title: Elite Squad

text: Neto applies to another department, but his transfer is denied. Disgusted by corruption led by fellow officer Fabio, Neto and André steal the police's bribe money to fix as many police cars as possible. Their superior, Captain Oliveira, finds out and demotes them to kitchen work as punishment and orders Fabio - whom he believes stole from him - to meet drug traffickers at a community funk party in Morro da Babilônia to enquire about payment.


title: Elite Squad

text: Fabio realizes is a set-up to kill him and discreetly warns Neto and André, who rush to a vantage point at the party. They use a sniper rifle telescope to watch Oliveira and other policemen but Neto accidentally shoots, causing a deadly gunfight between the officers and thugs; as André and Neto attempt to flee the scene, Roberto and his men rescue all the officers. After the shootout, André is photographed by the press. André and Neto apply for BOPE, motivated by their honesty and devotion, and eagerness for action. At the NGO office, Baiano confronts Maria and her friends with a newspaper featuring André's picture and threatens to kill them if they bring policemen inside his territory.


title: Elite Squad

text: BOPE training proves to be gruesome, with many candidates quitting the program, including Fabio (who applied as a way to avoid Oliveira), but both Neto and André pass; Neto celebrates by getting a BOPE tattoo on his arm. André's relationship with Maria ends and he confronts Edu, ordering him to arrange a meet with Romerito the next day to give him a pair of glasses. Edu reveals André' plan to Baiano, who sets an ambush to kill him. Neto informs André of a job interview at a law firm that will conflict with meeting Romerito, and volunteers to deliver the glasses in his place: this results in Neto being mortally wounded. When Baiano prepares to execute him, he notices his BOPE tattoo and goes into hiding for fear of retaliation.


title: Elite Squad

text: After Neto's funeral, André, Roberto, and the men make daily incursions into Baiano's slum, torturing several dealers into revealing his whereabouts. After one of them reveals Edu tipped Baiano, Matias storms in a peace walk and violently beats Edu and insults Maria and the others. BOPE locate and corner Baiano: Roberto orders André to shoot Baiano in the face with a shotgun, as revenge for Neto's death and his final test for BOPE. As Baiano pleads, André cocks the gun and the screen cuts to black as a shot is heard.


title: Elite Squad

text: The movie is based on "Elite da Tropa", a book by two BOPE policemen ("Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais" - Rio de Janeiro military police squads for special actions), André Batista and Rodrigo Pimentel, together with sociologist & anthropologist Luiz Eduardo Soares, which provided a semi-fictional account of the daily routine of the BOPE as well as some historical events, based on the experiences of the two BOPE policemen. The book was controversial at the time of release, in its description of the BOPE as a "killing machine", as well as the detailed allegation of an aborted assassination attempt on then left-wing governor of Rio de Janeiro, Leonel Brizola, and reportedly resulted in Batista being reprimanded and censured by the Military Police. The writing contained some discrepancies, however Soares did not retract his novel. The novel had a unique reception when it was translated in 2010. There were many fans of the original novel and film who felt that the Portuguese-English translation was poor and did not follow the film and vice versa. Ultimately the novel (before translation) was more like the film than the novel in English.


title: Elite Squad

text: In August 2007, prior to the movie's release to theaters, a preliminary cut of the film was leaked and made available for download on the Internet. The cut, which included English title cards but no subtitles, was leaked from the company responsible for subtitling the film, resulting in one person being fired and a criminal investigation. It was estimated that about 11.5 million people had seen the leaked version of the movie in 2007.


title: Elite Squad

text: "Tropa de Elite" became one of the most popular Brazilian movies in history. According to Datafolha, 77% of São Paulo residents knew about the movie. The word of mouth was also important for the disclosure of the film, with 80% of the people rating the movie as "excellent" or "good", according to the same poll.


title: Elite Squad

text: The movie was released in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo on October 5, 2007 (with the intention of being considered by the Ministry of Culture to compete as the Brazilian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar). It was released nationwide on October 12, 2007. By January 2008, 2.5 million people had seen it in theaters. In Rio and São Paulo, with no promotion other than billboards, 180,000 people saw the movie during its opening weekend.


title: Elite Squad

text: The movie was also the cover issue for the two Brazil's most important weekly magazines, "Veja" and "Época". In the beginning of 2008 it was confirmed that Rede Globo would produce a TV series based on the movie. In 2011 Rockstar Games recommended "Elite Squad" to fans of its video game "Max Payne 3", which is set in Brazil and depicts battles between special police units and favela gangs.


title: Elite Squad

text: Outside Brazil reviews of the film were initially mixed, but after time the film was received more positively. Based on 34 reviews, the film received a 53% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with its critics' consensus calling it a "brutal, action-heavy Brazilian cop film with a pointless voiceover. Lacks flair, overdoes the violence and is never quite sure where its morals lie".


title: Elite Squad

text: When the first version of the film leaked, it caused a major controversy for its portrayal of Captain Nascimento's unpunished police brutality in slums (favelas); some saw it as glamourizing police violence. After its exhibition in Berlin Film Festival, critic Jay Weissberg, in a "Variety" article, called the movie "a one-note celebration of violence-for-good that plays like a recruitment film for fascist thugs". Michel Misse, a researcher of urban violence in the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, in an article by "Carta Capital", tried to explain why some people cheered at Captain Nascimento's actions: "as the judiciary system cannot keep up with the demand for punishment, some may think civil rights leads to unpunishment. And then, they want illegal solutions. That's why Captain Nascimento is called".


title: Elite Squad

text: On February 16, 2008, "Elite Squad" won the Best Movie award of the Berlin International Film Festival, the Golden Bear.


title: Elite Squad

text: The soundtrack of the film was a collection of popular hits, but even the soundtrack would not escape controversy as the Brazilian authorities demanded the removal of MC Leonardo's "Rap das Armas" from the film, because of alleged promotion of violence like use of illegal arms and drugs. The filmmakers complied two weeks after the official release.


title: Elite Squad

text: A sequel, named "Tropa de Elite 2: O Inimigo Agora É Outro", was released in Brazil on October 8, 2010, and in the U.S. on November 11, 2011.


title: S.H.E

text: S.H.E is a Taiwanese girl group whose members are Selina Jen, Hebe Tien, and Ella Chen. They formed in 2001 and are managed by HIM International Music but decided not to renew their contract in 2019 due to having their own management company.


title: S.H.E

text: Since releasing their debut album "Girls Dorm" (2001), S.H.E has recorded 13 albums with sales totaling more than 10 million, and set ticketing records in each of their two concert tours. Widely regarded as the most successful and enduring Mandopop group, S.H.E has also acted in seven drama series, hosted two variety shows, and contributed ten songs to six drama soundtracks.


title: S.H.E

text: Before releasing S.H.E's first album, HIM International focused on the group's chemistry, and assigned the three girls to live together in a dormitory room. Selina revealed in 2009 that their English names were also changed to fit the group name. Selina named herself Cola, while Hebe was called Anita, while Ella called herself Water pre-debut.


title: S.H.E

text: On 11 September 2001, , S.H.E released their debut album, "Girls Dorm", in memory of their prior living quarters, selling an impressive 150,000 copies for a debut group. It also quashed the speculation of an unremarkable debut being on the fateful day and the total sale in Asia is over 750,000 copies. On 29 January 2002, S.H.E's second album, "Youth Society", was released and went on to sell more than 250,000 copies and over 1.25 million in asia. With the release of this album, "S.H.E Girl Friends" underwent a name change and became simply "S.H.E".


title: S.H.E

text: The trio's third album, "Genesis", was released on 5 August 2002, approximately six months after "Youth Society". Continuing the successes of the group's previous albums, 20,000 copies of "Genesis" were ordered in advance of the release date. The album would go on to sell 180,000 copies and over 1.75 million in Asia. S.H.E later signed an endorsement deal with N-age, a South Korean online game company. Not only did N-age appear in a couple of music videos, but they also sponsored S.H.E's first major concert in Tainan City, the N-age Genesis Concert, which attracted over 20,000 fans. On 23 January 2003, S.H.E released "Together", their first compilation album which sold over 2 million copies.


title: S.H.E

text: S.H.E's fourth album was intended for release on 6 August, but due to an injury to Ella, "Super Star" arrived in stores on 22 August 2003. The album featured the group's first pop/rock song, "Super Star", which, for ten consecutive weeks, placed no lower than fourth on Singapore's YES 933 music charts selling more than 2.75 million copies. To date, "Together" and "Super Star" have combined to sell 580,000 copies; 250,000 copies of "Super Star" were sold in Taiwan alone.


title: S.H.E

text: On 6 February 2004, S.H.E released their fifth album, "Magical Journey", in two different versions: a Magical Version and a Journey Version. The two versions combined to sell 2.5 million copies in Asia, including 160,000 copies in Taiwan alone. On 2 June, S.H.E and HIM International agreed to extend the trio's contract, which would have expired in October 2005. Later that year, on 4 September 2004, S.H.E began their first major tour, the Fantasy Land Tour. The tour started in Taipei, where more than 25,000 attendees were present, and ended in Genting Highlands, Malaysia. During their concert at the Shanghai Stadium, the trio set an attendance record. The tour raked in NT$22.4 million in gate receipts. The release of S.H.E's sixth album, "Encore", was pushed to 12 November 2004 to accommodate Selina's graduation from university in late November. "Encore" sold two million units in Asia within one week of its release; since then, that number has surpassed 2 million. By the time "Encore" was due for release, media outlets had already begun labelling S.H.E as "The Number One Girl Group" ().


title: S.H.E

text: S.H.E had released albums every few months until the end of 2004. However, due to their busy concert schedule, it was over a year until their next album appeared. After releasing "Encore", they contributed to the "Reaching for the Stars" soundtrack, which sold only 50,000 copies. That same year, the girl group Twins released their first Mandarin album, "Trainee Cupid", in the Taiwanese market. That album would sell 800,000 copies in two months. The poor sales of the soundtrack and the success of the Twins album led to this period being described as one of the lowest times of S.H.E's career. On 25 November 2005, the trio finally released their seventh album, "Once Upon a Time". The album not only set a record with 50,000 pre-orders, but it sold more than two million copies, overshadowing "Trainee Cupid". "Once Upon a Time" debuted on the Chinese language album charts at #1, retained that position for four consecutive weeks, and stayed on the charts for a total of 13 weeks. The album's title track, "Don't Wanna Grow Up" (), won Song of the Year at Hong Kong’s TVB8 Awards.


