title: Arsenic trioxide

text: The first symptoms of acute arsenic poisoning by ingestion are digestive problems: vomiting, abdominal pains, diarrhea often accompanied by bleeding. Sub-lethal doses can lead to convulsions, cardiovascular problems, inflammation of the liver and kidneys and abnormalities in the coagulation of the blood. These are followed by the appearance of characteristic white lines (Mees' lines) on the nails and by hair loss. Lower doses lead to liver and kidney problems and to changes in the pigmentation of the skin. Even dilute solutions of arsenic trioxide are dangerous on contact with the eyes.


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: Chronic arsenic poisoning is known as arsenicosis. This disorder affects workers in smelters, in populations whose drinking water contains high levels of arsenic (0.3–0.4 ppm), and in patients treated for long periods with arsenic-based pharmaceuticals. Similarly, studies on workers exposed in copper foundries in the U.S., Japan and Sweden indicate a risk of lung cancer 6–10 times higher for the most exposed workers compared with the general population. Long-term ingestion of arsenic trioxide either in drinking water or as a medical treatment can lead to skin cancer. Reproductive problems (high incidences of miscarriage, low birth weight, congenital deformations) have also been indicated in one study of women exposed to arsenic trioxide dust as employees or neighbours of a copper foundry.


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: In Austria, there lived the so-called "arsenic eaters of Styria", who ingested doses far beyond the lethal dose of arsenic trioxide without any apparent harm. Arsenic is thought to enable strenuous work at high altitudes, e.g. in the Alps.


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: In the U.S., the OSHA 1910.1018 occupational permissible exposure limit for inorganic arsenic compounds in breathing zone air is 0.010 mg/m.


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: Arsenic trioxide can be generated via routine processing of arsenic compounds including the oxidation (combustion) of arsenic and arsenic-containing minerals in air. Illustrative is the roasting of orpiment, a typical arsenic sulfide ore.


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: Most arsenic oxide is, however, obtained as a volatile by-product of the processing of other ores. For example, arsenopyrite, a common impurity in gold- and copper-containing ores, liberates arsenic trioxide upon heating in air. The processing of such minerals has led to numerous cases of poisonings. Only in China are arsenic ores intentionally mined.


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: Arsenic trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, and its aqueous solutions are weakly acidic. Thus, it dissolves readily in alkaline solutions to give arsenites. It is less soluble in acids, although it will dissolve in hydrochloric acid.


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: Only with strong oxidizing agents such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric acid does it yield arsenic pentoxide, or its corresponding acid:


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: In terms of its resistance to oxidation, arsenic trioxide differs from phosphorus trioxide, which readily combusts to phosphorus pentoxide.


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: In the liquid and gas phase below 800 °C, arsenic trioxide has the formula and is isostructural with . Above 800 °C significantly dissociates into molecular , which adopts the same structure as . Three forms (polymorphs) are known in the solid state: a high temperature ( > 110 °C) cubic , containing molecular , and two related polymeric forms. The polymers, which both crystallize as monoclinic crystals, feature sheets of pyramidal units that share O atoms.


title: Arsenic trioxide

text: Smelting and related ore processing often generate arsenic trioxide, which poses a risk to the environment. For example, the Giant Mine in Canada processed substantial amounts of arsenopyrite-contaminated gold ores.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: The first season of the military science fiction television series "Stargate SG-1" commenced airing on the Showtime channel in the United States on July 27, 1997, concluded on the Sci Fi channel on March 6, 1998, and contained 22 episodes. The show itself is a spin-off from the 1994 hit movie "Stargate" written by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. "Stargate SG-1" re-introduced supporting characters from the film universe, such as Jonathan "Jack" O'Neill and Daniel Jackson and included new characters such as Teal'c, George Hammond and Samantha "Sam" Carter. The first season was about a military-science expedition team discovering how to use the ancient device, named the Stargate, to explore the galaxy. However, they encountered a powerful enemy in the film named the Goa'uld, who are bent on destroying Earth and all who oppose them.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: The 100-minute premiere "Children of the Gods", which aired on July 27, 1997 at 8 p.m, received Showtime's highest-ever ratings for a series premiere and ranked as the highest-rated original movie to premiere on Showtime at the time. The show got a 10.5 rating in Showtime's approximately 12 million U.S. households, which equaled approximately 1.5 million homes in total. Season one regular cast members included Richard Dean Anderson, Amanda Tapping, Michael Shanks, Christopher Judge and Don S. Davis.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: The series was a ratings success for Showtime. Although it received little critical response from major media publishers, "Stargate SG-1" was honored with numerous awards and award nominations in its first-season run. What was originally planned to be a two season long series lasted for ten seasons and became the second longest-running science fiction series of all time after the original series of "Doctor Who" (1963–1989).


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner had worked together on the Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer (MGM) television series "The Outer Limits" since 1995. Wright saw a wide range of possible science fiction storylines in the original "Stargate" (1994) film that could take place in the present day. Meanwhile, Glassner was interested in the feature film's theme that Ancient Egypt had been partially or completely built by aliens. Upon hearing of MGM's plan to create a television spin-off series of the film, Wright and Glassner independently and unbeknownst to each other approached MGM and proposed their concept for the television series. MGM president John Symes greenlit the project on the condition that Wright and Glassner worked together as executive producers of the new show. The show was


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: eventually given the name "Stargate SG-1" after Wright flightily agreed to Symes's pitch question if the team should be called "SG-1". MGM released posters titled "Stargate SG-1" within the next week without the knowledge of Wright and Glassner.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: John Symes approached Michael Greenburg and Richard Dean Anderson of "MacGyver" fame. Although Anderson was never a real fan of the science fiction genre, he believed the original concept of a "Stargate" was a good vehicle for a series. Anderson agreed to become involved with the project if his character Jack O'Neill was allowed significantly more comedic leeway than Kurt Russell's character in the feature film. He also requested "Stargate SG-1" to be more of an ensemble show, so that he would not be carrying the plot alone as on "MacGyver". The American subscription channel Showtime made a two-season commitment for 44 episodes in 1996. Principal photography began in Vancouver in February 1997.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: "The First Commandment" was the first "Stargate SG-1" episode written by Robert C. Cooper, who would later become an executive producer and co-creator of the spin-off series "Stargate Atlantis". Paul McGillion, who played young Ernest Littlefield in "Torment of Tantalus", would go on to play the recurring and later main character Dr. Carson Beckett in "Stargate Atlantis". The outside scenes of "Solitudes" were filmed at Pemberton Icefield. The rest of the episode was filmed in the studio, which was filled with fake snow and ice and kept at a low temperature.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: Lead production designer Richard Hudolin flew to Los Angeles, 1996 to gather material from "Stargate" for reference and found the original film prop stored outside in the Californian desert. Although the prop had severely disintegrated, he could take a detailed mould for "Stargate SG-1" production to build its own prop. The new Stargate was engineered to turn, lock the chevrons, and be computer-controlled to dial specific gate addresses. A portable Stargate prop was built for on-location shoots and required six workers and one full day to set up. Since visual effects are sometimes faster and cheaper, a computer-generated Stargate was occasionally used in on-location shoots in later seasons.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: The design of the Stargate Command (SGC) base was supposed to match the real Cheyenne Mountain complex as much as possible. The set had to be twice as high for shooting as the 22 feet tall Stargate prop, but one of Hudolin's original plans of a three-level SGC set was rejected in favor of a two-level set. The gateroom was the biggest room on set and could be redesigned for other scenes. Two multi-purpose rooms were frequently redecorated into the infirmary, Daniel's lab, the cafeteria or the gym. The SGC set and all other sets from the pilot episode were constructed within six weeks in January and February 1997, incorporating some original set pieces from the feature film.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: The initial season had five main characters getting star billing. Richard Dean Anderson portrayed formerly suicidal United States Air Force Colonel Jonathan "Jack" O'Neill. Michael Shanks played the American Egyptologist Daniel Jackson. Both O'Neill and Jackson appeared in the 1994 film "Stargate". Amanda Tapping played astrophysicist and United States Air Force captain Samantha "Sam" Carter. Christopher Judge portrayed Teal'c, a Jaffa from Chulak and former First Prime of Apophis. Don S. Davis played George Hammond, the new leader of the Stargate program, taking over after General W.O. West. Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline, including: Teryl Rothery as Janet Fraiser, Gary Jones as Chevron Guy (later identified as Walter Harriman), Jay Acovone as Charles Kawalsky (portrayed by John Diehl in the 1994 feature film), Tom McBeath as Harry Maybourne, and Ronny Cox as Robert Kinsey, among others.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: The original airing of "Children of the Gods" on Showtime featured full frontal nudity during the scene showing the possession of Sha're (Vaitiare Bandera) by Amonet. While this has never been repeated on network television and subsequent airings as well as this episode available on most streaming platforms have had the nudity cut out for syndication; it was rated R by the MPAA. The DVD, iTunes and Netflix prints of this episode retain this scene. According to Brad Wright, the Showtime network had insisted on the full frontal nudity despite Wright's vocal opposition; Wright told fan site GateWorld that he would cut the nudity scene from the 2009 direct-to-DVD recut of the pilot episode. The DVD version, in fact, only retains a portion of this scene, with full frontal nudity being cut and a partial syndicate friendly back nudity version used. Likely because of the nudity, the original version of this episode as well as the next two episodes of the series are the first and only ones in the series to be rated by the MPAA (it is rated R), while in the UK the episode is rated 18 by the BBFC (all other episodes have generally been rated PG, or 12, very occasionally 15). It is rated M in Australia, recommended for (but not restricted to) viewers 15 and older. The version available on iTunes and Netflix is the uncut, original version of the episode.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: "Hathor" was heavily criticized, and the series' writers themselves acknowledged the episode's weakness. Later, in the Season 7 episode "Heroes (Part 1)", Dr. Fraiser is discussing Jack with the film crew and mentions "the whole Hathor incident, which we were never supposed to speak of again". "Politics", was the series' first clip show, it is widely regarded as one of "Stargate SG-1"'s weakest episodes.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: "Children of the Gods" was nominated for a Golden Reel Award in the category "Best Sound Editing – Television Movies of the Week" and the music for "Best Sound Editing – Television Episodic – Music". "The Nox" was nominated for an Emmy in the category "Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)". "Within the Serpent's Grasp" was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category "Best Visual Effects". Richard Dean Anderson won a Saturn Award for Best Genre TV Actor.


