title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In Norway, the national government, headed by Vidkun Quisling, was installed by the Germans as a puppet regime during the German occupation, while king Haakon VII and the legally elected Norwegian government fled into exile. Quisling encouraged Norwegians to volunteer for service in the Waffen-SS, collaborated in the deportation of Jews, and was responsible for the executions of members of the Norwegian resistance movement.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: About 45,000 Norwegian collaborators joined the fascist party "Nasjonal Samling" (National Union), about 8,500 of them being enlisted in the collaborationist paramilitary organization "Hirden". About 15,000 Norwegians volunteered for combat duty on the Nazi side with 6,000 joining the Germanic SS. In addition, Norwegian police units like the Statspolitiet helped arrest many of Jews in Norway. All but 23 of the 742 Jews deported to concentration camps and death camps would be murdered or die before the end of the war. Knut Rød the Norwegian police officer most responsible for the arrest, detention and transfer of Jewish men, women and children to SS troops at Oslo harbour was later acquitted in two highly publicized trials during the legal purge in Norway after World War II that remain controversial to this day.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: "Nasjonal Samling" had very little support among the population at large and Norway was one of few countries where resistance during World War II was widespread before the turning point of the war in 1942–43. After the war, Quisling and some other collaborators were imprisoned, fined or executed. Quisling's name has become an international eponym for traitor.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Unlike the situation in other German-occupied European countries, where the Germans installed collaborationist authorities, in occupied Poland there was no puppet government. Poland as a polity never surrendered to the Germans, instead evacuating its government and armed forces via Romania and Hungary and by sea to allied France and Great Britain, while German-occupied Polish territory was either annexed outright by Nazi Germany or placed under German administration as the General Government.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Shortly after the German Invasion of Poland, the Nazi authorities ordered the mobilization of prewar Polish officials and the Polish police (the "Blue Police"), who were forced, under penalty of death, to work for the German occupation authorities. The primary task of the officials was to run the day-to-day administration of the occupied territories; and of the Blue Police, to act as a regular police force dealing with criminal activities. The Germans also used the Blue Police to combat smuggling and resistance and to round up ("łapanka") random civilians for forced labor and to apprehend Jews (in German, "Judenjagd", "hunting Jews"). While many officials and police reluctantly followed German orders, some acted as agents for the Polish resistance.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Polish Underground State's wartime Underground courts investigated 17,000 Poles who collaborated with the Germans; about 3,500 were sentenced to death. Some of the collaborators – "szmalcowniks" – blackmailed Jews and their Polish rescuers and assisted the Germans as informers, turning in Jews and Poles who hid them, and reporting on the Polish resistance.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Many prewar Polish citizens of German descent voluntarily declared themselves "Volksdeutsche" ("ethnic Germans"), and some of them committed atrocities against the Polish population and organized large-scale looting of property.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Germans set up Jewish-run governing bodies in Jewish communities and ghettos – "Judenrat" (Jewish council) that served as self-enforcing intermediaries for managing Jewish communities and ghettos; and Jewish Ghetto Police ("Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst"), which functioned as auxiliary police forces tasked with maintaining order and combating crime. The Germans used the "Judenrats" to register Jews for deportation to ghettos; and the Jewish ghetto police, to disrupt Jewish resistance in the ghettos and to facilitate deportation of Jews to German concentration camps. Additionally, Jewish collaborationist groups such as "Żagiew" and Group 13 worked directly for the German Gestapo, informing on Polish resistance efforts to save Jews.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: During the German invasion of Poland and Western Europe (1939–1941) the Soviet Union presented a friendly stance towards Germany with Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, a joint military parade, several German-Soviet commercial agreements and Gestapo–NKVD conferences in suppressing of resistance on the occupied territories.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Following Operation Barbarossa, Germany occupied large areas of western Soviet Union, parts of which remained under German control until late 1944. Soviet collaborators included numerous Russians, Ukrainians and members of other ethnic groups that inhabited the USSR. The Waffen-SS recruited from many nationalities living in the Soviet Union and the German government attempted to enroll Soviet citizens voluntarily for the "Ostarbeiter" program; originally this effort worked well, but the news of the terrible conditions they faced dried up the flow of new volunteers and the program became forcible.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Although Turkic peoples had been perceived initially as "racially inferior" by the Nazis, this attitude officially already changed in autumn 1941, when, given the difficulties faced in their invasion of the Soviet Union, the Nazis attempted to harness the anti-Russian sentiment of Turkic peoples in the Soviet Union for political gain. The first Turkestan Legion was mobilized in May 1942.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The "Ostlegionen" contained between 275,000 and 350,000 "Muslim and Caucasian" volunteers and conscripts.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In Russia proper, ethnic Russians governed the semi-autonomous Lokot Autonomy in Nazi-occupied Russia. On 22 June 1943, a parade of the Wehrmacht and Russian collaborationist forces was welcomed and positively received in Pskov. The entry of Germans into Pskov was labelled "Liberation day" and the Russian tricolor flag was included in the parade inspiring "scenes of moving patriotism.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Numerous military groups composed of ethnic Russians were formed under Nazi command, such as the notorious Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA, infamous due to its atrocities in Belarus and Poland, and the 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS. Many ethnic Russians enlisted in the numerous German auxiliary police units and local civilians, Russian POWs and Red Army defectors were encouraged to join the Wehrmacht as Hiwis. The Wehrmacht's 6th Army which fought in the Battle of Stalingrad, included over 50,000 Russian auxiliaries attached to its front-line divisions, representing over a quarter of their strength. Some Russians also served in so-called Ostlegionen, of which several units defended the French coastline against the Allied invasion. In July 1941, the White émigré and Russian nationalist Boris Smyslovksy formed an Abwehr Training Battalion (Lehrbattalion) for anti-partisan and warfare duties under Wehrmacht Group North and by December had recruited more than 10,000 Russians into 12 reconnaissance battalions, unified into Special Div-Russians (Sonderdivision R). Smyslovsky's units were eventually elevated to the status of an independent allied army known as the 1st Russian National Army, and on 3 May 1945, the army's remnants retreated to Leichtenstein; they had fought directly in the war. Pro-German Russian forces also included the anti-communist Russian Liberation Army (ROA, ). However, on 1 May 1945, ROA turned against the SS and fought on the side of Czech Resistance during the Prague uprising.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The head of the Soviet Army's political directorate Aleksandr Shcherbakov was informed that "On some parts of the front there have been cases of former Russians who put on Red Army uniform and penetrate our positions for the purpose of reconnaissance and seizing officer and soldier prisoners for interrogation". The number of Russians that were accused of collaborating with the Germans led to the creation of the term 'former Russian' that was used to sentence hundreds of thousands of Russian collaborators.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In May 1943, German General Helmuth von Pannwitz created a Cossack Division consisting of two brigades from Don and Kuban Cossacks, including former exiled White Army commanders such as Pyotr Krasnov and Andrei Shkuro. However, in September 1943, instead of fighting the Red Army, the division was ordered to fight Communist Yugoslav Partisans. In the summer of 1944, the two brigades were increased to the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division and 2nd Cossack Cavalry Division. From the beginning of 1945, these divisions were combined into the XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Kalmykian Cavalry Corps was composed of about 5,000 Kalmyks who chose to join the retreating Germans in 1942 rather than remain in Kalmykia as the German Army retreated before the Red Army.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Before World War II, the territory of present-day Ukraine was divided primarily between the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union and the Second Polish Republic. Smaller regions were part of Romania and Hungary. Only the Soviet Union recognised Ukrainian autonomy, and large numbers of Ukrainians, particularly from the East, fought in the Red Army.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The negative impact of Soviet policies implemented in the 1930s was still fresh in the memory of Ukrainians. These included the Holodomor of 1932–33, the Great Terror, the persecution of intellectuals during the Great Purge of 1937–38, the massacre of Ukrainian intellectuals after the annexation of Western Ukraine from Poland in 1939, and the introduction and implementation of collectivization.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Ukrainians also remembered that their country's brief independence from 1917 to 1920 was helped by a treaty with the Central Powers and intervention by German forces.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: As a result, the population of whole towns, cities and villages greeted the Germans as liberators, which helps explain the unprecedented rapid progress of the German forces in the occupation of Ukraine.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Even before the German invasion, the Nachtigall and Roland battalions were set up and trained as Ukrainian battalions in the "Wehrmacht" and were part of the initial invading force.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: With the change in regime ethnic Ukrainians were allowed and encouraged to work in administrative positions with the auxiliary police, post office, and other government structures, taking the place of Russians and Jews.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: During the period of occupation, Nazi-controlled Ukrainian newspaper Volhyn wrote that "The element that settled our cities (Jews) ... must disappear completely from our cities. The Jewish problem is already in the process of being solved.There is evidence of some Ukrainian participation in the Holocaust. Kyiv's auxiliary police participated in rounding up of Jews who were directed to the Babi Yar massacre.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Ukrainians participated in crushing the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 and the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 where a mixed force of German SS troops, Russians, Cossacks, Azeris and Ukrainians, backed by German regular army units—killed up to 40,000 civilians.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Ukrainian collaborationist forces were composed of an estimated number of 180,000 volunteers serving with units scattered all over Europe.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Ukrainian Liberation Army (, , UVV) was formed by the German Army in 1943 to collect the Ukrainian volunteer units that came into being during World War II. It was composed of former Ukrainian Hiwis, Ostbataillonen, and other Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) or volunteers.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Headed by Ukrainian general Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko, the unit grew to the size of 50,000 by 1944 and peaked at some 80,000 towards the end of the war. The army comprised a collection of units scattered all over Europe. In April 1945, remnants of the UVV were attached to the Ukrainian National Army, commanded by general Pavlo Shandruk.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: On 18 September 1941 in Zhytomyr, 3,145 Jews were murdered with the assistance of the Ukrainian People's Militsiya (Operational Report 106). In Korosten, Ukrainian militia rounded up 238 Jews for liquidation (Operational Report 80) and carried out the killings by themselves – similar to Sokal, where on 30 June 1941 they arrested and executed 183 Jews. At times, the assistance was more active. Operational Report 88 informs that on 6 September 1941, for example, 1,107 Jewish adults were shot by the German forces while the Ukrainian militia unit assisting them liquidated 561 Jewish children and youths.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: On 28 April 1943, German Command announced the establishment of the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician). It has been accounted that approximately 83,000 people volunteered for service in the Division. The Division was used in Anti-partisan operations in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, and in the fight against the Soviet forces during the Brody offensive and Vienna offensive. Those that survived surrendered to the Allies and the bulk emigrated to the West, primarily England, Australia and Canada.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In Byelorussia under German occupation, the local pro-independence politicians attempted to use the Nazis to reestablish an independent Belarusian state. A Belarusian representative body – the Belarusian Central Council – was created under German control in 1943 but did not receive any real power from the German administration and concentrated mainly on managing social issues and education. Belarusian national military units (the Byelorussian Home Defence) were only created a few months before the end of the German occupation.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Some Belarusian collaborators participated in various massacres of Jews and Belarusian villagers, however, most of these massacres had to be carried out by Baltic and Ukrainian collaborators because of a relatively small willingness of Belarusians to participate.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Many of the Belarusian collaborators retreated with German forces in the wake of the Red Army advance. In January 1945, the 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Belarussian) was formed from remainders of Belarusian military units. The division participated in a small number of combats in France but demonstrated active disloyalty to the Nazis and saw mass desertion.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Ethnic Armenian, Georgian, Turkic and Caucasian forces deployed by the Nazis consisted primarily of Soviet Red Army POWs assembled into ill-trained legions. Among these battalions were 18,000 Armenians, 13,000 Azerbaijanis, 14,000 Georgians, and 10,000 men from the "North Caucasus." American historian Alexander Dallin notes that the Armenian and Georgian Legions were sent to the Netherlands as a result of Hitler's distrust of them, many of which later deserted. According to author Christopher Ailsby, the Turkic and Caucasian forces formed by the Germans were "poorly armed, trained and motivated", and were "unreliable and next to useless".