title: S.H.E

text: On 21 July 2006, S.H.E released a second compilation album, "Forever", which sold over 150,000 copies within a week. The album featured five new songs, a compilation of older works, and three songs from older drama soundtracks. "Forever" included many collaborative works with other artists in the Taiwanese pop music industry. C-pop megastar Jay Chou composed "Electric Shock" () for the album. The song "Solo Madrigal" () was a duet between Selina and Tank, the latter of whom had originally recorded the song for his debut album. For the "Tokyo Juliet" soundtrack, Hebe and boyband Fahrenheit sang "Only Have Feelings for You" (), which won several awards including Taiwan's Best Duet Song at the 2006 Sprite China Music Awards.


title: S.H.E

text: S.H.E's second major concert tour, The Perfect 3 World Tour, commenced on 8 July 2006 in Shanghai. After their Perfect 3 concert in Hong Kong, which was recorded and released as the group's second live album, S.H.E was commended for their perseverance, amount of dance preparation, and ability to hit their notes. Within the tour's first five months, the group attracted over 200,000 fans, and collected NT$200 million in gate receipts. On 18 April, S.H.E signed on with WOW Music to improve their presence in Hong Kong. "Play", the trio's eighth album, was released on 11 May 2007, and was the first S.H.E album released under the new distribution label. "Play" went double gold within the first four days of the album's pre-order period; by 5 June, more than 150,000 copies were sold. A month after "Play"'s release, S.H.E was nominated for the Most Popular Female Artist award at the 18th Golden Melody Awards but lost to pop diva Jolin Tsai.


title: S.H.E

text: On 23 September 2008, S.H.E released their ninth album, "FM S.H.E". On this album, members of the band take on the role of radio hosts, and the album itself is interspersed with radio station-esque snippets. The album had a pre-order sale of 42,000 copies in Taiwan and over 1.2 million in asia. An online radio station, FM S.H.E, was also set up for a month in line with the album where there will be different programs being broadcast every day. The viewership of the online radio hit a record high of 100,000 views.


title: S.H.E

text: In June 2009, S.H.E released their first digital album, "Map of Love" in China, where this album will only be digitally release on internet music stores. The album consist of 10 songs of which 8 songs are from their previous albums and 2 new songs, 鎖住時間 "(Lock Up the Time)" and 可愛萬歲 "(Long Live Adorableness)". On 16 October 2009, S.H.E commenced their third world tour, S.H.E is the One concert, with Hong Kong being their first stop. The tickets to the Hong Kong concert were sold out within a few days and this concert had received positive reviews. As of 2010, the concert is still ongoing with more stops to be made. On 26 March 2010, S.H.E released their tenth album, "SHERO". The album received positive reviews, with 50,000 copies being pre-ordered in Taiwan before it was released.


title: S.H.E

text: On 22 October 2010, Selina suffered third degree burns on 54% of her body, mostly her back and legs, during an indoor film shooting in Shanghai for musical movie "I have a date with Spring (我和春天有个约会)".


title: S.H.E

text: On 19 January 2011, after Selina was hospitalized for two months and discharged, the trio held a press conference to formally address their fans about Selina's injury and her recovery. In May 2011, "SHERO", nominated the 22nd Golden Melody Awards's "Top vocal group award".


title: S.H.E

text: In June 2012, S.H.E performed on the 23rd Golden Melody Awards and declared regression. On October 11, 2012, S.H.E declared renewal and became one of the main shareholders of HIM International Music.


title: S.H.E

text: Since 2014, the group entered their second hiatus. In 2016, they were immortalized with wax figures in Shanghai's Madame Tussands, and then on August 26, issued an extended play ""Irreplaceable"", and one of the songs "Irreplaceable" in the EP was commemorating for 15th anniversary of S.H.E's debut, after that held ""S.H.E 15th Anniversary Exhibition"" at Songshan Cultural and Creative Park in Taipei from August 26 to September 19, 2016.


title: S.H.E

text: In 2017, S.H.E. returned with a full 16-cassette set of all albums (including 12 full albums and 2 compilation mini-albums) called "S.H.E's in style" on their 16th anniversary.


title: S.H.E

text: As of April 2018, Ella is the vocal instructor for Produce 101 China. Ella’s contract has ended with the record label and announced to be not re-contracting on 10 July 2018 with plans of creating her own management company with her husband, however, the group will not disband and continue doing projects as the management will still cooperate with Ella.


title: S.H.E

text: On August 30, 2018, a digital single ""Seventeen"" was released by S.H.E, it was commemorating for 17th anniversary of S.H.E's debut, and the single was issued by form of digital music download, after that held ""S.H.E 17th Anniversary Concert"" to celebrate the 17th anniversary of S.H.E's debut at Liberty Square in Taipei on September 11, 2018


title: S.H.E

text: On September 30, 2018, HIM International Music officially announce that S.H.E will no longer be managed by them. After ending the 17 years collaboration with HIM International Music, three of them had come up with their management agencies individually.


title: S.H.E

text: In January 2019, they reunited for child philanthropic feast and made donations to the child poverty charity before Lunar New Year.


title: S.H.E

text: On June 29, 2019, they reunited again for The 30th Golden Melody Awards as guests and presented awards for Best Group and Best Band.


title: S.H.E

text: On September 28, 2020, they made a surprising reunion during the Taipei leg of Hebe's individual "One After Another Tour."


title: S.H.E

text: S.H.E has released eleven studio albums to date, including three compilation albums and one which is only digitally released. All of S.H.E's album covers display an oxalis, the symbol for the group. On some covers, the clover is easy to spot on the front ("Girls Dorm", "Together", "Encore", "Forever", "Play") or on the back ("FM S.H.E"); on other covers, its appearance is more subtle ("Super Star", "Once Upon a Time"). S.H.E's other contributions include songs in the soundtracks of "Magical Love", "The Rose", "Reaching for the Stars", "Tokyo Juliet", "The Little Fairy", "Hanazakarino Kimitachihe", and "Bull Fighting". In 2008, they sang the ending theme for the film "CJ7".


title: S.H.E

text: The group is also known for harmonizing between each other, but has no designated lead singer and has no leader. All three members have different vocal ranges to complement each other. Ella sings within the alto to mezzo-soprano range, while Hebe and Selina sing within the mezzo-soprano to soprano range, with Ella having the widest vocal range of the three.


title: S.H.E

text: Most S.H.E songs fall into the category of pop music. Songs from this genre consist of light melodies, simple drum beats, and the occasional piano or synthesizer accompaniment. In "Girls Dorm" and "Youth Society", acoustic guitar melody lines were used as well. While some slower songs, particularly those in "Genesis", fall into the genre of R&B, high-tempo songs, such as "Beauty Up My Life", focus more on techno. S.H.E has also sung a few pop/rock songs, including "Piquancy" (), "Super Star", and "Star Light" (). As their career progressed, S.H.E began mixing light-hearted pop ballads with elements of hip hop and dance. Attempts to fuse these genres started with songs such as "If You're Happy, Then I'll Be Pleased" (), which contained a short rap segment, and evolved into songs such as "Listen to Yuan Wei Jen Play Guitar" (), which is composed entirely of rap with the exception of the chorus.


title: S.H.E

text: Shi Rencheng () serves as the group's main lyricist since the group's debut. Between the releases of "Magical Journey" and "Forever", Daryl Yao () was a regular contributor as well. The lyrics of Jay Chou's main lyricist, Vincent Fang, have also made numerous appearances. On some occasions, S.H.E members even contributed their own lyrics. Hebe wrote the words for "Say You Love Me" () and "Too Late" (), and penned the rap portion of "So Long as You're Happy". Selina was responsible for the lyrics of "Silenced" (). Selina wrote the lyrics "Wife"(Chinese:老婆). They wrote the lyrics "Don't say goodbye"(Chinese:不说再见)


title: S.H.E

text: S.H.E's albums contain quite a number of cover songs. Among the group's 90 songs, 28 are covers. Earlier albums often included cover songs; however, since 2004, the group has recorded no more than two covers per album. In most covers, the songs' original titles were kept. Other songs, such as Westlife's "Soledad", were simply given new Chinese titles. The lyrics are usually rewritten, but some songs, such as Charlene's "I've Never Been To Me", are sung in their original English. While the musical style is usually maintained, some covers, such as "Only Lonely" and "I.O.I.O", have a lighter, bubblegum pop feel.


title: S.H.E

text: Older pieces and nursery rhymes are occasionally parodied. "Don't Wanna Grow Up" is a parody of Mozart's 40th Symphony, and "London Bridge is Falling Down" () is based on the children's song of the same name. The verses of "Thanks for Your Gentleness" () are original compositions, but the chorus is borrowed from Mayday's "Gentle and Soft".


title: S.H.E

text: S.H.E's covers have received less critical acclaim than their original works. During the group's career, original compositions have combined for nearly 20 awards, whereas covers have been lauded only twice.


title: S.H.E

text: From late 2001 to early 2002, Hebe and Ella acted in the drama, "Magical Love". Ella starred as Juliet, a recent high school graduate who is constantly looking for her Romeo. Hebe portrayed the secondary role of Sha Sha, Juliet's self-conscious and assertive friend. Selina was absent because she was studying at the National Taiwan Normal University. The songs "Remember" and "Belief" was used as the drama's opening and ending themes, respectively. In February, S.H.E signed on to be co-hosts on Jacky Wu's show, "Guess Guess Guess". During S.H.E's tenure on the show, ratings averaged over 3.5, regularly putting the show in the top 10 for weekend shows. S.H.E stopped hosting "Guess Guess Guess" in July. In April 2003, the trio guest-hosted two episodes of the Taiwanese variety show, "Happy Sunday", before signing on as co-hosts in May. However, during S.H.E's "Happy Sunday" tenure, at the height of the SARS epidemic, Hebe exhibited fever-like symptoms while coming home from Singapore. Since Ella was living with Hebe at the time, both were forced into quarantine for 10 days, leaving Selina as the only one in the group who could host the television show "Happy Sunday".