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: During the production of "Solitudes", a joke was played on Richard Dean Anderson. Whilst filming, when O'Neill asks how Carter is getting along with unearthing the Stargate's DHD, Carter starts ranting at O'Neill for being completely "MacUseless" even though he spent seven years on "MacGyver", referring to Richard Dean Anderson's role in both shows. The prank was organized by Tapping in cooperation with the director. Similarly, in the first episode, "Children of the Gods" Carter speaks of "MacGyvering" the Stargate into operation while O'Neill rolls his eyes. The 2009 DVD version of this episode does not contain the MacGyver reference. "Politics" contains a scene that references uploading a virus to an alien mothership, alluding that the solution to the movie "Independence Day" will not work in this situation. "Within the Serpent's Grasp" contains the only scene produced especially for Showtime, not shown on the syndicated versions. When seeing a floating metal ball, Teal'c explains "It is a Goa'uld long-range visual communication device, somewhat like your television, only much further advanced." In the Showtime version, O'Neill says "Think it gets Showtime?" While this scene remains in the DVD versions of the episode, syndication runs have O'Neill instead saying, "Hmm...Goa'uld TV..." (in a manner similar to that of Homer Simpson)


title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: In the United States the series broadcaster, Showtime, aired episodes 7 through 19, except 14 and 17 out of order.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: BoJack F. Horseman (born January 2, 1964) is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of the Netflix animated television series "BoJack Horseman" (20142020). He is voiced by Will Arnett and was created by Raphael Bob-Waksberg. Prior to the series start, BoJack had starred in a hit 1990s sitcom called "Horsin' Around". After that show ending, BoJack struggled to find acting work, instead living off residuals from "Horsin' Around"s syndication.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: BoJack, a self-loathing and alcoholic anthropomorphic horse, suffers from depression and often engages in self-destructive behavior. He frequently drinks and takes drugs to excess and has difficulty maintaining positive relationships with others.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: BoJack Horseman was born in San Francisco, California, on January 2, 1964. His acting career peaked when he starred in a successful family sitcom called "Horsin' Around" in the 1990s and later "The BoJack Horseman Show", an edgier, unsuccessful sitcom which was cancelled in 2007 after just one season. Though he began as a young bright-eyed actor, he has since grown bitter, deeply depressed, and jaded towards Hollywood and whom he has become post-fame. BoJack has been shown to be caring and insightful, but his insecurities, loneliness, and desperate need for approval often result in self-destructive actions that devastate those around him. Many of his issues stem from drug abuse, alcohol abuse, horrible decisions he's made throughout his career, and issues with his unhappy parents during childhood, which the audience is shown through flashbacks. During the series, BoJack makes a comeback attempt, trying to act once again.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: In season 1, he receives an advance to write a memoir, but after difficulties starting, his publisher hires Diane Nguyen as his ghostwriter. Despite difficulty during the writing process, the book receives positive reviews, and brings BoJack back into the spotlight. At one point, BoJack attempts to apologize to his old friend, Herb Kazzaz, with whom he originally created "Horsin' Around". BoJack feels guilt over the fact that he did not defend Herb after Herb was fired in the 90s after being outed as gay. But, because BoJack took such a long time to make an effort, Herb rejects his apology. This event deeply affects BoJack for the remaining seasons.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: In season 2, he lands the role of Secretariat in a biopic of the famous horse. However, he struggles with the role and with the production in jeopardy, he inadvertently causes "Secretariat"s director, Kelsey Jannings, to be fired. Overwhelmed, he escapes his troubles to New Mexico where he reconnects with his old friend Charlotte, who now has a husband, Kyle, and two kids, Penny and Trip. Unwilling to return to LA, he stays with Charlotte's family and becomes very close to them, especially Penny, and accompanies her and her friends Maddy and Pete to her prom where he gets them all drunk. As a result, Maddy gets alcohol poisoning, and BoJack threatens Pete into staying silent out of fear that the event could negatively impact BoJack's career. Later, Penny makes a pass at BoJack and he rejects her; however, when he and Charlotte kiss and she asks him to leave, Charlotte then discovers BoJack in bed with Penny. Charlotte threatens BoJack to leave and never contact them again and he reluctantly returns to Los Angeles where he discovers the new director finished shooting "Secretariat" and used a CGI version of BoJack instead. The movie is a critical and commercial hit upon its release.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: In season 3, Bojack's role in "Secretariat" earns him an Oscar nomination, though it is later revealed to be a mistake. Subsequently, he and his roommate, Todd Chavez, have a falling out. BoJack then copes by going on a drug-induced bender with his friend and former co-star in "Horsin' Around", Sarah Lynn, which results in her death. Despite being hired again to do a sequel show to Horsin' Around, BoJack runs away fearing he will corrupt his female child co-star like Sarah Lynn and nearly attempts suicide, but stops upon seeing a group of cross-country running horses.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: In season 4, he comes to terms with Sarah Lynn's death after months of avoiding the public eye at his old grandparents' summer house in Michigan and meets with Hollyhock, a young horse who at first believes BoJack to be her biological father, but is later revealed to be his half-sister as a result of an affair between BoJack's father and his maid. He also deals with his mother suffering from dementia. His mother lives with him after getting kicked out of her nursing home for a while until BoJack put her in a nursing home when he discovered she was spiking Hollyhock's drinks with dangerous weight loss pills. BoJack lands the title role on "Philbert", an original detective web-series that streams on WhatTimeIsItRightNow.com.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: In season 5, while working on "Philbert", BoJack begins dating co-star Gina Cazador. During the show's production, he suffers an on-set accident and develops an addiction to prescription painkillers. The first season of "Philbert" becomes a huge success, and production of season 2 begins almost immediately; during this time, however, BoJack's drug problem worsens until one day on set, while heavily under the influence of painkillers (and likely Philbert-based schizophrenia), he chokes Gina and forgets shortly after. Despite Gina not pressing charges and still working with him, she cuts off personal ties with BoJack before their cover-up interview with Biscuits Braxby. Season 5 ends with "Philbert" getting cancelled due to Todd's robot CEO facing sexual allegations, and BoJack checking himself into rehab with Diane's transport and urging.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: In the first half of season 6, he is seen as having been healed significantly as a result of rehab. In the season six episode "The Face of Depression", it is revealed he's been coloring his hair black for the last 20 years; the real color of his hair is grey. At the end of this episode, BoJack accepts a role as a drama teacher at Wesleyan University, where Hollyhock is a student, after Raven-Symoné removes herself from consideration. He enjoys this new job and quieter life, forging a deep connection with his students and discovering a newfound love of teaching, though he struggles to connect with Hollyhock, whom over winter break learned about him intoxicating Maddy and silencing Pete in New Mexico, though she does not directly confront him on this. In the second half of season 6, after a student actor showcase with Diane, Princess Carolyn, and Todd in attendance, BoJack receives a call from Charlotte telling him that reporters have been pestering her in her home for information about his time in New Mexico and orders him to get rid of them; this gives BoJack an anxiety attack and causes him to come to terms with the fact that details of his past are about to come to light. The following week, Paige Sinclair publishes an article with the "Hollywoo Reporter" providing all the details of Sarah Lynn's death, revealing to the public for the first time BoJack's involvement in it.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: BoJack attempts to capitalize on the upcoming interview regarding his role in Sarah Lynn's death. While initially receiving praise for his honesty, he is effectively "canceled" after the second interview uncovers his influential erratic relationships with women in his circle, and his true culpability: by him waiting 17 minutes to call the ambulance, Sarah Lynn actually died at the hospital. BoJack hits rock-bottom, losing his job at Wesleyan, house, and his relationship with Hollyhock, and is blackballed in Hollywood. He forms an unlikely friendship with fellow "canceled" actor Vance Waggoner, who encourages him to channel his anger into work, their first being a bawdy, low-brow comedy film called "The Horny Unicorn". BoJack is eventually contacted by Angela Diaz, the network executive who in the '90s intimidated him into keeping quiet about Herb's outing. She tells BoJack that the network is releasing new versions of "Horsin' Around" with all his scenes cut, and goads him to take up drinking again after signing away his residual credit. BoJack gets drunk with her and learns that Angela manipulated him into allowing Herb's firing. When she rejects his condemnation and retorts they were equally opportunistic, BoJack gives into his despair, breaking into his old home and reverting to his old habits. After attempting to contact Diane (leaving a casually desperate voice mail for her to call him back), BoJack attempts suicide by overdosing on pills and drowning in his old swimming pool, experiencing a near-death experience in which he faces the options of his shattered life through the visions and stories of his deceased family and associates, hosted by Herb himself. He ultimately ends the vision in a conversation with a distal version of Diane over the "Horsin'" set phone as black tar swallows him.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: Later that night, BoJack's body is found in the pool by the family who now owns the house. While he is initially thought to be dead, that assessment turns out to be false and he wakes up in the hospital some time later handcuffed to his bed. He is sentenced to 14 months in prison for breaking and entering. Roughly a year later, he is released from prison for a weekend (although he does end up going back to prison early) to attend Princess Carolyn's wedding to Judah. Over the course of that day, he shares a reconciling moment with each of his friends before concluding his prison sentence: he shares a drive with Mr. Peanut butter, who tries to return the "D" to the "Hollywood" sign (though he accidentally orders a "B", renaming it "Hollywoob"); he reconnects with Todd at the beach, who tells him that he has turned his life around and assures BoJack that he can too; and he shares a dance with Princess Carolyn, thanking her for what she has done for his life and asking for her to represent him should he try to rejoin show business (she says his future prospects look bright but declines, saying she will recommend some excellent managers when he is released from prison, and he looks content to hear that).


