107 in 1917.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The ships retained the three engine-room layout of the "Colossus"-class design. They were powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines. The outer propeller shafts were coupled to the high-pressure turbines in the outer engine rooms and these exhausted into low-pressure turbines in the centre engine room which drove the inner shafts. The turbines used steam provided by 18 water-tube boilers. They were rated at and were intended to give the battleships a maximum speed of . During their sea trials, the "Orion"s exceeded their designed speed and horsepower. They carried a maximum of of coal and an additional of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. This gave them a range of at a cruising speed of .


title: Orion-class battleship

text: These ships were the first to carry the new breech-loading (BL) 13.5-inch Mark V gun. This gun was developed as the RN believed that the preceding 12-inch Mark XI gun could not be further developed and that a new gun of an increased bore was needed to deal with the longer ranges at which combat was expected to occur and the need for greater penetration and destructive effect. The Mark V gun had a muzzle velocity about lower than the Mark XI gun, which greatly reduced the wear in the barrel. Despite the reduction in velocity, the gun's range was about greater because the much heavier 13.5-inch shell retained its velocity longer than the lighter and smaller 12-inch shell.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The "Orion" class was equipped with ten 45-calibre Mark V guns in five hydraulically powered, centreline, twin-gun turrets, designated 'A', 'B', 'Q', 'X' and 'Y' from front to rear. The guns had a maximum elevation of +20° which gave them a range of . Their gunsights, however, were limited to +15° until super-elevating prisms were installed by 1916 to allow full elevation. They fired projectiles, some more than those of the 12-inch Mark XI, at a muzzle velocity of at a rate of two rounds per minute. The ships carried 80–100 shells per gun.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: Their secondary armament consisted of sixteen 50-calibre BL four-inch (102 mm) Mark VII guns. Four of these guns were in exposed mounts on the shelter deck and the remaining guns were enclosed in unshielded single mounts in the superstructure. The guns had a maximum elevation of +15° which gave them a range of . They fired projectiles at a muzzle velocity of . They were provided with 150 rounds per gun. Four 3-pounder () saluting guns were also carried. The ships were equipped with three 21-inch submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and another in the stern, for which 20 torpedoes were provided.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The control positions for the main armament were located in the spotting tops at the head of the fore and mainmasts. Data from a Barr and Stroud coincidence rangefinder, located at each control position, was input into a Dumaresq mechanical computer and electrically transmitted to Vickers range clocks located in the transmitting station located beneath each position on the main deck, where it was converted into range and deflection data for use by the guns. The target's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target. The turrets, transmitting stations, and control positions could be connected in almost any combination. As a backup, two turrets in each ship could take over if necessary.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: Additional nine-foot rangefinders, protected by armoured hoods, were added for each gun turret in late 1914. Furthermore, the ships were fitted with Mark II or III Dreyer Fire-control Tables, in early 1914, in each transmission station. It combined the functions of the Dumaresq and the range clock.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The "Orion" class had a waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour that was 12 inches thick between the fore and rear barbettes that was reduced to outside the central armoured citadel, but did not reach the bow or stern. The belt covered the side of the hull from the middle deck to below where the waterline and thinned to at its bottom edge. Above this was a strake of 8-inch armour. The forward oblique bulkheads connected the waterline and upper armour belts to the 'A' barbette. Similarly the aft bulkhead connected the armour belts to 'Y' barbette, although it was 8 inches thick. The exposed faces of the barbettes were protected by armour thick above the main deck that thinned to below it. The gun turrets had faces and 8-inch sides with 3-inch roofs.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The four armoured decks ranged in thickness from with the greater thicknesses outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the roof was 3 inches thick. The spotting tower behind and above the conning tower had 6-inch sides and the torpedo-control tower aft had 3-inch sides and a 2-inch roof. Like the "Colossus"-class ships, the "Orion"s eliminated the anti-torpedo bulkheads that protected the engine and boiler rooms, reverting to the scheme in the older dreadnoughts that placed them only outboard of the magazines with thicknesses ranging from . The boiler uptakes were protected by armour plates.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: received a small rangefinder on the roof of 'B' turret in 1914; the other ships may also have had one installed. That same year the shelter-deck guns of the sisters were enclosed in casemates. By October 1914, a pair of QF anti-aircraft (AA) guns were installed aboard each ship. Additional deck armour was added after the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. Around the same time, three or four 4-inch guns were removed from the aft superstructure. By April 1917, the ships had exchanged a 4-inch AA gun for one of the 3-inch guns. One or two flying-off platforms were fitted aboard each ship during 1917–1918; these were mounted on turret roofs and extended onto the gun barrels. had them on 'B' and 'Q' turrets, "Conqueror" and "Thunderer" on 'B' and 'X' turrets and had one on 'B'. A high-angle rangefinder was fitted in the forward superstructure by 1921. "Thunderer" had her secondary armament reduced to eight guns during her February–May 1921 conversion into a training ship.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: Upon commissioning, all four sisters were assigned to the 2nd Division of the Home Fleet or, as it was redesignated on 1 May 1912, the 2nd Battle Squadron (BS). "Orion" became the flagship of the division's second-in-command, retaining that position until March 1919. "Monarch", "Thunderer" and "Orion" participated in the Parliamentary Naval Review on 9 July at Spithead. They then participated in training manoeuvres with Vice-Admiral Prince Louis of Battenberg commanding the "Blue Fleet" aboard "Thunderer". The three sisters were present with the 2nd BS to receive the President of France, Raymond Poincaré, at Spithead on 24 June 1913. During the annual manoeuvres in August, "Thunderer" was the flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, commander of the "Red Fleet".