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (the Dashnaks) was suppressed in Armenia when the First Republic of Armenia was conquered by the Russian Bolsheviks in Red Army invasion of Armenia in 1920 and thus ceased to exist. During World War II, some of the Dashnaks saw an opportunity in collaboration with the Germans to regain Armenia's independence. The Armenian Legion under the leadership of Drastamat Kanayan participated in the occupation of the Crimean Peninsula and the Caucasus. On 15 December 1942, the Armenian National Council was granted official recognition by Alfred Rosenberg, the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories. The president of the Council was Professor Ardasher Abeghian, its vice-president Abraham Guilkhandanian and it numbered among its members Garegin Nzhdeh and Vahan Papazian. Until the end of 1944 it published a weekly journal, Armenian, edited by Viken Shantn who also broadcast on Radio Berlin with the aid of Dr. Paul Rohrbach.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: On 25 March 1941, under considerable pressure the Yugoslav government agreed to the signing of the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany, guaranteeing Yugoslavia's neutrality. The agreement was extremely unpopular in Serbia leading to massive street demonstrations. Two days later on 27 March, Serb military officers lead by general Dušan Simović overthrew the regency and placed 17-year-old King Peter on the throne. Furious at the temerity of the Serbs, Hitler ordered the invasion of Yugoslavia. On 6 April 1941, without a declaration of war, combined German, Italian, military armies invaded. Eleven days later Yugoslavia capitulated and was subsequently partitioned among the Axis states.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Central Serbia region and the Banat were subjected to German military occupation in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, Italian forces occupied the Dalmatian coast and Montenegro; Albania annexed the Kosovo region and part of Macedonia; Bulgaria received Vardar Macedonia (today's North Macedonia); Hungary occupied and annexed the Bačka and Baranya regions as well as Međimurje and Prekmurje; the rest of Drava Banovina (roughly present-day Slovenia) was divided between Germany and Italy; Croatia, Syrmia and Bosnia were combined into the Independent State of Croatia a puppet state under the direction of Croatian Fascist Ante Pavelić.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Serbia was placed under German military occupation, at first administered under complete Nazi control then under the screen of a puppet government led by quisling General Milan Nedić. The main function of the government was to maintain internal order, under the authority of the German Command, with the use of local paramilitary units. The Wehrmacht Operations Staff never considered raising a unit to serve in the German armed forces. By mid 1943, the collaborationist forces in Serbia, (Serbian and ethnic Russian units), numbered between 25,000 and 30,000.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Serbian collaborationist organizations the Serbian State Guard (SDS) and the Serbian Border Guard (SGS) reached a combined peak size of 21,000 men, the Serbian Volunteers Corps (SDK), the party militia of the fascist Yugoslav National Movement lead by Dimitrije Ljotić reached 9,886 men, its members helped guard and run concentration camps and fought the Yugoslav Partisans and the Chetniks alongside the Germans. In October 1941, the Serbian Volunteer Corps participated in the notorious massacre of Serbian civilians at Kragujevac by providing assistance in the arrest and delivering of hostages to the German Wehrmacht. The members of the Serbian Volunteer Corps had to take an oath stating that they would fight to death both Communists and Chetniks.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Collaborationist Belgrade Special Police assisted German units in rounding up Jewish citizens to deport them to concentration camps. By the summer of 1942, most of the Jews of Serbia had been exterminated. By the end of 1942 the Special Police had 240 agents and 878 Police guards under the command of the Gestapo. After the liberation of the country in October 1944, the various collaborationist forces retreated out of the country with the German army and were later absorbed into the Waffen SS.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Almost from the start, the two rival guerrilla movements, the Chetniks and the Partisans, engaged in a bloody civil war against each other, in addition to fighting against the occupying forces. Some Chetniks collaborated with the Axis occupation to fight the rival Partisan resistance, whom they viewed as their primary enemy, by establishing "modus vivendi" or operating as "legalised" auxiliary forces under Axis control.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In August 1941 Kosta Pećanac put himself and his Chetnik Association at the disposal of Milan Nedić's government, becoming the occupation regime's ‘legal Chetniks' At the peak of their strength in mid-May 1942, the two legal Chetnik auxiliary forces numbered 13,400 men, these detachments were dissolved by the end of 1942. Pećanac was captured and executed by forces loyal to his Chetnik rival Draža Mihailović in 1944. As no single Chetnik organization existed, other Chetnik units engaged independently in marginal resistance activities and avoided accommodations with the enemy. Over a period of time, and in different parts of the country, some Chetnik groups were drawn progressively into opportunist agreements: first with the Nedić forces in Serbia, then with the Italians in occupied Dalmatia and Montenegro, with some of the Ustaše forces in northern Bosnia, and after the Italian capitulation also with the Germans directly. In some regions Chetnik collaboration reached "extensive and systematic" proportions, the Chetnik groups involved referred to this policy of collaboration as "using the enemy".


