title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes served as Mexico's ambassador to France from 1975 to 1977, resigning in protest of former President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz's appointment as ambassador to Spain. He also taught at Cambridge, Brown, Princeton, Harvard, Columbia, University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth, and Cornell. His friends included Luis Buñuel, William Styron, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, and sociologist C. Wright Mills, to whom he dedicated his book "The Death of Artemio Cruz". Once good friends with Nobel-winning Mexican poet Octavio Paz, Fuentes became estranged from him in the 1980s in a disagreement over the Sandinistas, whom Fuentes supported. In 1988, Paz's magazine "Vuelta" carried an attack by Enrique Krauze on the legitimacy of Fuentes' Mexican identity, opening a feud between Paz and Fuentes that lasted until Paz's 1998 death. In 1989, he was the subject of a full-length PBS television documentary, "Crossing Borders: The Journey of Carlos Fuentes," which also aired in Europe and was broadcast repeatedly in Mexico.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes fathered three children, only one of whom survived him: Cecilia Fuentes Macedo, born in 1962. A son, Carlos Fuentes Lemus, died from complications associated with hemophilia in 1999 at the age of 25. A daughter, Natasha Fuentes Lemus (born August 31, 1974), died of an apparent drug overdose in Mexico City on August 22, 2005, at the age of 30.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Carlos Fuentes has been called "the Balzac of Mexico". Fuentes himself cited Miguel de Cervantes, William Faulkner and Balzac as the most important writers to him. He also named Latin American writers such as Alejo Carpentier, Juan Carlos Onetti, Miguel Angel Asturias and Jorge Luis Borges. European modernists James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Marcel Proust has also been cited as important influences on his writing, with Fuentes applying the influence from them on his main theme; Mexican history and identity.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes described himself as a pre-modern writer, using only pens, ink and paper. He asked, "Do words need anything else?" Fuentes said that he detested those authors who from the beginning claim to have a recipe for success. In a speech on his writing process, he related that when he began the writing process, he began by asking, "Who am I writing for?"


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes' first novel, "Where the Air Is Clear" ("La región más transparente"), was an immediate success on its publication in 1958. The novel is built around the story of Federico Robles – who has abandoned his revolutionary ideals to become a powerful financier – but also offers "a kaleidoscopic presentation" of vignettes of Mexico City, making it as much a "biography of the city" as of an individual man. The novel was celebrated not only for its prose, which made heavy use of interior monologue and explorations of the subconscious, but also for its "stark portrait of inequality and moral corruption in modern Mexico".


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: A year later, he followed with another novel, "The Good Conscience" ("Las Buenas Conciencias"), which depicted the privileged middle classes of a medium-sized town, probably modeled on Guanajuato. Described by a contemporary reviewer as "the classic Marxist novel", it tells the story of a privileged young man whose impulses toward social equality are suffocated by his family's materialism.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes was regarded as a leading figure of the Latin American boom in the 1960s and 1970s along with Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa and Julio Cortázar.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes' novel, "The Death of Artemio Cruz" ("La muerte de Artemio Cruz") appeared in 1962 and is "widely regarded as a seminal work of modern Spanish American literature". Like many of his works, the novel used rotating narrators, a technique critic Karen Hardy described as demonstrating "the complexities of a human or national personality". The novel is heavily influenced by Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane", and attempts literary parallels to Welles' techniques, including close-up, cross-cutting, deep focus, and flashback. Like "Kane", the novel begins with the titular protagonist on his deathbed; the story of Cruz's life is then filled in by flashbacks as the novel moves between past and present. Cruz is a former soldier of the Mexican Revolution who has become wealthy and powerful through "violence, blackmail, bribery, and brutal exploitation of the workers". The novel explores the corrupting effects of power and criticizes the distortion of the revolutionaries' original aims through "class domination, Americanization, financial corruption, and failure of land reform".


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: A prolific writer, Fuentes subsequent work in the 1960s include the novel "Aura" (1962), the short story collection "Cantar de Ciego" (1966), the novella "Zona Sagrada" (1967) and "A Change of Skin" (1967), an ambitious novel that attempts to define a collective Mexican consciousness by exploring and reinterpreting the country's myths.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes' 1975 "Terra Nostra", perhaps his most ambitious novel, is described as a "massive, Byzantine work" that tells the story of all Hispanic civilization. "Terra Nostra" shifts unpredictably between the sixteenth century and the twentieth, seeking the roots of contemporary Latin American society in the struggle between the conquistadors and indigenous Americans. Like "Artemio Cruz", the novel also draws heavily on cinematic techniques. The novel won the Xavier Villaurrutia Award in 1976 and the Venezuelan Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 1977.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: It was followed by "La Cabeza de la hidra" (1978, "The Hydra Head"), a spy thriller set in contemporary Mexico and "Una familia lejana" (1980, "Distant Relations"), a novel that explores many themes including the relations between the Old world and the New.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: His 1985 novel "The Old Gringo" ("Gringo viejo"), loosely based on American author Ambrose Bierce's disappearance during the Mexican Revolution, became the first U.S. bestseller written by a Mexican author. The novel tells the story of Harriet Winslow, a young American woman who travels to Mexico, and finds herself in the company of an aging American journalist (called only "the old gringo") and Tomás Arroyo, a revolutionary general. Like many of Fuentes' works, it explores the way in which revolutionary ideals become corrupted, as Arroyo chooses to pursue the deed to an estate where he once worked as a servant rather than follow the goals of the revolution. In 1989, the novel was adapted into the U.S. film "Old Gringo" starring Gregory Peck, Jane Fonda, and Jimmy Smits. A long profile of Fuentes in the U.S. magazine, "Mother Jones," describes the filming of "The Old Gringo" in Mexico with Fuentes on the set.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: In the mid-1980s Fuentes began to conceptualize his total fiction, past and future, in fourteen cycles called "La Edad del Tiempo", explaining that his total work is a lengthy reflection on time. The plan for the cycle first appeared as a page in the Spanish edition of his satirical novel "Christopher Unborn" in 1987, and as a page in his subsequent books with minor revisions to the original plan.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: In 1992 he published "The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World", an historical essay that attempts to cover the entire cultural history of Spain and Latin America. The book was a complement to a Discovery Channel and BBC television series by the same name. Fuentes work of nonfiction also include "La nueva novela hispanoamericana" (1969; “The New Hispano-American Novel”), which is his chief work of literary criticism, and "Cervantes; o, la critica de la lectura" (1976; “Cervantes; or, The Critique of Reading”), an homage to the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: His 1994 book "Diana: The Goddess Who Hunts Alone" is an autobiograpichal novel that portrays the actress Jean Seberg who Fuentes had a love affair with in the 1960s. It was followed by "The Crystal Frontier", a novel in nine stories.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: In 1999 Fuentes published the novel "The Years With Laura Diaz". A companion book to "The Death of Artemio Cruz", the characters are from the same period, but the story is told by a woman exiled from her province after the revolution. The novel includes some of Fuentes own family history in Veracruz and has been called "a vast, panoramic novel" dealing with "questions of progress, revolution and modernity" and "the ordinary life of the individual that struggles to find its place".


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: His later novels include "Inez" (2001), "The Eagle's Throne" (2002) and "Destiny and Desire" (2008). His writing also include several collections of stories, essays and plays.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes' works have been translated into 24 languages. He remained prolific to the end of his life, with an essay on the new government of France appearing in "Reforma" newspaper on the day of his death.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Mexican historian Enrique Krauze was a vigorous critic of Fuentes and his fiction, dubbing him a "guerrilla dandy" in a 1988 article for the perceived gap between his Marxist politics and his personal lifestyle. Krauze accused Fuentes of selling out to the PRI government and being "out of touch with Mexico", exaggerating its people to appeal to foreign audiences: "There is the suspicion in Mexico that Fuentes merely uses Mexico as a theme, distorting it for a North American public, claiming credentials that he does not have." The essay, published in Octavio Paz's magazine "Vuelta", began a feud between Paz and Fuentes that lasted until Paz's death. Following Fuentes' death, however, Krauze described him to reporters as "one of the most brilliant writers of the 20th Century".


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: The "Los Angeles Times" described Fuentes' politics as "moderate liberal", noting that he criticized "the excesses of both the left and the right". Fuentes was a long-standing critic of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) government that ruled Mexico between 1929 and the election of Vicente Fox in 2000, and later of Mexico's inability to reduce drug violence. He has expressed his sympathies with the Zapatista rebels in Chiapas. Fuentes was also critical of U.S. foreign policy, including Ronald Reagan's opposition to the Sandinistas, George W. Bush's anti-terrorism tactics, U.S. immigration policy, and the role of the U.S. in the Mexican Drug War. His politics caused him to be blocked from entering the United States until a Congressional intervention in 1967. Once, after being denied permission to travel to a 1963 New York City book release party, he responded "The real bombs are my books, not me". Much later in his life, he commented that "The United States is very good at understanding itself, and very bad at understanding others."


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: The U.S. State Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation closely monitored Fuentes during the 1960s, purposefully delaying — and often denying — the author's visa applications. Fuentes' FBI file, released on June 20, 2013, reveals that the FBI's upper echelons were interested in Fuentes’ movements, because of the writer's suspected communist-leanings and criticism of the Vietnam War. Long-time FBI Associate Director Clyde Tolson was copied on several updates about Fuentes.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Initially a supporter of Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, Fuentes turned against Castro after being branded a "traitor" to Cuba in 1965 for attending a New York conference and the 1971 imprisonment of poet Heberto Padilla by the Cuban government. "The Guardian" described him as accomplishing "the rare feat for a leftwing Latin American intellectual of adopting a critical attitude towards Fidel Castro's Cuba without being dismissed as a pawn of Washington." Fuentes also criticized Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, dubbing him "a tropical Mussolini."


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes' last message on Twitter read, "There must be something beyond slaughter and barbarism to support the existence of mankind and we must all help search for it."


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: On May 15, 2012, Fuentes died in Angeles del Pedregal hospital in southern Mexico City from a massive hemorrhage. He had been brought there after his doctor had found him collapsed in his Mexico City home.


