title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: A common understanding exists that in the national level HOV model fits well. In fact, Davis and others found that HOV model fitted extremely well with the regional data of Japan. Even when the HOV formula fits well, it does not mean that Heckscher–Ohlin theory is valid. Indeed, Heckscher–Ohlin theory claims that the state of factor endowments of each country (or each region) determines the production of each country (respectively of each region) but Bernstein and Weinstein found that the factor endowments have little predictive power. The factor-endowments-driven model (FED model) has errors much greater than the HOV model.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: Unemployment is the vital question in any trade conflict. Heckscher–Ohlin theory excludes unemployment by the very formulation of the model, in which all factors (including labour) are employed in the production.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: The Leontief paradox, presented by Wassily Leontief in 1953, found that the U.S. (the most capital-abundant country in the world by any criterion) exported labor-intensive commodities and imported capital-intensive commodities, contrary to the Heckscher–Ohlin theory.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: However, if labor is separated into two distinct factors, skilled labor and unskilled labor, the Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is more accurate. The U.S. tends to export skilled-labor-intensive goods, and tends to import unskilled-labor-intensive goods.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: The factor equalization theorem (FET) applies only to the most advanced countries. The average wage in Japan was once as big as 70 times the wage in Vietnam. These wage discrepancies are not normally in the scope of the H–O model analysis.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: Heckscher–Ohlin theory is badly adapted to the analyze south–north trade problems. The assumptions of H–O are unrealistic with respect to north–south trade. Income differences between North and South is the concern that third world cares most. The factor price equalization theorem has not shown a sign of realization, even for a long time lag of a half century.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: The standard Heckscher–Ohlin model assumes that the production functions are identical for all countries concerned. This means that all countries are in the same level of production and have the same technology, yet this is highly unrealistic. Technological gap between developed and developing countries is the main concern for the development of poor countries. The standard Heckscher–Ohlin model ignores all these vital factors when one wants to consider development of less developed countries in the international context. Even between developed countries, technology differs from industry to industry and firm to firm base. Indeed, this is the very basis of the competition between firms, inside the country and across the country. See the New Trade Theory in this article below.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: In the modern production system, machines and apparatuses play an important role. What is referred to as capital is nothing other than these machines and apparatuses, together with materials and intermediate products consumed in the production process. Capital is the most important of factors, or one should say as important as labor. By the help of machines and apparatuses, the human being got a tremendous production capability. These machines, apparatuses and tools are classified as capital, or more precisely as durable capital, for one uses these items for many years. Their quantity is not changed at once. But the capital is not an endowment given by the nature. It is composed of goods manufactured in the production and often imported from foreign countries. In this sense, capital is internationally mobile and the result of past economic activity. The concept of capital as natural endowment distorts the real role of capital. Capital is a production power accumulated by the past investment.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: Capital goods take different forms. It may take the form of a machine-tool such as lathe or a conveyor belt. Capital goods can be highly specialised and have no use beyond the precise operation they are intended for. Despite this, capital in the Heckscher–Ohlin model is assumed to be homogeneous and transferable to any form if necessary. This assumption not only conflicts with the observable diversity and specificity of the capital stock, but also contains a further flaw, namely in how the amount of capital is measured. Usually, this would be done through the price system, which depends on the profit rate. However, In the Heckscher–Ohlin model, the rate of profit is determined according to how abundant capital is. If capital is scarce, it has a high rate of profit. If it is abundant, the profit rate is low. Therefore, before the profit rate is determined, the amount of capital is not measured - but we need to know the amount of capital to know the rate of profit! This logical difficulty was the subject of the so-called Cambridge Capital Controversies, which ultimately concluded that the concept of homogeneous capital was untenable. This is a serious blow to Heckscher-Ohlin theory, which has not been able to refute this theoretical flaw at the heart of the model.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: Standard Heckscher–Ohlin theory assumes the same production function for all countries. This implies that all firms are identical. The theoretical consequence is that there is no room for firms in the H–O model. By contrast, the New Trade Theory emphasizes that firms are heterogeneous.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: From the middle of the 19th century to 1930s, giant flows of immigration took place from Europe to North America. It is estimated that more than 60 million people crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Some politicians worried about negative consequences of immigration, such as cultural conflicts. For those politicians, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of Trade provided a good reason “in support of both restrictions on labor migration and free trade in goods”.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: New Trade Theory analyses individual enterprises and plants in an international competitive situation. The classical trade theory—i.e., the Heckscher–Ohlin model—has no enterprises in mind. The new trade theory treats enterprises in an industry as identical entities. "New" New Trade Theory (NNTT) gives focus on the diversity of enterprises. It is a fact that some enterprises engage in export and some that do not. Some enterprises invest directly in the foreign country in order to produce and sell in that country. Some other enterprises engage only in export. Why does this kind of differences occur? New Trade Theory tries to find out the reasons of these well observed facts.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: New Trade theorists challenge the assumption of diminishing returns to scale, and some argue that using protectionist measures to build up a huge industrial base in certain industries would then allow those sectors to dominate the world market via a network effect.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: The gravity model of international trade predicts bilateral trade flows based on the economic sizes of two nations, and the distance between them.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: Ricardian theory is now extended in a general form to include not only labor, but also inputs of materials and intermediate goods. In this sense, it is much more general and plausible than the Heckscher–Ohlin model and escapes the logical problems such as capital as endowments, which is, in reality, produced goods.


title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: As the theory permits different production processes to coexist in an industry of a country, the Ricardo–Sraffa theory can give a theoretical bases for the New Trade Theory.


title: Hafgufa

text: The hafgufa is mentioned in the mid-13th century Norwegian tract called the "Konungs skuggsjá" ("King's Mirror"). Later recensions of "Örvar-Odds" saga feature "hafgufa" and "lyngbakr" as similar but distinct creatures.


title: Hafgufa

text: According to the Norwegian didactic work, this creature uses its own vomit like chumming bait to gather prey fish. In the "Fornaldarsaga", the hafgufa is reputed to consume even whales or ships and men, though Oddr's ship merely sailed through its jaws above water, which appeared to be nothing more than rocks.


title: Hafgufa

text: In the "Snorra Edda", the "hafgufa" ("sea-steamer") appears in the list ("þulur") of whales. The spelling is also in some copies. An 18th century source glosses the term 'mermaid' as .


title: Hafgufa

text: This was rendered ""hafgufa" ('[mermaid]')" in a recent excerpt of this work, but has been translated 'kraken' in the past. It was translated as "sea-reek" in the saga.


title: Hafgufa

text: In the "Speculum regale" (aka "Konungs skuggsjá", the "King's Mirror"), an Old Norwegian philosophical didactic work written in the mid-13th century, the King told his son of several whales that inhabit the Icelandic seas, concluding with a description of a large whale that he himself feared, but he doubted anyone would believe him about without seeing it. He described the "hafgufa" as a massive fish that looked more like an island than like a living thing. The King noted that "hafgufa" was rarely seen, but always seen in the same two places. He concluded there must be only two of them and that they must be infertile, otherwise the seas would be full of them.


title: Hafgufa

text: The King described the feeding manner of "hafgufa": The fish would belch, which would expel so much food that it would attract all the nearby fish. Once a large number had crowded into its mouth and belly, it would close its mouth and devour them all at once.


title: Hafgufa

text: Its mention in the "Speculum regale" was noted by Olaus Wormiaus (Ole Worm) in his posthumous "Museum Wormianum" (1654) and by another Dane, Thomas Bartholin the senior (1657). Ole Worm classed it as the 22nd type of "Cetus", as did Bartholin, but one difference was that Ole Worm's book printed the entry with the skewed spelling hafgufe.


title: Hafgufa

text: In the later version of Örvar-Odds saga dating to the late 14th century, "hafgufa" is described as the largest sea monster () of all, which fed on whales, ships, men, and anything it could catch, according to the deck officer Vignir Oddsson who knew the lore. He said it lived underwater, but reared its snout ("mouth and nostrils") above water for a duration until the tide changed, and that it was the nostril and lower jaw which they had sailed in-between, although they mistook these for two massive rocks rising from the sea.


title: Hafgufa

text: Örvar-Oddr and his crew, who started from the Greenland Sea were sailing along the coast south and westward, towards a fjord called Skuggi on Helluland (also given by the English-translated name of "Slabland"), and it is on the way there that they encountered two monsters, the "hafgufa" ('sea-reek') and "lyngbakr" ('heather-back').


title: Hafgufa

text: Although the original aspidochelone was a turtle-island of warmer waters, this was reinvented as a type of whale named "aspedo" in the Icelandic "Physiologus" (fragment B, No. 8). In the Icelandic "aspedo" was described as a whale () being mistaken for an island, and as opening its mouth to issue a perfume of sorts to attract prey. observed that these were represented as two distinct illustrations in the Icelandic copy; he further theorized that this led to the mistaken notion of separate creatures called "hafgufa" and "lyngbakr" in existence, as occurs in the saga.


title: Hafgufa

text: Contrary to the saga, Danish physician Thomas Bartholin in his "Historiarum anatomicarum" IV (1657) stated that the "hafgufa" ('sea vapor') was synonymous with 'lyngbak' ([sic.], 'back like "Erica" plants'). He added that it was on the back of this beast that St. Brendan read his Mass, causing the island to sink after their departure. The Icelander Jón Guðmundsson (d. 1658)'s "Natural History of Iceland" also equated the "lyngbakr" and "hafgufa" with the beast mistaken for an island in St. Brendan's voyage. The island-like creature is indeed told of in the legend of Brendan's voyage, though the giant fish is named Jasconius/Jaskonius.