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Auxiliary Police Troop and the Russian Protective Corps were paramilitary units raised in the German-occupied territory of Serbia, composed exclusively of anti-communist White émigrés or Volksdeutsche from Russia, under the command of General Mikhail Skorodumov (around 400 and 7,500 men respectively by December 1942). The force reached a peak size of 11,197 by September 1944. Unlike the Serbian units, the Russian Protective Corps was part of the German armed forces and its members took the Hitler Oath.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Between April 1941 and October 1944, the Serbian half of the Banat was under German military occupation as an administrative unit of the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia. Its daily administration and security were left up to its 120,000 Volksdeutsche who represented 20% of the local population. In the Banat, security, anti-partisan warfare, as well as border patrols, was done exclusively by the Volksdeutsche in the Deutsche Mannschaft. In 1941, the Banat Auxiliary Police was created as police for concentration camps, which had 1,553 members by February 1942. It was affiliated with the Ordnungspolizei and included some 400 Hungarians. The Gestapo in the Banat employed local ethnic Germans as agents under the command of a German officer from the Third Reich. The Banat Jews were deported and exterminated with the full participation of the Banat German leadership, the Banat Police and many ethnic German civilians.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: According to German sources, as of 28 December 1943, the Volksdeutsche minority of the Banat had contributed 21,516 men to the Waffen SS, the auxiliary police, and the Banat police.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: 700,000 Volksdeutsche lived in Yugoslavia, they were the basis for the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen which towards the war's end include other ethnicities. The division's soldiers are known to have brutally punished civilians accused of, or proven to be working with partisans in both occupied Serbia and the Independent State of Croatia, going so far as to raze entire villages with no buildings being exempt from destruction.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Due to the collaboration, Josip Broz Tito, leader of the post-war Communist regime, declared the rights of ethnic Germans to be null, seized all of their property and expelled hundreds of thousands of them with no fair trial.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Italian governorate of Montenegro was established as an Italian protectorate with the support of Montenegrin separatists known as Greens. The Lovćen Brigade was the militia of the Greens who collaborated with the Italians. Other collaborationist units included local Chetniks, police, gendarmerie and Sandžak Muslim militia.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The greatest part of Kosovo along with the western part of Southern Serbia (, included in Zeta Banovina) was annexed to Albania by the Axis powers, fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Kosovar Albanians were recruited into Albanian paramilitary groups known as the Vulnetari set up to assist Italian fascists in maintaining order, many Serbs and Jews were expelled from Kosovo and sent to internment camps in Albania.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Balli Kombëtar militias or Ballistas was a volunteer Albanian nationalistic group which, after starting as a resistance movement, collaborated with the Axis Powers. Their agenda was Greater Albania's creation. Military formations were formed within the militia, among them the notorious Kosovo Regiment, raised in Kosovska Mitrovica as a Nazi auxiliary military unit after Italian capitulation. According to German reports, the Albanian guerrillas led by Xhafer Deva fighting the Partisans alongside the Wehrmacht in Albania and Kosovo, numbered 20,000 in early 1944.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: On 1 May 1944, the 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg was raised under Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler's orders. The division was manned by Albanian and Kosovo Albanian Muslim volunteers, 9,000 volunteers were accepted out of 11,000 recruits, the officers were German or Volksdeutsche. The division also included the Albanian contingent from the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian). In 1944, shortly before German withdrawal from Kosovo, the Skanderberg division rounded up local Jews and delivered them to the Nazis. The unit was found responsible of atrocities raping, pillaging, and massacring innocent Serbian Christian villagers in Kosovo and was judged unreliable and corrupt by the representative of the Reichsführer-SS in Albania Josef Fitzthum.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: On 24 October 1944, following its poor performance, the division was disbanded and reorganised. A new, regimental-size Kampfgruppe called SS Kampfgruppe Skanderbeg was raised and transferred to the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen where they fought against Tito's partisans. The division's emblem was a black Albanian eagle.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In Bulgaria-annexed Macedonia, the Ohrana was organized by the occupation authority as auxiliary security forces. On 11 March 1943 Skopje's entire Jewish population was deported to the gas chambers of Treblinka concentration camp in Poland.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Axis powers divided the Slovene Lands into three zones. Germany occupied the largest, northern part; Italy annexed the southern part; and Hungary annexed the northeast part, Prekmurje. Like in the rest of Yugoslavia, the Nazis used the Slovene Volksdeutsche to further their aims, in groups like the Deutsche Jugend (German Youth) which was used as an auxiliary military force for guard duty and fighting the Partisans, and the Slovenian National Defense Corps.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Slovene Home Guard () was a collaborationist force formed in September 1943 in the area of the Province of Ljubljana (then a part of Italy). It functioned like most Axis collaborationist forces and was led by former general Leon Rupnik but had limited autonomy, and at first, functioned as an auxiliary police force that assisted the Germans in anti-Partisan actions. Later, it gained more autonomy and conducted most of the anti-partisan operations in the Province of Ljubljana. Much of the Guard's equipment was Italian (confiscated when Italy dropped out of the war in 1943), although German weapons and equipment were used as well, especially later in the war. Similar, but much smaller units, were also formed in the Littoral ("Primorska") and Upper Carniola ("Gorenjska"). The Blue Guard also known as the Slovene Chetniks was an anti-communist militia led by Karl Novak and Ivan Prezelj.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The most notorious collaborative force was the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia (MVAC) under Italian authority, one of the biggest components of the MVAC was the Civic Guards (), a Slovene volunteer military organization formed by the Italian Fascist authorities to fight the partisans as well as some collaborationist Chetniks units. The Legion of Death (), was another Slovene anti-partisans armed unit formed after the Blue Guard joined the MVAC.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: On 10 April 1941, a few days before Yugoslavia's capitulation, Ante Pavelić's Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established as an Axis-affiliated state, with Zagreb as capital. Between 1941 and 1945, the fascist Ustaše regime carried out government-led collaboration with Nazi Germany, as well as extensive persecution independent of them. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum this resulted in the murder of approximately 30,000 Jews, between 25,000 and 30,000 Roma (also known as Gypsies), and between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia, in camps like the infamous Jasenovac concentration camp.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), created in February 1943, and the 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS "Kama" (2nd Croatian), created in January 1944, was manned by Croats and Bosniaks as well as local Germans. Earlier in the war, Pavelić formed a Croatian Legion for the Eastern Front and attached it to the Wehrmacht. Volunteer pilots joined the Luftwaffe as Pavelić did not want to get his army directly involved for both propaganda reasons (Domobrans/Home Guards were a "chieftain of Croatian values, never attacking and only defending") and due to a safeguarding need for political flexibility with the Soviet Union.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Pavelić proclaimed Croats as descendants of Goths in order to eliminate the leadership's inferiority complex as well as to be better viewed by the Germans. The Poglavnik stated that "Croats are not Slavs, but Germanic by blood and race". Nazi German leadership was indifferent to this claim.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In 1941 Bosnia became an integral part of the Independent State of Croatia. Bosnian Muslims were considered Croats of Islamic confession.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), manned by Bosnian Muslims and commanded by German officers, was created in February 1943 and operated until December 1944. The division participated in anti-guerrilla operations in Yugoslavia.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Channel Islands were the only British territory in Europe occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. The policy of the Island governments, acting under instructions from the British government communicated before the occupation, was one of "passive co-operation". These measures were administered by the Bailiff and the Aliens Office.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Following the liberation of 1945 allegations against those accused of collaborating with the occupying authorities were investigated. By November 1946, the UK Home Secretary was in a position to inform the UK House of Commons that most of the allegations lacked substance and only 12 cases of collaboration were considered for prosecution, but the Director of Public Prosecutions had ruled out prosecutions on insufficient grounds. In particular, it was decided that there were no legal grounds for proceeding against those alleged to have informed the occupying authorities against their fellow citizens.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In Jersey and Guernsey, laws were passed to retrospectively confiscate the financial gains made by war profiteers and black marketeers, although these measures also affected those who had made legitimate profits during the years of military occupation.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: During the occupation, cases of women fraternizing with German soldiers had aroused indignation among some citizens. In the hours following the liberation, members of the British liberating forces were obliged to intervene to prevent revenge attacks.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The British Free Corps (German: Britisches Freikorps) was a Waffen SS unit consisting of British and Dominion prisoners of war recruited by the Nazis. Research by British historian Adrian Weale identified 54 men who belonged to this unit at one time or another, some for a few days. At no time did it reach more than 27 men in strength.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Although official Nazi policy barred non-Germans from joining the regular German army, the Wehrmacht volunteers from most occupied countries and even a small number from some Commonwealth countries. were permitted to join the ranks of the Waffen-SS and the auxiliary police ("Schutzmannschaft"). Overall, nearly 600,000 Waffen-SS members were non-German, with some countries such as Belgium and the Netherlands contributing thousands of volunteers. Various collaborationalist parties in occupied France and the unoccupied Vichy zone assisted in establishing the Légion des volontaires français contre le bolchevisme (LVF). This volunteer army initially counted some 10,000 volunteers and would later become the 33rd Waffen-SS division, one of the first SS divisions composed mostly of foreigners.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Following is a list of the 18 largest Waffen-SS divisions composed mostly or entirely of foreign volunteers (note that there were other foreign Waffen-SS divisions composed mostly of forced conscripts).


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Apart from frontline units, volunteers also played an important role in the large "Schutzmannschaft" units in the German-occupied territories in Eastern Europe. After Operation Barbarossa recruitment of local forces began almost immediately mostly by the initiative of Heinrich Himmler. These forces were not members of the regular armed forces and were not intended for frontline duty, but were instead used for rear echelon activities including maintaining the peace, fighting partisans, acting as police and organizing supplies for the front lines. In the later years of the war, these units numbered almost 200,000.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: By the end of World War II, 60% of the Waffen-SS was made up of non-German volunteers from occupied countries. The predominantly Scandinavian "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland" division along with remnants of French, Italian, Spanish and Dutch volunteers were the last defenders of the Reichstag in Berlin.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Nuremberg Trials, in declaring the Waffen-SS a criminal organisation, explicitly excluded conscripts, who had committed no crimes. In 1950, The U.S. High Commission in Germany and the U.S. Displaced Persons Commission clarified the U.S. position on the Baltic Waffen-SS Units, considering them distinct from the German SS in purpose, ideology, activities and qualifications for membership.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Though Germany was trying to murder all Jews in the Holocaust, a minority of Jews chose to collaborate with the Germans. The collaborators included individuals such as Gestapo collaborators Abraham Gancwajch and Stella Kubler, concentration-camp kapos like Eliezer Gruenbaum, Judenrat (Jewish council) members and bosses such as Chaim Rumkowski, and organizations such as Żagiew or Group 13 in the Warsaw Ghetto. Similar Jewish individual and group collaborators of the Gestapo operated in other cities and towns across German-occupied Poland—Alfred Nossig in Warsaw, Józef Diamand in Kraków, Szama Grajer in Lublin. Around early 1940s, Gestapo has been estimated to have had around 15,000 Jewish agents in occupied Poland.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Jewish agents helped the Germans in return for limited freedom and other compensations (food, money) for the collaborators and their relatives, or simply under the threat of "collaborate or die". One of their assignments was to hunt down Jews who were in hiding; one of the most infamous cases involved about 2,500 Jews being lured out of hiding and subsequently captured by the Germans in the aftermath of the Hotel Polski affair in which Żagiew agents were involved. Jewish collaborators also informed Germany's Gestapo of Polish resistance, including on its efforts to hide Jews. and engaged in racketeering, blackmail, and extortion in the Warsaw Ghetto.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: During the war, some Jewish collaborators were executed by the Polish underground and the Jewish resistance. After World War II, a number of others were tried in Jewish transition camps and in Israel, though none of them received sentences of more than 18 months' imprisonment.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: A number of international companies have been accused of having collaborated with Nazi Germany before their home countries' entry into World War II, though it has been debated whether the term "collaboration" is applicable to business dealings outside the context of overt war. American companies that had dealings with Nazi Germany included Ford Motor Company, Coca-Cola, IBM, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., and the Associated Press.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In December 1941, when the United States entered the war against Germany, 250 American firms owned more than $450 million of German assets. Major American companies with investments in Germany included General Motors, Standard Oil, IT&T, Singer, International Harvester, Eastman Kodak, Gillette, Coca-Cola, Kraft, Westinghouse, and United Fruit. Many major Hollywood studios have also been accused of collaboration, in making or adjusting films to Nazi tastes.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: German financial operations worldwide were facilitated by banks such as the Bank for International Settlements, Chase and Morgan, and Union Banking Corporation. Robert A. Rosenbaum writes: "American companies had every reason to know that the Nazi regime was using IG Farben and other cartels as weapons of economic warfare"; and he notes that "as the US entered the war, it found that some technologies or resources could not be procured, because they were forfeited by American companies as part of business deals with their German counterparts." After the war, some of those companies reabsorbed their temporarily detached German subsidiaries, and even received compensation for war damages from the Allied governments.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: The Vichy puppet regime in France is one of the best known and most significant examples of collaboration between former enemies of Nazi Germany and Nazi Germany itself. When the Vichy government emerged at the same time as that of the Free French in London, there was much confusion regarding the loyalty of French overseas territories and colonies and the respective military forces both stationed there and directly recruited from there, such as the Army of Africa (France). The reluctance of Vichy authorities to defy Germany's demands, and either disarm or surrender their naval fleet in North Africa to the British, resulted in the attack on Mers-el-Kébir on 3 July 1940. Other minor engagements occurred between late 1940 and 1943, the most significant of which was the six months long British-led campaign in 1942 known as Battle of Madagascar, in which Allied forces seized the French colonial possession under Vichy jurisdiction in order to deny the potentiality of the Japanese Navy's use of Madagascar's seaports, preventing the loss or impairment of the Allied shipping routes to India, Australia and Southeast Asia. Defections from captured French soldiers to the Allied cause and a half-hearted defence led to an Allied victory, at a cost of fewer than 400 casualties, and resulted in the November 8th transfer of administration of the island to Free France from Vichy France .