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Mexican President Felipe Calderón wrote on Twitter, "I am profoundly sorry for the death of our loved and admired Carlos Fuentes, writer and universal Mexican. Rest in peace." Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa stated, "with him, we lose a writer whose work and whose presence left a deep imprint". French President François Hollande called Fuentes "a great friend of our country" and stated that Fuentes had "defended with ardour a simple and dignified idea of humanity". Salman Rushdie tweeted "RIP Carlos my friend".


title: Carlos Fuentes

text: Fuentes received a state funeral on May 16, with his funeral cortege briefly stopping traffic in Mexico City. The ceremony was held in the Palacio de Bellas Artes and was attended by President Calderón.


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: Walburga Oesterreich ( Korschel; 1880 – April 8, 1961), nicknamed "Dolly" and "Queen of Los Angeles", was a German-born American housewife, married to a wealthy textile manufacturer Fred William Oesterreich (December 8, 1877 – August 22, 1922), who gained notoriety for the shooting death of her husband and the subsequent bizarre revelation that she had kept her lover, Otto Sanhuber, hidden in the attic of the home she shared with her husband for ten years.


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: Oesterreich was born Walburga Korschel in 1880 to German immigrant parents. It is unclear if she herself was born in Imperial Germany or shortly after her parents arrived in the U.S. She grew up in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area among a community of fellow German immigrants. At age 12, Walburga worked at the textile mill of Fred William Oesterreich, another German immigrant who had become successful and frequently hired fellow immigrants in his factories. Walburga was by all accounts an attractive and charismatic girl, with many friends among the factory workers. She quickly attracted Fred's notice and the two married when she was 17. As Fred's wife, Walburga remained popular among her husband's workers, often peacefully resolving labor disputes by acting as intermediary to the more distant and unlikeable Fred.


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: From the beginning of the marriage, Walburga was rumored to have invited many lovers into her home during the day while Fred worked at the mills. In 1913, when she was 33, Walburga was introduced to Otto Sanhuber, a 17-year-old sewing-machine repairman who worked for her husband. She invited Sanhuber to her home to fix her sewing machine, beginning an intense affair. To avoid suspicion from the neighbors, Walburga explained that Sanhuber was her "vagabond half-brother".


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: Gradually, the need to conceal the relationship from both Fred and the neighbors led to Sanhuber moving into the Oesterreichs' attic, which was accessible through a panel in the ceiling of the closet of the bedroom Walburga shared with her husband. Sanhuber was supplied with a cot, food, a lamp, books, and writing materials. During the day he would perform housework in the residence; at night he would live in total silence in the attic, reading and writing science fiction stories, which Walburga would mail to potential publishers for him. Sanhuber would later describe himself as Walburga's "sex slave" and claimed they made love up to eight times a day. Fred remained unaware of Sanhuber's presence in the house.


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: In 1918, the Oesterreichs moved to Los Angeles. Walburga agreed to the move on the condition that she would choose their new home, deliberately picking a house with an attic (a rarity in Los Angeles). Sanhuber moved ahead of the Oesterreichs and was already installed in the Los Angeles attic prior to their arrival, where his affair with Walburga resumed.


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: On August 22, 1922, after overhearing a loud argument between the Oesterreichs and believing Walburga to be in danger, Sanhuber emerged from the attic and retrieved two .25 caliber pistols from the bedroom bureau. In the ensuing struggle, Sanhuber shot Fred three times, killing him. The two lovers then hastily staged the scene to look like a botched burglary. Walburga gave Sanhuber all the cash in the bedroom, as well as Fred's diamond watch. Sanhuber then locked Walburga in a closet and tossed aside the key before returning to the attic with the money, watch, and pistols. Upon being summoned by neighbors who reported the gunshots, the police, unaware of Sanhuber's presence in the house, strongly suspected Walburga's involvement in the murder but were unable to explain how she could have locked herself into the closet.


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: After the murder, Sanhuber continued to live in the attic for another eight years. The only notable change in the relationship was that Sanhuber was permitted a typewriter, as there was no longer anyone to hear it. By this time, Walburga was also carrying on an affair with her personal attorney, Herman Shapiro, whom she had hired after being suspected for Fred's murder. In 1930, Shapiro became suspicious after Walburga gave him the diamond watch she reported stolen by the burglars who murdered her husband; she stated that she had later found the watch in the front yard and that the thieves must have dropped or abandoned it during their escape.


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: Roy Klumb, another of Walburga's lovers, soon discovered that she was having an affair with Shapiro. He went to police and informed them that Walburga had given him a pistol shortly after the murder, asking him to dispose of it in the La Brea Tar Pits. A neighbor also told police that Walburga had given him yet another pistol shortly after the murder, asking him to dispose of it because it too closely resembled the gun that killed her husband and she "did not want to get into trouble." The neighbor buried the pistol under a rosebush in his garden. Police were able to recover the pistols from both locations. Although badly decayed, both weapons were determined to be of the same caliber that killed Walburga's husband. She was arrested under suspicion of murder.


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: While in jail, Walburga confided to Shapiro that her "vagabond half-brother" was living in the attic of her home and requested he check on his well-being. Upon knocking on the trapdoor leading to the attic, he was greeted by a thin, pale, but cordial Sanhuber, who explained his true relationship with Walburga and eventually confessed to his role in the murder. Sanhuber was arrested and tried for manslaughter. The unusual circumstances of the case soon reached the press, where Sanhuber was dubbed "The Bat Man."


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: Sanhuber was convicted of manslaughter, but later released because the statute of limitations had expired. He changed his name to Walter Klein and moved to Canada, where he married another woman, then eventually relocated back to Los Angeles and lived the remainder of his life in obscurity. Walburga's trial ended in a hung jury (with most of the jurors leaning towards acquittal), and in 1936 the indictment against her was finally dropped. She remained in Los Angeles until her death in 1961, at age 80.


title: Walburga Oesterreich

text: Walburga's story inspired the feature film "The Bliss of Mrs. Blossom" as well as two made-for-TV movies: 1995's "The Man in the Attic", with Neil Patrick Harris, and in 2018 "Lover in the Attic" with Molly Burnett.


title: Taran Adarsh

text: Taran Adarsh (born 13 June 1965) is an Indian film critic and trade analyst. He is best known for giving trade figures and box office updates on social media.


title: Taran Adarsh

text: Taran Adarsh started his journalism career at the age of 15 with "Trade Guide", a weekly box office magazine. In 1994, Adarsh produced and wrote the Bollywood film-based TV serial "Hello Bollywood", starring Shehzad Khan and Kashmera Shah. He continued his work on "Trade Guide" alongside. He is currently an active film critic, journalist and trade analyst on "Bollywood Hungama", a Bollywood entertainment website.


title: Pantex

text: Pantex is the primary United States nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly facility that aims to maintain the safety, security and reliability of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile. The facility is located in the Panhandle of Texas on a site northeast of Amarillo, in Carson County, Texas. The plant is managed and operated for the United States Department of Energy (DOE) by CNS LLC and Sandia. Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC (CNS) is composed of member companies Bechtel National, Inc., Leidos, Inc., Orbital ATK, Inc, and SOC LLC, with Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. as a teaming subcontractor. CNS also operates the Y-12 National Security Complex.


title: Pantex

text: As a major national security site, the plant and its grounds are strictly controlled, and the airspace above and around the plant is prohibited to civilian air traffic by the FAA as Prohibited Area P-47.


title: Pantex

text: The Pantex plant was originally constructed as a conventional bomb plant for the United States Army Air Force during the early days of World War II. The Pantex Ordnance Plant was authorized February 24, 1942. Construction was completed on November 15, 1942 and workers from all over the U.S. flocked to Amarillo for jobs.


title: Pantex

text: Pantex was abruptly deactivated when the war ended and remained vacant until 1949, when Texas Technological College in Lubbock (now Texas Tech University) purchased the site for $1. Texas Tech used the land for experimental cattle-feeding operations.


title: Pantex

text: In 1951, at the request of the Atomic Energy Commission (now the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)), the Army exercised a recapture clause in the sale contract and reclaimed the main plant and 10,000 acres (40 km) of surrounding land for use as a nuclear weapons production facility. The Atomic Energy Commission refurbished and expanded the plant at a cost of $25 million. The remaining 6,000 acres (24 km) of the original site were leased from Texas Tech in 1989.


title: Pantex

text: Pantex was operated by Procter & Gamble from 1951 to 1956, Mason & Hanger from 1956 to 2001, and Babcock & Wilcox from 2001 to 2014.


title: Pantex

text: Labor troubles arose in 2007 following the implementation of stricter physical and performance requirements for armed security personnel following the September 11th attacks. The worker's union for the Pantex guards protested that the new standards were unfairly strenuous to middle-aged personnel nearing retirement. In protest 500 guards walked off the job and went on strike in April 2007 and were replaced with a temporary guard force. The strike ended with a negotiated settlement after 34 days. Guards also went on strike in a pay dispute in 1981, and unionized production and maintenance workers struck in 1970 and 2015.


title: Harper Row

text: Bluebird (Harper Row) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. She is a supporting character of Batman. Harper Row was created by writer Scott Snyder and artist Greg Capullo, first appearing in "Batman" (vol. 2) #7 (March 2012), before debuting as Bluebird in "Batman" #28 (February 2014). Harper Row's Bluebird identity was designed by artist Dustin Nguyen. Within the fictional DC Universe, Harper Row officially joins Batman's group of allies during the events of "Batman Eternal", a year-long weekly maxiseries.


title: Harper Row

text: Instead of taking on the mantle of Robin, which is traditionally that of Batman's sidekick, Harper Row instead adopts an entirely new superhero identity, Bluebird. Her appearance marks the arrival of the first new "Bat-family" character in "Batman" comics since DC relaunched its entire line in 2011 as part of its The New 52 publishing event.