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: Finally, he has a conversation with Diane on the rooftop, who tells him about the voice message he left her before his suicide attempt and tells him that while she is relieved that he is alive, she was angry that she let him have so much power over her. BoJack apologizes for the pain he's caused her, but learns she's become a fairly successful young adult novelist and married Guy. She tells him that she is grateful for knowing him and for her time in LA because they made her who she is, but she deems that time a past version of her, and explains that people can still be grateful for others' influence without them being in their life forever. BoJack hesitantly wonders if this is their last conversation together, to which she thanks him for their experience. He offers a parting sardonic story about his prison's "movie night", and the series ends with BoJack and Diane sharing a quiet moment together under the stars.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: Creator Raphael Bob-Waksberg came up with initial kernal of BoJack as the ""story of a guy who's had every opportunity imaginable, but still can't find a way to be happy, and what is that about for him?"" BoJack's house and the overall emotional plot was inspired from Bob-Waksberg's first house in Los-Angeles, where he felt "on top of the world and also never more isolated or alone." Bob-Waksberg considered other ideas for BoJack's occupation like him being a former racehorse before deciding on him being a former actor. Supervising Director Mike Hollingsworth noted that a former actor can still act in their later life but aging does not allow for athletes to continue successfully in their later life.


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: Actor Will Arnett, who voices BoJack, stated in an interview with "Vanity Fair" that he was drawn to playing the character due to his deep character flaws, namely his emotional scarring, and that he believes BoJack is both lovable and unlovable at the same time. Arnett has received praise for his portrayal of BoJack and ability to balance comedy with emotion, especially in the fifth season episode "Free Churro", which consists almost entirely of a eulogy that BoJack delivers for his mother at her funeral. "Screen Rant" ranked the character as the fifth most likeable opining that despite his narcissism he is "smart, cynical, and direct".


title: BoJack Horseman (character)

text: The plot description and characterization were adapted from BoJack Horseman on BoJack Horseman Wiki, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.


title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The boxing tournaments at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo took place from 24 July to 8 August 2021 at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan. Thirteen events were staged, the same number as in London in 2012 and Rio de Janeiro in 2016. However, for the first time since the London Games, the programme has been updated, with the number of men's events reduced by two and the number of women's events increased by the same number.


title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: On 22 May 2019, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that the International Boxing Association (AIBA) had been stripped of the right to organise the tournament, due to "issues in the areas of finance, governance, ethics and refereeing and judging". Boxing will instead be organised by an ad-hoc task force led by Morinari Watanabe, president of the International Gymnastics Federation.


title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: On March 23, 2013, the AIBA instituted significant changes to the format. The World Series of Boxing, AIBA's pro team league which started in 2010, already enabled team members to retain 2012 Olympic eligibility. The newer AIBA Pro Boxing Tournament, consisting of pros who sign 5 year contracts with AIBA and compete on pro cards leading up to the tournament, also provides a pathway for new pros to retain their Olympic eligibility and retain ties with national committees. The elimination of headgear and the adoption of the "10-point must" scoring system further clears the delineation between amateur and pro format.


title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The number of weight classes for men was reduced from ten to eight, with a featherweight class introduced and events at light-flyweight (introduced in 1968), bantamweight (staged at every Olympics since 1904 bar 1912, when boxing events weren't held) and light-welterweight (introduced in 1952) removed. The women's weight classes saw a corresponding increase from three to five, with featherweight and welterweight categories introduced.


title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: Each National Olympic Committee was permitted to enter up to one athlete in each event. Six places (four men and two women) were reserved for the host nation Japan, while eight further places (five men and three women) were allocated to the Tripartite Invitation Commission.


title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: All other places were allocated through four Continental Olympic Qualification Events (one each for Africa, the Americas, Asia/Oceania and Europe) between January 2020 and June 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic delayed several events for the boxing including impacting the first 3 days of the European Qualification Event. The Americas Qualification Event and World Olympic Qualification Event were then cancelled in 2021.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Wendy L. Brown (born November 28, 1955) is an American political theorist. She is the UPS Foundation Professor in the School of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ. Previously, she was Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science and a core faculty member in The Program for Critical Theory at the University of California, Berkeley.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Brown received her BA in both economics and politics from UC Santa Cruz, and her M.A and Ph.D in political philosophy from Princeton University. Before she took a position at UC Berkeley in 1999, Brown taught at Williams College and UC Santa Cruz. At Berkeley, beyond her primary teaching roles in Political Theory and Critical Theory, Brown is also an affiliated faculty member of the Department of Rhetoric, the Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program, the Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender and Sexuality, and the Designated Emphasis in Early Modern Studies.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Brown lectures around the world and has held numerous visiting and honorary positions, including at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna, the Goethe University in Frankfurt, the UC Humanities Research Institute in Irvine, the Institute for the Humanities Critical Theory Summer School at Birkbeck, University of London (2012, 2015), a Senior Invited Fellow of the Center for Humanities at Cornell University (2013), a Visiting Professor at Columbia University (2014), a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Lecturer (2014), a Visiting Professor of Law and Government at Cornell University (2015), the Shimizu Visiting Professor of Law at the London School of Economics (2015), and a Visiting Professor at the European Graduate School (2016).


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Among the honorary lectures Brown has delivered are the Beaverbrook Annual Lecture at McGill University (2015); the Pembroke Center keynote at Brown University (2015); a keynote at the Zolberg Institute on Migration and Mobility (2016); the fourth "Democracy Lecture" – following Thomas Piketty, Naomi Klein, and Paul Mason – in the Haus der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin (2017); a plenary speech at the European Sociological Association conference in Athens (2017); the Gauss Lecture at Princeton University (2018); and the Wellek Lectures at UC Irvine (2018), which were published as "In the Ruins of Neoliberalism: The Rise of Antidemocratic Politics in the West" (2019). In 2019, Brown delivered The Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Yale University, titled "Politics and Knowledge in Nihilistic Times: Thinking with Max Weber."


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Brown's work has been translated into more than twenty languages and has received many awards. Brown served as Council Member of the American Political Science Association (2007–09) and as Chair of the UC Humanities Research Institute Board of Governors (2009–11). In 2012, her book "Walled States, Waning Sovereignty" won the David Eastman Award. In 2017, her book "Undoing the Demos" won the Spitz Prize for the best book in liberal and/or democratic theory. Brown received the 2016 Distinguished Teaching Award, UC Berkeley's most prestigious honor for teaching. She received a UC Presidents Humanities Research Fellowship (2017–18) and was a Guggenheim Fellow (2017–18). In 2021 Brown received The Berkeley Citation, UC Berkeley's highest honor, for individuals who "go beyond the call of duty and whose achievements exceed the standards of excellence in their fields."


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Brown's thinking on the decline of sovereignty and the hollowing out of democracy has found popular and journalistic audiences, with discussions of her work appearing in "The New York Times," "The Washington Post," and "The Guardian". Brown has appeared in documentary films including "The Value of the Humanities" (2014), "Take Your Pills" (2018) and "What is Democracy?" (directed by Astra Taylor, 2019).


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Together with Michel Feher, Brown is co-editor of the Zone Books' series "Near Futures" and its digital supplement "Near Futures Online".


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Brown has established new paradigms in critical legal studies and feminist theory. She has produced a body of work drawing from Karl Marx's critique of capitalism and its relation to religion and secularism, Friedrich Nietzsche's usefulness for thinking about power and the ruses of morality, Max Weber on the modern organization of power, psychoanalysis and its implications for political identification, Michel Foucault's work on governmentality and neoliberalism, as well as other contemporary continental philosophers. Bringing these resources together with her own thinking on a range of topics, Brown's work aims to diagnose modern and contemporary formations of political power, and to discern the threats to democracy entailed by such formations.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: In this work Brown asks how a sense of woundedness can become the basis for individual and collective forms of identity. From outlawing hate speech to banning pornography, Brown argues, well-intentioned attempts at protection can legitimize the state while harming subjects by codifying their identities as helpless or in need of continuous governmental regulation. While breaking ground in political theory, this work also represents one of Brown's key interventions in feminist and queer theory. The book offers a novel account of legal and political power as constitutive of norms of sexuality and gender. Through the concept of "wounded attachments", Brown contends that psychic injury may accompany and sustain racial, ethnic, and gender categories, particularly in relation to state law and discursive formations. In this and other works Brown has criticized representatives of second wave feminism, such as Catharine MacKinnon, for re-inscribing the category of "woman" as an essentialized identity premised on injury.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: This book comprises a series of essays on contemporary political issues from the problem of moralism in politics to the legacies of past injustices in the present. Throughout her thematically overlapping chapters, Brown asks: "What happens to left and liberal political orientations when faith in progress is broken, when both the sovereign individual and sovereign states seem tenuous, when desire seems as likely to seek punishment as freedom, when all political conviction is revealed as contingent and subjective?" Much of this book takes history and liberalism themselves as objects of theoretical reflection and sites of contestation. Drawing on a range of thinkers, such as Freud, Marx, Nietzsche, Spinoza, Benjamin and Derrida, Brown rethinks the disorientation and possibility inherent to contemporary democracy.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: This work consists of seven articles responding to particular occasions, each of which "mimic, in certain ways, the experience of the political realm: one is challenged to think here, now, about a problem that is set and framed by someone else, and to do so before a particular audience or in dialogue with others not of one's own choosing." Each individual essay begins with a specific problem: what is the relationship between love, loyalty, and dissent in contemporary American political life?; how did neoliberal rationality become a form of governmentality?; what are the main problems of women's studies programs?; and so on. According to Brown, the essays do not aim to definitively answer the given questions but "to critically interrogate the framing and naming practices, challenge the dogmas (including those of the Left and of feminism), and discern the constitutive powers shaping the problem at hand."


