title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: In late 2012, the Army fielded 58 M3s and 1,500 rounds of ammunition to units deployed to Afghanistan to destroy enemy targets out to 1,000 meters. This was because RPG and machine gun teams could attack 900 meters away, while existing weaponry such as the M141 Bunker Defeat Munition, M72 LAW, M136 AT4, and MK153 SMAW have effective ranges of only 500 meters. The AT4 is lighter and cheaper but is made of reinforced fiberglass, while the M3's rifled metal/carbon fiber launch tube allows for reloading. Employing the 22 lb M3 is easier than the 50 lb FGM-148 Javelin with its launcher with missile and reusable command launch unit, is faster than waiting on mortars, and is cheaper than the Javelin and artillery shells for engaging targets in hard cover. Although Special Operations forces had been using the M3 since the early 1990s, light infantry unit commanders in Afghanistan had to submit operational needs statements to get the weapon. The M3 became an official Program of Record in the conventional Army in 2014, and a conditional materiel release was authorized in late 2015 to equip all brigade combat teams with one M3 launcher per infantry platoon.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: While the M3 MAAWS provided enhanced effectiveness over other launchers, its weight burdened troops. On 28 March 2013, USSOCOM announced a call for sources to develop a kit to lighten the weapon and reduce overall length without affecting handling or ruggedness. By that time, Saab was developing a weight-reduced version prior to the SOCOM release that demonstrated no decrease in performance, no increase in recoil, and nearly equivalent barrel life that could be ready for government testing in 2014. Saab has also developed a new high explosive round that has a direct fire range of 1,500 meters when using a fire control system.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: The Carl Gustaf M4 was revealed by Saab at Association of the U.S. Army 2014. Compared to the M3 MAAWS, the M4 is lighter, weighing , and shorter with a overall length. The shorter length was in response to the need to wield the weapon in urban terrain, and weight savings were achieved through using lighter components whenever possible including a carbon fibre tube with titanium liner, and a new venturi design. Other new features include a red-dot sight, a travel safety catch to allow the M4 to be carried while loaded, an adjustable shoulder rest and forward grip for improved ergonomics, a shot counter to keep track of how many rounds have been fired to manage the weapon's 1,000-round barrel life, double that of the M3, picatinny rails for grips and sight mounts, and a remote round management function so intelligent sights can communicate with programmable rounds.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: Following its reveal in 2014, the US Defence Department agreed to evaluate the shorter and lighter M4 version over the next two years; testing and qualifications were planned to be completed in spring 2017, and the weapon type classified as the M3E1 Multi-Role Anti-Armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System in fall 2017, making the system available for procurement to all Department of Defence services. The first unit was planned to be equipped with the M3E1 in 2018.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: In April 2019, a contract of SEK 168 million (US$18.1 million) was approved to supply the Australian Army with ammunition for the Carl-Gustaf M4 84 mm multipurpose weapon systems ordered by the service in September 2018.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: M3 was the name used for decades worldwide for the basic weapon. For the new, improved, lighter, titanium-employing weapon first displayed in 2014, most used the name M4, except for the US. In the US, the Army designation for the US version of the improved M4 mentioned above is M3E1.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: In 2017, the U.S. Army approved a requirement for 1,111 M3E1 units to be fielded to soldiers as part of an Urgent Material Release. The M3E1 is part of the Product Manager Crew Served Weapon portfolio. A key benefit of the M3E1 is that it can fire multiple types of rounds, giving soldiers increased capability on the battlefield. By using titanium, the updated M3E1, based on the M3A1 introduced in 2014, is more than six pounds lighter. The M3E1 is also 2.5 inches shorter and has an improved carrying handle, shoulder padding and an improved sighting system that can be adjusted for better comfort without sacrificing performance. The wiring harness was included in the M3E1 configuration that provides a foregrip controller and programmable fuze setter for an interchangeable fire control system. For added safety and cost savings, an automatic round counter enables soldiers and logisticians to accurately track the service life of each weapon. The M3E1 uses the same family of ammunition as the M3, which has been successfully tested. In November 2017, the U.S. Marine Corps announced they planned to procure the M3E1 MAAWS. 1,200 M3E1s would be acquired with one fielded to every infantry squad. In addition to infantry use, the Marines are considering it to replace the Mk 153 SMAW in combat engineer squads. The weapons perform similar functions and the improvements incorporated into the new M3E1 place it in the same size and approximate weight class as the SMAW. While the SMAW weighs less when loaded, the MAAWS has a greater variety of ammunition available and a maximum effective range of 1,000 meters, twice that of the SMAW. The Marines plan to test both weapons' effectiveness against bunkers to inform their decision.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: In 2018 the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (, "FMV") signed a contract with Saab to purchase the Carl Gustaf M4 as the 8,4 cm granatgevär m/18 ("8,4 cm grenade rifle", model 2018), often written without the "m/" to distinguish it from older m/18 (model 1918) systems ("8,4 cm granatgevär 18", abbr. "8,4 cm grg 18"). The M4 will replace the old M1 models ("8,4 cm grg m/48") models still in service as some units are pushing 70+ years in service. The 8,4 cm grg 18 will feature an advanced laser rangefinder and will be acquired with new programmable ammunition (preliminary name "HE 448"), and a new, improved HEAT shell.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: Saab announced in September 2022 that it would establish a manufacturing facility to produce the Carl-Gustaf M4 weapons system in India. It will be the company's first facility producing the M4 system outside Sweden. The facility is expected to open in 2024 and will produce weapons for the Indian Armed Forces as well as export components to users worldwide. Previous versions of the Carl Gustaf system have been in service with India since 1976.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: Improvements to the ammunition have been continual. While the older HEAT rounds are not particularly effective against modern tank armor, the weapon has found new life as a bunker-buster with a high-explosive dual-purpose (HEDP) round. Also, improved HEAT, high explosive (HE), smoke and illumination (star shell or flare) ammunition is also available. For full effectiveness, illumination rounds must be fired at a very high angle, creating a danger for the gunner who can be burned from the backblast. For this reason, several armies have retired the illumination rounds, while the U.S. Army requires that they be fired from a standing position.


title: Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

text: Note that the following are the Swedish manufacturer designations (other countries use similar terminology, replacing the "FFV - Försvarets Fabriksverk")


title: 2021–22 Brooklyn Nets season

text: The 2021–22 Brooklyn Nets season was the 46th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA), 55th season overall, and its 10th season playing in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. On April 2, 2022, the Nets clinched a spot in the play-in tournament. On April 12, the Nets clinched a playoff spot after winning the play-in game against the Cleveland Cavaliers. In the first round of the 2022 NBA playoffs, they faced the Boston Celtics, losing the series 4–0. It was the second time in three seasons that the Nets were swept in the first round of the playoffs; in the 2020 playoffs, they were swept by the Toronto Raptors.


title: 2021–22 Brooklyn Nets season

text: The Nets entered the draft holding one first round pick and three second round picks. The 44th overall pick was acquired on July 7, 2016, in a trade with the Indiana Pacers. The 49th overall pick was acquired on July 6, 2019, in a trade with the Atlanta Hawks. The 59th overall pick was acquired on July 20, 2018, in a trade with the Phoenix Suns. The Nets used their 27th overall pick to select Cam Thomas, and then selected Kessler Edwards (44th overall pick), Marcus Zegarowski (49th overall pick) and RaiQuan Gray (59th overall pick).


title: Ellery Queen

text: Ellery Queen is a pseudonym created in 1929 by American crime fiction writers Frederic Dannay and Manfred Bennington Lee and the name of their main fictional character, a mystery writer in New York City who helps his police inspector father solve baffling murders. Dannay and Lee wrote most of the more than thirty novels and several short story collections in which Ellery Queen appeared as a character, and their books were among the most popular of American mysteries published between 1929 and 1971. In addition to the fiction featuring their eponymous brilliant amateur detective, the two men acted as editors: as Ellery Queen they edited more than thirty anthologies of crime fiction and true crime, and Dannay founded and for many decades edited "Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine", which has been published continuously from 1941 to the present. From 1961, Dannay and Lee also commissioned other authors to write crime thrillers using the Ellery Queen "nom de plume", but not featuring Ellery Queen as a character; several juvenile novels were credited to Ellery Queen, Jr. Finally, the prolific duo wrote four mysteries under the pseudonym Barnaby Ross.


title: Ellery Queen

text: Adding another layer of complexity to their relations, the two men were cousins, who created the nom de plume "Ellery Queen" using their professional names. Frederic Dannay was the professional name of Daniel Nathan (October 20, 1905 – September 3, 1982), and Manfred Bennington Lee that of Emanuel Benjamin Lepofsky (January 11, 1905 – April 3, 1971).


title: Ellery Queen

text: In a successful series of novels and short stories that covered 42 years, "Ellery Queen" served as a joint pseudonym for the cousins Dannay and Lee, as well as the name of the primary detective-hero they created. During the 1930s and much of the 1940s, that detective-hero was possibly the best known American fictional detective. Movies, radio shows, and television shows were based on Dannay and Lee's works.


title: Ellery Queen

text: Frederic Dannay, without much involvement from Lee, was founding and directing editor of "Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine", a crime fiction magazine. They were also prominent historians in the field, editing numerous collections and anthologies of short stories such as "The Misadventures of Sherlock Holmes". Their 994-page anthology for the Modern Library, "101 Years' Entertainment: The Great Detective Stories, 1841–1941", was a landmark work that remained in print for many years. Under their collective pseudonym, the cousins were given the Grand Master Award for achievements in the field of the mystery story by the Mystery Writers of America in 1961.


title: Ellery Queen

text: The fictional Ellery Queen was the hero of more than 30 novels and several short story collections, written by Dannay and Lee and published under the Ellery Queen pseudonym. Dannay and Lee also wrote four novels about a detective named Drury Lane using the pseudonym Barnaby Ross. They allowed the Ellery Queen name to be used as a house name for a number of novels written by other authors from outlines provided by Dannay, most of them published in the 1960s as paperback originals and not featuring Ellery Queen as a character.


title: Ellery Queen

text: Dannay and Lee remained circumspect about their writing methods. Novelist and critic H.R.F. Keating wrote, "How actually did they do it? Did they sit together and hammer the stuff out word by word? Did one write the dialogue and the other the narration? ... What eventually happened was that Fred Dannay, in principle, produced the plots, the clues, and what would have to be deduced from them as well as the outlines of the characters and Manfred Lee clothed it all in words. But it is unlikely to have been as clear cut as that."


