title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Stachura himself thinks that historians have been too harsh in their negative judgment. He notes that Poland had to contend with "an obstreperous and fundamentally disloyal German minority" that was incited by "fanatical" German nationalists next door. Poles talked of forced assimilation and seizure of industrial assets, but the governments before 1926 were too weak to carry them out. After 1926 Piłsudski had no interest in so doing. The Germans in Poland had above-average incomes, had a full panoply of civic organizations and German-language schools, and were represented in the Sejm. A stalemate resulted. Their status became a major threat after Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, because "the overwhelming majority of these Germans became ardent Nazis in the 1930s and a 'fifth column' when Poland was attacked in September 1939."


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Relations with the much larger Ukrainian minority, who formed 15% or so of the national population and were in the majority in several eastern provinces, were even more strained. The Ukrainians were poor peasants who resented their Polish landlords and the government's policy of polonizing them. The schools after 1924 were bilingual (students had to learn Polish), and government offices were not allowed to use Ukrainian. Some Ukrainians tried to sabotage, and the government cracked down with mass arrests; it tolerated the Polish arson of Ukrainian community centers. Orthodox churches were closed, especially in Volhynia province. Some men went underground and tried to assassinate Ukrainians who collaborated with the government, as well as top Polish officials. A compromise was reached in 1935 that somewhat quieted the situation, but the Polish Army saw a war with the USSR looming and refused to support the policy.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: As the Great Depression worsened in the 1930s, antisemitism began to rise even though Poland was home to over three million Jews (10 percent of Poland's population), the largest Jewish population in Europe at the time. The impoverished Jewish families relied on their own local charities, which by 1929 had reached unprecedented proportions, providing services such as religion, education, health and other services to the value of 200 million zlotys a year, thanks in part to Jewish "per capita" income among the working Jews more than 40% higher than that of Polish non-Jews.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: From the 1920s the Polish government excluded Jews from receiving government bank credits, public sector employment, and obtaining business licenses. From the 1930s limits were placed on Jewish enrollment in university education, Jewish shops, Jewish export firms, Shechita, Jewish admission to the medical and legal professions, Jews in business associations, etc. While in 1921-22 25% of students were Jews, by 1938-9 the proportion went down to 8%. The far-right National Democracy (Endeks) organized anti-Jewish boycotts. Following the death of Poland's ruler Józef Piłsudski in 1935, the Endeks intensified their efforts. In 1937 the Endeks passed resolutions that "its main aim and duty must be to remove the Jews from all spheres of social, economic, and cultural life in Poland". The government in response organized the Camp of National Unity (OZON); OZON advocated mass emigration of Jews from Poland, boycott of Jews, numerus clausus (see also Ghetto benches), and other limitation on Jewish rights. At the same time the Polish government supported the Zionist Irgun, training its members in Tatra Mountains and in 1937 the Polish authorities began to deliver large amounts of weapons to the Jewish underground in Palestine, capable of arming up to 10,000 men. On international arena Poland supported the creation of Jewish state in Palestine hoping gradual emigration over next 30 years will lower Jewish population in Poland to 500,0000 and cooperated with the leader of Revisionist Zionism, Ze'ev Jabotinsky who hoped Poland would inherit mandate of Palestine from Great Britain; his "Evacuation Plan" called for the settlement of 1.5 million Jews within 10 years in Palestine, including 750,000 Polish Jews This idea was warmly received by Polish government which pursued a policy of mass emigration towards its Jewish population and was looking for locations for them to resettle; Jabotinsky on his part viewed antisemitism in Poland as a result of the shortage of jobs and economic situation, rather than rabid racism as was in Nazi Germany


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Seven out of ten of the people worked on farms as peasants. Polish agriculture suffered from the usual handicaps of Eastern European nations: technological backwardness, low productivity, and lack of capital and access to markets. The former German areas in the west had better rainfall and soil quality and were the most productive, while the former Russian and Austrian areas were below-average. The Polish peasantry believed that it would be so much better if they owned their land and did not pay rents to a landowner. They endorsed agrarianism and called for land redistribution away from large estates to peasants. This was done and also many very small farms were consolidated into viable units. Land reforms were undertaken along ethnic lines. In the west, Germans who had been made foreigners in 1919 quickly lost their land. In the east, by contrast, Ukrainian and Belarusian peasants tilled for Polish landowners and no serious moves toward land redistribution were taken. No alternative industrial jobs were developed and underemployment was high in rural areas.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: The socialist politician Bolesław Limanowski thought deeply about Agrarianism and worked out an eclectic program that fit Polish conditions. His practical experience as a farm manager combined with socialist, "single-tax," and Slavic communal ideas shaped his worldview. He proposed a form of agrarian socialism with large state farms to counteract the inefficiency of very smallholdings. In independent Poland, he advocated expropriation of gentry estates. His observation of peasant individualism convinced him that Poland should combine voluntary collectivism and individual possession of the leased land. His pragmatism left the room even for private peasant ownership, despite his Marxism.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Foreign minister Józef Beck was in full charge of foreign policy by 1935 but he had a weak hand. Poland with 35 million people had a large population but a thin industrial base; its war plans focused on the Soviet Union instead of Germany. Poland had long borders with two more powerful dictatorships, Hitler's Germany and Stalin's USSR. Poland was increasingly isolated. Overy says that of all the new states in Europe:


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: In February 1921, Poland signed a secret military agreement with France, which obliged each party to mutual aid in the event of German aggression. In March 1921, the Poles signed a treaty of mutual assistance with Romania, directed against the threat from the Soviet Union.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Poland sought to be the leader of an independent bloc of nations between the Soviet Union and Germany that would unite to fend off those powers. However, Poland ran into so many disputes with its smaller neighbors that it was never able to build a bloc. At first, France favored Poland, because France wanted an ally against Germany; if Germany faced a two-front war, it would be less likely to attack France. France was especially helpful at the 1919 Paris conference and in the 1920s when it resisted British efforts to weaken Poland. After 1935, however, France distrusted Beck and lost interest in Eastern Europe and Poland stood increasingly alone.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: In 1925, Berlin formally recognized its post-1918 boundaries in the west with France, but not in the east with Poland. The same year, Germany slashed coal imports from Poland by half, which triggered the German–Polish trade war. Relations with the Soviet Union remained hostile, but Piłsudski was willing to negotiate, and in 1932 the two countries


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Shortly afterward, Hitler came to power. Rumors circulated to the effect that Piłsudski proposed to France that Poland and France launch a preemptive military strike to overthrow Hitler in 1933. Most historians do not believe this happened, pointing out that Piłsudski's war plans were focused on Russia and he made no preparations for any sort of war with Germany. Furthermore, no one in France reported any such inquiry from Poland. Piłsudski made demands regarding Danzig that Hitler immediately approved; relations between Poland and Nazi Germany became friendly and they signed the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact in January 1934. At the same time, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia were allied in the Little Entente with French support. Polish membership there could have provided additional security; however, relations with Prague were unfriendly due to border disputes, so they never reached an agreement.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: France was an ally of both Poland and Czechoslovakia and tried repeatedly to get them to resolve their border disputes and become allies, and also collaborate with the Soviet Union. There was no success, not just because of the border issues but also because Prague's willingness to work with Moscow clashed with the firm resolve of Warsaw to keep its distance from Moscow. Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš warned that military or even strong political ties with Poland could prove dangerous for Czechoslovakia and rejected Beck's proposal to establish anti-German cooperation.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: The failure to establish any alliances in Eastern Europe meant the only ally was France; Piłsudski increasingly doubted the value of that alliance. The Locarno Pact, signed in 1925 by the major West European powers with the aim of guaranteeing peace in the region, contained no guarantee of Poland's western border.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: In May 1934, the Polish-Soviet non-aggression pact was extended until 31 December 1945. During the period 1934–1939, Polish-Soviet relations were correct but cool, while Polish-German relations were normal and occasionally friendly.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: The budget for the year 1934-35 allocated 762 million zlotych for the army, about 32% of the total. It provided for an effective strength of 7,905 officers, 37,000 professional soldiers, and 211,110 militia soldiers. Apart from the army, the budget provided 105 million zlotych for police troops consisting of 774 officers and 28,592 men.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: By 1939 Poland had a large army, with 283,000 on active duty, in 37 infantry divisions, 11 cavalry brigades, and two armored brigades, plus artillery units. Another 700,000 men served in the reserves. A major problem was lack of funds. The limited defense budget allowed minimal mechanization; most weapons were produced in Poland, but the production rate was low (7TP tank is a prime example), and foreign exchange was scarce.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: The fact that Poland was halfway through the rearming process that was to end in 1942 did not help. Ten divisions were never mobilized. The cancellation of the mobilization, under the pressure from France and Great Britain, and restarting the mobilization less than a week later created confusion. Moreover, not only did the German military and civilian volunteers commit war crimes against the ethnic Poles and Polish Jews, they spread rumors of massive ethnic cleansing which led thousands of people to flee the German advance and made military maneuver difficult.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Poland did have PZL, the state aviation company that made good planes. In 1931 it developed the PZL P.11, the most advanced fighter in the world of the early 1930s. In the mid-1930s its successor the P-24 was even better armed and faster, but Poland exported it to earn currency, forcing the use of semi-obsolete PZL P.11 and a couple of dozen old PZL P.7 fighters. They were no match against the German Messerschmitt 109 which could fly higher, was better armed, and flew 100 km/h faster. In spite of the shortcomings, at least 110 victories were credited to the P.11 for the loss of about 30 of their own. The PZL.37 Łoś was an excellent twin-engine medium bomber; Poland had 36 ready-to-fight when the war started. In 1939 Poland had 390 combat planes that were mostly obsolescent. Germany had 2800 new fighter planes plus bombers and transports.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: The Poles, in spite of their desperate situation, managed to win two battles against the invading Soviets, including one where the Soviet infantry was charging the Polish positions marching shoulder to shoulder, making them into an extremely easy target to the machine guns, and some of the Soviet POW's switched sides to the Polish.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Poles broke the early diplomatic version of Enigma cipher and transferred the results to France and the United Kingdom.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: In spite of its shortcomings, the Polish military can easily be ranked in the top 10 strongest national militaries as of 1939; not because the Polish military was so great, but because other national military forces were so weak and backward. Zaloga and Madej point out, in "The Polish Campaign 1939" that Poland had one of the largest tank forces on Earth, as of 1939 bigger than the tank force of the US.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: The relative strength of the Polish armed forces and the fear of the Polish military might be shown by Lithuania (1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania) made the Polish government's propaganda believable to the public. The Polish government had no choice, but to claim that an attack either by the Germans or by the Soviets would have been successfully repelled. The Polish government could not afford a capitulation of the Polish public because of the industrialization projects such as Central Industrial Region (Poland), nearly finished by early 1939, and the projects that were to follow it.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: After the death of Piłsudski in May 1935, policies in Poland were set by five senior officials, including President Ignacy Mościcki; Vice-President Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski; the Premier, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski; and Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz, the Commander-in-Chief of the army. Foreign policy was the exclusive domain of the Foreign Minister, Colonel Józef Beck. Elections were held but there was no democracy and the Sejm was merely a rubber stamp. Watt notes that these men had emerged victorious from their struggles for independence and had never known conquest. "Courage, flair, heroism, devouring ambition, all these they had in abundance; realism and worst-case analysis, let alone defeatism or appeasement, were alien to them entirely."


