title: Warlley Alves

text: Alves was expected to face Jim Wallhead on 21 October 2017 at UFC Fight Night 118. Wallhead was forced out from the card citing injury and was replaced by newcomer Salim Touahri. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Warlley Alves

text: Alves faced Sultan Aliev on 12 May 2018 at UFC 224. He won the fight via TKO due to a doctor stoppage at the end of the second round.


title: Warlley Alves

text: Alves faced James Krause on 25 August 2018 at UFC Fight Night 135. He lost the fight via technical knockout.


title: Warlley Alves

text: In the final fight of his prevailing contract, Alves faced Sérgio Moraes on 11 May 2019 at UFC 237. He won the fight via knockout in the third round. This fight earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Warlley Alves

text: After brief free agency, Alves signed a new four-fight contract with the UFC and faced Randy Brown at UFC on ESPN+ 22 on 16 November 2019. He lost the fight via a triangle choke submission in the second round.


title: Warlley Alves

text: Alves was expected to face Christian Aguilera on 16 January 2021 at UFC on ABC 1. However, Aguilera pulled out in late December due to an injury. He was replaced by Mounir Lazzez. and the pairing will take place four days later at . Alves won the fight in the first round after a flurry of kicks to the body dropped Lazzez and then finished him off on the ground. He also earned the Performance of the Night


title: Warlley Alves

text: Alves was scheduled to face Ramazan Emeev on 26 June 2021 at UFC Fight Night 190. However, Emeev pulled out in mid June due to undisclosed reasons, and he was replaced by promotional newcomer Jeremiah Wells. Alves lost the fight via knockout in round two.


title: Warlley Alves

text: Alves was scheduled to face Jack Della Maddalena on January 22, 2022 at UFC 270. However, Alves pulled out in early January due to undisclosed reasons and was replaced by Pete Rodriguez.


title: Rick Berman

text: Richard Keith Berman (born December 25, 1945) is an American television producer and screenwriter. He is best known for his work as the executive producer of several of the "Star Trek" television series: "", "", "" and "", as well as several of the "Star Trek" films, and for ultimately succeeding Gene Roddenberry as head of the "Star Trek" franchise until the cancellation of "Star Trek: Enterprise" in 2005.


title: Rick Berman

text: Berman was born to a Jewish family and raised in New York City. He attended college at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, receiving a degree in English and film production in 1967. He first considered acting as a career, but decided not to pursue it because of the high degree of difficulty in gaining success. Starting a career as an independent film producer, director, and writer, he made documentaries and industrial films. Among his clients were the United Nations and the United States Information Agency. By 1977, he had traveled to over 90 countries making films for these organizations.


title: Rick Berman

text: From 1977 to 1982, he was the senior producer of PBS' "The Big Blue Marble", which won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Series. Between 1982 and 1984, he was an independent producer, working on projects that included HBO's "What on Earth" and PBS' "The Primal Mind". Berman joined Paramount in 1984 as the director of current programming, overseeing series such as "Cheers" and "Family Ties". He was also executive director of dramatic programming, overseeing series such as the miniseries "Space" and the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) series "MacGyver". He was promoted in 1986 to vice-president of long-form and special projects at Paramount Network Television.


title: Rick Berman

text: In 1987, Roddenberry selected Berman and Maurice Hurley to help create "". Initially, he shared supervising producer duties with Robert H. Justman. After Justman changed to consulting producer duties, Berman was promoted to co-executive producer. As Roddenberry's health declined, Berman took over more of the series' daily production. He was promoted to executive producer in the series' third season, following Hurley's departure. Berman wrote the "TNG" episodes "" and "." In its final year, "The Next Generation" became the first syndicated television show to be nominated for the Best Dramatic Series Emmy.


title: Rick Berman

text: During "The Next Generation"s penultimate season, Berman co-created "" with Michael Piller, marking the first time two "Star Trek" series ran concurrently. After "The Next Generation" completed its run, Berman co-created "" with Piller and Jeri Taylor. In 2001, he co-created "" (retitled "Star Trek: Enterprise" in 2003) with Brannon Braga. During this same period, Berman was also lead producer on the four "Next Generation" feature films: "Generations" (1994), "" (1996), "" (1998), and "Nemesis" (2002). Berman received both producer and story credit on all four films. In recent years, staff and cast have cited his participation over the years in removing and minimizing LGBT themes from multiple Star Trek series.


title: Rick Berman

text: In reviewing "Nemesis", IGN's Oliver Glen argued that Berman and co-producer Braga seemed to be responsible for much of "Star Trek" no longer being "bold." Trek writer David Weddle believed that the "moribund aesthetics of Rick Berman" were the "constrictions that slowly strangled the franchise." Berman specifically received criticism for his approach to dramatic musical scoring; composer Ron Jones claimed Berman "always considered music an intrusion." However, former "Next Generation" star Brent Spiner credits Berman with having "protected Gene Roddenberry's vision." "Salon"s Robert Wilonsky asserted that Berman deserves credit for producing hundreds of hours of popular programming, and that "without Berman to keep the show alive, there'd be no Berman to blame for the show's death."


title: Rick Berman

text: In 2005, Berman was involved in developing an eleventh "Star Trek" movie based on a script written by Erik Jendresen. However, when Gail Berman (no relation) took over as president of Paramount Pictures, Jendresen's script was shelved. In subsequent months, Berman began hinting that his involvement with "Star Trek" was drawing to a close, stating in November that "when they re-energise the franchise it's going to be the result of someone fresh, someone who has not been extensively involved with "Star Trek." In mid-2006, Berman stated he would no longer be involved in producing "Star Trek". Since his departure, Berman has indicated he is still involved in television production, as well as projects "not connected to the television business." He has also stated an interest in writing a memoir of his experiences at "Star Trek".


title: Virginia Grey

text: Virginia Grey (March 22, 1917 – July 31, 2004) was an American actress who appeared in over 100 films and a number of radio and television shows from the 1930s to the early 1980s.


title: Virginia Grey

text: Grey was born on March 22, 1917, in Edendale, California, the youngest of three daughters of Florence Anna Grey (née Pauly; 1890—1930) and director Ray Grey. One of her early babysitters was movie star Gloria Swanson. Grey debuted at the age of 10 in the silent film "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1927) as Little Eva. She continued acting for a few more years, but then left movies for three years to finish her education.


title: Virginia Grey

text: Grey gave up on training to be a nurse and returned to films in the 1930s with bit parts and work as an extra. She eventually signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and appeared in several films, including "The Hardys Ride High" (1939) with Mickey Rooney, "Another Thin Man" (1939) with William Powell, "Hullabaloo" (1940), and "The Big Store" (1941) with the Marx Brothers (Groucho, Harpo and Chico).


title: Virginia Grey

text: She left MGM in 1942, and worked steadily for several studios over subsequent years. During the 1950s and 1960s, producer Ross Hunter frequently included Grey in his popular soap melodramas such as "All That Heaven Allows", "Back Street" and "Madame X".


title: Virginia Grey

text: Grey had an on again/off again relationship with Clark Gable in the 1940s. After Gable's wife Carole Lombard died and he returned from military service, Gable and Grey were often seen at restaurants and nightclubs. Many, including Virginia herself, expected Gable to marry her, and tabloids often speculated on a wedding announcement. It was a great surprise when Gable hastily married Lady Sylvia Ashley in 1949, leaving Grey heartbroken. Gable divorced Ashley in 1952; however, he never rekindled his romance with Grey, and Grey's friends say that her hoping and waiting for Gable was the reason she never married.


title: Virginia Grey

text: Grey was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She said: "I am a Mormon. Dad was, and I was, raised in that religion and during the '30s and '40s, I strayed and got into other things. I drank, I smoked, and did things totally opposite, not even thinking of what I had known during childhood. I remember in 1958, two elders came to my door and I began to think about my upbringing and what I learned, and then I started to meditate on that and I found solace once again and realized what I had been neglecting, if not forgetting, all those years when I was out of circulation. I returned to my Mormon roots around Christmastime that year and became very active in the church again. I'm glad those young men dropped in and reminded me about what I'd been missing because if not, I would've missed out on what the true 'big picture' is."


title: Virginia Grey

text: In 1951, Grey portrayed Blanche Bickerson on the syndicated comedy TV series "The Bickersons". She was a regular on television in the 1950s and 1960s, appearing on "Playhouse 90", "U.S. Marshal", "General Electric Theater", "The DuPont Show with June Allyson", "Your Show of Shows", "Red Skelton", "Wagon Train" ("The Kate Parker Story", "The Major Adams Story"), "Bonanza", "Marcus Welby, M.D.", "Love, American Style", "Burke's Law", "The Virginian", "Peter Gunn", "Ironside" and many others.