title: S.H.E

text: All three S.H.E members appeared in the drama, "The Rose", where Ella starred as Zheng Bai He, a girl suffering from low self-esteem. Selina played two secondary roles: her first character, Zhuang Zhe Qin, was a beautiful yet frail girl with a heartwarming personality. Her second character, Di Ya Man, is Qin's doppelganger with an arrogant and domineering personality. Hebe portrayed Xiao Feng, a girl who quietly pursues Han Kui but Kui is infatuated with Bai He. In spite of the high costs, "The Rose" was the highest rated television drama in its time slot. At the 2004 Golden Bell Awards, which are presented by the GIO to honour the year's best television programs, "The Rose" was crowned Most Popular Drama. S.H.E sang "Flowers Have Blossomed" () for the drama's soundtrack. The song not only debuted at #1 on the UFO Music Charts, but it also stayed on the YES 93.3 charts for ten weeks, holding the #1 position for two consecutive weeks.


title: S.H.E

text: On July 29, 2003, Ella performed a stunt as part of S.H.E's "Happy Sunday" segment. The stunt, which involved jumping off different floors of a building, was part of a public service video that explained proper fire escape procedures. On her first attempt, Ella followed protocol, jumped off the second floor of a building, and landed safely. On her second attempt, she was asked to jump off the third floor. However, as she jumped off, Ella became nervous and failed to follow the safety procedures correctly, leading to her falling on a fire escape from twenty feet and shattering her hip. Paramedics transported her to the Neihu Tri-Service General Hospital before being redirected to the National Taiwan University Hospital. Ella was released from the hospital after a 23-day stay, but she went home to Pingtung for five months in order to recuperate. In spite of this incident, the Japan National Tourist Organization, who had admired S.H.E's hosting abilities, asked "Happy Sunday" to promote Japanese tourism. As a result, Selina and Hebe hosted "Yokoso! Japan", a special "Happy Sunday" segment that explored numerous facets of Japanese culture. In January 2004, Ella appeared in the final two episodes of "Yokoso! Japan". However, during the segment's four-episode run, producers were already searching for S.H.E's replacements, and ultimately chose Taiwanese singer Phil Chang. S.H.E discontinued hosting "Happy Sunday" once they began promoting the album "Magical Journey".


title: S.H.E

text: Selina and Hebe, along with 28 other celebrities, were cast for the three-episode drama series "Happy New Year 2004". In February, both S.H.E members co-starred in the movie, "A Disguised Superstar" (), with Miriam Yeung; in April, Hebe acted as the female love interest in the first episode of "Say Yes Enterprise" (). The episode would earn a rating of 1.93, placing third behind "My Secret Garden II" () and "Snow Angel" (). In October 2005, all three members of S.H.E starred in the drama, "Reaching for the Stars", and sang its opening theme, "Star Light". The drama focused on the fate of an electronics company whose chairman had just died. Selina played the role of Zhou Xinlei, the chairman's spoiled but good-natured daughter. Ella starred as Ren Jie, a clever girl who assumed the identity of the company's heiress to save her brother. Hebe portrayed Shen Xiaorou, a strong-willed policewoman who lives with her ailing grandmother. "Reaching for the Stars" had the misfortune of airing its pilot episode during the final episode of "The Prince Who Turns into a Frog". While the average rating for the pilot episode of "Reaching for the Stars" was 1.17, the final episode of "The Prince Who Turns into a Frog" set a 2005 record for highest average episode rating (6.93) and highest episode rating (11.35). In the end, despite heavy investment in the series' production, "Reaching for the Stars" had only achieved mediocre television ratings. Nevertheless, Ella was nominated for Best Actress at the 2006 Golden Bell Awards.


title: S.H.E

text: In the spring of 2006, Ella pursued her own on-screen interests and was cast for the lead female role of a Taiwanese idol drama, which was scheduled to air later that year. In January 2007, Selina and Hebe signed half-year contracts to be the co-hosts of "Guess Guess Guess", the show that they had hosted five years earlier. The drama starring Ella, "Hanazakarino Kimitachihe", finally began airing in November, and continued until its finale on March 4, 2007. Ella was featured as Lu Ruixi, an American tomboy who transfers schools so she can see her high jump idol every day. During its 15-episode run, the drama never relinquished its ratings crown. S.H.E sang the song, "What to Do?" () as the drama's opening theme. In June 2007, SET TV selected Hebe to star in "Bull Fighting" as the daughter of the man who owns 13th Street. S.H.E sang "How Have You Been Lately?" () as the drama's ending theme.


title: S.H.E

text: In May 2009, Ella was cast for the lead female role for the Taiwanese idol drama, Down With Love (就想賴著妳). The drama was aired on 31 January 2010. In the drama, Ella was featured as Yang Guo, kind-natured and innocent. When met with any kind of unlucky circumstances, she would always find a way to encourage and spur herself on, adopting a bright and optimistic outlook. S.H.E sang the song, "Loving You" (traditional Chinese: 愛上你) as the drama's ending theme.


title: S.H.E

text: In May 2010, Selina was invited as a guest host for the 700th episode of 'Guess Guess Guess' special edition, along with Jacky Wu. From 24 July 2010 onwards, Selina would be co-hosting 'Guess Guess Guess' with Halem Yu, with changes made to the television programme.


title: S.H.E

text: On 22 Oct 2010. Selina was seriously injured during an accident on the set of her new drama, I have a date with spring (我和春天有個約會) in Shanghai. She suffered from third-degree burns in 54% of her body. Her co-star Yu Haoming (俞灏明) was also seriously injured. On 19 Jan 2011, Selina had finally made her first appearance in the press conference at the hospital. Selina was thankful for the concern, care, and blessings from the public she was also grateful to the nurses who took care of her saying that they were like angels, and was happy that she finally got to leave the hospital and go back home.


title: S.H.E

text: By 2001, the vast majority of notable singing groups in Taiwan were male. When S.H.E was formed, other girl groups were only beginning to earn their fame in the Taiwanese music industry, but few would last more than two years. Formed in 2000, 4 in Love had similar success to S.H.E during their first year in the entertainment business, but broke up less than two years later. Among the former members of 4 in Love, Rainie Yang is the only member to have continued her singing career. Other groups, such as Walkie Talkie (), were formed as a result of talent competitions, but were less notable during the course of their careers. Over a year after S.H.E's formation, the state of girl groups in Taiwan had changed little. In January 2003, radio station UFM1003 released a list of its Top 10 Taiwanese Pop Groups for the year 2002. Although S.H.E was ranked first, they were the only all-female group on the list.


title: S.H.E

text: During the course of S.H.E's career, a significant number of musical groups were introduced by their companies as "the next S.H.E" with hopes of emulating their success. When Warner Music Taiwan wanted to form a three-person boy band, they planned on marketing them as "the male version of S.H.E" before coming up with the name "G-Boys". Some groups were formed to topple S.H.E's standing as Taiwan's premier pop group. Jungiery Star manager Sun Derong stated that 7 Flowers was formed just to provide competition for S.H.E. Despite the increase in competition, S.H.E maintains a definitive stranglehold on the Mandopop group awards, suggesting that the formation of these new groups has done little to ruffle the trio's feathers.


title: S.H.E

text: In 2001, S.H.E began promoting the first of many products, including those of Digimaster and beverage chain Fuzion Smoothie. Since then, the group has endorsed numerous companies, including Bausch & Lomb (2002–present), Coca-Cola (2004–present), and China Mobile (2006–present). One of S.H.E's more notable commercials was for "World of Warcraft", where the girls were put into the context of a fantasy gaming world.


title: S.H.E

text: S.H.E regularly contributes songs for endorsement campaigns. The songs "Too Much" and "Beauty Up My Life", from their debut album "Girls Dorm", were used in commercials for Sogo and Wacoal, respectively. "Genesis" () and "Watch Me Shine", from the 2002 album "Genesis", were used for N-age, a South Korean online game. "Piquancy", from 2004 album "Encore", was used to promote the online game "New Legendary Twins" (). In collaboration with Fahrenheit, S.H.E sang "Always Open" for 7-Eleven.


title: S.H.E

text: Companies frequently use S.H.E's music videos as advertising tools. The videos for "Genesis" and "Watch Me Shine" featured gameplay in N-age; "Excuse" () showed flashes of Inventec's OKWAP phones. Daphne (), a Chinese shoe company, used the songs "Super Model", "Laurel Tree Goddess" (), "Good Mood Just Be Yourself" (), and "Miss Universe" () for their promotional campaigns. Top Girl, a Taiwan clothing company, had also used the song, "Girls' Be Strong" () from FM S.H.E for their promotional campaigns.


title: S.H.E

text: According to Baidu's year-end Top Search Terms survey, the most-searched movie of 2004 was "House of Flying Daggers" (). The phrase logged more than 1.2 million searches, which was nearly twice as many as second place ("Kung Fu Hustle"). Baidu attributed this difference to the fact that S.H.E had released a song with the same name earlier that year. As a result, searches for the song were lumped together with the movie, thereby inflating the latter's search totals.


title: S.H.E

text: S.H.E has also influenced television dramas, education systems, and even business operations. In the "I Not Stupid Too" television series, Chengcai, the wushu-practicing protagonist, was courted by three members of the school's chess society: Shirley, Helen, and Elaine, who were collectively known as S.H.E. On a 2005 secondary school English examination, S.H.E was the subject of a reading comprehension passage that mentioned their involvement with CCTV's annual Spring Festival Evening show. Cliff Wu, the president of Teradata's Greater China operations, was so amazed at how S.H.E affected his teenage daughters that he borrowed the group's name and transformed it into an acronym, summarizing the three main elements of Teradata's plan for entering the Chinese market. S represents "Strategy", while H and E represent "Human" and "Execution".


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: Grand Prix motor racing, a form of motorsport competition, has its roots in organised automobile racing that began in France as early as 1894. It quickly evolved from simple road races from one town to the next, to endurance tests for car and driver. Innovation and the drive of competition soon saw speeds exceeding , but because early races took place on open roads, accidents occurred frequently, resulting in deaths both of drivers and of spectators. A common abbreviation used for Grand Prix racing is "GP" or "GP racing".


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: Grand Prix motor racing eventually evolved into formula racing, and one can regard Formula One as its direct descendant. Each event of the Formula One World Championships is still called a "Grand Prix"; Formula One is also referred to as "Grand Prix racing". Some IndyCar championship races are also called "Grands Prix".