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Poland's dream of leading a bloc of neutral nations in Eastern Europe collapsed after 1933 with the advent of Hitler's openly expansionist Nazi regime in Germany and the obvious warning of France's desire to resist Germany's expansion. Piłsudski retained the French connection but had progressively less faith in its usefulness. Hitler's long-term goals included annexing Polish territories and subordinating the remaining parts of Poland, an idea that he revealed to his closest circle already in 1933 Poland's solution was a policy of normal relations with both Germany and the Soviet Union but alliance with neither (also described as 'the policy of equal distance' or 'equilibrium'). Accordingly, the Polish leadership rejected German proposals of cooperation against Russia. At the same time, Beck's goal was 'to avoid isolated confrontation with Germany as long as this was possible'. The policy rested on two pillars: the non-aggression pacts signed by Poland with Germany and the USSR.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Following a border incident in March 1938, Poland presented an ultimatum to Lithuania, demanding the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between Poland and Lithuania and the previously closed border with Poland to be reopened. Faced with the threat of war, the Lithuanian government accepted the Polish demands. In October 1938, the Munich Agreement, with British and French approval, allowed Germany to take over areas of Czechoslovakia with a significant German minority, the so-called Sudetenland. Poland had long been hostile to Czechoslovakia and now sided with Germany. Poland demanded that Czechoslovakia give up the Teschen, where Poles made about 70% of inhabitants, or otherwise Poland threatened to take it by force. Faced with an ultimatum from both Poland and Germany, Czechoslovakia gave up the area, which was annexed by Poland on October 2, 1938.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: In early 1939, Germany invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia, which, in March 1939, then ceased to exist. Germany had demanded that Poland join the Anti-Comintern Pact as a satellite state of Germany. Germany demanded an extraterritorial highway connecting Germany proper with Danzig and then East Prussia, which would cut off Poland from the sea and its main trade route to which Poland refused. Germany also pressed for the incorporation of Danzig, a Nazi ruled city-state with a 90% German population that had been separated from Germany in 1920 and functioning as a Free City in a customs union with Poland ever since.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: After it rejected German territorial demands regarding Danzig and Gdańsk Pomerania, Poland's position was steadily weakening as other nations such as Hungary and Romania gravitated toward Germany's orbit. Poland was at the time allied with Romania and France.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: Two critical developments caught Poland by surprise. At the end of March 1939, Britain and France announced that if Germany invaded Poland they would declare war. In terms of helping Poland in an actual war, everyone realized they could do very little. The hope was that the threat of a two-front war would deter Germany, especially since it had to worry about the role of the Soviet Union. Hitler thought Britain and France were bluffing, but he handled the Soviet problem in late August, by a stunning agreement with Stalin in what amounted to a friendly alliance, which included secret provisions to partition Poland—and indeed divide up much of eastern Europe The British and French offer was not a bluff—they declared war on Germany when it invaded Poland, but neither was in a position to provide serious help. Poland itself had a million-man army (and another million in the reserves) but fell far short in terms of training, airpower, artillery, tanks, machine guns, radios, and trucks. The Polish military budget was about 2% of Germany's; its commanding general Marshal Smigly-Rydz was not well prepared for the challenge.


title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: The Germans wanted restoration of the pre-Versailles Treaty borders and so they launched new demands on Poland. They insisted on a plebiscite to determine the ownership of the "Polish corridor". Only those living in the corridor prior to 1918 would be allowed to vote. The proposal called for a subsequent population exchange that would move all Germans, then in Poland, out of the final region declared to be "Poland". The same would occur for all Poles living in what was declared, after the vote, to be "Germany". Danzig was to become part of Germany regardless of the vote, but if Germany lost, it was still guaranteed access to East Prussia through an autobahn system that it would administer, stretching from Germany proper to Danzig to East Prussia. If Poland lost the vote, the corridor would go to Germany and the seaport of Gdynia would become a Polish exclave with a route connecting Poland with Gdynia. After the British-French guarantee of support for Poland was announced on April 3, negotiations over Danzig ended. Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The issue of Danzig was not the cause of the German invasion; Hitler told his generals in May 1939: “It is not Danzig that is at stake. For us, it is a matter of expanding our living space in the east and making food supplies secure.” The total destruction of the Polish state, Polish culture, and indeed the Polish population had become Hitler's main objective. He wanted the agricultural land to resettle German farmers.


title: Darrell Britt-Gibson

text: Darrell Hadari Britt-Gibson (born August 4, 1986) is an American actor, known for his role as Darius "O-Dog" Hill on the HBO series "The Wire". He has also appeared on the Showtime series "Californication", the Starz series "Power", the FX series "You're the Worst", and the HBO series "Barry" and "We Own This City". He has also starred in the films "Keanu" (2016), "20th Century Women" (2016), "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" (2017), and "Judas and the Black Messiah" (2021).


title: Darrell Britt-Gibson

text: Britt-Gibson was born and raised in Silver Spring, Maryland. He is the son of author and journalist Donna Britt and her first husband, Greg Gibson. Britt-Gibson has one older brother, Justin Britt-Gibson, a screenwriter, and one younger half-brother, Skye Merida, from his mother's remarriage to newspaper editor Kevin Merida. He attended Hampton University and thereafter transferred to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, where he studied theater.


title: Darrell Britt-Gibson

text: Britt-Gibson made his acting debut in the recurring role of Darius "O-Dog" Hill on HBO's crime drama television series "The Wire", starring in 8 episodes from 2006 to 2008. He then appeared in the film "Toe to Toe" (2009) as Leron, and 2 episodes of the web series "Monday Wednesday Friday", also writing one of the episodes in which he starred. He has also guest starred in episodes of many television series, such as "Southland", "Shameless", "The Bridge", and "Major Crimes".


title: Darrell Britt-Gibson

text: In 2014, Britt-Gibson had recurring roles on the series "Californication" as Darrell, "Power" as Rolla, and "You're the Worst" as Shitstain. Britt-Gibson was cast in the pilot of ABC's crime drama series "Wicked City" in the role of Diver Hawkes, but was subsequently recast after the pilot was ordered to series. In 2016, he co-starred in the comedy film "Keanu", portraying the role of Trunk.


title: Olay

text: Olay, previously Oil of Olay, Oil of Olaz, Oil of Ulan or Oil of Ulay, is an American skin care brand owned by Procter & Gamble. For the 2009 fiscal year, which ended on June 30, Olay accounted for an estimated $2.8 billion of P&G's revenue.


title: Olay

text: Olay originated in South Africa as Oil of Olay. Graham Wulff (1916–2008), a former Unilever chemist from Durban, started it in 1952. He chose the name "Oil of Olay" as a spin on the word "lanolin", a key ingredient.


title: Olay

text: It was unique in the early days because it was a pink fluid rather than a cream, packaged in a heavy glass bottle. Wulff and his marketing partner, Jack Lowe, a former copywriter, had tested the product on their wives and friends and were confident in its uniqueness and quality.


title: Olay

text: Olay's marketing was also unique, since it was never described as a moisturizer, nor even as beauty fluid. Nowhere on the packaging did it say what the product actually did. Print advertisements used copy such as "Share the secret of a younger looking you" and talked about the "beauty secret" of Oil of Olay. Other advertisements were written as personal messages to the reader from a fictitious advice columnist named Margaret Merril. They ran in "Reader's Digest" and newspapers and often looked like editorials.


title: Olay

text: Wulff and Lowe, who ran the company under the banner of Adams National Industries (ANI), did not sell the product to the trade. It instead waited for pharmacies to ask for it based on consumer requests.