title: Harper Row

text: Harper Row first appeared as an unnamed cameo in "Batman" (vol. 2) #1 (September 2011). She later made her first full appearance in "Batman" (vol. 2) #7 (March 2012), where it is noted that she and Batman have met before. Their previous encounter was detailed in "Batman" #12 (Oct. 2012), illustrated by Becky Cloonan; this issue marked the first time a female artist has worked on the "Batman" title. Harper Row next appeared in "Detective Comics" (vol. 2) #21 (August 2013), the first time a writer other than Snyder has written her.


title: Harper Row

text: In "Batman" (vol. 2) #28 (April 2014), a sneak peek into the future of "Batman Eternal", Harper Row makes her debut as Batman's new sidekick Bluebird.


title: Harper Row

text: Scott Snyder reportedly based Bluebird on a design created by the daughter of prominent cosplayer Kyrax2. "Harper & Row" was also the name of the major American publishing firm Harper from 1962 to 1990.


title: Harper Row

text: In early issues featuring Harper Row, she is introduced as a streetwise young woman from the Narrows, one of the roughest neighborhoods in Batman's locale of Gotham City. She and her brother Cullen Row are also revealed to be from a broken family with a deceased mother and a deadbeat father who would later end up in jail. With such humble beginnings, Row did not seem naturally inclined to be a hero. In fact, she made her first appearance stealing food from a Wayne charity gala. However, her life changed when she saved her brother Cullen from being gay-bashed. After the bullies managed to butcher Cullen's hair with a pair of scissors and Harper used a taser on one of them, they were saved by Batman who defeated the bullies and frightened the remaining one off. Batman's intervention left a lasting impression on the young woman. In addition to shaving her own head in solidarity with her brother, Harper began trying to learn more about Batman in order to assist him in his fight against crime in Gotham. She even managed to discover the devices Batman uses to disable the city's security cameras, and improved them with technology of her own design.


title: Harper Row

text: Her efforts only earned the Batman's ire; at one point he rewarded Harper's attempts at helping him by breaking her nose. The next day Harper visits Bruce Wayne at Wayne Tower and shows him plans that she thinks will help Batman. To her surprise, Bruce agrees. That night, Batman tracks Harper and apologizes to her. She tells him she may not know the details, but she knows he's going through a lot of pain (the death of Damian Wayne). She also reminds Batman what he means to the city with a touching and personal story. The issue concludes with Harper's message to Batman broadcast on Wayne Tower. It's one simple word taught to Harper by her mother before her death: "RESOLVE", which just so happens to begin with the letter "R". Even saving Batman's life by pulling his unconscious body out of Gotham Bay and restarting his heart using only jumper cables and a car battery failed to win him over.


title: Harper Row

text: In "Batman Eternal", Harper stows away on board Red Robin (Tim Drake)'s plane and, over the course of the series, gains his trust. In issue #41, she suits up as Bluebird for the first time in order to rescue her brother Cullen; Red Robin and his allies Batgirl and Red Hood are caught up in a trap, leaving it up to her. Despite setbacks in her relationship with Batman himself, a near-future flash forward shows that Row eventually manages to overcome Batman's reservations and joins him in fighting crime as Bluebird.


title: Harper Row

text: During "Batman & Robin Eternal", Harper's mother was murdered by Cassandra Cain, who is eventually revealed to be acting as an agent of 'Mother', a villain who manipulates traumatised children on the grounds that she will make them stronger through trauma (although Cassandra had been sent to kill both of Harper's parents and only killed her mother before she found she couldn't do it). Mother had Harper's mother murdered as part of a plan to 'offer' Harper to Batman as the perfect Robin; Batman had made contact with her to try and expose her long-term agenda and believed that he was meant to kill the parents of the new Robin Mother had chosen for him, when actually he was just sent after two of Mother's other disciples as a test of his loyalty to her ideals while Harper's parents were attacked in Gotham. Despite recognising Harper's qualities would make her an ideal partner, at the time Batman simply forced her surviving father to take responsibility for his role as a parent as he didn't want to benefit from Mother's plan, never revealing the truth even after Harper began working with him as Bluebird. Mother attempts to win Harper to her point of view by arguing that her own family fell apart so that she had to rise up on her own, offering to let Harper kill Cassandra Cain after revealing that Cassandra was the one who killed her mother, but Harper rejects that idea, proclaiming that she grew up because her mother supported and recognised her desire for a better life rather than trying to make Harper be what her mother believed would work. Following Mother's defeat, Harper assures the returned Batman that she understands his reasons for not telling her about his history with Mother and his indirect role in her mother's death, but recent events have prompted her to go to college to receive official qualifications for her electrician skills and explore a life outside of the vigilante role, although Batman assures her as she leaves that Bluebird will always be welcome in Gotham if she decides to suit up again.


title: Harper Row

text: In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth", which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Harper is a supporting character in James Tynion's run on "Detective Comics", where she works as a medical volunteer at Leslie Thompkins' clinic, and is a friend of Cain (Orphan) and Brown (Spoiler). She also accompanies Batwoman, Spoiler, Orphan and Batwing (Luke Fox) to investigate the Victim Syndicate.


title: Harper Row

text: During the "Joker War" storyline, Harper takes on the mantle of Bluebird once again as Joker's new sidekick Punchline's influence starts affecting Gotham's youngsters, including her brother Cullen.


title: Harper Row

text: In an alternate history version of World War II, Harper Row is a teenage auto mechanic who works at a garage with Kathy Duquesne and Nell Little. She is shown to be a massive fan of Batwoman. During Batwoman's absence in Gotham, Harper along with Kathy and Nell form a team of Batgirls to protect the city. The Batgirls, joined by Alysia Yeoh and Bette Kane get into the Pinkey Orphanage to save Harper's brother, Cullen, and the rest of the orphans, who have been used to work on robots for the devious plans of Headmistress Webb. They later welcome Tim Drake, Cullen Row and Felicity Smoak into the team, and create a Bat family.


title: Harper Row

text: Bluebird was originally set to appear as a playable character in "Injustice 2", but was cut for unknown reasons.


title: Parliament of Montenegro

text: The Parliament of Montenegro () is the unicameral legislature of Montenegro. The Parliament currently has 81 members, with each member elected to a four-year term. Following the 2006 independence referendum, the Parliament declared and ratified the independence of Montenegro on 3 June 2006. Members of the house are elected using proportional representation.


title: Parliament of Montenegro

text: The Parliament of Montenegro was initially established by the Constitution of the Principality of Montenegro in 1905 and was called the Popular Assembly ("Narodna skupština"). It had a limited legislative role, limited by the authority of the Knjaz (Prince). The first parliament was constituted in 1906. Following the incorporation of the Kingdom of Montenegro into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918, the Parliament of Montenegro was disbanded until World War II. The Parliament was reinstated in 1944, in the form of the "Montenegrin Antifascist Assembly of National Liberation (CASNO)", which changed its name to the "Montenegrin National Assembly", and later the "National Assembly". This lasted until 1946, when a new Assembly was elected for the FR Montenegro, a constituent republic within the SFR Yugoslavia. The current parliament is the 23rd since the foundation of the Parliament.


title: Parliament of Montenegro

text: The Parliament appoints the Prime Minister nominated by the President, as well as the ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. Parliament also passes all laws in Montenegro, ratifies international treaties, appoints justices of all courts, adopts the budget and performs other duties as established by the Constitution. The Parliament can pass a vote of no-confidence in the Government with a majority of the members.


title: Parliament of Montenegro

text: A deputy has a four-year term. One deputy is elected per 6,000 voters, which in turn results in a change of total number of deputies in the parliament. Current assembly convening comprises 81 deputies.


title: Parliament of Montenegro

text: The Parliament has 81 members (deputies) elected by a D'Hondt method system of proportional representation for a four-year term.


title: Parliament of Montenegro

text: The 81 seats of the Parliament of Montenegro are elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed list proportional representation. Seats are allocated using the d'Hondt method with a three percent electoral threshold. Minority groups that account for at least 15 percent of the population in a district are given an exemption that lowers the electoral threshold to 0.7 percent if their list fails to cross the three percent threshold. For ethnic Croats, if no list representing the population passes the 0.7 percent threshold, the list with the most votes will win one seat if it receives more than 0.35 percent of the vote.


title: Todd Stashwick

text: Todd Stashwick is an American actor and writer. He is known for his roles as Dale Malloy on "The Riches" and Deacon on "12 Monkeys".


title: Todd Stashwick

text: After performing at several local improvisational theaters, he was hired to tour with The Second City across the US. Following productions at The Second City Detroit and The Second City Northwest, he relocated to New York. He auditioned for "Saturday Night Live" the same year that fellow Second City alumnus David Koechner joined the cast.


title: Todd Stashwick

text: Work in film and television drew him to Los Angeles, where he shot several pilots and series including recurring work on the series "MDs", "American Dreams", "Rodney" and "Still Standing". He had a significant supporting role on "The Riches" playing Minnie Driver's nefarious cousin until its cancellation in September 2008.


title: Todd Stashwick

text: In May 2018, it was announced he was cast as Dr. Drakken in the Disney Channel film "Kim Possible", based on the animated series. The film premiered on February 15, 2019.


title: Todd Stashwick

text: In September 2020, Stashwick appeared as a guest on the "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip" marathon fundraiser episode of "The George Lucas Talk Show."


title: Todd Stashwick

text: Stashwick is also the co-creator, along with DC and Marvel artist Dennis Calero of the online web comic "Devil Inside", which had its launch at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con. He and Calero met because Dennis had illustrated Todd's character from "Heroes" into an online comic based on the series. The two decided to collaborate on their own title which is being self-published once a week in traditional serialized strip form on Stashwick's personal website.


title: Todd Stashwick

text: "Devil Inside" tells "the story of Jack Springheel. aka The Devil, who has a crisis of conscience. He blasts out of hell and lands in the Nevada desert. He does not want to go back, he wants to quit. But there are forces conspiring to drag him back to hell. If he doesn't use his mojo he stays off the grid and they can't find him. But he is the Devil after all and old habits die hard, not using his powers proves more difficult than he thought. A man caught between what he is and what he wants to be. He's trying to stay one step ahead of his adversaries."