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: Motor racing was started in France, as a direct result of the enthusiasm with which the French public embraced the motor car. Manufacturers were enthusiastic due to the possibility of using motor racing as a shop window for their cars. The first motoring contest took place on July 22, 1894, and was organised by a Paris newspaper, . The Paris–Rouen rally was , from Porte Maillot in Paris, through the Bois de Boulogne, to Rouen. Count Jules-Albert de Dion was first into Rouen after 6 hours 48 minutes at an average speed of . He finished 3 minutes 30 seconds ahead of Albert Lemaître (Peugeot), followed by Auguste Doriot (Peugeot, 16 minutes 30 seconds back), René Panhard (Panhard, 33 minutes 30 seconds back), and Émile Levassor (Panhard, 55 minutes 30 seconds back). The official winners were Peugeot and Panhard as cars were judged on their speed, handling and safety characteristics, and De Dion's steam car needed a stoker which the judges deemed to be outside of their objectives.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: In 1900, James Gordon Bennett, Jr., the owner of the "New York Herald" and the "International Herald Tribune", established the Gordon Bennett Cup. He hoped the creation of an international event would drive automobile manufacturers to improve their cars. Each country was allowed to enter up to three cars, which had to be fully built in the country that they represented and entered by that country's automotive governing body. International racing colours were established in this event. The 1903 event occurred in the aftermath of the fatalities at the Paris-Madrid road race, so the race, at Athy in Ireland, though on public roads, was run over a closed circuit: the first ever closed-circuit motor race.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: In the United States, William Kissam Vanderbilt II launched the Vanderbilt Cup at Long Island, New York in 1904.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: Some anglophone sources wrongly list a race called the in 1901. This may stem from a mistranslation of the contemporary French sources such as the magazine of March 1901. The name of the 1901 event was the and it was run in three classes around the streets of Pau. The was the name of the prizes awarded for the lesser classes ('Light cars' and 'Voiturettes'). The was the name of the prize awarded for the 'Heavy' (fastest) class. Thus Maurice Farman was awarded the for his overall victory in the driving a Panhard 24 hp.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: In Pierre Souvestre described the 1901 event as: "in the "Circuit du Sud-Ouest", at the meeting in Pau" ().


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: The only race at the time to regularly carry the name Grand Prix was organised by the Automobile Club de France (ACF), of which the first took place in 1906. The circuit used, which was based in Le Mans, was roughly triangular in shape, each lap covering . Six laps were to run each day, and each lap took approximately an hour using the relatively primitive cars of the day. The driving force behind the decision to race on a circuit – as opposed to racing on ordinary roads from town to town – was the Paris to Madrid road race of 1903. During this race a number of people, both drivers and pedestrians – including Marcel Renault – were killed and the race was stopped by the French authorities at Bordeaux. Further road based events were banned.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: From the 32 entries representing 12 different automobile manufacturers, at the 1906 event, the Hungarian-born Ferenc Szisz (1873–1944) won the race in a Renault. This race was regarded as the first , which meant "great trial" and the term was used from then on to denote up to the eight most important events of the year.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: Races in this period were heavily nationalistic affairs, with a few countries setting up races of their own, but no formal championship tying them together. The rules varied from country to country and race to race, and typically centred on maximum (not minimum) weights in an effort to limit power by limiting engine size indirectly (10–15 L engines were quite common, usually with no more than four cylinders, and producing less than 50 hp). The cars all had mechanics on board as well as the driver, and no one was allowed to work on the cars during the race except for these two. A key factor to Renault winning this first Grand Prix was held to be the detachable wheel rims (developed by Michelin), which allowed tire changes to occur without having to lever the tire and tube off and back on the rim. Given the state of the roads, such repairs were frequent. Early Grand Prix cars could be technically innovative, with marques such as Peugeot using technology that would later become more widespread.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: A further historic confusion arose in the early 1920s when the Automobile Club de France attempted to pull off a retrospective political trick by numbering and renaming the major races held in France before the 1906 French Grand Prix as being , despite their running pre-dating the formation of the Club. Hence, the 1895 Paris–Bordeaux–Paris Trail was renamed ; and the true first Grand Prix in 1906 race was renamed the (9th). The ACF used this numbering in 1933, although some members of the Club dismissed it, "concerned the name of the Club was lent to the fiction simply out of a childish desire to establish their Grand Prix as the oldest race in the world".


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: For the most part, races were run over a lengthy circuit of closed public roads, not purpose-built private tracks. This was true of the Le Mans circuit of the 1906 "Grand Prix", as well as the (run on of Sicilian roads), the German circuit in the Taunus mountains, and the French circuit at Dieppe (a mere ), used for the 1907 Grand Prix. The exceptions were the steeply banked egg-shaped near oval of Brooklands in England, completed in 1907; the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, first used in 1909 with the first Indianapolis 500-Mile Race in 1911; and the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, in Italy, opened in 1922.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: In 1908, the United States of America became the first country outside France to host an automobile race using the name Grand Prix (or Grand Prize), run at Savannah. The first outside France was the 1921 Italian Grand Prix held at Montichiari. This was quickly followed by Belgium and Spain (in 1924), and later spread to other countries including Britain (1926). Strictly speaking, this still was not a formal championship, but a loose collection of races run to various rules. (A "formula" of rules had appeared just before World War I, finally based on engine size as well as weight, but it was not universally adopted.)


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: In 1904, many national motor clubs banded together to form the (AIACR). In 1922 the (CSI) was empowered on behalf of AIACR to regulate Grand Prix racing and other forms of international racing. Since the inception of Grand Prix racing, competitions had been run in accordance with a strict formula based on engine size and vehicle weight. These regulations were virtually abandoned in 1928 with an era known as "Formula Libre" when race organisers decided to run their events with almost no limitations. From 1927 to 1934, the number of races considered to have Grand Prix status exploded, jumping from five events in 1927, to nine events in 1929, to eighteen in 1934 (the peak year before World War II).


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: During this period a lot of changes of rules occurred. There was a mass start for the first time at the 1922 French Grand Prix in Strasbourg. The 1925 season was the first season during which no riding mechanic was required in a car, as this rule was repealed in Europe after the death of Tom Barrett during the 1924 Grand Prix season. At the in 1926 a well thought-out system, with flags and boards, giving drivers tactical information, was used for the first time by Alfred Neubauer, the racing manager of the Mercedes-Benz team. The 1933 Monaco Grand Prix was the first time in the history of the sport that the grid was determined by timed qualifying rather than the luck of a draw.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: French cars continued to dominate (led by Bugatti, but also including Delage and Delahaye) until the late 1920s, when the Italians (Alfa Romeo and Maserati) began to beat the French cars regularly. At the time, the Germans engineered unique race vehicles as seen in the photo here with the Benz aerodynamic "teardrop" body introduced at the 1923 European Grand Prix at Monza by Karl Benz.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: In the 1930s, however, nationalism entered a new phase when the Nazis encouraged Mercedes and Auto Union to further the glory of the Reich. (The government did provide some money to the two manufacturers, but the extent of the aid into their hands was exaggerated in the media; government subsidies amounted to perhaps 10% or less of the costs of running the two racing teams.) The two German marques utterly dominated the period from 1935 to 1939, winning all but three of the official Championship Grands Prix races run in those years. The cars by this time were single-seaters (the riding mechanic vanished in the early 1920s), with 8 to 16 cylinder supercharged engines producing upwards of on alcohol fuels.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: As early as October 1923, the idea of an automobile championship was discussed at the annual autumn conference of the AIACR (Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus) in Paris. However, discussion centered on the increased interest in racing by manufacturers and holding the first European Grand Prix at Monza in 1923. The first World Championship took place in 1925, but it was for manufacturers only, consisting of four races of at least in length. The races that formed the first Constructors' Championship were the Indianapolis 500, the European Grand Prix, and the French and Italian Grands Prix. A European Championship, consisting of the major Grand Prix in a number of countries (named ) was instituted for drivers in 1931, and was competed every year until the outbreak of World War II in 1939 with the exception of 1933 and 1934.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: In 1946, following World War II, only four races of Grand Prix calibre were held. Rules for a Grand Prix World Championship had been laid out before World War II, but it took several years afterward until 1947 when the old AIACR reorganised itself as the or "FIA" for short, headquartered in Paris. It announced the new International Formula, also known as Formula 1 or Formula A, to be effective from 1947. At the end of the 1949 season the FIA announced that for 1950 they would be linking several national Formula One Grands Prix to create a World Championship for drivers, although due to economic difficulties the years and were actually competed in Formula Two cars. A points system was established and a total of seven races were granted championship status including the Indianapolis 500. The first World Championship race was held on 13 May 1950 at Silverstone in the United Kingdom.


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: The Italians once again did well in these early World Championship races, both manufacturers and drivers. The first World Champion was Giuseppe Farina, driving an Alfa Romeo. Ferrari appeared at the second World Championship race, in Monaco, and has the distinction of being the only manufacturer to compete in every season of the World Championship, still competing in .


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: Notable drivers of the Grand Prix motor racing era included a few women who competed equally with the men:


title: Grand Prix motor racing

text: From 1925 onwards, the AIACR and later the FIA organised World and European Championships for Grand Prix manufacturers, drivers and constructors:


title: Margo Price

text: Margo Rae Price (born April 15, 1983) is an American country singer-songwriter and producer based in Nashville, Tennessee. "The Fader" has called her "country's next star." Her debut solo album "Midwest Farmer's Daughter" was released on Third Man Records on March 25, 2016. The album was recorded at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, and was engineered by Matt Ross-Spang. The album was recorded in three days. On tour, she is backed by her band "the Pricetags".


title: Margo Price

text: Price grew up in the small town of Aledo, Illinois, where she played piano and sang in church choir before studying dance and theater at Northern Illinois University.


title: Margo Price

text: In Nashville, Price worked a number of jobs including waiting tables, installing and removing residential siding, and teaching children dance at a YMCA. Price and her husband, guitarist Jeremy Ivey, were part of Secret Handshake, a band that only played political songs before she and Ivey started Buffalo Clover and later formed Margo and the Pricetags, which she says was "supposed to be a supergroup." Sturgill Simpson and Kenny Vaughan, longtime guitarist in Marty Stuart's band, have both been in the lineup at various times.


title: Margo Price

text: Price has been described by "Rolling Stone Country" as "a fixture of the East Nashville music community," and appeared on that publication's list of Country Artists You Need to Know in 2014. Fellow Nashville musician Aaron Lee Tasjan calls her "a singular and vital part of this scene, as a thing unto herself."


title: Margo Price

text: On April 9, 2016, Price was the musical guest on "Saturday Night Live". On May 17, 2016, she made her UK television debut on "Later... with Jools Holland". In addition to her appearance on UK television, her tracks have appeared on shows on BBC Radio 6Music, notably with Steve Lamacq. On October 6, 2016, she appeared on . On November 16, 2016, she appeared on "Charlie Rose", performing "All American Made" (a Buffalo Clover song), and "Hands of Time" from "Midwest Farmer's Daughter".