title: Olay

text: As the company began to market the product internationally, ANI decided to modify the name of the product in each country so it would sound pleasing and realistic to consumers. This led to the introduction of Oil of Ulay (UK and Ireland), Oil of Ulan (Australia) and Oil of Olaz (France, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany). In 1970, ANI opened a test market in the US (Chicago) and was expanding into northern Germany.


title: Olay

text: Richardson Merrell Inc (later Richardson-Vicks Inc) acquired ANI in November 1970. RVI capitalized the "Oil" and added the sub-name "Beauty Fluid" to help protect the trademark. They further added a sales force and created TV advertising. The company extended the product range to include items such as Night of Ulay and Beauty Cleanser and expanded into more countries (Spain, France, and Germany).


title: Olay

text: The result of Richardson Merrell's efforts was a dramatic increase in sales. However, as with many brands, the business was not uniformly managed, so there were differences in performance between countries.


title: Olay

text: RVI was acquired by Procter & Gamble in 1985. P&G greatly expanded Olay both in the line-up and internationally. Olay became P&G's 13th billion dollar brand in 2013.


title: Olay

text: Since then, the range has been expanded to include a full range of hypoallergenic variants, cleansers and creams. The brand also includes soap, and body wash. Olay Cosmetics was launched in 1996 but discontinued in 2001.


title: Olay

text: In 1999, P&G decided to unify the brand under a global name. Thus, Oil of Ulan and Ulay became Olay on a worldwide basis, except in German-speaking regions and Italy, where it remained "Oil of Olaz". In the Netherlands and Belgium, it renamed to just "Olaz".


title: Olay

text: In October 2000, Olay launched in the Philippines. In August 2007, Olay was launched in India. From 2010 to 2020, Oil of OLAZ was simply known as OLAZ in German-speaking countries. Slogan: ""Olaz lässt Sie strahlen"." (Lit.: "Olaz lets you shine.") Since 2020 OLAZ has also been marketed as OLAY in German-speaking countries.


title: Olay

text: Olay uses many different ingredients in the production of their skin care line. The main ingredients used include retinyl propionate (vitamin A derivative), glycerin, niacinamide (vitamin B3), broad spectrum sunscreen, and amino peptides.


title: Olay

text: In 2011, Olay ranked in 1st place among 50 of the industry leaders in Brand Finance's Top 50 Cosmetic Brands. A more recent report, dated 2021, has Olay maintaining its high position, ranking 19th in the Top 50.


title: Swearnet: The Movie

text: Swearnet: The Movie is a 2014 Canadian dark comedy film directed by Warren P. Sonoda, written, produced by and starring Mike Smith, John Paul Tremblay, and Robb Wells, stars of the Canadian television series "Trailer Park Boys". In the film, Smith, Tremblay and Wells appear as themselves as they embark on creating a fully uncensored Internet network.


title: Swearnet: The Movie

text: The "Guinness World Records" website lists the film as holding the record for the most uses of the word "fuck" in a film, with a total of 935 times. It also received the rarely-used NC-17 rating from the MPAA. The film is rated 18 by the British Board of Film Classification.


title: Swearnet: The Movie

text: Fed up with being censored in their post–"Trailer Park Boys" lives, the out of work stars/world-renowned "Swearnet", Mike Smith, Robb Wells, and John Paul Tremblay decide to start their own uncensored network on the Internet.


title: Swearnet: The Movie

text: Wells, Tremblay and Smith briefly reprise their roles as Ricky, Julian and Bubbles respectively in the mid-credits scene.


title: Swearnet: The Movie

text: The film was shot between August 20, 2012 and September 12, 2012 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and Halifax, Nova Scotia, using the Arri Alexa digital camera.


title: Swearnet: The Movie

text: The film has been met with negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 10 reviews, with an average critical rating of 4.6/10. On Metacritic, it holds an 18 out of 100 based on 5 reviews indicating "overwhelming dislike".


title: James Arthur Ray

text: James Arthur Ray (born November 22, 1957) is an American self-help businessman, motivational speaker and author who was convicted in 2011 of causing three deaths through negligent homicide.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: A former telemarketer, Ray taught Stephen Covey motivational seminars while employed at AT&T and claimed he later worked two years for the Covey foundation; however the company has no record of him as an employee or contractor. In 2006 he appeared on CNN's "Larry King Live" and was one of several narrators in the film "The Secret". He also appeared on the "Today" Show and "Oprah".


title: James Arthur Ray

text: In October 2009, three participants died while taking part in a ritual, led by Ray, at one of his New Age retreats. Ray was arrested in 2010, and in 2011 convicted of three counts of negligent homicide. He served two years in Arizona state prison and was released under supervision on July 12, 2013. Following his release, Ray re-launched his self-help business.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Ray's father was an Oklahoma preacher at the Red Fork Church of God in Tulsa. Ray has described his childhood as impoverished, claiming that, "The hardest part of my childhood was reconciling how Dad poured his heart into his work, how he helped so many people and yet he couldn't afford to pay for haircuts for me and my brother," in his 2008 book "Harmonic Wealth". A classmate of Ray's recalled that, "Ray always dressed well and knew he'd make something of himself."


title: James Arthur Ray

text: He dropped out of junior college in 1978 and eventually started working at AT&T, initially as a telemarketer, later as a sales manager and trainer. He started his own seminars and motivational speaker events in the early 1990s, launching his first company in 1992. Ray set up the now defunct James Ray International, Inc. in Las Vegas in 2000.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Ray is an advocate of the pseudoscientific Law of Attraction; his teachings have been described as "including a mix of spirituality, motivational speaking, and quantum physics". In an interview, Ray answered about personal responsibility, "I fully know, for me, that there is no blame. Every single thing is your responsibility ... and nothing is your fault. Because every single thing that comes to you is gift ... a lesson."


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Ray has advocated for the New Thought belief that positive thinking can heal physical ailments, and he has claimed to have used willpower to stay free of all illness. Writing for "The Guardian", Andrew Gumbel described the pseudoscientific claims as "quantum flapdoodle", "because it claims to be rooted in Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and other tenets of modern physics".


title: James Arthur Ray

text: According to Grant Cardone, in 2000 Ray consulted him for methods to increase sales at business seminars, and was warned to teach only sound business practices. After this time, Ray began incorporating sleep deprivation, fasting, fire and glass walking, and his invented versions of sweat lodge ceremonies.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Former attendees of Ray's seminars have reported unsafe practices and lack of properly trained medical staff in 2005. A New Jersey woman shattered her hand after she was pressured by Ray to participate in a quasi-martial arts board-breaking exercise. After several unsuccessful untrained attempts, the woman sustained multiple fractures during the seminar that was held at Walt Disney World.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Participants of a James Ray "Spiritual Warrior" exercise in 2006, after signing waivers, were told to put the sharp point of an arrow used in archery against the soft part of their necks and lean against the tip. A man named Kurt sustained injuries during this exercise as the shaft snapped and the arrow point deeply penetrated his eyebrow.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: In July 2009, Colleen Conaway attended a seminar hosted by James Ray International, Inc. in which the attendees were directed to dress as homeless people. She jumped to her death at the Horton Plaza Mall in San Diego. She died as a result of injuries, and according to police, she had no identification on her person.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: In 2005, preceding the events of October 2009, a serious injury involving hospitalization was reported at the Angel Valley Ranch during a "Spiritual Warrior" retreat led by Ray. Verde Valley Fire Chief Jerry Doerksen's department responded to an emergency call that a 42-year-old man had fallen unconscious after exercises inside a sweat lodge.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: On October 8, 2009, at a New Age "Spiritual Warrior" retreat conceived and hosted by Ray at the Angel Valley Retreat Center in Yavapai County near Sedona, Arizona, two participants, James Shore and Kirby Brown, died as a result of being in a nontraditional sweat lodge exercise for several hours, personally conducted by Ray. Eighteen others were hospitalized after suffering burns, dehydration, breathing problems, kidney failure, or elevated body temperature. Liz Neuman, another attendee, died on October 17 after being comatose for a week.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: The attendees, who had paid up to $10,000 to participate in the retreat, had fasted for 36 hours during what was claimed to be a vision quest exercise before the next day's purported sweat lodge. During this period of fasting, participants were left alone in the Arizona desert with a sleeping bag, although Ray had offered them Peruvian ponchos for an additional $250. After this experience, participants ate a large buffet breakfast before entering the nontraditional structure built for what they had been told would be a sweat lodge ceremony. The site owner reported she learned after the event that participants went two days without water before entering the structure.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Following the deaths, Ray refused to speak to authorities and immediately left Arizona. According to participants in the heat endurance exercise (which was misrepresented by both Ray and his organization as a "Native American sweat lodge ceremony"), a note was left that said Ray was unavailable—as he was in "prayer and meditation". Ray later confirmed, during a 2013 interview with Piers Morgan, that he fled the scene rather than staying to assist with the aftermath, because "I was scared."