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: In this book, Brown subverts the usual and widely accepted notion that tolerance is one of the most remarkable achievements of Western modernity. She suggests that tolerance (or toleration) cannot be perceived as the complete opposite to violence. At times, it can also be used to justify violence. Brown argues that tolerance primarily operates as a discourse of subject construction and a mode of governmentality that addresses or confirms asymmetric relations between different groups, each of which must then "tolerate" other groups and categories or "be tolerated" by the dominant groups and categories.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: To substantiate her thesis, Brown examines the tolerance discourse of figures like George W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, Samuel Huntington, Susan Okin, Michael Ignatieff, Bernard Lewis, and Seyla Benhabib and argues that "tolerance as a political practice is always conferred by the dominant, it is always a certain expression of domination even as it offers protection or incorporation to the less powerful." Among those influenced by Brown's thinking on this subject are Joan Wallach Scott and Slavoj Žižek, whose respective works "The Politics of the Veil" (2007) and "Violence: Six Sideways Reflections" (2007) draw heavily on Brown's account of tolerance discourse.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: In a debate with Rainer Forst at the ICI in Berlin Brown addressed this problematic again, later published as a co-authored book, The Power of Tolerance (2014). Here Brown argues against primarily moral or normative approaches to power and discourse, and warns against the dangers of uncritically celebrating the liberal ideal of tolerance, as frequently happens in Western notions of historical, civilizational or moral progress.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Published exclusively in French, "Les habits neufs de la politique mondiale" ("The New Clothes of World Politics") argues that the following political fact is irreversible: liberal democracy, as a global social and historical modality of statecraft, is dying. The two movements delivering such blows, neoliberalism and neoconservatism, feature both resonances and dissonances. Brown argues that whilst the former acts as a political rationality, a mode of general regulation of behavior, the latter is both necessary to its survival, and parasitic of its survival. As a form of governmentality that redefines freedom, neoliberalism will moralize politics, limiting its scope; this is the function of neo-conservatism.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: This book examines the revival of wall-building under shifting conditions of global capitalism. Brown not only problematizes the assumed functions of walls, such as the prevention of crime, migration, smuggling, and so on. She also argues that walling has taken on new a significance due to its symbolic function in an increasingly globalized and precarious world of financial capital. As individual identity as well as nation-state sovereignty are threatened, walls become objects invested with individual and collective desire. Anxious efforts to shore up national identity are thus projected onto borders as well as new material structures that would appear to secure them. The book was reprinted with a new preface by the author following the 2016 election of Donald Trump.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Brown's study begins by engaging and revising key arguments in Foucault's "The Birth of Biopolitics" with the aim of analyzing different ways that democracy is being hollowed out by neoliberal rationality. She describes neoliberalism as a thoroughgoing attack on the most foundational ideas and practices of democracy. The individual chapters of the book examine the effects of neoliberalization on higher education, law, governance, the basic principles of liberal democratic institutions, as well as radical democratic imaginaries.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Brown treats "neoliberalism as a governing rationality through which everything is 'economized' and in a very specific way: human beings become market actors and nothing but, every field of activity is seen as a market, and every entity (whether public or private, whether person, business, or state) is governed as a firm." To address such threats, Brown argues, democracy must be reinvigorated not only as an object of theoretical inquiry but also as a site of political struggle.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Brown's latest book, published in 2019 by Columbia University Press, analyses the hard-right turn in Western politics. While this turn is animated by socioeconomically aggrieved white working- and middle-class populations, Brown argues that it is also contoured by the multipronged assault on democratic values taking place under neoliberalism. "In the Ruins of Neoliberalism" traces the ambition to replace democratic orders with ones disciplined by markets and traditional morality and democratic states with technocratic ones. Brown also explores the unintentional outcomes of neoliberal reason, from its attack on the value of society and its fetish of individual freedom to its legitimation of inequality, to understand how it generates an apocalyptic populism willing to destroy the world rather than endure a future in which white male supremacy disappears.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: A public intellectual in the United States, Brown has written and spoken about issues of free speech, public education, political protest, LGBTQ issues, sexual assault, Donald Trump, conservatism, neoliberalism, and other matters of national and international concern.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: For decades, Brown has been active in efforts to resist measures toward the privatization of the University of California system. In her capacity as co-chair of the Berkeley Faculty Association, she raised awareness, organized marches, and spoke publicly about the privatization of public education. She has been critical of the university's decision to cut costs by utilizing lecturers rather than hiring tenure and tenure track professors. Relatedly, she has voiced concern over the perils of the UC's proposed online education programs.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: Brown has criticized university administration for their response to sexual assault. "I think many faculty feel there are repeat harassers on our faculty who are never charged ... Graduate students gave up on careers, and these perpetrators were allowed to continue, and that was wrong—never should have happened," she said.


title: Wendy Brown (political theorist)

text: At the "99 Mile March" to Sacramento she addressed her criticism to more general trends: "We are marching to draw attention to the plight of public education in California and to implore Californians to re-invest in it. For all its resources, innovation and wealth, California has sunk to nearly the bottom of the nation in per student spending, and our public higher education system, once the envy of the world, is in real peril." Brown supported Occupy Wall Street as part of the UC faculty council, claiming that "We understand this to be part of what (the movement) stands for. We are delighted by the protests and consider our campaign to be at one with it."


title: Kaylee DeFer

text: Kaylee Anne DeFer (born September 23, 1986) is a former American actress. She was known for her portrayals of Hillary Gold in "The War at Home", and of Ivy Dickens in "Gossip Girl".


title: Kaylee DeFer

text: DeFer made her acting debut in a March 2004 episode of the Nickelodeon sitcom "Drake & Josh". She has since made a number of guest appearances on television shows such as "Quintuplets", "Ghost Whisperer", "", and "How I Met Your Mother". DeFer appears on the cover of Reeve Oliver's second album, "Touchtone Inferno" (2007).


title: Kaylee DeFer

text: In May 2004, DeFer was cast as Scarlett on The WB's drama series "The Mountain". The series follows the personal lives of the staff and friends at a remote ski resort. The series premiered on September 22, 2004, but was cancelled after four months.


title: Kaylee DeFer

text: In April 2005, DeFer landed a role on the Fox sitcom "The War at Home". The series centers on the day-to-day life of Gold family whom reside in Long Island, New York. DeFer portrayed teenager Hillary Gold, the eldest child who frequently misbehaves. The series premiered on September 11, 2005, to 7.2 million viewers, but received generally negative reviews from critics. The series ran for two seasons.


title: Kaylee DeFer

text: DeFer starred in her theatrical film debut "Flicka", released in October 2006. DeFer portrayed the film's antagonist, Miranda Koop. In 2011, DeFer starred in the low-budget Western film "Mattie", which was released on DVD under the title "Renegade".


title: Kaylee DeFer

text: In April 2011, The CW announced DeFer would have a major recurring arc in both the fourth and fifth seasons of "Gossip Girl". DeFer had previously auditioned for the role of Raina Thorpe, but she did not receive the part. DeFer portrayed the role of Ivy Dickens, a con artist who pretends to be Charlotte "Charlie" Rhodes in order to get access to the latter's trust fund. DeFer was reunited with "The Mountain" castmate Penn Badgley. She reprised her role of Ivy in the series' sixth and final season and was listed as a main cast member. In May 2013, DeFer announced plans to take a break from acting after the birth of her first son.


title: Kaylee DeFer

text: In January 2012, DeFer called off her engagement to jewelry designer Michael Raymond Pereira, whom she had been dating on and off since 2002.


title: Kaylee DeFer

text: DeFer subsequently began dating Michael Fitzpatrick, lead vocalist for the band Fitz and the Tantrums, and in May 2013, she announced that they were expecting a child together. Their first son was born on September 20, 2013. The couple got married on July 25, 2015. On April 11, 2017, they welcomed their second son, followed by their third son on May 26, 2019.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: Ezel () is a Turkish crime thriller TV series that was initially broadcast by Show TV in fall 2009. In 2010 it was transferred to ATV. It has gained a considerably large fan base in Turkey since. Series stars Kenan İmirzalıoğlu, Cansu Dere and Yiğit Özşener in leads. Although it is set in modern-day Istanbul, filming also took place in North Cyprus, Croatia, and England. The series is an adaptation of Alexandre Dumas' 1844 novel "The Count of Monte Cristo".


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: Betrayed by his trusted friends and the woman he loved, Ömer Uçar returns as Ezel to exact his vengeance.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: In 1997 in Istanbul, Turkey, Ömer Uçar (Ismail Filiz) and his family lived a comfortable lower middle-class life, until one day his life was changed forever. Ömer had two best friends that he had known for years, Ali and Cengiz. Ömer worked with Ali (Barış Falay) as a motor mechanic, and Cengiz (Yiğit Özşener) when Ömer met and fell in love with Eyşan (Cansu Dere). Ali and Cengiz soon become convinced by Serdar Tezcan (Salih Kalyon), who is also Eyşan's father, to rob a casino. Serdar devises the whole scheme, and figures that it will require four people to pull off a successful robbery. Cengiz was up first in the plot to rob the casino, he was the mole and was working there in order to gain access. Ali comes into play next as the ruthless killer on the night of the robbery. The third accomplice is Eyşan (Cansu Dere), the skilled con-woman who manipulates men for their money as a career and this time her victim would be Ömer. In Serdar's plan, Ömer would be the fourth person to complete the job. Ömer is blamed for the robbery by way of implanting false evidence, misleading the police and ceasing all other investigations on the matter. Serdar's primary motive was the money, though his love for a good con also played a role. Eyşan's, Cengiz' and Ali's motives would be revealed later in the series.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: Ali and Cengiz at the time believed that Ömer would only get a few years in jail for stealing the money; however, the robbery went wrong and Ali had to shoot and kill the security guard. The same gun that was used in the robbery was pointed at Ömer by Cengiz just a few days before the crime. After having too many drinks, Cengiz, in a drunken state and wearing gloves, points the gun at Ömer, after which he manages to take the gun away from Cengiz only to leave his prints on the gun, sealing his fate. Further evidence to implicate Ömer to the crime is a jacket that he had previously worn which was also dumped with the gun ensuring the police a swift arrest.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: In 1997, when Ömer was blamed for the crime, the commissar (Mesut Akusta) went to the prison cell where Ömer was in there for a couple hours. Whilst the chief commissar was inside the cell, he kept inquiring about the whereabouts of the money, even though Ömer kept denying having done the robbery. Because of his lack of cooperation, Ömer was beaten up for hours. Afterwards, during Ömer's trial, the judge showed the picture of the murder weapon used in the robbery, a gun, and a picture of a similarly related jacket. Although Ömer was still insisting that he was innocent, a witness was called to the stand. That witness was revealed to be Eyşan, who falsely testified that it was Ömer who robbed the casino and murdered the security guard. In anger, he escaped from the clutches of the[clarification needed]


