title: Wa (Japan)

text: Some 12,000 "li" to the south of Wa is "Gǒunúguó" 狗奴國 (lit. "dog slave country"), Japanese "Kunakoku", which is identified with the Kumaso tribe that lived around Higo and Ōsumi Provinces in southern Kyūshū. Beyond that,


title: Wa (Japan)

text: One "Wei Zhi" passage (tr. Tsunoda 1951:14) records that in 238 CE the Queen of Wa sent officials with tribute to the Wei emperor Cao Rui, who reciprocated with lavish gifts including a gold seal with the official title "Queen of Wa Friendly to Wei".


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Men great and small, all tattoo their faces and decorate their bodies with designs. From olden times envoys who visited the Chinese Court called themselves "grandees" [大夫]. A son of the ruler Shao-k'ang of Hsia, when he was enfeoffed as lord of K'uai-chi, cut his hair and decorated his body with designs in order to avoid the attack of serpents and dragons. The Wa, who are fond of diving into the water to get fish and shells, also decorated their bodies in order to keep away large fish and waterfowl. Later, the designs became merely ornamental. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:10)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: "Grandees" translates Chinese "dàfū" (lit. "great man") "senior official; statesman" (cf. modern "dàifu" 大夫 "physician; doctor"), which mistranslates Japanese imperial "taifu" 大夫 "5th-rank courtier; head of administrative department; grand tutor" (the "Nihongi" records that the envoy Imoko was a "taifu").


title: Wa (Japan)

text: A second Wei history, the ca. 239–265 CE "Weilüe" 魏略 "Brief account of the Wei dynasty" is no longer extant, but some sections (including descriptions of the Roman Empire) are quoted in the 429 CE "San Guo Zhi" commentary by Pei Songzhi 裴松之. He quotes the "Weilüe" that ""Wō" people call themselves posterity of Tàibó" (倭人自謂太伯之後). Taibo was the uncle of King Wen of Zhou, who ceded the throne to his nephew and founded the ancient state of Wu (585–473 BCE). The Records of the Grand Historian has a section titled 吳太伯世家 "Wu Taibo's Noble Family", and his shrine is located in present-day Wuxi. Researchers have noted cultural similarities between the ancient Wu state and Wō Japan including ritual tooth-pulling, back child carriers, and tattooing (represented with red paint on Japanese Haniwa statues).


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The ca. 432 CE "Hou Han Shu" 後漢書 "Book of Later/Eastern Han" covers the Later Han dynasty (25–220 CE) period, but was not compiled until two centuries later. The "Wōrén" 倭人 "Japanese" are included under the 東夷伝 "Encounters with Eastern Barbarians" section.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The Wa dwell on mountainous islands southeast of Tai-fang in the middle of the ocean, forming more than one hundred communities [倭人在帯方東南大海之中依山爲國邑舊百餘國]. From the time of the overthrow of Chao-hsien [northern Korea] by Emperor Wu (B.C. 140-87), nearly thirty of these communities have held intercourse with the Han [dynasty] court by envoys or scribes. Each community has its king, whose office is hereditary. The King of Great Wa resides in the country of Yamadai [邪馬台国]. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:1)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Comparing the opening descriptions of Wa in the "Wei Zhi" and "Hou Han Shu" clearly reveals that the latter is derivative. Their respective accounts of the dwarf, naked, and black-teethed peoples provide another example of copying.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Leaving the queen's land and crossing the sea to the east, after a voyage of one thousand "li", the country of Kunu [狗奴國] is reached, the people of which are of the same race as that of the Wa. They are not the queen's subjects, however. Four thousand "li" away to the south of the queen's land, the dwarf's country [侏儒國] is reached; its inhabitants are three to four feet in height. After a year's voyage by ship to the southeast of the dwarf's country, one comes to the land of naked men and also to the country of black-teethed people [裸國黑齒國]; here our communication service ends. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:3)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: In … [57 CE], the Wa country Nu [倭奴國] sent an envoy with tribute who called himself "ta-fu" [大夫]. This country is located in the southern extremity of the Wa country. Kuang-wu bestowed on him a seal. In … [107 CE], during the reign of An-ti (107-125), the King of Wa presented one hundred sixty slaves, making at the same time a request for an imperial audience. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:2)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Tsunoda (1951:5) notes support for the Hakata location of Nu/Na country in the 1784 discovery at Hakata Bay of a gold seal bearing the inscription 漢委奴國王, usually translated "Han [vassal?] King of the Wa country Nu." Although the name of the King of Wa in AD 107 does not appear in the above translation, his name is Suishō (帥升) according to the original text.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The 488 CE "Song Shu" 宋書 "Book of Song" covers the brief history of the Liu Song dynasty (420–479). Under the "Eastern and Southern Barbarians" 夷蠻 section, Japan is called "Wōguó" 倭國, Japanese "Wakoku", and said to be located off Goguryeo. In contrast with the earlier histories that describe the Wa as a 人 "people", this Song history describes them as a 國 "country".


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The country of Wa is in the midst of the great ocean, southeast of Koguryŏ. From generation to generation, [the Wa people] carry out their duty of bringing tribute. [倭國在高驪東南大海中世修貢職] In … [421], the first Emperor said in a rescript: "Ts'an [讚, Emperor Nintoku (r. ca. 313-319)] of Wa sends tribute from a distance of tens of thousands of "li". The fact that he is loyal, though so far away, deserves appreciation. Let him, therefore, be granted rank and title." … When Ts'an died and his brother, Chen [珍, Emperor Hanzei (r. ca. 406-411)], came to the throne, the latter sent an envoy to the Court with tribute. Signing himself as King of Wa and General Who Maintains Peace in the East [安東大將軍倭王] Commanding with Battle-Ax All Military Affairs in the Six Countries of Wa, Paekche, Silla, Imna, Chin-han and Mok-han, he presented a memorial requesting that his titles be formally confirmed. An imperial edict confirmed his title of King of Wa and General Who Maintains Peace in the East. … In the twentieth year [443], Sai [濟, Emperor Ingyō (r. ca. 412-453)], King of Wa, sent an envoy with tribute and was again confirmed as King of Wa and General Who Maintains Peace. In the twenty-eighth year [451], the additional title was granted of General Who Maintains Peace in the East Commanding with Battle-Ax All Military Affairs in the Six Countries of Wa, Silla, Imna, Kala, Chin-han and Mok-han. (99, tr. Tsunoda 1951:22–23)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The "Song Shu" gives detailed accounts of relations with Japan, indicating that the Wa kings valued their political legitimization from the Chinese emperors.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The 635 CE "Liang Shu" 梁書 "Book of Liang", which covers history of the Liang dynasty (502–557), records the Buddhist monk Hui Shen's trip to Wa and the legendary Fusang. It refers to Japan as "Wō" 倭 (without "people" or "country" suffixation) under the "Dongyi" "Eastern Barbarians" section, and begins with the Taibo legend.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The Wa say of themselves that they are posterity of Tàibó. According to custom, the people are all tattooed. Their territory is over 12,000 "li" from Daifang. It is located approximately east of Kuaiji [on Hangzhou Bay<nowiki>]</nowiki>, though at an extremely great distance. []


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Later texts repeat this myth of Japanese descent from Taibo. The 648 CE "Jin Shu" 晉書 "Book of Jin" about the Jin dynasty (266–420 CE) uses a different "call" verb, "wèi" "say; call; name" instead of "yún" "say; speak; call", "They call themselves the posterity of Tàibó [自謂太伯之後]". The 1084 CE Chinese universal history "Zizhi Tongjian" 資治通鑑 speculates, "The present-day Japan is also said to be posterity of Tàibó of Wu; perhaps when Wu was destroyed, [a member of] a collateral branch of the royal family disappeared at sea and became Wo." [].


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The 636 CE "Sui Shu" 隋書 "Book of Sui" records the history of the Sui dynasty (581–618) when China was reunified. "Wōguó"/"Wakoku" is entered under "Eastern Barbarians", and said to be located off of Baekje and Silla (see Hogong), two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Wa-kuo is situated in the middle of the great ocean southeast of Paekche and Silla, three thousand "li" away by water and land. The people dwell on mountainous islands. [倭國在百濟新羅東南水陸三千里於大海之中依山島而居] During the Wei dynasty, over thirty countries [of Wa-kuo], each of which boasted a king, held intercourse with China. These barbarians do not know how to measure distance by "li" and estimate it by days. Their domain is five months' journey from east to west, and three months' from north to south; and the sea lies on all sides. The land is high in the east and low in the west. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:28)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: In 607 CE, the "Sui Shu" records that "King Tarishihoko" (a mistake for Empress Suiko) sent an envoy, Buddhist monks, and tribute to Emperor Yang. Her official message is quoted using the word "Tiānzǐ" "Son of Heaven; Chinese Emperor".


title: Wa (Japan)

text: "The Son of Heaven in the land where the sun rises addresses a letter to the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun sets. We hope you are in good health." When the Emperor saw this letter, he was displeased and told the chief official of foreign affairs that this letter from the barbarians was discourteous, and that such a letter should not again be brought to his attention. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:32)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The Japanese "Nihongi" (22, tr. Aston 1972 2:136–9) also records these imperial envoys of 607 and 608, but with a differing Sino-Japanese historical perspective. It records more details, such as naming the envoy Imoko Wono no Omi and translator Kuratsukuri no Fukuri, but not the offensive Chinese translation. According to the "Nihongi", when Imoko returned from China, he apologized to Suiko for losing Yang's letter because Korean men "searched me and took it from me." When the Empress received Pei, he presented a proclamation (tr. Aston 1972 2:137–8) contrasting Chinese "Huángdì" "Emperor" with "Wōwáng" 倭王 "Wa King", "The Emperor [皇帝] greets the Sovereign of Wa [倭王]." According to the "Nihongi", Suiko gave Pei a different version of the imperial letter, contrasting Japanese "Tennō" "Japanese Emperor" and "Kōtei" 皇帝 "Emperor" (Chinese "tiānhuáng" and "huángdì") instead of using "Son of Heaven".