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Investigations were commenced by the Yavapai County Sheriff department. Initial investigations concerned construction of the "sweat lodge" structure which, according to investigators, was constructed by a local (non-Native American) group under hire. Jack Judd, the county building safety manager, said that there was no record of a permit or an application for a permit to build the exceptionally large and nontraditional structure used for the "sweat lodge" event.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: On October 15, 2009, after extensive interviews with participants and ancillary witnesses, the Yavapai County sheriff's office upgraded the level of the investigations into the deaths of James Shore and Kirby Brown to a 'homicide investigation'. Officials claimed the nontraditional "sweat lodge" structure lacked the necessary building permits. Print media began reporting that Ray conducted a conference call with some victims, one of whom recorded the call and provided it to the AP. During this call, a self-described channeler said that they had communicated with the dead and they had said they "were having so much fun" out of their bodies that they didn't want to return. On October 27, Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar asked the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate the event to complement the local investigations. On October 30, a wrongful death lawsuit claiming negligence, negligent misrepresentation, fraud and other actions on the part of Ray and the site owners was filed for the family of Liz Neuman. A similar action was filed for Sidney Spencer who was seriously injured. The suits sought compensatory and punitive damages alleging that defendants failed to provide adequate prior warnings, to monitor the participants' well being in the "sweat lodge", and to provide medical treatment. On November 10, Dennis Mehravar, an injured attendee from Canada, joined the Spencer suit.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Ray was arrested in connection with the deaths on February 3, 2010, and bond was set at $5 million. Ray's attorney argued that he could not afford the $5 million, and Ray was released on February 26, 2010, after bail was reduced to $525,000.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Three of the victims' lawsuits against Ray were settled before his criminal trial for a total of more than $3 million.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: The court case began on May 1, 2011. The prosecution rested its case on June 3, 2011, after 34 witnesses had taken the stand and 43 days of testimony. On June 22, 2011, Ray was found guilty on three counts of negligent homicide, and not guilty of the manslaughter charges brought against him; the finding specifically stated that Ray was responsible for causing the deaths of the three participants, whether or not he was aware of the risks he had subjected them to. On November 18, 2011, Ray was sentenced to two years in prison.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Native American and First Nations experts on sweat lodges have criticized Ray's construction of the structure used for the fraudulent ceremony, as well as his ignorance and misrepresentation of actual sweat lodge ceremonies. As "Indian Country Today" reported, "Ray drew the ire of Indian country from the start because the ceremony which he was selling bore little if any resemblance to an actual sweat lodge ceremony." Native American leaders expressed shock, outrage and dismay that people had been killed in something misrepresented as a Native ceremony, and offered prayers for the dead and injured. The leaders say the real sweat lodge ceremony is a part of their way of life and not a commodity, nor should it ever be a life-threatening event. It is Native American intellectual property, protected by US laws and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The ceremony should only be conducted by sanctioned lodge members who are from legitimate nations and who have been thoroughly trained in both spiritual and physical safety protocols.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Lakota spiritual leader Chief Arvol Looking Horse emphasized that what Ray inflicted on his new age customers was not an authentic Native American ceremony, that Ray had no connection to any Native American community, and no training in how to lead an actual sweat lodge (permission to lead lodges is only granted to those who have been raised in the ceremonial ways of a particular Native American community, and after many years of apprenticeship with Elders); other dangerous actions taken by Ray, he continued, include the structure's unusual construction from non-breathable materials, charging for the ceremony (seen as extremely inappropriate), too many participants, and the excessive length of the fraudulent ceremony.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: The Native American community actively seeks to prevent abuses of its traditions. According to Taliman, "Native healers and spiritual leaders have been speaking out for decades about the abuse of sacred ceremonies, and continue to oppose the appropriation and exploitation of sacred ceremonies". The Angel Valley owners announced they have accepted Native American friends' help to "heal the land". On November 12, 2009, news reported Oglala Lakotas filed a lawsuit, "Oglala Lakota Delegation of the Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council v. United States" against the United States, Arizona, Ray and site owners, to have Ray and the site owners arrested and punished under the Sioux Treaty of 1868 between the United States and the Lakota Nation, which states that:


title: James Arthur Ray

text: if bad men among the whites or other people subject to the authority of the United States shall commit any wrong upon the person or the property of the Indians, the United States will (...) proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also reimburse the injured person for the loss sustained.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: The Oglala Lakota delegation believes that James Arthur Ray and the Angel Valley Retreat Center have "violated the peace between the United States and the Lakota Nation" and caused the "desecration of our Sacred "Oinikiga" ("onikare", sweat lodge) by causing the death of Liz Neuman, Kirby Brown and James Shore".


title: James Arthur Ray

text: The Oglala Lakota Delegation also claimed that James Arthur Ray and the Angel Valley Retreat Center fraudulently impersonated Indians and must be held responsible for causing the deaths of three people and injuries of nineteen others, and destroying evidence by dismantling the structure they constructed for this fatal, heat-endurance competition which they claimed was a sweat lodge ceremony. The lawsuit seeks to have the treaty enforced without seeking monetary compensation.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: The lawsuit was eventually dismissed in October 2010, on the ground that the case was based on a good that was being offered, and the judge deciding that the sweat lodge was a service rather than a good.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: On July 12, 2013, Ray was granted a supervised release and left the state prison near Phoenix where he had served his sentence.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: On November 25, 2013, Ray re-launched his self-help business on CNN's "Piers Morgan Live". He had stipulated that no other guests could participate in the interview. As of December 4, 2013, Piers Morgan's manager, John Ferriter, was James Arthur Ray's manager and media contact.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: Kirby Brown's parents have challenged motivational speakers and self-help gurus to sign a pledge of integrity, the "Seek Safely" promise. Ray has so far declined to do so.


title: James Arthur Ray

text: In 2016, Ray was the subject of the CNN Films' documentary "Enlighten Us: The Rise and Fall of James Arthur Ray", a recount of Ray's rise to fame in the self-help industry followed by his 2011 conviction for negligent homicide and his later release from prison. In the documentary, director Jenny Carchman explores the origins of the self-help industry, what attracts followers, and tries to answer why devotees are willing to take such risks. In the film, Carchman asks Ray directly how he could have caused these people's deaths, to which he replies:


title: James Arthur Ray

text: "It had to happen, because it was the only way I could experience and learn and grow through the things that I've done. [...] You come out of a situation like this and you're either bitter and angry, or you're more awake and grateful, and I choose awake and grateful, and I choose to see it as a test of character, and a test through fire, and I think I did OK."


title: James Arthur Ray

text: In 2020, investigative journalist Matt Stroud produced the true crime podcast "Guru: The Dark Side of Enlightenment" for Wondery. In it, Stroud shines a light on Ray's methods and actions that caused the deaths of Kirby Brown, Liz Neuman and James Shore in 2009. He traces the fallout from Ray's practices, and gives voice to former followers and the families of his victims.


title: Moskva-class helicopter carrier

text: The Moskva" class, Soviet designation Project 1123 "Kondor (condor) and "S-703" Project 1123M Kiev, was the first class of operational aircraft carriers (helicopter cruisers in the Soviet classification) built by the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy.


title: Moskva-class helicopter carrier

text: These ships were laid down at Nikolayev South (Shipyard No.444). The lead vessel was launched in 1965 and named (); she entered service two years later. "Moskva" was followed by (, which was commissioned in late 1968; there were no further vessels built, reportedly due to the poor handling of the ships in rough seas. Both were conventionally powered.


title: Moskva-class helicopter carrier

text: The "Moskva"s were not true "aircraft carriers" in that they did not carry any fixed-wing aircraft; the air wing was composed entirely of helicopters. They were designed primarily as anti-submarine warfare (ASW) vessels, and her weapons and sensor suite was optimized against the nuclear submarine threat. Their strategic role was to defend the Soviet ballistic missile submarine bastions against incursions by Western attack submarines, forming the flagships of an ASW task force.


title: Moskva-class helicopter carrier

text: The operational requirement was issued by Admiral Sergey Gorshkov in 1959. The aim of the ships was to counter NATO Polaris submarines and act as a flagship for anti-submarine warfare. Initially it was hoped to operate ten helicopters from an 8000-ton ship. The design evolved into a larger vessel capable of operating up to 14 helicopters with self defence armament.


title: Moskva-class helicopter carrier

text: Shipboard ASW armament included a twin SUW-N-1 launcher capable of delivering a FRAS-1 projectile carrying a torpedo (or a 5 kiloton nuclear warhead); a pair of RBU-6000 ASW mortars; and a set of torpedo tubes. For self-defence, the "Moskva"s had two twin SA-N-3 surface-to-air missile (SAM) launchers with reloads for a total of 48 surface-to-air missiles, along with two twin /80 guns.


title: Moskva-class helicopter carrier

text: Gas turbines were considered but were as yet untried in such a large vessel. Instead a high pressure steam plant similar to that used by the s was used. The machinery of "Moskva" had severe problems and had to be rebuilt in 1973 following a fire. Operational performance was disappointing with a practical maximum speed of and maximum sustainable speed. Sea keeping was also disappointing.


title: Moskva-class helicopter carrier

text: Both vessels were part of the Black Sea Fleet. "Leningrad" was retired in 1991 and "Moskva" in 1996. "Leningrad" was scrapped in 1995 and "Moskva" in 1997. A third ship to be named "Kiev" was cancelled in 1969, which was to have been an anti-surface warfare vessel. The "Moskva" class was succeeded by the larger .