title: Margo Price

text: Price has proven to be popular in the UK, with her album reaching number 1 on the UK Country Album chart, embarking on UK tours in 2016 and 2017, performing on "Later... with Jools Holland" and at the prestigious Glastonbury Festival as well as garnering 3 nominations from the UK Americana Awards. She performed as part of the festival in 2018.


title: Margo Price

text: In her concerts, Price plays acoustic guitar and electric guitar as well as singing. In addition, there is a second drum kit on stage and as part of a coda for one or another of her songs she plays those drums for a several-minute jam with the rest of the band.


title: Margo Price

text: On July 27, 2017, Price released a four-track EP titled "Weakness", followed by her second full-length album "All American Made" on October 20, 2017.


title: Margo Price

text: On April 8, 2021, it was announced that Price has joined the board of directors for Farm Aid, along with Willie Nelson's wife Annie.


title: Margo Price

text: Price cites Janis Joplin, Bobbie Gentry, Emmylou Harris, Bonnie Raitt, and Dolly Parton as major influences. Her voice has also been compared to those of Loretta Lynn and Tammy Wynette. Price's great-uncle, Bobby Fischer, was a songwriter for George Jones, Conway Twitty, Charley Pride and Reba McEntire. "Nashville Scene" noted that she often writes about "life's cruel twists and unjust turns" and that "her matter-of-factness conveys an enduring humility."


title: Margo Price

text: Price is married to Jeremy Ivey, who plays guitar in her band. In 2010, Price gave birth to twin boys, one of whom died shortly after birth. On June 4, 2019, Price gave birth to their third child, a girl.


title: Height in sports

text: Height can significantly influence success in sports, depending on how the design of the sport is linked to factors that are height-biased due to physics and biology. The balance of the intricate array of links will determine the degree to which height plays a role in success, if any.


title: Height in sports

text: Height can be both helpful and detrimental in wrestling. Since taller people have more bone mass, they will generally be slightly weaker than shorter people in the same weight class. This difference is made up in part by their longer arms, which allow them a longer reach and easier cradle. Long legs are detrimental in that they can easily be attacked by a lolly (shot). They do, however, assist in performing some actions and positions such as throwing, sprawling to counter a takedown or riding legs. The heights of amateur wrestlers vary greatly with successful athletes being as short as Sushil Kumar at and as tall as Alexander Karelin at .


title: Height in sports

text: In American and Canadian Football, a tall quarterback is at an advantage because it is easier for him to see over the heads of large offensive and defensive linemen while he is in the pocket in a passing situation. Peyton Manning and Tom Brady, standing at and respectively, are both examples of tall players who are considered to be among the greatest quarterbacks. At , Doug Flutie was initially considered to be too short to become an NFL quarterback despite his Heisman Trophy-winning success at the college level. In addition, shorter quarterbacks have an advantage with their lower center of gravity and balance, which means they are better able to duck under a tackle and avoid a sack. According to the former Washington Football Team quarterback Eddie LeBaron, being shorter means you can throw the ball higher instead of a sidearm release, meaning it is harder for the defense to knock it down. Shorter quarterbacks also generally have a quicker release time than taller quarterbacks.


title: Height in sports

text: Tall wide receivers have an advantage of being able to reach considerably higher than shorter defensive backs to catch highly thrown passes. Of course, this advantage has limits because exceedingly tall receivers are normally not as agile or lack overall speed or strength. Tight ends are usually over because they need greater body mass to be effective blockers and greater height is an advantage for them as receivers, since they run shorter routes based less on speed. By contrast, shorter defensive backs are utilized because of their typically greater agility, as the ability to change directions instantly is a prerequisite for the position.


title: Height in sports

text: Offensive and defensive linemen tend to be at least and are frequently as tall as to be massive enough to effectively play their positions. Height is especially an advantage for defensive linemen, giving them the ability to knock down passes with their outstretched arms.


title: Height in sports

text: Short running backs are at an advantage because their shorter stature and lower center of gravity generally makes them harder to tackle effectively. In addition, they can easily "hide" behind large offensive linemen, making it harder for defenders to react at the beginning of a play. Thus, in the National Football League and in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football, running backs under are more common than running backs over . Former Heisman Trophy winner and Pro Football Hall of Famer Barry Sanders, thought by some to be the greatest running back in history, is a classic example of a running back with an extraordinarily low center of gravity, as he stood only .


title: Height in sports

text: In artistic gymnastics, it is advantageous to be shorter. A lower center of gravity can give an athlete better balance. A smaller athlete may also have an easier time manipulating their body in the air.


title: Height in sports

text: In association football, or soccer, a player's height may somewhat determine the position that they play; however, people of all heights have an equal opportunity to excel professionally at the sport. Goalkeepers, centre backs and "target" heading forwards tend to be taller, while players in wide and attacking positions tend to be shorter. A study of the greatest male players in history showed that the distribution of heights approximated the average man and, when also looking at the typical weight distribution, an estimated 95% of the world's population would fall into the body type distribution of great footballers. A sample of reasonably select players from ages 11–18 in the United States tended to approximate the height distribution of the population. However, there is an overwhelming tendency for the 11-most picked players in a squad to be shorter than their teammates, which could suggest a bias in the scouting system.


title: Height in sports

text: For wide and attacking positions, the players are generally relatively shorter. Many of the world class players have been shorter than average to average and in many cases gained an advantage from their low centre of gravity. Examples include Lorenzo Insigne, Ryan Fraser, Sebastian Giovinco , Bernard, Ludovic Giuly , Aaron Lennon, Diego Maradona, Marco Verratti, Shaun Wright-Phillips , Thomas Häßler , Mathieu Valbuena, Romário , N'Golo Kanté, Roberto Carlos, Santi Cazorla , Alexis Sánchez, Garrincha, Pedro , David Silva, Franck Ribéry, Lionel Messi, Paul Scholes, Philipp Lahm, Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , Dani Alves, Luka Modrić, Philippe Coutinho, Robinho, Sergio Agüero, Zico , Eden Hazard, Michael Owen, Bobby Charlton and Pelé . However, height is considered advantageous for forwards who aim to score with their heads. Forwards who are particularly noted for their strength in the air include Lacina Traoré , Jan Koller, Nikola Žigić and Peter Crouch . Many of the world's best forwards and midfielders are taller than average, while still possessing a high all round level of technical ability, such as Zlatan Ibrahimović , Nemanja Matić , Luca Toni, Patrick Vieira , Sócrates , Paul Pogba , Frank Rijkaard, Romelu Lukaku , Sergio Busquets, Yaya Touré , Didier Drogba, Eric Cantona, Harry Kane, Marco van Basten, Michael Ballack, Ruud Gullit, Ruud van Nistelrooy, Thierry Henry , Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang, Rivaldo , Fernando Torres and Kaká . Players like Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale, Robert Lewandowski and Zinedine Zidane , with their height being seen as an advantage for their heading and physical ability, adding to their completeness, are desired for modern top-level forward and midfielder positions.


title: Height in sports

text: Height is often an advantage for central defenders, who are assigned to stop forwards from scoring through the air, as exemplified by players like Matej Bagarić , Per Mertesacker , Brede Hangeland, Jannik Vestergaard , Naldo , Daniel Van Buyten , Sebastián Coates , Joël Matip , Christoph Metzelder, Gerard Piqué , Marco Materazzi, Sami Hyypiä, Virgil van Dijk , Jérôme Boateng, Laurent Blanc, Mats Hummels , Raphaël Varane, Tony Adams , Jaap Stam, Leonardo Bonucci, Nemanja Vidić and Vincent Kompany . There are, however, central defenders who are not of above-average height, such as Héctor Chumpitaz , Daniel Passarella, Iván Córdoba , Javier Mascherano , Fabio Cannavaro, Franco Baresi , Roberto Ayala , Carles Puyol and Gaetano Scirea .


title: Height in sports

text: Goalkeepers tend to be taller than average because their greater arm spans and total reach when jumping enable them to cover more of the goal area. Examples of particularly tall goalkeepers include Simon Bloch Jorgensen , Kristof Van Hout , Vanja Iveša , Jason Mooney , Costel Pantilimon , Zeljko Kalac , Fraser Forster, Goran Blažević, , Andreas Isaksson , Asmir Begović, Thibaut Courtois , Maarten Stekelenburg , Edwin van der Sar , Dida, Diego López, Joe Hart, Petr Čech , Vladimir Stojković and Wojciech Szczęsny . In addition, there are examples of successful goalkeepers who are not significantly taller than average, such as Jorge Campos , František Plánička, Óscar Pérez , René Higuita , Gyula Grosics and Ladislao Mazurkiewicz .


title: Height in sports

text: Sedeaud et al. (2014) listed the following mean heights of male track athletes and runners by athletic event.


title: Height in sports

text: Longer-distance events tend to be dominated by shorter runners, while shorter distances tend to have taller runners, since it is thought that blood circulates more easily around the body in shorter athletes than in taller athletes.


title: Height in sports

text: In Australian rules, a footballer's height is considered an advantage. This is evidenced by statistics and trends from the professional (Australian Football League) level, including an average player height of as well as an ongoing trend in the recruitment of tall athletes from other sports, particularly basketball such as Dean Brogan at and rugby football such as Mike Pyke at .


title: Height in sports

text: In the sport, players frequently compete for possession of the ball above the shoulders. Players gain "free kick"s from a marking, that is, catching the ball in the air from a kick. As such, height combined with a vertical leap ability are advantageous attributes. Long arms assist in marking and ruckwork and defensive spoiling and long legs add leverage for long distance kicking - all key components of the sport.


title: Height in sports

text: Each Australian rules football team has at least one ruckman, a specialist position requiring height and leap. Much like basketball centers these players contest first possession of the ball or "hit out" after each goal or when the ball bounces out of the playing arena. At professional AFL level, the average height of ruckmen is over tall. In addition, "key position" players also gain significant advantage in height. Attacking key positions such as centre half-forward, such as Lance Franklin at and full-forward such as Tom Hawkins at gain an advantage by being taller than their opponent centre half-back such as Heritier Lumumba at and full-back such as Mal Michael at and vice versa.