title: Hafgufa

text: Hans Egede writing on the kracken (kraken) of Norway equates it with the Icelandic "hafgufa", though has heard little on the latter. and later, the non-native Moravian cleric 's "History of Greenland" (1765, in German) treated "hafgafa" as synonymous with the "krake"["n"] in the Norwegian tongue. However, Finnur Jónsson for instance has expressed skepticism towards the notion which developed that the "krake" had its origins in the "hafgufa".


title: Java bytecode

text: In computing, Java bytecode is the bytecode-structured instruction set of the Java virtual machine (JVM), a virtual machine that enables a computer to run programs written in the Java programming language and several other programming languages, see List of JVM languages.


title: Java bytecode

text: A Java programmer does not need to be aware of or understand Java bytecode at all. However, as suggested in the IBM developerWorks journal, "Understanding bytecode and what bytecode is likely to be generated by a Java compiler helps the Java programmer in the same way that knowledge of assembly helps the C or C++ programmer."


title: Java bytecode

text: The JVM is both a stack machine and a register machine. Each frame for a method call has an "operand stack" and an array of "local variables". The operand stack is used for operands to computations and for receiving the return value of a called method, while local variables serve the same purpose as registers and are also used to pass method arguments. The maximum size of the operand stack and local variable array, computed by the compiler, is part of the attributes of each method. Each can be independently sized from 0 to 65535 values, where each value is 32 bits. and types, which are 64 bits, take up two consecutive local variables (which need not be 64-bit aligned in the local variables array) or one value in the operand stack (but are counted as two units in the depth of the stack).


title: Java bytecode

text: Each bytecode is composed of one byte that represents the opcode, along with zero or more bytes for operands.


title: Java bytecode

text: Of the 256 possible byte-long opcodes, , 202 are in use (~79%), 51 are reserved for future use (~20%), and 3 instructions (~1%) are permanently reserved for JVM implementations to use. Two of these (codice_1 and codice_2) are to provide traps for implementation-specific software and hardware, respectively. The third is used for debuggers to implement breakpoints.


title: Java bytecode

text: There are also a few instructions for a number of more specialized tasks such as exception throwing, synchronization, etc.


title: Java bytecode

text: Many instructions have prefixes and/or suffixes referring to the types of operands they operate on. These are as follows:


title: Java bytecode

text: For example, codice_17 will add two integers, while codice_18 will add two doubles. The codice_19, codice_20, and codice_21 instructions may also take a suffix of the form codice_22, where "n" is a number from 0–3 for codice_20 and codice_21. The maximum "n" for codice_19 differs by type.


title: Java bytecode

text: The codice_19 instructions push a value of the specified type onto the stack. For example, codice_27 will push an integer (32 bit value) with the value 5 onto the stack, while codice_28 will push a double (64 bit floating point value) with the value 1 onto the stack. There is also an codice_29, which pushes a reference. The "n" for the codice_20 and codice_21 instructions specifies the index in the local variable array to load from or store to. The codice_3 instruction pushes the object in local variable 0 onto the stack (this is usually the codice_33 object). codice_34 stores the integer on the top of the stack into local variable 1. For local variables beyond 3 the suffix is dropped and operands must be used.


title: Java bytecode

text: A Java compiler might translate the Java code above into bytecode as follows, assuming the above was put in a method:


title: Java bytecode

text: The most common language targeting Java virtual machine by producing Java bytecode is Java. Originally only one compiler existed, the javac compiler from Sun Microsystems, which compiles Java source code to Java bytecode; but because all the specifications for Java bytecode are now available, other parties have supplied compilers that produce Java bytecode. Examples of other compilers include:


title: Java bytecode

text: Some projects provide Java assemblers to enable writing Java bytecode by hand. Assembly code may be also generated by machine, for example by a compiler targeting a Java virtual machine. Notable Java assemblers include:


title: Java bytecode

text: Others have developed compilers, for different programming languages, to target the Java virtual machine, such as:


title: Java bytecode

text: There are several Java virtual machines available today to execute Java bytecode, both free and commercial products. If executing bytecode in a virtual machine is undesirable, a developer can also compile Java source code or bytecode directly to native machine code with tools such as the GNU Compiler for Java (GCJ). Some processors can execute Java bytecode natively. Such processors are termed "Java processors".


title: Java bytecode

text: The Java virtual machine provides some support for dynamically typed languages. Most of the extant JVM instruction set is statically typed - in the sense that method calls have their signatures type-checked at compile time, without a mechanism to defer this decision to run time, or to choose the method dispatch by an alternative approach.


title: Java bytecode

text: JSR 292 ("Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages on the Java Platform") added a new codice_35 instruction at the JVM level, to allow method invocation relying on dynamic type checking (instead of the extant statically type-checked codice_36 instruction). The Da Vinci Machine is a prototype virtual machine implementation that hosts JVM extensions aimed at supporting dynamic languages. All JVMs supporting JSE 7 also include the codice_35 opcode.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion is a deep learning, text-to-image model released in 2022. It is primarily used to generate detailed images conditioned on text descriptions, though it can also be applied to other tasks such as inpainting, outpainting, and generating image-to-image translations guided by a text prompt.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion is a latent diffusion model, a variety of deep generative neural network developed by the CompVis group at LMU Munich. The model has been released by a collaboration of Stability AI, CompVis LMU, and Runway with support from EleutherAI and LAION. In October 2022, Stability AI raised US$101 million in a round led by Lightspeed Venture Partners and Coatue Management.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion's code and model weights have been released publicly, and it can run on most consumer hardware equipped with a modest GPU with at least 8 GB VRAM. This marked a departure from previous proprietary text-to-image models such as DALL-E and Midjourney which were accessible only via cloud services.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion uses a variant of diffusion model (DM), called latent diffusion model (LDM). Introduced in 2015, diffusion models are trained with the objective of removing successive applications of Gaussian noise on training images which can be thought of as a sequence of denoising autoencoders. Stable Diffusion consists of 3 parts: the variational autoencoder (VAE), U-Net, and an optional text encoder. The VAE encoder compresses the image from pixel space to a smaller dimensional latent space, capturing a more fundamental semantic meaning of the image. Gaussian noise is iteratively applied to the compressed latent representation during forward diffusion. The U-Net block, composed of a ResNet backbone, denoises the output from forward diffusion backwards to obtain latent representation. Finally, the VAE decoder generates the final image by converting the representation back into pixel space. The denoising step can be flexibly conditioned on a string of text, an image, and other modalities. The encoded conditioning data is exposed to denoising U-Nets via a cross-attention mechanism. For conditioning on text, the fixed, pretrained CLIP ViT-L/14 text encoder is used to transform text prompts to an embedding space. Researchers point to increased computational efficiency for training and generation as an advantage of LDMs.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion was trained on pairs of images and captions taken from LAION-5B, a publicly available dataset derived from Common Crawl data scraped from the web, where 5 billion image-text pairs were classified based on language, filtered into separate datasets by resolution, a predicted likelihood of containing a watermark, and predicted "aesthetic" score (e.g. subjective visual quality). The dataset was created by LAION, a German non-profit which receives funding from Stability AI. The Stable Diffusion model was trained on three subsets of LAION-5B: laion2B-en, laion-high-resolution, and laion-aesthetics v2 5+. A third-party analysis of the model's training data identified that out of a smaller subset of 12 million images taken from the original wider dataset used, approximately 47% of the sample size of images came from 100 different domains, with Pinterest taking up 8.5% of the subset, followed by websites such as WordPress, Blogspot, Flickr, DeviantArt and Wikimedia Commons.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: The model was initially trained on the laion2B-en and laion-high-resolution subsets, with the last few rounds of training done on LAION-Aesthetics v2 5+, a subset of 600 million captioned images which the LAION-Aesthetics Predictor V2 predicted that humans would, on average, give a score of at least 5 out of 10 when asked to rate how much they liked them. The LAION-Aesthetics v2 5+ subset also excluded low-resolution images and images which LAION-5B-WatermarkDetection identified as carrying a watermark with greater than 80% probability. Final rounds of training additionally dropped 10% of text conditioning to improve Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidance.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: The model was trained using 256 Nvidia A100 GPUs on Amazon Web Services for a total of 150,000 GPU-hours, at a cost of $600,000.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion has issues with degradation and inaccuracies in certain scenarios. Initial releases of the model were trained on a dataset that consists of 512×512 resolution images, meaning that the quality of generated images noticeably degrades when user specifications deviate from its "expected" 512×512 resolution; the version 2.0 update of the Stable Diffusion model later introduced the ability to natively generate images at 768×768 resolution. Another challenge is in generating human limbs due to poor data quality of limbs in the LAION database. The model is insufficiently trained to understand human limbs and faces due to the lack of representative features in the database, and prompting the model to generate images of such type can confound the model. In addition to human limbs, generating animal limbs have been observed to be challenging as well, with the observed failure rate of 25% when trying to generate an image of a horse.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Accessibility for individual developers can also be a problem. In order to customize the model for new use cases that are not included in the dataset such as generating anime characters ("waifu diffusion"), new data and further training are required. Fine-tuned adaptations of Stable Diffusion created through additional retraining have been used for a variety of different use-cases, from medical imaging to algorithmically-generated music. However, this fine-tuning process is sensitive to the quality of new data; low resolution images or different resolutions from the original data can not only fail to learn the new task but degrade the overall performance of the model. Even when the model is additionally trained on high quality images, it is difficult for individuals to run models in consumer electronics. For example, the training process for waifu-diffusion requires a minimum 30 GB of VRAM, which exceeds the usual resource provided in consumer GPUs, such as Nvidia’s GeForce 30 series having around 12 GB.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: The creators of Stable Diffusion acknowledge the potential for algorithmic bias, as the model was primarily trained on images with English descriptions. As a result, generated images reinforce social biases and are from a western perspective as the creators note that the model lacks data from other communities and cultures. The model gives more accurate results for prompts that are written in English in comparison to those written in other languages with western or white cultures often being the default representation.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: To address the limitations of the model's initial training, end-users may opt to implement additional training for the purpose of fine-tuning generation outputs to match more specific use-cases. There are three methods in which user-accessible fine tuning can be applied to a Stable Diffusion model checkpoint:


title: Stable Diffusion

text: The Stable Diffusion model supports the ability to generate new images from scratch through the use of a text prompt describing elements to be included or omitted from the output. Existing images can be re-drawn by the model to incorporate new elements described by a text prompt (a process known as "guided image synthesis") through its diffusion-denoising mechanism. In addition, the model also allows the use of prompts to partially alter existing images via inpainting and outpainting, when used with an appropriate user interface that supports such features, of which numerous different open source implementations exist.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion is recommended to be run with 10 GB or more VRAM, however users with less VRAM may opt to load the weights in float16 precision instead of the default float32 to tradeoff model performance with lower VRAM usage.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: The text to image sampling script within Stable Diffusion, known as "txt2img", consumes a text prompt in addition to assorted option parameters covering sampling types, output image dimensions, and seed values. The script outputs an image file based on the model's interpretation of the prompt. Generated images are tagged with an invisible digital watermark to allow users to identify an image as generated by Stable Diffusion, although this watermark loses its efficacy if the image is resized or rotated.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Each txt2img generation will involve a specific seed value which affects the output image. Users may opt to randomize the seed in order to explore different generated outputs, or use the same seed to obtain the same image output as a previously generated image. Users are also able to adjust the number of inference steps for the sampler; a higher value takes a longer duration of time, however a smaller value may result in visual defects. Another configurable option, the classifier-free guidance scale value, allows the user to adjust how closely the output image adheres to the prompt. More experimentative use cases may opt for a lower scale value, while use cases aiming for more specific outputs may use a higher value.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Additional text2img features are provided by front-end implementations of Stable Diffusion, which allow users to modify the weight given to specific parts of the text prompt. Emphasis markers allow users to add or reduce emphasis to keywords by enclosing them with brackets. An alternative method of adjusting weight to parts of the prompt are "negative prompts". Negative prompts are a feature included in some front-end implementations, including Stability AI's own DreamStudio cloud service, and allow the user to specify prompts which the model should avoid during image generation. The specified prompts may be undesirable image features that would otherwise be present within image outputs due to the positive prompts provided by the user, or due to how the model was originally trained, with mangled human hands being a common example.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion also includes another sampling script, "img2img", which consumes a text prompt, path to an existing image, and strength value between 0.0 and 1.0. The script outputs a new image based on the original image that also features elements provided within the text prompt. The strength value denotes the amount of noise added to the output image. A higher strength value produces more variation within the image but may produce an image that is not semantically consistent with the prompt provided.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: The ability of img2img to add noise to the original image makes it potentially useful for data anonymization and data augmentation, in which the visual features of image data are changed and anonymized. The same process may also be useful for image upscaling, in which the resolution of an image is increased, with more detail potentially being added to the image. Additionally, Stable Diffusion has been experimented with as a tool for image compression. Compared to JPEG and WebP, the recent methods used for image compression in Stable Diffusion face limitations in preserving small text and faces.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Additional use-cases for image modification via img2img are offered by numerous front-end implementations of the Stable Diffusion model. Inpainting involves selectively modifying a portion of an existing image delineated by a user-provided layer mask, which fills the masked space with newly generated content based on the provided prompt. A dedicated model specifically fine-tuned for inpainting use-cases was created by Stability AI alongside the release of Stable Diffusion 2.0. Conversely, outpainting extends an image beyond its original dimensions, filling the previously empty space with content generated based on the provided prompt.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: A depth-guided model, named "depth2img", was introduced with the release of Stable Diffusion 2.0 on November 24, 2022; this model infers the depth of the provided input image, and generates a new output image based on both the text prompt and the depth information, which allows the coherence and depth of the original input image to be maintained in the generated output.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion claims no rights on generated images and freely gives users the rights of usage to any generated images from the model provided that the image content is not illegal or harmful to individuals. The freedom provided to users over image usage has caused controversy over the ethics of ownership, as Stable Diffusion and other generative models are trained from copyrighted images without the owner’s consent.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: As visual styles and compositions are not subject to copyright, it is often interpreted that users of Stable Diffusion who generate images of artworks should not be considered to be infringing upon the copyright of visually similar works. However, individuals depicted in generated images may be protected by personality rights if their likeness is used, and intellectual property such as recognizable brand logos still remain protected by copyright. Nonetheless, visual artists have expressed concern that widespread usage of image synthesis software such as Stable Diffusion may eventually lead to human artists, along with photographers, models, cinematographers, and actors, gradually losing commercial viability against AI-based competitors.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Stable Diffusion is notably more permissive in the types of content users may generate, such as violent or sexually explicit imagery, in comparison to other commercial products based on generative AI. Addressing the concerns that the model may be used for abusive purposes, CEO of Stability AI, Emad Mostaque, explains that "[it is] peoples' responsibility as to whether they are ethical, moral, and legal in how they operate this technology", and that putting the capabilities of Stable Diffusion into the hands of the public would result in the technology providing a net benefit, in spite of the potential negative consequences. In addition, Mostaque argues that the intention behind the open availability of Stable Diffusion is to end corporate control and dominance over such technologies, who have previously only developed closed AI systems for image synthesis. This is reflected by the fact that any restrictions Stability AI places on the content that users may generate can easily be bypassed due to the open-source nature of the license which Stable Diffusion was released under.


title: Stable Diffusion

text: Unlike models like DALL-E, Stable Diffusion makes its source code available, along with pretrained weights. Its license prohibits certain use cases, including crime, libel, harassment, doxing, "exploiting ... minors", giving medical advice, automatically creating legal obligations, producing legal evidence, and "discriminating against or harming individuals or groups based on ... social behavior or ... personal or personality characteristics ... [or] legally protected characteristics or categories". The user owns the rights to their generated output images, and is free to use them commercially.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange is a city in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. It is west of the state capital, Sydney [ on a great circle], at an altitude of . Orange had an estimated urban population of 40,493 as of June 2018 making the city a significant regional centre. A significant nearby landmark is Mount Canobolas with a peak elevation of and commanding views of the district. Orange is situated within the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri Nation.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange is the birthplace of poets Banjo Paterson and Kenneth Slessor, although Paterson lived in Orange for only a short time as an infant. Walter W. Stone, book publisher (Wentworth Books) and passionate supporter of Australian literature, was also born in Orange. The first Australian Touring Car Championship, known today as V8 Supercar Championship Series, was held at the Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit in 1960.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The Orange region is the traditional land of the Wiradjuri people. Known as the people of the three rivers, the Wiradjuri people have inhabited New South Wales for at least 60,000 years.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: In 1822 Captain Percy Simpson arrived in the Wellington District and established a convict settlement which was called "Blackman's Swamp" after James Blackman; Simpson had employed James Blackman as a guide because he had already accompanied an earlier explorer, John Oxley into that region.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: In the late 1820s, the surveyor J. B. Richards worked on a survey of the Macquarie River below Bathurst and also of the road to Wellington. On a plan dated 1829, he indicated a village reserve, in the parish of Orange. Sir Thomas Mitchell named the parish Orange, as he had been an associate of the Prince of Orange in the Peninsular War, when both were aides-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, whose title was bestowed on the valley to the west by Oxley.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Initial occupation by graziers began in late 1829, and tiny settlements eventually turned into larger towns as properties came into connection with the road. In 1844, the surveyor Davidson was sent to check on encroachments onto the land reserved for a village, and to advise on the location for a township. His choices were Frederick's Valley, Pretty Plains, or Blackman's Swamp.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Blackman's Swamp was chosen, and it was proclaimed a village and named Orange by Major Thomas Mitchell in 1846 in honour of Prince William of Orange. At nearby Ophir, a significant gold find in Australia was made in 1851, resulting in a sporadic population movement which is known as the Australian gold rush. Additional gold finds in nearby areas led to the establishment of Orange as a central trading centre for the gold.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The growth of Orange continued as the conditions were well suited for agriculture, and in 1860 it was proclaimed a municipality. The railway from Sydney reached Orange in 1877. In 1946, 100 years after it was first being established as a village, Orange was proclaimed as a minor city.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange was proposed as a site for Australia's national capital city, prior to the selection of Canberra. The new capital city would have adjoined the town of Orange, which would have been included in the surrounding federal territory.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Owing to its altitude, Orange has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen "Cfb"), with warm summers (though with cool mornings) and cold, wet winters with frequent morning frosts. The city is relatively wet for an inland location owing to orographic effects from Mount Canobolas, especially during the cooler months when snow falls; Orange is the only city in Australia to receive annual snowfall (that is, guaranteed snow every year), although far from a regular occurrence on account of its northern latitude. Due to its windward position on the western side of the ranges, Orange experiences significantly wetter winters than the cities in the east, namely Lithgow and Bathurst.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Compared with most population centres in Australia it has colder winters, especially in terms of its daytime maximum temperatures, owing to its westerly exposure. In summer, the average (and absolute) maximum temperatures are also lower than in most inland centres, on account of its elevation. Owing to its inland location, the humidity is low in the summer months with the dewpoint typically around 10 °C. Having 99.8 clear days annually, it is still cloudier than the coastal areas of Sydney and Wollongong (104 and 107 clear days, respectively), with a marked lack of sunshine in winter compared to summer.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The climate has enabled the area to be a major apple and pear producer, and a centre for cool-weather wine production.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange is a well-known fruit growing district, and produces apples, pears, and many stone fruits such as cherries, peaches, apricots, and plums; oranges are not grown in the area, since its climate is too cool. In recent years, a large number of vineyards have been planted in the area for rapidly expanding wine production. The growth of this wine industry, coupled with the further development of Orange as a gourmet food capital, has ensured Orange's status as a prominent tourism destination.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange is also the location of the headquarters of the New South Wales Department of Industry (Department of Industry, Skills and Regional Development, the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries).