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Launched in 1927 by Colonel Jim Porter after three years of development, the 1960 merger of Newcastle Breweries with Scottish Brewers afforded the beer national distribution and sales peaked in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s. The beer underwent a resurgence in the late 1980s and early 1990s with student unions selling it. By the late 1990s, the beer was the most widely distributed alcoholic product in the UK. By the 2000s, the majority of sales were in the United States, although it still sells 100 million bottles annually in the UK. Brewing moved in 2005 from Newcastle to Dunston, Tyne and Wear, in 2010 to Tadcaster, and in 2017 to the Heineken Brewery in Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands. As of 2019, it is also brewed by Lagunitas Brewing Company in Petaluma, California, and Chicago, Illinois, for the American market.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Newcastle Brown Ale is perceived in the UK as a working-man's beer, with a long association with heavy industry, the traditional economic staple of the North East of England. In export markets, it is seen as a trendy, premium import and is predominantly drunk by the young. It was one of the first beers to be distributed in a clear glass bottle and is most readily associated with this form of dispense in the UK.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Newcastle Brown Ale was originally created by Lieutenant Colonel James ('Jim') Herbert Porter (b. 1892, Burton upon Trent), a third-generation brewer at Newcastle Breweries, in 1927. Porter had served in the North Staffordshire Regiment in the First World War, earning his DSO with Bar before moving to Newcastle. Porter had refined the recipe for Newcastle Brown Ale alongside chemist Archie Jones over a period of three years. When Porter actually completed the beer, he believed it to be a failure, as he had actually been attempting to recreate Bass ale. The original beer had an original gravity of 1060º and was 6.25 ABV, and it sold at a premium price of 9 shillings for a dozen pint bottles.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Newcastle Brown Ale went into production at Tyne Brewery in 1927, with Newcastle Breweries having occupied the site since 1890, with brewing on the site dating back to 1868.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: The blue star logo was introduced to the Newcastle Brown Ale bottle in 1928, the year after the beer was launched. The five points of the star represent the five founding breweries of Newcastle.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: After the merger of Scottish Brewers with Newcastle Breweries in 1960, Newcastle Brown Ale became a flagship brand of Scottish & Newcastle alongside McEwan's Export and Younger's Tartan Special.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: By 1997, Scottish and Newcastle claimed that it was the most widely distributed alcoholic product in both pubs and off licences in the country.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Despite investing £16.6 million in a new bottling plant at the Tyne Brewery in 1999, Scottish and Newcastle announced its closure on 22 April 2004, in order to consolidate the brewing of beer and ale in the Federation Brewery site in Dunston, Gateshead, which was to pass to them with their £7.2m purchase of the Federation Brewery. The purchase and consolidation at Dunston created the new brewing company, Newcastle Federation Breweries.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: The last production run of Brown Ale in Newcastle came off the Tyne Brewery line in May 2005. Pre-production trial brews were conducted at Dunston to ensure no change occurred in its taste after the move.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: The Tyne Brewery site was bought by a consortium of Newcastle University, Newcastle City Council, and the regional development agency One NorthEast, as part of the wider Newcastle Science City project. Demolition of the former brewery began on 8 March 2007. The triggering of the controlled demolition of the former Barrack Road bottling plant opposite St James' Park was ceremonially performed by Sir Bobby Robson on 22 June 2008.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Bottling of Newcastle Brown Ale moved to the John Smith's Brewery in Tadcaster, North Yorkshire, in 2007.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In 2010, Scottish and Newcastle closed the Dunston brewery, moving production of Brown Ale to the John Smiths Brewery in Tadcaster. The company cited the general fall in the market for beer, over-capacity in its plants in general, and the fact that the Dunston site was operating at just 60% capacity — despite the fact that sales of Newcastle Brown Ale had never been higher — as reasons for the closure.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In 2015, the caramel colouring, which has been used since the beer was launched, was removed for health reasons. Instead, roasted malt was used to darken the beer.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In 2017, Heineken moved some production from the John Smith's Brewery, Tadcaster, to the Zoeterwoude Brewery in the Netherlands. The company claimed this would allow for shorter order lead times and faster transportation to the U.S. and allow distributors to purchase by the pallet rather than the container. In 2019, the company started making a different version in America and ceased importing Brown Ale from Europe. Newcastle Brown Ale is still brewed in Tadcaster, Yorkshire, for the UK and some EU markets, and also in the Netherlands for the export market.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Newcastle Brown Ale is brewed with pale malt and crystal malt. It has a lower hopping rate than traditional English bitters.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: The beer is one of the United Kingdom's leading bottled ales and is in the top 20 highest-selling ales overall, selling around annually. At the time of brewing moving to Dunston in 2005, Newcastle Brown was being exported to 41 countries. At times, over half of the brewery's output is directed overseas to the U.S. In 2010, more than of the beer were sold in the United States, more than double the 2001 total. Newcastle Brown Ale is no longer available in the United States. A product labelled “Newcastle Brown Ale” is still sold but it is produced by Lagunitas Brewing Company and has little in common with the original product.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In Canada and France (Brittany), the beer is available in short and tall bottles and in cans. The beer is also available in British-themed pubs as a draught beer in Australia and New Zealand, brewed in the UK and imported by World Brands Australia Pty Ltd. The UK-brewed bottled, kegs, and cans are widely available in Australian liquor outlets as part of their international range. It is also popular in Canada, available on draught at many British-themed pubs.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In 2000, the beer was renamed "Newcastle Brown" with the "Ale" being removed from the front label. This change, only in the UK, was due to market research claiming that the term "ale" was outdated and costing the company sales in the youth drinking markets. The older name was reinstated with no fanfare in 2004, when it was realised that the change had made no difference to sales.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In the North East, Newcastle Brown Ale is often given the nickname "Dog", alluding to the British euphemism of seeing a man about a dog. It is also known as Broon, "brown" pronounced in the Geordie dialect. Elsewhere in the UK, it is known as Newkie Brown.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Newcastle Brown Ale is traditionally sold in Britain in and, more recently, bottles. Typically, the ale is consumed from a Wellington glass. This allows the drinker to regularly top-up the beer and thereby maintain a frothy "head". In the United States, it is sold in servings. In April 2010, Heineken USA introduced the Wellington glass, branded as the "Geordie Schooner," for Newcastle Brown Ale consumers in America. The glass features a nucleated base.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Like many British breweries, Newcastle Brown is strongly associated with its local area, in this case north east England. While the name provides a lot of this, the sponsorship of Newcastle United and the depiction of the River Tyne in the blue star has helped ensure its association. Its local provenance gave the brand an association with "hardy, working class traditions and values".


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Under European Union Protected Geographical Status laws introduced in 1992, the name Newcastle Brown Ale was granted protected brand status in 2000. In 2007, this was removed when brewing of the beer moved away from its place of origin to Tadcaster in Yorkshire. The company was obliged to make a formal application to cancel it.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: The closure of S&N's Dunston brewery in 2010 left Camerons Brewery in Hartlepool as the only remaining significant volume brewery in the North East of England.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: When the Australian brewer Elders IXL launched a takeover bid for Scottish and Newcastle, locals of Newcastle began the "Keep Us on Top!" campaign. As a sign of solidarity, the Newcastle Brown label was inverted until the takeover was quashed.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In 2005, the last 3,000 bottles produced in Newcastle were given commemorative labels "121 years of brewing history, last bottles produced at Tyne Brewery April 2005." and given to the brewery staff.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In 2006, a special production run of 2.5 million bottles celebrated the career of Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer, who had recently broken the club's scoring record and was about to retire from football. The brewery produced the special editions featuring Newcastle United's black and white stripes and Shearer's portrait, in exchange for a donation to Shearer's testimonial match, and they went on sale from 17 April that year.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In 2007, a special edition was released to celebrate local rock band Maxïmo Park. The label was designed by the band and the beer released to coincide with the band's concert at Newcastle Metro Radio Arena on 15 December. Also in 2007, a special 80th anniversary themed bottle was distributed.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In 2013, Newcastle partnered with Taxi Magic to brew a Black Ale called "Newcastle Cabbie" as part of an Anti-Drunk Driving campaign.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Newcastle Exhibition is a draught pasteurised keg beer (4.3% ABV) first introduced in 1929 and commonly found around the Newcastle area.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: Newcastle Amber Ale (1032 OG) was a light ale available until the 1980s. It was a diluted version of Exhibition. Amber Ale and a much stronger aged stock beer were formerly blended to create Newcastle Brown Ale. This method was discontinued sometime before the brand was moved to Dunston.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In 2010, Heineken USA launched Newcastle Summer Ale in bottles. In 2011, Heineken USA launched Newcastle Werewolf (fall ale) and Winter IPA. In 2012, Heineken USA will introduce Newcastle Founders ale (an Extra Special Bitter style) as their spring seasonal.


title: Newcastle Brown Ale

text: In winter 2012, Newcastle winter ale (5.2%) and Newcastle nocturnal ale (4.5%) were also launched in Tesco stores across the UK.


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: Maria Anna Schicklgruber (15 April 1795 – 6 January 1847) was the mother of Alois Hitler, and the paternal grandmother of Adolf Hitler.


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: Maria was born in the village of Strones in the Waldviertel region of Archduchy of Austria. She was the daughter of farmer Johannes Schicklgruber (29 May 1764 – 12 November 1847) and Theresia Pfeisinger (7 September 1769 – 11 November 1821). Maria was a Catholic; what is known about her is based on church and other public records.


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: Maria was one of eleven children, only six of whom survived infancy. Her early life was that of a poor peasant child in a rural and largely forested area in the northwest part of Lower Austria, northwest of Vienna.


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: In 1821, Maria's mother died when Maria was 26 years old. She received an inheritance of 74.25 gulden, which she left invested in the Orphans' Fund until 1838. By that time it had more than doubled to 165 gulden. At that time, a breeding pig cost 4 gulden, a cow 10–12 gulden and an entire inn perhaps 500 gulden. Werner Maser wrote she was a "thrifty, reserved, and exceptionally shrewd peasant woman."


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: In 1837, when she was 42 years old and still unmarried, her only child, Alois, was born. Maser notes that she refused to reveal who the boy's father was, so the priest baptized the baby Alois Schicklgruber and entered "illegitimate" in place of the father's name on the baptismal register. Historians have discussed three candidates for the father of Alois:


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: At the time of the birth of Alois, Maria was living with a Strones village family by the name of Trummelschlager. Mr and Mrs Trummelschlager were listed as Alois's godparents.