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: Eyşan's testimony was to re-establish the evidence and accusations, cementing her betrayal. The plan worked successfully and all the while Ali, Cengiz, Serdar and Eyşan got away with murder and millions of dollars. Ömer went to jail for the crime he didn't commit the day after he proposed to Eyşan. During his incarceration, Ömer had some very hard times, being beaten almost daily by the chief prison warden who was convinced that Ömer had indeed committed the crime, and wanted to know the exact whereabouts of the money. His family was even threatened, and so his hatred for his old friends grew for what they had done to him. Ömer's only luck was to be taken under the wing of Ramiz Karaeski (referred to as Uncle Ramiz, played by Tuncel Kurtiz), once a powerful mafia type figure who treated Ömer like one of his sons and offered him some protection while imprisoned.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: In 2005, Ömer had his face badly cut by the chief warden with two other guards by using a riot in the prison as an excuse to beat Ömer, so he would tell where the money was. Ömer pretended to tell him, so that when the warden dismissed the other guards, a fight to the death meant the head warden was killed. With help from Ramiz, it was made known that Ömer had died but his face was unrecognisable, when actually Ömer escaped the jail and had full plastic surgery. Ömer Uçar then changes his name to Ezel Bayraktar (meaning "eternity" in Turkish) (Kenan İmirzalıoğlu), and returns to get his revenge, unknown to his previous friends, Eyşan and Cengiz (who are now married and have a son), and Ali (who is head of security at Cengiz's hotel) The once simple boy becomes a man exceptionally skilled at gambling, reading people, and fighting, and has considerably high class in society. He is helped by his assistants Kamil (Güray Kip) and Sebnem (Bade İşçil), as well as his prison mentor Ramiz Karaeski.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: Eyşan's motive for framing Ömer was to save her sister Bahar's life. Serdar explained to Eyşan that Bahar was terminally ill and would need expensive treatment out of the country at better medical facilities, such as in England. The money would be the only way to pay for that treatment. A torn Eyşan ultimately chose to send her love to what she thought would be a short prison sentence in exchange for her sister's recovery. Cengiz went along with the plan because he fell in love with Eyşan the moment he saw her, and he would do anything she asked. Besides, Cengiz figured that with Ömer in prison he would have a clear path to winning Eyşan's heart.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: Ali's motive was the big mystery. Like Eyşan, he greatly regretted sending Ömer to prison, and much later in the series it was revealed that he did so only at Eyşan's prodding. She reminded him that Ali's own father had gone to prison years earlier, having taken the blame for Ali's accidental fatal shooting of a young boy when Ali was a teenager. Ali's father made his son promise him to "become a big man," and so Ali figured his time was running out, and the casino robbery would give him the money and power that would fulfill his promise to his father.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: As the first season closes, Ömer, now Ezel, eventually reveals his identify to his former friends, after he believes that he has punished them enough. A second plot comes to the forefront, however, and intertwines with the first. A new villain emerges, more powerful than Ramiz in terms of connections, considered the most powerful man in Turkey, in fact: Kenan Birkan. It turns out that Ramiz and Kenan were best friends 30 years earlier, bitterly torn apart by their common love interest, Selma. It is also revealed that even though Ramiz genuinely loves Ömer/Ezel like a son, part of why he groomed him was to create a good and trustworthy right-hand man to help him battle Kenan.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: As the second and final season winds to an ultimate conclusion, the plot moves along at a furious pace, with main characters killed off in substantially every episode. In the final episode (71), the only ones left standing are Ezel, Eyşan, their young son, Ezel's mother and father, Ali, his wife (Ramiz' daughter) Azad, their baby boy Tevfik aka "Tefo" (named after Ali's deceased right-hand man and dear friend), Bade (Ezel's brief love interest), and Sebnem, Tevfik's widow. Ezel (Ömer) and Eyşan have recaptured their love, but an insanely jealous Cengiz rapes Eyşan and nearly kills her, informing the police that Ezel did it. As she lies in the hospital in critical condition, Eyşan reveals that it was Cengiz and not Ezel who did that to her. Meanwhile, Ezel and Ali catch up with Cengiz at a lighthouse and kill him. Ezel then returns to the hospital where the doctors tell him that Eyşan has only a few hours left to live. She wants to die in Ömer's arms.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: In a vague and rather metaphysical conclusion, Ezel and Eyşan ride on a train as Eyşan's eyes close and it appears that she has died. Ezel then drinks some liquid from a ring that Ramiz had given him with the instructions never to "wear the ring" (i.e., drink from it) unless he was ready for a new life. Ezel's eyes also close and he tells Eyşan that he is coming to be with her, and that Bahar (who had been killed much earlier in the series) is waiting for them, too. The camera pans to other passengers on the train, the beloved friends and family of Ömer and Eyşan that had been killed, including Ramiz, Bahar, and Ezel's little brother, Mert.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: In the final scene, a young man on a motorcycle pulls up to the lighthouse and tells the guard "I am here to see my father." When asked to identify himself, the young man reveals he is Ömer's son. As he approaches the door, the camera shows a silhouette of a man opening the door, and making a gesture as if to scratch his head, much like Ömer/Ezel used to. The audience is left wondering what really happened: Whether that is Ezel, whether he died on that train with Eyşan, or whether he lived. Whether that liquid in the ring was poison or not. Whether or not the train scene, in fact, was real or imagined. That all leaves the possibility of a third season wide open, even though most of the characters have been killed off.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: The story is set in Istanbul, Turkey. Filming took place in North Cyprus, Croatia, England and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


title: Ezel (TV series)

text: Armenia's leading TV channel, Shant TV, purchased the script rights to the show and produced its own TV series featuring local actors and actresses who resemble their Turkish peers. The Armenian producers hid the fact that the show was originally a Turkish production, fearing protests from the Armenian audience.


title: Gracepoint

text: Gracepoint is an American crime drama television series created by Chris Chibnall. It is a remake of Chibnall's UK drama series "Broadchurch", and stars that series' lead, David Tennant, along with Anna Gunn, as two detectives investigating the murder of a boy in a small, tightly knit coastal town.


title: Gracepoint

text: The series premiered on October 2, 2014, on Fox. The network promoted the show's 10-episode run as a "limited series".


title: Gracepoint

text: It was announced in August 2013 at the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour that American television network Fox would develop an American version of "Broadchurch", a critically acclaimed British series that had successful broadcasts in both the UK on ITV and the U.S. on BBC America. Chris Chibnall wrote the premiere episode and was executive producer of the series. Production began in January 2014 for a spot in Fox's 2014 fall season. The American adaptation was retitled as "Gracepoint". James Strong, director of the majority of the original series, directed several episodes of Fox's adaptation.


title: Gracepoint

text: On October 2, 2013, David Tennant was confirmed to be starring as Detective Emmett Carver. Tennant also stars in the U.K. crime drama "Broadchurch", on which "Gracepoint" is based. On November 18, 2013, two more actors joined, with Anna Gunn as Detective Ellie Miller and Jacki Weaver as Susan Wright. On December 3, 2013 Kevin Rankin was cast as Paul Coates and Virginia Kull as Beth, Danny's mother. On December 16, 2013 Kevin Zegers joined the cast of the series; he will play the role of news reporter Owen Burke. On December 19, 2013, Michael Peña was added to the cast to portray Mark Latimer (renamed Solano), Danny's father.


title: Gracepoint

text: On December 20, 2013, Josh Hamilton was cast as Joe Miller, Det. Ellie Miller’s husband. On December 23, 2013, Nick Nolte also joined the cast as Jack Reinhold. On January 15, 2014, Kendrick Sampson was cast as Dean Iverson. On January 16, 2014, Jack Irvine was added to the cast as Tom Miller, son of Ellie and Joe Miller, and Danny's best friend. On January 22, 2014, Madalyn Horcher was added to the cast as Chloe Latimer, daughter of Mark and Beth, sister of Danny. On January 23, 2014, Webster Talent tweeted that Darcy Laurie will play the role of Hugo Garcia. On February 12, 2014, Sarah-Jane Potts joined the cast as Gemma.


title: Gracepoint

text: Filming began on January 28, 2014, in Oak Bay, British Columbia. It was filmed until late-May 2014 in the nearby locations of Greater Victoria including the city of Victoria, British Columbia. The marketplace at Portside Marina in Sidney, British Columbia, Canada was portrayed as Gracepoint Police Headquarters while filming during the spring of 2014. In one episode, Nils Jensen, the Mayor of Oak Bay, played himself.


title: Gracepoint

text: The series has received mixed to positive reviews from critics, drawing unfavorable comparison to the original UK series. On the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 64% rating based on 59 reviews, with an average rating of 5.99/10. The consensus reads: "While it may suffer in comparison to its British predecessor "Broadchurch", "Gracepoint" brings an engrossing, sophisticated, and stylish crime drama to network television with Anna Gunn as a commanding lead." On Metacritic, the show has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Even so, lead actor David Tennant won at the 41st People's Choice Awards in 2015 for Favorite Actor In A New TV Series.