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The Emperor [天皇] of the East respectfully addresses the Emperor [皇帝] of the West. Your Envoy, P'ei Shih-ch'ing, Official Entertainer of the Department of foreign receptions, and his suite, having arrived here, my long-harbored cares were dissolved. This last month of autumn is somewhat chilly. How is Your Majesty? We trust well. We are in our usual health. (tr. Aston 1972 2:139)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Aston quotes the 797 CE "Shoku Nihongi" history that this 607 Japanese mission to China first objected to writing "Wa" with the Chinese character 倭.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: "Wono no Imoko, the Envoy who visited China, (proposed to) alter this term into Nippon, but the Sui Emperor ignored his reasons and would not allow it. The term Nippon was first used in the period … 618-626." Another Chinese authority gives 670 as the date when Nippon began to be officially used in China. (1972 2:137–8)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The custom of writing "Japan" as "Wa" 倭 ended during the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE). Japanese scribes coined the name "Nihon" or "Nippon" 日本 circa 608–645 and replaced "Wa" 倭 with a more flattering "Wa" 和 "harmony; peace" around 756–757 CE (Carr 1992:6–7). The linguistic change is recorded in two official Tang histories.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The 945 CE "Tang shu" "Book of Tang" 唐書 (199A) has the oldest Chinese reference to "Rìběn" 日本. The "Eastern Barbarian" section lists both "Wakoku" 倭国 and "Nipponkoku" 日本国, giving three explanations: Nippon is an alternate name for Wa, or the Japanese disliked Wakoku because it was "inelegant; coarse" 不雅, or Nippon was once a small part of the old Wakoku.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The 1050 CE "Xin Tang Shu" 新唐書 "New Book of Tang", which has a "Riben" 日本 heading for Japan under the "Eastern Barbarians", gives more details.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Japan in former times was called Wa-nu. It is 14,000 "li" distant from our capital, situated to the southeast of Silla in the middle of the ocean. It is five months' journey to cross Japan from east to west, and a three-month journey from south to north. [日本古倭奴也去京師萬四千里直新羅東南在海中島而居東西五月行南北三月行] (145, tr. Tsunoda 1951:38)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: In … 670, an embassy came to the Court [from Japan] to offer congratulations on the conquest of Koguryŏ. Around this time, the Japanese who had studied Chinese came to dislike the name Wa and changed it to Nippon. According to the words of the (Japanese) envoy himself, that name was chosen because the country was so close to where the sun rises. [後稍習夏音惡倭名更號日本使者自言國近日所出以為名] Some say, (on the other hand), that Japan was a small country which had been subjugated by the Wa, and that the latter took over its name. As this envoy was not truthful, doubt still remains. [或雲日本乃小國為倭所並故冒其號使者不以情故疑焉] [The envoy] was, besides, boastful, and he said that the domains of his country were many thousands of square "li" and extended to the ocean on the south and on the west. In the northeast, he said, the country was bordered by mountain ranges beyond which lay the land of the hairy men. (145, tr. Tsunoda 1951:40)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The earliest Korean reference to Japanese "Wa" ("Wae" in Korean) is the 414 CE Gwanggaeto Stele that was erected to honor King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (r. 391–413 CE). This memorial stele, which has the oldest usage of "Wakō" (倭寇, "Japanese pirates", "Waegu" in Korean), records Wa as a military ally of Baekje in their battles with Goguryeo and Silla. Some scholars interpret these references to mean not only "Japanese" but also "Gaya peoples" in the southern Korean Peninsula. For instance, Lee suggests,


title: Wa (Japan)

text: If Kokuryo could not destroy Paekche itself, it wished for someone else to do so. Thus, in another sense, the inscription may have been wishful thinking. At any rate, Wae denoted both the southern Koreans and people who lived on the southwest Japanese islands, the same Kaya people who had ruled both regions in ancient times. Wae did not denote Japan alone, as was the case later. (1997:34)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: "It is generally thought that these "Wae" were from the archipelago," write Lewis and Sesay (2002:104), "but we as yet have no conclusive evidence concerning their origins."


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Although the etymological origins of "Wa" remain uncertain, Chinese historical texts recorded an ancient people residing in the Japanese archipelago (perhaps Kyūshū), named something like *"ɁWâ", transcribed with Chinese character 倭, pronounced *"ʔuɑi" < *"ʔwɑi" in Eastern Han Chinese. In modern Chinese dictionaries, Carr (1992:9–10) surveys prevalent proposals for "Wa"'s etymology ranging from feasible (transcribing Japanese first-person pronouns "waga" 我が "my; our" and "ware" 我 "I; oneself; thou") to shameful (writing Japanese "Wa" as 倭 implying "dwarf barbarians"), and summarizes interpretations for *"ʼWâ" "Japanese" into variations on two etymologies: "behaviorally 'submissive' or physically 'short' ".


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The first "submissive; obedient" explanation began with the (121 CE) "Shuowen Jiezi" dictionary. It defines 倭 as "shùnmào" "obedient/submissive", graphically explains the "person; human' radical with a "wěi" 委 "bent" phonetic, and quotes the above "Shi Jing" poem.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: According to the (1716) Kangxi Dictionary (倭又人名 魯宣公名倭), 倭 was the name of King Tuyen (魯宣公) of Lu (Chinese: 魯國; pinyin: Lǔ Guó, circa 1042–249 BC). "Conceivably, when Chinese first met Japanese," Carr (1992:9) suggests "they transcribed "Wa" as *"ʼWâ" 'bent back' signifying 'compliant' bowing/obeisance. Bowing is noted in early historical references to Japan." Examples include "Respect is shown by squatting" ("Hou Han Shu", tr. Tsunoda 1951:2), and "they either squat or kneel, with both hands on the ground. This is the way they show respect." ("Wei Zhi", tr. Tsunoda 1951:13). Koji Nakayama (linked below) interprets "wēi" 逶 "winding" as "very far away" and euphemistically translates "Wō" 倭 as "separated from the continent."


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The second etymology of "wō" 倭 meaning "dwarf; short person" has possible cognates in "ǎi" 矮 "short (of stature); midget, dwarf; low", "wō" 踒 "strain; sprain; bent legs", and "wò" 臥 "lie down; crouch; sit (animals and birds)". Early Chinese dynastic histories refer to a "Zhūrúguó" 侏儒國 "pygmy/dwarf country" located south of Japan, associated with possibly Okinawa Island or the Ryukyu Islands. Carr cites the historical precedence of construing "Wa" as "submissive people" and the "Country of Dwarfs" legend as evidence that the "little people" etymology was a secondary development.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Since early Chinese information about Wo/Wa peoples was based largely on hearsay, Wang Zhenping (2005:9) says, "Little is certain about the Wo except they were obedient and complaisant."


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The Japanese endonym "Wa" 倭 "Japan" derives from the Chinese exonym "Wō" 倭 "Japan, Japanese", a graphic pejorative Chinese character that had some offensive connotation, possibly "submissive, docile, obedient", "bowing; bent over", or "short person; dwarf" in modern times.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The Chinese character 倭 combines the or "human, person" radical and a "wěi" "bend" phonetic. This "wěi" phonetic element depicts "hé" "grain" over "nǚ" "woman", which Bernhard Karlgren (1923:368) semantically analyzes as: "bend down, bent, tortuous, crooked; fall down, throw down, throw away, send away, reject; send out, delegate – to bend like a 女 woman working with the 禾 grain." The oldest written forms of 倭 are in Seal script, and it has not been identified in Bronzeware script or Oracle bone script.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Nara period Japanese scholars believed that Chinese character for "Wō" 倭 "Japan", which they used to write "Wa" or "Yamato", was graphically pejorative in denoting 委 "bent down" 亻 "people". Around 757 CE, Japan officially changed its endonym from "Wa" 倭 to "Wa" "harmony; peace; sum; total". This replacement Chinese character "hé" 和 combines a "hé" 禾 "grain" phonetic (also seen in 倭) and the "mouth" radical 口. Carr explains:


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Graphic replacement of the 倭 "dwarf Japanese" Chinese logograph became inevitable. Not long after the Japanese began using 倭 to write "Wa" ∼ "Yamato" 'Japan', they realized its 'dwarf; bent back' connotation. In a sense, they had been tricked by Chinese logography; the only written name for 'Japan' was deprecating. The chosen replacement "wa" 和 'harmony; peace' had the same Japanese "wa" pronunciation as 倭 'dwarf', and - most importantly - it was semantically flattering. The notion that Japanese culture is based upon "wa" 和 'harmony' has become an article of faith among Japanese and Japanologists. (1992:6)


title: Wa (Japan)

text: In current Japanese usage, "Wa" 倭 "old name for Japan" is a variant Chinese character for "Wa" 和 "Japan", excepting a few historical terms like the Five kings of Wa, "wakō" (Chinese "Wōkòu" 倭寇 "Japanese pirates"), and "Wamyō Ruijushō" dictionary. In marked contrast, "Wa" 和 is a common adjective in Sino-Japanese compounds like "Washoku" 和食 "Japanese cuisine", "Wafuku" 和服 "Japanese clothing", "Washitsu" 和室 "Japanese-style room", "Waka" 和歌 "Japanese-style poetry", "Washi" 和紙 "traditional Japanese paper", "Wagyu" 和牛 "Japanese cattle".


title: Wa (Japan)

text: In Chinese, the character 倭 can be pronounced "wēi" "winding", "wǒ" "an ancient hairstyle", or "Wō" "Japan". The first two pronunciations are restricted to Classical Chinese bisyllabic words. "Wēi" 倭 occurs in "wēichí" 倭遲 "winding; sinuous; circuitous; meandering", which has numerous variants including "wēiyí" 逶迤 and 委蛇. The oldest recorded usage of 倭 is the "Shi Jing" (162) description of a "wēichí" 倭遲 "winding; serpentine; tortuous" road; compare (18) using "wēituó" 委佗 "compliant; bending, pliable; graceful". "Wǒ" 倭 occurs in "wǒduòjì " 倭墮髻 "a woman's hairstyle with a bun, popular during the Han dynasty". The third pronunciation "Wō" 倭 "Japan; Japanese" is more productive than the first two, as evident in Chinese names for "Japanese" things (e.g., "Wōkòu" 倭寇 "Japanese pirates" above) or "dwarf; pygmy" animals.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Reconstructed pronunciations of "wō" 倭 in Middle Chinese (ca. 6th-10th centuries CE) include "ʼuâ" (Bernhard Karlgren), "ʼua" (Zhou Fagao), and "ʼwa" (Edwin G. Pulleyblank). Reconstructions in Old Chinese (ca. 6th-3rd centuries BCE) include *"ʼwâ" (Karlgren), *"ʼwər" (Dong Tonghe), and *"ʼwə" (Zhou).