title: Todd Stashwick

text: Stashwick and Calero are in development with the Syfy channel with their pilot "Clandestine". The two will develop and write the pilot script for the swashbuckling space adventure drama. They will also serve as co-executive producers. John Shiban will serve as script supervisor.


title: Todd Stashwick

text: Stashwick and Amy Hennig co-wrote a video game set in the "Star Wars" universe for Electronic Arts and Visceral Games. It was later announced that the project was cancelled.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: Hesketh Racing was a Formula One constructor from the United Kingdom, which competed from 1973 to 1978. The team competed in 52 World Championship Grands Prix, winning one and achieving eight further podium finishes. Its best placing in the World Constructors' Championship was fourth in 1975. Hesketh gave James Hunt his Formula One debut and he brought the team most of its success. Alan Jones also began his Formula One career in a privately entered Hesketh.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: Lord Hesketh, in partnership with Anthony 'Bubbles' Horsley as driver, entered various Formula Three events around Europe in 1972, aiming simply to have as much fun as possible. Due partly to Horsley's lack of experience, there were few results. Hesketh ran his race team out of the stables at his Easton Neston family estate.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: Hesketh subsequently employed James Hunt, who had a reputation for being very fast, but also for crashing frequently, and who, at the time, was unemployed. Hesketh took on Hunt as one of his drivers for F3.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: The Hesketh team had a growing reputation for their playboy style, arriving at races in Rolls-Royce cars, drinking champagne regardless of their results, and checking the entire team into five-star hotels. The team had a patch specially made for Hunt's driving suit which read: "Sex – The Breakfast of Champions".


title: Hesketh Racing

text: By the middle of the season Hunt and Horsley had written off both of the team's Formula Three cars. Horsley decided to leave the cockpit, switching to the team's management. Hesketh rented a Formula Two March for the rest of 1972, and bought Hunt a Surtees Formula Two car for 1973. Hunt then wrote the car off at the Pau Grand Prix. Hesketh worked out that the cost involved in competing in the top flight was hardly more expensive than F2, and decided to move the team up to Formula One.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: Hesketh rented a Surtees TS9 for the non-championship Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, with Hunt finishing third. This success led to the purchase of a March 731, with Hesketh also signing junior March Engineering designer Harvey Postlethwaite to modify the chassis, working from Hesketh's Easton Neston estate. The car made its first appearance at the 1973 Monaco Grand Prix, where Hunt ran sixth before the engine failed. He scored a point at the team's next entry, the French Grand Prix, improved to fourth for the British Grand Prix, and then third for the Dutch Grand Prix. He then took second place in the season-closing United States Grand Prix.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: In 1974, Postlethwaite designed an all-new car for the team, the Hesketh 308, which was ready for the Silverstone International Trophy, which Hunt won, making its championship debut at the South African Grand Prix. The car was strong, taking third place at the Swedish Grand Prix, the Austrian Grand Prix and the United States Grand Prix. For 1975, examples of the 308 were sold to Harry Stiller Racing, who gave Alan Jones his grand prix debut. Polar Caravans also purchased a Hesketh chassis, while the works team modified the 308 for Hunt. At the same time, Horsley was developing into an efficient and competent team manager and under his guidance, the team moved forward.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: Hunt won the wet-dry 1975 Dutch Grand Prix, holding off Niki Lauda's dominant Ferrari, and also led at the British Grand Prix and the Austrian Grand Prix, taking several placings on his way to fourth overall.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: In late 1975, Hesketh announced that he could no longer afford to try to produce the next British world champion, having raced without sponsorship, and ended his involvement with the team. Hunt was offered the lead drive at McLaren, replacing Emerson Fittipaldi.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: Postlethwaite took his upgraded 308C design to Wolf–Williams Racing. Horsley upgraded the 308 to the 308D and continued as Hesketh Racing. Harald Ertl signed to drive the car, with the team's image landing "Penthouse Magazine" and Rizla as sponsors. Guy Edwards joined in a second car from the Belgian Grand Prix onwards with Alex Ribeiro bringing in some funds later in the year. Ertl's seventh place at the British Grand Prix was the team's best result of the year. Future Williams engineer Patrick Head noted that the 308D had significant aerodynamic issues at the rear of the car which hindered performance.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: Frank Dernie designed the new 308E chassis for the season, with Rupert Keegan driving alongside Ertl. Later in the season a third car was entered for Héctor Rebaque, with Horsley simply trying to bring in money to the team. Ertl left and was replaced by Ian Ashley, but by now Keegan's was the only entry that usually made it to the grid, and his seventh place at the Austrian Grand Prix was the team's best finish of the year.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: In the team slimmed down to a single car, with backing from Olympus Cameras. The car itself was barely upgraded, and Divina Galica failed to qualify for the first two races. Eddie Cheever then managed to get into the South African Grand Prix, retiring with a fractured oil line. Derek Daly was the next to try the car, and at the wet International Trophy at Silverstone, in his debut, diced for the lead with James Hunt's McLaren before a stone cracked his visor and ended his race. However, in world championship events he failed to qualify for the next three races, after which the team folded.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: The Ibec-Hesketh 308LM, also later referred to as the "Ibec P6" and the "Ibec 308LM Cobra", is a one-off sports prototype racing car that was built in 1978, and was designed by Postlethwaite around many components of the Hesketh 308 Formula One car. The car was funded by Lloyd's of London insurance broker Ian Bracey, who formed the Ian Bracey Engineering Company to oversee the project.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: Unlike many privateer sports car entrants in the late 1970s, Bracey harboured serious hopes of winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race. Rather than buy an only partially competitive off-the-peg chassis on which to build, Bracey commissioned former Hesketh chief designer Postlethwaite to design a brand new chassis around a detuned 3.0-litre Cosworth DFV engine. Postlethwaite used his Hesketh connections to buy both front and rear suspension components from the F1 team, and the building of the car was commenced in the Hesketh workshops. However, as the Hesketh racing team's fortunes dipped, the Ibec chassis dropped down the priority list and eventually Bracey moved production to Lyncar in Slough. Here, facing a tight deadline, the Lyncar team managed to complete the car in just over five weeks.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: The Ibec design had a main chassis formed by a riveted and bonded aluminium monocoque, behind which the DFV engine and Hewland FG400 gearbox were bolted as stressed chassis members. Suspension was by double wishbones at the front, with twin trailing arms, parallel lower links and single top links at the rear. The car was clothed in fibreglass bodywork which had been properly wind tunnel tested, and which proved highly effective at generating both downforce in corners and stability at high speed. The total cost of designing and building the 308LM was less than £100,000, approximately £0.5 million at 2005 prices, more than most privateer teams, but far lower than many contemporary factory race programs.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: The car's first competitive outing was, as planned, at the 1978 24 Hours of Le Mans race, driven by Ian Grob and Guy Edwards, with Bracey himself acting as reserve driver. Edwards's presence in the team had an additional benefit as his skills at sponsorship negotiation landed the small Ibec team with backing from the giant Chrysler corporation, despite the 308LM being Ford-powered. Edwards qualified the Ibec in 13th position, at an average speed of 133 mph. However, in the race itself the car suffered from mechanical troubles which dropped it to 42nd position after just a few hours. Despite recovering well from this early setback, in the 19th hour the DFV engine failed completely and the Ibec's race was over.


title: Hesketh Racing

text: The Ibec P6 failed to qualify at LeMans in 1980 and failed to finish in 1981 (driven by Tiff Needell and Tony Trimmer). The car was converted for use in the UK Thundersports championship during the mid-1980s.


title: Kadhal Kottai

text: Kadhal Kottai () is a 1996 Indian Tamil-language romance film directed by Agathiyan. It stars Ajith Kumar and Devayani, with Heera, Thalaivasal Vijay, and Karan in supporting roles.


title: Kadhal Kottai

text: The film was a major commercial success and also won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil, the National Film Award for Best Direction as well as the National Film Award for Best Screenplay for Agathiyan. It garnered positive critical acclaim upon release on 12 July 1996 and ran for over 270 days at the box office, becoming a silver-jubilee film. The film was remade in Kannada as "Yaare Neenu Cheluve", in Hindi as "Sirf Tum", and in Bengali as "Hothat Brishti".


title: Kadhal Kottai

text: Kamali, a graduate, lives with her sister Malliga and brother-in-law Shekar in Kotagiri, and is searching for a job. While visiting Madras, her purse is stolen and she fears she has lost her academic credentials. Suriya, an orphaned, carefree man who works in Jaipur, finds the purse and sends it back to her, and a love develops through letters. They agree to love each other without meeting, as she sews and sends a gift pack containing a lotus embroidered woollen sweater for him to wear when they meet for real. Suriya is soon transferred to Madras and stays with Siva, his new colleague. Kamali too comes to Madras to find a job and stays with her friend Jensi. Neya, Suriya's new boss, is immediately smitten by him, but her repeated attempts in gaining his love and affections fails as he is staunch about his love for Kamali. In the meantime, Suriya and Kamali run over upon each other without knowing who they really were, resulting in negative perception and misunderstanding. Refusing a job offer which would move her to Singapore, making it difficult for her to find Suriya, Kamali moves back to her home in despair.


title: Kadhal Kottai

text: Unable to withstand the advances of Neya, Suriya quits his job and gets sheltered by his friend Paneer, an auto rickshaw driver, who arranges him an auto rickshaw to drive for a living. Jeeva, a wealthy businessman, expresses his interest in marrying Kamali to Shekar, but Kamali excuses herself to consider her as prospective bride when she meets Jeeva in private and shares her unflinching love for Suriya, who even allows her to meet him for one last time. Shekar, who initially dissuades Kamali's love finally gives in and allows her to go to Madras half-heartedly. Upon arriving in Madras, which is experiencing severe monsoon, Kamali finds out that Jensi and the other hostel mates are not in town. Pinning hopes, she boards the Suriya's auto rickshaw, without knowing that it is him, and searches for him desperately. At the end of the day, both of them get refreshed at his place, where he dons the sweater gifted by her, covering it with his uniform. As Kamali plans to head home, depressed, Suriya helps her to board the Nilgiri Express. As the train departs, Suriya removes his shirt after tea spills over it. Kamali notices the sweater, deboards the train and the pair finally unite, as Paneer and Jensi look on and rejoice.