title: Gracepoint

text: In the UK, "Gracepoint" aired on ITV Encore, a satellite-only channel owned by ITV, the channel that aired "Broadchurch". It premiered on April 1, 2015 and was released on DVD in the UK in June 2015 from publisher Acorn Media UK. The series has been sold by Shine International to both Australia and Canada. It began airing on Foxtel in Australia on October 3, 2014, and Global TV in Canada on October 2, 2014.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: The British crown was a denomination of sterling coinage worth of one pound, or 5 shillings, or 60 (old) pence. The crown was first issued during the reign of Edward VI, as part of the coinage of the Kingdom of England.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: Always a heavy silver coin weighing around one ounce, during the 19th and 20th centuries the crown declined from being a real means of exchange to being a coin rarely spent, and minted for commemorative purposes only. Unlike in some territories of the British Empire (such as Jamaica), in the UK the crown was never replaced as circulating currency by a five-shilling banknote.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: "Decimal" crowns were minted a few times after decimalisation of the British currency in 1971, initially with a nominal value of 25 (new) pence. However, commemorative crowns issued since 1990 have a face value of five pounds.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: The coin's origins lie in the English silver crown, one of many silver coins that appeared in various countries from the 16th century onwards (most famously the Spanish piece of eight), all of similar size and weight (approx 38mm diameter, 25g fine silver) and thus interchangeable in international trade. The Kingdom of England also minted gold Crowns until early in the reign of Charles II.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: The dies for all gold and silver coins of Queen Anne and King George I were engraved by John Croker, a migrant originally from Dresden in the Duchy of Saxony.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: The British silver crown was always a large coin, and from the 19th century it did not circulate well. However, crowns were usually struck in a new monarch's coronation year, from George IV through Elizabeth II in 1953, with the exceptions of George V and Edward VIII.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: The King George V "wreath" crowns struck from 1927 through 1936 (excluding 1935 when the more common "rocking horse" crown was minted to commemorate the King's Silver Jubilee) depict a wreath on the reverse of the coin and were struck in very low numbers. Generally struck late in the year and intended to be purchased as Christmas gifts, they were generally kept rather than circulated. The 1927 "wreath" crowns were struck as proofs only (15,030 minted) and the 1934 coin had a mintage of just 932.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: With their large size, many of the later coins were primarily commemoratives. The 1951 issue was for the Festival of Britain, and was only struck in proof condition. The 1953 crown was issued to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, while the 1960 issue (which carried the same reverse design as the previous crown in 1953) commemorated the British Exhibition in New York. The 1965 issue carried the image of Winston Churchill on the reverse. According to the Standard Catalogue of coins, 19,640,000 of this coin were minted, although intended as collectable pieces the large mintage and lack of precious metal content means these coins are effectively worthless today. Production of the Churchill crown began on 11 October 1965, and stopped in the summer of 1966.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: The crown coin was nicknamed the "dollar", but is not to be confused with the British trade dollar that circulated in the Orient.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: In 2014, a new world record price was achieved for a milled silver crown. The coin was unique, issued as a pattern by engraver Thomas Simon in 1663 and nicknamed the "Reddite Crown". It was presented to Charles II as the new crown piece, but ultimately rejected in favour of the Roettiers Brothers' design. Auctioneers Spink & Son of London sold the coin on 27 March 2014 for £396,000 including commission.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: After decimalisation on 15 February 1971, the 25-pence coin was introduced as a replacement for the crown as a commemorative coin. These were legal tender and were made with large mintages.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: Further issues continued to be minted, initially with a value of twenty-five pence (with no face value shown). From 1990, the face value of new crown coins was raised to five pounds.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: The legal tender value of the crown remained as five shillings from 1544 to 1965. However, for most of this period there was no denominational designation or "face value" "mark" of value displayed on the coin. From 1927 to 1939, the word "CROWN" appears, and from 1951 to 1960 this was changed to "FIVE SHILLINGS". Coins minted since 1818 remain legal tender with a face value of 25 pence.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: Although all "normal" issues since 1951 have been composed of cupro-nickel, special proof versions have been produced for sale to collectors, and as gift items, in silver, gold, and occasionally platinum.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: The fact that gold £5 crowns are now produced means that there are two different strains of five pound gold coins, namely crowns and what are now termed "quintuple sovereigns" for want of a more concise term.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: Numismatically, the term "crown-sized" is used generically to describe large silver or cupro-nickel coins of about 40 mm in diameter. Most Commonwealth countries still issue crown-sized coins for sale to collectors.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: New Zealand's original fifty-cent pieces, and Australia's previously round but now dodecagonal fifty-cent piece, although valued at five shillings in predecimal accounting, are all smaller than the standard silver crown pieces issued by those countries (and the UK). They were in fact similarly sized to the predecimal half crown (worth two shillings and sixpence).


title: Crown (British coin)

text: For silver crowns, the grade of silver adhered to the long-standing standard (established in the 12th century by Henry II) – the Sterling Silver standard of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper. This was a harder-wearing alloy, yet it was still a rather high grade of silver. It went some way towards discouraging the practice of "clipping", though this practice was further discouraged and largely eliminated with the introduction of the milled edge seen on coins today.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: In a debasement process which took effect in 1920, the silver content of all British coins was reduced from 92.5% to 50%, with a portion of the remainder consisting of manganese, which caused the coins to tarnish to a very dark colour after they had been in circulation for a significant period. Silver was eliminated altogether in 1947, with the move to a composition of cupro-nickel – except for proof issues, which returned to the pre-1920 92.5% silver composition.


title: Crown (British coin)

text: Since the Great Recoinage of 1816, a crown has, as a general rule, had a diameter of , and weighed 28.276 grams (defined as  troy ounce).


title: Crown (British coin)

text: In 1853, the Royal Mint had produced two patterns for a gold 5-shilling coin for circulation use, one denominated as five shillings and the other as a quarter sovereign, but this coin never went into production, in part due to concerns about the small size of the coin and likely wear in circulation. The quarter sovereign was introduced in 2009 as a bullion coin.


title: Bwin

text: bwin Interactive Entertainment AG, formerly known as betandwin, is an Austrian online betting brand acquired by Entain PLC. The group operated under international and regional licences in countries like Gibraltar, the Amerindian reserve of Kahnawake (Canada), and Belize; and Germany, Italy, Mexico, Croatia, Austria, France, and the United Kingdom in Europe. bwin offered sports betting, poker, casino games, soft and skill games with most revenue coming from poker and sports betting. bwin had over 20 million registered customers in more than 25 core markets. Competence centres were located in Vienna, Stockholm, and Gibraltar.


title: Bwin

text: The company provided services for its subsidiaries such as marketing, finance and administration, corporate communications, controlling and IT services. All operational activities were managed by licensed subsidiaries. It was listed on the Vienna Stock Exchange from March 2000 until the company's merger with PartyGaming plc in March 2011, forming Bwin.Party Digital Entertainment. That company was purchased by GVC Holdings in February 2016; GVC continues to use bwin as a brand.


title: Bwin

text: bwin – known as betandwin from its founding until 2006 – began with 12 employees in 1997. The company launched its first online gambling site just one year after the company was founded, focusing on the growing sports betting market. One of the most important developments in the history of the company was the launch of its live bet product, developed in house, allowing players to place bet on sporting events while the actual event was taking place. The firm's initial public offering at the Austrian Stock Exchange took place in March 2000. In June 2001, bwin acquired Simon Bold (Gibraltar), which is now known as bwin International Ltd., essentially moving its operations to Gibraltar. The move was made to follow some of the company’s biggest rivals to the British Overseas Territory. By December 2001, bwin was ready to step into the online casino gaming market and did so by launching its first casino platform. Two years later, in July 2003, bwin introduced and launched a soft games platform known as Balls of Fire. In November 2004, bwin launched multiplayer poker. The group acquired betoto.com to expand its presence in the Greek market in June 2005, a company which offers a fixed-odds betting service to punters around the globe. December of the same year marked another major acquisition – Ongame e-Solutions AB was taken over. This acquisition was a move consistent with the group’s strategy to expand into the poker market, after the takeover Ongame e-Solutions changed its name to bwin Games. Still in 2005 betandwin acquired global media rights outside of Germany to the Germany Football League. In August 2006 betandwin launched the new bwin brand. This was done after it was found that the betandwin brand, which was described as "descriptive, high-grade and functional", was not suited anymore for the wide assortment of entertainment offerings covered by the company, including sports betting, poker, soft games, and casino games. In 2007, bwin began to offer live streaming of major sports events.


title: Bwin

text: In September 2009, bwin announced the acquisition of Italian poker operator Gioco Digitale, marking the company's entry into the Italian online gambling market.


title: Bwin

text: Bwin is often confused with BetWinner, but they are different bookmakers, with individual features and advantages.


title: Bwin

text: On April 1, 2011, bwin and British gaming firm PartyGaming announced their merger. The new company bwin.party became the world's largest publicly traded online gaming firm, 48.4% owned by existing PartyGaming shareholders and 51.6% by bwin shareholders. The merged company was listed on the London Stock Exchange, with joint CEO's Norbert Teufelberger and Jim Ryan. After a takeover of bwin.party by British GVC Group, the brand bwin continues to exist as customer brand in the brand portfolio.


title: Bwin

text: The company's subsidiaries and affiliated companies offer sports betting, poker, casino games and soft games, as well as audio and video streams on sporting events, such as the German Bundesliga. These are all provided via the Internet, and many are also available via other digital distribution channels, such as mobile phone.


title: Bwin

text: Sports bets are the core business at bwin. Today, the sports betting line-up includes more than 90 different sports; the core area of customer interest is soccer. Other sports include all popular ball-related sports, US sports as well as all major winter sports and motorsports ranging from Formula 1 to MotoGP. "Exotic" sports such as Roller Hockey, Futsal and Darts are also included in the daily line-up. Not only sports are on offer in the betting line-up. Customers will find odds on a range of events outside the area of sports. These include bets on politics and entertainment such as the Oscars, Talent Shows, the Eurovision Song Contest and "Miss" events.