title: Ellery Queen

text: According to critic Otto Penzler, "As an anthologist, Ellery Queen is without peer, his taste unequalled. As a bibliographer and a collector of the detective short story, Queen is, again, a historical personage. Indeed, Ellery Queen clearly is, after Poe, the most important American in mystery fiction." British crime novelist Margery Allingham wrote that Ellery Queen had "done far more for the detective story than any other two men put together".


title: Ellery Queen

text: Although Frederic Dannay outlived his cousin by eleven years, the Ellery Queen authorial name died with Manfred Lee. The last novel featuring the character Ellery Queen, "A Fine and Private Place", was published in 1971, the year of Lee's death. However, "Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine", now published by Dell Magazines, continues as a crime fiction magazine as of 2020, currently publishing six "double issues" per year.


title: Ellery Queen

text: Ellery Queen was created in 1928 when Dannay and Lee entered a writing contest sponsored by "McClure's" magazine for the best first mystery novel. They decided to use as their collective pseudonym the same name that they had given their detective. Inspired by the formula and style of the Philo Vance novels by S.S. Van Dine, their entry won the contest, but before it could be published, the magazine closed. Undeterred, the cousins took their novel to other publishers, and "The Roman Hat Mystery" was published in 1929. According to H.R.F. Keating, "Later the cousins took a sharper view of the Philo Vance character, Manfred Lee calling him, with typical vehemence, 'the biggest prig that ever came down the pike'."


title: Ellery Queen

text: "The Roman Hat Mystery" established a reliable template: a geographic formula title ("The Dutch Shoe Mystery", "The Egyptian Cross Mystery", etc.); an unusual crime; a complex series of clues and red herrings; multiple misdirected solutions before the final truth is revealed, and a cast of supporting characters including Ellery's father, Inspector Richard Queen, and his irascible assistant, Sergeant Velie. What became the best known part of the early Ellery Queen books was the "Challenge to the Reader". This was a single page near the end of the book declaring that the reader had seen all the same clues Ellery had, and that only one solution was possible. According to the novelist and critic Julian Symons, "The rare distinction of the books is that this claim is accurate. There are problems in deduction that do really permit of only one answer, and there are few crime stories indeed of which this can be said."


title: Ellery Queen

text: The fictional detective Ellery Queen is the author of the books in which he appears ("The Finishing Stroke", 1958) and the editor of the magazine that bears his name ("The Player on the Other Side", 1963). As Van Dine had done earlier with Philo Vance, the creators of the Queen character gave him an extremely elaborate back story that was rarely mentioned after the first few novels. In fact, Queen goes through several transformations in his personality and his approach to investigation over the course of the series.


title: Ellery Queen

text: In the earlier novels, Queen is a snobbish Harvard-educated intellectual of independent means who wears pince-nez glasses and investigates crimes because he finds them stimulating. He supposedly derived these characteristics from his late mother, the daughter of an aristocratic New York family who had married Richard Queen, a bluff, man-in-the-street New York Irishman. From 1938, Ellery spends some time working in Hollywood as a screenwriter (in "The Four of Hearts" and "The Origin of Evil") and solves cases with a Hollywood setting. At this point, he has a slick façade, is part of Hollywood society and hobnobs comfortably with the wealthy and famous. Beginning with "Calamity Town" in 1942, Ellery becomes less of a cypher and more of a human being, often becoming emotionally affected by the people in his cases, and at one point quitting detective work altogether. "Calamity Town", two sequels, and some short stories are set in the imaginary town of Wrightsville, and subsidiary characters recur from story to story; Ellery relates to the various strata of American society as an outsider. However, after his Hollywood and Wrightsville periods, he is returned to his New York City roots for the remainder of his career, and is then seen again as an ultra-logical crime solver who remains distant from his cases. In the very late novels, he often seems a near-faceless, near-characterless persona whose role is purely to solve the mystery. So striking are the differences between the different periods of the Ellery Queen character that Julian Symons advanced the theory that there were two "Ellery Queens" — an older and younger brother.


title: Ellery Queen

text: Ellery Queen is said to be married and the father of a child in the introductions to the first few novels, but this plot line is never developed and Ellery is mainly portrayed as a bachelor. The character of Nikki Porter, who acts as Ellery's secretary and is something of a love interest, was encountered first in the radio series. Nikki's curiosity and her attempts to encourage Ellery to work as a detective are responsible for a number of radio and film plots from the early 1940s. Her first appearance in a written story is in the final pages of "There Was an old Woman" (1943), when a character with whom Ellery has had some flirtatious moments announces spontaneously that she's changing her name to Nikki Porter and going to work as Ellery's secretary. Nikki Porter appears sporadically thereafter in novels and stories, linking the character from radio and movies into the written canon. The character of Paula Paris, an agoraphobic gossip columnist, is linked romantically with Ellery in one novel, "The Four of Hearts," and in short stories during the Hollywood period, but does not appear in the radio series or films, and soon vanished from the books. Ellery is not given any serious romantic interests after Nikki Porter and Paula Paris disappear from the books. Late in the series, in the 1968 novel "The House of Brass", Inspector Queen remarries after decades as a widower.


title: Ellery Queen

text: The Queen household, an apartment on West 87th street in New York City shared by the Queens, father and son, also contains a houseboy named Djuna, at least in the earliest novels and short stories. This young man, who may be of Roma origin, appears periodically in the canon, apparently ageless and family-free, in a supporting role as cook, receiver of parcels, valet, and occasional minor comedy relief. He is the principal character in some, but not all, of the juvenile novels ghost-written by other writers under the pseudonym Ellery Queen, Jr.


title: Ellery Queen

text: The Queen novels are examples of the classic "fair play" whodunit mystery, and are textbook examples of what became known as the Golden age of detective fiction. Because the reader obtains clues in the same way as the protagonist detective, the book becomes an intellectually challenging puzzle. Mystery writer John Dickson Carr termed it "the grandest game in the world".


title: Ellery Queen

text: The early Queen novels were characterized by intricately plotted clues and solutions. In "The Greek Coffin Mystery" (1932), "The Siamese Twin Mystery", and others, multiple solutions to the mystery are proposed, a feature that also showed up in later books such as "Double, Double" and "Ten Days' Wonder". Queen's "false solution, followed by the truth" became a hallmark of the canon. Another stylistic element in many early books (notably "The Dutch Shoe Mystery", "The French Powder Mystery" and "Halfway House") is Ellery's method of creating a list of attributes (the murderer is male, the murderer smokes a pipe, etc.). Then, by comparing each suspect to these attributes, he reduces the list of suspects to a single name, often an unlikely one.


title: Ellery Queen

text: By the late 1930s, when Ellery Queen—author and character—moved to Hollywood to try movie scriptwriting, the tone of the novels began to change along with the detective's character. Romance was introduced, solutions began to involve more psychological elements, and the "Challenge to the Reader" vanished from the books. Some of the novels also moved from mere puzzles to more introspective themes. The three novels set in the fictional New England town of Wrightsville, starting with "Calamity Town" in 1942, even showed the limitations of Ellery's methods of detection. According to Julian Symons, "Ellery ... occasionally lost his father, as his exploits took place more frequently in the small town of Wrightsville ... where his arrival as a house guest was likely to be the signal for the commission of one or more murders. Very intelligently, Dannay and Lee used this change in locale to loosen the structure of their stories. More emphasis was placed on personal relationships and less on the details of investigation."


title: Ellery Queen

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, the authors tried some more experimental work, especially in three novels written by other writers, all based on detailed outlines by Dannay. "The Player on the Other Side", ghost-written by Theodore Sturgeon, delves more deeply into motive than most Ellery Queen novels. "And on the Eighth Day" (1964), ghost-written by Avram Davidson, was a religious allegory touching on fascism. Davidson also wrote "The Fourth Side of the Triangle".


title: Ellery Queen

text: Toward the end of their careers, the cousins allowed some crime novels, mainly paperback originals, to be written by ghostwriters as part of the Ellery Queen franchise. These books did not feature the character Ellery Queen as the protagonist. They included three novels featuring "the governor's troubleshooter", Micah "Mike" McCall, and six featuring Captain Tim Corrigan, of the NYPD's Main Office Squad. The prominent science-fiction writer Jack Vance wrote three of these original paperbacks, including the locked room mystery "A Room to Die In".


title: Ellery Queen

text: There are also several collections of Ellery Queen short stories. These were praised by Julian Symons as follows: "[I]n some ways the short story is better suited than the novel to this kind of writing... This is notable especially in the case of Ellery Queen. The best of his short stories belong to the early intensely ratiocinative period, and both "The Adventures of Ellery Queen" (1934) and "The New Adventures" (1940) are as absolutely fair and totally puzzling as the most passionate devotee of orthodoxy could wish... (E)very story in these books is composed with wonderful skill."


title: Ellery Queen

text: Beginning in 1932, the cousins wrote four novels using the pseudonym Barnaby Ross about Drury Lane, a Shakespearean actor who had retired from the stage due to deafness and was consulted as an amateur detective. The novels also featured Inspector Thumm (at first of the New York police, then later a private investigator) and his crime-solving daughter Patience. The Drury Lane novels are in the whodunit style. "The Tragedy of X" and "The Tragedy of Y" are variations on the locked-room mystery format. "The Tragedy of Y" bears some resemblance to the later Ellery Queen novel "There Was an Old Woman": both are about eccentric families headed by a matriarch.


title: Ellery Queen

text: In the early 1930s, before Dannay and Lee's identity as the authors had been made public, "Ellery Queen" and "Barnaby Ross" staged a series of public debates in which one cousin impersonated Queen and the other impersonated Ross, both of them wearing masks to preserve their anonymity. According to H.R.F. Keating, "People said Ross must be the wit and critic Alexander Woollcott and Queen S.S. Van Dine..., creator of the super-snob detective Philo Vance, on whom 'Ellery Queen' was indeed modeled."


title: Ellery Queen

text: In the 1960s, the cousins allowed the Barnaby Ross name to be used as a pseudonym for the publication of a series of historical romance novels by Don Tracy. From the 1940s, republications of the Drury Lane books were mostly under the Ellery Queen name.