title: Virginia Grey

text: Grey died on July 31, 2004, age 87, in Woodland Hills, California, at The Motion Picture Home where she was a resident. She was cremated, and her ashes scattered at sea on August 6, 2004, off the Los Angeles coast.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The Vienna U-Bahn (), where "U-Bahn" is an abbreviation of the German term "Untergrundbahn" (), is a rapid transit system serving Vienna, Austria. With the September 2017 opening of the , five-station extension of the U1 line, the five-line U-Bahn network consists of of route, serving 109 stations. It is the backbone of one of the best performing public transport systems worldwide according to UITP (International Association of Public Transport) in June 2009. More than 1.3 million passengers rode the Vienna U-Bahn every day in 2009, and 567.6 million passengers used the U-Bahn in 2011, which declined to 428.8 million passengers in 2013. The network is undergoing expansion and rolling stock renewal. Since 1969, 200 million euros have been invested annually in the extension of the Vienna U-Bahn.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The modern U-Bahn opened on 25 February 1978 (after test operations began on 8 May 1976), but two of the lines extended and later designated as U-Bahn (U4, U6) date back to the "Stadtbahn" ("city railway") system, which opened in 1898. Parts of the U2 and U6 lines began as subway tunnels built to accommodate earlier tram lines. Only the U1 and U3 were built wholly as new subway lines.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Lines are designated by a number and the prefix "U" (for U-Bahn) and identified on station signage and related literature by a colour. There are five lines; U1, U2, U3, U4 and U6. Since the late 1960s there have been numerous suggestions of routings for a line U5, but all these projects had been shelved until the construction of a new U5 was announced in early 2014. Stations are often named after streets, public spaces or districts, and in some special cases after prominent buildings at or near the station, although the policy of the Wiener Linien states that they prefer not to name stations after buildings.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Ticketing for the network is integrated under the (VOR) with all means of public transport in Vienna, including trams and buses. Local tickets are valid on S-Bahn suburban rail services and other train services but those are operated by the state railway operator, ÖBB. Tickets are not valid on bus services operated by Vienna Airport Lines and the City Airport Train express train.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: With the September 2017 opening of the , five-station extension of the U1 line, the five-line U-Bahn network consists of of route, serving 109 stations. Further extensions of the Vienna U-Bahn are scheduled to be completed in the upcoming decade, finally creating the missing line U5. Upon completion of the U5 and U2 projects, there will then be a network that is long with 116 stations. Some plans have been proposed for the system beyond 2027, when the U2/5 project gets completed, although such plans are currently unfunded.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: U-Bahn services run between 05:00 and around 01:00 at intervals between two and five minutes during the day and up to eight after 20:00. Since 4 September 2010, there has been a 24-hour service operating at a 15-minute interval in the nights between Fridays–Saturdays, Saturdays–Sundays, and in the nights prior to a public holiday. The 24-hour U-Bahn is supplemented in these nights by Vienna NightLine bus services.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Planning for an underground railway can be traced back to the 1840s. Since then, there have been numerous plans and concessions to build such a project, making Vienna the city with the most subway planning.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The concession request of the engineer Heinrich Sichrowsky dates from 1844 with the idea of an atmospheric railway based on the system of Medhurst and Clegg. The trains would have been advanced by means of air pumps stationarily stationary steam engines in a pneumatic manner. Sichrowskys route should lead from the Lobkowitzplatz below the Vienna Glacis on to the Wien River to Hütteldorf. Although such trains had been built in London and Paris, it found in Vienna no investors for its stock company, so this idea was rejected. The connecting railway project of Julius Pollak (1849) was also conceived as an atmospheric system.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Sichrowsky's request was the starting point for a series of plans that, however, were mostly not approved and could not be implemented. For example, in 1858 the city planner Ludwig Zettl proposed to make an overburden of the former moat instead of filling it, and then to set up a railroad tram in this enclosed ditch, which would bypass the city. This would have created a connection between the central station and the market halls, while at the same time the gas-lit tunnels were to serve as warehouses for food. By 1873, at least 25 planning for a municipal railway traffic came on, only the Verbindungsbahn, which already appeared in the much larger overall plan by Carl Ritter von Ghega in his project for Vienna's urban expansion of 1858, was later implemented as part of the mainline railway line. Incidentally, Ghega had already worked out a belt railway project along the line wall in 1845. The first planning for a subway in deep-seated tunnels by Emil Winkler dates back to 1873, in which it is also remarkable that the planning proposals were also based on the first systematic traffic census in Vienna.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Another wave of public transport projects were developed as the ring road was close to be finished. The conception of the British engineers James Bunton and Joseph Fogerty convinced, since their plans were approved in 1881, which included trains to be run in tunnels, in open incisions, and on elevated tracks.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: In 1883, the project of an "electric secondary railway" of the company Siemens & Halske provided a small profile rail with three lines. The construction failed due to the concern of the city council, the inner city business life could be affected, especially since the project for the first time ever included a tunneling of the city center.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The first system to be constructed was a four-line Stadtbahn railway network (which had been planned to have three main and three local lines) using steam trains. Ground was broken in 1892, and the system was opened in stages between 11 May 1898 and 6 August 1901. At Hütteldorf, the Stadtbahn connected to railway service to the west, and at Heiligenstadt, to railway service on the Franz Josef Line, which then ran eastwards within the Austro-Hungarian Empire to Eger. Some of the "Jugendstil" stations for this system designed by Otto Wagner are still in use. However, the Stadtbahn proved inadequate for mass transport, less successful than the tramway. Starting in 1910, plans were considered for an underground system, but were interrupted by the First World War, which also necessitated closing the Stadtbahn to civilian use. After the war, the economic situation of a smaller and poorer country ruled out continuing with the plan. However, starting on 26 May 1924 the Stadtbahn was electrified, something that many had called for before the war, and from autumn 1925 it was integrated with the tramway rather than the railways. The frequency of trains tripled. Plans for a U-Bahn dating to 1912–14 were revived and discussions took place in 1929, but the Great Depression again necessitated abandoning planning.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Both in 1937 and after the "Anschluß", when Vienna became the largest city by surface area in the Third Reich, ambitious plans for a U-Bahn, and a new central railway station, were discussed. Test tunnelling took place, but these plans, too, had to be shelved when the Second World War broke out.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Severe war damage caused the Stadtbahn system to be suspended in some areas until 27 May 1945. The redevelopment of stations took until the 1950s. Meanwhile, Vienna was occupied by the four allied powers until 1955, and in 1946 had returned three quarters of the pre-war expanded Greater Vienna to the state of Lower Austria. Two proposals for U-Bahn systems were nonetheless presented, in 1953 and 1954. Increasing car traffic led to cutbacks in the S-Bahn network that were partially made up for by buses. The U-Bahn issue was also politicised: in the 1954 and 1959 city council elections, the conservative Austrian People's Party championed construction of a U-Bahn, but the more powerful Social Democratic Party of Austria campaigned for putting housing first. The city council repeatedly rejected the U-Bahn idea in the late 1950s and early 1960s.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Extensions of the Stadtbahn system had always been discussed as an alternative to building a new U-Bahn. But it was not until the late 1960s, when the Stadtbahn and the Schnellbahn were no longer able to adequately serve the ever-increasing public traffic, that the decision to build a new network was taken. On 26 January 1968, the city council voted to begin construction of a 30 km basic network ("Grundnetz"). Construction began on 3 November 1969 on and under Karlsplatz, where three lines of the basic network were to meet, and where central control of the U-Bahn was located. Test operation began on 8 May 1976 on line U4, and the first newly constructed (underground) stretch of line opened on 25 February 1978 (five stations on U1 between Reumannplatz and Karlsplatz).


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: First, the basic network ("Grundnetz") was chosen from the various network designs. During 1967, plans for the U2 were radically reduced and the U3 completely deleted, and the approved basic network was described as a 'closer basic network'. This closer basic network, consisting of the U1, U2 and U4 lines, included:


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Construction began on 3 November 1969. On 25 February 1978, the first Vienna U-Bahn route between Karlsplatz and Reumannplatz, the U1, went into operation. With twelve partial commissionings, the Vienna U-Bahn basic network was completed on 3 September 1982.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: In the planning of the Vienna subway network in the years 1966 to 1973, the line numbers were awarded. The designation U5 was used in this phase but again and again for lines that, after detailed examination, proved not practical and were therefore not built. In early expansion variants, the U5 between Meidlinger Hauptstraße and St. Marx should run on the already partially sub-tunnelled southern belt route. It later referred to the current branch of the line U2 from Schottenring to the stadium as U5, whose planning a course in a westerly direction over Schottentor out in the direction Hernals provided. , there is no U5 line; today's U2 line consists of parts of the previously planned U2 and U5, which are connected by an arc between the stations Rathaus and Schottentor (this was originally planned only as an operating track and is still the narrowest curve in the Vienna subway network). The designation U3 was for a long time a gap in the network, but there was already in the construction of the basic network preliminary work. Thus, the entire tunnel tube of the U3 between Naglergasse / Graben and Stubentor was completed already with the construction of the U1 (Stephansplatz), in order to avoid further excavation work in the area of the cathedral.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Since 2003, several plans and internal working papers of Vienna have again been planning long-term plans for a U5 line, but only in early 2014 did they again make concrete efforts to actually realize the line. Finally, in March 2014, it was announced that the U5 line would be constructed in several stages of development as part of a U2 / U5 line cross.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Starting at Karlsplatz, the new line will use the existing U2 section, with a new section to be built from Rathaus station northwards. In the first expansion step, however, the line will be run until 2023, for the time being, only up to one stop on Frankhplatz in the area of the old AKH. The further construction in the 17th district is planned; However, the construction costs must first be negotiated with the federal government. (See: Fifth stage of the subway network).


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The current U2 will then continue southwards in newly built tunnels: From Rathaus, it will connect with the U3 at Neubaugasse and the U4 at Pilgramgasse, continuing further south and connecting with the S-Bahn network at Matzleinsdorfer Platz. The financial resources for the construction come from the previously planned, but abandoned, southern extension of the U2 towards Gudrunstraße. The already approved expenditures by the federal government have not expired and could therefore be spent on these revised expansion plans.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: In some designs also a line U7 was provided, which should connect the Floridsdorf and Donaustadt districts Floridsdorf station, Kagran and Aspern east of the Danube running. However, due to insufficient urbanization, this project was not found to be meaningful and was never planned, as it would be possible to transport almost the same number of people by means of a much cheaper tram line, which is the replacement of tram line 26 east of Wagramer Straße, from there to the Ziegelhofstraße six stops further on its own track body, by the Gewerbepark Stadlau to the subway station Hausfeldstraße on the northern edge of Aspern was also reached.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The second phase involved the expansion of the U3 and U6 lines (about 61 km (37.9 mi)). The groundbreaking ceremony for this phase took place on 7 September 1983 on Pottendsdorfer Street at the Philadelphia Bridge and after six years, the central section of the U6 between Philadelphia Bridge and Heligenstadt/Friedensbrücke went into operation.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: After completion of the basic network, the Vienna subway system was extended in 1989 to the line U6 with the route Heiligenstadt-Philadelphiabrücke (10.6 kilometers). For the belt line, the last remaining line of the light rail, had been modernized and converted to legal traffic. In order to preserve the valuable building fabric, the line was not rebuilt for operation with the underground railcars of the other lines; tram or metro-like trains with overhead power lines were used. Northern line endpoint was now only Heiligenstadt; the alternative northern terminus of the last light rail line, Friedensbrücke (U4), was not approached. 1995 followed the first extension of this line in the south: from Philadelphiabrücke (now station Meidling) to Siebenhirten including the elevated railway line of the former express tram line 64 over a length of 5.2 km. In 1996, the U6 was extended in the north to Floridsdorf and the previous terminus Heiligenstadt (U4) is no longer approached. The two remaining, abandoned links of the former light rail are like much of the U6 listed building and are now partly used as a bike path.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: In 1991, the completely newly built line U3 between Erdberg and Volkstheater was opened, which crosses the first district after the U1 as a second line. The western terminus Ottakring was reached in 1998, the southeastern end of the U3 is since the year 2000 in the station Simmering. The total length of the network increased with these construction measures of the second stage to 61 kilometers.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: In 1996, a new U-Bahn contract, known as the "30 billion package", was settled. For the first time in Europe, a U-Bahn project had to undergo a costly and lengthy environmental impact assessment, as the U2 extension showed a length of more than 10 km (6.2 mi). This expansion phase involved:


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: On 19 October 2001, the groundbreaking ceremony for the extension of U1 was held, for which the two districts had been waiting for 20 years. After five years of construction, the 4.6 km (2.9 mi) long extension of the U1 was opened on 2 September 2006.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: On 12 June 2003, the groundbreaking ceremony took place outside the Stadion (stadium). Because of the 2008 European Football Championships in Austria, there was enormous pressure to complete the construction on time. The Wiener Linien met the deadline, and on 10 May 2008 the U2 extension to the stadium was opened.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: On 2 October 2010, a further six stations were opened taking the U2 across the Danube via Donaustadtbrücke to Aspernstraße in the twenty-second district (Donaustadt). An additional , three station extension of the U2 to Aspern Seestadt was officially opened on 5 October 2013.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Planning for a fourth U-Bahn expansion phase began in 2001 and concrete ideas were put forth in the 2003 Transport Master Plan. In 2007, there are plans for the extensions in Vienna, this provided the necessary extensions:


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: In March 2012, it was officially announced that the southern branch of U1 would instead be extended to Oberlaa and not the originally planned Rothneusiedl. This was achieved by expanding the pre-existing route of tram line 67. The change to the original plans was thought to be due cost issues or the incomplete development of the area surrounding Rothneusiedl. This extension was ultimately opened to the public on 2 September 2017, thereby expanding the Vienna metro network by 4.6 kilometres and 5 stations. In the area of the station Alaudagasse preparations for a future line bifurcation were made, should the further development in Rothneusiedl warrant a branch line there.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The originally planned southern extension of U2 to Gudrunstraße indefinitely delayed for financial reasons and since the need suggested is no longer there. With the budgeted funds, the so-called line cross U2 / U5 will be created instead. The line U2 coming from Seestadt and Schottentor will receive a new south branch, leading to the S-Bahn station Matzleinsdorfer Platz. The remaining route of the U2 between Karlsplatz and Universitätsstraße will be taken over by a newly created U5 line, which will be supplemented by the station Frankhplatz (Altes AKH) for the time being. This line should also lead a fully automatic operation, as currently used at the Nuremberg U-Bahn. The U5 line will be Vienna's first driverless U-Bahn line. Start of construction for the resulting crossroads is scheduled for 2018, 2024 (U5), and 2026 (U2) respectively.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: It is planned to extend the U2 line from Matzleinsdorfer Platz to Wienerberg and to extend the U5 from Frankhplatz to Elterleinplatz. One further possibility is to build a second southern branch of the U1, which would terminate in Rothneusiedl.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The Vienna U-Bahn has three types of rolling stock, and has permanent way equipment. The U1, U2, U3, and U4 have two types of rolling stock: the older U/U1/U2 type (introduced in 1972) and the newer V type (introduced in 2002). The U6 has one class of train, the T/T1 type (introduced in 1993), the older E6/C6 having been retired in 2008 and now mostly operating in Utrecht in the Netherlands and Kraków in Poland, with a single set being preserved at Vienna's tramway museum ("Remise").


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The first cars of the type U, developed by Simmering-Graz-Pauker (SGP) were delivered in 1972. The smallest unit is a two-axle motorcars, 36.8 metres long and 2.8 metres wide, permanently coupled twin railcar. A train is made up of three double cars. By 2008, short-haul trains with two double-wagons were used during downtimes or on the U2 line. Technically, the cars are very similar to the Munich and Nuremberg subway trains. However, there are significant differences in the award-winning car design. By 1982, a total of 135 double railcars Type U were delivered, but are now retired.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: From 1987 SGP supplied with the type U1 (later referred to as U11), a second generation, which looks like its predecessor outwardly. The technical equipment has been further developed and includes water-cooled three-phase motors, brakes with energy recovery and modernized emergency braking and safety equipment. In the years 2000 to 2010 trains of the later type series of the type U were rebuilt and equipped with new three-phase motors, which should extend their life for another 20 years. The converted trains are called Type U2. These vehicles operate on the lines U2 and U3.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The interior of a car consists of eight pairs of vis-à-vis seats in the middle section, nine seats on the driverless ends and two pairs of seats opposite each other in the opposite end of the car. In 2006, the U1 and U2 LED displays replaced the original in-and-out illuminated telltale displays. In addition, the trains will gradually be retrofitted with plastic seats, video surveillance and warning lights to signal the door closing operation. At Type U, no such conversions are made because the vehicles are successively scanned. An individual railcar has 49 seats and 91 standing places. In a train consisting of three double railcars, this is 294 seats and 546 standing places. The maximum speed is 80 km / h. The design of the "Silver Arrows" trimmings comes from the railway designer Johann Benda.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: In the late 1990s, a consortium of companies Siemens, ELIN and Adtranz developed a new train called Type V or "V-Car". It is a continuous, permanently coupled six-car train consisting of two non-motorized control cars and four motorized intermediate cars. This corresponds to the length of three double wagons of the Ux type family. After a prototype had been mostly used on the line U3 from December 2000, 25 sets were purchased in June 2002 and again 15 trains of this type in December 2007. Of these, the first sets were delivered from February 2005, which received their operating license in mid-August 2006 after several delays. At the end of September 2009, another 20 vehicles were ordered.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: In contrast to the prototype, the production cars in the interior were adapted to the new standard and got gray instead of white sidewalls and red plastic seats instead of the originally installed fabric seats. The newer Type V lines also feature yellow instead of gray-red handrails, improved interior displays and warning lights to signal the door closing operation. A car consists of eight pairs of Vis-à-vis seats in the middle section and six seats each at the car transitions. At the beginning and end of the trains there are multipurpose compartments with four folding seats each and automatically extending ramps at each station to close the platform gap. They are the first Vienna subway cars to have air conditioning and are factory-equipped with video surveillance. In order to keep the station stays short and avoid blocking by passengers, the doors have only sensitive sensor edges as anti-trap instead of light barriers. An individually opened door therefore only closes again as part of a central closing operation. All entrances can also be opened centrally from the driver's seat.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The trains were equipped with extensive safety technology, such as fire detectors in the roof areas, temperature sensors and dry extinguishing pipes on the undercarriage. Smoke or temperature exceedances are immediately transmitted to the driver. The type V cars have 260 seats and 618 standing places. Their top speed is 80 km / h. The exterior design is the responsibility of Porsche Design.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Siemens was contracted to deliver and maintain 34 6-car Type X trains in September 2017. The order includes an option for an additional eleven trains. The vehicles are suited for both fully automated operation and driver operation. They will be used on the future Line U5 in a driverless configuration, and will serve on Lines U1 to U4 with drivers. Delivery started in spring of 2020 with a pre-series vehicle, with the last trains in this order scheduled for delivery at the end of 2030.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: The Line U6 was originally slated for rapid transit conversation like Line U4. However taking into account historic preservation of original Vienna Stadtbahn stations and structures, construction costs and disruption of existing services, decided to keep Line U6 with much of its original operations. Today Line U6 is unique when compared to other U-Bahn lines with overhead lines, low floor LRVs and optical signals (no LZB).


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: Since 1993 Bombardier Wien has been developing 2.65 meter wide, double-articulated low-floor vehicles of the type T, which are similarly deployed as Type 400 on the Lokalbahn Wien-Baden and serve as the basis for the successful vehicle family Flexity Swift are. A set consists of three permanently coupled cars, a train of four sets. By 2008, short-cut trains from three sets also operated during off-peak hours. The T-cars drove initially in conjunction with the older E6 / c6 cars, so that each train was a low-floor car, today only trains made entirely from T- and T1-cars. Seats: 232, standing room: 544.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: A video-monitored, equipped with air conditioning, electronic interior and exterior displays and new design further development of the Type T comes since May 2008 as Type T1 used and replaced the old E6 / c6 high-floor suits. Since 24 December 2008 only vehicles type T and T1 on the U6.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: At the end of 2009, the T-cars began to be equipped with electronic indoor and outdoor displays and to improve the safety of passengers, personnel and against vandalism with a video surveillance of the interiors and thus visually align the T1. Also, the older cloth seats in the T-wagons are gradually being replaced by new, red plastic seats with yellow handles, which can also be found in the T1 car and in the Type V metro car. The vehicles of the Tx type family will also receive successive warning lights for signaling the door closing operation.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: So that they can be transferred via the tram network to the main workshop of Wiener Linien, the T and T1 cars are equipped for tram operation.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: From the light rail operation, the 2.3 meter wide, six-axle articulated wagons type E6 (railcar) and c6 (sidecar) "type Mannheim" were taken over, which were built in 1979 by Lohner and Rotax in Duewag license. An entire train offered 192 seats and 432 standing places. Until the end of 2008, the trains still operated in conjunction with T-cars, i.e. E6 + c6 + T + c6 + E6. In May 2008, the delivery of the type T1 began, which should completely replace the type E6 / c6. On 23 December 2008 E6 / c6 cars ran for the last time on the U6. Most of the vehicles were sold to Utrecht or Krakow. A train consisting of a railcar and a sidecar is obtained in the Museum of Remise. The E6 and c6 in Utrecht were sold to Krakow in 2014.


title: Vienna U-Bahn

text: In common with many urban transit systems, the Vienna U-Bahn has art works in stations. These include:


title: J. D.–Jerry

text: Joseph D. Sami and Jerald Arockiam, collectively known as J. D.–Jerry, are an Indian filmmaking duo in Tamil cinema.


title: J. D.–Jerry

text: Their pair's first film as directors was "Ullaasam" (1997) which had Ajith Kumar and Vikram in the lead roles and produced by Amitabh Bachchan. Despite having a high-profile cast and production studio, the film became a failure at the box office. They have also directed "Whistle" (2003) and numerous Tamil television serials. The duo have made an animation feature film "Pandavas" in 2005. The duo subsequently next worked as Production Designers to Shankar in "Sivaji" (2007), helping with story discussion.


title: J. D.–Jerry

text: From 2004, the duo (J.D - JERRY) has made several television commercials, which is 500+ ads till date. They had worked with all the popular south Indian textile and jewellery brands. They have done documentaries(Nadhaswaram, Kalangari, Bronze Casting, Bommal aatam, etc.,) on various art forms of Tamil Nadu. They have also transformed serious literature (Short Stories of Sundhar Ramaswamy, Vanadhassan, Dhilip Kumar, M.B Venkatram and many more) into visual media.


title: J. D.–Jerry

text: In 2012, reports suggested that the directors would make a film with Dulquer Salman and Vikram Prabhu in the lead roles, but the venture did not materialise. Jerry later appeared in a supporting role in Bala's "Paradesi" (2013), portraying an antagonistic character called Kangaani.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Dame Margaret Drabble, Lady Holroyd, (born 5 June 1939) is an English biographer, novelist and short story writer.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Drabble's books include "The Millstone" (1965), which won the following year's John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize, and "Jerusalem the Golden", which won the 1967 James Tait Black Memorial Prize. She was honoured by the University of Cambridge in 2006, having earlier received awards from numerous redbrick (e.g. Sheffield, Hull, Manchester,) and plateglass universities (such as Bradford, Keele, East Anglia and York). She received the American Academy of Arts and Letters E. M. Forster Award in 1973.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Drabble also wrote biographies of Arnold Bennett and Angus Wilson and edited two editions of "The Oxford Companion to English Literature" and a book on Thomas Hardy.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Drabble was born in Sheffield, the second daughter of the advocate and novelist John F. Drabble and the teacher Kathleen Marie (née Bloor). Her elder sister is the novelist and critic Dame Antonia Byatt (A.S. Byatt); the youngest sister is art historian Helen Langdon, and their brother, Richard Drabble, is a KC (lawyer). Drabble's father participated in the placement of Jewish refugees in Sheffield during the 1930s. Her mother was a Shavian and her father a Quaker.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: After attending The Mount School, a Quaker boarding school at York where her mother was employed, Drabble received a scholarship to Newnham College, Cambridge. She studied English Literature whilst attending Cambridge. She joined the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1960, and, before leaving to pursue a career in literary studies and writing, served as an understudy for Vanessa Redgrave and Diana Rigg.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Drabble was married to the actor Clive Swift between 1960 and 1975; they had three children, including the gardener and TV personality Joe Swift, the academic Adam Swift, and Rebecca Swift (d. 2017), who ran The Literary Consultancy. In 1982, Drabble married the writer and biographer Sir Michael Holroyd; they live in London and Somerset.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Drabble's relationship with her sister A. S. Byatt has sometimes been strained because of the presence of autobiographical elements in both their writing. While their relationship is no longer especially close and they do not read each other's books, Drabble describes the situation as "normal sibling rivalry" and Byatt says it has been "terribly overstated by gossip columnists" and that the sisters "always have liked each other on the bottom line."


title: Margaret Drabble

text: When sought out for interview by "The Paris Review"'s Barbara Milton in 1978, Drabble was described as "smaller than one might expect from looking at her photographs. Her face is finer, prettier and younger, surprisingly young for someone who has produced so many books in the past sixteen years. Her eyes are very clear and attentive and they soften when she is amused, as she often is, by the questions themselves and her own train of thought". In the same interview she admitted there were three writers for whom she felt an "immense admiration": Angus Wilson, Saul Bellow and Doris Lessing.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: In the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Drabble wrote of the anticipated wave of anti-Americanism, saying: "My anti-Americanism has become almost uncontrollable. It has possessed me, like a disease. It rises up in my throat like acid reflux, that fashionable American sickness. I now loathe the United States and what it has done to Iraq and the rest of the helpless world", despite "remembering the many Americans that I know and respect". She wrote of her distress at images of the war, her objections to Jack Straw about the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and "American imperialism, American infantilism, and American triumphalism about victories it didn't even win". She recalled George Orwell's words in "Nineteen Eighty-Four" about "the intoxication of power" and "the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face — for ever". She closed by saying, "I hate feeling this hatred. I have to keep reminding myself that if Bush hadn't been (so narrowly) elected, we wouldn't be here, and none of this would have happened. There is another America. Long live the other America, and may this one pass away soon".


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Drabble's early novels were published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1963–87), while the publishers of her later works were Penguin, Viking and Canongate, and a recurring theme is the correlation between contemporary England's society and its people. Most of her protagonists are women and the realistic descriptions of her figures often derive from Drabble's personal experiences; thus, her first novels describe the life of young women during the 1960s and 1970s, for whom the conflict between motherhood and intellectual challenges is being brought into focus, while "The Witch of Exmoor", published in 1996, shows the withdrawn existence of an elderly writer. As Hilary Mantel wrote in 1989: "Drabble's heroines have aged with her, becoming solid and sour, more prone to drink and swear; yet with each successive book their earnest, moral nature blossoms". Her characters' tragic faults reflect their political and economic situation. Drabble wrote novels, she claimed in 2011, "to keep myself company".


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Her first novel, "A Summer Bird-Cage", was published in 1963. She wrote it, she said, because she had just got married and "the children—I had one and was expecting another—and writing was such a convenient career to combine with having a family". With it she found her "informal first-person narrative voice", which she said was an unexpected discovery. She maintained this approach for her first three books, having "liberated myself from the neutral critical prose of the university essay", which she nevertheless admitted she had enjoyed writing.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Her second novel "The Garrick Year", published in 1964, drew upon her theatrical experience. Her third novel, "The Millstone", was published in 1965. About a woman with a baby, Drabble made her character unmarried so as to avoid having to write about marriage or the baby's father. She used the personal experience of one of her own children's diagnosis with a lesion (a hole in the heart) to inform her writing on the illness she gave the child. Indeed, Drabble herself wrote "The Millstone" whilst pregnant with her own child, that is, her third. On the book's fiftieth anniversary in 2015, Tessa Hadley described it as "the seminal 60s feminist novel that Doris Lessing's "The Golden Notebook" is always supposed to be". Drabble admitted, years after writing "The Millstone": "I didn't realise until many years later that some of the medical details I invented were way off the mark".


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Drabble's fourth novel, "Jerusalem the Golden", was published in 1967. It is also about a woman, an English woman who, not unlike Drabble, is from the north of the country and is attending university in London. Her fifth novel, "The Waterfall", was published in 1969. It is experimental. Drabble's sixth novel, "The Needle's Eye", was published in 1972. It is about an heiress who gives away her inheritance. Her seventh novel "The Realms of Gold", published in 1975, has a lady archaeologist as its central character. Her eighth novel "The Ice Age", published in 1977, is set in 1970s England and the social and economic conditions of that time. Drabble's ninth novel "The Middle Ground", published in 1980, has a lady journalist as its central character. Margaret Forster, normally one of her kinder reviewers, called "The Middle Ground" "not a novel but a sociological treatise".


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Her eleventh novel, titled "A Natural Curiosity", published in 1989, continues the story of characters from her tenth novel, titled "The Radiant Way", which was published in 1987. Drabble apologised to her readers in a preface to "A Natural Curiosity" and said a sequel had been unintended. Her thirteenth novel "The Witch of Exmoor", published in 1996, treats of contemporary Britain. Drabble's fourteenth novel "The Peppered Moth", published in 2001, treats of a young girl growing up in a mining town in South Yorkshire and spans four generations of her family. Her fifteenth novel "The Seven Sisters", published in 2002, is about a woman whose marriage has collapsed and off she goes to Italy. "The Observer" referred to part of her sixteeth novel, "The Red Queen" (published in 2004), as "psychodrabble", noting her claim in the book's preface that she is seeking "universal transcultural human characteristics". Ursula K. Le Guin compared Drabble's seventeenth novel, "The Sea Lady" (published in 2006), favourably with her earlier book "The Needle's Eye". In 2009, Drabble announced she would cease to write fiction, for fear of "repeating herself". The same year, she published her memoir "The Pattern in the Carpet: A Personal History with Jigsaws".


title: Margaret Drabble

text: "A Day in the Life of a Smiling Woman," a collection of the 14 short stories that Drabble published between 1966 and 2000, appeared in 2011. Drabble's other writing includes several screenplays, plays and short stories, as well as non-fiction such as "A Writer's Britain: Landscape and Literature" and biographies of Arnold Bennett and Angus Wilson. Her critical works include studies of William Wordsworth and Thomas Hardy. She edited two editions of "The Oxford Companion to English Literature" in 1985 and 2000.


title: Margaret Drabble

text: Drabble was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in Elizabeth II's 1980 Birthday Honours, and was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours.


title: M22 Locust

text: The M22 Locust, officially Light Tank (Airborne), M22, was an American-designed airborne light tank which was produced during World War II. The Locust began development in 1941 after the British War Office requested that the American government design a purpose-built airborne light tank which could be transported by glider into battle to support British airborne forces. The War Office had originally selected the Light Tank Mark VII Tetrarch light tank for use by the airborne forces, but it had not been designed with that exact purpose in mind so the War Office believed that a purpose-built tank would be required to replace it. The United States Army Ordnance Department was asked to produce this replacement, which in turn selected Marmon-Herrington to design and build a prototype airborne tank in May 1941. The prototype was designated the Light Tank T9 (Airborne), and was designed so that it could be transported underneath a Douglas C-54 Skymaster transport aircraft, although its dimensions also allowed it to fit inside a General Aircraft Hamilcar glider.


title: M22 Locust

text: After a series of modifications were made to the initial prototype, production of the T9 began in April 1943. It was significantly delayed, however, when several faults were found with the tank's design. Marmon-Herrington only began to produce significant numbers of the T9 in late 1943 and early 1944, and by then the design was considered to be obsolete; only 830 were built by the time production ended in February 1945. As a result, the Ordnance Department gave the tank the specification number M22 but no combat units were equipped with it. However, the War Office believed that the tank would perform adequately despite its faults, so the tank was given the title of "Locust" and 260 were shipped to Great Britain under the Lend-Lease Act. Seventeen Locusts were received by the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment in late 1943, but mechanical problems led to the tanks being withdrawn in favour of the Tetrarchs previously used by the regiment.


title: M22 Locust

text: In October 1944 however, the remaining Tetrarchs of the regiment were replaced by Locusts and eight were used during Operation Varsity in March 1945. The tanks did not perform well in action; several were damaged during the landing process and one was knocked out by a German self-propelled gun. Only two Locusts were able to reach their planned rendezvous point and go into action, occupying a piece of high ground along with an infantry company. The tanks were forced to withdraw from the position after several hours however, because they attracted artillery fire that caused the infantry to suffer heavy casualties. The Locust never saw active service with the British Army again and was classified as obsolete in 1946. A number of Locusts were used by foreign militaries in the post-war period however; the Belgian Army used Locusts as command tanks for their M4 Sherman tank regiments, and the Egyptian Army used several company-sized units of Locusts during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.


title: M22 Locust

text: The Light Tank (Airborne) M22, also known as the Locust, began development in late 1941 in response to a request by the British military earlier in the year for an airmobile light tank which could be transported onto a battlefield by glider. At the time the request was made, the War Office considered using the equipment in Britain's fledgling airborne forces, which had been formed in June 1940 by order of the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. When officials at the War Office examined the equipment that would be required for a British airborne division, they decided that gliders would be an integral component of such a force. These gliders would be used to transport troops and heavy equipment, which by 1941 was to include artillery and some form of tank. Plans to transport an airborne tank went through a number of revisions, but by May 1941 it was considered feasible for a tank weighing to be carried for in a glider, although the latter would have to be specifically designed for the task. In a conference held on January 16, 1941, it was decided that the General Aircraft Hamilcar, under development at the time, would be used to transport a single tank or two Universal Carriers.


title: M22 Locust

text: A decision had recently been made by the War Office that light tanks were no longer to be generally used in the British Army; on the whole they had performed poorly during the Battle of France and were considered to be a liability. As a result, the Vickers-Armstrong Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch light tank was now considered obsolete. This made it available for use by the airborne forces and it was chosen by the War Office as the tank to be transported by glider. However, it had not been designed specifically as an airborne tank or to be airmobile, and it also possessed several faults. Its size limited the possible crew to three—a driver in the hull and a gunner and commander in the turret—which was found to be too few crew members to operate the Tetrarch effectively. The gunner or commander, in addition to his own duties, had to act as loader for the 2-pounder, which caused delays in combat; a report on the tank written in January 1941 stated that since the commander had both to fight and control the tank, controlling a troop of Tetrarchs during combat would be almost impossible. The War Office was also aware that the tank had a faulty cooling system that made the Tetrarch unsuitable for service in hotter climates, such as the Middle East and North Africa.


title: M22 Locust

text: A purpose-built airborne light tank was therefore required to replace the Tetrarch, but the decision was taken by the War Office not to produce the tank in Britain due to a lack of production capacity. Instead the American government was approached with a request that it produce a replacement for the Tetrarch. This request was made by the British Air Commission in Washington, D.C., with a proposal calling for a tank of between and to be developed, this being the maximum weight the War Office had decided could be carried by current glider technology. The proposed tank was to have a primary armament of a main gun and secondary armament of a .30-06 Browning M1919A4, and a crew of three. The specification also called for a maximum speed of and an operational radius of . The turret and front of the hull were to have an armour thickness of between and , and the sides of the tank a thickness of . The United States Ordnance Department was given the task of developing the proposed tank, and in turn requested designs from three American companies: General Motors, J. Walter Christie and Marmon-Herrington. The design offered by Christie in mid-1941 was rejected as it failed to meet the specified size requirements, as was a modified design the company produced in November. At a conference in May 1941, the Ordnance Department chose the Marmon-Herrington design and requested that the company produce a prototype tank, which was completed in late 1941; it was designated the Light Tank T9 (Airborne) by the company and the Ordnance Department.


title: M22 Locust

text: The T9 had a crew of three and weighed . It was armed with a main gun and a coaxial .30-06 Browning M1919A4 machine-gun, as well as two further machine-guns on the right-hand side of the bow. The main gun and coaxial machine-gun were mounted in a powered turret, which also had a gun stabilizer installed to allow the gun to be fired when the tank was moving. The T9 was powered by a 162 horse-power six-cylinder, air-cooled Lycoming engine, and the thickness of the armor varied; the front, rear and sides of the hull had a thickness of while the sloped portions of the hull had a thickness of . The tank's engine was able to give it a maximum speed of . The T9 was not primarily designed to be transported by glider, a significant change from the original request, but instead was to be carried under the belly of a Douglas C-54 Skymaster transport aircraft, using four lifting brackets welded onto each side of the hull of the tank. The turret was designed to be removable so that it could be detached and transported inside the C-54 and reattached once on the battlefield. The loading took six men about twenty-five minutes, the unloading ten minutes. On top of this the aircraft required a proper airfield on which to land. However, the T9 was of the correct shape, weight and size to be carried inside a Hamilcar glider, suggesting that these dimensions had been chosen deliberately so that the tank could be transported inside a glider if required.


title: M22 Locust

text: A number of changes were made to the prototype during testing. The main change was the addition of supporting steel beams to improve and strengthen the suspension of the tank, which increased the weight to , the maximum weight that could be carried by a Hamilcar glider. Two new prototypes were ordered by the Ordnance Department in January 1942 and were delivered by Marmon-Herrington in November 1942. They were both designated T9E1. The new tanks incorporated a number of requested changes. The turret was altered in shape; it was lightened by the removal of the power traverse mechanism and the gyro stabilizer for the main armament. The front of the hull was altered from a stepped appearance to a more sloped profile, which would provide for a better ballistic shape; the two .30-06 machine-guns were removed from the bow of the tank and the suspension was altered to try and reduce the weight of the design. However, contrary to normal practice, the Ordnance Department had placed an order for the original T9 design in April 1942, before the T9E1 models were delivered in November 1942; 500 were ordered in April and this order rapidly increased to a total of 1900, with deliveries to begin in November. However, production difficulties and design changes caused this date to be delayed several times, and it was not until April 1943 that production of the T9 actually began.


title: M22 Locust

text: Production of the T9 peaked at 100 tanks produced per month between August 1943 and January 1944; however, this number rapidly declined when the results of the British and American testing programmes were reported to the Ordnance Department, and only 830 T9s were ever produced. The faults discovered with the design led to the Ordnance Department giving it the specification number M22, but classing it as 'limited standard'. No American combat units were equipped with the tank, although some of those produced were used for training purposes and two experimental units were formed and equipped with Locusts. The 151st Airborne Tank Company was formed on 15 August 1943, despite concerns that there would be insufficient transport aircraft to deliver the unit into battle, and the 28th Airborne Tank Battalion was also formed in December of the same year. However, neither unit saw combat, due to the US Army's lack of interest in using them in an airborne capacity. The 151st Airborne Tank Company remained in the United States, shuttling from base to base throughout the war, and the 28th Airborne Tank Battalion was refitted with conventional tanks in October 1944. Some 25 Locusts were ordered in April 1944 for use in the European Theater of Operations, and delivered by September; although a small number were sent to the United States Sixth Army Group in Alsace, France, for testing, they were never used in combat. However, the British still required the M22 as a replacement for the Tetrarch and the first prototype Locust was shipped to Britain in May 1942 for testing, followed by the second prototype T9E1 in July 1943. Although they were of the opinion that the M22 possessed a number of faults, the War Office believed it would perform adequately as an airborne tank. Thus the tank received the official title of "Locust" and 260 were shipped to Britain under the Lend-Lease Act. The majority of the Locusts ended up placed in tank parks until they were scrapped at the end of the conflict, and only eight ever saw action with British airborne forces.


title: M22 Locust

text: Extensive testing of the M22 occurred in 1943 and 1944, and was conducted by both the Ordnance Department and the British Armoured Fighting Vehicle (AFV) Gunnery School at Lulworth Ranges. These tests uncovered a number of faults and problems with the Locust. The AFV School noted that the process of loading the M22 into a C-54 transport aircraft took considerable time and involved the use of complex equipment. Overall the process took six untrained men 24 minutes, although it was believed this could be shortened with sufficient training. Unloading was also a long process, taking approximately ten minutes; it was noted that the time it took to unload the M22 from a C-54 on the battlefield meant that both the tank and aircraft would make excellent targets for enemy fire. Operational use of the tank would therefore be restricted to the availability of airfields large enough to accommodate a fully laden C-54, which might not be in the right geographical location or might even have to be captured in advance of a planned airborne operation. A heavy transport aircraft, the Fairchild C-82 Packet, was developed to specifically carry the M22 inside its fuselage and unload it through a set of clam-shell doors, but it did not enter service until after the war had ended. The US Army Armored Board released a critical report on the Locust in September 1943, stating that it was inadequate in the areas of reliability and durability, and indicating that it would not be able to be successfully used during airborne operations. By 1944 it was also realized that the design of the tank was actually obsolete. The armor of the M22 in several areas was found to be so thin that it was incapable of even resisting the armor-piercing ammunition of a .50 caliber machine-gun. Complaints were also made about the 37mm main armament, which was not powerful enough to penetrate the armor of most tanks used by the Axis powers. Similarly a report made on March 13, 1944, by elements of the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment complained that when a high-explosive shell was fired from the gun, the resulting shell-burst was so weak that observers had difficulty in seeing where it impacted. There were also mechanical problems with the design, which caused it to be unreliable; the engine was also found to be underpowered, possibly due to problems with the torque characteristics of the engine or an inefficient transmission system.


title: M22 Locust

text: By late 1941, several new British units had been raised specifically trained to conduct airborne operations. The largest such unit was the newly formed 1st Airborne Division, and on 19 January 1942 the War Office took the decision that a light tank detachment would be amongst the support units attached to the division. Designated the Light Tank Squadron, this unit was to be formed of nineteen light tanks and would operate to the fore of the division, using their speed to capture objectives and hold them until relieved by other units. The unit chosen for conversion into the Light Tank Squadron was 'C' Special Services Squadron, which had seen service as an independent tank unit during Operation Ironclad, the invasion of Madagascar in mid-1942. The squadron was also equipped with Tetrarchs, which had recently been re-designated as an airborne tank by the War Office. 'C' Squadron was officially transferred to the 1st Airborne Division on 24 June 1942, bringing with it seven Tetrarchs amongst the other vehicles it was equipped with. The unit immediately began training, but did not stay attached to the 1st Airborne Division for very long; during mid-1943, the division was transported to the Middle East, where it would eventually participate in Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of the island of Sicily. 'C' Squadron remained in Britain however, as not enough Hamilcar gliders had yet been built to transport and deploy all of their Tetrarchs.


title: M22 Locust

text: The squadron was transferred to the division with which it would spend the rest of the war; the 6th Airborne Division, raised in April 1943. The squadron continued to train as an air-portable unit and participated in a number of exercises intended to familiarize it with the duties it would perform, including reconnaissance of enemy positions and performing counter-attacks against enemy infantry and armor. In mid-July an American pilot was sent to Britain to illustrate that the tank could fit inside a Hamilcar and be landed, and then on October 25 the Light Tank Squadron received a shipment of seventeen Locusts. During November the new tanks were issued to the squadron, replacing a majority of the Tetrarchs; however a small number of Tetrarchs fitted with a 3 inch (76.2 mm) infantry support howitzer, which were designated as Tetrarch 1 CS (Close Support), were retained. Several of the Locusts also were fitted with Littlejohn adaptors to increase the range and penetration power of their main armament, although it is not clear how many were fitted or if they were fitted at manufacture or after they reached the squadron. The squadron was expanded into the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment in December 1943, and as late as March 1944, plans were made for the regiment to be equipped with seventeen Locusts and three Tetrarchs when it took part in Operation Tonga, the British airborne landings in Normandy. However, records indicate that by April the Hamilcar gliders of the regiment were being refitted to only carry Tetrarchs, and by late March the Locusts appear to have been completely replaced. This seems to have been due to mechanical and gunnery problems with the Locusts, as well as specific problems with the design of the Locust's gearbox.


title: M22 Locust

text: The regiment took part in Operation Tonga as part of 6th Airlanding Brigade in June 1944, equipped with twenty Tetrarchs. However, due to their thin armor and underpowered armament they proved to be completely outclassed by the tanks and self-propelled guns deployed by German forces, such as the Panzer IV and the Sturmgeschütz III. By August, in preparation for the 6th Airborne Division's participation in the planned breakout from the Normandy bridgehead, the majority of Tetrarchs in 'A' Squadron were replaced with Cromwell fast cruiser tanks; only three Tetrarchs were retained, remaining with the Headquarters troop of 'A' Squadron. In September the division returned to Britain and in the first week of October 1944, the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment underwent an extensive reorganization. The regiment was completely restructured and retired all the remaining Tetrarch tanks it was equipped with, replacing them with Locusts.


title: M22 Locust

text: In March 1945, the 6th Airborne Division was informed that it would be participating in Operation Varsity, an airborne operation in support of 21st Army Group crossing the River Rhine during Operation Plunder. On March 24 the division, in conjunction with the American United States 17th Airborne Division, would be dropped by parachute and glider near the city of Wesel, where it would capture the strategically important village of Hamminkeln, several important bridges over the River IJssel and the southern portion of a major forest, the Diersfordter Wald. Eight Locusts from the regiment, divided into two troops of four, would land with the 6th Airlanding Brigade in landing-zone 'P' east of the Diersfordter Wald and west of Hamminkeln, acting as a divisional reserve; the rest of the regiment would arrive by road after crossing the Rhine with 21st Army Group.


title: M22 Locust

text: The eight Locusts were loaded into separate Hamilcar gliders between 17 and 20 March, and on the morning of 24 March were towed from the airfield by Handley Page Halifax heavy bombers to join the rest of the gliders and transport aircraft carrying the two airborne divisions. Weather conditions for the operation were excellent, with clear visibility, and all eight gliders arrived in the vicinity of the landing zone without incident. During their attempts to land, however, the small force was severely depleted; one glider broke away from the Halifax towing it and disintegrated, apparently as a result of structural failure, with the Locust inside it falling to the ground. Three more gliders came under heavy German anti-aircraft fire and crashed as they landed; one tank survived with a damaged machine gun, another crashed through a house which put its wireless radio set and main armament out of action, and the third broke loose of the glider as it landed and was flipped over onto its turret, rendering it useless.


title: M22 Locust

text: Six Locusts landed intact on the landing zone, including several with significant damage, but two of these tanks did not reach the rendezvous point chosen for the regiment. One undamaged tank came to the aid of a group of American paratroopers who were under fire from a German self-propelled gun but was rapidly knocked out by the German vehicle, wounding two crewmembers. A second tank broke down as it attempted to tow a jeep out of a crashed glider, although the crew remained with the tank and supported British airborne troops in the area. Of the four Locusts that reached the rendezvous point, only two were undamaged and fully fit for action; these two were immediately deployed to the high ground east of the Diersfordter Wald, while being covered by the two damaged tanks. Upon arrival they were engaged by German troops and had to be supported by an infantry company, and soon their presence began attracting a great deal of artillery and anti-tank fire. Although neither of the tanks were hit, a number of infantrymen were killed or wounded and after several hours the tanks were forced to withdraw. The four tanks and remaining infantry formed a small force that repelled several German attacks on their position, and were eventually relieved at 10:30 by a tank squadron from the 44th Royal Tank Regiment and elements of the rest of the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment.


title: M22 Locust

text: Operation Varsity was the only time the Locust was used in action with the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment or the British Army as a whole. A report issued at the end of a conference held by the Director (Air) of the War Office in January 1946 confirmed that the Locust design was considered obsolete; any light tanks to be used in post-war airborne formations would be made from completely new designs. The British Army disposed of a small number of Locusts by transferring them to foreign militaries. Several had their main armaments removed and were used by the Belgian Army as command tanks for their M4 Sherman regiments, and a few Locusts even found their way back to the U.S., where they had their turrets removed and served as agricultural tractors. The June 3, 1946 issue of "Life" magazine has a five-photo article about Kamiel Dupre, an Illinois farmer who bought two surplus Locusts for $100 each from the Rock Island arsenal. Intending to use one as a farm tractor and one for spare parts, Dupre found the vehicles to be in poor condition and difficult to use and maintain. A larger number of Locusts served with the Egyptian Army, replacing a number of older tank models, such as the Vickers-Armstrong Mark V light tank, that the Egyptian military had acquired during the interwar period. Several company-sized units of Locusts were used by the Egyptians during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.


title: Faith No More discography

text: The discography of Faith No More, an American rock group, consists of seven studio albums, nineteen singles, one live album, five compilations, four video albums.


title: Faith No More discography

text: Faith No More's first album was "We Care a Lot", released by Mordam Records in 1985. The band soon signed with Slash Records and released "Introduce Yourself", their second album, in April 1987. Shortly afterwards the rest of the band fired the vocalist, Chuck Mosley, and replaced him with Mike Patton. During the tour supporting their third album, "The Real Thing", Faith No More recorded their only live album, "", and released their first hit single, "Epic". Their fourth studio album "Angel Dust" was released in 1992 with their final two number-one singles, "Midlife Crisis", and the Lionel Richie cover "Easy", not included on the initial release of the album. Following the tour supporting "Angel Dust" and the departure of long-time guitarist Jim Martin Faith No More released their fifth studio album, "King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime", in 1995. Their final studio album until 2015, "Album of the Year", released on June 3, 1997, was their only number-one album.


title: Faith No More discography

text: Faith No More disbanded in 1998 and their first compilation album, "Who Cares a Lot?", was released later on in the same year with their final single before their disbanding, a cover of the Bee Gees song "I Started a Joke", followed by their similarly named music video compilation "". In 2003 their second compilation album, "", was released followed by "Epic and Other Hits" in 2005, "The Platinum Collection" and the DVD compilation "You Fat Bastards/Who Cares a Lot?" in 2006 and the three-disc compilation album "The Works" in 2008. Two more compilation albums, "The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection" and "Midlife Crisis: The Very Best of Faith No More", were released in 2009 and 2010 respectively.


title: Faith No More discography

text: After an eleven-year hiatus, Faith No More announced a reunion in 2009. They released their seventh studio album, "Sol Invictus", which debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200, higher than their past two studio albums, on May 18, 2015, and toured in support of it.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: Secrets and Lies is an American mystery anthology television series that aired on ABC from March 1, 2015 to December 4, 2016. The series is based on the Australian television series of the same name, and developed for American television by Barbie Kligman.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: The series follows Detective Andrea Cornell (Juliette Lewis) of the fictional Charlotte-Mecklenburg County Police Department as she investigates homicide cases. In the first season, Ben Crawford (Ryan Phillippe) becomes the prime suspect in the death of a young boy who lived in his neighborhood. In the second season, Cornell investigates Eric Warner (Michael Ealy), a newly married heir to his family's private equity firm, when his wife Kate is murdered.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: The series was renewed for a second season on May 7, 2015, which premiered on September 25, 2016 and concluded on December 4, 2016. On May 11, 2017, ABC cancelled the series after two seasons.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: Ben Crawford is a self-employed contractor, married to Christy with whom he has two daughters, Natalie, 16, and Abby, 12. His best friend, Dave, lives in their summer house. They have a neighbor, Jess, who is estranged from her husband Scott, who is in the military. Jess and Scott have a five-year-old son named Tom.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: While out for an early morning run, Ben discovers Tom's body; he was evidently taken from his bed into the woods and killed by six blows to the head from a flashlight.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: Detective Cornell is convinced Ben is the killer, Ben cannot prove his innocence because he suffered a blackout after going out drinking with Dave following a fight with Christy over her suspicion of an affair with Jess.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: The Crawfords suffer media intrusion and are shunned by the community; a misunderstanding leads to a falling-out with Dave. They learn that Tom was in fact Ben's son, the result of a one-night affair, only revealed to him after DNA tests by police.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: Ben conducts his own investigations, leading to false accusations against Scott and other neighbors. He is manipulated by a reporter, Arthur, who is looking to take down Cornell, and kidnapped by a neighbor, Kevin, a former CIA operative, who attempts to extract a confession through torture.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: The rift with Dave is repaired only after Dave confesses to spiking Ben's drink the night of the murder. Together they retrace Ben's steps. Cornell begins to consider other suspects.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: By this time Ben's marriage has fallen apart. After sleeping with Jess once more, Ben discovers she is bipolar; convinced she is the killer and wrongly assuming she has now kidnapped Abby, she counters that with a false accusation of rape.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: Independently of each other, Cornell and Ben discover the awful truth that Tom was killed by Abby. She confesses to her family that it was an accident, a failed plan to hide Tom for a short while to make it appear he was missing, to induce Scott to come home and prevent her father leaving Christy for Jess.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: Ben decides to confess to the murder to protect Abby, despite the protestations of Cornell, who is convinced Abby will kill again and vows to put her away. Abby reveals her plan all along had been to drown Tom, in the hope it would make Jess move away.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: In Season two, Ben is revealed to have been killed in jail. However, his innocence came to light afterwards. These facts have apparently put a stain on Cornell's reputation as a detective. It is unknown as of yet whether or not Abby was revealed to be Tom's real killer or if she succeeded in evading justice.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: Eric Warner (Michael Ealy), a newly married heir to his family's private equity firm, is under suspicion from Detective Cornell when his wife Kate (Jordana Brewster) is murdered.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: "Secrets and Lies" was given its initial 10-episode series commitment in October 2013. Barbie Kligman was brought in as executive producer and showrunner while the producers from the original series, Tracey Robertson and Nathan Mayfield, serve as executive producers. On May 9, 2014, "Secrets and Lies" was picked up by ABC to air as a mid-season entry during the 2014–15 season.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: An additional scene from the season 1 finale was made available online, set 14 months after the rest of the episode, with Natalie clearing Ben's name.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: Cornell: Confidential is a web series by ABC Studios and Disney/ABC Digital Media Studios which accompanies the television series. Each webisode was released online after the television episode aired and gives additional clues told from the perspective of Detective Cornell.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: "Secrets and Lies" has received mixed criticism when season one came out. On Rotten Tomatoes, it received a 36% approval rating, with a rating average of 4.7/10, based on 30 reviews. Its critical consensus reads: "While some may find its limited intrigue compelling, "Secrets and Lies" is ultimately undone by wooden performances, excessive red herrings, and bad scripts." On Metacritic, it scored 48 out of 100, based on 22 "mixed or average" reviews.


title: Secrets and Lies (American TV series)

text: On March 16, 2015, ABC and the show's producers came under fire from the bleeding disorder community for portraying hemophilia as an incestuous disease with Michael Beach's character stating: "Hemophilia is the nasty byproduct of incest." A petition for a public apology was started on Change.org. In subsequent airings of the episode, the line was removed, but ABC published no formal apology.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Tygers of Pan Tang are an English heavy metal band who are part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement. They formed in 1978 in Whitley Bay, England, and were active until 1987. The band reformed in 1999 and continue to record and perform. The name is derived from Pan Tang, a fictional archipelago in Michael Moorcock's Elric of Melniboné fantasy series whose wizards keep tigers as pets.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: The Tygers of Pan Tang were formed by guitarist Robb Weir (born Robert Mortimer Weir, 1958), Richard "Rocky" Laws (bass), Jess Cox (vocals) and Brian Dick (drums). They played in working men's clubs and were first signed by local independent label Neat Records before MCA gave them a major record deal. After several singles, they released their first album, "Wild Cat", in 1980. The album reached No. 18 in the UK Album Chart in the first week of its release.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Subsequently John Sykes (formerly of Streetfighter, later in Badlands, Thin Lizzy, Whitesnake, and Blue Murder) was added as second guitarist. Jess Cox had a falling out with the others and quit, to be replaced by Persian Risk vocalist Jon Deverill. This lineup released "Spellbound" in 1981.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Sykes quit after the release of the third album, "Crazy Nights", to audition for Ozzy Osbourne's band. He was replaced by ex-Penetration guitarist Fred Purser, who had to learn the set in two days before touring.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Tygers of Pan Tang's fourth album, "The Cage", was released in 1982. The band then had a dispute with MCA, who were reluctant to promote the band unless they agreed to record more cover versions (following the band's hit with "Love Potion No. 9"). The band tried to terminate their contract, but MCA's release terms exceeded what other record companies were willing to pay to acquire the band. In frustration, the group chose to disband.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Jess Cox released his solo album "Third Step" in 1983. John Sykes later achieved success with Thin Lizzy and Whitesnake.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Songs for a new album were demoed by the same line-up which completed the previous album. It was supposed to be called "Square One". The label did not approve the material and, in consequence this line-up disbanded. Songs from this aborted album were issued in 2018 under the name Purser Deverill.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: In 1985, Jon Deverill and Brian Dick reformed the band with Steve Lamb (formerly of Sergeant) on guitar, Neil Sheppard on guitar, and ex-Warrior, ex-Satan member Clin Irwin on bass. Dave Donaldson later replaced Clin Irwin. Meanwhile, Robb Weir and Jess Cox formed the spin-off band Tyger-Tyger.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: The reformed Tygers of Pan Tang released "The Wreck-Age" in summer 1985 through Music for Nations, and "Burning in the Shade" in 1987, through Zebra Records. "Burning in the Shade" received poor reviews and they disbanded again.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Various compilations and live albums were produced by the band's two first labels, Neat Records and MCA. "First Kill" is one such compilation album, released on vinyl in 1986 by Neat Records, then re-released on CD by Castle Classics in 1992. All the songs are live demo recordings, without overdubs, made at Impulse Studios in 1979/80 as demos by the original line-up.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: During the 1998 Wacken Open Air festival, Jess Cox joined on stage with Blitzkrieg, playing three old Tygers songs. The audience's response was positive, and a year later, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Tygers of Pan Tang and the 10th Wacken Open Air, the band was invited to play on the main stage. Brian Dick and Rocky were unable to join the band, but the Tygers (now Jess Cox and Robb Weir, backed up by Blitzkrieg guitarist Glenn S Howes, bassist Gavin Gray, and drummer Chris Percy) did perform. Recordings of their performance resulted in the "Live at Wacken" album.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: In 2000, Robb Weir reformed the band as the only original member. The other musicians were Tony Liddell (vocals), Dean Robertson (lead guitar), Brian West (bass), and Craig Ellis (drums). They released "Mystical" through Z-Records. They toured in several festivals, but eventually were dropped by Z-Records in 2002, due to poor record sales.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: The band went on to produce the split album "" with Girlschool and Oliver/Dawson Saxon on Communique Records, and in 2004 released "Noises in the Cathouse" with new singer Richie Wicks who although a singer by trade was at the time still playing bass in Angel Witch.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Later that year, Richie Wicks left and was replaced by Italian vocalist Jacopo Meille. Wicks responded to the announcement of Meille in which Weir took aim at Wicks. Wicks responded to Weir on a Blabbermouth comment board commenting "I enjoyed my time with the band AT the time but it pains me to have to defend myself like this. I WILL NOT be judged by anyone from the TYGERS and will certainly not be labelled unprofessional by people no more pro than me!."


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Wicks later joined Shadowkeep, appearing on their 2008 album "The Hourglass Effect", before leaving in 2009. As of 2010, he was the vocalist in Heavenly Hell, a Dio-era Black Sabbath tribute band, and in 2013 he commenced fronting the band Black, White & Purple with fellow ex-Angel Witch guitarist Keith Herzberg and current Praying Mantis drummer Gary MacKenzie, along with Shadowkeep's ex-bassist Mark Fielden.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: Jon Deverill went on to work as an actor under the name of Jon De Ville, and as of October 2007 was performing in 'The Sound of Music' at the London Palladium with television star Connie Fisher.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: In October 2007, the band issued a limited edition five track EP titled "Back and Beyond", which featured reworkings of three Tygers songs from the early 1980s, along with two new tracks taken from their forthcoming album. "Animal Instinct" was released on 19 May 2008, the first with vocalist Jacopo Meille.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: On 15 July 2011 it was announced that Tygers Of Pan Tang have signed an agreement with Rocksector Records for the worldwide release of their next studio album, with a current working title of "Ambush", provisionally planned for February/March 2012. The album came out on 24 September.


title: Tygers of Pan Tang

text: In 2013, guitarist Dean Robertson was replaced by Micky Crystal.In 2015, Jess Cox formed "Jess Cox's Tygers of Pan Tang" and made festival appearances across Europe, as well as a tour of South America. 2016 saw the band release the self titled album "Tygers of Pan Tang" which featured the track "Only The Brave." This was followed up in 2019 with the album "Ritual." In 2020, Micky Crystal left the band. Crystal stated in an interview that he had left due to poor management also claiming Robb Weir had little, to no involvement, in the band<nowiki>'s 2019 album, "Ritual"</nowiki>. It was noted that John Sykes had expressed similar feelings in a Kerrang interview from 1984. On May 28th 2021 the band released the compilation "Majors & Minors." In 2021 bassist Gav Gray left the band and was replaced by Huw Holding.


title: Galea (helmet)

text: A galea (, from Greek γαλέη, "galéē", "weasel, marten") was a Roman soldier's helmet. Some gladiators, specifically myrmillones, also wore bronze "galeae" with face masks and decorations, often a fish on its crest. The exact form or design of the helmet varied significantly over time, between differing unit types, and also between individual examples – pre-industrial production was by hand – so it is not certain to what degree there was any standardization even under the Roman Empire.


title: Galea (helmet)

text: Originally, Roman helmets were influenced by the neighboring Etruscans, people who utilised the "Nasua" type helmets. The Greeks in the south also influenced Roman design in its early history.


title: Galea (helmet)

text: The primary evidence is scattered archaeological finds, which are often damaged or incomplete. There are similarities of form and function between them.


title: Galea (helmet)

text: H. Russell Robinson in his book "The Armour of Imperial Rome", published in 1975, classified into broad divisions the various forms of helmets that were found. He classified four main types of helmets for heavy infantry (with subcategories named with letters) and thirty different types of cheek guards.


title: Galea (helmet)

text: Some of the helmets used by legionaries had a crest holder. The crests were usually made of plumes or horse hair. While the fur is usually red, the crests possibly occurred in other colors, like yellow, purple and black, and possibly in combinations of these colors such as alternating yellow and black. Gladiators such as the "samnis" and the "hoplomachus" also probably wore large feathered crests.


title: Galea (helmet)

text: There is some evidence (Vegetius writings and some sculptures) that legionaries had their crests mounted longitudinally and centurions had them mounted transversely. Crests may have been worn at all times by centurions in the early empire, including during battle, but legionaries, and centurions during other periods, probably wore crests only occasionally.


title: Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan

text: Muttahida Qaumi Movement (Pakistan) ( MQM-P) is a Liberal Muhajir nationalist Secular political party. The leader of the party is Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui. The party's symbol is the kite. It is mostly active in Karachi where up to majority of Muhajirs currently reside. The party aims to represent the Human rights of Muhajirs in Pakistan through peaceful and democratic struggle. The Party is the spliter faction of Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London.


title: Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan

text: The party came into existence due to a split within the Muttahida Qaumi Movement, and was founded as a separate party by Farooq Sattar, who split it from MQM founder and leader Altaf Hussain. The faction was announced after Sattar's release from custody by the Pakistan Rangers, a paramilitary organization.


title: Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan

text: On 8 November 2017, MQM Pakistan and Pak Sarzameen Party announced an "establishment-sponsored" merger.


title: Tony Bongiovi

text: Anthony C. Bongiovi (born September 7, 1947) is an American record producer and recording engineer. He is the cousin of musician Jon Bon Jovi.


title: Tony Bongiovi

text: Bongiovi has produced records by Gloria Gaynor, Talking Heads, Aerosmith ("Classics Live"), and the Ramones ("Rocket to Russia" and "Leave Home"). Early in his career, he worked with artists such as Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and The Supremes. Later on, he recorded albums with artists such as Talking Heads and Jimi Hendrix (as well as some of Hendrix's posthumous releases under producer Alan Douglas).


title: Tony Bongiovi

text: In 1975, Bongiovi, along with partner Bob Walters, purchased a bankrupt building in Manhattan, New York City, from Mayor Ed Koch. Using his royalty checks from his previous records, Bongiovi was able to apply his ideas regarding acoustics to design and built his dream sound studios from the ground up. Since opening in 1977, The Power Station was used by renowned artists such as Bruce Springsteen, David Bowie, the Clash, and Pat Metheny. The studios have been described as one of the finest acoustic environments for recording in the world. In 1996 the studio, along with the rest of the building, was bought out of bankruptcy by Avatar Studios from Bongiovi.


title: Tony Bongiovi

text: In 2012, Bongiovi helped open Power Station Studios in Pompano Beach, Florida. He is also Managing Director and co-founder of BongioviAcoustic Labs, headquartered in Port St. Lucie, Florida. Here he has developed a suite of algorithms called Bongiovi Acoustic Labs DPS (Digital Power Station), enabling engineers the ability to produce recordings with studio-like sound.


title: IShares

text: iShares is a collection of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) managed by BlackRock, which acquired the brand and business from Barclays in 2009. The first iShares ETFs were known as World Equity Benchmark Shares (WEBS) but have since been rebranded.


title: IShares

text: Most iShares funds track a bond or stock market index, although some are actively managed. Stock exchanges listing iShares funds include the London Stock Exchange, American Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange, BATS Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange, Mexican Stock Exchange, Toronto Stock Exchange, Australian Securities Exchange, B³ Brasil Bolsa Balcão and a number of European and Asian stock exchanges. iShares is the largest issuer of ETFs in the US and globally.


title: IShares

text: In 1993, State Street, in cooperation with American Stock Exchange, launched Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts () (now the 'SPDR S&P 500'), which was traded in real time and tracked the S&P 500 index. This was the first ETF to trade in the United States, and it continues to trade to this day.


title: IShares

text: In response, Morgan Stanley launched a series of ETFs called "WEBS" which tracked its MSCI foreign stock market indices. WEBS, an acronym for "World Equity Benchmark Shares", were developed in cooperation with Barclays Global Investors, the fund manager. Unlike the SPDR fund that was a unit investment trust, the underlying vehicle of the WEBS were mutual funds.


title: IShares

text: In 2000, Barclays put a significant strategic effort behind growing the ETF market, launching over 40 new funds, branded as "iShares", supported by an extensive education and marketing effort. The effort was led by Lee Kranefuss, who worked closely with the inventor of the ETF, Nate Most, at that time Chairman of the WEBs Board and an adviser to Barclays on the iShares effort. Most had retired from the American Stock Exchange some years earlier and settled in California. WEBS were soon renamed the "iShares MSCI Series" as part of that program.


title: IShares

text: On November 7, 2006, iShares announced the purchase of the INDEXCHANGE ETF unit of HypoVereinsbank for €240 million. This solidified the iShares position in Europe as the leading ETF provider.


title: IShares

text: Barclays added currency hedging features to the Canadian iShares, to distinguish them from US products in response to the elimination of limits on foreign holdings by Canadians in an RRSP. Barclays hedges currency changes in the Canadian - US exchange rate for the S&P 500 and the MSCI EAFE.


title: IShares

text: On March 16, 2009, Barclays confirmed that it was planning to sell iShares to CVC Capital Partners, a private equity firm that had agreed to pay more than $4 billion. However, under a 45-day "go shop" clause, a later bid by BlackRock was announced on 11 June 2009 for the whole of the parent division Barclays Global Investors including iShares, in a mixed cash-stock deal worth around US$13.5 billion (37.8 million shares of common stock and US$6.6 billion in cash).


title: IShares

text: iShares is among the asset managers with the largest amount of sustainable fund flows in 2020 with $14.5 billion as of September 30, 2020.


title: Longest train services of Indian Railways

text: This article lists the longest passenger rail services that are currently scheduled and running directly between two cities. Services that require railcar exchanges, coach changes, shunting or station transfers are not listed. The list is restricted to a distance of 2000 km.


text: This section lists the longest passenger rail services that are currently scheduled and running directly between two consecutive railway stations.


text: This section lists the operators of longest passenger rail services that are currently scheduled and running directly between two cities. Services that require railcar exchanges, coach changes, shunting or station transfers are not considered. The list is restricted to services over a distance of 2000 km.


title: Nil Battey Sannata

text: Nil Battey Sannata (; slang for "Good For Nothing"), released internationally as The New Classmate, is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film directed by Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari in her feature debut. Produced by Aanand L. Rai, Ajay Rai, and Alan McAlex under the banners of Colour Yellow Productions and JAR Pictures, the film was co-written by Iyer, Neeraj Singh, Pranjal Choudhary, and Nitesh Tiwari. Abhinay Raj Singh as Ankit, Swara Bhaskar starred as Chanda Sahay, a high-school drop-out household maid and single mother of a sullen young girl named Apeksha, played by Riya Shukla. The film's theme is a person's right to dream and change their lives, irrespective of social status.


title: Nil Battey Sannata

text: Released in India on 22 April 2016, "Nil Battey Sannata" was distributed by Eros International and garnered critical and audience acclaim. Reviewers praised most aspects of the production, especially its narrative and realism, and the performances of the cast, Bhaskar's in particular. At the 62nd Filmfare Awards, Iyer won the Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director, while Bhaskar and Shukla won the Screen Awards for Best Actress (Critics) and Best Child Artist respectively. The film did well at the box-office, collecting a total of around during its entire theatrical run. The same year, the film was remade in Tamil as "Amma Kanakku", with Iyer returning to direct. The following year, it was remade in Malayalam as "Udaharanam Sujatha".