title: Bwin

text: The following types of games are offered at bwin Poker: Texas Hold’em, Omaha, Omaha Hi/Lo, Seven Card Stud, Seven Card Stud Hi/Lo and Five-card draw. In terms of stakes, users can choose between Fixed Limit, Pot Limit or No Limit tables. A "play money" version of the games is also available for users to try out for free. bwin offers poker tournaments, both, Sit & Go and scheduled, and cash games (ring games). Sit & Go tournaments begin as soon as the table is completely occupied. Scheduled tournaments begin at a specified time and allow for higher numbers of participants and the highest prize pools. In cash games the players can join and leave whenever they want. bwin Poker can be played using the Mac OS X Poker Client, the Windows Poker Client, the Java Poker Client or the Mobile Poker Client. The Mac and Windows version offers an extensive selection of features such as statistics and a mini-table function. The Java client is platform independent as it is browser based. The mobile client allows customers to play cash games on their mobile phones.


title: Bwin

text: bwin offers its customers more than 1000+ games, ranging from classics such as roulette or blackjack to slot machines and casino tournaments. The casino has a longstanding tradition at bwin: In 2001, it was introduced as a second product, in addition to sports betting.


title: Bwin

text: bwin offers more than 60 games divided into the categories of Fortune Games, Skill Games, Mini Games and "ParaDice", as well as Backgammon. This is the product group with the biggest potential for innovation and expansion on the market.


title: Bwin

text: bwin Games AB — founded in 1999 and formerly known as Ongame e-solutions AB — became part of the bwin Group following its acquisition, in March 2006, by bwin Interactive Entertainment AG.


title: Bwin

text: Within the bwin Group, bwin Games AB acts as the competence centre for poker and casino games, developing products via digital distribution channels for bwin proprietarily owned brands, such as PokerRoom.com, HoldemPoker.com, eCardroom.com, PokerGaming.com, Europoker.com, and the Ongame Network partners.


title: Bwin

text: PokerRoom.com was an online poker cardroom founded in 1999. Licensed by the Kahnawake Gaming Commission, PokerRoom offered both play and real money formats. Tournaments and ring games were available in both web-browser and download client platforms, with support for both Macintosh and Linux. PokerRoom was one of the first online poker sites to provide multi-language support, and catered to Danish, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Russian, and Swedish speakers. These languages were accessed via "regional sites," many of them showing local sponsoring for the selected region.


title: Bwin

text: PokerRoom also maintains a play money only site, PokerRoom.tv, that is advertised in Canada on the boards of National Hockey League rinks, as well as on U.S. television networks like ABC.


title: Bwin

text: PokerRoom has won industry awards such as Poker Site of the Year from the UK Gambling Awards in 2006 and Top Poker Software from the Online Gambling Magazine Awards in 2005.


title: Bwin

text: After 10 years of operation, bwin announced the closure of PokerRoom.com on April 14, 2009. Players with money still left in their accounts were encouraged to transfer their balance and play at bwin.com. However, PokerRoom.com players with large "play money" accounts had to abandon those accounts when transferring to bwin.com.


title: Bwin

text: The global legal framework for Internet gambling is a complicated mix of laws and regulations, bwin's situation varies therefore depending on the country concerned. For several years now, the United Kingdom and Italy have been examples of countries that have regulated their online gaming markets to the advantage of all stakeholders. Just recently, Italy extended its online licenses to include poker tournaments, and countries like France, Spain and Denmark announced their intention of permitting private operators access to their markets under stringent conditions and controls. Other countries, on the other hand, are still pursuing a policy of maintaining a state monopoly of internet gaming, or even a complete ban.


title: Bwin

text: On 15 September 2006, Norbert Teufelberger and Manfred Bodner were arrested at a press conference in La Turbie, France, due to offences against the French gambling laws. After an investigation the judge released them on the evening of September 18, 2006.


title: Bwin

text: While bwin stopped taking bets from United States players in October 2006, due to the signing of the Safe Port Act, the offerings became available again upon regulation of the markets. In the States where regulation is in place, the same product line as for bwin is available through BetMGM, the joint venture of bwin's parent company Entain PLC's with MGM Resorts International.


title: Bwin

text: On 6 March 2007, the European Court of Justice struck down Italian national gambling restrictions in the Placanica case.


title: Bwin

text: The EFTA Court held hearings in January 2007 to decide on the admissibility of a state monopoly for betting and gaming according to European Law. The decision of the EFTA Court will be made on 14 March 2007.


title: Bwin

text: bwin ended its operations in Russia in February 2021. An agreement was made with Parimatch enabling customers to transfer platforms and their funds.


title: Bwin

text: bwin sponsored football giant Real Madrid from 2007 to 2013 and they were also a premium partner of FC Bayern Munich. In October 2010, bwin announced a sponsorship for the upcoming three football seasons in which they would be the title sponsor of the Portuguese League Cup (named the "bwin Cup"). Italy's second tier, Serie B, was sponsored by them after a two-year sponsorship deal was signed in July 2010 until 2012. Additionally, bwin cooperates with the International Basketball Association (FIBA) and has been sponsoring the European and World Basketball Championships since 2006. In the area of motorsport, the company is one of the main sponsors of the MotoGP series. In 2010, bwin became the title sponsor of the races in Jerez and Estoril and official partner of the GP in Brno, Misano, Mugello. In the past, many other top events in the international and local sports world were supported by the corporation. Bwin also lent its name to the Primeira Liga (bwinLIGA), sponsored Italian football club Milan from 2006 to 2010 and has also been a partner to famous clubs such as Juventus and Werder Bremen.


title: Bwin

text: In addition, bwin organised numerous poker events both online and offline. One of the biggest regular online tournaments was the ChampionChip. Special poker tournaments like the Weekly Country Showdown or the bwin Dailies offered a huge range of tournaments adjust to country specifics and buy-in levels. Periodically new types and variations of Sit & Go's were launched. Via several online qualifiers the bwin user could qualify for offline events like the World Series of Poker (WSOP), the Aussie Millions and events on the World Poker Tour. For "poker newbies", bwin offered a special route, the Rookie Challenge. There a new poker player had the chance to climb up several stages for free to earn real money tickets.


title: Bwin

text: In 2008, bwin provided the luxury villa on "bwin PokerIsland" as filming location for the music video of Lady Gaga's hit Poker Face. The video featured bwin branded poker equipment as a product placement.


title: Bwin

text: The company faced some opposition in Europe over sponsorship of sports, especially football. In 2006, Bremen banned its top football team, Sportverein Werder Bremen, from carrying the bwin logo on its shirts.


title: Bwin

text: In November 2009, the city acted further by moving against sports stores which sold shirts from other teams (such as Milan and Real Madrid).


title: Bwin

text: In 2017, bwin signed a three-year partnership with Italian football club Inter Milan becoming their first official betting partner.


title: Bwin

text: In 2019, bwin became Valencia CF's main global sponsor. The three-year agreement was made official in July 2019. As of 2020 the agreement is in jeopardy with the Spanish government informing all La Liga clubs that betting sponsors will be banned from the start of the 2021/22 season.


title: Bwin

text: In 2020, bwin announced a three-year partnership with the Belgian Pro League becoming the official sports betting partner of Belgium's top tier football division. The deal will also cover the Belgian First Division B and Belgian Super Cup. bwin are able to broadcast live coverage of matches to customers using both online and mobile platforms as part of the agreement.


title: Bwin

text: In April 2021, bwin signed a five-year partnership with Liga Portugal. As part of the deal the Primeira Liga, Portugal's top football division will be called Liga Portugal Bwin from July 2021 onward.


title: Bwin

text: In August 2021, bwin signed extended deals with German Bundesliga football clubs, Borussia Dortmund, Union Berlin and FC Köln as well as 2. Bundesliga clubs FC St. Pauli and Dynamo Dresden. As part of the deal bwin will serve as the exclusive sports betting provider for each team. Each of the agreements will run from the 2021-22 season until the end of the 2023-24 season.


title: Bwin

text: In September 2021, bwin signed a partnership with UEFA to become an Official Partner of the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Europa Conference League for the 2021-24 seasons.


title: Bwin

text: A dedicated Corporate Social Responsibility department of the company was in charge of social responsibility. Protection of minors, protection against manipulation of bets as well as prevention of gaming addiction were key aspects of the bwin CSRphilosophy. bwin supported research in this field in a joint project with Harvard Medical School. bwin was co-founder of the EGBA (European Gaming and Betting Association), where it lobbied for fair competition within a regulated online gaming market. As founder and member of the ESSA (European Sports Security Association), bwin campaigned against manipulation and fraud in the fields of sports and betting.


title: Bwin

text: At the annual EGR Awards organised by "eGaming Review" magazine, bwin won the "Operator of the Year 2009" award.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The Opel Ascona is a large family car (D-segment in Europe) that was produced by the German automaker Opel from 1970 to 1988. It was produced in three separate generations, beginning with rear-wheel-drive and ending up as a front-wheel drive J-car derivative.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The Ascona took its name from the lakeside resort of that name in Ticino, Switzerland, and already in the 1950s a special edition of the Opel Rekord P1 was sold as an Opel Ascona in Switzerland, where the name was again used in 1968 for a locally adapted version of the Opel Kadett B into which the manufacturers had persuaded a 1.7-litre engine borrowed from the larger Rekord model of the time. The Opel Ascona A launched in 1970 and sold across Europe was, however, the first mainstream Opel model to carry the name.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The Ascona was introduced in September 1970, lasting for 18 years and 3 generations and ended production in August 1988, to be replaced by the Opel Vectra A.