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: Denmark's government cooperated with the German occupiers until 1943 and actively helped recruit members for the "Nordland" and "Wiking" Waffen-SS divisions and helped organize trade and sale of industrial and agricultural products to Germany.


title: Collaboration with the Axis powers

text: In Greece, the three quisling prime ministers (Georgios Tsolakoglou, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos and Ioannis Rallis) cooperated with the Axis authorities. Agricultural products (especially tobacco) were sent to Germany, Greek "volunteers" were sent to work in German factories, and special armed forces (such as the Security Battalions) were created to fight along with German soldiers against the Allies and the Resistance movement. In Norway, the government successfully managed to escape to London but Vidkun Quisling established a puppet regime in its absence—albeit with little support from the local population.


title: Immanuel Quickley

text: Immanuel Jaylen Quickley (born June 17, 1999) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats.


title: Immanuel Quickley

text: While attending The John Carroll School, Quickley had a breakout sophomore campaign and averaged 17.7 points, 3.9 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.5 steals per game. He sunk a 3-pointer at the buzzer to lead the Patriots to a 51–50 win over future NBA player Jalen Smith and Mount Saint Joseph High School in the Baltimore Catholic League championship and earned All-Metro Player of the Year recognition. Quickley averaged 23.7 points and 7.2 assists per game as a junior and was named to the First Team All-Metro. Coming into his senior year, Quickley shot 41 percent from behind the arc on the Adidas AAU circuit. Quickley was named the MVP of his high school team after scoring 19 points in a 71–58 loss to Hudson Catholic High School in the HoopHall Classic as a senior. He posted 20.8 points, 6.7 rebounds, 6.7 assists and 3.7 steals per game as a senior and led the team to the Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association A Conference title. Quickley was named a McDonald's All-American and participated in the Powerade Jam Fest 3-point shootout.


title: Immanuel Quickley

text: When considering colleges, by August 23, 2017, Quickley had narrowed the selection down to three: Kansas, Kentucky, and Miami. The 22nd ranked prospect by Rivals and 25th by ESPN, Quickley committed to Kentucky on September 22.


title: Immanuel Quickley

text: As a freshman, Quickley averaged 5.2 points, 1.8 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game. Quickley scored 16 points in a 91–49 win against Eastern Kentucky on November 8, 2019. He had 18 points in a 78–70 overtime win over rival Louisville on December 28. Quickley hit a career-high eight three-pointers en route to a career-high 30 points in a 69–60 win over Texas A&M on February 25, 2020. At the conclusion of the regular season, Quickley was named SEC Player of the Year as well as the SEC First Team. He averaged 16.1 points and 4.2 rebounds per game as a sophomore. Following the season, Quickley opted to declare for the 2020 NBA draft and hired an agent.


title: Immanuel Quickley

text: Quickley was drafted by the Oklahoma City Thunder with the 25th overall pick in the 2020 NBA draft, and was then traded to the New York Knicks as part of a package for the 23rd pick, Leandro Bolmaro, on November 20, 2020. On November 28, Quickley signed with the Knicks. In his NBA debut on December 23, Quickley scored five points and exited the game in the second quarter due to injury. He returned from injury on January 2, 2021, scoring nine points in the Knicks' 106–102 win over the Indiana Pacers. On January 24, Quickley scored a career-high 31 points in a 116–113 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers.


title: Immanuel Quickley

text: On April 3, 2022, Quickley recorded his first career triple-double with 20 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists in a 118-88 win over the Orlando Magic.


title: Immanuel Quickley

text: Quickley played for the U.S. national under-19 team in the 2017 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup, where he was coached by John Calipari.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: Big Brother 2016, also known as Big Brother 17, is the seventeenth series of the British reality television series "Big Brother", hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 7 June 2016 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in Ireland.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: Rylan Clark-Neal continued to present the spin-off show "Big Brother's Bit on the Side". It was the sixth regular series and the sixteenth series of "Big Brother" in total to air on Channel 5 to date.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: This series was the first civilian edition to launch under the new three-year contract that was announced in March 2015 which guaranteed the show remained on Channel 5 until 2018.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: On 1 July 2016, it was confirmed that the series length had been cut and that the final would air at the end of July 2016. On 13 July 2016, it was confirmed the final would air on 26 July 2016 meaning that with a series length of 50 days, "Big Brother 17" is the shortest ever series of "Big Brother UK" to air in the sixteen years of the show.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: On 26 July 2016, Jason Burrill was announced as the winner of the series with Hughie Maughan finishing as the series runner-up.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: On 2 February 2016, a planning application to Hertsmere Borough Council first revealed that Endemol had applied to build a new extension to the house, which would be its biggest renovation to the house since it was built in 2002. The documents teased a second house with another garden, as well as a new exterior set and interview studio. The old eviction set and eye studio were both demolished following the conclusion of "Celebrity Big Brother 17". It was later announced on 18 March 2016 that permission had been granted with no objection. The new outdoor set will be smaller than before, holding a capacity of just 200 compared to 470 beforehand.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: The official eye logo for the series was released with a 3-second teaser advert airing on Channel 5 on 17 May 2016. It was then posted online by presenters Willis and Clark-Neal. The eye is split, with black on one side and white on the other with shattered, coloured glass separating them down the middle.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: On 9 March 2016, it was announced that "Big Brother" showrunner and Initial managing director Nick Samwell-Smith was to depart from the company in May. He was later succeeded by then-Initial creative director Mirella Breda.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: On 20 May 2016, it was announced that Shannon Delwiche, an executive producer, was to depart and be replaced by Rebecca Kenney-Smith, having previously been Big Brother's series editor in 2015. It was also announced that Susy Price, co-creative director of "Celebrity Big Brother 17" and member of the senior production team since 2011, was also to depart, leaving Katy Manley as the sole creative director.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: On 20 May 2016, a 20-second teaser aired on Channel 5 featuring both Emma Willis and Rylan Clark-Neal, also teasing that "The game is changing". First promotional pictures were also released the same day. On 26 May 2016, an extended 30-second teaser of the original teaser was aired on Channel 5. The teaser featured Emma Willis and Rylan Clark-Neal, teasing "The game is changing", "Nothing is as it seems" and "Get ready for an unseen force".


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: On 1 June 2016, it was confirmed that the series would include two houses with an official statement from Channel 5 saying: "The Housemates live in the Big Brother house but they will have no idea of the dark and ominous force that is only metres away." In The Other House, The Others will be conspiring to target and take down the Housemates as they attempt to steal their place in the Big Brother House; and secure a chance of winning the £100,000 prize fund. Neither the Housemates nor The Others are aware that some of them are already connected to each other.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: 12 housemates entered the Main House on Day 1, whilst 6 entered the Other House collectively known as The Others. The Houses merged on Day 13.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: The main events in the "Big Brother 17" house are summarised in the table below. A typical week begins with nominations, followed by the shopping task, and then the eviction of a Housemate during the live Friday episode. Evictions, tasks, and other events for a particular week are noted in order of sequence.


title: Big Brother (British series 17)

text: On Day 17, following a rainstorm, the Main House suffered a flood resulting in the evacuation of the housemates to the bedroom before being moved into the Other House. For the remainder of that day and the majority of Day 18, housemates were kept in the Other House whilst the Main House was being cleaned.


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: Carolyn Goodman (née "'Goldmark") is an American politician who has served as mayor of Las Vegas, Nevada, since 2011. She is the second female mayor of Las Vegas and is married to former mayor and attorney Oscar Goodman. She is the founder, president and trustee emerita of The Meadows School.