title: Kadhal Kottai

text: The basic theme of the film was inspired from "Purananuru" literature on the relationship between King Kopperum Chozhan and poet Pisirandhaiyar, though they never met but they developed a strong relationship until their deaths. Agathiyan initially wanted to make his directorial debut with this subject since no producer were willing to produce the film, he made few films and earned his breakthrough with "Vaanmathi". Post its success, he chose Ajith, the actor from that film to play the leading role with Sivasakthi Pandian agreeing to produce the film.


title: Kadhal Kottai

text: Agathiyan had asked Devayani to change her glamorous on screen image for the film, and Devayani duly agreed with the film becoming the start of several other similar roles for her. The film was initially titled "Nila Nila Odi Vaa" before it was renamed "Kadhal Kottai". Raja was initially reluctant to act, but joined the cast at the director's insistence.


title: Kadhal Kottai

text: The Tamil magazine "Ananda Vikatan" appreciated the film by giving 52 marks, mentioning that the basic plot was a novel idea which had been given a good shape and life by the filmmaker. K. N. Vijiyin of "New Straits Times" wrote, "I had expected the usual story of college boy meeting girl with both parents objecting to their relationship. So I was pleasantly surprised when ["Kaadhal Kottai"] turned out to be a totally different experience." R. P. R. of "Kalki" also favourably reviewed the film, though they felt certain distracting moments such as Heera's revealing outfits, the dream sequence, auto stunt and fight sequences could have been avoided.


title: Kadhal Kottai

text: "Kadhal Kottai" is considered a cult film and a landmark in Tamil cinema diverging from traditional romantic films of the time. This film has been included in the book "Pride of Tamil Cinema" written by G. Dhananjayan, which covers films between 1931 and 2013 that have earned national and international recognition. Dhananjayan wrote, ""Kadhal Kottai" is a trendsetting film which breathed new life into Tamil cinema and paved the way for revival of love themes in a big way". According to The Times of India the film hits the top list of romantic films made in Tamil cinema. The film also hit the list of top romantic films of Tamil magazines Ananda Vikatan and Dinamani. The film is considered one of the blockbuster films in the career of Ajith Kumar. The film was released as a novel in 2010 under the same name. In the 2021 film Master, a reference is made about the film when Vijay talks to Malavika Mohanan.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Emile, or On Education () is a treatise on the nature of education and on the nature of man written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered it to be the "best and most important" of all his writings. Due to a section of the book entitled "Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar", "Emile" was banned in Paris and Geneva and was publicly burned in 1762, the year of its first publication. During the French Revolution, "Emile" served as the inspiration for what became a new national system of education.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: The work tackles fundamental political and philosophical questions about the relationship between the individual and society—how, in particular, the individual might retain what Rousseau saw as innate human goodness while remaining part of a corrupting collectivity. Its opening sentence: "Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the Author of things; everything degenerates in the hands of man".


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Rousseau seeks to describe a system of education that would enable the "natural man" he identifies in "The Social Contract" (1762) to survive corrupt society. He employs the novelistic device of Emile and his tutor to illustrate how such an ideal citizen might be educated. "Emile" is scarcely a detailed parenting guide but it does contain some specific advice on raising children. It is regarded by some as the first philosophy of education in Western culture to have a serious claim to completeness, as well as being one of the first "Bildungsroman" novels.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: The text is divided into five "books": the first three are dedicated to the child Emile, the fourth to an exploration of the adolescent, and the fifth to outlining the education of his female counterpart Sophie, as well as to Emile's domestic and civic life.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: In Book I, Rousseau discusses not only his fundamental philosophy but also begins to outline how one would have to raise a child to conform with that philosophy. He begins with the early physical and emotional development of the infant and the child.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: "Emile" attempts to "find a way of resolving the contradictions between the natural man who is 'all for himself' and the implications of life in society". The famous opening line does not bode well for the educational project—"Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the Author of things; everything degenerates in the hands of man". But Rousseau acknowledges that every society "must choose between making a man or a citizen" and that the best "social institutions are those that best know how to denature man, to take his absolute existence from him in order to give him a relative one and transport the I into the common unity". To "denature man" for Rousseau is to suppress some of the "natural" instincts that he extols in "The Social Contract", published the same year as "Emile", but while it might seem that for Rousseau such a process would be entirely negative, this is not so. "Emile" does not lament the loss of the noble savage. Instead, it is an effort to explain how natural man can live within society.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Many of Rousseau's suggestions in this book are restatements of the ideas of other educational reformers. For example, he endorses Locke's program of "harden[ing children's] bodies against the intemperance of season, climates, elements; against hunger, thirst, fatigue". He also emphasizes the perils of swaddling and the benefits of mothers nursing their own infants. Rousseau's enthusiasm for breastfeeding led him to argue: "[B]ut let mothers deign to nurse their children, morals will reform themselves, nature's sentiments will be awakened in every heart, the state will be repeopled"—a hyperbole that demonstrates Rousseau's commitment to grandiose rhetoric. As Peter Jimack, the noted Rousseau scholar, argues: "Rousseau consciously sought to find the striking, lapidary phrase which would compel the attention of his readers and move their hearts, even when it meant, as it often did, an exaggeration of his thought". And, in fact, Rousseau's pronouncements, although not original, affected a revolution in swaddling and breastfeeding.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: The second book concerns the initial interactions of the child with the world. Rousseau believed that at this phase the education of children should be derived less from books and more from the child's interactions with the world, with an emphasis on developing the senses, and the ability to draw inferences from them. Rousseau concludes the chapter with an example of a boy who has been successfully educated through this phase. The father takes the boy out flying kites, and asks the child to infer the position of the kite by looking only at the shadow. This is a task that the child has never specifically been taught, but through inference and understanding of the physical world, the child is able to succeed in his task. In some ways, this approach is the precursor of the Montessori method.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: The third book concerns the selection of a trade. Rousseau believed it necessary that the child must be taught a manual skill appropriate to his gender and age, and suitable to his inclinations, by worthy role models.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Once Emile is physically strong and learns to carefully observe the world around him, he is ready for the last part of his education—sentiment: "We have made an active and thinking being. It remains for us, in order to complete the man, only to make a loving and feeling being—that is to say, to perfect reason by sentiment". Emile is a teenager at this point and it is only now that Rousseau believes he is capable of understanding complex human emotions, particularly sympathy. Rousseau argues that, while a child cannot put himself in the place of others, once he reaches adolescence and becomes able to do so, Emile can finally be brought into the world and socialized.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: In addition to introducing a newly passionate Emile to society during his adolescent years, the tutor also introduces him to religion. According to Rousseau, children cannot understand abstract concepts such as the soul before the age of about fifteen or sixteen, so to introduce religion to them is dangerous. He writes: "It is a lesser evil to be unaware of the divinity than to offend it". Moreover, because children are incapable of understanding the difficult concepts that are part of religion, he points out that children will only recite what is told to them—they are unable to believe.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Book IV also contains the famous "Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar", the section that was largely responsible for the condemnation of "Emile" and the one most frequently excerpted and published independently of its parent tome. Rousseau writes at the end of the "Profession": "I have transcribed this writing not as a rule for the sentiments that one ought to follow in religious matters, but as an example of the way one can reason with one’s pupil in order not to diverge from the method I have tried to establish". Rousseau, through the priest, leads his readers through an argument which concludes only to belief in "natural religion": "If he must have another religion", Rousseau writes (that is, beyond a basic "natural religion"), "I no longer have the right to be his guide in that".


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Rousseau begins his description of Sophie, the ideal woman, by describing the inherent differences between men and women in a famous passage:


title: Emile, or On Education

text: In what they have in common, they are equal. Where they differ, they are not comparable. A perfect woman and a perfect man ought not to resemble each other in mind any more than in looks, and perfection is not susceptible of more or less. In the union of the sexes each contributes equally to the common aim, but not in the same way. From this diversity arises the first assignable difference in the moral relations of the two sexes.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: For Rousseau, "everything man and woman have in common belongs to the species, and ... everything which distinguishes them belongs to the sex". Rousseau states that women should be "passive and weak", "put up little resistance" and are "made specially to please man"; he adds, however, that "man ought to please her in turn", and he explains the dominance of man as a function of "the sole fact of his strength", that is, as a strictly "natural" law, prior to the introduction of "the law of love".


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Rousseau's stance on female education, much like the other ideas explored in "Emile", "crystallize existing feelings" of the time. During the eighteenth century, women's education was traditionally focused on domestic skills—including sewing, housekeeping, and cooking—as they were encouraged to stay within their suitable spheres, which Rousseau advocates.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Rousseau's brief description of female education sparked an immense contemporary response, perhaps even more so than "Emile" itself. Mary Wollstonecraft, for example, dedicated a substantial portion of her chapter "Animadversions on Some of the Writers who have Rendered Women Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt" in "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792) to attacking Rousseau and his arguments.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: When responding to Rousseau's argument in "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman", Wollstonecraft directly quotes "Emile" in Chapter IV of her piece:


title: Emile, or On Education

text: "Educate women like men," says Rousseau [in "Emile"], "and the more they resemble our sex the less power will they have over us." This is the very point I aim at. I do not wish them to have power over men; but over themselves.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: French writer Louise d'Épinay's "Conversations d'Emilie" made her disagreement with Rousseau's take on female education clear as well. She believes that females' education affects their role in society, not natural differences as Rousseau argues.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Rousseau also touches on the political upbringing of Emile in book V by including a concise version of his "Social Contract" in the book. His political treatise "The Social Contract" was published in the same year as "Emile" and was likewise soon banned by the government for its controversial theories on general will. The version of this work in "Emile", however, does not go into detail concerning the tension between the Sovereign and the Executive, but instead refer the reader to the original work.