title: Height in sports

text: Shorter players may have an advantage in the "crumbing" role of retrieving the ball from the ground or utilising pace to evade opponents. However taller players may also have these abilities and as such versatile talls (over for example Trent Cotchin, Chris Judd, Jimmy Bartel, Dustin Martin and Patrick Dangerfield) are often favoured by professional recruiters (such as in the AFL Draft) for ball-winning, midfield and crumbing forward (forward pocket) roles that would have in the past been more suited to shorter players.


title: Height in sports

text: Brownlow medal winners have ranged in height from Tony Liberatore at to Scott Wynd at . In 2013, professional AFL players ranged to .


title: Height in sports

text: In baseball, height is considered especially advantageous for pitchers and they are generally taller than other players. In 2019, the median height of pitchers in Major League Baseball (MLB) was . Pitcher height has increased steadily throughout the history of the league and that increase in size has correlated with an increase in pitch velocity. A 2019 study of MLB pitchers in The Hardball Times suggested that, while height is helpful in increasing spin rate on pitches and inducing swinging strikes, pitchers saw diminishing benefits beyond .


title: Height in sports

text: A 2020 study of college baseball pitchers found a significant positive correlation between absolute stride length in the pitching motion and pitch velocity. However, stride length is not necessarily strongly correlated with pitcher height; smaller pitchers are able to compensate for their shorter limbs via mechanical adjustments.


title: Height in sports

text: The tallest professional baseball player in history was Loek van Mil, a Dutch pitcher who stood . He played fourteen seasons between Nippon Professional Baseball, Minor League Baseball, the Australian Baseball League and Honkbal Hoofdklasse. The tallest player in MLB history was Jon Rauch, a pitcher.


title: Height in sports

text: In 2019 and 2020, the average size of non-pitchers in MLB, weighted by games started, was . Taller players who do not pitch have customarily been assigned to play first base because, according to traditional wisdom, they create larger targets and could stretch farther to receive throws from infielders.


title: Height in sports

text: The shortest player in MLB history and the shortest known professional baseball player was Eddie Gaedel, a dwarf who appeared in a single game for the St. Louis Browns in 1951 as a publicity stunt.


title: Height in sports

text: Taller players are often thought to have an advantage in basketball because their shots have less distance to travel to the basket, they start closer to the rebound, and their ability to reach higher into the air yields a better chance of blocking shorter players' shots.


title: Height in sports

text: Empirically, the over-representation of extremely tall athletes in basketball lends credence to the theory that the sport provides tall players with a very significant advantage. The average American male is . Yet, in a 2007-08 player survey, the average player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) was listed at in shoes.


title: Height in sports

text: Players sometimes inflate their height. Prospects may exaggerate their height while in high school or college to make themselves more appealing to coaches and scouts, who prefer taller players. Charles Barkley stated, “I’ve been measured at 6-5, 6-4 ¾. But I started in college at 6-6.” Sportswriter Sam Smith said: “We sort of know the heights, because after camp, the sheet comes out. But you use that height, and the player gets mad. And then you hear from his agent. Or you file your story with the right height, and the copy desk changes it because they have the ‘official’ N.B.A. media guide, which is wrong. So you sort of go along with the joke.”


title: Height in sports

text: Players sometimes understate their actual heights to avoid being moved to a different position. One example is Kevin Durant, who's listed at , while he stated his actual height is . Durant's reasoning was, “Really, that's the prototypical size for a small forward. Anything taller than that, and they'll start saying, ‘Ah, he's a power forward.” In 2019, the Brooklyn Nets measured Durant at barefoot. As a result, he is currently listed at . Before him was another Kevin, Kevin Garnett who is listed as 6'11" but is in reality 7 foot, however he did not want to play centre as he liked playing from range over traditional big man roles. Well before him is Jerry West who is understated as 6'2" but is at least 6'3-4", it is suggested while usually players overstate height for scouting prospects and other perks, understating heights also serves a benefit in opposing teams underestimating the size of such players if they go by their listed size.


title: Height in sports

text: Until the 2019–20 season, the NBA did not have a standard regarding whether players were measured with or without shoes. The NBA Draft Combine, which most players attend before the draft, provided both measurements. Thereafter, a player's team was solely responsible for their listed height, which varied depending on the process selected. The NBA instituted a new measuring standard starting with the 2019–20 season, measuring players without shoes. Due to this change, the height of numerous players declined, from one to three inches, while others grew. Players who had their listed heights revised downwards include, Dwight Howard, Bradley Beal, J.J. Barea, Kemba Walker and numerous others.


title: Height in sports

text: Nevertheless the sport requires a mixture of size on a team for each position with some exceptions past and present such as Magic Johnson and LeBron James playing point guard, a position usually played at 6'-6'3" players but played by 6'9" players in their case. The usual height range of a team would be 6' to as close as 7' as they can get if not over 7' and the team will go small or big depending on the situation. (With the game going more in favour of the 3point line and with defence rules becoming stricter, being relatively short for a basketball player is not the drawback it once was, with the likes of Stephen Curry's mastery at shooting negating his mere 6'2" frame, which generally wouldn't prove as useful outside the 3point era.


title: Height in sports

text: An outlier in the NBA is Muggsy Bogues at 5'3" who had a successful career scoring near 7000 career points. The opposite is true for extremely tall players, they often do not make the impact their size suggested. Yao Ming at 7'6" had a career cut short due to injuries and did not come close to winning a championship.


title: Height in sports

text: Other basketball leagues impose height restrictions for foreign players such as the Philippine Basketball Association, the Korean Basketball League., and the Vietnam Basketball Association.


title: Height in sports

text: In bodybuilding competitors are generally around average height or shorter depending upon class. Heights above are uncommon in open class bodybuilding and virtually nonexistent in 212, but are common in the classic physique division which emphasizes structure and aesthetics. In open bodybuilding height is often considered a disadvantage due to the fact that smaller bodies are better filled out compared to taller builds at the same weight. However, slightly taller competitors at the Mr. Olympia level tend to have the larger overall body mass and therefore draw the eye. Notable bodybuilders, who have held many titles, are Franco Columbu , Phil Heath , Jay Cutler , Ronnie Coleman and Arnold Schwarzenegger .


title: Height in sports

text: In cricket, some of the great batsmen like Donald Bradman , David Warner , Sachin Tendulkar and Sunil Gavaskar both are about or below, to below average height. This may be because a smaller body makes for an advantage in footwork and balance. Similarly, the most graceful wicket-keepers have tended to be average height or below. Although there are fewer tall batsmen, the stand-outs are often noted for their heavy hitting and an ability to get a long stride forward to reach a full length delivery. Australia's Matthew Hayden at , West Indies' Chris Gayle at , India's KL Rahul at , and England's Kevin Pietersen at are modern examples of powerful, tall batsman. Past greats like Clive Lloyd, VVS Laxman, and Graeme Pollock were well above .


title: Height in sports

text: On the other hand, many of the most successful fast bowlers have been well above average height; for example past greats Curtly Ambrose, Courtney Walsh and Joel Garner were all over tall. Glenn McGrath regarded as one of the finest bowlers to play the game, was tall. Examples of bowlers well above average in height are Javagal Srinath, Pat Cummins, Shoaib Akhtar, and Wasim Akram who measured , , , and respectively. Taller bowlers have access to a higher point of release, making it easier for them to make the ball bounce uncomfortably for a batsman. For extreme pace however, bowlers tend to be around such as Umesh Yadav, Malcolm Marshall and Jasprit Bumrah thus combining advantage of shorter lever arms for pace generation with good ball release height. Since round arm bowling does not gain much advantage from taller release height, round arm bowlers tend to be shorter such as the classic Lasith Malinga at and Rashid Khan . The fastest modern bowlers have ranged from Fidel Edwards through to Brett Lee at .


title: Height in sports

text: Height does not appear to be an advantage to spin bowling and few international spinners are ever much taller than . Tall spin bowlers like Sulieman Benn use extra pace and bounce, whereas spin is traditionally about using a looping, plunging trajectory at slow () speeds. The most successful bowlers ever in Test cricket, Muttiah Muralitharan and Shane Warne are and respectively. For extracting steep bounce, height is useful for fast bowlers like Steven Finn and Boyd Rankin .


title: Height in sports

text: There are also all-rounders who are versatile in both batting and bowling. Examples of short all-rounders are Shakib Al Hasan at , Ravindra Jadeja at , and Dwayne Bravo at . There are also tall all rounders like Yuvraj Singh at , Ben Stokes at , and Imad Wasim at .


title: Height in sports

text: Road racing cyclists can be of all heights but their height generally determines what role they choose. Taller cyclists tend to excel at the cobbled classics, as pure power helps get over the difficult and brutal cobblestones. Cyclists over often understand the difficulties in hilly races, and realise their talents in cobbled classics from an early age and focus on them for their careers. This includes Johan Vansummeren, Taylor Phinney both and Magnus Bäckstedt . In recent years Paris–Roubaix has been dominated by Tom Boonen and Fabian Cancellara .


title: Height in sports

text: Smaller cyclists on the other hand dominate mountain stages of Grand Tours. Their lack of body mass helps as it means they have less weight to carry up the steep inclines. José Rujano , Domenico Pozzovivo , Nairo Quintana , Joaquim Rodríguez , Gilberto Simoni , Marco Pantani and Simon Yates both are examples of pure climbers.


title: Height in sports

text: However none of the above-mentioned small climbers are known for their time trialing abilities, and in this slightly taller climbers, known as all rounders often gain the advantage in grand tours. Cadel Evans , Alberto Contador , Lance Armstrong and Denis Menchov have all won long Time trial stages in many races. Alejandro Valverde , Samuel Sánchez and Vincenzo Nibali both are, on top of their climbing and time trialing abilities, 3 of the world's best descenders.


title: Height in sports

text: In recent years taller cyclists with low builds have become among the world's best climbers, particularly on long gradual climbs. The best examples of this are Ivan Basso who won on the Monte Zoncolan in 2010, Chris Froome 4-times winner of the Tour de France and the brothers Andy & Fränk Schleck both who specialise on the Alpine stages of the Tour de France. Further Mauricio Soler could win the 2007 Tour de France Mountains classification, at the same height Bradley Wiggins achieved a Tour de France overall victory in 2012.


title: Height in sports

text: While there are exceptions to these rules, taller climbers do feature more in cobbled races and smaller riders in mountain stages. But where cycling does become indiscriminate height wise, is in sprinting. Sprints have been contested between Robbie McEwen and Mario Cipollini , or Mark Cavendish and André Greipel , or as the 2010 Milan–San Remo between Óscar Freire and Tom Boonen .