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: Born in New York City in 1939, Goodman attended the Brearley School, then earned a bachelor's degree in anthropology from Bryn Mawr College in 1961. She and Oscar Goodman moved to Las Vegas from Philadelphia in 1964. She graduated from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in 1973 with a master's degree in counseling.


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: Goodman is the founder, president and trustee emerita of The Meadows School. She and her husband moved to Las Vegas in 1964 and soon became active in the local Jewish federation. Eventually, she became the leader of the local Jewish federation's women's division, a position she held for several years. She received the 2009 Commitment to Education award from the United Way of Southern Nevada.


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: On June 7, 2011, Goodman was elected mayor of Las Vegas with 60% of the vote in a runoff election against Chris Giunchigliani, and she took office on July 6, 2011. She was reelected in 2015 against Stavros Anthony and several minor opponents, and in April 2019 was reelected to a third (and, due to term limits, final) term, with 83.5% of the vote against several minor opponents, including local politician Phil Collins.


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: On October 24, 2011, Goodman greeted President Barack Obama at McCarran International Airport. In regard to negative remarks Obama had made about Las Vegas two years earlier that had angered her husband, the previous mayor, she told Obama that "the slate is brand new and clean", and gave him one of her lucky mayor chips as a gift.


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: On July 15, 2015, Goodman endorsed Ruben Kihuen for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2016. Kihuen defeated incumbent U.S. Representative Cresent Hardy. Days later, she endorsed Joe Heck for the U.S. Senate in 2016. On August 3, 2016, Goodman declined to endorse Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. She identifies as an independent.


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: During her tenure as mayor, Goodman promoted Las Vegas as a home for professional sports teams. The Vegas Golden Knights began playing professional hockey in the 2017–18 season and the Oakland Raiders announced their relocation to Las Vegas beginning in 2020, although neither team is within Las Vegas's city limits: both are in Paradise, Nevada, outside the mayor's jurisdiction. Goodman attempted to lure a soccer team to Las Vegas several times, including bids for a Major League Soccer expansion team, and ultimately got a second-division team, the Las Vegas Lights FC of the United Soccer League, which began playing in 2018.


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: Goodman is no longer eligible to run for reelection due to term limits. In 2019, her final term was extended a year due to a state law that shifted all municipal elections held in off-years to even-numbered years, meaning her term will end in 2024.


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: On April 22 and 23, 2020, in interviews with MSNBC's Katy Tur and CNN's Anderson Cooper during the COVID-19 pandemic, Goodman said she wanted to reopen Las Vegas's casinos and hotels. When pressed about procedures necessary to ensure patrons' safety, she said that wasn't her responsibility and was up to the businesses. During the interview with Cooper, Goodman questioned the impact of social distancing, saying Las Vegas "offered to be a control group" to test what would happen if casinos reopened, but was advised against it "because people from all parts of southern Nevada come in to work in the city." She also suggested that social distancing be subjected to a placebo test, adding, "We would love to be that placebo". When Cooper asked whether she would be willing to go to one of the casinos if they were soon reopened, she replied: "First of all, I have a family. I don't gamble."


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: Goodman's comments were widely criticized and faced backlash from other elected officials. U.S. Representative Dina Titus from Nevada's 1st congressional district, which includes the Las Vegas Strip, disagreed with Goodman, saying it was necessary to heed scientists' advice to shelter at home whenever possible to enable the successful recovery of Las Vegas's businesses. Titus added, "The mayor does not represent the Las Vegas Strip, literally or figuratively." Nevada Governor Steve Sisolak also pushed back, saying, "I will not allow the citizens of Nevada, our Nevadans, to be used as a control group, as a placebo, whatever she wants to call it", and that he would not "allow our workers to be put in position that they have to decide between their job and their paycheck and their life. That's not a fair position to put them in."


title: Carolyn Goodman

text: Goodman's husband is Oscar Goodman. They have four children and six grandchildren. Oscar Jr. is a doctor with the Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Ross is a criminal defense attorney, Eric is a Las Vegas justice of the peace, and Cara is a marriage and family therapist who also works with burn victims at University Medical Center. Cara was one of three students in The Meadows School's first graduating class in 1991.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal () is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film directed by Elan, and produced by Yuvan Shankar Raja, under the banner YSR Films, who also composed music for the film. Co-produced by S. N. Rajarajan under the banner K Productions. The film stars Harish Kalyan and debutant Raiza Wilson. The film marked the first project of both the lead actors, after rising to fame from the television series Bigg Boss Tamil. Anand Babu, Pandian, Rekha, Ramadoss and Subbu Panchu appear in supporting roles. The film's cinematography was handled by Raja Bhattacharjee, with editing done by S. Manikumaran. The film was launched in December 2017, along with the commencement of principal photography, and was completed in June 2018. The film released on 10 August 2018, to a positive response from the audience as well as critics, praising the lead actors' performances, the screenplay, and the film's soundtrack. The film became a commercial success. The film won two Filmfare Awards South and two SIIMA Awards, including the Best Debut Actress Award for Raiza in both ceremonies.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: Sree is an innocent and fun-loving IT employee from Chennai who lives with his parents. He has a crush on Sindhuja a beautiful and independent modern-day girl who works in the office opposite his. Sindhuja eventually joins Sree's office and invites him to hang out with her at the club to which Sree happily agrees. At the club, he realises, Sindhu drinks alcohol, swears freely, and is a complete party girl. He discovers that Sindhu doesn't know her own birthday because only her mother knew it and her mother died when she was very young. Over time they become good friends and he falls in love with her.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: One day the duo gets stuck in an elevator and ends up kissing instinctively. Sindhuja brings Sree home and they have sex after which Sree confesses his love for Sindhuja. To his shock, she rejects him saying that they are only good friends and insists that she does not love him. She refers to their sex as a casual indulgence whereupon Sree leaves her house in complete disgust. Sindhuja constantly tries to pacify him and Sree finally gives in, agreeing to continue being friends with her and begin to hang out like before. At a party, Sindhu tries to get intimate with a drunk Sree but he gets upset and shouts at her for merely using him and criticizes her character. He also reveals to everyone that he had sex with Sindhuja, making her angry. Sindhu confesses that now she also loves Sree but is disheartened by his behavior and mindset, thus ending the party on an unpleasant note.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: Sree seeks the help of the local tailor Thangaraj and his colleague Satish and attempts to reconcile with Sindhuja. He joins the dance classes conducted by Sindhu's father and eventually they patch up. As per Sindhu's wish they decide to begin a life in relationship without the knowledge of Sree's parents since they would clearly disapprove of the idea. Sree makes a plan for his daily routine, to keep his parents oblivious of his relationship and moves into a rented house near his home with Sindhu. While Sindhu starts becoming slightly aggressive, Sree continues to steer the boat of their relationship. One night, when Sindhu is moody and irksome, Sree takes her out and reveals to her that it is her birthday and tells her that he had traced it out after a lot of difficulty. Sindhu is extremely touched and her aggressiveness comes to an end.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: Sree constantly tries to talk Sindhu into agreeing to their marriage but she sternly refuses since she wants to achieve her dream of opening a restaurant in Los Angeles. Meanwhile, Sree's mother is hell-bent on finding a good bride for him which puts Sree in a complete dilemma. Sindhu's father invites the couple for his dance show but Sree's mother falls sick and he comes in late for the show, making Sindhu upset. At the show, he pesters her about their marriage citing his mother's ill health as his imminent reason to soon marry. When Sindhu refuses to budge, he decides to break up with her for his mother's sake and to marry a girl, that his parents fix an alliance with.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: A day before his marriage, Sindhu turns up at his home to bid him goodbye before leaving Chennai. The two part each other with heavy hearts. On the day of his wedding, while Sindhu's father is driving her to the airport he confesses about how he did not acknowledge Sindhu's mother's love for him and how he regretted it after she died and asks Sindhu not to make the same mistake. Suddenly Sindhu realises she has to stop the marriage and rushes back to Sree's wedding avenue only to realize that the wedding is over and she turns to leave in tears.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: Three years later Sindhu has opened her dream restaurant. She eventually learns that Sree is getting a divorce. Sindhu's father visits Sree's parents and tells about his daughter's love for Sree, while Sree's parents lament over his failed marriage. Sree's wife had got an abortion, as revenge for an argument which Sree won. Sree's mother accepts the fact that happily live-in relationships are better than unhappy marriages. Suddenly, Sree's parents and Sindhu's father realize that both of them have been missing for three days and wonder where they are. The film ends as Sree and Sindhu are seen having sex secretly as their parents call them. Their mindsets are shown to have reversed as Sree now wants a live-in relationship but Sindhu prefers marriage.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: In late October 2017, musician Yuvan Shankar Raja revealed that he would produce his first feature film, which would be a co-production with Rajarajan of K Productions. The film was announced as a romantic comedy to be directed by Elan, who debuted with "Graghanam" with Harish Kalyan and Raiza Wilson chosen to play the lead roles. The lead pair had risen to fame following their appearances on Star Vijay's reality television show "Bigg Boss" hosted by Kamal Haasan. While Harish was selected to portray an "innocent middle-class boy", Raiza was auditioned alongside over thirty other actresses, before the team chose her to portray an "outgoing girl".