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: Maria soon began residence with her father at house number 22 in Strones. After an unknown period, the three Schicklgrubers were joined by Johann Georg Hiedler, an itinerant journeyman miller. On 10 May 1842, five years after Alois was born, Maria Anna Schicklgruber married Johann Georg Hiedler in the nearby village of Döllersheim. Maria was 47 years old, and her new husband was 50.


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: Whether or not Johann Georg Hiedler was actually the biological paternal grandfather of Hitler may remain unknown as he was not recorded originally as the father on Alois's birth certificate. Illegitimacy was common in lower Austria; in some areas, it reached as many as forty percent of births, and as late as 1903 the rate was twenty-four percent, with the children normally legitimized at a later date. Hitler's ancestry was questioned when his opponents began spreading rumours that his paternal grandfather was Jewish, since one of Nazism's major principles was that to be considered a pure "Aryan" one had to have a documented ancestry certificate ("Ahnenpass").


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: In 1931, Hitler ordered the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) to investigate the alleged rumours regarding his ancestry; they found no evidence of any Jewish ancestors. He then ordered a genealogist by the name of Rudolf Koppensteiner to publish a large illustrated genealogical tree showing his ancestry. This was published in the book "Die Ahnentafel des Führers" ("The pedigree of the Leader") in 1937, which concluded that Hitler's family were all Austrian Germans with no Jewish ancestry and that Hitler had an unblemished "Aryan" pedigree. As Alois himself legitimized Johann Georg Hiedler as his biological father (with three witnesses affirming and watching this) and the priest changed the father's blank space on the birth certificate in 1876, this was considered certified proof for Hitler's ancestry, and thus Hitler "was" considered an "Aryan".


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: Maria died during the sixth year of her marriage, at the age of 51 in Klein-Motten where she was living with her husband in the home of kin, the Sillip family. She died of "consumption resulting from pectoral (thoracic) dropsy" in 1847. She was buried in the parish church cemetery in Döllersheim.


title: Maria Schicklgruber

text: After the "Anschluss" of Austria in 1938, a search failed to find her grave so she was given an "honour grave" next to the church wall. This grave was tended by local Hitler Youth groups whilst Döllersheim and the surrounding areas were made proving ground areas. In 1942, this area became part of an artillery training area and the local inhabitants were moved out. Military training continued during the Soviet occupation after the war, and also by the Austrian Army until about 1985, by which time most of the towns and villages were in ruins. The church at Döllersheim is now preserved and undergoing reconstruction. The cemetery is being tended, but there is no grave marker remaining for Maria Schicklgruber.


title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: "Flight" is the twenty-fourth episode and the season finale of the eighth season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy", and the show's 172nd episode overall. It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 17, 2012. In the episode, 6 doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive, but Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) ultimately dies. Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) fires Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) gets engaged to Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George).


title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: The episode marked Raver and Leigh's final regular appearances until their returns as guest stars in seasons fourteen and seventeen, respectively. Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake, California. Jason George reprised his role as a guest-star, whereas James LeGros made his first appearance. The episode received widespread critical acclaim from television critics and audiences alike, with major praise directed towards Leigh, Ellen Pompeo (Dr. Meredith Grey) and Eric Dane's (Dr. Mark Sloan) performances. "Flight" earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of "Entertainment Weekly" finale awards. Upon its initial airing, the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people, received a 4.1/11 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, ranking #4 for the night in terms of viewership, and registering as Thursday's highest-rated drama.


title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) and Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins has an open femur fracture, and Sloan has serious internal injuries, though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the woods, his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save Lexie, so Sloan holds Lexie's hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching.


title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: Lexie's death devastates Meredith, who is still desperately trying to find her husband. Eventually, she and Shepherd reunite, and Cristina and her try to fix his hand as best as they can. Meanwhile, back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors. Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents, which Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) and Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) are dreading. Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center, and he and Kepner share a moment. Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George) and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) decide to get married, even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles. After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd), the chief of surgery, fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died. As the episode ends, Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise, Idaho. The residents, finally excited to celebrate at Webber's dinner, are left waiting for their stranded friends. The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out. In the closing monologue, Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series.


title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn. Featured music included The Paper Kites' "Featherstone" and Feist's "Graveyard". Filming took place in Big Bear Lake, California, a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd's fishing trip. Commenting on the filming conditions, Leigh said: "It would rain and be sunny and hot. I never died before [on camera]. That sounds funny saying that. I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung. Everybody was very accommodating — the crew, the cast. And I opted to stay underneath [the wreckage] for the most part over 2 days rather than trying to get in and out."


title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: In regard to the episode, Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write, largely because of the death of a main character. She compared it to writing the season 6 finale, by explaining that the former was "more painful" to write. After the episode aired, Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale, adding: "I did not enjoy it. It made me sick and it made me sad." Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh, whose character died after the plane crash, by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie, after extensive discussion. Speaking of Raver's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM, Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal, but declined.


title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: The episode received widespread critical acclaim from television critics and audiences alike, and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings. "Flight" was originally broadcast on May 17, 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people, a 16.5% (1.62 million) increase from the previous episode "Migration", which garnered 9.82 million viewers. In terms of viewership, "Flight" ranked fourth for the night, behind the season finales of Fox's "American Idol", and CBS's "Person of Interest" and "The Mentalist". As compared to "Grey's Anatomy" other season finales, the episode was the show's second least-viewed finale, just behind the seventh season's, which garnered 9.89 million viewers. The episode did not rank in the top 3 for viewership, but its 4.1/11 Nielsen rating ranked #1 in its 9:00 Eastern time-slot and #2 for the night, registering the show as Thursday's #1 drama, for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18–49 demographic. Its rating lost to "American Idol", but beat out CBS's "The Big Bang Theory", "Person of Interest", and "The Mentalist". In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night, it was an increase from the previous episode, which netted a 3.5/10 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous season's finale, which attained a 3.6/9 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.


title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: "Poptimal" Tanya Lane wrote, "Wow…just wow. "Grey's Anatomy" has once again managed to shock with its season finale." While she appreciated the "realism and authenticity that "Grey's" is known for", she found the episode was "almost too much" as it was "extremely gory and difficult to watch, initially because of the grisly wounds" but later because of the "heavy and emotional events that transpired". She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead. "Digital Spy" Ben Lee found Leigh and Dane's performances "phenomenal" and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane. He described the moment the two actors shared as "truly poignant". To him, Lexie's death felt like a finale, which was thus too early. As for what was happening in Seattle Grace, he thought it was "a bit pointless" and "uninteresting" except Altman's departure, which he deemed "the most significant moment at the hospital". "Entertainment Weekly" Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie's death: "It was an intense death. I mean, how awful was it to watch one of "Grey’s" longest-running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I don't love that Lexie was the one to die. Could it have been someone less important somehow? I guess it would have been too obvious to do April Kepner. And you probably just don't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan, right?" Stransky also complained about Robbins' screams at the beginning of the episode, but enjoyed Bailey's story.


title: Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

text: In an "Entertainment Weekly" poll that judged all the television season finales of the year, Lexie's death was voted the "Top Tissue Moment", while Robbins' injured leg and Shepherd's mangled hand were voted the "Most Disturbing Image". The ending of the episode was also considered as the "Best Ending to an Otherwise So-So Season". Lexie's death was also nominated under the "Best (Presumed) Death" category, while the plane crash's aftermath was nominated as the "Best Non-Romantic Cliffhanger", and the episode was nominated for the special award for "Biggest Regret That I Didn't See It, I Just Heard or Read About It". "Entertainment Weekly" later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012. In "TVLine"'s review of 2012, Lexie's death was the runner-up for "Biggest Tearjerker". The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes.


title: GOAT (platform)

text: GOAT is an online platform offering sneakers, luxury apparel and accessories through primary and resale markets. Founded in 2015, GOAT has 30 million members and 600,000 sellers across 170 countries on its platform.


title: GOAT (platform)

text: GOAT was founded by Eddy Lu and Daishin Sugano in July 2015. Lu serves as the Chief Executive Officer and co-founder, while Sugano holds the role of Chief Product Officer and co-founder. Yunah Lee was appointed Chief Financial Officer in 2017, Sen Sugano was appointed Chief Brand Officer in 2019 and Matt Cohen was appointed Chief Revenue Officer in 2021.


title: GOAT (platform)

text: GOAT implements a “ship-to-verify” model that uses machine learning to verify the authenticity of the sneakers on its platform. In 2019, the platform expanded into new markets and categories to offer luxury and streetwear apparel and accessories in addition to secondhand products.


title: GOAT (platform)

text: In February 2018, GOAT and Flight Club announced their merger, creating an omni-channel approach for the business. The brands operate independently, as GOAT focuses on mobile and web listings, while Flight Club focuses on global retail and e-commerce consignment. In February 2019, Foot Locker invested $100 million into GOAT Group, combining their efforts across their digital and physical retail platforms. In July 2019, GOAT launched in China.


title: GOAT (platform)

text: In September 2020, GOAT raised $100 million from D1 Capital Partners to double its market value to nearly $2 billion. GOAT increased its market value to $3.75 billion over the following nine months, raising $195 million led by Park West Asset Management.