title: Height in sports

text: In fencing, all the spectrum of height has advantages, although tall people have an edge. Tall people have a greater arm span, which allows one's weapon to reach one's opponent's body from a further distance, mostly affecting their range of Lunge. Another advantage of being tall is that attacks are easier to make more angulated. However, there are also some advantages of being a shorter fencer. Shorter fencers generally have less target area to defend. Furthermore, if footwork abilities are equal, a smaller fencer finds it easier to co-ordinate their footwork when moving in and out of distance than taller opponents due to their lower center of balance. In certain instances they may have a slight advantage when infighting as they can retract and replace their weapon point with more ease.


title: Height in sports

text: It is important to remark that tall people height advantage is mitigated in sabre and foil, because those weapons have Right of Way rules.


title: Height in sports

text: Épée, where tall height poses a more distinct advantage, since the entire body is a target and it does not have Right of Way rules. It must be added that regardless of height, all blades have an standard length, therefore the zone of where the point could land to mark is the same for everyone, but as noted before, the range of effectiveness of attacks is superior on tall people. Though, average Europe height people are winning Olympics competitions recently. Such as Ruben Limardo in London, 2012; Park Sang-young in Rio, 2016 and Romain Cannone in Tokyo, 2020.


title: Height in sports

text: Foil has notorious examples of world average height fencers who have competed at the highest levels and won significant competitions. Heo Jun , Erwann Le Péchoux , Yuki Ota and Valentina Vezzali who used her small size and lower centre of gravity to confound taller opponents.


title: Height in sports

text: In horse racing, it is a considerable advantage for a jockey to be both short and light. Having a jockey who is of short stature and light weight makes it easier for the horse to run at top speed without being weighed down. At the Kentucky Derby, for example, a jockey cannot exceed 126 pounds, including his equipment. There is no specific height requirement, but due to the weight restrictions, most jockeys stand between and . Examples of successful jockeys are Frankie Dettori , Calvin Borel , Mario Gutierrez and Victor Espinoza .


title: Height in sports

text: While the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) is filled with shorter players who achieved greatness (Theoren Fleury, Martin St. Louis), and the highest scorer in NHL history, Wayne Gretzky, is tall and played at , the physicality of the game has often put a premium on imposing players, particularly over tall and over (Chris Pronger, Eric Lindros, Mario Lemieux). Taller, bigger players have a longer reach, are able to engage in more aggressive body checking, and have greater leverage for shooting, particularly on a slap shot (examples include Tyler Myers at , and Eric Staal, Joe Thornton, Rick Nash, and Ryan Getzlaf, all at . Since the 2004-2005 lockout, rule changes in the NHL have caused a trend towards more agile styles of play, allowing smaller players (Patrick Kane, Johnny Gaudreau, Tyler Johnson) to use their agility and puck skills to thrive. This has resulted in greater diversity of player heights despite the league maintaining a generally constant average height, while the average player weight has generally decreased. The average height of an NHL player is just over tall. Zdeno Chára, at , is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL. In recent years, the height of goaltenders has increased as taller goaltenders can cover a larger portion of the goal when on their knees in the butterfly goaltending style. Mikko Koskinen at is the tallest goaltender currently in the NHL.


title: Height in sports

text: In judo, height can work both ways. The shorter person tends to have an advantage (both offensively and defensively) in hip throws, dropping techniques i.e. drop seoi nage and wrestling style pickups such as ura nage. A low center of gravity allows better position for these throws. Taller players have an advantage in sweeps because they can often use these maneuvers before getting in range of the shorter person's kuzushi. They can also use their long legs to their advantage with many ashi waza techniques and throws with a significance on legs such as uchi mata and harai goshi. In ne waza (groundwork) having shorter limbs makes it more difficult to be submitted but also more difficult to use your legs to escape from hold downs. In contrast being taller can help with escaping hold downs and certain submissions i.e., sangaku jime. The 2013 judo rules somewhat shift or even out the advantages that shorter fighters had by no longer allowing leg grabs and no longer being allowed to prevent your opponent from taking grips.


title: Height in sports

text: In mixed martial arts, taller fighters have a distinct advantage in striking, because of their increased range. Shorter fighters on the other hand, tend to be stronger than taller opponents of equal weight and tend to pack a heavier punch. Shorter fighters can have the advantage while grappling defensively, if they are able to navigate their opponent's range. Their lower centre of gravity makes it difficult to take them down with some techniques. Their shorter limbs make it harder to submit them, however this can also be a physical barrier to achieving and applying some leveraged positions. For example, the guard, notwithstanding tactics and technique, generally favours longer limbs although a shorter body is easier to defend. While height is still regarded as an overall advantage, there have been many great fighters who are shorter than average such as Frankie Edgar or José Aldo. Fedor Emilianenko, once widely regarded as the greatest heavyweight fighter in the world, stands no more than and has defeated opponents mostly taller than him, including most imposing Hong-man Choi, who stands tall at


title: Height in sports

text: In many motorsports shorter stature and lower body weight can be advantageous. Lower height can lower the vehicle's center of gravity and reduce wind resistance. Lower weight can improve its power to weight ratio.


title: Height in sports

text: 20 of the 21 F1 seasons in the 21st century have been won by competitors shorter than , including Fernando Alonso , Lewis Hamilton, Michael Schumacher both , Kimi Räikkönen, Sebastian Vettel both and Nico Rosberg , with the exception of Jenson Button . Some of the formula one drivers are much shorter like Felipe Massa and Bruce McLaren . In 2021 active Formula 1 racing drivers have heights ranging from (Tsunoda) to (Russell, Latifi) with an average of .


title: Height in sports

text: As F1 has strict size regulations for cars, designing cars for shorter drivers is easier. Shorter drivers also tend to be lighter which is seen as an advantage. This advantage has changed from season to season as FIA has altered the rules for the minimum weight of the cars.


title: Height in sports

text: In rowing, height is advantageous, because the taller a rower is, the longer his or her stroke can potentially be, thus moving the boat more effectively. The average male Olympic rower is , and the average female Olympic rower is , well over the average height.


title: Height in sports

text: However, for the coxswain of the boat, it is advantageous to be shorter since having a lower body mass would contribute to a faster time for the overall crew. Most of the successful Olympic and Paralympic coxswains (Katelin Guregian, Phelan Hill) are shorter in stature and lighter in mass hitting close to the international minimum at 55 kg for both men and women's crews (Both genders have adopted 55 kg by an amendment by FISA to make coxswains gender-neutral on the international level. Previously, coxswains for women's teams had a 45 kg weight minimum).


title: Height in sports

text: Height is not generally seen as an important attribute in rugby league, often with extreme height being a hindrance rather than useful. However, recent tactics of cross-field kicking have resulted in the success of taller outside backs.


title: Height in sports

text: A survey of 121 senior player for the Australian Newcastle Knights team, in 2006, found the average player was 182.1 cm (range 169.0 - 198.0 cm), with an average mass of 93.0 kg (range: 73.0 - 127.0 kg)


title: Height in sports

text: Fullbacks and halfbacks such as Andrew Johns , Billy Slater , Brett Hodgson , Cooper Cronk , Darren Lockyer , Hazem El Masri , Johnathan Thurston , Kurt Gidley , Rhys Wesser and Scott Prince are usually average height due to their speed and agility.


title: Height in sports

text: Greg Inglis , Israel Folau , Shaun Kenny-Dowall , Mark Gasnier , Jarryd Hayne , Colin Best , Manu Vatuvei , Krisnan Inu and Jason Nightingale are examples of the trend in taller wingers and centres.


title: Height in sports

text: In rugby union, lineout jumpers, generally locks, are usually the tallest players, as this increases their chance of winning the ball, whereas scrum-halves are usually nearer the average. As examples, current world-class locks Chris Jack, Paul O'Connell, Richie Gray and Victor Matfield are all at least , while George Gregan, who has 139 international appearances with Australia, is .


title: Height in sports

text: When sailing small dinghies (rather than keelboats), the crew hiking or trapezing - essentially hanging off the side - is an important factor in keeping the boat upright and sailing it fast. A tall sailor can get their centre of gravity further out, thus providing more righting moment. For example, in the 470 class, only the crew is on trapeze, so it is beneficial to have a taller crew and a smaller skipper (because the boat requires a light overall weight). Australia's top crew of Mathew Belcher and Malcolm Page exemplify this at and respectively.


title: Height in sports

text: In shooting sports, a shorter shooter can maintain better balance when standing for long periods of time holding a gun, as well as keep their gun steady.


title: Height in sports

text: Professional sumo wrestlers are required to be at least tall. Some aspiring sumo athletes have silicone implants added to the tops of their heads to reach the necessary height. The average height for a sumo wrestler is , far above the national average in Japan. Some are giant sized being well over 6 foot, comparable to the tallest wrestlers and usually outweighing them.


title: Height in sports

text: Elite swimmers are generally taller than the populations at large, indicating that height confers a competitive advantage. A main factor in swimming is the amount of drag the swimmer has to overcome when swimming. Drag is composed of pressure drag, friction drag, and wave-making resistance.


title: Height in sports

text: The pressure drag is related to cross section size, the friction drag is related to total skin surface (which is generally higher in tall people), and the wave-making drag "decreases" with body length because a longer body will generally generate less waves due to a decreasing Froude number. Studies have found that total drag does not increase as swimmer height increases, mostly due to the decrease in wave-making drag. Since taller swimmers tend to have bigger muscles and bigger hands and feet to propel them, then they are generally at an advantage.


title: Height in sports

text: An example of a tall swimmer is Michael Phelps, at who won 8 gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games. The average height of the eight finalists in the 100 meter Freestyle final at the US Olympic Trials was . Another exceptionally tall swimmer is Michael Groß, a German great of the 1980s who is with an arm span of . Notable exceptions for shorter swimmers, are Japanese Kosuke Kitajima, who at is much shorter, and with a more slender build, than a typical Olympic champion swimmer, has achieved astounding results in breaststroke, and Ricardo Prado, a Brazilian medley swimmer of the 1980s, who at held a world record and a world title for 400 metres medley for a number of years.


title: Height in sports

text: In taekwondo, a taller height gives the advantage of having a longer range and increased chance to strike a target when sparring. However, due to the length of the kicks, combinations and reflexes will not be as quick when compared with a fighter standing at a shorter height. A shorter height will also increase a lower centre of gravity giving a fighter better balance.