title: Emile, or On Education

text: In the incomplete sequel to "Emile", "Émile et Sophie" (English: "Emilius and Sophia"), published after Rousseau's death, Sophie is unfaithful (in what is hinted at might be a drugged rape), and Emile, initially furious with her betrayal, remarks "the adulteries of the women of the world are not more than gallantries; but Sophia an adulteress is the most odious of all monsters; the distance between what she was, and what she is, is immense. No! there is no disgrace, no crime equal to hers". He later relents somewhat, blaming himself for taking her to a city full of temptation, but he still abandons her and their children. Throughout the agonized internal monologue, represented through letters to his old tutor, he repeatedly comments on all of the affective ties that he has formed in his domestic life—"the chains [his heart] forged for itself". As he begins to recover from the shock, the reader is led to believe that these "chains" are not worth the price of possible pain—"By renouncing my attachments to a single spot, I extended them to the whole earth, and, while I ceased to be a citizen, became truly a man". While in "La Nouvelle Héloïse" the ideal is domestic, rural happiness (if not bliss), in "Emile" and its sequel the ideal is "emotional self-sufficiency which was the natural state of primitive, pre-social man, but which for modern man can be attained only by the suppression of his natural inclinations". According to Dr. Wilson Paiva, member of the Rousseau Association, "[L]eft unfinished, "Émile et Sophie" reminds us of Rousseau's incomparable talent for producing a brilliant conjugation of literature and philosophy, as well as a productive approach of sentiment and reason through education".


title: Emile, or On Education

text: Rousseau's contemporary and philosophical rival Voltaire was critical of "Emile" as a whole, but admired the section in the book which had led to it being banned (the section titled "Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar"). According to Voltaire, "Emile" is


title: Emile, or On Education

text: However, Voltaire went on to endorse the "Profession of Faith" section and called it "fifty good pages... it is regrettable that they should have been written by... such a knave".


title: Emile, or On Education

text: The German scholar Goethe wrote in 1787 that "Emile and its sentiments had a universal influence on the cultivated mind".


title: Emile, or On Education

text: 33. Paiva, Wilson A. Discussing human connectivity in Rousseau as a pedagogical issue. Educ. Pesqui., São Paulo, v. 45, e191470, 2019. Link: http://educa.fcc.org.br/pdf/ep/v45/en_1517-9702-ep-45-e191470.pdf


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Ivor Goldsmid Samuel Montagu (23 April 1904, in Kensington, London – 5 November 1984, in Watford) was an English filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, film critic, writer, table tennis player, and Communist activist in the 1930s. He helped to develop a lively intellectual film culture in Britain during the interwar years, and was also the founder of the International Table Tennis Federation.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Montagu was born into wealth, as the third son of Gladys (née Goldsmid) and Louis Montagu, 2nd Baron Swaythling, members of a Jewish banking dynasty with a mansion in Kensington. He attended Westminster School and King's College, Cambridge, where he contributed to "Granta". He became involved in zoological research.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: With Sidney Bernstein he established the London Film Society in 1925, the first British film association devoted to showing art films and independent films. Montagu became the first film critic of "The Observer" and the "New Statesman". He did the post-production work on Alfred Hitchcock's "" in 1926 and was hired by Gaumont-British in the 1930s to work as producer on several of Hitchcock's thrillers. His 1928 silent slapstick movie "Bluebottles" (slang for police) is included in the British Film Institute's History of the Avant-Garde – "Britain in the Twenties". The story was by H.G. Wells, and the stars of the film were Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester, while the remaining cast were his friends including Norman Haire (also Montagu's doctor), Sergei Nolbandov and Joe Beckett.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Montagu joined the Fabian Society in his youth, then the British Socialist Party, and then the Communist Party of Great Britain. This brought him into contact with the Russian film makers who were transforming the language of editing and montage in the 1920s. In 1930, he accompanied his friend Sergei Eisenstein to New York and Hollywood; later in the decade Montagu made compilation films, including "Defence of Madrid" (1936) and "Peace and Plenty" (1939) about the Spanish Civil War. He directed the documentary "Wings Over Everest" (1934) with Geoffrey Barkas. As a political figure and for a time a communist, much of his work at the time was on low budget, independent political films. By World War II, however, he made a film for the Ministry of Information.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: In 1933, Montagu was a founder member of the Association of Cinematograph and Television Technicians, holding positions in the union until the 1960s. He also held post on the World Council of Peace. In 1934, he was founder of the Progressive Film Institute. After the war, Montagu worked as a film critic and reviewer.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Montagu had a keen interest in wildlife conservation, and was a council member of the Fauna Preservation Society for several years. He was friends with the eminent Soviet conservationist and zoologist Prof. . He had contacts in Mongolia, and was a champion for the conservation of the endangered Przewalski's horse.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: On 10 January 1927, he married Eileen Hellstern (1904–1984), the daughter of Francis Anton Hellstern, a boot maker from Camberwell. Although the couple did not have any children together, Ivor adopted Eileen's young daughter, Rowna Barnett, née Hellstern (1922–1996).


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Montagu was a champion table tennis player, representing Britain in matches all over the world. He also helped to establish and finance the first world championships in London in 1926.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Montagu founded the International Table Tennis Federation that same year, and was president of the group for more than forty years, not retiring until 1967. He helped expel apartheid South Africa from the Federation during the 1950s.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: He also founded the English Table Tennis Association (ETTA), and served several terms as chairman and president.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: His older brother Ewen Montagu, a barrister in civilian life, became a Naval Intelligence Officer during the Second World War, privy to the secrets of top-secret Ultra and the mastermind of the successful deception that launched the invasion of Sicily, Operation Mincemeat. He later wrote a best-selling account of that adventure, "The Man Who Never Was". Ivor Montagu himself turned out to be working, albeit briefly, for the other side. A 25 July 1940 cable from Simon Davidovitch Kremer, Secretary to the Soviet Military Attaché in London, identified him as the somewhat reluctant new recruit who was supposed to create an "X Group" of like-minded friends. By the following year, Hitler had invaded Russia and the Soviet Union became an ally of Britain's, so that by June, 1941, both brothers were technically working for the same side.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Ivor knew of his elder brother's intelligence work, but it seems doubtful his brother knew of his. Counter-espionage agents at MI5, however, even Ewen's boss John C. Masterman, seem to have suspected Ivor in general because of his outspoken Communist politics, his hanging around with scruffy Russians and housing a Jewish refugee in his house in the country. By far the greatest suspicions were aroused by Ivor's passionate support of international ping-pong, which seemed so eccentric to MI5 that they assumed it had to be a cover for something else. They even tapped his phone and opened his mail, creating three volumes on him by early 1942, but found nothing specific, much to Ewen's relief, since he was always worried that his own career in Naval Intelligence would be adversely affected by the activities of his left-wing brother.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Only after the decryption in the 1960s of "Venona" telegraphs from March 1940 through April 1942 was he purportedly identified as "Ivor Montagu, the well known local communist, journalist and lecturer," code name "Intelligentsia", in communications from the Soviet GRU. The Verona decrypts, which were finally declassified in 1995, are a highly contested and confusing archive of information, with a welter of code-names, which were frequently changed and not explicitly identified with their real names; hence these decrypts were never used in any U.S. or British trials for treason, despite their availability to prosecutors from the late 1940s.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: If "Intelligentsia" was, indeed, Ivor Montagu, his work for Soviet intelligence had little of the impact of the Cambridge Five, which included Kim Philby, recruited as idealistic anti-Fascists in the 1930s, who continued to work at the height of the Cold War. In 1952, MI5 intercepted a telegram from Ivor Montagu telling Charlie Chaplin how sorry he was to miss him in London when the star visited England that year; the British agency had agreed to spy on Chaplin for the FBI, who were looking for ways to keep him out of America at the height of McCarthyism. Apart from that, they left Montagu and his ping pong tournaments alone.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Montagu was awarded the prestigious Lenin Peace Prize in 1959, given by the Soviet government to recipients whose work furthers the cause of Socialism, primarily outside of the USSR.


title: Ivor Montagu

text: Montagu wrote many pamphlets and books, such as "Film World" (1964), "With Eisenstein in Hollywood" (1968), and "The Youngest Son" (1970). He wrote two books about table tennis: "Table Tennis Today" (1924) and "Table Tennis" (1936).


title: MRT Circle Line

text: The MRT 3, MRT Line 3 or MRT Circle Line is a proposed thirteenth rail transit line, the third Mass Rapid Transit line and the fourth fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Once completed, this line would form the loop line of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. The director of this project is currently Tuan Haji Mohd Yusof Kasiron. The circle line will be numbered .


title: MRT Circle Line

text: It is one of three planned mass rapid transit (MRT) rail lines under the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp. The MRT Circle Line is expected to form a "loop line" circling but not entering Kuala Lumpur's central business district, while linking up the radial rail lines. Interest in building the line resurfaced in early 2015; the project was shelved by former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in May 2018 but was later on revived in November 2020. Constructions are expected to begin in early 2023 and slated for full completion by 2030, while operations for the first phase will commence in the year 2028. The estimated construction cost is expected to be in line with the MRT Putrajaya Line which will be around RM31 billion while the land acquisition cost is estimated to be at RM8 billion.


title: MRT Circle Line

text: With 50.8 km of rail alignment, a total of 33 stations which will consist of 26 elevated and 7 underground stations will be built. The circle line is expected to stretch while forming a loop from Bukit Kiara to PPUM and it will include densely populated areas such as Mont Kiara, Segambut, KL Metropolis, Titiwangsa, Setapak, Setiawangsa, Ampang, Salak South, Pandan Indah, Pantai Dalam, Cheras and Universiti Malaya.


title: MRT Circle Line

text: To date, no information is available on the actual alignment of the proposed line. The stations listed below were obtained from an MRT Corp proposal as of August 2022. All of the station names are interim and subject to change.


title: MRT Circle Line

text: There will be a total of 31 stations (24 elevated + 7 underground) excluding 2 provisional stations and the 2 depots.


title: MRT Circle Line

text: On 1 June 2018 (2 days after the project has been shelved by the former Prime Minister), Dato' Sri Shahril Mokhtar who was chief executive officer of MRT Corp said that the cancellation of the project is not a mistake but it still needs to be done in the future.