title: Wa (Japan)

text: In Japanese, the Chinese character 倭 has Sinitic "on'yomi" pronunciations of "wa" or "ka" from Chinese "wō" "Japan" and "wǒ" "an ancient hairstyle", or "wi" or "i" from "wēi" "winding; obedient", and native "kun'yomi" pronunciations of "yamato" "Japan" or "shitagau" "obey, obedient". Chinese "wō" 倭 "an old name for Japan" is a loanword in other East Asian languages including Korean 왜 "wae" or "wa", Cantonese "wai1" or "wo1", and Taiwanese Hokkien "e2".


title: Wa (Japan)

text: In modern dictionaries, an article by Michael Carr (1992:1) "compares how Oriental and Occidental lexicographers have treated the fact that Japan's first written name was a Chinese "Wō" < *"ʼWâ" 倭 'short/submissive people' insult." It evaluates 92 dictionary definitions of Chinese "Wō" 倭 to illustrate lexicographical problems with defining ethnically offensive words. In modern dictionaries, this corpus of monolingual and bilingual Chinese dictionaries includes 29 Chinese-Chinese, 17 Chinese-English, 13 Chinese to other Western Languages, and 33 Chinese-Japanese dictionaries. To analyze how Chinese dictionaries deal with the belittling origins of "Wō", Carr divides definitions into four types, abbreviated with Greek alphabet letters Alpha through Delta.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: For example, Alpha (A) type includes both overt definitions like "The land of dwarfs; Japan" ("Liushi Han-Ying cidian" 劉氏漢英辭典 [Liu's Chinese-English Dictionary] 1978) and more sophisticated semantic distinctions like "(1) A dwarf. (2) Formerly, used to refer to Japan" ("Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage" 1972). Beta (B) "compliant; Japanese" is illustrated by ""demütig" [humble; submissive; meek], "gehorchen" [obey; respond]" ("Praktisches zeichenlexikon chinesisch-deutsch-japanisch" [A Practical Chinese-German-Japanese Character Dictionary] 1983). Gamma (Γ) "type definitions such as ""depreciatingly" Japanese" (e.g., "A Beginner's Chinese-English Dictionary of the National Language (Gwoyeu)" 1964) include usage labels such as "derogatory," "disparaging," "offensive," or "contemptuous". Some Γ notations are restricted to subentries like ""Wōnú" 倭奴 (in modern usage, derogatively) the Japs" ("Zuixin shiyong Han-Ying cidian" 最新實用和英辭典 [A New Practical Chinese-English Dictionary] 1971). Delta (Δ) "Japanese" is the least informative type of gloss; for instance, "an old name for Japan" ("Xin Han-Ying cidian" 新漢英詞典 [A New Chinese-English Dictionary] 1979).


title: Wa (Japan)

text: From a theoretical standpoint, A "dwarf" or B "submissive" type definitions are preferable for providing accurate etymological information, even though it may be deemed offensive. It is no transgression for an abridged Chinese dictionary to give a short Δ "Japan" definition, but adding "an old name for" or "archaic" takes no more space than adding a Γ "derogatory" note. A Δ definition avoids offending the Japanese, but misleads the dictionary user in the same way as the "OED2" defining "wetback" and "white trash" without usage labels. (1992:12).


title: Wa (Japan)

text: The table below (Carr 1992:31, "Table 8. Overall Comparison of Definitions") summarizes how Chinese dictionaries define "Wō" 倭.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Today, half of the Western language dictionaries note that Chinese "Wō" 倭 "Japanese" means "little person; dwarf", while most Chinese-Chinese definitions overlook the graphic slur with Δ type "ancient name for Japan" definitions. This demeaning A "dwarf" description is found more often in Occidental language dictionaries than in Oriental ones. The historically more accurate, and ethnically less insulting, "subservient; compliant" B type is limited to Chinese-Japanese and Chinese-German dictionaries. The Γ type ""derogatory"" notation occurs most often among Japanese and European language dictionaries. The least edifying Δ "(old name for) Japan" type definitions are found twice more often in Chinese-Chinese than in Chinese-Japanese dictionaries, and three times more than in Western ones.


title: Wa (Japan)

text: Even the modern-day Unicode universal character standard reflects inherent lexicographic problems with this ancient Chinese "Wō" 倭 "Japan" affront. The Unihan (Unified CJK characters) segment of Unicode largely draws definitions from two online dictionary projects, the Chinese CEDICT and Japanese EDICT. The former lists Chinese "wo1" 倭 "Japanese; dwarf", "wokou4" 倭寇 "(in ancient usage) the dwarf-pirates; the Japs", and "wonu2" 倭奴 "(used in ancient times) the Japanese; (in modern usage, derogatively) the Japs". The latter lists Japanese "yamato" 倭 "ancient Japan", "wajin" 倭人 "(an old word for) a Japanese", and "wakou" 倭寇 "Japanese pirates."


title: Teddy Swims

text: Jaten Dimsdale, known by his stage name Teddy Swims, is an American singer-songwriter, known for blending genres including R&B, soul, country, and pop. Originally attracting fans through his cover performances on his YouTube, which has amassed 400 million views as of 2022, Swims released his debut major label single in January 2020 and has since released two EPs, "Unlearning" and "Tough Love".


title: Teddy Swims

text: early age by way of artists like Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and Al Green. Swims' family were football enthusiasts, and he had been playing for ten years when one of his teachers suggested signing up for a musical theater class in his second year at Salem High School. Swims


title: Teddy Swims

text: discovered his passion for performance through his high school theater experience, where he performed in a number of musicals and Shakespeare plays. He began playing instruments, including piano and ukulele, and watched YouTube videos of singers to help develop his vocal technique.


title: Teddy Swims

text: Swims began his music career in a variety of Atlanta-area bands, including alternative rock band WildHeart and post-hardcore band Eris, as well as soul and hair metal cover bands. In early 2019 Swims' friend Addy Maxwell invited him to rap over some beats he had made, which earned the pair an opening slot on a US tour with Tyler Carter. On this tour he began performing under the name Teddy Swims – referring to a nickname from his childhood referencing his size, and an internet-speak acronym for "someone who isn't me sometimes," referring to the idea of integrating different parts of his personality.


title: Teddy Swims

text: In June, Swims posted his first cover performance on YouTube, Michael Jackson's "Rock With You", and continued posting additional covers of artists from a mix of genres regularly including Lewis Capaldi, Chris Stapleton, Amy Winehouse, and H.E.R. His cover of Shania Twain's "You're Still the One" posted in October went on to become his most viewed video, with 86 million views as of 2022. Swims' videos quickly accumulated millions of views, and after releasing one single "Night Off" independently in July, he signed a record deal with Warner Records in December.


title: Teddy Swims

text: Swims released his debut major label single "Picky" in January 2020 and embarked on his first headline tour the same month. He released several covers in the months following, including "Blinding Lights" in May, "What's Going On" in June (from which he donated the royalties to the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund), and "You're Still The One" (which he had previously posted on his YouTube) in July. Swims released his next single "Broke" in August, and released an additional version with Thomas Rhett in October.


title: Teddy Swims

text: In February 2021, Swims released his single "My Bad", which he performed on the Kelly Clarkson Show, and was named an "Artist You Need to Know" by "Rolling Stone" magazine. In March he released his single "Till I Change Your Mind", followed by "Bed On Fire" in April, which he performed on the Late Show with Stephen Colbert and later re-released as a collaboration with Ingrid Andress. In May, Swims released his debut seven-track EP "Unlearning", followed by a tour supporting Zac Brown Band that summer.


title: Teddy Swims

text: In August 2021, Swims released his single "Simple Things" which he performed on the Late Late Show with James Corden in September and the Today Show in November.


title: Teddy Swims

text: After releasing his single "911", Swims released his six-track EP "Tough Love" in January 2022. Swims performed the EP's songs "Love for a Minute" on Late Night with Seth Meyers in January, and "911" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in February. Swims supported the EP with a three-month headline tour through Europe and North America beginning in February, followed by a United Kingdom and mainland Europe tour in May and June.


title: Make (software)

text: In software development, Make is a build automation tool that automatically builds executable programs and libraries from source code by reading files called "Makefiles" which specify how to derive the target program. Though integrated development environments and language-specific compiler features can also be used to manage a build process, Make remains widely used, especially in Unix and Unix-like operating systems.


title: Make (software)

text: Besides building programs, Make can be used to manage any project where some files must be updated automatically from others whenever the others change.


title: Make (software)

text: There are now a number of dependency-tracking build utilities, but Make is one of the most widespread, primarily due to its inclusion in Unix, starting with the PWB/UNIX 1.0, which featured a variety of tools targeting software development tasks. It was originally created by Stuart Feldman in April 1976 at Bell Labs. Feldman received the 2003 ACM Software System Award for the authoring of this widespread tool.


title: Make (software)

text: Feldman was inspired to write Make by the experience of a coworker in futilely debugging a program of his where the executable was accidentally not being updated with changes:


title: Make (software)

text: Before Make's introduction, the Unix build system most commonly consisted of operating system dependent "make" and "install" shell scripts accompanying their program's source. Being able to combine the commands for the different targets into a single file and being able to abstract out dependency tracking and archive handling was an important step in the direction of modern build environments.