title: Height in sports

text: Height is advantageous to a tennis player as it allows players to create more power when serving as well as giving players a greater arm span, allowing them to get to sharp-angled shots more easily and a greater chance of returning a lobbed shot. However, being tall can have some disadvantages, such as difficulty bending down to reach low volleys or striking shots close to the abdomen, as well as generally slower movement and defensive skills.


title: Height in sports

text: Examples of very tall players are Ivo Karlović , John Isner , Reilly Opelka , Kevin Anderson , Juan Martín del Potro and Marin Čilić both , all known for their powerful serves.


title: Height in sports

text: The Big Four in the present all measure above , but not exceedingly in the way to those mentioned prior. Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer both stand , Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray . Other top greats of the game in the 21st century have been tall players, such as Andy Roddick and Gustavo Kuerten .


title: Height in sports

text: Lindsay Davenport , Maria Sharapova , Dinara Safina and Venus Williams both are successful tall players on the women's side.


title: Height in sports

text: For both sexes, there have also been some successful players with lesser height, like Billie Jean King , Justine Henin , Chris Evert , Pancho Segura , Arantxa Sánchez Vicario


title: Height in sports

text: , Rod Laver , and Michael Chang . Shorter players continue to thrive. Present-day examples include Dominika Cibulková , Sara Errani , Simona Halep , David Ferrer , Diego Schwartzman , Fabio Fognini and Kei Nishikori both .


title: Height in sports

text: Serena Williams the sister of Venus has been far more successful than her despite being a lot shorter at 5'9"(Tall for a woman of any country comparable to the average US man, but not exceptionally tall for her sport) and is the most successful player in the open era for both genders with 23 grand slams.


title: Height in sports

text: In volleyball, tall players are usually desirable, because it would be easier for them to attack or block the ball. However, shorter players usually have faster reaction time during defense and can pass the ball better. Therefore, since this game is a mixture of speed, skills and tactics, a typical team consist of players of varying height to cater for the specific roles required. The introduction of the libero since 1998 has developed the need for agile and quick-moving players who are usually of shorter stature. In professional volleyball, the men's height generally falls between to , while for women it ranges between and . Thus, most of them are above average height.


title: Height in sports

text: In weightlifting, shorter levers are advantageous and taller than average. Competitors usually compete in the + group. Short people also have a lower consumption of ATP and glycogen than a tall person to make the same proportional effort. So at professional level, it is more advantageous to have short stature.


title: Rock Against Communism

text: Rock Against Communism (RAC) was the name of white power rock concerts in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and has since become the catch-all term for music with racist lyrics as well as a specific genre of rock music derived from Oi!. The lyrics can focus on racism and antisemitism, though this depends on the band.


title: Rock Against Communism

text: The Rock Against Communism movement originated in the United Kingdom in late 1978 with far right activists associated with the National Front (NF). It was intended to counter the Rock Against Racism organisation. The first RAC concert was in Leeds, Yorkshire, England in 1978, featuring the Nazi punk bands The Dentists and The Ventz. RAC held one concert in 1979 and another in spring 1983, which was headlined by Skrewdriver, a white power rock band led by Ian Stuart Donaldson. After that, RAC concerts were held more often. They were often headlined by Skrewdriver and featured other white power bands, such as Skullhead and No Remorse. In the mid-1980s, summer concerts were often held at the Suffolk home of Edgar Griffin, a Conservative Party activist and father of Nick Griffin, an NF organiser who later became the national chair of the British National Party. By the late 1980s, the RAC name had given way to the White Noise Club (another NF-based group), and later Blood and Honour, which was set up by Donaldson when they fell out with the NF leadership. As hardcore punk music became more popular in the 1990s and 2000s, many white power bands took on a more hardcore-influenced sound.


title: M51 (missile)

text: The M51 SLBM is a French submarine-launched ballistic missile, built by ArianeGroup, and deployed with the French Navy. Designed to replace the M45 SLBM (In French terminology the MSBS – "Mer-Sol-Balistique-Stratégique" "Sea-ground-Strategic ballistic"), it was first deployed in 2010.


title: M51 (missile)

text: The three-stage engine of the M51 is directly derived from the solid propellant boosters of Ariane 5. Like other blunt-nosed SLBM examples, such as the Trident D5, the M51 uses an extensible aerospike in the nose.


title: M51 (missile)

text: The missiles are a compromise over the M5 SLBM design, which was to have a range of and carry ten new-generation tête nucléaire océanique' ("oceanic nuclear warhead") MIRVs. Design work on the M5 started in the late 1980s by Aérospatiale, before the programme was renamed the M51 in 1996, when development costs decreased by 20 percent. The M51 entered service in 2010.


title: M51 (missile)

text: After having spent €5 billion ($6.7 billion) developing the missile, the French government placed a €3 billion ($3.9 billion) order with EADS SPACE Transportation for the M51 in December 2004. The contract covered serial production of the M51 for 10 years, with the company to be responsible for sustained readiness support throughout the missile's life.


title: M51 (missile)

text: The M51 performed its first flight test (unarmed) on 9 November 2006 from the French missile flight test centre in Biscarrosse (Landes). The target was reached twenty minutes later, in the north-west of the Atlantic Ocean.


title: M51 (missile)

text: On 27 January 2010, at 9h25, a missile was launched underwater by , from Audierne Bay off the coast of Brittany in north-western France. The missile reached its target off South Carolina; the flight took less than 20 minutes.


title: M51 (missile)

text: On 5 May 2013, an M51 flight test missile failed after being fired by a submerged ballistic missile submarine off the coast of Brittany. This was the first failed launch of the M51 after five successful launches since 2006.


title: M51 (missile)

text: In 2014 Airbus signed a deal with the French government for development work on an upgrade designated M51.3 to equip the successor to the "Triomphant" class.


title: M51 (missile)

text: On 30 September 2015, a M51 was successfully test-flown from a land-based missile site near Biscarrosse to a desolate target in the North Atlantic.


title: M51 (missile)

text: On 10 May 2016 Airbus and Safran signed a joint 50-50 partnership to develop the M51.3 upgrade intended to enter service around 2025.


title: M51 (missile)

text: On 12 June 2020, a successful test launch of an M51.3 missile (supposedly) was conducted from the "Le Téméraire" "Triomphant"-class submarine off the south-west tip of Finistère (Brittany).


title: M51 (missile)

text: On April 28, 2021 French Ministry of Armed Forces announced that it had tested an M51 submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The test was not launched from a French Navy "Le Triomphant"-class submarine but from a land based facility located in South Western France.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The 2019 season was the New England Patriots' 50th in the National Football League (NFL), their 60th overall and their 20th under head coach Bill Belichick. They entered the season as the defending Super Bowl champions, after winning Super Bowl LIII, and as three-time defending AFC champions. The Patriots won the AFC East for the 11th straight season, and improved on their 11–5 record from the previous season, but they were upset by the Tennessee Titans in the Wild Card game, their first Wild Card game since the 2009 season. This marked the first time the Patriots lost a home postseason game since the , and the first time the Patriots failed to reach the AFC Championship Game since 2010. The Patriots were also the only NFL team that made the playoffs, and had a winning season, in every year of the 2010s decade.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: Catalyzed by their defense's historically dominant play, the Patriots started the season extremely well at 8–0 for the third time in franchise history, and early on there was conversation as to if they could repeat the undefeated 2007 regular season. However, their winning streak would soon end as a result of their Week 9 loss to the Baltimore Ravens, which was also their first loss to the Ravens since the 2012 AFC Championship Game. In Week 12, the Patriots set a new NFL record with their 17th consecutive 10-win season, surpassing the San Francisco 49ers, who set the original record of 16 consecutive 10-win seasons in 1983–1998.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: For the first time since 2009, Rob Gronkowski, the team's former starting tight end, was not on the active roster as he announced his retirement on March 24, 2019. Also, for the first time since 2010, the Patriots had a different kicker on the regular season roster as the struggling Stephen Gostkowski was placed on IR; he was replaced by midseason signings Mike Nugent, Nick Folk, and Kai Forbath. Long-time assistant Brian Flores was not part of the Patriots coaching staff for the first time since 2003, as he left to become the head coach of the Miami Dolphins on February 4, 2019.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: With their win over the Buffalo Bills in Week 16, the Patriots clinched the AFC East for the 11th consecutive year. However, despite entering December with a 10–1 record, the Patriots failed to clinch a first-round bye for the first time since 2009 thanks to a late-season collapse that culminated in Week 17 with a 27–24 loss to the 4–11 Dolphins while the Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Los Angeles Chargers. The Patriots' loss and the Chiefs' win gave the Chiefs the #2 seed in the playoffs. It was the Patriots' first home loss to the Dolphins since 2008 and their first since 2005 with Tom Brady as starting quarterback.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: This was also Tom Brady's last season with the team, as he announced he was entering free agency and later signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on March 20, 2020. This was the last year of the Brady–Belichick era.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: On February 4, 2019, "de facto" defensive coordinator/linebackers coach Brian Flores was hired as the head coach of the Miami Dolphins. The Dolphins also hired wide receivers coach Chad O'Shea to be their offensive coordinator and cornerbacks coach Josh Boyer to serve in that same capacity, in addition to a role as the defensive pass game coordinator.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: Defensive line coach Brendan Daly was hired by the Kansas City Chiefs to serve in that same capacity.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: In February 2019, it was announced that Greg Schiano was hired to join the Patriots as their defensive coordinator, but prior to the Patriots confirming this report, Schiano unexpectedly resigned from the Patriots on March 28, citing a desire to spend more time on his "faith and family".


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: To replace these losses, the Patriots hired and promoted individuals. On offense, Mick Lombardi was hired as the assistant quarterbacks coach and Joe Judge was given an additional role to his special teams coordinator as wide receivers coach. On defense, former Patriots' player Jerod Mayo was hired as the inside linebackers coach, Mike Pellegrino was promoted from coaching assistant to cornerbacks coach, Demarcus Covington was promoted from coaching assistant to outside linebackers coach, and Bret Bielema was promoted from consultant to the head coach to the defensive line coach. In addition, the defensive coordinator position was left vacant with head coach Bill Belichick now involving himself more greatly in that role.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: As of the Patriots' first training camp practice at Gillette Stadium on July 25, they had the NFL maximum of 90 players signed. As a result of the NFL's International Player Pathway program, the Patriots were granted an additional 91st spot which was allocated to German fullback Jakob Johnson.