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: Titled "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal" after the lyrics of Silambarasan's "The Love Anthem", production began during mid-November 2017 in Chennai, with cinematographer Raja Battacharjee selected to work on the film. Yuvan Shankar Raja's wife Zafroon Nizar was given the opportunity to work as the costumes designer for Raiza, thus making her debut in the film industry, too.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: The first schedule of the film was finished in early December 2017, with Bhanupriya also joining the cast to portray Harish Kalyan's mother; she, however, was replaced later by actress Rekha. By mid-January 2018, Elan revealed that "seventy percent" of the film was completed and that the editing process was going on simultaneously. After completing the talkie portions by March 2018, the team flew to Azerbaijan to film the last two songs, making "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal", reportedly, the first Tamil film to be shot in that country.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: The soundtrack album of "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal" was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, which features 12 tracks, the most ever in his album. The lyrics were written by Niranjan Bharathi, Vivek, Madhan Karky and Mohan Rajan, for one song each. Sid Sriram, Sanjith Hegde, Al Rufian and Teejay Arunachalam recorded for the film's songs, collaborating with the composer for the first time, as well as lyricists Vivek and Mohan Rajan. Director Elan provided the lyrics for five songs, while Malaysian lyricist and artist Oviya Oomapathy, who had worked on several independent single for U1 Records wrote the song "Never Let Me Go" and its solo female version.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: Ahead of the album launch, two singles were released; on 13 February 2018, coinciding with the occasion of Valentines Day, the first track from the album, "High On Love", which was sung by Sid Sriram and had lyrics by Niranjan Bharathi, the grandson of the Mahakavi Subramanya Bharatiyar, was released as a single, opening to positive response from listeners. A teaser of the second single, "Dope Track" was released on 8 June 2018, and the full song was released the following day, on 9 June 2018. The song consist of variation of melody in the beginning, with a variation of EDM and dubstep, before turning into a melody in the end.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: The film's tracklist was released on 26 July 2018. The audio was released on 29 July 2018 at a launch event held at the AVM Studios in Chennai, with several film personalities and friends of Yuvan Shankar Raja, including actors Dhanush, Silambarasan, Vijay Sethupathi, Arya, and Jayam Ravi; directors Ameer, Ram, and Seenu Ramasamy; and composers Ilaiyaraaja, Santhosh Narayanan, and D. Imman attending the event. The audio launch was telecasted on Zee Tamil on 4 August 2018.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics. "The Times of India", reviewed it as "Thirteen songs in an album could make for an exhaustive listen, but the biggest plus is that almost seven of them are short, and sweet, pieces." Behindwoods gave the album 3 out of 5 stating "The romantic musical falls in place for Yuvan as he hits the high note effortlessly." Indiaglitz gave the album a rating of 3 out of 5. Milliblog commented "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal is a delightful follow-up to Irumbuthirai!" Moviecrow gave 3 out of 5 stating "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal is Yuvan effortlessly offering 100+ trending ringtones and viral clips to do dubsmash and musically for youngsters. The soulfulness of the songs depends upon our opinions about how we look at love. But as standout numbers.. Yuvan is unstoppable in this romantic soundtrack that doesn't blink an eye about being cheesy and super cheesy."


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: Trident Arts, acquired the Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film for 3 crore. "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal" was released on 10 August 2018. It was initially brought forward to 9 August 2018, to avoid a box office clash with "Vishwaroopam II", but out of respect to the former Tamil Nadu chief minister M. Karunanidhi who died on 7 August 2018, it was pushed back to the original release date. On the day of its release, the film was illegally uploaded by piracy sites which irked controversy. The film was dubbed into Telugu version under the same name and was released on 21 September 2018.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: The satellite rights of the film were sold to Zee Tamil. The television premiere of the film took place on 25 November 2018.


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. "The Times of India" gave 3 out of 5 and stated "A little more emotional connect would have worked wonders for the film, which however managed to stay away from a clichéd climax." Behindwoods rated the film 2.75 out of 5 and stated "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal is high on love and music to entertain the youth!" "Sify" gave 3 out of 5 and stated ""Pyaar Prema Kaadhal" also has all these elements but what works in favor of the film is a fresh new pair and sensible characterization." Srinivasa Ramanujam of "The Hindu" commented "A refreshing take on the complications of modern romance." "Deccan Chronicle" gave the film a 3 out of 5 stars and stated "A major success of the movie is Elan’s well-etched characters and apt casting of the lead refreshing pair." "The New Indian Express" gave 3 out of 5 and stated "A gratifying musical modelled on the modern relationship." Indiaglitz gave 3 out of 5 and stated "Go for this fun and refreshing urban romance that keeps you entertained for most parts." "The Indian Express" gave 3 out of 5 and stated "The film felt too ‘wannabe’ at a few places. But these are very minor grouses for a film that gets most of the things right." Baradwaj Rangan of the Film Companion gave 3.5 out of 5 and stated "The film is a well-acted, well-made love story that goes far beyond rom-com clichés."


title: Pyaar Prema Kaadhal

text: Following its success, director Elan announced that the film will be remade in Hindi, with Sandeep Singh bankrolling the project. The film was remade in Telugu as "Urvasivo Rakshasivo" (2022).


title: Karen Chen

text: Karen Chen (born August 16, 1999) is an American figure skater. She is a 2022 Olympic Games team event silver medalist, two-time CS U.S. Classic bronze medalist (2016, 2017), the 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb bronze medalist, the 2017 U.S. national champion, 2022 U.S. national silver medalist, and a three-time U.S. national bronze medalist (2015, 2018, 2021). She is currently a student at Cornell University.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen also competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics, placing 11th. She has competed at seven ISU Championships, achieving her best result, fourth, at two World Championships (2017, 2021).


title: Karen Chen

text: Earlier in her career, she won four medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series, including gold at the 2013 JGP Slovakia.


title: Karen Chen

text: Karen Chen was born on August 16, 1999 in Fremont, California to Hsiu-Hui Tseng and Chih-Hsiu Chen. Her parents moved to the United States from Taiwan. She has a younger brother, Jeffrey, who also competes for the U.S. in ice dance. She was homeschooled via Connections Academy in high school. Chen has expressed interest in majoring in the medical field. She was admitted to Cornell University's School of Human Ecology as part of the class of 2023 and will major in Human Biology, Health and Society on a pre-med track. Chen originally did not plan to take any gap years or defer her education while preparing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, but decided to take a two-year leave of absence after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen's mentor is 1992 Olympic Champion Kristi Yamaguchi, who shares a hometown with her. Chen published a memoir titled "Finding the Edge: My Life on the Ice" in November 2017, in which she revealed that she suffers from spondylolisthesis. Chen enjoys painting and is a fan of the Japanese character Totoro. On 2019 International Women's Day, she was chosen to be one of eight POWERGIRLs that serve as brand ambassadors for social fitness blogger Cassey Ho's activewear company, POPFLEX Active.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen began learning to skate in 2005. She won gold on the national intermediate level in 2011 and then gold competing as a novice in 2012. The following season, she competed on the junior level at the 2013 U.S. Championships, placing fourth. She made her international debut at the 2013 Gardena Spring Trophy where she won gold on the novice level.


title: Karen Chen

text: In the 2013–14 season, Chen received her first ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) assignments. She won bronze in Riga, Latvia, followed by gold in Košice, Slovakia, and qualified for the JGP Final. While practicing a triple Lutz, she sustained a type three tibia fracture in her right ankle. The injury led her to withdraw from the JGP Final. Chen spent four weeks on crutches and resumed training in mid-December. She withdrew from the junior event at the 2014 U.S. Championships after placing fifth in the short program. At the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, she placed sixth in the short program, ninth in the free skate, and ninth overall.


title: Karen Chen

text: In the 2014–15 JGP series, Chen won bronze at Czech Skate and silver at the Croatia Cup, respectively. She was awarded the bronze medal in her senior national debut at the 2015 U.S. Championships, behind Ashley Wagner and Gracie Gold. Chen was not old enough to compete at the 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, and was instead assigned to the 2015 World Junior Figure Skating Championships, where she placed eighth.


title: Karen Chen

text: Ahead of the season, Chen tried 14 pairs of skate boots. In September 2015, she finished fourth at the 2015 U.S. International Classic, an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event and her first senior international. Making her Grand Prix debut, she placed fifth at both the 2015 Skate America and 2015 Cup of China. She won bronze at her second CS assignment, the 2015 Golden Spin of Zagreb in December, and finished 8th at the 2016 U.S. Championships in January.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen began her season with at the 2016 CS U.S. Classic, placing third behind Japan's Satoko Miyahara and the United States' Mariah Bell.


title: Karen Chen

text: On the Grand Prix series, Chen achieved a seventh-place finish at 2016 Cup of China and a sixth-place finish at 2016 NHK Trophy.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen won the gold medal at the 2017 U.S. Championships after placing first in both the short program and free skate. She set a new U.S. record with her short program score of 72.82.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen rebounded at the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships, placing fifth in the short program with a score of 69.98. She then placed sixth in the free program with a score of 129.31. With a combined score of 199.29, Chen skated to a fourth-place finish overall in her first appearance at the World Championships. Her placement, combined with a seventh-place finish from teammate Ashley Wagner, qualified Team USA three spots for the 2018 Olympics and 2018 World Figure Skating Championships.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen began her season at the CS's U.S. International Figure Skating Classic, placing 3rd overall for the second year in a row. Before beginning competition in her Grand Prix series, Chen also performed a free skate at the Japan Open helping Team North America earn the bronze medal with a 6th-place finish.


title: Karen Chen

text: Two weeks before her first Grand Prix event, Chen abandoned her "Carmen"-themed free skate program and replaced it with a program she choreographed herself including music from the 1978 film "Slow Dancing in the Big City". With her new program, Chen placed 7th overall at the 2017 Skate Canada International.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen competed in her second Grand Prix event at 2017 Skate America and placed ninth in the short program after failing to land a triple loop. She improved to eighth place after the free skating, from which teammate Ashley Wagner withdrew due to an ankle infection.