title: Ellery Queen

text: The first Ellery Queen novel "The Roman Hat Mystery" refers to "the now ancient Barnaby Ross murder case."


title: Ellery Queen

text: On radio, "The Adventures of Ellery Queen" was heard on all three networks from 1939 to 1948. During the 1970s, syndicated radio fillers, "Ellery Queen's Minute Mysteries", began with an announcer saying, "This is Ellery Queen..." and contained a short one-minute case. The radio station encouraged callers to solve the mystery and win a sponsor's prize. Once a winner was found, the solution was broadcast as confirmation. A complete episode guide and history of this radio program can be found in the book "The Sound of Detection: Ellery Queen's Adventures in Radio", published by OTR Publishing in 2002. "The Adventure of the Murdered Moths" (Crippen & Landru, 2005) is the first book edition of many of the radio scripts.


title: Ellery Queen

text: Helene Hanff, best known for her book "84, Charing Cross Road", was a script writer for the television series version of "The Adventures of Ellery Queen" (1950–1952), which began on the DuMont Television Network but soon moved (in 1951) to ABC. Shortly after the series began, Richard Hart, who played Queen, died and was replaced in the lead role by Lee Bowman. The series returned to DuMont in 1954 with Hugh Marlowe (who had played the role on the radio series) as the title character. George Nader played Queen in "The Further Adventures of Ellery Queen" (1958–1959), but he was replaced with Lee Philips in the final episodes.


title: Ellery Queen

text: Peter Lawford starred in a television film, "", in 1971. Veteran actor Harry Morgan played Inspector Queen, but in this film he was described as Ellery's uncle (perhaps to account for the fact that Morgan was only eight years Lawford's senior, or for Lawford's English accent). This film is loosely based on "Cat of Many Tails".


title: Ellery Queen

text: The 1975 television movie "Ellery Queen" (a.k.a. "Too Many Suspects"—a loose adaptation of "The Fourth Side of the Triangle") led to the 1975–1976 television series starring Jim Hutton in the title role (with David Wayne as his widowed father). The series was done as a period piece set in New York City in 1946–1947. Sergeant Velie, Inspector Queen's assistant, was a cast regular in this series; he had appeared in the novels and the radio series, but had not been seen regularly in any of the previous television versions. Each episode contained a "Challenge to the Viewer" with Ellery breaking the fourth wall to go over the facts of the case and invite the audience to solve the mystery on their own, immediately before the solution was revealed. Each episode of the 1975 television series featured a number of Hollywood celebrities. Eve Arden, George Burns, Joan Collins, Roddy McDowall, Milton Berle, Guy Lombardo, Rudy Vallée, and Don Ameche were among the guests. Richard Levinson and William Link, the creators of the series had won a Special Edgars Award for creating the "Columbo" and "Ellery Queen" TV series.


title: Ellery Queen

text: In 2011, in the "Leverage" episode "The 10 Li'l Grifters Job", Timothy Hutton's character Nate Ford appears at a costumed murder mystery party as Ellery Queen, in a homage to the actor's late father, Jim.


title: Ellery Queen

text: The name of Ellery Queen was attached to a number of games, including 1956's "(Ellery Queen's Great Mystery Game) Trapped", 1967's "The Case of the Elusive Assassin by Ellery Queen", a jigsaw puzzle in 1973 called "Ellery Queen: The Case of His Headless Highness" and a board game in 1986 called "Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine Game". There is also a VCR-based game from the early 1980s called "" (loosely based on "The Dutch Shoe Mystery").


title: Ellery Queen

text: Dannay and Lee, in collaboration with playwright Lowell Brentano, wrote the play "Danger, Men Working". The production never made it to Broadway, closing after a few performances in Baltimore and Philadelphia in 1936.


title: Ellery Queen

text: In 1949 William Roos (writing as William Rand) adapted the 1938 novel "The Four of Hearts" for the stage, although there is no evidence it was ever performed.


title: Ellery Queen

text: American playwright Joseph Goodrich adapted "Calamity Town" into a stage play, which he described as ""Our Town" with murder," in its New England setting and spare stage work. The play had its premiere at the Vertigo Theatre in Calgary, Alberta on January 23, 2016.


title: Ellery Queen

text: The writing team of Ellery Queen received the following Edgar Awards from the Mystery Writers of America:


title: Ellery Queen

text: The Mystery Writers of America established the Ellery Queen Award in 1983 "to honor writing teams and outstanding people in the mystery-publishing industry."


title: Ellery Queen

text: Ellery Queen was featured on a postage stamp issued by Nicaragua as part of a series of "Famous Fictional Detectives" to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Interpol in 1973 and a similar series of famous fictional detectives from San Marino in 1979.


title: Ellery Queen

text: † "The Lamp of God" is a long short story or a short novella, originally published in "Detective Story" magazine in 1935, first collected in "The New Adventures of Ellery Queen" (see below) and published separately (alone) as #23 in the Dell Ten-Cent Editions (64 pages) in 1951.


title: Ellery Queen

text: All ghostwriters are identified where known. Post-1961 novels are usually paperback originals. All titles were edited and supervised by Lee except "The Blue Movie Murders", which was edited and supervised by Dannay after Lee's death. Unless noted, these novels do not feature Ellery Queen as a character.


title: Ellery Queen

text: These novels were edited by Lee and ghosted by various authors, including Frank Belknap Long (who admitted writing two without mentioning the titles), Samuel Duff McCoy, and James Clark Carlisle, Jr., who "aroused the ire of Lee by farming out the writing of some of the books to a 'sub-ghost', which has made establishing authorship even worse". All the "Junior" novels with a colour in their title starred Djuna (see Ellery Queen), the Queens' houseboy. "The Mystery of the Merry Magician" and "The Mystery of the Vanished Victim" starred "Gulliver Queen", Ellery's nephew.


title: Ellery Queen

text: Two collections of true crime stories (based on material gathered by anonymous researchers) written by Lee alone, which were originally published in "The American Weekly".


title: Ellery Queen

text: Other short story collections exist, such as "More Adventures of Ellery Queen" (1940), which reprint stories from two previous collections.


title: Dave Courtney

text: David John Courtney (born 17 February 1959) is an English self-proclaimed former gangster who has become both an author and celebrity.


title: Dave Courtney

text: Author Bernard O'Mahoney and Frankie Fraser (the former member of the Richardson gang) have accused Courtney of embellishing and fabricating his criminal record and position in the underworld; however, Courtney has denied overstating his past.


title: Dave Courtney

text: Courtney was born in Bermondsey, London. He went to Adamsrill primary school in Sydenham South East London.


title: Dave Courtney

text: Courtney often focuses on his links with gangsters such as Reggie Kray and Lenny McLean, although he was nine years old when Kray was imprisoned. Courtney has claimed to have been shot, stabbed, had his nose bitten off, and stated that he has had to kill to stay alive. He makes the claim that his involvement in a car crash on the M20 was an attempt by "someone who had a grudge against him" to kill him.


title: Dave Courtney

text: He often refers to himself as "Dave Courtney OBE", the suffix standing for "One Big Ego". His house in Plumstead, called Camelot Castle, is decorated with union flags and the cross of St George, a painted depiction of himself as a knight and a large knuckle duster.


title: Dave Courtney

text: Courtney claims to have been involved in debt-collecting, minding clubs, assault, contraband, and murder. He also claims he has spent time in Belmarsh Prison as a high security prisoner, which has been backed up by ex-prison guard Jim Dawkins in his book "The Loose Screw".


title: Dave Courtney

text: In his book "F**k the Ride", Courtney claims to have been found not guilty in 19 separate trials. He has cultivated a reputation for using the knuckle duster when debt-collecting and was known as "The Yellow Pages of the Underworld".


title: Dave Courtney

text: Courtney is now an author, having had six books published: "Stop The Ride I Want to Get Off", "Raving Lunacy", "Dodgy Dave's Little Black Book", "The Ride's Back On", "F**k the Ride", and "Heroes & Villains".


title: Dave Courtney

text: He starred in and produced his own film, Hell To Pay, and took on the leading role of Mad Dave opposite Manish Patel in low-budget British film Triads, Yardies and Onion Bhajees. However, Courtney is probably best known for organising the security at gangster Ronnie Kray's funeral in 1995. Courtney has claimed to be the inspiration for Vinnie Jones's debt-collecting hard man in the movie "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels", although no formal statement by Director Guy Ritchie has been made to support this.


title: Dave Courtney

text: Largely making a living from television documentaries and personal appearances, Courtney ran his own website, was involved in charity work and worked on the films "Six Bend Trap" and "Clubbing To Death" alongside Craig Charles and Nick Moran. Courtney was featured in the 2008 film "The Dead Sleep Easy", filmed on location in Mexico.


title: Dave Courtney

text: He has worked with Director Liam Galvin on 2 DVDs – "Dave Courtney's Dodgy DVD" and "Dave Courtney Even Dodgier" – both released by Gangster Videos. He collaborated again with Liam Galvin on the 2010 film "Killer Bitch" and the 2016 film "Mob Handed". In his latest movie "Full English Breakfast", Courtney stars in the lead role, playing the part of notorious gangster Dave Bishop.


title: Dave Courtney

text: He appeared in the film "Mother's Child" (2020), as club owner Mr Townsend alongside Alex Reid, Swaylee Loughnane, and Lee Westwick. It was released worldwide on Amazon Prime, DVD, and Blu Ray.


title: Dave Courtney

text: In June 2004, Courtney was cleared of beating his girlfriend Jennifer Lucrea Pinto during a row over her lesbian lover.


title: Dave Courtney

text: In January 2009 he was given an 18-month conditional discharge at Bristol Crown Court, on a charge of possessing live ammunition without a firearms certificate. His defence of not knowing that the single live pistol round was live rather than a stage prop prompted Judge Ticehurst to comment, "It perhaps undermines your street credibility and your stage performance that you cannot distinguish between a real round and a fake round. But perhaps that's not for me to say."


title: Dave Courtney

text: In May 2009, Courtney filed for bankruptcy, reportedly owing £400,000 to creditors, including taxes of £250,000.