title: MRT Circle Line

text: "We abide by the government's decision (to discontinue the project) but we also acknowledge that the MRT line 3 is critical to close all the loop. We hope that one day in the future, once the government's fiscal position gets better, the government will consider this.", he added.


title: Prince Markie Dee

text: Mark Anthony Morales (February 19, 1968 – February 18, 2021), better known by the stage name Prince Markie Dee, was an American rapper, songwriter, producer, actor, and radio personality. Morales was a member of the Fat Boys, a pioneering hip hop group that gained fame during the 1980s. Morales was the vice-president of Uncle Louie Music Group.


title: Prince Markie Dee

text: Morales was born on February 19, 1968. He established the Disco 3 together with Darren Robinson and Damon Wimbley in the early 1980s. After winning a talent contest at the Radio City Music Hall in 1983, they signed a contract with the show's promoter. The promoter recommended that the group rename itself the Fat Boys, in reference to their weight.


title: Prince Markie Dee

text: Morales's accomplishments with the Fat Boys include seven full-length albums. Of these, three attained gold certification and one – "Crushin'" (1987) – reached platinum. Their hit song from that album that featured The Beach Boys, "Wipeout", peaked to number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The trio also appeared in the comedy film "Disorderlies" that same year. They had earlier starred in the feature films "Krush Groove" (1985) and "Knights of the City" (1986). The Fat Boys attempted to broaden their artistic scope by releasing "On and On" (1989), a rap opera album. Its lack of success hastened the demise of the group. They released one more album, "Mack Daddy" (1991), before disbanding soon afterwards.


title: Prince Markie Dee

text: After the Fat Boys, Morales embarked on a solo career. He signed with Columbia Records and released a solo album, "Free" (1992). It included a #1 hit single, "Typical Reasons (Swing My Way)". After joining with Cory Rooney to form a production company, Soul Convention, Morales wrote and produced tracks for such artists as Mary J. Blige, Jennifer Lopez, Mariah Carey, Craig Mack and Marc Anthony. He was a producer for Blige's first album, "What's the 411?" (1992), including her hit song from that album, "Real Love".


title: Prince Markie Dee

text: From 2008 to 2010, Morales served as the afternoon drive radio host/DJ at 103.5 The Beat WMIB radio in Miami, Florida. He subsequently worked at WEDR 99.1 FM. He last worked at the Rock the Bells Sirius XM station, hosting his own show, "The Prince Markie Dee Show".


title: Prince Markie Dee

text: Morales once dated and was engaged to rapper Pepa sometime during the mid-1980s. He died on February 18, 2021, in Miami, one day before his 53rd birthday. The cause of death was congestive heart failure.


title: Jaxon Smith-Njigba

text: Jaxon Smith-Njigba ( ; born February 14, 2002) is an American football wide receiver for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He holds the FBS Bowl Game and Ohio State single game record for most receiving yards with 347 in the 2022 Rose Bowl. He also holds Ohio State records for most catches in a single game with 15 (twice) and most receiving yards in a single season with 1,606 during the 2021 season.


title: Jaxon Smith-Njigba

text: Smith-Njigba grew up in Rockwall, Texas, and attended Rockwall High School. Smith-Njigba led all high school football players in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex with 97 receptions for 1,828 yards and 20 touchdowns in his junior season. As a senior, he caught 104 passes for 2,094 yards and 35 touchdowns and was named the recipient of both the Landry Award and the Texas Gatorade Football Player of the Year award. Smith-Njigba played in the 2019 All-American Bowl and was named a high school All-American by "Sports Illustrated" and "USA Today". Smith-Njigba finished his high school career with 5,346 career receiving yards and 82 touchdowns in 44 games played. A 5 star prospect ranked the nations #5 wide receiver recruit, he committed to play college football at Ohio State University over offers from Notre Dame, Nebraska and Ole Miss.


title: Jaxon Smith-Njigba

text: Smith-Njigba played in seven games as a freshman and led Ohio State's freshmen with 10 receptions for 49 yards and one touchdown.


title: Jaxon Smith-Njigba

text: He was named a starter at the slot receiver position for the Buckeyes going into his sophomore season. On November 6, 2021, Smith-Njigba recorded 15 receptions (single game school record) for 240 yards (the second most receiving yards in a game in school history at the time) and one touchdown in a 26–17 win against Nebraska. Later that season, he set both an Ohio State single game and FBS Bowl record for receiving yards with 347 in Ohio State's win in the 2022 Rose Bowl. In that game, he also recorded 15 receptions (tying his own record set in the aforementioned Nebraska game) and passed David Boston for the single season receiving yards record at Ohio State with 1,606.


title: Jaxon Smith-Njigba

text: Smith-Njigba is of half Sierra Leonean descent. Smith-Njigba's older brother, Canaan Smith-Njigba, plays for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB).


title: Mikel Merino

text: Mikel Merino Zazón (; born 22 June 1996) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Real Sociedad and the Spain national team.


title: Mikel Merino

text: After starting out at Osasuna, he went on to play for Borussia Dortmund, Newcastle United and Real Sociedad.


title: Mikel Merino

text: Merino represented Spain in two European Under-21 Championships, winning the 2019 edition. He made his full debut in 2020.


title: Mikel Merino

text: Born in Pamplona, Navarre, Merino began his career with CD Amigó, later moving to CA Osasuna. He made his senior debut with the reserves in the 2013–14 season, in the Tercera División.


title: Mikel Merino

text: On 23 August 2014, Merino made his first competitive appearance with the first team, starting in a 2–0 home win against FC Barcelona B in the Segunda División. He scored his first professional goal on 21 December, the winner in a 2–1 away victory over UD Las Palmas.


title: Mikel Merino

text: Merino was definitely promoted to the main squad on 31 January 2015, being awarded the number 8 jersey. He was a regular starter in his first year, helping them to narrowly avoid relegation.


title: Mikel Merino

text: In the 2015–16 campaign, Merino scored four goals from 34 appearances as Osasuna finished sixth and reached the promotion play-offs. In that stage's first round, he netted a brace in a 3–1 home win against Gimnàstic de Tarragona, and added another goal in the second leg (3–2 victory).


title: Mikel Merino

text: On 15 February 2016, Merino signed a five-year deal with Borussia Dortmund, which was made effective on 1 July. His first appearance in the Bundesliga occurred on 14 October, when he played the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 home draw with Hertha BSC.


title: Mikel Merino

text: In July 2017, Merino joined Newcastle United on a season-long loan; the Premier League club agreed to a clause obligating them to sign the player permanently, based on a number of appearances. On 13 October this was invoked, and he agreed to a five-year contract.


title: Mikel Merino

text: Merino made 25 competitive appearances for the Magpies, scoring once, a late header that was the only goal against Crystal Palace at St James' Park on 21 October 2017. He also provided a sole assist.


title: Mikel Merino

text: Merino returned to Spain on 12 July 2018, signing a five-year deal with Real Sociedad for an undisclosed fee reported to be €12 million. His first match in La Liga took place on 18 August when he played 59 minutes in a 2–1 win against hosts Villarreal CF, and his first goal on 21 September won the game at SD Huesca. Despite struggling initially to adapt to his new team, also dealing with some injury problems, he eventually became a starter, scoring four times in 32 fixtures in his first season.


title: Mikel Merino

text: On 7 March 2020, Merino wore the captain's armband for the first time in a 1–0 league defeat away to FC Barcelona. In July, he renewed his contract until 2025.


title: Mikel Merino

text: On 3 April 2021, Merino won his first title after playing the full 90 minutes of the 2020 Copa del Rey Final – delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic – against Athletic Bilbao, assisting Portu who was brought down in the box at the hour mark; Mikel Oyarzabal converted from the spot for the only goal at the Estadio de La Cartuja, and Merino was chosen "Player of the match".


title: Mikel Merino

text: Merino was part of the Spain under-19 team which won the 2015 UEFA European Championship in Greece. He scored their first goal of the tournament, opening a 3–0 win over holders Germany at the AEL FC Arena in Larissa. He received his first call up to the senior side on 20 August 2020 for the initial two matches of the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League against Germany and Ukraine, earning his first cap against the former on 3 September by replacing Sergio Busquets early into the second half of a 1–1 draw.


title: Mikel Merino

text: Merino's father, Ángel, was also a footballer. His career was also associated with Osasuna, as both a player and manager.


title: Pinjar (film)

text: Pinjar () is a 2003 Indian period drama film directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi. The film is about the Hindu-Muslim problems during the partition of India and is based on a Punjabi novel of the same name, written by Amrita Pritam. Urmila Matondkar, Manoj Bajpayee and Sanjay Suri portray the lead roles. Besides critical acclaim, the film also won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration and Special Jury Award for Bajpayee.


title: Pinjar (film)

text: Puro is a young woman of Hindu background, who lives a happy, comfortable life with her family. She is engaged to a kind young man, Ramchand, who is from an upstanding family. While on an outing with her younger sister Rajjo, Puro is suddenly kidnapped by a mysterious man, Rashid. Rashid's family has an ancestral dispute with Puro's family. In the past, Puro's family had made Rashid's family homeless by taking over their property. Puro's uncle had even kidnapped Rashid's aunt and then released her after raping her. The task of exacting revenge is given to Rashid, and his family tells him to kidnap Puro, to settle the score.


title: Pinjar (film)

text: Rashid goes through with the kidnapping but cannot bring himself to be cruel to Puro, since he is drawn to her. One night, Puro manages to escape and return to her parents. Her parents woefully turn away their daughter, explaining that if Puro were to stay, Rashid's extended clan would slaughter everyone in their family. Left with no support, Puro returns to Rashid who is well-aware of Puro's escape; he knew she wouldn't be let in by her parents and had been waiting for her nearby.


title: Pinjar (film)

text: After a few months, Puro's family marries their son Trilok to Ramchand's younger sister, Lajjo, while Rajjo is married to Ramchand's cousin. Meanwhile, Rashid marries Puro, and they settle into an uneasy routine of husband and wife, during which time Puro becomes pregnant but miscarries.