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The following primary schools are not within the city limits of Orange but are located within the rural fringe of Orange:


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The following are listed as the suburbs within Orange City Council, according to the New South Wales Division of Local Government:


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Cadia-Ridgeway Mine is a large open cut gold and copper mine located about 20 kilometres south of Orange, the mine has been developed throughout the 1990s employing several thousand employees with an expected lifespan of several decades. Cadia is the second largest open cut mine in Australia after the Super Pit at Kalgoorlie. Large mineral deposits are also being uncovered from the more recently developed Ridgeway underground mine which is adjacent to the Cadia Mine.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The Orange wine region is defined as the area above 600m in the local government areas of Orange, Cabonne and Blayney and can be usefully described as a circle around Orange. The Orange region is good for grape growing and winemaking due to a combination of geology, soils, climate and temperature. Together these factors combine to produce grapes and wine of distinct flavours and colour. The climate perhaps plays the biggest part in giving Orange some distinct natural advantages – the cool temperatures during most of the growing season coupled with dry autumn conditions are ideal for grape growing.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Wineries that use Orange region grapes in their wines include Brokenwood Wines (Hunter Valley based), Logan (Mudgee), Tamburlaine (Hunter Valley), Gartelmann (Hunter Valley), Windowrie (Central Ranges), Eloquesta Wines (Mudgee) and Lowe Wines (Mudgee). In 2007, South Australian based Penfolds winery released the 2007 Penfolds Bin 311 Orange Region Chardonnay.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange is served by several radio stations, including 105.1 Triple M Central West 2GZFM, 105.9 Hit Central West, FM107.5 Orange Community Radio, 103.5 Rhema FM, "One Central West FM88" and 2EL 1089AM – a commercial station that gets most of its programming from 2SM in Sydney. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) also broadcasts from four radio stations in Orange including ABC Local Radio (2CR) on 549AM and three national networks – ABC Classic FM on 102.7 FM, ABC Radio National on 104.3 FM, and Triple J on 101.9 FM.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The city receives five network television stations – Prime7 (a Seven Network affiliate), WIN TV (a Nine Network affiliate), Southern Cross 10 (a Network 10 affiliate), ABC TV and SBS.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Subscription television service Foxtel is available in Orange and the surrounding region via satellite.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The local newspapers are the "Central Western Daily", "The Orange App" (online daily news), the "Midstate Observer" and "Orange City Life".


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange has many attractions. There are bush walking trails in Orange including; Spring Glade Walking Track, Cook Park Heritage Walk, Summits Walking Tracks, Nangar National Park and Mullion Range State Conservation Area. Borenore Caves is a series of limestone caves. Duntryleague Golf Club and Clubhouse, Mount Canobolas and Federal Falls in the Mount Canobolas State Conservation Area, Lake Canobolas, Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit, the historic centre of Orange and the Orange Botanic Gardens are also near the town.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange is situated on the Mitchell Highway, linking the city to Molong, Wellington, Dubbo and Bourke to the north west, and to Bathurst to the east and from there to Sydney via the Great Western Highway (). Due west are Parkes () and Forbes (), which is midway along the Newell Highway, running from Brisbane, Queensland to Melbourne, Victoria. In 2007 a bypass road, known as the northern distributor road, was opened for use after decades of planning.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange Buslines operate a number of routes within the city and a service to the neighbouring city of Bathurst. Newman's Bus Service operates route two on weekdays to Blayney. Australia Wide Coaches operate a daily coach service to Sydney.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: NSW TrainLink operate several coach services with connecting train services from Lithgow to Sydney, as well as a less frequent coach service to Cootamundra for connection to Melbourne.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange is also serviced by a regional-class airport, Orange Airport, located approximately 15 km to the south of the city, in an area known as Huntley.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange has two railway stations. The main station, on the Main Western Line to Bourke, was opened in 1877 and is served by the daily NSW TrainLink "Central West XPT" service between Sydney and Dubbo and the weekly "Outback Xplorer" service between Sydney and Broken Hill. A smaller station, opened in 1970, known as Orange East Fork, lies on the branch line to Broken Hill was served by the weekly "Indian Pacific" service to Perth but due to low passenger numbers using this station (16 for the entire year 2017) this "bare bones" station is no longer used and the Indian-Pacific no longer stopping between Mt. Victoria and Broken Hill.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange has several water sources used for domestic consumption, both currently in use and formerly used. Currently Suma Park Dam and Spring Creek Reservoir are used for domestic water consumption. Two other dams, Lake Canobolas and Gosling Creek Reservoir, were previously used for domestic water consumption; however, they are now used for recreational purposes. The city is currently on Level 2 water restrictions, following good rain (Sept 2020). Orange City Council is undertaking a number of strategies to supplement its supply, including stormwater harvesting.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The first batch of harvested stormwater was released into Suma Park Dam on 21 April 2009. The harvested stormwater was tested by Analytical Laboratory Services, an independent laboratory based in Sydney. ALS tested for 90 potential pollutants. The tests revealed that the water quality met all targets. The first batch contained 14 megalitres. It is believed to be an Australian first for harvesting stormwater for potable use. The hardware is in place, operating rules have been developed and environmental factors and impacts on downstream users have been considered. A three-month trial will ensure all these elements are working together to ensure high water quality and environmental standards are met.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: There are several phases involved in the commissioning period. The hardware, which includes three separate pumping stations, creek flow monitoring points and advanced electronics including fibre optic cables, will undergo further operating tests. The other elements of the scheme include a weir on Blackmans Swamp Creek, which creates a 3 megalitre pool and the site for the first pump station, a 200 megalitre dam and two 17 megalitre batching ponds. The pumps on the creek transfer stormwater to the 200 megalitre dam at a rate of up to 450 litres per second and are designed to rapidly extract peak storm flows from the creek. The operating rules require that a base flow immediately downstream in the creek must be maintained. The creek flow monitoring points ensure these standards are met. The monitoring station also measures when harvesting can commence. The trigger is flows passing the monitor in Blackmans Swamp Creek exceeding 1000 litres per second.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: The local mine, Cadia-Ridgeway Mine, uses the city's treated effluent to supplement its water supply.


title: Orange, New South Wales

text: Orange is currently planning to implement a pipeline from the Macquarie river to boost the town water supply. This is hotly debated, and researchers believe that it will endanger threatened wetland areas.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: Black Pearl is a sailing yacht launched in 2016, which is in length. It has three DynaRig masts supporting a sail area of . The yacht was known during its build process originally as "Oceanco Y712" and thereafter as "Project Solar". The hull is steel, the superstructure aluminum, and the masts carbon fiber. The yacht is owned by the family of Russian billionaire Oleg Burlakov, who died on 21 June 2021.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: It is expected that "Black Pearl" can cross the Atlantic using only of fuel, aided by regenerative technologies. One key technology to support this is to use the speed of the vessel through the water under sail to generate electricity with a variable pitch propeller. The yacht also features heat capture technologies and large scale storage batteries to capture energy generated but not immediately used.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: Inspired by the , the intention behind the project was to push the boundaries of the DynaRig system and demonstrate the potential for larger DynaRig-equipped vessels.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: The creation of the yacht, then known as "Project Solar", began on 7 July 2010 when Ken Freivokh was contracted to handle styling and design on the project. Given their involvement with "Maltese Falcon", Freivokh introduced Dykstra Naval Architects to the project, and the team were able to advance the DynaRig system and to improve performance through changes both to mast shape and installation. The preliminary concept that resulted was codenamed "Nautilus".


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: Freivokh then commissioned Devonport Yachts (Pendennis Shipyards) to undertake technical studies to complete the tendering package. The tendering process began in June 2011 and included seven shipyards worldwide.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: By November 2011, Freivokh had extended the design from 96 m to and a scale model was produced. Dutch builders Oceanco were selected from the tendering process to construct the yacht at their Rotterdam (The Netherlands) shipyard.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: The design and details of the yacht developed continuously during the build process, with the owner having a direct input on many aspects of the final design. The final design had the yacht at 106.8 m, and the yacht, built under the name "Y712", was then named "Black Pearl".