title: Dave Courtney

text: On 29 July 2009, he was arrested and charged with possession of a prohibited weapon, specifically a Brocock Air Cartridge pistol, and possession of a firearm whilst being a prohibited person. He was sent in custody to Woolwich Crown Court for trial. The Brocock pistol was previously legal as an air-weapon (and would then have been legal for Courtney to possess) but police concerns over the "ease" with which they can be converted into cartridge-firing firearms led to a ban on this specific design. Courtney was on remand in HMP Belmarsh, concerning the aforementioned firearms offences. On 10 December 2009, Courtney was cleared after the jury took two hours to find him not guilty on all charges.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Sweet and sour is a generic term that encompasses many styles of sauce, cuisine and cooking methods. It is commonly used in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and has been used in England since the Middle Ages. Sweet and sour sauce remains popular in Asian and Western cuisines.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Sweet and sour dishes, sauces, and cooking methods have a long history in China. One of the earliest recordings of sweet and sour comes from《燒尾宴食單》, a menu of the food served in Tang Dynasty (618-907) festivals written in 708. It included many sweet and sour dishes and recorded that they were invented by Chancellor Wei Juyuan under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang when he hosted the Emperor at his house; one of them is the iconic Chinese dish sweet and sour spare ribs. Some authors say that the original sweet and sour sauce () came from the Chinese province of Henan, but the sauce in this area is a light vinegar and sugar mixture not resembling what most people, including the Chinese, would call sweet and sour. Many places in China use a sweet and sour sauce as a dipping sauce for fish and meat, rather than in cooking as is commonly found in westernized Chinese cuisine.


title: Sweet and sour

text: This style of using sauces is popular amongst Chinese who tie certain sauces to particular meats such as chili and soy for shrimp and vinegar and garlic for goose. There are, however, some dishes, such as the Cantonese sweet and sour pork or loong har kow (sweet and sour lobster balls), in which the meat is cooked and a sauce added to the wok before serving.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Not all dishes are cooked; some, such as "sweet and sour fruit and vegetable" salad from the eastern regions of China, also find their way in Chinese cuisine. This dish combines salad vegetables such as cucumber, tomato, bell pepper, and onion with a mixture of pineapple (or pear), vinegar, and sugar to make a cold served dish.


title: Sweet and sour

text: In China traditionally the sauces are made from mixing sugar or honey with a sour liquid such as rice vinegar, soy sauce, and spices such as ginger and cloves. Sometimes a paste made from tomatoes is used but this is rare and normally restricted to Western cooking.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Cantonese sweet and sour sauce is the direct ancestor of the sauce of the same name in the West, and was originally developed for sweet and sour pork. The late renowned chef from Hong Kong Leung King included the following as his sweet and sour source sauce recipe: white rice vinegar, salt, Chinese brown candy, ketchup, Worcestershire sauce, and dark soy sauce. Hong Kong's gourmet Willie Mark Yiu-Tong (better known as Wei Ling|唯靈), himself a long-time friend of Leung, suggests to contemporary eateries not to resort to cheap bulk manufactured versions of vinegar, ketchup, and Worcestershire sauce, or the sauce will risk being too sharp in taste and might break the balance of flavours. He suggests the more acidic white rice vinegar could be replaced with apple cider vinegar, and ketchup and Worcestershire sauce should be of renowned gourmet brands.


title: Sweet and sour

text: The original Cantonese sweet and sour pork () is made with vinegar, preserved plums and hawthorn candy for an almost scarlet colour and sweet-sour taste. A related Hong Kong/Cantonese-based dish is sweet and sour spare-ribs () and it is identical in methods except spare-ribs are used in place of pork loins.


title: Sweet and sour

text: "Guo bao rou" () is a classic dish from Northeast China (Dongbei), originating in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. It consists of large thinly sliced pieces of pork tenderloin in potato starch batter, deep-fried twice until crispy. They are then lightly coated in a variation of a sweet and sour sauce, made from freshly prepared syrup and rice vinegar, flavoured with ginger and garlic. The batter absorbs the sauce and softens. A Beijing variant has the sauce thin and watery, while the dish as prepared in Liaoning Province is often a thicker sauce with ketchup (tomato sauce) added to it. However, the true or original version of guō bāo ròu served in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, is made with an amber-coloured sauce due to the fact that it uses caramelized sugar.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Originating in Suzhou, Jiangsu province, the "squirrel-shaped Mandarin fish" () has a crisp skin but soft centre. The fish body of "Siniperca chuatsi" is scored such that it fans out when cooked, similar in appearance to a bushy squirrel tail. The fish is served with a sweet and sour sauce drizzled on top and garnished with a little shrimp meat and dried bamboo shoots.


title: Sweet and sour

text: A speciality of Shandong province, in particular the city of Jinan, the "Yellow River carp" is prepared by making diagonal slices partway through its flesh. It is next coated in corn flour then deep fried causing the fish to curl and the slices to open out. Finally a sweet and sour sauce is poured over the cooked fish. This is one of the distinctive dishes typical of Lu Cuisine.


title: Sweet and sour

text: A popular dish in Shanghai cuisine, sweet and sour spare ribs () are made using pork ribs that are lightly coated in corn starch and seasoned before being fried and served in a sweet and sour sauce.


title: Sweet and sour

text: In South Korea, a sweet and sour meat dish known as "tangsuyuk" () is one of the most popular Korean Chinese dishes. Made with either pork or beef, the bite-sized pieces are usually coated with potato/sweet potato starch/corn starch or glutinous rice flour, and double-fried in oil. The dish is served with sweet and sour sauce, typically made by boiling vinegar, sugar, and water, with variety of fruits and vegetables like carrot, cucumber, onion, wood ear mushroom, and pineapple. Starch slurry is used to thicken the sauce.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Sweet and sour sauces have been used in English cuisine since the Middle Ages, with recipes for sweet and sour meat and fish in the 1390 cookery book "The Forme of Cury".


title: Sweet and sour

text: In French cuisine, a sweet and sour sauce base made from sugar and vinegar is a gastrique. "Aigre-doux" is a sweet and sour sauce in general.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Agrodolce is a traditional sweet and sour sauce in Italian cuisine. Its name comes from "agro" (sour) and "dolce" (sweet). Agrodolce is made by reducing sour and sweet elements, traditionally vinegar and sugar. Sometimes, additional flavorings are added, such as wine, fruit, or even chocolate. One recipe for lamb agrodolce is served over rigatoni or wide noodles, such as pappardelle.


title: Sweet and sour

text: In Filipino cuisine, sweet and sour sauces are known as agre dulce or Filipino sweet and sour sauce. It is made by mixing cornstarch with water, salt, sugar, and a tangy ingredient; typically tomato ketchup, banana ketchup, or pineapples. The mixture is brought to a boil then simmered until it thickens. Labuyo chilis may also be added. The name means "sour-sweet" in Philippine Spanish, from Spanish "agrio" ("sour") and "dulce" ("sweet"). It is also known as "agri dulci" in Chavacano and can refer to dishes cooked with the sauce. "Agre dulce" is commonly used as a dipping sauce for appetizers like "lumpia" or "okoy".


title: Sweet and sour

text: Sweet and sour chicken is a dish frequently served in Chinese restaurants in various countries in Oceania, Europe, North America and South America, and is available at some restaurants in East Asia and Southeast Asia in an essentially identical version. The dish generally comprises cubes of white meat chicken deep-fried in batter and served with sweet and sour sauce. Sometimes it is topped with pineapple, green pepper, carrot, or sweet pickles.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Sweet and sour pork is a Chinese dish particularly popular in westernised Cantonese cuisine and may be found all over the world. Several provinces in China produce various dishes that claim to be the ancestor including a traditional Jiangsu dish called Pork in a sugar and vinegar sauce (糖醋里脊; pinyin: táng cù lǐjǐ).


title: Sweet and sour

text: The dish consists of deep fried pork in bite sized pieces, and subsequently stir-fried in a more customized version of sweet and sour sauce made of sugar, ketchup, white vinegar, and soy sauce, and additional ingredients including pineapple, green pepper (capsicum), and onion. In more elaborate preparations, the dish's tartness is controlled by requiring that Chinese white rice vinegar be used sparingly and using ketchups with less vinegary tastes, while some restaurants use unripe kiwifruits and HP sauce in place of vinegar.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Western cultures use sweet and sour sauce in two different ways. Dishes can either include the sauce as an ingredient in cooking or use the sauce as a pour-over or dipping sauce for the meal.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Chinese restaurants in Western countries commonly serve chicken, pork, or shrimp that has been battered and deep-fried, then served with a sweet and sour sauce poured over the meat. It is also common to find the sweet and sour sauce cooked with sliced green peppers, onions and pineapple before it is poured over the meat.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Many western dishes involve cooking the meat with a variety of ingredients to make a complete sweet and sour dish in the manner of the Gu lo yuk. The most popular dishes are those of pork and shrimp. In French cuisine, it has been developed contrary to traditional French cooking practices and preparation of sweet and sour sauce (Aigre-douce) often involves immersing the food in a plentiful amount of sauce.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Common in Western sweet and sour sauce is the addition of fruits such as pineapple and vegetables such as sweet pepper and green onions. Traditional rice vinegar is becoming more readily available due to the increase in Asian food stores but a mixture of vinegar and dry sherry is often still used in sweet and sour dishes. Also common is the use of corn starch as thickener for the sauce and tomato ketchup to give a stronger red colour to the dish and to add a Western taste. Most supermarkets across Europe and North America carry a range of prepared sweet and sour sauces either for adding to a stir-fry or for use as a dipping sauce.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Primarily in North America, sweet and sour sauce is available in small plastic packets or containers at Chinese take-out establishments for use as a dipping sauce.


title: Sweet and sour

text: In Britain, Thai-style sweet chilli dipping sauce has recently overtaken the previous popularity of Chinese-style sweet-sour sauce to the extent it can often be found at non-Asian establishments for a wide variety of western-style snacks from fishcakes to chips and seafood such as calamari and prawns.


title: Sweet and sour

text: A number of variations are used in barbecue cuisine, either home-made or prepared from a number of common brands.


title: Sweet and sour

text: Besides American Chinese restaurants, popular fast food restaurants such as McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's carry their own proprietary brands of sweet and sour sauce packets. These are commonly offered and used as a dipping sauce for chicken fingers and chicken nuggets.


title: Galaxie 500

text: Galaxie 500 was an American alternative rock band that formed in 1987 and split up in 1991 after releasing three albums: "Today", "On Fire" and "This Is Our Music". The band was made up of guitarist/vocalist Dean Wareham, drummer Damon Krukowski and bassist and vocalist Naomi Yang.