title: Orion-class battleship

text: Between 17 and 20 July 1914, the "Orion"s took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review as part of the British response to the July Crisis. Afterwards, they were ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow to safeguard the fleet from a possible surprise attack by the Imperial German Navy. After the British declaration of war on Germany on 4 August, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet, and placed under the command of Admiral Jellicoe. According to pre-war doctrine, the role of the Grand Fleet was to fight a decisive battle against the German High Seas Fleet. This grand battle was slow to happen, however, because of the Germans' reluctance to commit their battleships against the superior British force. As a result, the Grand Fleet spent its time training in the North Sea, punctuated by the occasional mission to intercept a German raid or major fleet sortie.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: Room 40, the Signals intelligence organisation at the Admiralty, had decrypted German radio traffic containing plans for a German attack on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in mid-December using the four battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group ("Konteradmiral" [Rear-Admiral] Franz von Hipper). The radio messages did not mention that the High Seas Fleet with fourteen dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts would reinforce Hipper. The ships of both sides departed their bases on 15 December, with the British intending to ambush the German ships on their return voyage. The British mustered the six dreadnoughts of the 2nd BS (Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender), including "Orion" and her sister ships, "Monarch" and "Conqueror" and the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron (Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty).


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The screening forces of each side blundered into each other during the early morning darkness and heavy weather of 16 December. The Germans got the better of the initial exchange of fire, severely damaging several British destroyers but Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, commander of the High Seas Fleet, ordered his ships to turn away, concerned about the possibility of a massed attack by British destroyers in the dawn. Incompetent communications and mistakes by the British allowed Hipper to avoid an engagement with the battlecruisers. On 27 December, "Conqueror" accidentally rammed "Monarch" as the Grand Fleet was returning to Scapa Flow in heavy weather and poor visibility. The latter ship required less than a month of repairs but "Conqueror" was not ready for service until March 1915.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the High Seas Fleet departed the Jade Bight early on the morning of 31 May 1916 in support of Hipper's battlecruisers which were to act as bait. Room 40 had again intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation, so the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: Once Jellicoe's ships had rendezvoused with the 2nd BS, coming from Cromarty, Scotland, on the morning of 31 May, he organised the main body of the Grand Fleet in parallel columns of divisions of four dreadnoughts each. The two divisions of the 2nd BS were on his left (east), the 4th BS was in the centre and the 1st BS on the right. When Jellicoe ordered the Grand Fleet to deploy to the left and form line astern in anticipation of encountering the High Seas Fleet, this naturally placed the 2nd BS at the head of the line of battle. In the early stage of the battle, "Conqueror" and "Thunderer" fired at the crippled light cruiser with unknown results. The two ships also engaged German dreadnoughts, but failed to make any hits. "Monarch" and "Orion", in contrast, did not fire at "Wiesbaden", but shot at and hit several German dreadnoughts. Between them, the pair hit the battleships and once each, lightly damaging them, and the battlecruiser five times, significantly damaging her. The sisters were not heavily engaged during the battle, with none of them firing more than 57 rounds from their main guns.


title: Orion-class battleship

text: The Grand Fleet sortied on 18 August 1916 to ambush the High Seas Fleet while it advanced into the southern North Sea, but a series of miscommunications and mistakes prevented Jellicoe from intercepting the German fleet before it returned to port. Two light cruisers were sunk by German U-boats during the operation, prompting Jellicoe to decide to not risk the major units of the fleet south of 55° 30' North due to the prevalence of German submarines and mines. The Admiralty concurred and stipulated that the Grand Fleet would not sortie unless the German fleet was attempting an invasion of Britain or there was a strong possibility it could be forced into an engagement under suitable conditions. Along with the rest of the Grand Fleet, they sortied on the afternoon of 23 April 1918 after radio transmissions revealed that the High Seas Fleet was at sea after a failed attempt to intercept the regular British convoy to Norway. The Germans were too far ahead of the British to be caught, and no shots were fired. The sisters were present at Rosyth, Scotland, when the German fleet surrendered there on 21 November.