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: The overall yacht design was done by Ken Freivokh, Gerard Villate, Nigel Gee, and Nuvolari Lenard, with others. The yacht was constructed at Oceanco, a shipyard in Alblasserdam, the Netherlands and launched in September 2016.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: The DynaRig owes its origin to Wilhelm Prölss' research in the 1960s. The DynaRig consists of freestanding rotating masts with rigid yards and acts as a square rig. Each of "Black Pearl"s masts supports six yards, which, unlike a conventional square rigger, have built-in camber of 12%. The fifteen square sails are set between the yards in such a way that when deployed there are no gaps in the sail plan of each mast, enabling them to act as a single airfoil. The furling sails are stored in the mast and can be deployed along tracks on the yards in six minutes. The sails are trimmed by rotating the masts. As there is no rigging, the masts and yards can be rotated without restriction for all points of sail, making "Black Pearl" a capable upwind clipper.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: "Black Pearl" is a sailing yacht with three high masts and is capable of in suitable weather conditions. It also has diesel engines that can propel it to . She is capable of accommodating up to 12 guests in one master suite, two VIP and two double guests cabins.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: As a private yacht, "Black Pearl" can accommodate 12 guests and has various features, including an on-deck Jacuzzi, convertible cinema, full beam beach club, and a tender garage. Total interior volume is 2,700 gross tons. She has also won the Sailing Superyacht of the Year Award in 2019.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: "Black Pearl" is designed to generate electricity to power its on-board systems by using its propeller as a turbine as the yacht is propelled by the wind.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: Under sea trials, "Black Pearl" achieved 20 knots of speed on the water, and its developers expect that it will be able to transit the Atlantic using no fuel.


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: In the 21st century, the largest sailing yachts greatly increased in size. In the 1990s, even long was considered a large boat, said one yacht designer looking back. Yachts like "Athena" and "Mirabella V" were a big increase, and followed by "Maltese Falcon". In the 2010s, a host of similar and larger yachts came to fruition, including "Sailing Yacht A", "Aquijo", and "Black Pearl".


title: Black Pearl (yacht)

text: While these vessels are large for sailing yachts, this size is more common among motor yachts. There are quite a number of large sailing vessels for other purposes, especially those for passenger cruises.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: Osei Tutu II (born Nana Barima Kwaku Duah; 6 May 1950) is the 16th Asantehene, enstooled on 26 April 1999. By name, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II is in direct succession to the 17th-century founder of the Ashanti Empire, Otumfuo Osei Tutu I. He is also the Chancellor of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Otumfuo Osei Tutu II is the Grand Patron of the Grand Lodge of Ghana and the Sword Bearer of the United Grand Lodge of England.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: He was born on 6 May 1950 and named Nana Barima Kwaku Duah, the third son and youngest of the five children (three sons and two daughters) of Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Ampem II, Asantehemaa (Queen-mother of the Ashanti). His father Nana Kwame Boakye-Dankwa was from Kantinkyere in Ashanti and was also the Brehyia Duke of Asante. Nana Kwame Boakye-Dankwa died on 1 January 2002, in Kumasi, Ashanti.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: Otumfuo Osei Tutu was named after his paternal grandfather, Ohenenana Kwaku Duah (Nana Agari), Brahyiahene, of Kantinkyiren in the Atwima district.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: His siblings include Nana Ama Konadu, (Nana Konadu Yiadom III) who is the 14th Asanteheemaa, as well as the late Barima Kwabena Poku, Barima Akwasi Prempeh.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: When he was about five years old, Otumfuo moved into the royal household of his uncle, Oheneba Mensah Bonsu, the Hiahene, enstooled in 1952, as early preparation for his future role.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: Osei Tutu has six children. His father had other offspring from other marriages, including Yaw Boateng, Kwaku Duah, Kwabena Agyei-Bohyen, Afua Sarpong and Ama Agyemang (Kumasi, Ashanti), Fredua Agyeman Prempeh, Nana Kwasi Agyemang Prempeh and Nana Kwasi Boachie Gyambibi (Kumasi, Ashanti).


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: The Asantehene Osei Tutu II's name at birth, Nana Barima Kwaku Duah, is the name of the Asante monarch's paternal grandfather.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: He had his elementary education in Kumasi and in 1964, went on to the Sefwi Wiaso Secondary School where he obtained his 'O' Level and was taught by the late Omanhene of Sefwi Wiawso, Nana Kwadwo Aduhene II who was a cousin of Otumfuo's guardian uncle, Oheneba Mensah Bonsu, Hiahene. He also attended the Osei Kyeretwie Secondary School (OKESS). He studied accountancy studies at the erstwhile Institute of Professional Studies, which is today known as University of Professional Studies in Accra. He then enrolled at the Polytechnic of North London (now London Metropolitan University), where he earned the Diploma in Management and Administration. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the university at a ceremony at the Barbican Centre on 11 January 2006.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: Between 1981 and 1985, he was a senior consultant at the Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company in Toronto, Canada.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: He returned to London in 1985 and became the Personnel Officer at the HPCC Stonebridge Bus Garage Project, in the London Borough of Brent. He then founded his own mortgage finance firm, Primoda Financial Services Limited, located on Kilburn High Road, North West London. He returned to his native Ghana in 1989 to start a transport business, the Transpomech International (Ghana) Limited.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: The Asantehene is highly revered in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Osei Tutu has frequently commented on the work of Ghanaian politicians.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: He received international media attention after some of the Ashanti crown jewels were allegedly stolen from an Oslo hotel in October 2012 when he was attending a conference in the Norwegian capital.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In August 2019, he celebrated the Akwasidae with the Ghanaian community in the United Kingdom whilst on a short visit there. Dignitaries at the function included Paapa Owusu Ankomah, the Ghana High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In February 2020, he became the first person to receive the 'Pillar of Peace Award'. This was in recognition of the effort that he put into restoring peace to the Kingdom of Dagbon which spanned nearly two decades.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: Asantehene Otumfuo Osei Tutu II of the Empire of Asante resides at the Manhyia Palace in Kumasi, the capital city of Ashanti region and the Empire of Asante.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: President John Agyekum Kufuor instituted the Committee of Eminent Chiefs, headed by Osei Tutu II, to intervene in the 2002 Dagbon chieftaincy crisis. The committee's mandate included facilitating negotiations and mediating talks between the Andani and Abudu royal families, and drawing a roadmap for the restoration of peace in the Kingdom of Dagbon. The committee presented their recommendations to the Government of Ghana on 21 November 2018. The government implemented the recommendations that included the performance of the funerals of Mahamadu IV and Yakubu II from 14 December 2018 to 18 January 2019. These were then followed by the investiture of Bukali II as substantive regent of the Kingdom of Dagbon. In December 2019, Bukali II paid a courtesy call on Otumfuo Osei Tutu at the Manhyia Palace, to express his gratitude for the role the Asante king played in the peace process.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: Osei Tutu II's 20th anniversary commemoration took place on 21 April 2019, at the Dwabirem of the Manhyia Palace. This was at the grand durbar of the Akwasidaekese. Dignitaries like Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, Michael Ashwin Satyandre Adhin the vice president of Suriname and Torgbui Sri, the Awomefia of the Anlo state were in attendance. Other dignitaries included Diplomats and royals from Namibia, Kuwait, Germany, China, Morocco, Latvia, Botswana and Palestine. On 19 April 2019,there was a sod cutting ceremony to launch the construction of a hostel at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. The next day the sod was cut for some other projects like the GUSS Sports Complex, Beach Soccer Park and Hospital Car Park.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In June 2019, Osei Tutu II destooled two chiefs for various offences against the stool. Akyamfou Kwame Akowuah was dethroned for violating the Great Oath of Asanteman. Nana Ahenkro Sei Ababio III was also deposed for disregarding directives about chieftaincy and land disputes. In April 2018, the Atwimahene, Nana Antwi Agyei Brempong II was destooled by the Asantehene. He was found guilty of misuse of the Great Oath, flouting the monarch's decrees about land administration and several other misdeeds. He was later pardoned and reinstated. In 2009 Nana Kofi Agyei Bi III, the chief of Atwimah was destooled for fraudulent sale of land. In 2015, Nana Mensah Bonsu chief of Pakyi Number One was destooled for inciting the youth to wreak havoc in the area. In 2002 Osei Tutu destooled Ohenenana Kwaku Duah, the chief of Bonwire, for insubordination and a blatant disregard of customs in the installation and deposition of his sub chiefs. In July 2020, the Bantamahene was summoned before the monarch on charges of land encroachment and the diversion of the Subin river without permission. He was pardoned after some of the divisional chiefs pleaded for clemency. He was ordered to reverse all action in the land encroachment and river diversion and also fined.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In July 2019, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II announced his devotion to protect the water bodies of the Asante Kingdom. This would involve the planting of 2.5 million trees around Lake Bosomtwe and would cover 400 hectares. This would aid in improving the ecosystem, cushion climate change and enhance environmental awareness among the communities around the lake. The tree planting initiative is a collaboration between the Oheneba Poku Foundation and Manhyia Palace. The Forestry Commission, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Water Resources Commission, the Ghana Tourism Authority, UNESCO, the District Assemblies of Bosome-Freho and Bosumtwe, and the Lake Bosomtwe Community Resources Management Areas (CREMA), which is an NGO are the other stakeholders.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: The Asantehene has joined forces with the National Lottery Authority (NLA) and is preparing to launch the Otumfuo Lottery Game. This is a fundraising initiative to support the Otumfuo Charity Foundation. In May 2019, a working committee that composed of members of the National Lottery Authority (NLA), the State Enterprise Commission (SEC) and the Asante state's governance team, presented a report to the monarch for approval. The National Association of Private Lotto Operators and Agents in Ghana expressed their preparedness to embrace the game so its objective would be achieved.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: The Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Charity Foundation was officially launched in April 2009. It was established to enable the monarch serve his people in two of his main focus areas: education and health. In line with this, the "Otumfuo Educational Fund" was established in 1999 for the enhancement of education for Ghanaians and the Serwah Ampem AIDS Foundation for children who had HIV/AIDS or were affected by it. The Educational fund had by April 2019, supported 301,980 students with scholarships and other forms of support. This number is made up of 25,756  students who received full scholarships and 276,224 others who received one form of financial support or the other. By October 2019, over 600 teachers had been recognized in the foundation's teacher awards program. This was to show appreciation to teachers who were working in poverty stricken areas and had no access to electricity, telephones, potable water and other basic amenities. Many teachers refuse to be posted to these areas due to the impoverished conditions of living. The awards are in the forms of money, laptops, refrigerators and scholarships up to PhD level studies.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In October 2017, Global Communities partnered with the Foundation to start up the Youth Inclusive Entrepreneurial Development Initiative for Employment (YIEDIE) project. The initiative was for five years and aimed at creating opportunities in the construction industry, to benefit economically disadvantaged youth. Global Communities, a non-profit organization with a global reach, works with communities to create sustainable changes that improve the lives and livelihoods of the less privileged. The implementation of this project was in conjunction with the Mastercard Foundation. The project operates in Ghana's five largest cities: Accra, Kumasi, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ashaiman, and Tema and will provide opportunities for at least 23,700 youth, between ages 17–24, who earn less than $2 per day.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In November 2017, 4,946 children from eight districts in the Ashanti, Ahafo, Bono and Bono East Regions (Sekyere North, Bekwai Municipality, Atwima Mponua, Bibaini-Anwhiaso-Bekwai, Bosomtwe, Offinso Municipality, New Edubaise and Goaso district) were given free computer training. This was done by a collaboration between Otumfuo-Agroecom Mobile Library Project (OAMLP), which is a subsidiary of the Otumfuo Charity Foundation, and Agroecom Ghana Ltd, a cocoa buying company. This initiative is in line with its aim to bridge the gap in learning conditions between the urban and less privileged communities and instill reading and the use of ICT in pupils at the basic level.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In January 2019, an agreement was entered into by the Foundation and Young Educators Foundation who are the organizers of the <nowiki>"</nowiki>Spelling Bee" competition. This was geared towards making the literary programs of the Young Educators Foundation available to less privileged communities and public schools in the Ashanti Region. This would give 100 students the opportunity to benefit from the program every year.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In May 2020, junior high school students in Kumasi received over 2000 books and dictionaries. Some of the communities that benefited from this gesture were Bohyen, Aduato, Adumanu, Ampabame and South Suntreso. This was aimed at keeping students academically active while schools were closed to control the spread of COVID-19.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In June 2020, the Foundation donated books to about 750 Junior High School students from 11 basic schools in the Ahafo Region of Ghana. This was to facilitate the excellent performance of the students, especially in the Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE).