title: Galaxie 500

text: Guitarist Dean Wareham, drummer Damon Krukowski and bassist Naomi Yang had met at the Dalton School in New York City in 1981, but began playing together during their time as students at Harvard University. Wareham and Krukowski had formed a series of punk-influenced student bands, before Wareham returned to New York. When he returned in 1987 he and Krukowski formed a new band, with Yang joining the group on bass guitar, the new group deciding on the name Galaxie 500, after a friend's car, a Ford Galaxie 500.


title: Galaxie 500

text: The band began playing gigs in Boston and New York City, and recorded a demo which they sent to Shimmy Disc label boss and producer Mark Kramer, who agreed to produce the band. With Kramer at the controls, the band recorded the "Tugboat" single in February 1988, and the "Oblivious" flexi-disc, and moved on to record their debut album, "Today", which was released on the small Aurora label. The band toured the United Kingdom in late 1988 and in 1989, then signed to Rough Trade and released their second album, "On Fire", which has been described as "lo-fi psychedelia reminiscent of Jonathan Richman being backed by The Velvet Underground", and is considered the band's defining moment. "On Fire" reached number 7 in the UK Indie Chart, and met with much critical acclaim in the United Kingdom, but was less well received by the US music press, who cited Wareham's 'vocal limitations' as a weakness.


title: Galaxie 500

text: Galaxie 500 recorded two sessions for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 programme, these later released on the "Peel Sessions" album. Their cover of Jonathan Richman's "Don't Let Our Youth Go To Waste" was also voted into number 41 in 1989's Festive 50 by listeners to the show.


title: Galaxie 500

text: The band split up in the spring of 1991 after the release of their third album, "This Is Our Music." Wareham, who had already moved back to New York, quit the band after a lengthy American tour, as preparations were underway for a tour of Japan. As Wareham later said, "Galaxie 500 broke up because it was time. We broke up as a result of internal contradictions. Columbia Records was interested in signing us, but the making of the previous album had been very difficult--and clearly we weren't getting along--so why should we continue to sit in a room and make music together?"


title: Galaxie 500

text: Galaxie 500's records were released in the US and UK on the independent Rough Trade label. When Rough Trade went bankrupt in 1991, Krukowski and Yang purchased the masters at auction, reissuing them on Rykodisc in 1996 as a box set containing all three albums and another disc of rarities.


title: Galaxie 500

text: Galaxie 500 used fairly simple instrumental techniques enhanced with an atmospheric production style. The Velvet Underground and Jonathan Richman have been identified as key influences. In interviews on the Galaxie 500 DVD "Don't Let Our Youth Go to Waste", Wareham cites Spacemen 3 as another key inspiration.


title: Galaxie 500

text: After leaving Galaxie 500, Wareham tried his hand at production, working with Mercury Rev. He released a solo single, "Anesthesia," in February 1992, and formed a new band, Luna. Krukowski and Yang continued to record under the moniker Pierre Etoile (French for "Rock Star"), and then Damon and Naomi (whose first two releases were also produced by Kramer), and as members of Magic Hour. They also began the avant-garde press Exact Change.


title: Galaxie 500

text: In June 2010 Wareham announced on his website that he would be going on an autumn tour under the moniker "Dean Wareham plays Galaxie 500," where he would, as the moniker suggests, only play Galaxie 500 songs.


title: Galaxie 500

text: Galaxie 500's music had an influence on many later indie music groups, including Low. Their music has been covered and referenced by several well known artists. In Liz Phair's song "Stratford-on-Guy", she sings, "And I was pretending that I was in a Galaxie 500 video." In Xiu Xiu's song "Dr. Troll", Jamie Stewart sings, "Listen to "On Fire" and pretend someone could love you." On Neutral Milk Hotel's debut album, "On Avery Island", the song "Naomi" is believed to be about Naomi Yang, and includes the line "There is no Naomi in view/She walks through Cambridge stocks and strolls"; in 2011, Yang created a music video for the song. The Brian Jonestown Massacre's "And This Is Our Music" was titled in reference to the group's album "This Is Our Music" (which itself was titled after Ornette Coleman's album "This Is Our Music"). Sonic Youth frontman Thurston Moore has cited Galaxie 500's album "Today" as "the guitar record of 1988".


title: Galaxie 500

text: "Tugboat" has been covered by many artists, including The Submarines, who recorded it with indie rock producer Adam Lasus for their "iTunes Live Session EP", British Sea Power, on Rough Trade compilation "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before...", Welsh lo-fi band Joanna Gruesome, and Portastatic, Kiwi Jr., for a planned concert of Galaxie 500 covers at Rough Trade Brooklyn set to coincide with Record Store Day and the release of Galaxie’s Copenhagen on vinyl. In 2010 the bands Cloudland Canyon and Citay, appeared on a 7" EP together wherein they both covered Galaxie 500, the former taking on "Temperature's Rising" and the latter doing a version of "Tugboat". English artist World Of Fox covered "Flowers" in his 2011 release on Where It's At Is Where You Are Records.


title: Galaxie 500

text: In 2012 the song "Tugboat" was featured in the film "The Perks of Being a Wallflower", directed by Stephen Chbosky and based on his book of the same name.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook Tire & Technology (; , also known simply as Hankook and stylised ), is a South Korean tire company. Based in Seoul, Hankook is the seventh largest tire company in the world.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook Tire was established by Jae Hun Chung's grandfather in 1941 as the Chosun Tire Company and was renamed to Hankook Tire Manufacturing in 1968. The word "Hankook" literally means Korea, thus Korea Tire Company.


title: Hankook Tire

text: The company now supplies tires as original equipment to various automakers. In addition to producing about 102 million tires annually, the company also sells batteries, alloy wheels, and brake pads.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook Tire Co. has announced that the company will invest $1.1 billion to build a factory in West Java, Indonesia as part of a plan to become the 5th largest tire manufacturer in the world. On June 9, 2011 a ground breaking ceremony was held at a 60-hectare area as a regional hub production for export to Asian, North America and Middle East countries.


title: Hankook Tire

text: In October 2013, the company announced plans to open a new factory in Clarksville, Tennessee which was later opened in October 2017.


title: Hankook Tire

text: According to "Modern Tire Dealer", Hankook's new tire sales for 2007 were $3.5 billion, a 20.7% year-over-year increase from 2006 ($2.9 billion).


title: Hankook Tire

text: The company has its headquarters in South Korea and has manufacturing facilities in South Korea, the People's Republic of China, Hungary, Indonesia, and the United States. It has technical centers in Daejon, Korea; Akron, Ohio; Hannover, Germany; Osaka, Japan; and China.


title: Hankook Tire

text: In April 2016, the company announced it would move its North American headquarters from Wayne, New Jersey, to Nashville, Tennessee. This move is reported to create up to 200 jobs in Davidson County and the company would be investing $5 million in the process.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook entered motorsports in Europe, North America, and in Asia. They signed with FBR (Farnbarcher Racing) to race a Ferrari F430 GT with Hankook Tires in the 2009 Le Mans Series season. The company supplied tires for the Primetime Race Group that raced in the GT2 class of the American Le Mans Series in 2008. It supplied tires from 2007–2009 for IMSA Prototype Lites, a support series for the American Le Mans Series. Since 2009, the Hankook Team Farnbacher has competed in the GT class of the Le Mans Series. It also supplies tires for the Hankook KTR team that races in the Super GT and the Asian Le Mans Series and for the Formula 3 Euroseries.


title: Hankook Tire

text: In rallying, Hankook are the series sponsors of the Scottish Rally Championship. Its tires have been used at the European-based Intercontinental Rally Challenge as well.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Since 2011, Hankook is the official tyre partner for the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, one of the world's most popular touring car series.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook sponsored Formula Drift driver Chris Forsberg, a three-time champion (with his most recent championship coming as recent as the 2016 season), until 2018 season.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook will replace Michelin as the official tire supplier for Formula E for its third-generation car starting from the 2022-23 season.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook is one of the sponsors of the UEFA Europa League since 2012. In 2021, Hankook's partnership with UEFA was renewed and will include sponsoring the new UEFA Europa Conference League through the Laufenn brand.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook is also involved in drifting sponsorship in a number of countries, most notably in North America in the Formula D championship and in Ireland in the Prodrift championship.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook is also involved with simracing, as the main sponsor for Liga ZGT and ApexGT e-Sports, brazilians Gran Turismo Sport Simracing League.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Since 2018, Hankook has been the official tire of Major League Baseball and sponsored the 2020 MLB Wild Card Series.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Traditionally, Hankook has applied for international product design competitions. The received awards are widely used in the company's marketing activities, for example, at specialized exhibitions, during training seminars for dealers, in printed catalogs and advertising. Hankook received most of the awards from the German-based organizations International Forum Design and Red Dot.


title: Hankook Tire

text: Hankook also earned several awards for its concept tires. The latest ones are the Hexonic smart tire for autonomous car sharing and the futuristic Aeroflow racing tire for motorsport competition. In 2019, both tires won the US-based International Design Excellence Awards (IDEA).


title: Air burst

text: An air burst or airburst is the detonation of an explosive device such as an anti-personnel artillery shell or a nuclear weapon in the air instead of on contact with the ground or target. The principal military advantage of an air burst over a ground burst is that the energy from the explosion (as well as any shell fragments) is distributed more evenly over a wider area; however, the peak energy is lower at ground zero.


title: Air burst

text: Air burst artillery has a long history. The shrapnel shell was invented by Henry Shrapnel of the British Army in about 1780 to increase the effectiveness of canister shot. It was widely used by the time of the War of 1812 and stayed in use until it was superseded during the First World War. Modern shells, though sometimes called "shrapnel shells", actually produce fragments and splinters, not shrapnel.


title: Air burst

text: Air bursts were used in the First World War to shower enemy positions and men with shrapnel balls to kill the largest possible number with a single burst. When infantry moved into deep trenches, shrapnel shells were rendered useless and high-explosive shells were used to attack field fortifications and troops in the open. The time fuses for the shells could be set to function on contact or in the air, or at a certain time after contact.


title: Air burst

text: Early anti-aircraft warfare used time fuses to function when they reached the estimated altitude of the target. During World War II a "proximity fuze" was developed for antiaircraft use, controlled by a doppler radar device within the shell that caused it to explode when near the target. The idea was later adapted for use against ground targets.