title: Opel Ascona

text: In the fall of 1970, Opel presented its completely new vehicle range in Rüsselsheim (internal project code 1.450). The Opel Manta coupé was launched on September 9, followed by the Opel Ascona on October 28 in two- and four-door sedan forms, plus a three-door station wagon called the Caravan or Voyage. These models were positioned between the existing Opel Kadett and the Opel Rekord.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The Ascona was developed as a replacement to the Kadett, but late in the car's development Opel chose to instead develop a new, smaller Kadett and instead positioned the Ascona as a competitor to the successful Ford mid-sized Taunus range. The Opel Ascona A stayed in production until 1975. By that time, almost 692,000 vehicles of the first series had been produced.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The range featured petrol engines from 1.2 L to 1.9 L, with power between 60 PS (44 kW) and 90 PS (66 kW). The 1.2 L had an overhead valve (OHV) head, while the 1.6 L and 1.9 L featured the Opel cam-in-head engine (CIH). The CIH was a compromise effort, with the camshaft mounted next to the valves rather than above them. All used a single barrel carburetor. Even with this simple design, the Ascona 1.9 SR had a successful career in motorsports, with Walter Röhrl winning the European Rally Championship in 1974. Tuner Steinmetz developed a special version of the Ascona SR, with two single-barrel Solex carburettors, lifting power to 125 PS (92 kW).


title: Opel Ascona

text: From 1971 to 1975, the 1.9-liter Ascona was exported to the United States as the "Opel 1900" and sold through Buick-Opel dealerships. All three body styles were offered at first, but the four-door sedan was dropped after 1973. In 1974, heavy rubber-clad impact bumpers were added in response to federal regulations. All Opels sold in the US in 1975 were equipped with Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection, which was not available on the European versions. The fuel injection was added because of the stricter emissions requirements that were in force that year. The compression ratio was dropped to 7.6:1, enabling the car to run on 91-octane unleaded gasoline but also lowering maximum power to at 4800 rpm.


title: Opel Ascona

text: Due to the unfavorable Deutsche Mark to US dollar exchange rate, all Opels in Buick showrooms were replaced by Japanese-built Isuzu Geminis wearing Opel badges after 1975.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The second generation Opel Ascona B was presented in August 1975 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. It was available as a two or four-door saloon. There were related two and three-door coupé models in the Opel Manta range. There was no estate ("Caravan") body available.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The Ascona B retained the same engine range as its predecessor, versions with higher compression ratio and needing 98 octane petrol, dubbed S, were available alongside the 90 octane models. The first change took place in January 1976, when laminated window glass became available as a no-cost option. The 1.9 L "S" cam-in-head engine was replaced by the modernised 2.0 L (20S) in September 1977. The 20N became available in January 1978, and all models now also received electric windscreen washers. A 2.0 L diesel motor was added to the Ascona B range in 1978, mostly targeted at the BeNeLux countries and Italy, where local tax structures provided an incentive for diesel-powered automobiles - in 1979, 97% of diesels were exported, while 59% of petrol powered cars went in the export.


title: Opel Ascona

text: By the end of 1978 the 1.6 S engine was discontinued in Germany (where it was replaced by the 19N, with the same power but lower fuel consumption), but continued to be available in some markets in a somewhat down-tuned version with . In January 1979 the street legal version of the Ascona 400 with 2.4-liter engine (16 valves, 144 PS) appeared, followed a month later by the more prosaic 1.3 liter OHC engine. This largely replaced the old 1.2 liter pushrod unit which dated back to 1962, but production continued in dwindling numbers into 1980 for some export markets.


title: Opel Ascona

text: In September 1979 the Ascona received a minor facelift, including plastic bumpers and a grey front grille with a larger mesh. The 2.0 E model with a Bosch L-Jetronic electronic fuel injection arrived in January 1980, after having been first installed in the Manta and Rekord models. In addition to a front spoiler, the 2.0 E equipped Ascona also received an upgraded clutch and transmission, differential, radiator, and other parts shared with the sporting Manta GT/E. In January 1981 the Ascona underwent its last changes, when adjustments made to the 16N and 20N engines. The 1.9 N and 2.0 N engines were discontinued in the German market, while the 1.6 N engine was now only available coupled with an automatic transmission.


title: Opel Ascona

text: Over 1.2 million Ascona B units were produced worldwide until August 1981. The two millionth Ascona was an Ascona B, built in April 1980, and the one millionth Ascona sold in Germany was registered in July of that same year. The related Manta coupé versions however, remained in production until 1988.


title: Opel Ascona

text: In the United Kingdom, the Vauxhall Cavalier badge was used on both saloon and coupé models from late 1975, which came out of the same factory in Belgium — the first Vauxhall to be built abroad. The front ends were different, featuring Vauxhall's trademark "droop snoot", as designed by Wayne Cherry.


title: Opel Ascona

text: In South Africa there was a locally assembled version called the Chevrolet Ascona, identical in many respects to the four-door Opel Ascona B. The Ascona came with a locally built 1.3 liter inline-four from the Vauxhall Viva. A preceding upmarket version with the Vauxhall Cavalier's longer front end was sold as the Chevrolet Chevair, equipped with bigger engines of Chevrolet origins. The Ascona was launched in July 1978, and replaced the Vauxhall-based Chevrolet 1300/1900-series. It was available in De Luxe or S trim, with the S receiving a sportier treatment with a three-spoke steering wheel, tartan seat inserts, and Rostyle rims.


title: Opel Ascona

text: First shown at Frankfurt in September 1979, the Ascona 400 was a homologation special sold only to make it eligible for rallying's Group 4 category. The Ascona 400s were built at General Motors' plant in Antwerp. The 1980 world champion Walter Röhrl took the rally car to victory and won the World Rally Championship drivers' title in the 1982 season.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The car was developed by Opel alongside the Manta B 400 model which consisted of the same changes. Irmscher and Cosworth were hired as partners for the project, Cosworth to deliver a 16 valve double cam crossflow head for the engine, and Irmscher for the exterior and interior styling. Cosworth delivered the heads to Opel and Opel soon discovered a major mistake. The plan was to use the 2.0 litre engine block but this did not produce enough power. Time was running out and Opel badly needed to do something. Opel took the 2.0E block, installed forged pistons, different connecting-rods, and forged crankshaft with 85mm stroke. The result was a 2.4 litre engine. The 2.4 litre engine gave rise to some massive power outputs using the 16 valve head. The street versions of the 400 therefore came with engines, using the Bosch fuel injection of the Manta GSi and GT/E series. However, in race trim they were delivered putting out , which could be improved further to , while still using normally aspirated engine components.


title: Opel Ascona

text: Irmscher delivered the rally trim for the exterior. Large and widened wings, light weight hood, front wings, rear boot lid and doors were also installed.


title: Opel Ascona

text: By 1984, the Audi Quattro appeared more powerful than ever and the Ascona 400 was rendered obsolete. But the Ascona 400 still has some remarkable records. The Ascona 400 was the last rear wheel drive rally car to win the drivers' world championship, ensuring its place in motorsports history.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The Ascona C was launched in August 1981 as part of General Motors' J-car project. This was Opel's second front-wheel drive car since the introduction of the Kadett D in 1979. This car was manufactured in Rüsselsheim, Germany, Antwerp, Belgium, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil and Luton, England, and was sold in the UK under the name Vauxhall Cavalier and as the Chevrolet Monza in Latin America. The Cavalier Coupé was phased out, but the Opel Manta was retained in the UK (the last car to be badged as an Opel in the UK before the brand was phased out there in 1988). There were no longer sheet metal differences between Opel and Vauxhall models after 1982. The Ascona C won the "Goldenes Lenkrad" (Golden Steering Wheel) award at the end of 1981 and was West Germany's biggest selling car. The new Ascona no longer had the sporty character of its predecessors, being a more unadulterated family car which was considerably more space-efficient than earlier models.


title: Opel Ascona

text: It was narrowly beaten to the European Car of the Year award by the Renault 9 in 1982. It took another 27 years before its successor model, the Opel Insignia, won the 2009 European Car of the Year award by only 1 point, from the Second placed Ford Fiesta. The Ascona C underwent two notable facelifts during its term of production.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The range added an option of a five-door fastback/hatchback Bodystyle, named CC in a few markets - short for "Combi Coupé." The hatchback model was shorter than the saloons, with a marginally smaller luggage compartment and less headspace in the backseat. All engines were now SOHC crossflow designs with a breakerless ignition system and hydraulic tappets. The base model was the 1.3 L introduced in 1978 in the Ascona B, with 60 PS (44 kW), followed by a 1.6 L with 75 PS (55 kW). "S" versions with higher compression ratio had power increased by as much as twenty per cent. The top of the line was the sporty GTE model, with electronic fuel injection, pushing power to 130  PS (96 kW) in the last two model years. Diesel power came from an Isuzu-developed block, with 1.6  litres. Catalytic converters were optional in the larger petrol units starting from 1986.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The Ascona C was also assembled in South Africa, where it was sold by GM South Africa, replacing the Chevrolet Ascona which was based on the Ascona B. It was dropped in 1986 and replaced by a sedan version of the Kadett E called the Opel Monza.


title: Opel Ascona

text: As before, there was no estate car version of the Ascona, although Vauxhall in the UK brought in the rear ends of the Holden Camira wagon (estate car) and adapted them to the Cavalier beginning with the 1984 model year. Opel continued to use the Ascona nameplate until the Vectra was launched in 1988, while the Cavalier name was retained by Vauxhall until 1995.


title: Opel Ascona

text: The following versions of the Ascona C were available, all with inline fours. Data is for the German market. There were certain differences in various export market models:


title: Opel Ascona

text: In Brazil, the Ascona C was sold from May 1982 until 1996 as the Chevrolet Monza. Chevrolet did not use the Ascona brand because the Spanish and Portuguese word "asco" means "disgust, repugnance". Instead, it was named after the famous Italian circuit.


title: Opel Ascona

text: It was originally only available as a three-door hatchback, a body style unique to Latin America. However, two and four-door sedans appeared in March 1983. GM do Brasil also considered offering the Monza as a station wagon, and produced two full-size clay models, one with five doors and one with three doors, with a similar rear to the Holden Camira in Australia, which was also used as the basis of the Vauxhall Cavalier in the UK, but it never entered into production. However, Envemo began converting the four-door Monza sedan into a station wagon called the Camping, although it retained the rear doors and taillights of the sedan. Envemo also converted the two-door Monza sedan into a convertible. In 1989 the slow-selling liftback was discontinued, leaving only the two- and four-door three-box sedans.