title: Make (software)

text: Make has gone through a number of rewrites, including a number of from-scratch variants which used the same file format and basic algorithmic principles and also provided a number of their own non-standard enhancements. Some of them are:


title: Make (software)

text: POSIX includes standardization of the basic features and operation of the Make utility, and is implemented with varying degrees of completeness in Unix-based versions of Make. In general, simple makefiles may be used between various versions of Make with reasonable success. GNU Make, Makepp and some versions of BSD Make default to looking first for files named "GNUmakefile", "Makeppfile" and "BSDmakefile" respectively, which allows one to put makefiles which use implementation-defined behavior in separate locations.


title: Make (software)

text: Make is typically used to build executable programs and libraries from source code. Generally though, Make is applicable to any process that involves executing arbitrary commands to transform a source file to a target result. For example, Make could be used to detect a change made to an image file (the source) and the transformation actions might be to convert the file to some specific format, copy the result into a content management system, and then send e-mail to a predefined set of users indicating that the actions above were performed.


title: Make (software)

text: Without arguments, Make builds the first target that appears in its makefile, which is traditionally a symbolic "phony" target named "all".


title: Make (software)

text: Make decides whether a target needs to be regenerated by comparing file modification times. This solves the problem of avoiding the building of files which are already up to date, but it fails when a file changes but its modification time stays in the past. Such changes could be caused by restoring an older version of a source file, or when a network filesystem is a source of files and its clock or time zone is not synchronized with the machine running Make. The user must handle this situation by forcing a complete build. Conversely, if a source file's modification time is in the future, it triggers unnecessary rebuilding, which may inconvenience users.


title: Make (software)

text: Makefiles are traditionally used for compiling code (*.c, *.cc, *.C, etc.), but they can also be used for providing commands to automate common tasks. One such makefile is called from the command line:


title: Make (software)

text: Make searches the current directory for the makefile to use, e.g. GNU Make searches files in order for a file named one of , , or and then runs the specified (or default) target(s) from (only) that file.


title: Make (software)

text: The makefile language is similar to declarative programming. This class of language, in which necessary end conditions are described but the order in which actions are to be taken is not important, is sometimes confusing to programmers used to imperative programming.


title: Make (software)

text: One problem in build automation is the tailoring of a build process to a given platform. For instance, the compiler used on one platform might not accept the same options as the one used on another. This is not well handled by Make. This problem is typically handled by generating platform-specific build instructions, which in turn are processed by Make. Common tools for this process are Autoconf, CMake or GYP (or more advanced NG).


title: Make (software)

text: A makefile consists of "rules". Each rule begins with a textual "dependency line" which defines a target followed by a colon (:) and optionally an enumeration of components (files or other targets) on which the target depends. The dependency line is arranged so that the target (left hand of the colon) depends on components (right hand of the colon). It is common to refer to components as prerequisites of the target.


title: Make (software)

text: For example, a C .o object file is created from .c files, so .c files come first (i.e. specific object file target depends on a C source file and header files). Because Make itself does not understand, recognize or distinguish different kinds of files, this opens up a possibility for human error. A forgotten or an extra dependency may not be immediately obvious and may result in subtle bugs in the generated software. It is possible to write makefiles which generate these dependencies by calling third-party tools, and some makefile generators, such as the Automake toolchain provided by the GNU Project, can do so automatically.


title: Make (software)

text: Each dependency line may be followed by a series of TAB indented command lines which define how to transform the components (usually source files) into the target (usually the "output"). If any of the prerequisites has a more recent modification time than the target, the command lines are run. The GNU Make documentation refers to the commands associated with a rule as a "recipe".


title: Make (software)

text: Each command line must begin with a tab character to be recognized as a command. The tab is a whitespace character, but the space character does not have the same special meaning. This is problematic, since there may be no visual difference between a tab and a series of space characters. This aspect of the syntax of makefiles is often subject to criticism; it has been described by Eric S. Raymond as "one of the worst design botches in the history of Unix" and "The Unix-Haters Handbook" said "using tabs as part of the syntax is like one of those pungee stick traps in "The Green Berets"". Feldman explains the choice as caused by a workaround for an early implementation difficulty preserved by a desire for backward compatibility with the very first users:


title: Make (software)

text: However, the GNU Make since version 3.82 allows to choose any symbol (one character) as the recipe prefix using the .RECIPEPREFIX special variable, for example:


title: Make (software)

text: Each command is executed by a separate shell or command-line interpreter instance. Since operating systems use different command-line interpreters this can lead to unportable makefiles. For instance, GNU Make (all POSIX Makes) by default executes commands with /bin/sh, where Unix commands like cp are normally used. In contrast to that, Microsoft's "nmake" executes commands with cmd.exe where batch commands like copy are available but not necessarily cp.


title: Make (software)

text: A rule may have no command lines defined. The dependency line can consist solely of components that refer to targets, for example:


title: Make (software)

text: The command lines of a rule are usually arranged so that they generate the target. An example: if is newer, it is converted to text. The contents of the makefile:


title: Make (software)

text: The rule above would be triggered when Make updates "file.txt". In the following invocation, Make would typically use this rule to update the "file.txt" target if "file.html" were newer.


title: Make (software)

text: A makefile can contain definitions of macros. Macros are usually referred to as "variables" when they hold simple string definitions, like . Macros in makefiles may be overridden in the command-line arguments passed to the Make utility. Environment variables are also available as macros.


title: Make (software)

text: Macros allow users to specify the programs invoked and other custom behavior during the build process. For example, the macro is frequently used in makefiles to refer to the location of a C compiler, and the user may wish to specify a particular compiler to use.


title: Make (software)

text: A macro is used by expanding it. Traditionally this is done by enclosing its name inside . (Omitting the parentheses leads to Make interpreting the next letter after the as the entire variable name.) An equivalent form uses curly braces rather than parentheses, i.e. , which is the style used in the BSDs.


title: Make (software)

text: Macros can be composed of shell commands by using the command substitution operator, denoted by backticks ().


title: Make (software)

text: The content of the definition is stored "as is". Lazy evaluation is used, meaning that macros are normally expanded only when their expansions are actually required, such as when used in the command lines of a rule. An extended example:


title: Make (software)

text: Makefiles can access any of a number of predefined "internal macros", with and being the most common.


title: Make (software)

text: A somewhat common syntax expansion is the use of , , and instead of the equal sign. It works on BSD and GNU makes alike.


title: Make (software)

text: Suffix rules have "targets" with names in the form and are used to launch actions based on file extension. In the command lines of suffix rules, POSIX specifies that the internal macro refers to the first prerequisite and refers to the target. In this example, which converts any HTML file into text, the shell redirection token is part of the command line whereas is a macro referring to the HTML file:


title: Make (software)

text: Suffix rules cannot have any prerequisites of their own. If they have any, they are treated as normal files with unusual names, not as suffix rules. GNU Make supports suffix rules for compatibility with old makefiles but otherwise encourages usage of "pattern rules".


title: Make (software)

text: A pattern rule looks like an ordinary rule, except that its target contains exactly one character within the string. The target is considered a pattern for matching file names: the can match any substring of zero or more characters, while other characters match only themselves. The prerequisites likewise use to show how their names relate to the target name.


title: Make (software)

text: Below is a very simple makefile that by default (the "all" rule is listed first) compiles a source file called "helloworld.c" using the system's C compiler and also provides a "clean" target to remove the generated files if the user desires to start over. The and are two of the so-called internal macros (also known as automatic variables) and stand for the target name and "implicit" source, respectively. In the example below, expands to a space delimited list of the prerequisites. There are a number of other internal macros.


title: Make (software)

text: Many systems come with predefined Make rules and macros to specify common tasks such as compilation based on file suffix. This lets users omit the actual (often unportable) instructions of how to generate the target from the source(s). On such a system the makefile above could be modified as follows:


title: Make (software)

text: That "helloworld.o" depends on "helloworld.c" is now automatically handled by Make. In such a simple example as the one illustrated here this hardly matters, but the real power of suffix rules becomes evident when the number of source files in a software project starts to grow. One only has to write a rule for the linking step and declare the object files as prerequisites. Make will then implicitly determine how to make all the object files and look for changes in all the source files.


title: Make (software)

text: Simple suffix rules work well as long as the source files do not depend on each other and on other files such as header files. Another route to simplify the build process is to use so-called pattern matching rules that can be combined with compiler-assisted dependency generation. As a final example requiring the gcc compiler and GNU Make, here is a generic makefile that compiles all C files in a folder to the corresponding object files and then links them to the final executable. Before compilation takes place, dependencies are gathered in makefile-friendly format into a hidden file ".depend" that is then included to the makefile. Portable programs ought to avoid constructs used below.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: Palos Verdes Estates ("Palos Verdes", Spanish for "Green Sticks") is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, situated on the Palos Verdes Peninsula. The city was master-planned by the noted American landscape architect and planner Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. The city is located along the Southern California coastline of the Pacific Ocean.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: The population was 13,347 at the 2020 census, a slight decrease from its 2010 population of 13,438. Palos Verdes Estates is one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. The 90274 ZIP code (covering the cities of Palos Verdes Estates and Rolling Hills) was ranked the 47th most expensive housing area among high property value U.S. ZIP codes in a 2007 study by Forbes.com. Palos Verdes is also known for its high-performing schools; its high school has been regularly ranked among the top 50 nationally by various publications