title: Air burst

text: During the Vietnam War, air bursting shells were used to great effect to defend bases. This tactic was known as "Killer Junior" when referring to 105 mm or 155 mm shells, and "Killer Senior" when employed with larger howitzers.


title: Air burst

text: Some anti-personnel bounding mines such as Germany's World War II "Bouncing Betty" fire a grenade into the air, which detonates at waist level, increasing the blast radius and harm inflicted by detonation, shock wave, and flying splinters.


title: Air burst

text: A relatively recent example of airburst munitions is the VOG-25P "jumping" 40 mm caseless grenade, which contains a secondary charge to launch it up to 1.5 meters above its point of impact before the main charge detonates. Another recent development are computer programmable air burst grenades with fire control system. Grenade launchers using this technology include the XM29, XM307, PAPOP, Mk 47 Striker, XM25, Barrett XM109, K11, QTS-11, Norinco LG5 / QLU-11 and Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System.


title: Air burst

text: The air burst is usually above the hypocenter to allow the shockwave of the fission or fusion driven explosion to bounce off the ground and back into itself, combining two wave fronts and creating a shockwave that is more forceful than the one resulting from a detonation at ground level. This "mach stem" only occurs near ground level, exists around the entire perimeter of the expanding wave front near ground level, and is similar in shape to the letter Y when viewed from the side (see sliced view). Airbursting also minimizes fallout by keeping the fireball from touching the ground, limiting the amount of debris that is vaporized and drawn up in the radioactive debris cloud. For the Hiroshima bomb, an air burst above the ground was chosen "to achieve maximum blast effects, and to minimize residual radiation on the ground as it was hoped U.S. troops would soon occupy the city".


title: Air burst

text: Some nuclear weapons have a contact preclusion fuzing feature to prevent the backup contact fuze from detonating the weapon if the air burst fuzing fails.


title: Air burst

text: In conventional warfare, air bursts are used primarily against infantry in the open or unarmored targets, as the resulting fragments cover a large area but will not penetrate armor or field fortifications.


title: Air burst

text: In nuclear warfare, air bursts are used against soft targets (i.e. lacking the hardened construction required to survive overpressure from a nuclear explosion) such as cities in countervalue targeting, or airfields, radar systems and mobile ICBMs in counterforce targeting.


title: Air burst

text: Killer Junior and Killer Senior are techniques of employing artillery direct fire air bursts, first developed during the Vietnam War. The technique involves a howitzer firing a high explosive (HE) shell using a mechanical time–super quick (MTSQ) artillery fuze set to cause an airburst over a target in very close proximity to the firing gun's position. Set properly, the shell would detonate approximately above the ground at ranges of 200 to 1,000 meters.


title: Air burst

text: The term Killer Junior was applied to this technique when used with 105 mm or 155 mm howitzers, and the term Killer Senior applied to its use with the M115 203 mm (8-inch) howitzer. The term "Killer" came from the call-sign of the battery which developed the technique. The technique was later perfected by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Dean, commander of the 1st Battalion, 8th Field Artillery Regiment, of the 25th Infantry Division Artillery.


title: Air burst

text: Killers Junior and Senior were developed as alternatives to the Beehive flechette rounds previously used against nearby enemy troops. The advantage of the Killer techniques over Beehive is that the airburst projects fragments in all directions, and is able to wound enemies crawling or lying in defilade, whereas the flechettes of a Beehive round would simply fly harmlessly over a low target.


title: 2021–22 Croatian First Football League

text: The 2021–22 Croatian First Football League (officially Hrvatski Telekom Prva liga for sponsorship reasons) is the 31st season of the Croatian First Football League, the national championship for men's association football teams in Croatia, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 16 July 2021.


title: 2021–22 Croatian First Football League

text: On 23 April 2021, Croatian Football Federation announced that the first stage of licensing procedure for 2020–21 season was complete. For the 2021–22 Prva HNL, eleven clubs were issued a top level license: Cibalia, Dinamo Zagreb, Gorica, Hajduk Split, Hrvatski Dragovoljac, Istra 1961, Lokomotiva, Osijek, Rijeka, Slaven Belupo and Varaždin. All of these clubs except Cibalia and Hrvatski Dragovoljac were also issued a license for participating in UEFA competitions.


title: 2021–22 Croatian First Football League

text: Hrvatski Dragovoljac (promoted after a seven-year absence) was promoted from the 2020–21 Druga HNL. Varaždin (relegated after two years in the top flight) was relegated to 2021–22 Druga HNL.


title: 2021–22 Croatian First Football League

text: Each team plays home-and-away against every other team in the league twice, for a total of 36 matches each played.


Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia (Russian: Великий Князь Александр Александрович Романов; 7 June 1869 – 2 May 1870) was the infant son of then-Tsesarevich Alexander Alexandrovich and his wife, Tsesarevna Maria Feodorovna.


title: Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Grand Duke Alexander's father was heir apparent to the Russian throne as the eldest living son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. The Grand Duke was Alexander and Marie's second child, second son, and the younger brother of the future Emperor Nicholas II. Though his father eventually succeeded to the Russian throne as Alexander III, Grand Duke Alexander died before this.


text: He died of meningitis in 1870, one month before his first birthday. Following his death, his mother wrote to her own mother, Queen Louise of Denmark: "The doctors maintain he did not suffer, but we suffered terribly to see and hear him."


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi (A Thousand Wishes Like This) is an Indian political drama film made by director Sudhir Mishra in 2003 but released in 2005. Set against the backdrop of the Indian Emergency, the movie tells the story of three young people in the 1970s, when India was undergoing massive social and political changes. The title is taken from a poem by Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib.


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: It went to 12 film festivals in 6 months including Turkey, Estonia, River to River (Florence), Berlin, Edinburgh, Washington, Goa, Bite The Mango (Bradford), Commonwealth (Manchester), India (Los Angeles), Dallas, and Pacific Rim (California).


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: The film opens at Hindu College, Delhi with the story of three students, Siddharth Tyabji (Kay Kay Menon), Geeta Rao (Chitrangada Singh) and Vikram Malhotra (Shiney Ahuja).


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: Siddharth is a driven revolutionary who dreams of bringing a revolution in the state of Bihar that will end the caste-based discrimination there, bring social justice, and improve society. Geeta is a London-returned, South Indian in love with the firebrand Siddharth. She has led a very sheltered life and is yet to explore the terrain of the Indian socio-political landscape. While she finds Siddharth's Naxalite rhetoric attractive, she is not sure if she can whole-heartedly subscribe to it. Every time they come to a choice, Siddharth chooses his ideology over his love for her thus breaking her heart time and again. Vikram is a middle-class boy who dreams of making it big, whatever the cost. He is particularly afflicted by his father's Gandhian ideas, but irritated and frustrated at the same time, seeing his father's way of life as ineffective in bringing about change.


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: Siddharth leaves for Bihar to bring about a revolution; Geeta leaves for Oxford to get a degree; and Vikram sets up an office in Delhi.


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: A few years later, Vikram is a fixer in the power corridors of government, Geeta is married to promising IAS Officer Arun Mehta (Ram Kapoor) who, as Geeta says "has it all", and Siddharth is still trying to foment a revolution. But all is not as it seems. Below the mask of happiness, each is quite unhappy. Vikram has 'made it' but he cannot get Geeta, the love of his life. Geeta is married, but she meets Siddharth on the sly, cheating on her husband.


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: Geeta gets a divorce from her husband because of her love for Siddharth, even though she does not want to hurt her husband's feelings. Geeta joins Siddharth in the village and starts to teach the children, whilst the police repeatedly try to hunt down her now husband, Siddharth. She bears a child with Siddharth whom she sends to her parents in London since she believes he deserves more than to grow up in the remote village.


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: Eventually the police round up the entire village, capturing Siddharth and Geeta for intent to cause unrest and brutally assaulting them – fabricating a story of a villagers' riot to explain their injuries. Geeta is bailed out of prison by her now influential ex-husband. Siddharth, on the run, is shot by the police, admitted to a local hospital, and placed under arrest while Geeta believes him to have been killed.


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: Vikram, who has been consoling Geeta and taking care of her during the absences of her ex-husband and of Siddharth, is informed that Siddharth is alive. Vikram travels to meet Siddharth and release him using his influential contacts. However, he has an accident on the way and is admitted to the same hospital as Siddharth. During the night, local Naxalites break into the crude hospital and free Siddharth while Vikram lays there. The next morning, the policemen in charge of guarding Siddharth, frustrated, accuse Vikram of having conspiring to free Siddharth and beat him up. After discovering that he is a man of influence, they resolve to kill him and dump his body to make it unrecognisable. Vikram, terrified and injured, attempts to escape but is chased down. The policemen finds that the Naxalites have emptied their revolver and they beat Vikram with an iron rod. Soon, the police chief and a local politician come looking for Vikram and are able to stop the policemen from killing him.


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: Vikram suffers severe brain damage and is rendered mentally challenged, while Siddharth tells Geeta that he intends to leave. Geeta refuses to accompany him. Siddharth has moved beyond simply trying to foment a revolution. He is prepared to delay it because he feels that the people are not ready in spite of their saying otherwise. He goes to London to study medicine and, through a letter, voices his anguish and disillusion with the idea of revolution, writing "I hope the mysteries of the human body will be less confusing" (in reference to his studying medicine and quitting the revolution).


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: The last scenes shows Geeta working in the village and taking care of the handicapped Vikram, who can no longer speak. The movie ends with Vikram writing "I love you Geeta" on a rock, as they sit by a placid lake and watch the sunset.


title: Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi

text: The film received positive reviews. "The Hindu" described it as a real reel from India. Avijit Ghosh of "The Telegraph" called it a "post-dated love letter to that lost generation." Sukanya Verma of "Rediff" said, "Sudhir Mishra's drama is overwhelming, memorable." Anupama Chopra of "India Today" called it a "finely crafted, textured film."