title: Karen Chen

text: At the 2018 U.S. Championships, Chen placed third in the short program and fourth in the free skate to win the overall bronze medal. As a result, Chen was selected to represent the US at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang, South Korea and the 2018 World Championships in Milan, Italy. She placed eleventh in the Olympics and withdrew from Worlds; she was replaced by second alternate Mariah Bell after first alternate Ashley Wagner declined the invitation.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen trained with her younger brother, ice dancer Jeffrey Chen, in Canton, Michigan during the two month-long 2018 Stars on Ice tour. She later relocated with longtime coach Tammy Gambill from Riverside, California to Gambill's new training base at the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado over the summer. Chen will also work with coaches Christy Krall and Tom Zakrajsek in addition to Gambill.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen withdrew from early season events and her Grand Prix assignments, 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki and 2018 Rostelecom Cup, following an injury during the off-season. She returned to competition at the 2018 CS Tallinn Trophy, where she finished ninth in the short program. Chen withdrew from the free skate due to injury. She announced her subsequent withdrawal from the 2019 U.S. Championships to focus on her health in early January. Chen later revealed that she had been suffering from a stress fracture in her right foot. In 2019, she also announced that she would be attending Cornell University in the fall, as well as returning to competition during the 2019–20 season.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen returned to competition after sitting out the 2018–19 season due to injury, while simultaneously beginning her freshman year at Cornell University. She opened her season at the 2019 Philadelphia Summer International, where she won the silver medal behind training teammate You Young of South Korea. Chen then placed fourth at the 2019 CS Autumn Classic International in Oakville, Ontario behind Rika Kihira, Evgenia Medvedeva, and Lim Eun-soo.


title: Karen Chen

text: At her first Grand Prix event of the season and first major international event since the 2018 Olympic Games, 2019 Skate America, Chen placed sixth in the short program and tenth in the free skate to finish eighth overall while battling a cold and sleep deprivation. She told media that despite her struggles balancing school and skating, “I do really enjoy everything and I think I made the right decision.” At the 2019 NHK Trophy, Chen placed third in the short program ahead of reigning Olympic champion Alina Zagitova of Russia, but struggled in the free skate to finish ninth overall.


title: Karen Chen

text: Prior to the 2020 U.S. Championships, Chen worked with choreographer Ilona Melnichenko to bring back the "Slow Dancing in the Big City" free skating program that she previously debuted and competed once at 2017 Skate Canada. She placed fifth in the short program and fourth in the free skating to finish fourth at the U.S. Championships, behind Alysa Liu, Mariah Bell, and Bradie Tennell, despite not completing a triple-triple combination in either program. Her pewter is the fourth medal that she has won at the senior level. As a result of her placement and Liu being age-ineligible for senior competition, Chen was named to the U.S. team for the 2020 Four Continents Championships. She was also named as first alternate for the 2020 World Championships.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen earned personal bests in all three segments to achieve a seventh place finish at 2020 Four Continents Championships, her highest ever after previously placing 12th twice. She told media after her free skate, "I am proud of myself for the last competition of the season. Ending on a high note is exactly what I wanted to do."


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen did not enroll at Cornell for her sophomore year, explaining that classes meeting only virtually meant "it wasn’t worth paying full tuition and not having the whole college experience," and instead returned to training full-time in Colorado Springs. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ISU opted to make assignments for the Grand Prix based on training location to minimize international travel; Chen was correspondingly assigned to compete at 2020 Skate America. She placed fourth in the short program, underrotating the triple toe loop in her jump combination. She was second in the free skate, but remained in fourth place overall. Shortly thereafter, she competed in the 2020 Las Vegas Invitational, a domestic team event, and placed fourth among the ladies to help Team Johnny finish second behind Team Tara.


title: Karen Chen

text: At the 2021 U.S. Championships, Chen was fourth after the short program due to several underrotations. She placed third in the free skate with only one major mistake on her triple loop. As a result, she earned the bronze medal, her third bronze at the U.S. Championships and her fifth medal overall. U.S. Figure Skating named gold medalist Bradie Tennell and Chen to the 2021 World Championships team, bypassing silver medalist Amber Glenn for Chen.


title: Karen Chen

text: In March at the 2021 World Championships, Chen skated two solid programs and placed fourth. She was fourth in the short program and sixth in the free skate. Her placement combined with Tennell's ninth-place finish earned the United States three spots for the 2022 World Championships, as well as the opportunity to secure three spots for ladies' singles at the 2022 Winter Olympics via the Olympic qualifying event. Chen's role in saving the third American ladies' spot paralleled her performance at the 2017 World Championships, where she also placed fourth to help secure three spots for the 2018 Winter Olympics.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen then competed at the 2021 World Team Trophy, where she finished sixth in both segments to help Team USA win the silver medal.


title: Karen Chen

text: Chen began the season at the 2021 CS Autumn Classic International, where she unexpectedly finished off the podium in fourth place, behind Cypriot Marilena Kitromilis and South Koreans You Young and Ji Seo-yeon. In light of the jump errors in both programs, she vowed to "continue to work on my consistency." At her second Challenger event of the season, the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, Chen placed sixth.


title: Karen Chen

text: Assigned to begin the Grand Prix at the 2021 Skate Canada International, Chen was sixth in the short program. She was tenth in the free skate after falling twice and having several jumps called underrotated, and dropped to tenth place overall. Speaking afterward, she said "practices have been solid, so it's been tough to leave Vancouver with a program like that." At her second Grand Prix event, the 2021 Internationaux de France, she placed fifth overall after ranking fifth in both the short program and the free skate. She reiterated afterward that she was working on translating her improved practices to competition.


title: Karen Chen

text: Entering the 2022 U.S. Championships hoping to make her second Olympic team, Chen placed second in the short program, narrowly behind Mariah Bell but a few points clear of third-place Alysa Liu, who withdrew before the free skate due to a positive COVID-19 test. Chen was second in the free skate as well despite four underrotated jumps, and took the silver medal, the only senior podium placement she had not previously occupied. The following day she was named to the American Olympic team. Chen is the first U.S. women's singles skater since Sasha Cohen in 2002 and 2006 to qualify for back-to-back Olympic teams.


title: Karen Chen

text: Upon arrival at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Chen was chosen as the American entry for the women's segments of the Olympic team event. With the United States narrowly in the lead after the first three short program segments, Chen skated her short program under significant pressure, but faltered, underrotating the second half of her jump combination and falling on an underrotated triple loop. She ranked fifth, four ordinals below Russian skater Kamila Valieva, as a result of which the United States dropped behind the ROC team. Speaking afterward about skating under pressure, Chen remarked "at the end of the day, it's coming from myself. I want to skate well for my team, for myself, my coach, my family, for all these people." However, she said she was pleased that she had recovered well from the fall. She competed again in the free skating portion of the team event, earning 131.52 points for a fourth-place finish, and winning a silver medal with the U.S. team. In the short program of the women's event, Chen made the same error she did in the team event short program, falling on her triple loop attempt, placing thirteenth in the segment. Seventeenth in the free skate with multiple jump errors, she dropped to sixteenth overall.


title: Karen Chen

text: Days after the Olympics concluded, Vladimir Putin ordered an invasion of Ukraine, as a result of which the International Skating Union banned all Russian and Belarusian skaters from competing at the 2022 World Championships. This had a major impact on the women's field, dominated by Russians for most of the preceding eight years. Chen placed eighth in the short program after singling her triple loop attempt. Eighth in the free skate as well, Chen came eighth overall.


title: Karen Chen

text: "GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix. Pewter medals (4th place) awarded only at U.S. national, sectional, and regional events."


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Julie Anne Merkell ("née" Harris; born 26 May 1972), known professionally as Patsy Palmer, is an English DJ and actress, known for her roles as Natasha in the children's drama series "Grange Hill" (1985–1987), and Bianca Jackson in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" (1993–1999, 2008–2014, 2019), which earned her the British Soap Award for Best Actress.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Palmer was born and grew up in Bethnal Green, East London. She attended Globe Primary School and then Haggerston Girls Secondary School.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: She was brought up along with her two elder brothers, Albert and Harry, by her mother Pat. She also has half siblings named Georgia and Berty. Her mother first spotted her acting talent and encouraged her to go to Anna Scher's acting school in London. Palmer was bullied at school, and has said that acting was a form of escape. At age six, she appeared in a West End production of "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat".