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: Palos Verdes Estates was established as a planned community in 1923, with carved out of the former Rancho Palos Verdes property of over . Frank Vanderlip established both a land syndicate holding the Palos Verdes peninsula, and a real estate development trust for the Palos Verdes Estates subdivision. The Commonwealth Trust Company filed the Palos Verdes Protective Restrictions in Los Angeles County in 1923. These restrictions established rules for the developer and all land owners. The developer was required to set aside half of the land for common use, including roads and parks, but also to build bridle paths, a golf course, and retain several miles of coastline free of development. No less than ninety percent of the remaining land was required to be used for single-family homes.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: The designers of Palos Verdes Estates, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. and Charles Cheney, used deed restrictions as a method of controlling development of the subdivision, even after many of the lots would have already been sold. The deed restrictions prohibited nuisance businesses, such as polluting industries, but also bars and cemeteries. The deed restrictions also included an exclusionary racial covenant which forbid an owner from selling or renting a house to anyone who wasn't Caucasian. They were also not permitted to have African-Americans on their property with the exception of chauffeurs, gardeners, and domestic servants. The “sundown rule” was strictly in effect, and it wasn’t until 1948 when such restrictions were declared unconstitutional. Yet, it took 20 more years until the Fair Housing Act was passed in 1968 for the reality of the civil rights protections to take hold. An art jury reviewed all building plans, regulating any structure in regard to style, material, and even small details like color and the pitch of the roof. The construction of fences and hedges were subject to evaluation by the art jury.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: At the time of the city's incorporation in 1939, the business and shop area around Malaga Cove had most of the Peninsula's earlier buildings. The Malaga Cove Plaza building of the Palos Verdes Public Library, designed by Pasadena architect Myron Hunt, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Palos Verdes Estates had a population of 13,438. The population density was . The racial makeup of Palos Verdes Estates was 10,346 (77.0%) White (73.4% Non-Hispanic White), 161 (1.2%) African American, 21 (0.2%) Native American, 2,322 (17.3%) Asian, 8 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 94 (0.7%) from other races, and 486 (3.6%) from two or more races. There were 631 people (4.7%) of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: The Census reported that 13,421 people (99.9% of the population) lived in households, 17 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: There were 5,066 households, out of which 1,686 (33.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,649 (72.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 296 (5.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 138 (2.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 91 (1.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 26 (0.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 848 households (16.7%) were made up of individuals, and 534 (10.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65. There were 4,083 families (80.6% of all households); the average family size was 2.97.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: The population was spread out, with 3,113 people (23.2%) under the age of 18, 588 people (4.4%) aged 18 to 24, 1,787 people (13.3%) aged 25 to 44, 4,702 people (35.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,248 people (24.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: There were 5,283 housing units at an average density of , of which 4,496 (88.7%) were owner-occupied, and 570 (11.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.6%. 11,958 people (89.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,463 people (10.9%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: According to the 2010-2014 U.S. Census, the median income for a household in Palos Verdes Estates was $171,328. The per capita income for the city was $87,408.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 13,340 people, 4,993 households, and 4,119 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,784.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,075.3/km). There were 5,202 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 78.3% White, 17.1% Asian, 2.0% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: There were 4,993 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.7% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.5% were non-families. 15.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 2.96.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 19.8% from 25 to 44, 33.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: Palos Verdes Estates is the only city on the Palos Verdes Peninsula to have its own police department (the other three peninsula cities contract with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, using the station in nearby Lomita). The department currently has 25 officers. These officers are assigned to different divisions such as traffic, patrol and detectives. The city also has its own dispatch center and jail. Both are staffed 24 hours a day.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: Fire prevention and Paramedic response services are provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department with engine company firehouse facilities located within the city limits.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: It is the home of the Lunada Bay Boys surf gang which has been subject to several lawsuits over the past years and much publicity.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Torrance Health Center in Harbor Gateway, Los Angeles, near Torrance and serving Palos Verdes Estates.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: In the state legislature Palos Verdes Estates is located in the 26th Senate District, represented by Democrat Ben Allen, and in .


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: The United States Postal Service Palos Verdes Estates Post Office is located in Suite 102 at 2516 Via Tejon.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: The city is served by the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District. A previous "The Washington Post" study ranked the nearby Palos Verdes Peninsula High School (the "Panthers"; enrollment 2,400) as the # 8 best among public and private high schools in the United States. U.S. News & World Report recently academically ranks it # 89 among 18,500 U.S. high schools, and Newsweek ranks it # 146. In 2014, thedailybeast.com ranked the two area high schools as the 44th and 121st best high schools in the country.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: Palos Verdes Peninsula High School also annually honors the largest collection of National Merit Scholar recipients (usually 50–60) enrolled in a U.S. high school in any year. In any given year there is routinely a dozen-way or more tie for the valedictorian (highest grade point average) honors in the graduating class. The smaller enrollment Palos Verdes High School (the "Sea Kings"; enrollment 1,900) achieved the same API score as Palos Verdes Peninsula High School (898). Both schools' students and faculties in science and computer science curricula are participants in national robotic engineering advancement, and have competed against universities (Caltech, Stanford, Princeton, Cornell) and defense contractor firms in government-sponsored robotic science application challenges (example: The Sea Kings competed in the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge; the only U.S. high school to do so).


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: Public school-enrollment students can attend either Palos Verdes High School in Palos Verdes Estates (Lunada Bay), or the larger Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, in adjacent Rolling Hills Estates. Prior to 2002, students were only offered to attend Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, as the Palos Verdes High School, originally built as a high school, had been designated an intermediate school as student enrollments declined in 1970–1990s. In 2002 Palos Verdes High School was recommissioned as a high school again to accommodate the recent growth in student enrollments across the entire Palos Verdes Peninsula. The student enrollment growth has occurred as original homeowner-retirees have sold their homes over the recent years to younger families, and moved to smaller senior citizen housing on the peninsula or elsewhere.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: Chadwick School is another well known school in the area. It is a K-12 independent, nonsectarian school which was established in 1935.


title: Palos Verdes Estates, California

text: In 1992 the International Bilingual School, a Japanese preparatory school for grades K-9, moved to Palos Verdes Estates. By 2002 the PVUSD had filed suit to force the International Bilingual School to leave the property that the school was located in. The PVUSD owned the school building.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: Singapore's grading system in schools is differentiated by the existence of many types of institutions with different education foci and systems. The grading systems that are used at Primary, Secondary, and Junior College levels are the most fundamental to the local education system.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: Primary schools in Singapore implement a grading system along with an "Achievement Band" until the system disregarded the EM3 stream and concentrated on an "Overall Grade" scheme, which grades students as below. From 2021 onwards, the Primary 6 Cohorts will also be using the Achievement Level system (AL) which will be used for the PSLE:


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: Secondary schools are the first institutions in Singapore to have implemented the “Overall Grade” grading system for academic subjects. Since the 2000s, the education system allows more capable Normal (Academic) stream students to participate in the O Levels examination for Mother Tongue and Mathematics (Elementary) a year instead of taking the N Levels equivalents. This has resulted with a quasi-O Levels grading system used for such students, although their N Levels subjects are graded along the Overall Grade grading system, thus in their result slip, some subjects will be graded along the Overall Grade, and some with the O Levels grading system.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: Express and Special stream students are graded along the Overall Grade grading system for the first 3 academic years in their secondary schools, and then graded along the O Levels grading system in their final secondary school year (year 4). Normal (Academic) students are graded for first 3 academic years and the N Levels year (year 4), and subsequently graded along the O Levels grading system in their final secondary school year (year 5). Normal (Technical) stream students are graded along the Overall Grade grading system throughout their entire education in secondary schools.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: In some Secondary Schools, the Grade Point Average (GPA) grading system is used. The GPA is usually calculated by taking the Grade Point of each subject, adding them together, then dividing the total by that number of subjects. The actual subjects counted towards the GPA computation differs between schools. For example, Victoria School gives its students the option to exclude applicable subjects from the GPA computation depending on the subject combination of the student. This GPA value is rounded to two decimal places, giving the student's GPA. A minimum GPA of 3.0 and a pass in English Language and Mathematics will usually be required for promotion


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: For example, the GPA table for Raffles Girls' School and Raffles Institution (Secondary) is as follows:


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: However, in other secondary schools like Hwa Chong Institution, St. Joseph's Institution, School of Science and Technology, and Victoria School (Express), a similar grading system called the Mean Subject Grade (MSG) is used. The MSG table is as follows:


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: The MSG is calculated by adding the points together and dividing the sum by the number of subjects. For example, if a student scored an A1 for math, B4 for English, and C6 for Chemistry, his MSG would be formula_1 = formula_2.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: In addition, students offering Special Papers (offered for the last time in 2006) will be awarded either 1 (Distinction), 2 (Merit), or U (Unclassified). Grades 1 and 2 may only be awarded with a grade E and above in the main A level paper. Grade U will be awarded if a candidate fails to achieve at least a grade E in the main subject paper, and will not be reflected in the A level result certificate.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: For students offering H3 Subjects (introduced for the first time in 2006), they will be awarded either Distinction, Merit, Pass or Ungraded. However, this would not affect the final score of the candidate.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: Different JCs have different expectations and thus, the school reserves the discretion to moderate the marks when deemed necessary. For example, some JCs may regard 50% as the passing mark instead of 45% by others.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: All percentages with their corresponding grades shown here are just approximate guidelines because ultimately at the end of all major examinations (Primary School Leaving Examinations or PSLE in short, GCE N, O and A Levels) the Ministry of Education, Singapore, will moderate the results. Hence, an A grade for instance may no longer be at 70%. It could possibly be 68% or even 73% depending on the performance of the cohort. This is usually done to prevent grade inflation.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: The grades obtained for each A-level exam subject will be converted into rank points (RP) and added together for admissions to university. The maximum number of RP for admissions to university a student can achieve is 90. A higher score (out of 90) would place a student in a better position for admissions to university. For entrance into a local university, refer to the Indicative Grade Profile for each University.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: Note: Some polytechnics do not have grades such as AD with A being the highest grade such as Republic Polytechnic during 2007 to 2010.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: For entrance into local public funded university, refer to the Indicative Grade Profile for each University. Generally, a good GPA is considered 3.5 and above and that does not guarantee that you will get the course that you want as certain popular courses requires extremely high GPA even as it may be considerable easier to study. Currently, only 8 percent of polytechnic students enter established local university like NUS, NTU and SMU. To cater for the increasing aspirations of polytechnic graduates, new Universities such as the Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT) have been established.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: Co-curricular activity (CCA) was also taken into consideration for matriculation. However, from 2007 onwards, local universities have since scrapped the 5% CCA criteria. This means that polytechnic results would comprise 80% while the remaining 20% is made up of O Levels grade. Some secondary schools also use the Grade Point Average of the polytechnic Diploma system.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: Universities in Singapore adopt the Grade Point Average (GPA) system. Each module are individually graded and the cumulative grade point is averaged out at the end of the course which a student takes. However, different universities have different computation schemes. National University of Singapore (NUS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) adopt schemes that compute up to 5.0 grade point. However, Singapore Management University (SMU) adopts a 4-point computation scheme.