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: Prince Alexander Ludwig Georg Friedrich Emil of Hesse and by Rhine, (15 July 1823 – 15 December 1888), was the third son and fourth child of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Wilhelmine of Baden. He was a brother of Tsarina Maria Alexandrovna, wife of Tsar Alexander II of Russia. The Battenberg-Mountbatten family descends from Alexander and his wife Countess Julia von Hauke, a former lady-in-waiting to his sister.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: It was openly rumoured that Alexander and his sister Marie were not the children of the Grand Duke, but that their father was actually August von Senarclens de Grancy, their mother's chamberlain. His mother, although married to the grand duke, lived apart from her husband, who did not repudiate paternity of any of the four children born during the marriage. His ancestry listed below assumes his legitimacy. See Grancy's page for his rumored paternal ancestry.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: When the future emperor Alexander II of Russia, as tsarevich, chose the sixteen-year-old Marie as consort, his parents consented to the match as worthy due to the Grand Duke's acknowledgement of her as his daughter. Because of her youth, Alexander escorted his sister to Russia for her wedding, remaining at the Russian court and joining the inner circle of his brother-in-law the tsarevich after the rest of Marie's entourage returned to Hesse.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: Alexander fell in love with Countess Julia von Hauke, lady-in-waiting to his sister (known, since her conversion to Orthodoxy, as Maria Alexandrovna, ranking only after her mother-in-law the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna). The countess was an orphaned German-Polish ward of the Russian Emperor, and daughter of the Emperor's former minister of war, Count Johann Moritz von Hauke, a Polish general of German descent. At that time, the Emperor Nicholas I was considering Alexander as a possible husband for his niece and, when he heard of Alexander's romance, he forbade the couple to marry.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: Alexander left for England to contemplate his future, but then returned to Russia and eloped with Julia from St. Petersburg, being stricken by the Emperor's orders from the roll of the Russian imperial army for insubordination. The two were married in Breslau in 1851.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: Alexander's older brother Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse, allowed him to re-patriate to Hesse with his bride, although he did not recognize their marriage as dynastic. He granted her the new, hereditary title of "Gräfin von Battenberg" (Battenberg was a small town and ruined castle in the north of the grand duchy which, according to the memoirs of their eldest child Marie, the family visited once during her youth, although it never became their residence).


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: Alexander's wife would deliver his first child barely six months after their elopement. Nonetheless, Julia von Hauke was a countess in her own right, as well as a former ward of the Russian Emperor whose husband retained, despite exile from Russia, the sympathetic support of the tsarevich and tsarevna. Grand Duke Louis III therefore chose to distinguish her from several non-royal wives of other Hessian princes by conferring upon her, along with the Battenberg countship, the style of "Erlaucht" (Illustrious Highness), usually reserved in Germany for counts of mediatized (i.e., dynastic) rank.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: As a cadet of the Hessian grand ducal dynasty, Prince Alexander had followed the martial tradition of his family by offering his sword to the military service of a Great Power while still a teenager, having accompanied his sister to St. Petersburg. He became a respected commander in the Russian army, with the prospect of a distinguished career. He had a regiment of lancers named after him and was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class. His elopement, in sending him abroad AWOL, terminated his military career and made him, initially, a fugitive from Russia.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: But once his elder brother recognized his wife, he was able to obtain an appointment in the Austrian army, where he resumed his military career, although remaining sufficiently in disgrace never to be billeted in Vienna. Each of his children would be born in a different city, depending upon where in the Austro-Hungarian empire Prince Alexander was stationed.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: After serving Austria with distinction in several battles, he was given a major command in Hesse's small army in its war, as an ally of Austria, with Prussia in 1866. By this time his wife and children had taken up their home at Alexander's small castle at Seeheim-Jugenheim in Hesse, to which he retired after Prussia defeated Austria and Hesse. Although the electorate of Hesse-Kassel, ruled by another branch of Alexander's family, was annexed by Prussia for adhering to the losing side, the fact that Hesse-Darmstadt's grand duke was the brother-in-law of the Russian tsar saved its independence, although not without loss of territory. Henceforth, Alexander and his family alternated between their castle in the grandducal capital of Darmstadt, and their country home a few hours away by carriage.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: Alexander was often in attendance at his elder brother's court. But a shift occurred when his sister, now Empress of Russia, began to pay annual visits to her brother in the 1870s along with her husband, children, and a large entourage. Louis III, while benefitting from his kinship to the tsar, preferred to defer entertaining him to Alexander and Marie at Heiligenberg. These annual visits had the twofold effect of enhancing the international prestige of the grandduchy while socially rehabilitating Alexander's morganatic household. The memoirs of his daughter, Marie of Battenberg, document the cordiality between Alexander and his eldest brother, while also recording the growing importance of her own family's household as diplomats who wished to pay court to the Russian emperor would await his annual visit to the Hessian countryside to do so discreetly in the more intimate setting of Alexander's home.


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: Although Prince Alexander retained his own dynastic rights and appanage, his morganatic wife lived a quiet life. Their family lived primarily at Heiligenberg Castle, in southern Hesse. In 1858 Grand Duke Louis III raised his sister-in-law from "Countess" to "Princess" ("Prinzessin") von Battenberg, her children sharing in the princely title, and accorded them the style of Serene Highness ("Durchlaucht").


title: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

text: Prince Alexander of Hesse died of cancer in 1888; Princess Julia of Battenberg, having converted to Lutheranism in 1875, died at Schloss Heiligenberg in 1895 at the age of 70. They lived to see four of their five children, who had no rights of succession to the Hessian throne, mount a throne or marry dynastically, and to become welcome in-laws to Queen Victoria, whose correspondence reflected a consistent respect and fondness for the Battenberg family.


title: Architectural style

text: An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable. It is a sub-class of style in the visual arts generally, and most styles in architecture relate closely to a wider contemporary artistic style. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, building materials, and regional character. Most architecture can be classified within a chronology of styles which changes over time, reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials which make new styles possible.


title: Architectural style

text: Styles therefore emerge from the history of a society. They are documented in the subject of architectural history. At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. The new style is sometimes only a rebellion against an existing style, such as post-modernism (meaning "after modernism"), which in 21st century has found its own language and split into a number of styles which have acquired other names.


title: Architectural style

text: Architectural styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. For instance, Renaissance ideas emerged in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of Europe over the next 200 years, with the French, German, English, and Spanish Renaissances showing recognisably the same style, but with unique characteristics. An architectural style may also spread through colonialism, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. One example is the Spanish missions in California, brought by Spanish priests in the late 18th century and built in a unique style.


title: Architectural style

text: After an architectural style has gone out of fashion, revivals and re-interpretations may occur. For instance, classicism has been revived many times and found new life as neoclassicism. Each time it is revived, it is different. The Spanish mission style was revived 100 years later as the Mission Revival, and that soon evolved into the Spanish Colonial Revival.


title: Architectural style

text: Vernacular architecture is listed separately. As vernacular architecture is better understood as suggestive of culture, writ broadly (as well as a theory and a process rather than a thing-in-itself), it technically can encompass every architectural style--or none at all. In and of itself, vernacular architecture is not a style.


title: Architectural style

text: Constructing schemes of the period styles of historic art and architecture was a major concern of 19th century scholars in the new and initially mostly German-speaking field of art history. Important writers on the broad theory of style including Carl Friedrich von Rumohr, Gottfried Semper, and Alois Riegl in his "Stilfragen" of 1893, with Heinrich Wölfflin and Paul Frankl continued the debate into the 20th century. Paul Jacobsthal and Josef Strzygowski are among the art historians who followed Riegl in proposing grand schemes tracing the transmission of elements of styles across great ranges in time and space. This type of art history is also known as formalism, or the study of forms or shapes in art.


title: Architectural style

text: Semper, Wölfflin, and Frankl, and later Ackerman, had backgrounds in the history of architecture, and like many other terms for period styles, "Romanesque" and "Gothic" were initially coined to describe architectural styles, where major changes between styles can be clearer and more easy to define, not least because style in architecture is easier to replicate by following a set of rules than style in figurative art such as painting. Terms originated to describe architectural periods were often subsequently applied to other areas of the visual arts, and then more widely still to music, literature and the general culture. In architecture stylistic change often follows, and is made possible by, the discovery of new techniques or materials, from the Gothic rib vault to modern metal and reinforced concrete construction. A major area of debate in both art history and archaeology has been the extent to which stylistic change in other fields like painting or pottery is also a response to new technical possibilities, or has its own impetus to develop (the "kunstwollen" of Riegl), or changes in response to social and economic factors affecting patronage and the conditions of the artist, as current thinking tends to emphasize, using less rigid versions of Marxist art history.


title: Architectural style

text: Although style was well-established as a central component of art historical analysis, seeing it as the over-riding factor in art history had fallen out of fashion by World War II, as other ways of looking at art were developing, and a reaction against the emphasis on style developing; for Svetlana Alpers, "the normal invocation of style in art history is a depressing affair indeed". According to James Elkins "In the later 20th century criticisms of style were aimed at further reducing the Hegelian elements of the concept while retaining it in a form that could be more easily controlled".


title: Architectural style

text: While many architectural styles explore harmonious ideals, Mannerism wants to take style a step further and explores the aesthetics of hyperbole and exaggeration. Mannerism is notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its artificial (as opposed to naturalistic) qualities. Mannerism favours compositional tension and instability rather than balance and clarity. The definition of Mannerism, and the phases within it, continues to be the subject of debate among art historians.


title: Architectural style

text: An example of Mannerist architecture is the Villa Farnese at Caprarola in the rugged country side outside of Rome. The proliferation of engravers during the 16th century spread Mannerist styles more quickly than any previous styles. A centre of Mannerist design was Antwerp during its 16th-century boom. Through Antwerp, Renaissance and Mannerist styles were widely introduced in England, Germany, and northern and eastern Europe in general. Dense with ornaments of "Roman" detailing, the display doorway at Colditz Castle exemplifies this northern style, characteristically applied as an isolated "set piece" against unpretentious vernacular walling.


title: Architectural style

text: During the Mannerist Renaissance period, architects experimented with using architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships.


title: Architectural style

text: The Renaissance ideal of harmony gave way to freer and more imaginative rhythms. The best known architect associated with the Mannerist style was Michelangelo (1475–1564), who is credited with inventing the giant order, a large pilaster that stretches from the bottom to the top of a façade. He used this in his design for the Campidoglio in Rome.


title: Architectural style

text: Prior to the 20th century, the term "Mannerism" had negative connotations, but it is now used to describe the historical period in more general non-judgmental terms.