title: Pinjar (film)

text: The British colonialists leave India and the Subcontinent reels under the effects of the partition. Ramchand's uncle, cousin and Rajjo leave for India and are safe. Ramchand, his parents and Lajjo are caught in the riots. Ramchand hurriedly leaves for India with his younger sister and mother; his father is already missing. Shortly after, Lajjo is kidnapped by rioters. Puro meets Ramchand, who woefully tells her of Lajjo's situation. Puro finds Lajjo and helps her escape with Rashid's assistance. This incident brings Puro and Rashid closer, and Puro sees Rashid's loyalty towards her and his care for her family. They bring Lajjo to Lahore where Trilok and Ramchand come to receive her.


title: Pinjar (film)

text: Trilok has a tearful reunion with Puro and explains to her that if she so chooses, she can start a new life, as Ramchand is ready to accept her even now. Puro surprises Trilok by refusing and saying that after everything that has happened, she is where she belongs. Ramchand responds with tremendous empathy to Puro, as he sees that she has accepted Rashid. Meanwhile, Rashid slowly tries to merge into the crowd, making it easier for Puro to leave with her family. He is heartbroken, as he is deeply in love with her, but wants her to be happy. However, Puro seeks Rashid out and the two tearfully bid Ramchand, Trilok, and Lajjo farewell forever.


title: Pinjar (film)

text: All of the tracks were composed by Uttam Singh, with lyrics by Gulzar. Tracks "Charkha Chalati Maa" and "Waris Shah Nu" lyrics by Amrita Pritam.


title: Pinjar (film)

text: Amberish K Diwanji of Rediff praised the acting performances of Urmila Matondkar, Priyanshu Chatterjee, Manoj Bajpai and the art direction of Muneesh Sappel but criticized the climax of the film. The critic gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 saying that, "Pinjar is a must-see. Don't miss it." Derek Elley of Variety reviewed the film saying that, "A handsomely shot drama centered on a Hindu woman's travails during the 1947 Partition, "Pinjar" ranks as one of the better Bollywood treatments of this still hot-button issue. Good performances, especially by lead actress Urmila Matondkar and by Manoj Bajpai as her Muslim partner, compensate for a slightly wobbly structure". Kshama Rao of "Glamsham" said that, "The music (Uttam Singh), the painstaking research (Muneesh Sappel) that has gone into the costumes and set designs is remarkable. Last but not the least, Dr Dwivedi almost had a winner on hand if he had not taken too long to build up the drama." Anupama Chopra of India Today said that, "While Matondkar struggles to rise above her natural artifice Manoj Bajpai is superb as the angst-ridden Muslim abductor. But the sweat and hard work is stunted by the screenplay. Finally, what could have been a great film remains only a commendable effort." Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama praised the performances of Urmila Matondkar and Manoj Bajpai but criticized the long length of the movie and its slow pace specially towards the climax. The critic gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, "On the whole, PINJAR caters more to the thinking audience. Also, it’s for those who like period fares." Kunal Shah of Sify gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that, "Overall, the film is brilliantly executed and handled with utmost sensitivity but its length is one factor, which might affect its prospects in the long run." Chitra Mahesh of The Hindu praised the acting performances but criticized the pacing of the film which she found slow and in conclusion said that, "one cannot help admiring the way he(The Director) has put together a team that has brought out such a visually, beautiful film."


title: Monte-Carlo Masters

text: The Monte-Carlo Masters is an annual tennis tournament for male professional players held in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, a commune that borders on Monaco. The event is part of the ATP Tour Masters 1000 on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour. The tournament is played on clay courts and is held every year in the April–May period.


title: Monte-Carlo Masters

text: The Monte Carlo tennis championship was first held in 1897. It became an "Open" event in 1969. From 1970 through 1973 and from 1976 through 1989 it was a major tournament of the Grand Prix Tour. In 1973 the tournament was part of the Rothmans Spring Mediterranean Circuit. From 1974 through 1977 the tournament was part of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) circuit. In 1990 it became an ATP Championship Series Single Week tennis event.


title: Monte-Carlo Masters

text: Beginning in 2009, Monte Carlo became the only Masters 1000 tournament not to have a mandatory player commitment. Most of the top players still elect to play the event despite this status.


title: Monte-Carlo Masters

text: Rafael Nadal won the title eight consecutive times between 2005 and 2012, making him the only player to win eight consecutive titles at the same tournament. In 2017, contesting his 11th final against Albert Ramos Viñolas, he won the title for an Open Era record 10th time. The following year, Nadal improved this record to 11 wins in a final against Kei Nishikori.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: Peter Falconio was a British tourist who disappeared in a remote part of the Stuart Highway near Barrow Creek in the Northern Territory of Australia on the evening of 14 July 2001, while travelling with his girlfriend Joanne Lees.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: In the aftermath of the backpacker murders, the case quickly attracted considerable public and legal attention both domestically and worldwide. Falconio was 28 years old at the time of the disappearance. His body has never been found and he is now presumed dead. On 13 December 2005, Bradley John Murdoch was convicted of Falconio's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: Peter Marco Falconio (20 September 1972 – 14 July 2001) was the third of four sons in a family who lived in Hepworth, West Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom. In 1996, he started a relationship with Joanne Lees (born 1973) after meeting her in a local nightclub. Lees soon began living with him the following year in Brighton, where Falconio was studying at Brighton University.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: On 15 November 2000, the couple embarked on a trip to Nepal, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Australia (though recent news of the backpacker murders, the Port Arthur massacre, and the Childers Palace Backpackers Hostel fire had made their families anxious about that final leg of this trip). By 16 January 2001, the couple had arrived in Sydney on a working holiday visa, and on 25 June they departed on a road trip planned as Sydney to Canberra, Melbourne, Adelaide, Darwin, and Brisbane.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: Around 7:30pm on the night of Saturday 14 July 2001, Falconio and Lees were travelling on the Stuart Highway bound for the Devil's Marbles in their orange Kombi. Falconio was driving and Lees sat next to him in the passenger seat. The two had been conscious of a car that had been following them since they stopped at a roadhouse in Barrow Creek, and were expecting to be overtaken. However, when the vehicle - a white Toyota 4WD with a green canopy - drew alongside, the driver gestured excitedly at them to pull over. Falconio stopped the van and went to speak with the man, who had pulled off the road ahead of them. The man explained he had seen sparks shooting out of the van's exhaust.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: As the two went to the rear of the vehicle to investigate Lees moved into the driver's seat, ready to rev the engine. She then heard a loud bang from the rear of the van, and moments later the man was at the window brandishing a silver handgun. The gunman climbed into the van. Lees let him secure her hands behind her back with black cable ties, but fought the tying of her feet and taping of her mouth. She was then dragged to the Toyota (noticing the gunman's dog) but, fearing rape, managed to flee into the bush while the gunman was distracted (apparently while moving Falconio's body). The gunman searched for Lees before leaving, passing nearby three times, but she hid before finally flagging down a road train driver at 12:35 am, who with his co-driver took her back to Barrow Creek.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: The Alice Springs Police were called around 1:30am, arrived to collect evidence and testimonies at around 4:20am, and (accompanied by the road train driver) commenced a search for Falconio, the Toyota, and the gunman at 7:00 am. Returning to the scene, they found a dirt-covered pool of blood and the couple's Kombi hidden some 80 metres into the scrub. It was not until eight hours after the rescue that roadblocks were put in place on the twelve likely roads exiting the district. Police searches of the area in the following months revealed little except Lees' footprints. Four Aboriginal trackers arrived from a nearby settlement within a few days but none of them found evidence of either Falconio or the gunman.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: Given the unusual nature of the attack, and the lack of corroborating evidence (i.e. Falconio's belongings or body), it took the police some days to appreciate the significance of the crime. But in the wake of the backpacker case, the media were quick to sensationalise Lees' story as one of survival in a crime of unusual horror against all odds. However, inconsistencies in Lees' statements and her demeanour in the following weeks shifted attention to the veracity of her version of the incident (e.g. the perpetrator's facial composite, the actual type of vehicle or dog, and assumed CCTV footage of the suspect from a service station in Alice Springs), similar to what had happened in the Azaria Chamberlain case. A $250,000 reward was posted, but the only new evidence in the Falconio case was an unidentified male-DNA trace on Lees' T-shirt, and some related DNA on the cable ties and Kombi gearstick.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: Police were hopeful that the release of the CCTV footage would lead to the person shown coming forward to remove themselves from suspicion. When this did not happen, investigators began to focus on the registered owners of the 1991-1999 model Toyota Land Cruiser 4WD identified, and on the thirty-six men whom callers had identified in the footage. Based on these results, police interviewed Bradley John Murdoch in Broome on 1 November 2001, though Lees' descriptions did not immediately connect the case to him and no DNA sample was collected. On 17 May 2002, investigators caught Murdoch's drug-running accomplice, who began to relate details of his connections to the case, and a DNA examination of Murdoch's brother also supported his involvement. Murdoch then disappeared, but on 22 August 2002 he was arrested and tried on an unrelated kidnap and assault charge by South Australia Police.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: After extradition, a committal hearing began in April 2005. The trial began on 17 October of that year before the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in Darwin. To cope with the demands of the trial and the huge media contingent covering the proceedings, the court building in Darwin was renovated at a cost of A$900,000. The judge was Brian Ross Martin QC, Chief Justice of the Northern Territory. Murdoch pleaded not guilty to charges of murdering Falconio and assaulting and attempting to kidnap Lees.


title: Murder of Peter Falconio

text: Lees had identified Murdoch from police photographs shown to her in November 2002 and finally face-to-face during the trial on 18 October. She also told the court that her assailant tied her wrists together behind her, put a sack over her head and forced her into his ute (pickup truck), stating that the person forced her between the seats of and into the rear of his vehicle. Lees said she escaped from the ute and fled into the dark, hiding under bushes, while Murdoch tried to find her using a torch. Expert trackers could find no sign of footprints other than those of Lees in the vicinity.