title: Academic grading in Singapore

text: The maximum average grade point for the 4-point computation is 4.0 while the maximum for the 5-point computation is 5.0.


title: British Royal Train

text: The British Royal Train is used to convey senior members of the British royal family and associated staff of the Royal Household around the railway network of Great Britain. It is owned, maintained and operated by DB Cargo UK.


title: British Royal Train

text: The Royal Train comprises a dedicated set of claret liveried sleeper, dining and lounge carriages. The current rolling stock dates from 1977 to 1987. They are arranged according to requirements, and stored when not in use. The earliest royal coaches date back to the mid-19th century in the reign of Queen Victoria; until an upgrade in 1977 there were multiple sets based in different regions, a legacy of the pre-nationalisation era of railways in Britain. Many are now in museums or on heritage railways; the National Railway Museum in York has a royal themed exhibition.


title: British Royal Train

text: Dedicated locomotives have never traditionally been part of the Royal Train, first appearing in special livery only in the 1990s, but also seeing use on other trains since 2003. In the 21st century, various preserved (and one new build) steam locomotives have also hauled the train on special occasions. Although regularly cited by critics as one of the unnecessary luxuries of the Royal Family, which has led to an increase where possible in the use of normal scheduled services as an alternative, supporters argue the current arrangement emphasises utility over luxury, and is still often the most practical and secure mode of travel to fit the required itinerary and avoid disruption to the public.


title: British Royal Train

text: The then Duke and Duchess of Cambridge travelled across Britain by the Royal Train in December 2020 to thank communities and key workers for their extraordinary efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic. In November 2020, the American PBS network aired a two-part series, "Secrets of Royal Travel", with the first episode featuring the train and its history.


title: British Royal Train

text: The first member of the British Royal Family to travel by train was the Dowager Queen Adelaide who took a train from Nottingham to Leeds on 22 July 1840. Queen Victoria was the first British monarch to travel by train, on 13 June 1842 on the Great Western Railway (GWR), which ran the line between London Paddington and Windsor for Windsor Castle. The train transported the queen from Slough to London Paddington, and was hauled by the locomotive "Phlegethon" driven by Daniel Gooch assisted by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The Queen used a royal saloon which had been constructed by the GWR in 1840. According to the historian Kate Williams, the Queen "saw travelling the country as her duty, whereas monarchs didn't necessarily think that before".


title: British Royal Train

text: The first carriage built for the exclusive use of a member of the British Royal Family was constructed in 1842 by the London and Birmingham Railway for Queen Adelaide. This carriage is now on display in the National Railway Museum in York.


title: British Royal Train

text: In 1869, Queen Victoria commissioned a pair of coaches for £1,800 () with the London and North Western Railway.


title: British Royal Train

text: In 1874, the GWR built a new royal saloon at its Swindon Works for the use of the queen. It was constructed under the supervision of Joseph Armstrong. It was long.


title: British Royal Train

text: In 1877 the London and South Western Railway built a royal saloon for the use of the queen. It was built at the company workshop at Nine Elms and was long.


title: British Royal Train

text: By the 1890s, the Queen's train was equipped with electric lighting and a toilet, although she insisted on stopping at stations to use the facilities.


title: British Royal Train

text: In 1899 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway provided a new royal train of five carriages, each long, comprising the royal saloon in the centre, with saloon carriages at either end. The "Morning Post" of 17 April 1899 reported:


title: British Royal Train

text: Nearly sixty years later, after her funeral in 1901, Queen Victoria's coffin was taken to London Paddington and transported on the royal train back to Windsor where she is buried.


title: British Royal Train

text: In 1902, her son King Edward VII commissioned new royal saloons from the London and North Western Railway. They were built in the Wolverton Works under the direction of C.A. Park. Two saloons were provided, one for the King and one for the queen. The interior decoration was carried out by S.J. Waring and Sons. The King's saloon had a smoking room in mahogany, with inlays of rosewood and satinwood, a day compartment in the Colonial style, in white enamel. The saloons included electric heating. These saloons are now preserved at the National Railway Museum in York.


title: British Royal Train

text: In 1908 the Great Northern Railway and North Eastern Railway jointly provided two new saloons and a brake van for use over their lines. King Edward VII used this for the first time on 7 September 1908 for a journey to Ollerton railway station when visiting Rufford Abbey to stay with Lord and Lady Savile for the Doncaster Races.


title: British Royal Train

text: In 1912 the Midland Railway provided a royal saloon for King George V. It was built at the company workshops in Derby under the supervision of D. Bain, the works superintendent, and fitted out by Waring & Gillow. It was numbered 1910 to mark the year of the king's accession and first used in July 1912 when the king and queen travelled from Yorkshire to London. The Midland Railway company also provided a dining car which could be attached to the saloon when required.


title: British Royal Train

text: Prior to the partition of Ireland in 1921, royal trains were occasionally used for the British Royal Family when Ireland was under British rule. In 1897 the Great Northern Railway provided a new royal train of six vehicles comprising a drawing-room saloon, a dining saloon, first-class carriage, composite coach, and two vans. This was constructed in their own workshops and used for the first time during a visit by the Duke and Duchess of York in September 1897 and a trip from Banagher to Clara over the tracks of the Great Southern and Western Railway. This use of a royal train continued in Northern Ireland until the last British royal train there in the 1950s.


title: British Royal Train

text: The Great Western Railway abandoned its old royal saloons of 1897 during the 1930s and borrowed stock from the LMS when required. In 1941 the LMS built three armour-plated saloons with safe cabinets for documents, for King George VI who travelled to parts of England that were under bombing raids during World War II. During that era, the existence of the Royal Train was still a state secret.


title: British Royal Train

text: Shortly after the war, the armour plating was removed. New saloons were provided by the royal family for their train. Two of these cars have survived into preservation.


title: British Royal Train

text: After the formation of British Railways in 1948, the individual regions continued to maintain the constituent railway companies' royal train carriages. A single "Royal Train" was formed in 1977 as a response to the demands of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The royal family have also travelled on ordinary service trains more frequently in recent years to minimise costs.


title: British Royal Train

text: Queen Elizabeth was presented with the current Royal Train in 1977, with the carriages painted "a rich burgundy colour known as Royal Claret". The interiors have since been upgraded; some of the features ensure greater safety for their occupants.


title: British Royal Train

text: The train currently consists nine carriages, seven of these being of the British Rail Mark 3 design, including two that were built for the prototype HST train. Not all of these are used to form a train, as different vehicles have specified purposes. A 2020 report states that they include a lounge for the Queen, another for Prince Philip, as well as carriages that serve as bedrooms, bathrooms, a dining car, a couchette, and so on. The Queen's private carriage includes a "bathroom complete with a full-sized bathtub". Carriages are also available for staff, including sleeping quarters.


title: British Royal Train

text: Two locomotives are designated for use on the train, and a third is available. All are painted in the claret livery of the royal household, but are used for other traffic when not hauling the royal train. A 2020 report stated that the Class 67 locomotives use "bio-fuel made from waste vegetable oil".


title: British Royal Train

text: The carriages may be used for other heads of state, but they cannot be hired by private users. It was used to convey officials to the 24th G8 summit in May 1998. When not in use, the train is stored in Wolverton Works, where it is maintained by DB Cargo UK.


title: British Royal Train

text: As part of the privatisation of British Rail, ownership passed to Railtrack. It is currently owned by Network Rail.


title: British Royal Train

text: Train drivers are specially selected based on their skills, including the ability to make a station stop within six inches of the designated position.


title: British Royal Train

text: On 10 October 1881 the train carrying the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princess Louise from Ballater to Aberdeen lost a tyre from one of the tender wheels.


title: British Royal Train

text: In November 1883, at the time of the Fenian dynamite outrages in England, the government received anonymous information that an attempt would be made against Queen Victoria's forthcoming journey from Windsor to Ballater. The report could not be corroborated, and could have been a mischievous hoax, but the Home Secretary, William Harcourt, asked George Findlay, general manager of the LNWR, to arrange special protection. Jointly with the other companies along the route, platelayers and other workers were mobilised to inspect every bridge along the journey and to watch over the line, each watcher in sight of the next, until the train had passed.


title: British Royal Train

text: On 21 June 1898, David Fenwick, engine driver, was killed whilst driving the Royal Train between Aberdeen and Perth. The inquest found that he had climbed onto the coal tender to attempt to resolve a problem with the communication cord, and was killed after an impact with a bridge.


title: British Royal Train

text: The Royal Train has had a very good service record. However, Gerald Fiennes wrote in his autobiography "I Tried to Run a Railway" of one incident on the Eastern Region when an ex-LNER A4 class 4-6-2 was used to pull the Royal Train. The first vehicle was a BR Midland Region generator van, and the difference between the 'buckeye' couplings on the A4 and on the van was about 2". Various attempts to separate the couplings failed, leading the crew to couple up the station pilot (standing at the rear of the train) and apply the brakes. The A4's regulator was then opened to full cut-off, resulting in the engine breaking free from the generator van and rushing off up the track. Presumably the standard screw coupling was then used instead of the 'buckeye' couplings on the two vehicles, which would have required an inspection due to the various attempts to break them apart.


title: British Royal Train

text: In June 2000, a member of the Royalty Protection Branch (SO14) accidentally discharged his 9mm Glock automatic pistol while the train was halted for an overnight stop in South Wales. Both the Queen and Prince Philip were on board at the time, but were undisturbed by the accidental discharge, only becoming aware of it the following morning when notified by staff.


title: British Royal Train

text: Although railways often had nominated locomotives for hauling the Royal Train (with special high maintenance regimes), no locomotives were dedicated solely to the train until the 1990s, when two Class 47 locomotives were painted in the claret livery of the Royal Household and were dedicated solely to Royal Train duty until they were replaced in 2003 by two Class 67 locomotives, both operated by EWS (now DB Cargo UK). The new locomotives are often used for special charter train services and on other occasional passenger services when not required. Occasionally the Royal Train is hauled by other engines.