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In July 2020, AngloGold Ashanti teamed up with the Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Charity Foundation and the Obuasi Municipal and East Educational Directorates to roll out a Live Radio and Distance Learning Programme in Obuasi. This was to ensure continuation in learning, even though schools had been closed down to control COVID-19. The Foundation was supported by the mine with an amount of 150,000 Ghana Cedis (GH₵) for the purchase and distribution of 10,000 copies of Readers and Workbooks to Junior High School Students in the catchment area.


title: Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

text: In March 2021, the name of the foundation was changed to Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Foundation(OOTIIF). This come about as a result of the Otumfuo Education Fund, the Serwaa Ampem Foundation for Children and the Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Charity Foundation being merged into one charity with a new board of trustees and management. The new board was constituted of Nana Prof. Oheneba Boachie-Adjei Woahene II as the chair and Sir Samuel Esson Jonah, Dr. Kwaku Mensa-Bonsu, Mrs. Margaret Boateng Sekyere,Dr. Kwame Bawuah-Edusei, Rev. Akua Ofori-Boateng, Mr. Andrew Asamoah, Nana Akuoku Boateng and Mrs. Mariam Agyeman Gyasi Jawhary.


title: Hyde Jekyll, Me

text: Hyde Jekyll, Me () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Hyun Bin and Han Ji-min. It is based on Lee Choong-ho's webtoon "Dr. Jekyll Is Mr. Hyde" (), which gave a romantic comedy spin on the literary character. The series aired on SBS from January 21 to March 26, 2015 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 20 episodes.


title: Hyde Jekyll, Me

text: Gu Seo-jin (Hyun Bin), is a third-generation chaebol who runs the theme park Wonder Land. He seemingly has everything — looks, brains, and fortune. He is also in line to become the next CEO of Wonder Group, the conglomerate his family owns, though his cousin Ryu Seung-yeon (Han Sang-jin), who oversees Wonder Hotel is his rival for the position. But Seo-jin has dissociative identity disorder. Whenever his heart rate exceeds 150, another personality emerges, and unlike Seo-jin's usual cold, cynical and ruthless self, Robin is kind, gentle and has a savior complex. This split personality began 15 years ago, and Seo-jin's doctor Kang Hee-ae believes that Robin is a manifestation of his guilt regarding a traumatic incident then. Because of this, Seo-jin avoids anything that might cause him to have a strong physical or emotional reaction which could trigger Robin's reappearance, even if that means shutting himself away from the world and eschewing any meaningful relationships.


title: Hyde Jekyll, Me

text: Jang Ha-na (Han Ji-min), has just returned to Korea after spending several years in the United States with Cirque du Soleil. Like her grandfather and father before her, she is set to take over as circus master of the circus show at Wonder Land, which had once been the park's primary attraction. Ha-na vows to save the failing circus and dreams of revamping it back to its former glory, but she finds herself butting heads with Seo-jin, who wants to get rid of it due to low ticket sales and high overhead costs. But with every antagonistic encounter with Ha-na, Seo-jin notes the alarming spike on his heart monitor, and the two become further embroiled with each other. After Dr. Kang tells Seo-jin that she has found a cure for his condition, she gets kidnapped by a mysterious assailant who almost succeeds in killing Ha-na, making her the only witness. However, the traumatic experience has caused Ha-na to block out the man's face, and she goes to Dr. Kang's student, hypnotherapist Yoon Tae-joo (Sung Joon), to help her remember. With Ha-na's life in danger, the more Robin appears and the more she falls for him, to Seo-jin's dismay.


title: Hyde Jekyll, Me

text: The series received low percentage of ratings for a prime-time television series. It received mainly negative reviews, particularly for its inconsistent plot.


title: Hyde Jekyll, Me

text: Author Lee Choong-ho, who in 2011 wrote the webtoon "Hyde Jekyll, Me" was adapted from, alleged on his Twitter account that the screenwriter of "Kill Me, Heal Me" plagiarized his work. Both TV series are about a woman who falls in love with a man with multiple personality disorder, and air in the same timeslot. MBC denied the plagiarism accusation, while SBS clarified that Lee's statement was his personal opinion and did not reflect the stance of the whole production team.


title: Hyde Jekyll, Me

text: Thailand's Channel 3 television drama "" received criticism that its plot was too similar to "Hyde". However, the producer insisted that there was no plagiarism involved.


title: Hot or Not

text: Hot or Not, currently rebranded as Chat & Date, is a rating site that allowed users to rate the attractiveness of photos submitted voluntarily by others. The site offered a matchmaking engine called 'Meet Me' and an extended profile feature called "Hotlists". The domain hotornot.com is currently owned by Hot Or Not Limited, and was previously owned by Avid Life Media. 'Hot or Not' was a significant influence on the people who went on to create the social media sites Facebook and YouTube.


title: Hot or Not

text: Users would submit photographs of themselves to the site for the purpose of other users to rate said person's attractiveness on a scale of 1 - 10, with the cumulative average acting as the overall score for a given photograph.


title: Hot or Not

text: The site was founded in October 2000 by James Hong and Jim Young, two friends and Silicon Valley-based engineers. Both graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in electrical engineering, with Young pursuing a Ph.D at the time. It was inspired by some other developers' ideas.


title: Hot or Not

text: The site was a technical solution to a disagreement the founders had one day over a passing woman's attractiveness. The site was originally called "Am I Hot or Not". Within a week of launching, it had reached almost two million page views per day. Within a few months, the site was immediately behind CNET and NBCi on NetNielsen Rating's Top 25 advertising domains. To keep up with rising costs Hong and Young added a matchmaking component to their website called "Meet Me at Hot or Not", i.e. a system of range voting. The matchmaking service has been especially successful and the site continues to generate most of its revenue through subscriptions. In the December 2006 issue of "Time" magazine, the founders of YouTube stated that they originally set out to make a version of Hot or Not with Video before developing their more inclusive site. Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook similarly got his start by creating a Hot or Not type site called FaceMash, where he posted photos from Harvard's Facebook for the university's community to rate.


title: Hot or Not

text: Hot or Not was sold for a rumored $20 million on February 8, 2008, to Avid Life Media, owners of Ashley Madison. Annual revenue reached $7.5 million, with net profits of $5.5 million. They initially started off $60,000 in debt due to tuition fees James paid for his MBA. On July 31, 2008, Hot or Not launched Hot or Not Gossip and a Baresi rate box (a "hot meter") – a subdivision to expand their market, run by former radio DJ turned celebrity blogger Zack Taylor.


title: Hot or Not

text: In 2012, Hot or Not was purchased by Badoo, which is owned by Bumble Inc. The app is currently rebranded as Chat & Date which uses a similar user interface to Badoo and shares user accounts between both sites.


title: Hot or Not

text: Hot or Not was preceded by other rating sites, like RateMyFace, which was registered a year earlier in the summer of 1999, and AmIHot.com, which was registered in January 2000 by MIT freshman Daniel Roy. Regardless, despite any head starts of its predecessors, Hot or Not quickly became the most popular. Since AmIHotOrNot.com's launch, the concept has spawned many imitators. The concept always remained the same, but the subject matter varied greatly. The concept has also been integrated with a wide variety of dating and matchmaking systems. In 2007 BecauseImHot.com launched and deleted anyone with a rating below 7 after a voting audit or the first 50 votes (whichever is first).