title: Romain Duris

text: Romain Duris (; born 28 May 1974) is a French actor. He is known for his role in Cédric Klapisch's "Spanish Apartment" trilogy, which consists of "L'Auberge Espagnole" (2002), "Russian Dolls" (2005), and "Chinese Puzzle" (2013). He also appeared in "Iris" (2016) and "All the Money in the World" (2017).


title: Romain Duris

text: Duris was born in Paris, son of a father who is an engineer-architect and a mother who is a dancer. His father is related to Armand-Gaston Camus and his wife; the French revolutionist was an archivist who founded the Archives nationales. His mother is a descendant of 18th-century Swedish painter Alexander Roslin and his wife. Duris has a sister, pianist Caroline Duris, who played on the soundtrack of the film "The Beat That My Heart Skipped" (2005), in which he acted.


title: Romain Duris

text: Duris studied arts at university but first decided to follow a career in music, forming a jazz-funk band. Music remains a major interest. Before going into acting, he started an acid-jazz band in which he was a drummer.


title: Romain Duris

text: Duris lives in Paris near La Bastille, with his actress girlfriend Olivia Bonamy. They have a son Luigi, born 10 February 2009.


title: Romain Duris

text: In 1993 Duris was noticed whilst waiting in a queue by a casting director and was offered a part in the Cédric Klapisch film "Le péril jeune" (1994). He has since worked regularly with Klapisch.


title: Romain Duris

text: His first role, however, was in a pop video for Princess Erika, "Faut qu'j'travaille" (I Need To Work), in which he plays the role of a small-time gangster.


title: Romain Duris

text: Duris is best known for his role as the French exchange student Xavier Rousseau in the "Spanish Apartment Trilogy", "L'Auberge Espagnole", "The Russian Dolls", and "Chinese Puzzle". He has a reputation for versatility, having also played a thug in "The Beat That My Heart Skipped" (2005).


title: Romain Duris

text: His roles have ranged from gangsters as in "Dobermann" through romantic leads as in "Heartbreaker" to action heroes as in "Arsène Lupin".


title: Elizabeth Inglis

text: Elizabeth Inglis (born Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins, July 10, 1913 – August 25, 2007), also known as Elizabeth Earl, was an English actress, known for her role in "The Letter".


title: Elizabeth Inglis

text: Inglis was born Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins in Colchester, Essex, the daughter of Margaret Inglis (née Hunt) and Alan George Hawkins.


title: Elizabeth Inglis

text: Her screen debut was in the 1934 film, "Borrowed Clothes". She then had a small part in Alfred Hitchcock's "The 39 Steps" (1935) as Hilary Jordan.


title: Elizabeth Inglis

text: She played the role of the young maid Nancy in the original British production of Patrick Hamilton's Victorian stage thriller "Gas Light", which premiered December 5, 1938, and closed June 10, 1939, after a total of 141 performances. Inglis and the rest of the cast recreated their stage roles for a 1939 television presentation performed live on BBC Television.


title: Elizabeth Inglis

text: In Hollywood, Inglis played the role of Adele Ainsworth in William Wyler's 1940 film "The Letter". By this time she was credited as Elizabeth Earl.


title: Elizabeth Inglis

text: In 1942, she married Pat Weaver (1908–2002), an American broadcasting executive; he was president of NBC television between 1953 and 1955.


title: Elizabeth Inglis

text: After marrying, Inglis retired from acting. The couple had two children, one of whom, Susan, became actress Sigourney Weaver. A photograph of Inglis was seen in a deleted scene in "Aliens" as Weaver's character's elderly grown daughter, Amanda Ripley.


title: Matt Besser

text: Matthew Gregory Besser (born September 22, 1967) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer, and writer, best known as one of the four founding members of the Upright Citizens Brigade sketch comedy troupe, who had their own show on Comedy Central from 1998 to 2000. He currently hosts the improvisation-based podcast "Improv4humans" on the Earwolf podcasting network.


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser was born and raised in Little Rock, Arkansas, to parents Diane and Sandy Besser. His father was Jewish, whereas his mother was Christian. Besser is an atheist. He is a quarter German and a quarter French from his mother's side. Besser's grandfather's cousin was Joe Besser of The Three Stooges.


title: Matt Besser

text: He was recruited to play soccer after starting on his high school team, but instead attended Amherst College with a major in American Studies. There, he started doing stand-up comedy and competed in a contest at UMass that was judged by Judd Apatow. After graduating, he briefly moved to Denver in an attempt to pursue stand-up, but quickly moved to Chicago. He worked various odd jobs, including stints as a substitute teacher, a host at Carnegie Deli and as a host at Dick's Last Resort.


title: Matt Besser

text: After seeing an improvisational comedy show at iO Theater featuring Dave Koechner, Tim Meadows and Chris Farley, Besser began taking classes there. His improv group Victim's Family (alongside Rick Roman, Adam McKay, Miles Stroth, and Ian Roberts), later renamed The Family (minus Roman, plus Neil Flynn, and Ali Farahnakian), was directed by Del Close, the first long-form group Del focused on.


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser is a founding member of Upright Citizens Brigade, which began as a sketch comedy group in Chicago in 1990. Original members included Ian Roberts, Ali Farahnakian, Adam McKay, Rick Roman, and Horatio Sanz.


title: Matt Besser

text: In 1993, UCB were regular guests on stage at the New Variety produced and hosted by R. O'Donnell at the Chicago Improv comedy club.


title: Matt Besser

text: While performing at the New Variety, Besser was cast and directed by O’Donnell in the New Year's Eve special "Twisted", which aired on WFLD Fox 32 TV, Chicago. "Twisted" also featured Besser (and comedian Michelle Garb) in a series of improvised commercials directed by O’Donnell for McDonald's, Toyota, and Ameritech.


title: Matt Besser

text: In 1996, the UCB relocated to New York City. Their sketch-comedy series "Upright Citizens Brigade" aired for three seasons on Comedy Central from 1998 to 2000. The cast consisted of Besser, Amy Poehler, Ian Roberts, and Matt Walsh. It originally included a voice-over by Del Close. After its cancellation, Comedy Central released all three seasons on DVD.


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser and the UCB moved on to other projects and opened comedy theaters in New York City and Los Angeles. Besser went on to be the creator and co-star of the Redman & Method Man MTV hidden camera prank show "Stung". In 2004, he created and starred in his second Comedy Central show, "Crossballs", which mocked news debate shows by pitting fake experts (played by Besser and other comedians) against real people.


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser has appeared in films such as "", "Martin & Orloff," "Year One", "Undead or Alive", "Drillbit Taylor", and "Junebug", in addition to a number of sitcoms including "Reno 911!", "How I Met Your Mother", "New Girl" and alongside his wife Danielle Schneider in "Community". In 2003, the UCB filmed their first full-length improvised movie, "Wild Girls Gone". In early 2010 the film was screened at several indie theaters in the Los Angeles area and is now sold for digital download on iTunes and on DVD at the official "UCB Theater" website. The troupe had also performed their signature brand of longform improv (ASSSSCAT) in a special for the Bravo channel in 2005. In 2008, they released a DVD entitled "ASSSSCAT!: Renegade Improv Comedy" through Shout! Factory, which features an uncensored improv performance by the troupe and special guests. The DVD also includes deleted scenes and along with other bonus features.


title: Matt Besser

text: In 2008, Besser played the part of "Courtney Frenchip", the hippie roommate of David Cross in "David's Situation", a pilot made for HBO written by Cross and Bob Odenkirk. The pilot was filmed live on May 9, 2008, but was not picked by HBO as a series. In 2013, he portrayed Edwin Stanton in the "Chicago" episode of Comedy Central's "Drunk History". Between 2011 and 2014, he appeared on "Parks and Recreation" as the morning DJ Crazy Ira.


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser and the UCB continue to run a Los Angeles comedy theater in Franklin Village. Besser and the UCB currently perform several times a week at the Los Angeles theater, in their show "ASSSSCAT 3000" every Sunday night.


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser makes frequent appearances on many podcasts on the Earwolf podcasting network, including "Comedy Bang Bang", as well as hosting "The Earwolf Challenge", a reality-competition series where several podcasters compete against each other.


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser's Comedy Central pilot "This Show Will Get You High" aired as a sketch comedy special on October 27, 2010. The show featured video shorts and sketches from Besser and Upright Citizens Brigade Theater comedians John Gemberling, Brett Gelman, Paul Rust, and Betsy Sodaro, and Nathan Barnett.


title: Matt Besser

text: In 2011, Besser began hosting the "Improv4humans" podcast, where he and guest improvisers perform scenes based on suggestions sent in via Twitter. The podcast releases an episode each week and has differing guests.


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser wrote and directed his first film, "Freak Dance", based on his long-running UCB stage show. The film premiered at the Austin Film Festival on October 21, 2011, and had a limited theatrical and video on-demand release in May 2012. The film was made available on DVD and iTunes on July 10, 2012.


title: Matt Besser

text: In 2014, Besser and comedian Rich Fulcher had an Adult Swim special air as part of the channel's "4AM Infomercial Parody" series, called "In Search Of Miracle Man". Besser and Fulcher hosted the show as two men claiming the second coming of a savior they call "Miracle Man".


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser co-starred in both seasons of the Hulu comedy series "The Hotwives", which stars his wife Danielle Schneider, who also co-created the series. Besser plays the husband of Schneider's character. In 2015, Besser and Schneider played another married couple ("Blake and Karen") in the epilogue of a 2015 episode of the comedy series "Community".


title: Matt Besser

text: Besser married actress-comedian Danielle Schneider in 2008. Their daughter Sidney Diane Besser was born on July 29, 2013.


title: Water-tube boiler

text: A high pressure watertube boiler (also spelled water-tube and water tube) is a type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated externally by the fire. Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas which boils water in the steam-generating tubes. In smaller boilers, additional generating tubes are separate in the furnace, while larger utility boilers rely on the water-filled tubes that make up the walls of the furnace to generate steam.


title: Water-tube boiler

text: The heated water/steam mixture then rises into the steam drum. Here, saturated steam is drawn off the top of the drum. In some services, the steam passes through tubes in the hot gas path, (a superheater) to become superheated. Superheated steam is defined as steam that is heated above the boiling point at a given pressure. Superheated steam is a dry gas and therefore is typically used to drive turbines, since water droplets can severely damage turbine blades.