title: Perfusionist

text: A cardiovascular perfusionist, clinical perfusionist or perfusiologist, and occasionally a cardiopulmonary bypass doctor or clinical perfusion scientist, is a healthcare professional who operates the cardiopulmonary bypass machine (heart–lung machine) during cardiac surgery and other surgeries that require cardiopulmonary bypass to manage the patient's physiological status. As a member of the cardiovascular surgical team, the perfusionist also known as the clinical perfusionist helps maintain blood flow to the body's tissues as well as regulate levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, using a heart–lung machine.


title: Perfusionist

text: Perfusionists form part of the wider cardiovascular surgical team which includes cardiac surgeons, anesthesiologists, and residents. Their role is to conduct extracorporeal circulation as well as ensure the management of physiologic functions by monitoring the necessary variables. The perfusionist provides consultation to the physician in selecting appropriate equipment and techniques to be used.


title: Perfusionist

text: Other responsibilities include administering blood products, administering anesthetic agents or drugs, measuring selected laboratory values (such as blood cell count), monitoring circulation, monitoring blood gases, surveil anticoagulation, induction of hypothermia, and hemodilution. Sometimes, perfusionists are granted administrative tasks such as purchasing supplies or equipment, as well as personnel and departmental management.


title: Perfusionist

text: Perfusionists can be involved in a number of cardiac surgical procedures, select vascular procedures and a few other surgical procedures in an ancillary role.


title: Perfusionist

text: Perfusionists may participate in curative or staged palliative procedures to treat the following pediatric pathologies:


title: Perfusionist

text: Select ancillary procedures in which perfusion techniques and/or perfusionists may be involved include isolated limb perfusion, intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion and tracheal resection/repair.


title: Perfusionist

text: In the United States, a four-year bachelor's degree is a prerequisite for admission into an accredited perfusion program, typically with a concentration in biology, chemistry, anatomy and physiology, varying depending on specific perfusion program. As of 2022, there are 18 accredited perfusion training programs, of which ten are master's degrees, seven are certificate programs, and one is a bachelor's degrees. Training typically consists of two years of academic and clinical education. A perfusion student will typically begin his or her training in a didactic fashion in which the student will closely follow instructions from a certified clinical perfusionist in the confines of a cardiac surgery procedure. Academic coursework may be concurrent or precede this clinical instruction. Early in their clinical training, the perfusion student may have little involvement outside of an observational role. However, as time progresses, more tasks may be incrementally delegated to them. Upon graduating from a perfusion program, the graduate must begin the certification process. In the interim, the perfusion graduate is typically referred to as board-eligible, which is sufficient for employment in cardiac surgery with the understanding that achieving certified status is required for long-term employment. Most employers have stipulations on the duration of board-eligible status.


title: Perfusionist

text: To become certified as a certified clinical perfusionist, a perfusionist must undergo a two-part exam administered by the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion. The first part is the Perfusion Basic Science Exam and the second part the Clinical Applications in Perfusion Exam. The exam process is open to a perfusion student that has graduated or about to graduate from an accredited perfusion education program. In addition, a perfusion student must have participated in a minimum of 75 perfusions during the course of their training before sitting for the Perfusion Basic Science Exam and performed 40 independent perfusions after graduation before sitting for the Clinical Applications in Perfusion Exam. Upon passing the Clinical Applications in Perfusion Exam, the perfusionist is designated a certified clinical perfusionist.


title: Perfusionist

text: Following certification, perfusionists must be recertified every year by attaining minimum clinical and educational requirements. Proof of fulfillment of these recertification requirements must be submitted to the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion and are mandatory to maintain certified status to use the designation.


title: Perfusionist

text: As of February 2010, there were 3,766 certified perfusionists in the United States and approximately 300 certified perfusionists in Canada.


title: Perfusionist

text: In Canada, there are three training programs: Burnaby in Western Canada, Toronto and Montreal in Eastern Canada. British Columbia Institute of Technology in Burnaby offers an advanced specialty certificate in cardiovascular perfusion to graduates of its two-year program. Applicants must be certified respiratory therapists, critical care nurses, or cardiac professionals with two years or more of current experience in cardiac critical care. Applicants to the Michener Institute program in Toronto must have a bachelor's degree at minimum, with or without respiratory therapy, nursing or other clinical certification. The training program is 16 months to two years. The perfusion program of the Université de Montréal is a three-year bachelor's degree of 90 credits in biomedical science of which 27 credits are specific to clinical perfusion and in addition a diplôme d’études supérieurs spécialisées (DESS) of 30 credits in clinical perfusion of one-year at the master level.


title: Perfusionist

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, a bachelor's degree in a science subject (usually life or clinical sciences) is a prerequisite to enrolment on the two-year perfusion training course. Trainees must complete a two-year MSc program at the University of Bristol while employed as a trainee perfusionist by a sponsoring hospital trust. This post is paid as an annex U AfC band 7. They complete academic assessments (essays and exams), while in the workplace moving from a purely observational role to one in which they are capable of managing the patient while they are on cardiopulmonary system with minimal supervision. Once a trainee has been the primary perfusionist in 150 clinical procedures, they must undertake a practical exam. For this exam, the candidate is observed by two external examiners whilst building and priming a cardiopulmonary circuit, then using it during a surgical operation. After the practical exam, trainees must complete a 40-minute "viva voce" exam, which tests their academic knowledge. After this is successfully completed, they are awarded an MSc in Clinical Perfusion Science and the status of accredited clinical perfusion scientist. They must maintain this by performing a minimum of 40 clinical procedures per year.


title: Perfusionist

text: In Australia and New Zealand, a perfusionist must have at least a science degree (usually in health sciences) as an entry requirement before training. Further didactic training is in a practical format at a hospital whilst doing a three-year course via correspondence and e-learning, with the Australian and New Zealand College of Perfusionists (ANZCP). The final examination for a clinical perfusionist is administered by the ANZCP over two days. This involves three hours of written assessment, two hours of multiple choice questions, and four half-hour "viva voce".


title: Perfusionist

text: A separate profession is the medical perfusionist who is a physician who has undertaken additional subspecialty training.


title: Perfusionist

text: In India, there are different programs for educating perfusionists. A three-year bachelor's degree program (most common)with one year internship, a two-year post-graduate diploma are available. Bachelor's and masters degree in some reputed institutions (i.e. PGI Chandigarh, AIIMS New Delhi, jipmer, naryana groups Bangalore, Sawai Mansingh Medical College Jaipur, Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar). Recently, the Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion of India introduced certification.


title: Perfusionist

text: In China, Egypt, and some South American countries, a clinical perfusionist is a medical doctor who has completed subspecialty training.


title: Perfusionist

text: In Argentina, a perfusionist is a medical doctor, usually a cardiologist, who has undertaken additional sub-specialty training. They are often referred to as "hemodinamistas" (hemodynamics specialists).


title: Fifi (Better Call Saul)

text: "Fifi" is the eighth episode of the second season of the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", the spinoff series of "Breaking Bad". The episode aired on April 4, 2016 on AMC in the United States. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Fifi (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy McGill accepts Kim Wexler's offer to set up separate firms in shared office space, and Kim announces to Howard Hamlin her resignation from HHM. Howard accepts and wishes her well. Immediately after Kim exits Howard's office, Howard and she race to secure the Mesa Verde account. Kim meets with Kevin Wachtell and Paige Novick, Mesa Verde's president and chief legal counsel, and they agree to become a client of her solo practice. Kim and Jimmy set up their practices in a re-purposed dentists' office. Howard reports Kim's resignation and the loss of Mesa Verde to Chuck. Chuck braves his electromagnetic hypersensitivity symptoms to meet with Kevin and Paige at HHM and damns Kim with faint praise, which causes Kevin to back out of his agreement with Kim and continue with HHM. Chuck is unable to continue suppressing his EHS symptoms and collapses as soon as the meeting is over.


title: Fifi (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy pretends Fudge, an elderly registered sex offender, is a World War II veteran so his camera crew and he can gain access to a U.S. Air Force base. Once inside, they use "FIFI", a World War II-era Boeing B-29 Superfortress, as the backdrop for a TV ad to attract new clients to Jimmy's elder law practice. Upset at losing Mesa Verde, Kim has doubts about her future with Jimmy, but he reassures her there will be other opportunities to win over big clients.


title: Fifi (Better Call Saul)

text: Ernesto tells Jimmy that Chuck McGill's condition has worsened because of his time at HHM's offices. Jimmy goes to Chuck's home and volunteers to take over Chuck's care. After Chuck falls asleep, Jimmy accesses the Mesa Verde files, then visits an all-night copy store to falsify information in the application documents for a soon-to-open branch. Mike Ehrmantraut continues to watch Hector Salamanca's restaurant and tracks his movements to a remote garage. After returning home, he uses a garden hose, nails, and power drill to begin assembling a homemade spike strip.


title: Fifi (Better Call Saul)

text: The opening shot of this episode is notable for being a 4-minute and 22-second seamless "one shot". The shot was inspired by the famous opening shot of Orson Welles's "Touch of Evil", and used techniques including 3D digital elements and animation, matte paintings, and extensive rotoscope. The episode was nominated for a Primetime Emmy for "Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role" for the work done.


title: Fifi (Better Call Saul)

text: The episode received very positive reviews from critics. It holds a perfect 100% positive rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 on the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes. The critics' consensus reads: "Emotionally foreboding and beautifully shot, "Fifi" draws empathy for several key characters, even those normally disliked."


title: Fifi (Better Call Saul)

text: Terri Schwartz of IGN gave the episode an 8.7 rating, writing "A sabotage of a sabotage as Jimmy and Kim try to set up a new law practice."