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Upon enrolling at the Anna Scher Theatre school, and learning about an accomplished actress already with the name Julie Harris, Palmer adopted her current name by using her mother's maiden name and changing her given name to her mother's pet name, Patsy. Palmer made her screen debut in the television programme "The Gentle Touch" in 1984. Like many other "EastEnders" actors, Palmer appeared on the children's drama show "Grange Hill" between 1985 and 1987. She went on to have small roles in BBC's "Tricky Business" (1989), "Making News" (1990), "Clarissa" (1991), "Love Hurts" (1992), "Drop the Dead Donkey" (1993), and "The Bill" (1993), and she also appeared as an acne-ridden teenager in a Clearasil advert.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: In 1993, she was cast in the role of feisty Bianca Jackson in BBC's soap opera, "EastEnders". Bianca's on-screen marriage to Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) in 1997 drew one of the biggest soap audiences ever — more than 22 million. She remained in the role for six years, but quit in 1999 to spend more time with her family and to concentrate on other projects. She reprised the role in May 2002 in a special entitled, "EastEnders: Ricky and Bianca". The two-part, hour-long special was filmed in Manchester, which reunited Bianca and Ricky for the first time in over two years.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: In 2005, Palmer publicly criticised "EastEnders", branding the storylines ridiculous and unbelievable and stating that she "wouldn't go back to "EastEnders"". However, in October 2007 the BBC announced that Palmer would be returning to the soap as a full-time character; she made her comeback on-screen in April 2008. Palmer has commented "I can't wait to explore what Bianca has been doing with her life and seeing what she is going to get up to next", and "EastEnders" executive producer, Diederick Santer, added, "I'm delighted to welcome Patsy Palmer home to "EastEnders". Bianca is one of the most popular characters the show has ever had". In 2014, Palmer announced that she was leaving the series. She reprised the role again in the autumn of 2019 for a short stint. In February 2020, it was announced that Palmer would be reprising her role as Bianca again, with scenes set to air later in the year. However, this was later cancelled due to the Coronavirus pandemic restrictions.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Palmer made a guest appearance on the Christmas Day 1993 episode of "Top of the Pops" introducing 'No Limit' by 2 Unlimited with presenter Mark Franklin.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Palmer worked on the first series of "OK TV" with Fiona Phillips in 1999. In the first episode of the series she was shown at a beauty salon where she got her hair shampooed and interviewed Lindsay Coulson, who played her fictional mother Carol Jackson in "EastEnders". In 1999, Palmer made a cameo appearance as herself in an episode of Kathy Burke's sitcom, "Gimme Gimme Gimme"; it made light of her role as Bianca Jackson. She appeared as Clare in the detective series "McCready and Daughter", which aired for a pilot and one series between 2000 and 2001. She made an appearance in "He Knew He Was Right" for the BBC in 2004, and in 2001 she was seen in the television mini-series "Do or Die", which aired on Sky One.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: On stage she has starred in the one-woman musical "Tell Me On A Sunday", which toured the UK, and played in London's West End. She also had a leading role in a UK tour of the musical "Steppin' Out", appeared in the original West End run of "Mum's the Word", and acted in "We Happy Few" by Imogen Stubbs, which played a short run at the Gielgud Theatre.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Palmer stood in for "GMTV"'s Lorraine Kelly, presenting her "Lorraine Live" section for a week in 1999, reporting from Miami on fashion, lifestyle, health and fitness. She has also co-hosted Channel 4's "Big Breakfast" as a guest presenter for a week. Palmer has released a number of hit fitness videos and DVDs: "Patsy Palmer – The Club Workout" (2000), "Patsy Palmer – The Urban Workout" (2002) and "Patsy Palmer's Ibiza Workout" (2002). In 2006 Palmer made an appearance in the charity fitness DVD "The Allstar Workout". Palmer's film work includes the shorts "Love Story" (1999) directed by Nick Love, and "Another Green World" (2005) directed by Peter Chipping.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: In 2005, Palmer took part in BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" show, to raise money for the "Children in Need" fund. She has also made a cameo appearance with Catherine Tate's sketch show "The Catherine Tate Show". In February 2007, she was a jury member on the BBC programme "The Verdict", where various celebrities ruled on a contemporary and controversial case, based on evidence and examples from real life.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Palmer's autobiography "All of Me" was released in the UK on 5 April 2007. In the book, she described her ascent to fame, her struggle with addiction and how she battled to overcome her problems. In 2003, in addition to acting, Palmer and her friend, Charlotte Cutler went into business with marketer Ken Wells and a Kent-based chemical company, to create "Palmer Cutler", selling beauty and self-tanning products.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: In 2008, a short film starring Palmer was released by housing and homelessness charity Shelter. Palmer has been DJing since 2012, including in United States since 2017. In January 2020, Palmer appeared as the Butterfly on the ITV reality singing competition "The Masked Singer". In March, Palmer participated in the third series of "The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off". In December, she appeared as a guest on "The One Show" in an episode dedicated to the late Barbara Windsor.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Palmer is close friends with Sid Owen (Ricky Butcher) and Danniella Westbrook (Sam Mitchell). Palmer has been married twice and has four children: Charley (born 1992) (from Palmer's relationship with boxer Alfie Rothwell), Fenton (born 2000), Emilia (born 2001), and Bertie (born 2010). For 10 years, starting in 2004, she lived with her husband and children in Western Terrace and then Kemptown, Brighton, England. Her brother, Harry Harris, is married to Lindsey Coulson, the actress who played her on-screen mother Carol Jackson in "EastEnders". In April 2014, Palmer and most of her family moved to Malibu, California, near Los Angeles. Since then she made friends with the likes of Camille Grammer and Cindy Crawford while settling down.


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Palmer has said that she has been a drug- and alcohol-addict, and that during her 1990s stint on "EastEnders" she frequently turned up on set either high or hungover. She has said that she started experimenting with alcohol and drugs from the age of 10 and her addiction lasted for 24 years. In 2010, she stated that she had been clean of drugs and alcohol since September 2004 and that "We don't have drink in our house".


title: Patsy Palmer

text: Palmer suffered from bullying during her school years. Because of this she lent her support to the Department for Education's anti-bullying campaign in 2000. She is an active patron of Children's Cancer Charity CLIC Sargent.


title: Sports in Canada

text: Sports in Canada consist of a wide variety of games. The roots of organized sports in Canada date back to the 1770s, culminating in the development and popularization of the major professional games of ice hockey, lacrosse, basketball, baseball, soccer, football and cricket. Canada's official national sports are ice hockey (winter official) and lacrosse (summer official). Golf, baseball, tennis, skiing, ringette, badminton, cricket, volleyball, cycling, swimming, bowling, rugby union, canoeing, equestrian, squash, and the study of martial arts are widely enjoyed at the youth and amateur levels. Great achievements in Canadian sports are recognized by Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, while the Lou Marsh Trophy is awarded annually to Canada's top athlete by a panel of journalists. There are numerous other Sports Halls of Fame in Canada.


title: Sports in Canada

text: Canada shares several major professional sports leagues with the United States. Canadian teams in these leagues include seven franchises in the National Hockey League, as well as three Major League Soccer teams and one team in each of Major League Baseball and the National Basketball Association. Other popular professional sports in Canada include Canadian football, which is played in the Canadian Football League, National Lacrosse League lacrosse, and curling.


title: Sports in Canada

text: Canada has enjoyed greater success at the Winter Olympics than at the Summer Olympics and has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics, the 1988 Winter Olympics, the 1994 Basketball World Championship, the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, the 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Most recently, Canada hosted the 2015 Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games in Toronto, the former being one of the largest sporting event hosted by the country. The country is also scheduled to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup, alongside Mexico and the United States.


title: Sports in Canada

text: The history of Canadian sports falls into five stages of development: early recreational activities before 1840; the start of organized competition, 1840–1880; the emergence of national organizations, 1882–1914; the rapid growth of both amateur and professional sports, 1914 to 1960; and developments of the last century Some sports, especially ice hockey, ringette, lacrosse, and curling, enjoy an international reputation as particularly Canadian.


title: Sports in Canada

text: Federal and provincial governments are both actively involved in sports each has areas of jurisdiction which overlap sports. Sport Canada generally directs (or at least co-ordinates) federal activity in sports. While the federal government generally tries to take a leadership role in areas of international competition (where its jurisdiction is clearest) some provinces, especially Quebec, are actively involved in sports at all levels, even with elite international athletes. Provinces will often focus on student athletics, as it falls more clearly in an area of provincial jurisdiction (that being education).


title: Sports in Canada

text: U Sports is the national governing body for university sports, while the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association governs college sports. A factor which affects athletic participation levels in U Sports member institutions is the U Sports restriction that scholarships cover tuition only, drawing many of Canada's best student athletes to the United States where organizations such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) allow "full ride" scholarships which include tuition, books, housing, and travel. Another is the popular Canadian Hockey League (for male hockey players aged 15 to 20), which effectively serves as the primary development league for the professional National Hockey League, although CHL teams offer financial support for players who choose to play U Sports hockey after leaving the CHL.


title: Sports in Canada

text: In May 1964, former Canadian Amateur Hockey Association president and then current member of parliament Jack Roxburgh did extensive research to find if Canadian parliament had ever declared a national game, and specifically looked into whether lacrosse was officially declared. After going through parliamentary records, he found no law was ever enacted. The Canadian Press reported at the time that the myth of lacrosse as Canada's national game possibly came from a book published in 1869 titled "Lacrosse, the National Game of Canada", and that the Canadian Lacrosse Association was founded in 1867. His endeavour to declare hockey as Canada's national game coincided with the Great Canadian Flag Debate of 1964. On October 28, 1964, Roxburgh moved to introduce Bill C–132, with respect to declaring hockey as the national game of Canada.


title: Sports in Canada

text: Canadian Lacrosse Association members responded to the motion by calling it insulting and "out of line", and vowed to fight it. On June 11, 1965, Bob Prittie replied by introducing a separate bill to have lacrosse declared as Canada's national game and stated that, "I think it is fitting at this time when we are considering national flags, national anthems and other national symbols, that this particular matter should be settled now". The choice of Canada's national game was debated in 1965, but neither bill was passed when parliament was dissolved. In 1967, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson proposed to name national summer and winter games, but nothing was resolved.


title: Sports in Canada

text: In 1994, First Nations groups objected to a government bill that proposed establishing ice hockey as Canada's national sport, arguing that it neglected recognition of the game of lacrosse, a uniquely Indigenous contribution. In response, the House of Commons amended a bill "to recognize hockey as Canada's Winter Sport and lacrosse as Canada's Summer Sport". On May 12, 1994, the "National Sports of Canada Act" came into force with these designations.


title: Sports in Canada

text: Although the legislation included seasonal designations, both sports can be played in different seasons. Lacrosse can be played all year, in all seasons, indoor and outdoors. During colder seasons ice hockey may be played indoor and outdoors, although in warmer seasons, its play requires the use of artificial ice, typically found at an indoor ice rink.