title: British Royal Train

text: In the pre-preservation era, the Royal Train was always hauled by steam locomotives for the relevant British Rail region. Examples of royal trains hauled by preserved steam are as follows. In preservation examples include the visit of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent to the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway on 10 July 2008: 6233 "Duchess of Sutherland" (an LMS Princess Coronation Class 4-6-2), 6024 "King Edward I" (a GWR 'King' Class 4-6-0), and 60163 "Tornado" (a new LNER-design Peppercorn A1 4-6-2).


title: British Royal Train

text: On 11 June 2002, the restored 6233 "Duchess of Sutherland" was the first steam locomotive to haul the Royal Train for 35 years, transporting Queen Elizabeth II on a tour to North Wales, from Holyhead to Llandudno Junction, as part of her Golden Jubilee. The trip also marked the 160th anniversary of the first Royal train in 1842.


title: British Royal Train

text: On 22 March 2005 "Duchess of Sutherland" again hauled the Royal Train, the second time for a steam locomotive in 40 years, transporting the Prince of Wales from Settle to Carlisle over the Settle-Carlisle Railway. The trip marked the 25th anniversary of the formation of the "Friends of the Settle and Carlisle" pressure group. On the trip, the Prince spent a 15-minute spell behind the controls of the locomotive.


title: British Royal Train

text: On 10 June 2008, 6024 "King Edward I" hauled the Royal Train, transporting the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall on board, from Kidderminster Town to Bridgnorth, on a visit to the Severn Valley Railway. Once again The Prince of Wales took the controls of the locomotive for a period.


title: British Royal Train

text: On 19 February 2009 the Royal Train was hauled by the first standard-gauge steam locomotive to be built in Britain in over 40 years, 60163 "Tornado", an LNER-design Peppercorn Class A1 4-6-2, with the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall on board, the Prince travelling in the cab.


title: British Royal Train

text: On 4 February 2010, "Tornado" again hauled the Royal Train, taking the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall to the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester.


title: British Royal Train

text: On 24 January 2012, BR 70000 Britannia hauled the royal train taking the Prince of Wales from Preston to Wakefield for a renaming ceremony to commemorate 70000's recent return to traffic after an overhaul.


title: British Royal Train

text: On 11 July 2012, the Queen visited Worcester and the train was hauled by namesake locomotive 6201 Princess Elizabeth. This was also one of the locomotives considered for use during the Queen's tour of North Wales in 2002, although 6233 Duchess of Sutherland was eventually chosen for the trip from Newport to Hereford, and then from Worcester to Oxford.


title: British Royal Train

text: On 23 July 2012, "Tornado" again hauled the Royal Train, taking the Prince of Wales from Kemble to Alnmouth.


title: British Royal Train

text: The table below lists historic Royal Train carriages, from Britain and Ireland, in chronological order to 1977. Where a separate date is shown for building, the vehicle was converted rather than built new.


title: British Royal Train

text: In 1977, the Royal Train was considerably changed to update it for use during Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee celebrations. A number of new carriages were added to the train, and old ones either refurbished or withdrawn. Since this time all Royal Train vehicles have been painted Royal Claret and numbered in a dedicated series commencing at 2900.


title: British Royal Train

text: The new 1977 vehicles were converted Mark 3 carriages originally built for the prototype High Speed Train (HST) in the early 1970s. The new formation has a higher maximum speed, depending on the locomotive, an important factor if slots are to be found for the train on crowded main lines.


title: British Royal Train

text: Following the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981, the honeymoon royal train configuration was formed with inspection saloon 975025 "Caroline".


title: British Royal Train

text: Although this type of travel is expensive compared to scheduled services, the train enables members of the Royal Family to carry out busy schedules over an extended period, in a secure environment that minimises disruption and inconvenience to the public and provides accommodation and office facilities. On at least one occasion, The Prince of Wales has conducted a dinner meeting on board the train.


title: British Royal Train

text: Some members of Parliament have argued that the Royal Train, like the Royal Yacht, is an expensive under-used relic. However, the train was recognised as being a very secure way for the queen to complete overnight trips. The yearly cost of the Royal Train when it was introduced in 1977 for The Queen's Silver Jubilee was £1.9 million (equivalent to £ in ), and has since been considerably reduced. Edward Leigh, the Conservative chairman of the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee, said the Royal Train was twice as expensive as using air travel but hardly luxurious. He said, "It's a rather Formica-laminated affair. I don't think it's that grand or that comfortable."


title: British Royal Train

text: In the FY 2011 the Royal Train was used for 14 trips, averaging . Ten trips were by The Prince of Wales, and four by The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh. Nineteen nights were spent on the train during the course of the 14 trips. To control costs, Parliament permits the Royal Train to be used only by The Queen with The Duke of Edinburgh, or The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.


title: British Royal Train

text: In December 2020, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge embarked on a three-day tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via the British Royal Train "to pay tribute to the inspiring work of individuals, organisations and initiatives across the country that have gone above and beyond to support their local communities" throughout the year. Prime Minister Boris Johnson expressed his support for the initiative, while First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon criticized the tour, citing travel restrictions; UK, Scottish and Welsh governments were consulted before planning the tour.


title: British Royal Train

text: It was expected, following the announcement that Queen Elizabeth II had died on 8 September 2022 whilst at Balmoral Castle in Scotland, that the Royal Train would be used to convey the Queen's body from Edinburgh to London in preparation for her funeral. The use of the train had apparently been a long-standing part of plans prepared in the event that the Queen should die in Scotland. However, on 10 September, the Royal Household published details of arrangements for the funeral showing that the Queen's body would be conveyed by air instead.


title: The Rockafeller Skank

text: "The Rockafeller Skank", usually called "Funk Soul Brother" by fans, is a song by English big beat musician and DJ Fatboy Slim. It was released as the lead single from his second studio album, "You've Come a Long Way, Baby" (1998), on 8 June 1998. The single peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart in June 1998 and topped the Icelandic Singles Chart for a week the same month and was the second Fatboy Slim single (after "Praise You") to chart on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 76. In 2022, "Rolling Stone" ranked "The Rockafeller Skank" number 199 their list of "200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time".


title: The Rockafeller Skank

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "Using self-consciously old-school DJ techniques (scratching and repetition of a spoken phrase, dramatic tempo changes), Fatboy Slim has created an organically simple masterpiece. With the accessibility of Beck, the danceability of ska, and the sunny quality of the Beach Boys, the track has a sparse, magnetic beginning that builds in depth and intensity (with the addition of jangly guitar riffs and more complex beats) to a meticulous, frenetic climax. And the wind-down is no less danceable."


title: The Rockafeller Skank

text: Will Hermes from "Entertainment Weekly" called it a "remarkable splice-rock roller coaster". He added, "Big, dynamic, spectacularly dumb, it grafts Duane Eddy guitar twang (via John Barry) onto Godzilla-goes-Motown beats, adds an MC non sequitur, and presses "frappe" on the digital blender. Result? The most potent DJ pop since "Firestarter". If this won't convert the techno-phobes, nothing will."


title: The Rockafeller Skank

text: A reviewer from "Music & Media" constated that the track "easily matches the extremely high quality one would expect from a chart veteran with such names as the Housemartins, Beats International, The Mighty Dubcats and Pizzaman on his CV." He explained further, "This time around, he's somehow managed to fuse big beat and dance with surf—seasoned with a slight pinch of punk—and has come up with what is probably the single most infectious sound around on the airwaves right now."


title: The Rockafeller Skank

text: The song features the repeated line ""Right about now, the funk soul brother"/"Check it out now, the funk soul brother"", which is a truncated vocal sample of rapper Lord Finesse on the track "Vinyl Dogs Vibe" by Vinyl Dogs. The original line, a spoken-word introduction to the instrumental track, was ""Check it out right about now, it's no other than the funk soul brother, the Lord Finesse. And you're welcome to the world of the Vinyl Dogs right about now"".


title: The Rockafeller Skank

text: Lord Finesse spoke about his "contribution" for the first time in 2019. He recalled receiving a fax about Fatboy Slim wanting to use his vocal sample for "the Rockafeller Skank," to which he agreed. However, he was shocked to learn the song was not what he had in mind, thinking it was going to be Hip Hop and not Big Beat. He called it a "big mistake" and expressed regret for not listening to the song first before sending his approval. Regardless, Lord Finesse remains proud of the success of "the Rockafeller Skank" and he calls it his "retirement money."


title: The Rockafeller Skank

text: The song also features eight other samples, including a sample of the song "Sliced Tomatoes" by the band Just Brothers (a popular Northern soul track); The Bobby Fuller Four's "I Fought the Law" (featuring DeWayne Quirico's drum intro); "Join the Gang" by David Bowie; and a sample of "Beat Girl" by John Barry and his Orchestra. Guitar lines were also sampled from "Twistin' 'N' Twangin'" by Duane Eddy and "Why Can't You Love Me" by Brian Poole & The Tremeloes, along with a shout from the song "Soup" by the J.J. All-Stars.


title: The Rockafeller Skank

text: Fatboy Slim has stated that to clear the samples and release the song he had to release 100% of the track's royalties, 25% to each artist, meaning he receives no royalties himself.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: Kedon Slovis (born April 11, 2001) is an American football quarterback, most recently for the Pittsburgh Panthers before entering the transfer portal after the 2022 season. Slovis attended and played high school football at Desert Mountain High School in Scottsdale, Arizona and began his college career at USC in 2019 before transferring to Pittsburgh in 2022.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: Slovis attended Desert Mountain High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. During his two years playing varsity high school football, he passed for 5,549 yards with 50 touchdowns and only 11 interceptions. His high school quarterback coach was Pro Football Hall of Famer Kurt Warner. In his senior year of high school, he received offers from 12 colleges, with Northern Arizona University being the only in state university, before committing to USC in 2018. USC had been one of the only teams from one of the Power Five conferences to show interest in Slovis, which happened shortly after USC quarterbacks coach Bryan Ellis visited the high school. Arizona State offensive coordinator Rob Likens had also shown interest in Slovis, but was unable to recruit him before he committed to the Trojans. Slovis graduated from his high school a semester early and enrolled at the University of Southern California in January 2019.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: Slovis entered the 2019 season as the second quarterback in the depth chart, behind then-starting quarterback JT Daniels. Slovis made his first collegiate appearance in the Trojans' season opener against Fresno State, after Daniels suffered a season-ending knee injury. Slovis would go on to make his first start next week, where he set the school record for quarterback touchdowns in a 45–20 victory over the 23rd ranked Stanford Cardinal. For his efforts, Slovis was named the PAC-12 Freshman of the Week. The next week, Slovis started in an away game against BYU, where he would throw three interceptions in a 30–27 loss in overtime. Slovis would next start in a home game against the 10th ranked Utah Utes, where he left the game early in the first quarter after suffering a possible head injury. Backup quarterback Matt Fink would proceed to lead the Trojans to a 30–23 upset victory. Following the incident, Slovis was placed in the concussion protocol and ruled out for the next game, an away game at Washington, leaving Fink to start. Slovis would return to the starting position for the next game, a narrow loss at 9th ranked Notre Dame. Rebounding from that loss, Slovis would lead the Trojans to two straight wins, a blowout against Arizona and a come from behind victory in USC's first away game win of the season at Colorado. For his performance in the Colorado victory, Slovis was awarded his second PAC-12 Freshman of the Week Award. Following a 56–24 blowout loss to Oregon, where Slovis set the USC record for most pass attempts in a game, Slovis would return to his native Arizona where he set another school record with 292 passing yards and 4 touchdowns in the first quarter of a 31–26 victory against Arizona State. For his performance, Slovis was awarded the PAC-12 Player of the Week Award, while freshman Kenan Christon was named the PAC-12 Freshman of the Week. The following week, Slovis led the Trojans to a 41–17 blowout of Cal going 29/35 for 406 yards, 4 touchdowns and zero interceptions. In the final game of the regular season, Slovis broke another USC record throwing for single game passing yards, throwing for 515 yards and 4 touchdowns (the previous record of 493 yards was set by Matt Barkley in 2012) in a 52–35 win over UCLA. It was his fourth game of at least 400 yards passing, setting yet another school record. During the 2019 Holiday Bowl, with USC down 28–24 and with Iowa's leading sacker A.J. Epenesa continuing to beat USC's offensive line, Slovis suffered an elbow strain in the second quarter after getting sacked by A. J. Epenesa. He was replaced by Matt Fink and USC would lose to the Iowa Hawkeyes 49–24.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: Slovis finished the 2019 season with a freshman record 3,502 yards, 30 touchdowns to only 9 interceptions and an NCAA Freshman record 71.8 completion percentage, while leading USC to an 8–4 regular season record and a Holiday Bowl berth en route to being named the PAC-12 Freshman of the Year.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: Following the 2019 season, multiple sources pegged Slovis as a possible contender for the Heisman Trophy in 2020. On July 14, 2020, he was named to the Davey O'Brien Award Watch List alongside other notable quarterbacks, including 2020 Heisman Trophy favorites Trevor Lawrence and Justin Fields. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Pac-12 Conference football season was indefinitely suspended. In September, Slovis sent an open letter alongside several other USC players convincing California Governor Gavin Newsom to loosen restrictions related to the pandemic to possibly allow for a 2020 season.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: In week 1 of the 2020 season, against the Arizona State University Sun Devils, Slovis set a USC record of 40 completions as he threw for 380 yards and 2 touchdowns in a 28–27 comeback victory. For his efforts he received Davey O’Brien Award Great 8, Manning Award Star of the Week and CollegeSportsMadness.com Pac-12 Offensive Player of the Week honors. The following week, the Trojans traveled to Tucson to play the University of Arizona Wildcats where Slovis led another 4th quarter comeback, throwing for 325 yards and 1 touchdown in the 34–30 victory. In Week 3, Slovis threw for 264 yards, 2 touchdowns and 1 interception en route to defeating the Utah Utes in Salt Lake City, for the first time since 2012, and improving USC's record to 3–0. Following the cancellation of their Week 4 matchup vs the Colorado Buffaloes due to COVID-19, Slovis led USC to a 38–13 victory over Wazzu throwing for 287 yards and 5 touchdowns (4 of which were to Amon-Ra St. Brown).


title: Kedon Slovis

text: In the final week of the regular season, Slovis helped rally the Trojans from an 18-point deficit by throwing for 344 yards and 5 touchdowns (including the game winner to Amon-Ra St. Brown with under a minute left) in a 43–38 victory over against crosstown rival UCLA. For his efforts in the Battle for the Victory Bell, he was named Pac-12 Offensive Player of the Week and CollegeSportsMadness.com Pac-12 Offensive Player of the Week. USC finished the regular season at 5–0 (for the first time since 2006), claimed the PAC-12 South Title and advanced to the PAC-12 Championship Game. For his performance, he was named the PAC-12 Offensive Player of the Week.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: In the 2020 Pac-12 Football Championship Game, USC suffered its only loss of the season to the defending Pac-12 Champion Oregon Ducks, 31–24. In a game marred by USC penalties, inconsistencies, turnovers and lack of running game, Slovis went 28-52 for 320 yards with two touchdowns and three interceptions (with his third being picked off in the 4th quarter as he attempted to throw the ball out of bounds). On the final play of the game, Slovis would suffer a season ending shoulder injury.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: On December 19, USC announced that it would be opting out of their Bowl Game. The team would finish the season as the PAC-12 South Champions with a 5–1 record and ranked #17 in NCAA. Slovis would lead all PAC-12 Starting Quarterbacks in wins (5), passing yards (1,921), passing yards per game (320.2), completions (177), attempts (264), completion percentage (67.0%) and touchdowns (17) but also lead the league in interceptions (7) and sacks (15). For his play over the season, Slovis was named to the first team All-Pac-12 Team as voted by Pac-12 coaches, first team All-Pac-12 as voted by the Associated Press and third team All-Pac-12 by Pro Football Focus.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: In order to improve his mechanics, during the 2021 offseason Slovis began working with QB mechanics coaches Jordan Palmer and Tom House, who have worked with several NFL quarterbacks.


title: Kedon Slovis

text: Despite this, Slovis struggled in his junior and final season at USC, finishing with 2,153 passing yards, 11 touchdowns and 8 interceptions with a 132.7 quarterback rating as the Trojans would finish with a 4–8 record in 2021.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: "Justice delayed is justice denied" is a legal maxim. It means that if legal redress or equitable relief to an injured party is available, but is not forthcoming in a timely fashion, it is effectively the same as having no remedy at all.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: This principle is the basis for the right to a speedy trial and similar rights which are meant to expedite the legal system, because of the unfairness for the injured party who sustained the injury having little hope for timely and effective remedy and resolution. The phrase has become a rallying cry for legal reformers who view courts, tribunals, judges, arbitrators, administrative law judges, commissions or governments as acting too slowly in resolving legal issues either because the case is too complex, the existing system is too complex or overburdened, or because the issue or party in question lacks political favour. Individual cases may be affected by judicial hesitancy to make a decision. Statutes and court rules have tried to control the tendency; and judges may be subject to oversight and even discipline for persistent failures to decide matters timely, or accurately report their backlog. When a court takes a matter "under advisement" awaiting the issue of a judicial opinion, order or judgement and forestalls final adjudication of a lawsuit or resolution of a motion the issue of timeliness of the decision(s) comes into play.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: There are conflicting accounts of who first noted the phrase. According to "Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations", it is attributable to William Ewart Gladstone; however, while Gladstone did mention the phrase during a House of Commons debate on 16 March 1868, earlier occurrences of the phrase exist.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Mentions of justice delayed and denied are found in Pirkei Avot: "Our Rabbis taught: ...The sword comes into the world, because of justice delayed and justice denied...". Nachmanides understands the advice given by Jethro in Exodus 18:22, to judge the people at all times, as suggesting that Israel needed more judges because potential litigants would otherwise suffer injustice due to their inability to find a judge to hear their case.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: "Magna Carta" of 1215, clause 40 of which reads, "To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: In 1617, upon being elevated to Lord Chancellor of England, Francis Bacon said that "Swift justice is the sweetest." Another 17th-century version of the phrase is attributed to William Penn in the form "to delay Justice is Injustice".


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Martin Luther King Jr., used the phrase in the form "justice too long delayed is justice denied" in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail", smuggled out of prison in 1963, ascribing it to "one of our distinguished jurists".


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: The broader public policy implications are a source of concern. As Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger noted in an address to the American Bar Association in 1970:


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: "A sense of confidence in the courts is essential to maintain the fabric of ordered liberty for a free people and three things could destroy that confidence and do incalculable damage to society: that people come to believe that inefficiency and delay will drain even a just judgment of its value; that people who have long been exploited in the smaller transactions of daily life come to believe that courts cannot vindicate their legal rights from fraud and over-reaching; that people come to believe the law – in the larger sense – cannot fulfill its primary function to protect them and their families in their homes, at their work, and on the public streets."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Lack of a speedy and effective resolution (amidst a bewildering multiplicity of statutes and forums with overlapping jurisdiction) can cause unwarranted delay. It has been observed that it creates a sense of frustration and unfairness, and a feeling of a lack of efficacy, which adversely affects employee morale and labor relations in the federal sector.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: "Delays in the law are hateful" "In diem vivere in lege sunt detestabilis" is a Latin legal maxim. On the other hand, "No delay [in law] is long concerning the death of a man," is another Latin lawyer's aphorism. And, "It is not to be imagined, that the King will be guilty of vexatious delays."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: For participants in the justice system, the question of whether justice was denied is whether delay is avoidable or disproportionate, or unavoidable and necessary. Proportionality is integral to such interpretations. Time taken to resolve the dispute is critical. Alternative dispute resolution, case management systems, and trial and motion practice are all integral to such determinations.