title: Fifi (Better Call Saul)

text: This episode was nominated at the 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: Pacific Theatres' Cinerama Dome is a movie theater located at 6360 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California. Designed to exhibit widescreen Cinerama films, it opened November 7, 1963. The original developer was William R. Forman, founder of Pacific Theatres. The Cinerama dome continued as a leading first-run theater, most recently as part of the ArcLight Hollywood complex, until it closed temporarily in March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in California. The Arclight chain closed permanently in April 2021, with the theater never having reopened. In June 2022, it was announced that there are plans to reopen under the new name, Cinerama Hollywood.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: In February 1963, Cinerama Inc. unveiled a radically new design for theaters that would show its movies. They would be based on the geodesic dome developed by R. Buckminster Fuller, would cost half as much as conventional theaters of comparable size, and could be built in half the time. Cinerama's goal was to see at least 600 built worldwide within two years. The following April, Pacific Theatres Inc. announced plans to build the first theater based upon the design, and had begun razing existing buildings at the construction site. Located on Sunset near Vine Street, it would be the first new major motion picture theater in Hollywood in 33 years, and would be completed in time for the scheduled November 2 press premiere of "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World". The design was proposed by French architect Pierre Cabrol, lead designer in the noted architectural firm of Welton Becket and Associates. Pierre Cabrol worked with R. Buckminster Fuller during his studies at MIT.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: Pacific Theatres founder, William R. Forman, announced the construction of the Cinerama Dome in July 1963 at a star studded ground breaking ceremony where Spencer Tracy, Buddy Hackett, Mickey Rooney, Dick Shawn, Edie Adams, and Dorothy Provine donned hard hats, and with picks and shovels, began construction. Forman had committed to United Artists that the theatre would be ready for the November 7, 1963 world premiere of the first movie filmed in the new 70mm, single strip Cinerama process, Stanley Kramer’s "It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, World". Working around the clock, the entire construction spanned only 16 weeks. The Cinerama Dome is the only concrete geodesic dome in the world. The theatre is made up of 316 individual hexagonal and pentagonal shapes in 16 different sizes. Each of these pieces is approximately across and weighs around . The theatre also has design elements such as a loge section with stadium seating, architecturally significant floating stairways, and at the time of its opening, the largest contoured motion picture screen in the world, measuring high and wide.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: The "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" premiere (filmed in Ultra Panavision 70) marked the dawn of "single lens" Cinerama. Previously, Cinerama was known for its groundbreaking three-projector process. From 1963 until 2002, the Cinerama Dome never showed movies with the three-projector process. (The nearby Warner Cinerama at 6433 Hollywood Boulevard used the three-projector process until December 1964.) A unique "rectified" print was made with increased anamorphic compression towards the sides, which compensated for distortions that would otherwise be induced by Cinerama's deeply curved screen.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: In 2002 after a two-year closure, the Cinerama Dome was reopened as a part of Pacific Theatres' ArcLight Hollywood complex. The dome remains essentially unchanged though there have been improvements, notably in the acoustics. But for the first time ever, the Cinerama Dome began showing movies in the three-projector format. It is one of only three such theaters in the world.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: The Cinerama Dome made its digital projection debut in May 2005 with "". In 2009, James Cameron's "Avatar" was the first 3D film to be shown in the Cinerama Dome, using technology from XpanD 3D.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: In December 2015, the Cinerama Dome upgraded to a laser projection system, using two Christie 6P projectors and Dolby 3D. The venue is still capable of both 35mm and 70mm film projection.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: In April 2021, the parent company of Pacific Theatres announced that it would not be reopening any of its locations including the Cinerama Dome due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: In June 2022, it was reported that Decurion Corp. has plans to reopen the theater under the name Cinerama Hollywood along with the adjoining 14-screen multiplex. There are also plans to include two bars and a restaurant at the location. Three months later, it was reported that the theater would not be reopening until at least the latter part of 2023.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: With its wide screen, advanced acoustics and 70mm film capability, the Cinerama Dome remained a favorite for film premieres and "event" showings. But by the late 1990s the motion picture exhibition business began to favor multiplex cinemas, and Pacific Theatres proposed a plan to remodel the Dome as a part of a shopping mall/cinema complex. Historical preservationists were outraged, not wishing to see another great theater turned into a multiplex or destroyed. At the same time, a small contingent of Cinerama enthusiasts had begun resurrecting the three-projector process. They and the preservationists prevailed upon Pacific to rethink its plans for the property.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: The preservation of the Cinerama Dome came at a time when most other surviving Cinerama theaters were being demolished. An example of this was the case of the Indian Hills Theater in Omaha, Nebraska, a round Cinerama theater boasting a 110-foot screen that was razed in 2001 to make room for a parking lot.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: One of the earliest appearances of the Cinerama Dome was in the 1968 B movie crime drama "Girl in Gold Boots" during a montage of the main characters arriving in Los Angeles. (The movie was later shown as a feature presentation in a 1999 episode of the comedy series "Mystery Science Theater 3000".)


title: Cinerama Dome

text: The Cinerama Dome was featured in the 2008 film "Frost/Nixon" directed by Ron Howard in the scene recreating the Hollywood premiere of the Sherman Brothers' 1976 musical film, "The Slipper and the Rose".


title: Cinerama Dome

text: The Cinerama Dome appeared in Season 1 Episode 4 of "Entourage" as the premier theater for "Head On", Vincent Chase's first feature film.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: It was also shown in "Melrose Place"'s fourth episode, "Vine", as the location for the premiere of the fictional movie "Kensington Squared."


title: Cinerama Dome

text: The theater also appears briefly in the 2016 film "Keanu", starring Keegan-Michael Key and Jordan Peele.


title: Cinerama Dome

text: The Cinerama Dome appears in Quentin Tarantino's 2019 film "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood", shown screening "Krakatoa, East of Java" in 1969. The "Krakatoa" posters used during filming remained on the theater for the film's 70mm engagement there.


title: Solar radius

text: Solar radius is a unit of distance used to express the size of stars in astronomy relative to the Sun. The solar radius is usually defined as the radius to the layer in the Sun's photosphere where the optical depth equals 2/3:


title: Solar radius

text: The unmanned SOHO spacecraft was used to measure the radius of the Sun by timing transits of Mercury across the surface during 2003 and 2006. The result was a measured radius of .


title: Solar radius

text: Haberreiter, Schmutz & Kosovichev (2008) determined the radius corresponding to the solar photosphere to be . This new value is consistent with helioseismic estimates; the same study showed that previous estimates using inflection point methods had been overestimated by approximately .


title: Solar radius

text: In 2015, the International Astronomical Union passed Resolution B3, which defined a set of nominal conversion constants for stellar and planetary astronomy. Resolution B3 defined the "nominal solar radius" (symbol formula_2) to be equal to "exactly" . The nominal value, which is the rounded value, within the uncertainty, given by Haberreiter, Schmutz & Kosovichev (2008), was adopted to help astronomers avoid confusion when quoting stellar radii in units of the Sun's radius, even when future observations will likely refine the Sun's actual photospheric radius (which is currently only known to about an accuracy of ±).


title: Solar radius

text: Solar radii as a unit are common when describing spacecraft moving close to the sun. Two spacecraft in the 2010s include:


title: The Devil's Brigade (film)

text: The Devil's Brigade is a 1968 American DeLuxe Color war film filmed in Panavision, based on the 1966 book of the same name co-written by American novelist and historian Robert H. Adleman and Col. George Walton, a member of the brigade.


title: The Devil's Brigade (film)

text: The film recounts the formation, training, and first mission of the 1st Special Service Force, a joint American-Canadian commando unit, known as the Devil's Brigade. The film dramatizes the Brigade's first mission in the Italian Campaign, the task of capturing what is considered an impregnable German mountain stronghold, Monte la Difensa.


title: The Devil's Brigade (film)

text: In the summer of 1942, American Lieutenant Colonel Robert T. Frederick, a War Department staff officer with no prior combat or command experience, is summoned to Britain where he is selected by Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten to raise a commando force composed of both American and Canadian personnel for operations in German-occupied Norway.


title: The Devil's Brigade (film)

text: Back in the U.S., Frederick arrives at the derelict Fort William Henry Harrison in Montana where he receives his American troops — all of whom are jailbirds, ne'er-do-wells, and misfits. When the hand-picked elite Canadian contingent arrives there is immediate friction with the Americans and chaos ensues. By the time Frederick manages to overcome the national differences and mold the First Special Service Force into a highly trained commando unit, he is informed that the Allied High Command have had a change of heart and offered the Norwegian missions to British troops. Left without a role, the brigade is ordered to be disbanded and its soldiers reassigned. Frederick remains undeterred and manages to persuade Lieutenant General Mark Clark to give his men a chance to prove themselves with a new mission in Italy.


title: The Devil's Brigade (film)

text: Clark's skeptical deputy commander, Major General Maxwell Hunter, orders the 1st Special Service Force to reconnoiter a Wehrmacht garrison in an Italian town, but Frederick goes one better and captures the entire town. In the process, they earn the nickname "Die Teufelsbrigade" — The Devil's Brigade.


title: The Devil's Brigade (film)

text: Convinced now of the ability of Frederick's men, Lieutenant General Clark promotes Frederick to full Colonel and gives them a task no other Allied troops have managed to accomplish — to capture Monte la Difensa. Facing severe obstacles, the Devil's Brigade attacks the undefended eastern side of the mountain by scaling a cliff the Germans believed could not be climbed. Reaching the top as a unit, they take the stronghold despite considerable losses, allowing the Allies to continue their advance north into Italy.