title: Hot or Not

text: In 2005, as an example of using image morphing methods to study the effects of averageness, imaging researcher Pierre Tourigny created a composite of about 30 faces to find out the current standard of good looks on the Internet. On the Hot or Not web site, people rate others' attractiveness on a scale of 1 to 10. An average score based on hundreds or even thousands of individual ratings takes only a few days to emerge. To make this hot or not palette of morphed images, photos from the site were sorted by rank and used SquirlzMorph to create multi-morph composites from them. Unlike projects like Face of Tomorrow, where the subjects are posed for the purpose, the portraits are blurry because the source images are of low resolution with differences in variables such as posture, hair styles and glasses, so that in this instance images could use only 36 control points for the morphs. A similar study was done with Miss Universe contestants, as shown in the averageness article, as well as one for age, as shown in youthfulness article.


title: Hot or Not

text: A 2006 "hot" or "not" style study, involving 264 women and 18 men, at the Washington University School of Medicine, as published online in the journal "Brain Research", indicates that a person's brain determines whether an image is erotically appealing long before the viewer is even aware they are seeing the picture. Moreover, according to these researchers, one of the basic functions of the brain is to classify images into a hot or not type categorization. The study's researchers also discovered that sexy shots induce a uniquely powerful reaction in the brain, equal in effect for both men and women, and that erotic images produced a strong reaction in the hypothalamus.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Gay interpretations have been part of the academic study of the Batman franchise at least since psychiatrist Fredric Wertham asserted in his 1954 book "Seduction of the Innocent" that "Batman stories are psychologically homosexual". Several characters in the Modern Age Batman comic books are expressly gay, lesbian, or bisexual.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: The early Golden Age Batman stories were dark and violent, but during the late 1940s and the early 1950s they changed to a softer, friendlier and more exotic style that was considered campy. This style awoke contemporary and later associations with gay culture.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In "Seduction of the Innocent", Fredric Wertham claimed, "the Batman type of story may stimulate children to homosexual fantasies, of the nature of which they may be unconscious" and "only someone ignorant of the fundamentals of psychiatry and of the psychopathology of sex can fail to realize a subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature 'Batman' and his young friend Robin". This book was issued in the context of the "lavender scare" where authorities regarded homosexuality as a security risk. Wertham's work is now often criticized, with one review of his work by Carol L. Tilley stating that he "manipulated, overstated, compromised and fabricated evidence".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Andy Medhurst wrote in his 1991 essay "Batman, Deviance, and Camp" that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because "he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality", "the 1960s TV series remains a touchstone of camp" and "[he] merits analysis as a notably successful construction of masculinity".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: The Comics Bulletin website posed the question "Is Batman Gay?" to their staff and various comic book professionals. Writer Alan Grant has stated: "The Batman I wrote for 13 years isn't gay. Denny O'Neil's Batman, Marv Wolfman's Batman, everybody's Batman all the way back to Bob Kane… none of them wrote him as a gay character. Only Joel Schumacher might have had an opposing view". Writer Devin Grayson has commented: "It depends who you ask, doesn't it? Since you're asking me, I'll say no, I don't think he is… I certainly understand the gay readings, though". While Frank Miller has described the relationship between Batman and the Joker as a "homophobic nightmare", he views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crime fighting, concluding, "He'd be "much" healthier if he were gay". Grant Morrison, writer of both "Batman" and "Batman Incorporated" said in an interview with "Playboy" that "Gayness is built into Batman. I'm not using gay in the pejorative sense, but Batman is very, very gay...Obviously as a fictional character he's intended to be heterosexual, but the basis of the whole concept is utterly gay". Morrison later said that "Playboy" misquoted them and explained in an interview with the "New Statesman" that the quote was "the opposite of what [they had] said". While one "could easily dial up the black-leather-fetishistic-night-dwelling aspects of Batman, and the masculinity of Batman, and get a pretty good gay Batman, [...] ultimately he's not gay because he has no sex life".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Burt Ward, who portrayed Robin in the 1960s TV series and film, wrote in his autobiography "Boy Wonder: My Life in Tights" that Batman and Robin could be interpreted as lovers.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: The 1995 feature film "Batman Forever", and especially its 1997 sequel "Batman & Robin", both helmed by the openly gay director Joel Schumacher, have been interpreted as having homoerotic overtones.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: "Slate" magazine called Schumacher's Batman films "defiantly queer", with a "sugar daddy" Batman and "rough-trade" Robin. "Slate" noted that Robin wore a codpiece and "Bat-nipples" and said that what "Schumacher produced wasn't gay subtext; it was gay domtext".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Schumacher commented: "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from ancient Greek statues, which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, felt "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: George Clooney joked, "Joel Schumacher told me we never made another "Batman" film because Batman was gay". In 2006, Clooney said in an interview with Barbara Walters that in "Batman & Robin" he played Batman as gay: "I was in a rubber suit and I had rubber nipples. I could have played Batman straight, but I made him gay". Walters then asked, "George, is Batman gay?", to which he responded, "No, but I made him gay".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: A direct-to-video animated film "Batman and Harley Quinn" alludes to both the notion of a homosexual relationship between Batman and Robin, and to "Seduction of the Innocent", when Harley Quinn addresses Nightwing about that topic with the words: "It's funny. I always kinda thought you and Batman didn’t like girls. [...] You know. That book. With the headlights and the eyeball-gouging? I had to write a paper on it in college. Got a B minus".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Homosexual interpretations of Batman and Robin have attracted even more attention during the Modern Age of Comic Books, as sexual and LGBT themes became more common and accepted in mainstream comics.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: At the Worldcon costume ball in 1962, a number of fans appeared as the Justice Society of America, including Fred Patten and Rick Norwood as The Flash, Dick Lupoff as Batman, and Harlan Ellison as Robin. Lupoff and Ellison struck a homoerotic pose for the cameras.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Writer Warren Ellis addressed the issue of Batman's sexuality obliquely in his comic book "The Authority" from Image Comics where he portrayed the character of the Midnighter, a clear Batman pastiche, as openly gay and engaged in a long term relationship with the Superman analogue Apollo.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: "The Ambiguously Gay Duo" is a 1996 animated parody previously featured on "The Dana Carvey Show" and "Saturday Night Live", with many similarities to Batman, not least the animated title sequence of the 1960s TV series.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In 2000, DC Comics refused to allow permission for the reprinting of four panels (from "Batman" #79, 92, 105 and 139) to illustrate Christopher York's paper "All in the Family: Homophobia and Batman Comics in the 1950s".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: The idea of the "gay" Batman has also been revitalized around 2005, as a montage of panels from "The Joker's Comedy of Errors" in "Batman" #66, issued in 1951, began to circulate as a joke. The episode used the word "boner" several times; in the original comic, it meant "blunder", but in present-day vernacular the word is primarily the slang term for an erection. A similar case of an unintended gay interpretation was the "Rainbow Batman" from 1957.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In the summer of 2005, painter Mark Chamberlain displayed a number of watercolors depicting both Batman and Robin in suggestive and sexually explicit poses. DC threatened both artist and the Kathleen Cullen Fine Arts gallery with legal action if they did not cease selling the works and demanded all remaining art, as well as any profits derived from them.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Will Brooker argues in "Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon", that a queer reading of "Batman" is a valid interpretation, and that homosexual readers would naturally find themselves drawn to the lifestyle depicted within, whether the character of Bruce Wayne himself is explicitly homosexual or not. He also identifies a homophobic element to the vigour with which mainstream fandom rejects the possibility of a homosexual reading of the character. Writing for "The Guardian", Brooker expanded on this theme, stating that Batman:


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Several characters, mostly women, have been portrayed as lesbian or bisexual in the recent history of the franchise.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In 2006, DC drew widespread media attention by announcing a new, lesbian incarnation of the well-known character Batwoman, alongside other lesbian characters such as Gotham City police officer Renee Montoya, police captain Maggie Sawyer, and Catwoman's protégée (and, for a time, successor as Catwoman) Holly Robinson, already existed in the "Batman" franchise.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In response to the 2009 New York Comic Con, reporter Alison Flood called Batwoman DC Comics' highest profile gay superhero. Batwoman appeared in a new "Justice League" comic book written by James Robinson and took over as the lead character in "Detective Comics" starting issue #854.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Greg Rucka said that DC's editors had no problem with his writing Montoya or Batwoman as lesbian, but the media controversy over Batwoman's sexuality "nullified any positive effect Batwoman might have had on the industry" and forced the character into minor roles during major crossover storylines. This changed in September 2011, when, as part of a company wide relaunch of their superhero titles, DC launched a "Batwoman" monthly title starring Kate Kane.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Ironically, the original Batwoman, Katherine Kane, was created in the 1950s, along with original Bat-girl Bette Kane, as a romantic interest for Batman (and Bat-girl as such for Robin), to deter the notion that Batman and Robin were both gay and in a relationship. Additionally, the Batwoman characters, sharing a last name, have been written to be related.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In 2011, during The New 52, DC introduced Alysia Yeoh, Barbara Gordon / Batgirl's roommate and friend who is a bisexual trans woman. A few months later in 2012, Harper Row would be introduced; she would go on to become Batman's sidekick and don the moniker Bluebird, and is also a bisexual woman.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In 2015, it was revealed that Selina Kyle is bisexual in "Catwoman" #39, written by Genevieve Valentine, in which she kissed Eiko, her replacement as Catwoman. Harley Quinn has been described as bisexual, and has been in a relationship with The Joker, and, more recently, in a non-monogamous relationship with Poison Ivy.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Other characters have been portrayed as bisexual in "Batman" media adaptations. "Gotham"'s Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan are also confirmed to be bisexual. Barbara had had a relationship with Renee Montoya in the past, and she has also been in a love triangle including Tabitha.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In a July 2011 "Comic Vine" interview, Judd Winick - writer of the "" (2005–06) story arc that saw Jason Todd resurrected as the Red Hood, and the miniseries "" (2010) - staff member Sara Lima asked Winick if Jason is bisexual. In response, Winick stated that Jason's sexual encounter with Talia al Ghul was the first time he was ever in a relationship with someone. Winick also admitted that he was trying to dodge the question as there are certain things that he is prevented from discussing and "DC Comics doesn't like [him] talking about". Specifically, that DC Comics doesn't "like us [writers] talking about things like that [characters' non-heterosexual identities]". In a press release by DC Comics regarding the reveal that Tim Drake is bisexual, Alex Jaffe discussed the history of queer themes in comics and how the various wearers of the Robin mantle have often been interpreted as being queer, highlighting Jason's friendship with Roy Harper often being viewed as more than platonic.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In "", and its sequel "", John Doe, an adaptation of The Joker, is seen commenting on the attractiveness of Bruce Wayne while also romantically pursuing Harley Quinn, and was confirmed to be bisexual in a Tumblr post from former Telltale Games director Kent Mudle. Bruce Wayne, depending on the player's choices can also be depicted as having some sort of love for John, but it is never explicitly specified as amorous, with the only romantic options in the game being women.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Batman's Golden Age villain-turned-antihero Catman was confirmed to be bisexual by writer Gail Simone, which was explored during the 2015 volume of "Secret Six".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In "Batman" (vol. 3) #100 (2020), DC introduced Ghost-Maker, a new bisexual antihero revealed to have known Bruce while he was training to become Batman. In 2021, DC published a storyline as part of "Batman: Urban Legends" in which the third Robin, Tim Drake, realises he has romantic feelings for both men and women, and begins dating his former schoolfriend Bernard Dowd. In the 2022 Valentine's Day special, "Strange Love Adventures" #1, The Riddler is confirmed to have romantic feelings for both women - such as The Quiz, Miss Grantham, and Jasmin Shroff - as well as men, such as Antoine Moray.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: Gay male characters in "Batman" comics include Harper Row's brother Cullen and the superhero Midnighter. Midnighter originated as an alternative universe analogue of Batman in comics published by WildStorm, but became part of the mainstream DC Universe in September 2011 as a result of The New 52. Midnighter has appeared as a regular supporting character in titles featuring Dick Grayson, including "Grayson" and "Nightwing".


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: The television series "Gotham" depicts The Penguin (Oswald Cobblepot) as a queer man, a first among depictions of the character in other media, while The Riddler is depicted as bisexual.


title: Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

text: In the 2020 graphic novel "Gotham High", Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's uncle in this story, is married to a man named John Pennyworth, from whom he received his last name when they married.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: John Jacob Astor III (June 10, 1822 – February 22, 1890) was an American financier, philanthropist and a soldier during the American Civil War. He was a prominent member of the Astor family, becoming the wealthiest member in his generation and the founder of the English branch of the family.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: Astor was the eldest son of real estate businessman William Backhouse Astor Sr. and Margaret Alida Rebecca Armstrong. His younger brother, businessman William Backhouse Astor Jr., became the patriarch of the male line of American Astors.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: His paternal grandparents were fur-trader John Jacob Astor and Sarah Cox Todd. Astor's maternal grandparents were Senator John Armstrong Jr. and Alida Livingston of the Livingston family.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: John Astor III studied at Columbia College, graduating in 1839, and the University of Göttingen, following which he went to Harvard Law School, graduating in 1842. He practiced law for a year, to qualify for assisting in the management of his family's immense estate, one half of which later descended to him. It was based on his paternal grandfather's achieving a monopoly in the lucrative fur trade in the early nineteenth century.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: In business, Astor dabbled in railroad investment, but was outsmarted by Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt and forced to yield control of the original New York Central Railroad line (from Albany to Buffalo) to him. His principal business interest was the vast Astor Estate real estate holdings in New York City, which he managed profitably and parsimoniously.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: Astor was elected lieutenant colonel of the 12th Regiment of the New York Militia. He resigned from the office in 1853.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: During the American Civil War, Astor served as a volunteer aide-de-camp, with the rank of colonel, to Major General George B. McClellan (then commanding general of the U.S. Army) from November 30, 1861, to July 11, 1862. In recognition of his services during the Peninsular Campaign, Astor was brevetted as a brigadier general of Volunteers in March 1865.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: In 1880 he became a companion of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States—a military society of officers who had served in the Union armed forces. He was assigned insignia number 1909.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: He regarded his Civil War service as the best of his life and attended the reunions of the Loyal Legion with zeal.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: Astor donated objects and funds to the Metropolitan Museum of Art (in 1887 he presented it with his wife's collection of valuable laces and left a bequest of $50,000). He and his brother presented Trinity Church with a memorial to their father: a sculptured reredos and altar costing $80,000. He left a bequest of $450,000 to the Astor Library, bringing the family benefactions to the institution to a total of about $1,500,000. He also gave generously to the New York Cancer Hospital ($100,000 bequest), the Woman's Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital ($100,000 bequest) and the Children's Aid Society.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: He took an active interest in the Astor Library beyond funding. He was treasurer of its board of trustees, and in 1879 deeded to it the three lots on which the northern wing of the present building was later constructed by him. He presented it with his collection of early books and rare manuscripts.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: His deeply religious wife Charlotte supported the newly formed Children's Aid Society and sat on the board of the Women's Hospital of New York, an institution that to her dismay refused to accept cancer patients. She persuaded her husband to donate the money ($225,000) to erect the New York Cancer Hospital's first wing, the "Astor Pavilion." For twenty years, she supported a German industrial school. From 1872 until her death, she was a manager of the Woman's Hospital, besides taking an active part in the Niobrara League to aid the Indians and in many other charities. She bequeathed $150,000 to charitable organizations.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: On December 9, 1846, Astor was married at Trinity Church in New York City to Charlotte Augusta Gibbes (February 27, 1825 – December 12, 1887). Her parents were Thomas Stanyarne Gibbes Jr. and Susan Annette Vanden Heuvel. She was a descendent of Charles Apthorp, Jan Cornelius Van den Heuvel, and SC Governor Robert Gibbes. Together, they had one child, William Waldorf Astor in 1848, who later became the 1st Viscount Astor, who married Mary Dahlgren Paul.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: In 1859, he built a home at 338 Fifth Avenue, today the street address of the Empire State Building. Later, he had an imposing vacation home, "Beaulieu", built in Newport, Rhode Island, and he had a country estate, Nuits, at Ardsley-on-Hudson in Irvington, New York. Astor increasingly visited London in his later years. His son moved there permanently with his family in 1891 and became a British citizen in 1899 later being made Lord Astor.


title: John Jacob Astor III

text: John Jacob Astor III died on February 22, 1890 and was interred in the Trinity Church Cemetery in Manhattan.


title: Extraterrestrials in fiction

text: An extraterrestrial or alien is any extraterrestrial lifeform; a lifeform that did not originate on Earth. The word "extraterrestrial" means "outside Earth". The first published use of "extraterrestrial" as a noun occurred in 1956, during the Golden Age of Science Fiction.


title: Extraterrestrials in fiction

text: Extraterrestrials are a common theme in modern science-fiction, and also appeared in much earlier works such as the second-century parody "True History" by Lucian of Samosata.


title: Extraterrestrials in fiction

text: Cosmic pluralism, the assumption that there are many inhabited worlds beyond the human sphere predates modernity and the development of the heliocentric model and is common in mythologies worldwide. The 2nd century writer of satires, Lucian, in his "True History" claims to have visited the moon when his ship was sent up by a fountain, which was peopled and at war with the people of the Sun over colonisation of the Morning Star. Other worlds are depicted in such early works as the 10th-century Japanese narrative, "The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter", and the medieval Arabic "The Adventures of Bulukiya" (from the "One Thousand and One Nights").


title: Extraterrestrials in fiction

text: The assumption of extraterrestrial life in the narrow sense (as opposed to generic cosmic pluralism) becomes possible with the development of the heliocentric understanding of the Solar System, and later the understanding of interstellar space, during the Early Modern period, and the topic was popular in the literature of the 17th and 18th centuries.


title: Extraterrestrials in fiction

text: In Johannes Kepler's "Somnium", published in 1634, the character Duracotus is transported to the moon by demons. Even if much of the story is fantasy, the scientific facts about the moon and how the lunar environment has shaped its non-human inhabitants are science fiction.


title: Extraterrestrials in fiction

text: The didactic poet Henry More took up the classical theme of Cosmic pluralism of the Greek Democritus in "Democritus Platonissans, or an Essay Upon the Infinity of Worlds" (1647). With the new relative viewpoint that understood "our world's sunne / Becomes a starre elsewhere", More made the speculative leap to extrasolar planets,


title: Extraterrestrials in fiction

text: The possibility of extraterrestrial life was a commonplace of educated discourse in the 17th century, though in "Paradise Lost" (1667) John Milton cautiously employed the conditional when the angel suggests to Adam the possibility of life on the Moon: