title: Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

text: Like Winston, Julia is a smoker. During the affair between them, Julia ambiguously acquires goods such as "real" coffee (the 'victory coffee' is of poor quality and is intended to keep the expectations of the Proles reduced as much as possible so that they do not experience pleasure, which would eventually result in acquiring higher intelligence levels, an outcome not desirable to the Inner Party as it would be contrary to the principles of ingsoc). She also acquires tea, bread and milk, these being theoretically only available to the Inner Party members (as opposed to the lower-quality "Victory" brand products consumed by Outer Party members and Proles) - luxuries which seem to heighten the forbidden feelings induced in them by their affair.


title: Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

text: When Inner Party member O'Brien drops a hint that he is a member of the mysterious anti-Party Brotherhood, Winston and Julia come to meet him. O'Brien tests their loyalty by asking whether she and Winston are prepared to separate and never see each other again; Julia shouts "No!". Winston agrees with a heavy heart. Days later, when Winston and Julia are staying in the room above Mr Charrington's shop and have read parts of Goldstein's book, they are arrested by the Thought Police. Charrington, as it turns out, is a Thought Police agent.


title: Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

text: O'Brien is really a Party member and torturer for the Thought Police. While interrogating Winston, O'Brien claims that Julia caved in immediately to the Party's pressure: "She betrayed you, Winston. Immediately – unreservedly. I have seldom seen anyone come over to us so promptly. You would hardly recognise her if you saw her. All her rebelliousness, her deceit, her folly, her dirty-mindedness – everything has been burned out of her. It was a perfect conversion, a textbook case."


title: Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

text: During months of torture and brainwashing, Winston surrenders intellectually, but strives to keep his innermost heart inviolate: He knows he will eventually be killed, but secretly he intends to continue hating Big Brother and loving Julia, the only thing keeping him from reverting to a mindlessly loyal Party member. One tiny victory he reserves for his moment of death: The Party could not change his feelings and make him betray Julia in his heart. However, Winston's resolve to continue loving Julia is burned away when he finally enters Room 101. O'Brien threatens to let rats devour Winston's face, and in utter desperation he begs O'Brien, "Do it to Julia!"


title: Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

text: Julia is seen one last time in the novel, when she meets Winston after they have both been reintegrated into Oceania society and restored to orthodox thought. They agree nothing – not even sex – matters any more, because their feelings for each other are gone. Julia explains to Winston that "sometimes...they threaten you with something – something you can't stand up to, can't even think about. And then you say, 'Don't do it to me, do it to somebody else, do it to so-and-so.' ... And after that, you don't feel the same towards the other person any longer". It is also suggested that she has been given a lobotomy ("...and there was a long scar, partly hidden by the hair, across her forehead and temple...").


title: Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

text: As the novel closes, Winston discovers that his love for Julia has been replaced by love for Big Brother – the only form of love that is approved by the Party.


title: Dean Semler

text: Dean Semler ACS ASC (born 26 May 1943) is an Australian cinematographer and film director. Over his career, he has worked as a cinematographer, camera operator, director, second unit director, and assistant director. He is a three-time recipient of the AACTA Award for Best Cinematography and an Academy Award winner. He is a member of both the Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS) and the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC). In 2002 he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).


title: Dean Semler

text: Semler was born in Renmark, South Australia. His first work in the production industry was as a camera operator at a local television station. Later, he began making documentary and educational films for Film Australia. He was the cinematographer for "A Steam Train Passes" (1974), "Moving On" (1974), "Let the Balloon Go" (1976), and "A Good Thing Going" (1978).


title: Dean Semler

text: His first film was "Stepping Out", in 1980. Allmovie praised his "stunning work" on the film "Hoodwink" (1981) with a screen play by Ken Quinnell. Semler was also the cinematographer for "Mad Max 2" (1981). Semler's vast panoramic shots of the Australian Outback's deserts "...convincingly conveyed a parched, dusty, post-apocalyptic world" and led to international attention for his work. Semler also acted as cinematographer for the follow-up film to "The Road Warrior", "Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome" (1985). Semler was also a cinematographer for the acclaimed Australian miniseries "Bodyline" (1984). In the late 1980s, Semler was the cinematographer for several popular films, such as "Cocktail" (1988) and "Young Guns" (1988).


title: Dean Semler

text: In 1989, Semler was hired as cinematographer for Kevin Costner's "Dances with Wolves" (1990), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography. Semler lensed the comedy "City Slickers" (1991) and the action film "Last Action Hero" (1993) in the early 1990s. In 1995, Semler again worked with Costner on his film "Waterworld".


title: Dean Semler

text: In the 2000s, Semler was the cinematographer for a range of movies that included comedies ("" from 2000, and "Bruce Almighty" from 2003), action films ("XXX" from 2002 and "The Alamo" from 2004). In the mid-2000s, Semler was the cinematographer for the football comedy " The Longest Yard" (2005) and "Just My Luck" (2006). In 2006, Semler worked with Mel Gibson again for the film "Apocalypto". Semler's camera work conveyed the beauty of the lush Mesoamerican jungle setting in "Apocalypto".


title: Murder of Reyna Marroquín

text: Reyna Angélica Marroquín (December 2, 1941 – January 1969) was a Salvadoran woman who was murdered in the United States in 1969. Marroquín's murder was not discovered until 1999, 30 years later, when her body was found in the Jericho, New York, former home of Howard B. Elkins, a businessman who was identified as the prime suspect. Elkins committed suicide before he could be charged or thoroughly questioned.


title: Murder of Reyna Marroquín

text: On September 2, 1999, an old 55-gallon drum in the crawl space of a house in Jericho, Nassau County, New York, was found to contain the mummified remains of a pregnant Hispanic female in her late 20s between 145 and 152 cm (4'9" and 5'0") tall, with unusual dental work. The cause of death was determined to be blunt force trauma to the head. The drum also contained polystyrene pellets, two rings (one inscribed "M.H.R."), a locket inscribed "To Patrice Love Uncle Phil", green dye, a plastic artificial plant stem, and an address book.


title: Murder of Reyna Marroquín

text: The drum had been made in 1963 for transporting dye. Markings showed it had been shipped to Melrose Plastics, an artificial flower manufacturing company partly owned by Howard B. Elkins, a local businessman who owned the Jericho house. This was until 1972, when he sold the company and moved to Boca Raton, Florida, with his wife.


title: Murder of Reyna Marroquín

text: Under infrared light, some of the deteriorated address book was legible. A Permanent Residence Card written on the first page belonged to Reyna Angélica Marroquín, a 28-year-old immigrant from El Salvador who had worked as a nanny and for a manufacturer of artificial flowers at a factory on East 34th Street in Manhattan. A phone number in the book belonged to Kathy Andrade, who had been a friend of Marroquín. When contacted, Andrade told the police that Marroquín had been having an extramarital affair with Elkins but had called Andrade to say she had become afraid of him after telling Elkins' wife about the affair. Andrade went to Marroquín's apartment but found it empty and Marroquín was never heard from again. There were reports that a woman fitting Marroquín's description once appeared with a toddler at Melrose Plastics and employees had joked that the child's father was, in fact, Elkins.


title: Murder of Reyna Marroquín

text: Detectives who interviewed Elkins found him uncooperative, and told him they intended to obtain an order to take his DNA for comparison with that of the fetus found inside Marroquín. The next day, September 10, 1999, Elkins was found dead in the back seat of a neighbor's car from a self-inflicted gunshot wound from a 12-gauge Mossberg 500 pump-action shotgun he purchased at a Walmart store that day found between his legs.


title: Murder of Reyna Marroquín

text: Investigators believe Elkins either went to Marroquín's New Jersey apartment or lured her to the factory and killed her. He then took her body to the Nassau County house, possibly with the intention of dumping her in the ocean from his boat, but after filling the barrel with plastic pellets to ensure it would sink, he found it too heavy to move and left it in the crawl space.


title: Murder of Reyna Marroquín

text: Writer Oscar Corral went to San Martín, San Salvador, where Marroquín's 95-year-old mother told him she had dreamt about Marroquín trapped inside a barrel. Marroquín was buried in El Salvador; her mother died a month later and was buried with her.


title: Murder of Reyna Marroquín

text: The peculiar circumstances of the crime inspired several media treatments of the Marroquín case. The murder provided part of a 2004 episode called "Broken Trust" in the series "The New Detectives". The investigation into her murder was covered in "Flower Drum Murder", a 2015 episode of "Murder Book", a true crime television series. This case was used as the plot of an episode of "NYPD Blue", "Roll Out the Barrel" (April 25, 2000). The case was depicted in "A Voice from Beyond", a 2000 episode of the true crime series "Forensic Files". The murder was dramatized in the Investigation Discovery series "Grave Secrets", Season 2, Episode 1 in an episode entitled, "Beneath the Stairs" first airing on November 14, 2017. Yet another treatment of the case was an episode called "Lady in a Barrel" in Oxygen's series "Buried in the Backyard", originally aired on June 17, 2018. It was also partial inspiration for the 2020 short film "Blood of Another." In episode 150, Georgia Hardstark covered the murder on the podcast, "My Favorite Murder".


title: Tribute (song)

text: "Tribute" is the debut single of American comedy rock duo Tenacious D, from their self-titled debut album (2001). It was released on February 11, 2002, in the United States and June 24, 2002, in Australia. The song is a tribute to what Kyle Gass and Jack Black refer to as "The Best Song in the World" (often confused as the song's title).


title: Tribute (song)

text: Upon its release, "Tribute" failed to make a commercial impact in the United States, but it became a hit in Australia and New Zealand, peaking at number four on the Australian Singles Chart and number nine on the New Zealand Singles Chart. In Europe, the single charted in the Netherlands, reaching number 25 on the Dutch Top 40, and in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 84 in May 2012. The song is certified Platinum in Australia and Gold in New Zealand and the United Kingdom.


title: Tribute (song)

text: The single was re-released in 2021 as part of the band's "Super Power Party Pack", commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the band's debut album.


title: Tribute (song)

text: "Tribute" was the first song Black and Gass played live as Tenacious D. The song, like many other songs that were recorded on "Tenacious D", was originally performed on their short-lived HBO TV series. During earlier performances of this song Kyle Gass played the opening to "Stairway to Heaven". The two songs are both in A minor and have very similar chord progressions, and critics have said the songs sound alike.


title: Tribute (song)

text: The song chronicles the band members' encounter with a demon who demands the duo play "the best song in the world" or have their souls eaten. Having nothing to lose from trying, they play "the first thing that came to our heads", which "just so happened to be the best song in the world."


title: Tribute (song)

text: Given the "Stairway to Heaven" interlude in the original TV series version, along with the similarity of the chord progression in both songs, "Tribute" at first implies that the best song in the world is indeed that song. However, the lyrics make clear that "Tribute" sounds nothing like the song they came up with to please the demon; as Black describes: "And the peculiar thing is this, my friends: The song we sang on that fateful night — it didn't actually sound anything like this song."


title: Tribute (song)

text: In an interview, the band claimed that the inspiration from the song came after Jack Black played Metallica's "One" for Kyle Gass, describing it as "the best song in the world", leading to a failed attempt to themselves write an even better song, and a discussion of the meaninglessness of labeling any song that way. "Tribute" was written as a paean to the impossibility of reaching musical perfection, making the claim that the greatest song in the world had in fact been theirs, but that they had forgotten it.


title: Tribute (song)

text: In "Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny", it is implied that the climax of the movie, a rock-off challenge between Satan and Tenacious D told through the song "Beelzeboss (The Final Showdown)", is the incident chronicled in "Tribute", and that the portion of "Beelzeboss" performed by Tenacious D is the song receiving tribute. After defeating Satan, Jack and Kyle recall the incident once more, describing it as, "the greatest song in the world". Unfortunately, they are unable to remember how it went. Also in the song "Beelzeboss", they mention that they know the demon's weakness, referred to as their "Rock-It Sauce", which is what they use in their HBO television series to defeat the demon. However, unlike the demon in the television episode, Satan says they are "Fuckin' lame" and tries to take Kyle Gass to hell after all, while the demon asks if they are angels. However, considering that they do not remember the song, they may have forgotten this as well. This was confirmed in a commentary with Jack Black for the movie.


title: Tribute (song)

text: The music video for "Tribute", directed and edited by Liam Lynch, features Jack Black and Kyle Gass, in a cheap shopping mall karaoke booth, rewired to record their song.


title: Tribute (song)

text: As they sing, the video cuts between footage of the pair walking down the "long, lonesome road" and their encounter with the demon, played by Dave Grohl. The demon also performs the electric guitar solo in the music video. After the solo, Black and Gass jump out of the booth and start shouting the lyrics at mall shoppers and dancing flamboyantly. Passersby include cameos from Lynch and Ben Stiller. While most pay no attention, an old lady, played by Linda Porter, assaults Black with her purse after he grabs her while singing. A policeman, played by JR Reed, who played "Lee" in the band's television series, takes Black and Gass away. At the end, the same old lady who was frightened by the duo picks up the now-recorded CD, eyes glowing red, and cackles demonically.


title: Tribute (song)

text: Although the video had huge success on UK television, the song was never actually released there as a single. "Tribute" was nominated for two Music Video Production Association Awards: "Alternative Video of the Year" and "Directorial Debut of the Year". In addition, it was a nominee for best video in the 2002 Kerrang! Awards.


title: Tribute (song)

text: Some critics described the plot of the song as being similar to the song "The Devil Went Down to Georgia" by the Charlie Daniels Band.


title: Tribute (song)

text: Polish heavy metal band Nocny Kochanek has recorded a Polish version of the song in 2018, called "Tribjut" (English word "tribute" as heard in Polish). The story revolves around two members of the band strolling around Warsaw in the night until they meet the Devil lying down on a street. They all go binge drinking in the capital of Poland, culminating with the Devil passing out.


title: Tribute (song)

text: "Tribute" was released as a downloadable track for "Rock Band" in addition to appearing as a playable track for "Guitar Hero Live".


title: Nathaniel Crosby

text: Nathaniel Patrick Crosby (born October 29, 1961) is an American golfer. He won the 1981 U.S. Amateur and played on the winning 1982 Eisenhower Trophy and 1983 Walker Cup teams. He turned professional but had little success and was later reinstated as an amateur. He is the seventh child and sixth son of Bing Crosby.


title: Nathaniel Crosby

text: Crosby was born and raised in Hillsborough, California. He was the third and youngest child between Bing Crosby and actress Kathryn Grant. (Bing Crosby also had four children from his first marriage.) Although his father was a showbiz celebrity he was, in Nathaniel's words, "determined that we didn't grow up to be Hollywood brats." The family lived hundreds of miles from Los Angeles, in northern California, and Bing instilled a strong work ethic in his children. In the summer Nathaniel and his siblings worked sunup 'til sundown baling alfalfa and vaccinating cattle on the family ranch. Crosby stated later in life in his memoir "18 Holes with Bing", "I always longed for summer to end so I could go back to school." He had a cool relationship with his father and got into golf as a way to connect with his dad (who was a golf fanatic). Crosby states, “I learned golf so that I could spend more time with him." Crosby largely learned golf from the family's Irish nanny, Bridget. Bridget was also a pro golfer. Crosby won the club championship at the family's country club, Burlingame Country Club, at the age of 15. His father stated after the victory, "Today is the happiest day of my life." Crosby attended Burlingame High School and was on the golf team.


title: Nathaniel Crosby

text: Crosby performed with his father, mother, brother, and sister in several Christmas television shows and at the London Palladium in 1976. He starred along with the rest of his family in the 1970 television musical "Goldilocks". Crosby stated that he was embarrassed to perform in the Christmas specials as he was not a natural performer.


title: Nathaniel Crosby

text: Crosby attended the University of Miami and played for the golf team. At the University of Miami, he qualified for the 1981 U.S. Amateur held at The Olympic Club in San Francisco, which he won at age 19, making him the third youngest U.S. Amateur winner ever. In addition to this youth, Crosby was not considered a uniquely talented amateur golfer. The legendary golf writer Herbert Warren Wind wrote in "The New Yorker", "His swing was so unimpressive that most observers felt there had to be at least a thousand better amateur golfers in the country." He was usually not even the top golfer on his college's golf team, occasionally ranking 3rd- or 4th-best. Crosby defeated future PGA Tour pro Willie Wood in the semifinal and then 24-year-old engineer Brian Lindley in the final. The win qualified him for the 1982 U.S. Open, again held at another local northern California course, Pebble Beach. Crosby shot an opening round 77 and then quadrupled-bogeyed the par-5 14th hole on Friday putting him in danger of missing the cut. However, he shot −1 for the rest of the round to make the cut by two. He would shoot 76-77 on the weekend to finish at 303 (+15) and in solo 59th place. He was low amateur, besting future PGA Tour pro Corey Pavin by a shot. Also in 1982 Crosby won the Porter Cup, an elite medal-play event for amateurs. Most recent champions of the event – like Ben Crenshaw, John Cook, and Scott Simpson – had gone on to win on the PGA Tour, so the victory certainly boded well for Crosby. He also played on the victorious 1982 Eisenhower Trophy and 1983 Walker Cup teams.


title: Nathaniel Crosby

text: After graduating from college, Crosby turned professional in 1984. He failed to gain a place on the PGA Tour. In the 1980s the PGA Tour did not have a developmental tour so many young golfers in Crosby's situation played overseas. Crosby decided to play in Europe, qualifying for the European Tour before the 1985 season. He played full-time in Europe from 1985 to 1987. His best year was in 1985. He recorded a third place finish at the Portuguese Open, his only top-10 of the season. He would finish 87th on the Order of Merit and kept his card. The 1986 season was more of a struggle as he did not record any top-10s and missed the majority of cuts. He finished 115th on the Order of Merit and barely kept his card. In addition, he played five events on the PGA Tour that season, playing on sponsor's exemptions, but missed the cut in all of them. The 1987 season was Crosby's final season in Europe. He missed the cut in 14 of his 18 events and finished 158th on the Order of Merit, not keeping his card. His good play at the 1985 Portuguese Open would turn out to be the only top-10 of his European Tour career.


title: Nathaniel Crosby

text: Crosby would quickly retire as a touring professional but would work as a golf industry executive for the remainder of his career. In 1988 he became president of the Tony Penna Golf Company, an equipment manufacturer, where he worked for 10 years. He then worked at Orlimar for 4 years, working as an executive at direct marketing. Since his experience at Orlimar he formed his own company to pursue high-end real estate and golf developments. He is also currently trying to market his dad's name more, whose "brand" he feels is neglected compared to other stars of the era.


title: Nathaniel Crosby

text: Crosby has intermittently been involved in notable golf events since his retirement as a full-time touring professional. He regained his amateur status in 1994, initially in order to play in the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, the tournament founded by his father. In 2007 he played in the Porter Cup, the site of one of his greatest triumphs as a junior golfer. He did not do well this time though, finishing in last place by five shots. He also attempted to qualify for the 2007 U.S Amateur. The event was held at San Francisco's Olympic Club for the first time since his 1981 victory. Crosby captained the American Walker Cup teams in 2019 and 2021.


title: Nathaniel Crosby

text: Crosby lives in North Palm Beach, Florida. He has been married twice. He has four children with his first wife. He is now married to Sheila and has two step-children with her.


title: Regionalliga

text: The Regionalliga () is the fourth tier in the German football league system. Until 1974, it was the second tier in Germany. In 1994, it was introduced as the third tier. Upon the creation of the new nationwide 3. Liga in 2008, it became the fourth tier. While all of the clubs in the top three divisions of German football are professional, the Regionalliga has a mixture of professional and semi-professional clubs.


title: Regionalliga

text: From the introduction of the Bundesliga in 1963 until the formation of the 2. Bundesliga in 1974, there were five Regionalligas, forming the second tier of German Football:


title: Regionalliga

text: The champions and runners-up of the respective divisions played out two promotion spots to the Bundesliga in two groups after the end of the season.


title: Regionalliga

text: In 1974, the two 2. Bundesligas, Süd and Nord became the second tier of German Football and the Regionalligas ceased existing for the next 20 years.


title: Regionalliga

text: In 1994, the Regionalligas were re-introduced, this time as the third tier of German Football. There were initially four Regionalligas:


title: Regionalliga

text: Between 1994 and 2000, promotion to the 2. Bundesliga was regulated without much continuity. It was a problematic rule, as becoming champion of a division did not automatically mean promotion for that team. The champions of the South and West/Southwest divisions were automatically promoted, however, along with one of the two runners-up. The champions of the North and Northeast divisions had a play-off to decide who would get the fourth promotion spot. This rule was justified because there are more clubs in the southern part of Germany than the north.


title: Regionalliga

text: In 1998, the promotion rule was changed again: the winner of the play-off between the North and Northeast division champions was promoted, while the loser faced the runners-up from the West/Southwest and South divisions in another play-off for the remaining promotion spot.


title: Regionalliga

text: The new divisional alignment was not bound to certain states any more so teams were moved between the divisions in order to balance club numbers. This led to some clubs in the Southern division being geographically further north than some northern clubs, and vice versa.


title: Regionalliga

text: In 2008, the Regionalliga was demoted to become the fourth tier of football in Germany after the introduction of a new nationwide 3. Liga. However, there was an expansion to three divisions:


title: Regionalliga

text: "Covering" meant that the single divisions were annually re-aligned to geographic location by a DFB committee in order to have 18 teams assigned to each division every year. This led to teams assigned to a division other than their geographical one. An example for this is BV Cloppenburg, who was assigned to the Western division for the 2008–09 season despite being located in Lower Saxony.


title: Regionalliga

text: In October 2010, yet another reform of the Regionalligas was decided upon, with the number of leagues expanding to five and beginning play in the 2012–13 season. Under this new format, the old Regionalliga Nordost would be re-established and the new Regionalliga Südwest and Regionalliga Bayern would be created. The Südwest would take clubs from the southern portion of the Regionalliga West and also everything from the Regionallia Süd outside of Bavaria. It was also decided to limit the number of reserve teams per Regionalliga to seven.


title: Regionalliga

text: The five league champions and the runners-up of the Regionalliga Südwest play-off for the three promotion spots in a home-and-away series. The new leagues consist of up to 22 clubs in their inaugural seasons but were reduced to between 16 and 18 clubs. The Regionalligas are not be administrated by the DFB but rather by the regional football associations. In regards to reserve teams, initially only seven were permitted per league, however, this rule may be subject to change under certain circumstances. Reserve sides of 3. Liga teams are not permitted in the Regionalliga.


title: Regionalliga

text: The reorganisation of the Regionalligas so soon after the last changes in 2008 became necessary because of a large number of insolvencies. These were caused by a lack of media interest in the leagues combined with large expenses and infrastructure demands. The five Regionalligas from 2012 are:


title: Regionalliga

text: Some regional football associations also made changes to the league system below the Regionalliga in their area. From the 2012–13 season, the Bavarian Football Association split the Bayernliga into a northern and a southern division, and increased the number of Landesligas from three to five.


title: Regionalliga

text: At the 96th DFB-Bundestag in December 2017, delegates decided to change the promotion rules and, without success, reduce the number of leagues to four. To achieve this, a temporary solution was put into place for the 2018–19 and 2019–20 seasons. Four teams were promoted and there were three guaranteed promotion places from the champions of the five regional leagues. The champion of the southwest league, which gave up its second playoff place, were promoted automatically in the next two seasons. Additionally there were two teams promoted from the other four regional leagues. In the 2018–19 season, the champion of the northeast league were also be promoted directly. The winner of the third guaranteed promotion place was decided by the drawing of lots. The remaining two regional league champions of the 2018–19 season faced off in a two-legged playoff determining the fourth promotion place. The two regional leagues whose teams took part in the playoff automatically had promotion places for the 2019–20 season. As a result, the third division has had four relegation places.


title: Regionalliga

text: At the 97th DFB-Bundestag in 2019, a working group under DFB vice-president Peter Frymuth unsuccessfully proposed a system involving four rather than five regional leagues. Instead, the delegates reformed the promotion scheme from the 2020–21 season, in which there continued to be four promotions to the 3. Liga. The Regionalliga West and Southwest each provide a fixed direct promotion. Another direct promotion place is be assigned according to a rotation principle among the Regionalliga Nord, Nordost and Bayern champions. The representatives from the remaining two Regionalligen determine the fourth promoted club in two-legged playoffs.


title: Regionalliga

text: A club that wants to play in the Regionalliga must meet two conditions. First, the team must qualify for the league. Second, the club must obtain a license from the DFB. This license is granted if the club can prove that they are financially sound, that their stadium conforms to the security regulations, and that they have a working youth section.


title: Regionalliga

text: The champions of three divisions are automatically promoted; the remaining two take part in the promotion round to the 3. Liga at the end of the season for the fourth promotion. Reserve teams are also be eligible for promotion unless the respective first team is playing in the 3. Liga.


title: Regionalliga

text: At least the bottom two teams of each division are demoted to their respective Oberliga. In the Regionalliga Nord, the fourth-to-last team is also be demoted if it loses a play-off against the Oberliga Niedersachsen runner-up. The third-to-last team participates in the play-off if the Nord champion is promoted and no team relegated from the 3. Liga is from the north. The actual number of teams relegated from every division depends on the number of relegations from the 3. Liga and promotions from the Oberliga.


title: Regionalliga

text: As clubs in the Regionalliga must have their teams licensed by the DFB on a per-season basis, a team may also be relegated by having its license revoked or by going into administration. Reserve teams are also relegated when the respective first team is relegated to the 3. Liga.


title: Regionalliga

text: Matchday squads in the Regionalliga must include at least six players of German nationality and under the age of 24, two under the age of 21, and a maximum of three non-EU players.


title: Dear John (American TV series)

text: Dear John is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC from October 6, 1988 to July 22, 1992. It was originally based on the British sitcom of the same name. It was retitled "Dear John USA" when it was shown in the United Kingdom. During its four-season run, it was bounced to and from various time periods on Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nights. It moved from its post-"Cheers" slot on Thursdays to a post-"Night Court" slot on Wednesdays in 1990.


title: Dear John (American TV series)

text: The sitcom is set in New York City. Judd Hirsch stars as John Lacey, a teacher at a preparatory school in Manhattan. After ten years of marriage, one day he returns home and finds a Dear John letter: His wife, Wendy, is leaving him for his best friend. When the court grants Wendy the house and custody of their son, Matthew, John moves into an apartment in the Rego Park neighborhood of Queens.


title: Dear John (American TV series)

text: Six months after the divorce, John joins the One-To-One Club, a support group for people who are divorced and single. The series chronicles John's life and the lives of his new friends at the One-to-One Club.


title: Dear John (American TV series)

text: John Leonard of "New York" magazine previewed the pilot episode, in which John Lacey tries to attend a support group "for the recently singled", and stumbles instead into a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous. "I found this funny, and maybe even profound," Leonard wrote. NBC launched the show two days before "Empty Nest", another sitcom about a middle-aged man who recently lost his wife. "Some talented people run around in them agreeably," said Leonard, commenting on both shows.


title: Dear John (American TV series)

text: In its first season, the sitcom was part of NBC's Thursday night lineup. It attracted the eleventh largest audience of all prime time television programs in the United States for the 1988–89 season. Its viewer share (as recorded in Nielsen ratings) declined in later seasons. NBC moved its time slot several times.


title: Dear John (American TV series)

text: Paramount Domestic Television sold the show into syndication after "Dear John" ended its run in 1992.


title: Dear John (American TV series)

text: In "Stand By Your Man", the thirteenth episode of the first season, Cleavon Little makes a guest appearance as a closeted gay man whose marriage to a woman has just ended. His performance won him a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series at the 41st Primetime Emmy Awards in 1989. Judd Hirsch won a Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Comedy in 1989 and was nominated again the following year.


title: Cadillac STS

text: The Cadillac STS (Seville Touring Sedan) is a mid-sized luxury 4-door sedan manufactured and marketed by General Motors from 2004 to 2011 for the 2005 to 2011 model years. A version of the STS was sold in China as the SLS through 2013. It was equipped with a six-speed automatic transmission with performance algorithm shifting and driver shift control.


title: Cadillac STS

text: The STS was the successor to the Cadillac Seville, which beginning in 1987 was available as an upscale performance-oriented "STS" (for "Seville Touring Sedan") version.


title: Cadillac STS

text: While smaller than the full-size DTS, the more expensive STS was the flagship sedan of the Cadillac brand.


title: Cadillac STS

text: The Cadillac STS was rated with a four star frontal and five star rear passenger crash test rating from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. It was given an overall "Good" score in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety frontal crash test and an "Acceptable" rating in the side impact test. In the side impact test injury measurements to the driver's pelvis was rated "Poor" and for the torso "Acceptable."


title: Cadillac STS

text: The front wheel drive Seville model name was retired in 2004, succeeded by an entirely new "STS" based on the rear wheel drive GM Sigma platform. The first Cadillac sedan to be offered with All wheel drive, it retained the Seville's high-performance Magnetic Ride Control suspension. The Cadillac STS was assembled at GM's Lansing Grand River facility in Lansing, Michigan along with the smaller CTS sedan.


title: Cadillac STS

text: Available engines were a 3.6 L High Feature LY7 V6 with and and the 4.6 L Northstar LH2 V8 which puts out and in the STS. All engine models feature dual overhead camshafts with variable valve timing. Remote ignition is standard.


title: Cadillac STS

text: Overall length was down 5" to 196.3", yet wheelbase grew by 4" to , resulting in increased interior space. A heads-up display was optional, as was a 300-watt Bose stereo system with MP3 capability. Base pricing at launch ranged from US$40,575 for the V6 model to US$47,025 for the V8.


title: Cadillac STS

text: The STS was updated for 2008. Changes included a refreshed exterior, with styling cues resembling the 2008 CTS, such as larger, more aggressive grille and chrome fender vents. The interior was updated, with new materials and a new steering wheel (like the one from the second-generation CTS), though the overall interior design remained the same, despite previous rumors of an all-new interior similar to that of the Chinese-market SLS. The standard powertrain was a direct-injected 3.6 L V6 mated to a six-speed automatic transmission, which in the STS produced and of torque. It also offered enhanced safety features, including a lane departure warning system developed by Mobileye, a blind spot monitoring system, and an improved version of GM's StabiliTrak stability control system, which could operate the steering system in addition to the brakes to help correct a skid. Additionally, options previously limited to the V8 model (such as HID headlamps and Automotive head-up display) were available with the V6. The 2008 Cadillac STS debuted at the 2007 New York Auto Show.


title: Cadillac STS

text: A 2010 update for the STS removed the GM badges, although early 2010 models still retained GM badging. For 2011, the V8 was dropped from the Cadillac STS lineup.


title: Cadillac STS

text: The Cadillac STS-V is a high-performance executive car of the V-Series introduced at the 2005 Detroit Auto Show, and was available for sale in late 2005.


title: Cadillac STS

text: The STS-V uses a supercharged 4.4 L version of the Northstar V8, producing and . This engine is mated to a driver-adjustable GM automatic transmission with two shifting modes, larger brakes by Brembo, larger 10 spoke alloy wheels (18"x8.5" front, 19"x9.5" rear), Pirelli run-flat tires, a faster steering ratio, and a stiffer suspension than the standard STS. The engine block and cylinder heads are aluminum, the camshafts are cast iron, and the crankshaft is forged steel. Suspension is fully independent and there are four settings for the traction control system and stability control. Also different from the standard STS, the STS-V has a cooler for the rear differential oil located on the underside of the car behind the 3rd member.


title: Cadillac STS

text: The STS-V's primary visual difference from the standard STS was a wire mesh grille and a 'power-dome' hood as well as six lug wheels normally seen only on larger SUVs, trucks and pickups. In addition to the grille, the front differences include the bumper, the fog light and turning signal cluster, and the hood which is slightly domed to fit over the supercharger. In the rear, the bumper is different from the standard STS and includes a wire mesh insert at the bottom which is made of the same mesh material used in the front grille. The rear spoiler is taller and wider, and encompasses the third brake light.


title: Cadillac STS

text: For the interior, the STS-V also has upgraded leather and suede trim contracted from the German company Dräxlmaier, whose prior credit includes the Maybach 57 and 62. Interior color choices were Ebony and Gray, both of which are offered on the standard STS as well, and a two-tone Ebony/Tango Red scheme which was unique to the STS-V.


title: Cadillac STS

text: The Chinese market received the Cadillac SLS (for Seville Luxury Sedan) in November 2006 for the 2007 model year. It was assembled by Shanghai GM. Compared to the STS, the SLS has a longer wheelbase, unique interior appointments, and a near-identical exterior appearance. Engine choices included the 2.8-liter "LP1" V-6, 3.6 "LY7" V-6 and the 4.6-liter Northstar V-8 as in the STS V-8 from 2007 to 2009. The 3.6 liter "LLT" engine was available from 2010 to 2011 until it was replaced by the 2.0 liter "LDK" and the 3.0 liter "LF1" V6 for 2011 to 2013 models.


title: Cadillac STS

text: The Chinese-Spec SLS received a facelift at the end of 2009, and was sold as a 2010 model year. The grille, bumper and many other details were revised. It was available in 5 trim levels known as: 2.8 Elite, 2.8 Luxury, 3.6 Elite, 3.6 Luxury and 4.6 Flagship. The SLS was priced from 448,000RMB to 828,000RMB ($94,835 to $175,160 US - August 2022 exchange rate).


title: Cadillac STS

text: The final STS was assembled on May 4, 2011. The enlarged third generation rear-wheel drive CTS sedan introduced in 2013 as a 2014 model, similar in size and price to the STS, effectively succeeded it.


title: Brian Myers

text: Brian Myers (born April 20, 1985) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to Impact Wrestling, where he is a former Impact Digital Media Champion. He is best known for his tenures in WWE from 2006–2014, where he was a member of the stable La Familia and 2016–2020 under the ring name Curt Hawkins, where his gimmick was of a Losing streak, parodying Goldberg's undefeated streak of 173–0.


title: Brian Myers

text: Myers signed with WWE in 2006 and was assigned to their developmental territories. In 2007, he was called up to the main roster and would eventually win the WWE Tag Team Championship with Zack Ryder. In 2014, he departed from WWE and returned to the independent circuit and worked there until 2016 when he re-signed with WWE. Shortly after his return, he amassed a WWE record 269-match losing streak which ended at WrestleMania 35 when he won the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship with Zack Ryder, almost ten years after they last held any titles as a team.


title: Brian Myers

text: Myers was born on April 20, 1985, in Glen Cove, New York. After he decided to pursue a professional wrestling career, Myers began training under Mikey Whipwreck.


title: Brian Myers

text: After being trained by Mikey Whipwreck, Myers made his debut in 2004, using his real name. He wrestled for the New York Wrestling Connection (NYWC) promotion. He began regularly teaming with Brett Matthews and the duo of Myers and Matthews went on to defeat the NYWC Tag Team Champions Dickie Rodz and Mason Raige by disqualification, for which titles do not change hands. At the next event on June 4 they won a rematch decisively to become Tag Team Champions. Later that month they were attacked by The Dead Presidents (Lo Lincoln and Boog Washington) to set up a feud where they eventually lost their titles against them in July. On September 23, they were entered into a three-way match with the champions but Team Tremendous (Dan Barry and Ken Scampi) ended up with the belts. After continuing to win matches they re-earned a match against Team Tremendous and won the titles for the second time on January 25, 2006. They held the titles until they faced the B.S. Xpress (Tony Burma and Mike Spinelli), who defeated them for the gold on March 26.


title: Brian Myers

text: On February 24, 2006, Brian Myers signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. He was given the ring name Brian Majors and teamed up with his former tag team partner Bret Matthews, who was renamed Brett Majors, to form the tag team the Majors Brothers. Together they won the Deep South Wrestling DSW Tag Team Championship on two occasions. They later won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship.


title: Brian Myers

text: The team was moved from the developmental territories to the main roster, changing their last names from "Majors" to "Major". The team worked on WWE's ECW brand. The team won their debut match against Matt Striker and Marcus Cor Von of The New Breed on the May 1 episode of "ECW", but failed to win any matches in either singles or tag team competition following their debut on the brand. They moved from ECW to SmackDown! as the eighth pick in the 2007 Supplemental Draft. They made their SmackDown! debut on July 6, defeating jobbers Jeremy Young and Mike Fox. On the November 9 episode of "SmackDown!", they received a WWE Tag Team Championship match after winning a #1 contender's battle royal, but lost to WWE Tag Team Champions Montel Vontavious Porter and Matt Hardy in their title match.


title: Brian Myers

text: At Armageddon, the duo dressed up as Edge and interfered in the World Heavyweight Championship match also involving The Undertaker and Batista, replacing Edge during the match to help him win the title, turning heel for the first time in their WWE career. On the December 21 taping of "SmackDown!", the Major Brothers were revealed as acquaintances to Edge and his lover, SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero. The Major Brothers were repackaged and renamed as Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder, with Brian Major becoming Curt Hawkins and Brett Major now named Zack Ryder. Their team name also became The Edgeheads, due to their resemblance to him.


title: Brian Myers

text: On the January 4, 2008 episode of "SmackDown!", Hawkins and Ryder competed against Batista in a 2-on-1 handicap match to a draw in a Beat The Clock Challenge when the time ran out. After assisting Edge in most of his matches for multiple months, Hawkins and Ryder captured the WWE Tag Team Championship from John Morrison and The Miz in a fatal-four-way tag team match, which also featured Jesse and Festus and Finlay and Hornswoggle at The Great American Bash in July, becoming the youngest tag team champions in WWE history up to that point. By SummerSlam in August, La Familia had begun to fracture and Hawkins and Ryder began appearing on their own.


title: Brian Myers

text: On the September 26 airing of "SmackDown", Hawkins and Ryder lost the titles to Carlito and Primo Colón in their first televised title defense. On April 15, 2009, Ryder was drafted back to the ECW brand as part of the 2009 Supplemental Draft, separating the team.


title: Brian Myers

text: Following the draft, Hawkins was on hiatus from television before voluntarily leaving the main roster and transferring to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) for more training. He made his debut losing to Dawson Alexander. In the following weeks, Hawkins won an 8-man battle royal to become the number one contender for Justin Angel's FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship, then lost the championship match. He joined a stable called "The Dude Busters" alongside Caylen Croft and Trent Barreta on November 1, 2009. In late November, Hawkins and Croft won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship. While they were champions, Croft and Hawkins defended the title with Barreta via the Freebird Rule. On January 14, 2010, at an FCW television taping, The Dude Busters lost the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship to The Fortunate Sons (Brett DiBiase and Joe Hennig).


title: Brian Myers

text: Hawkins returned to the SmackDown roster on May 4, 2010, forming a tag team with Vance Archer, defeating Chasyn Rance and JT Talent in a dark match. They made their television debut as a team on the May 13 episode of "WWE Superstars", defeating two local competitors. After the match, Hawkins stated that he and Archer had been given a 30-day contract to "make an impact". The team made its "SmackDown" debut on the May 21 episode, winning another squash match. In an attempt to make an impact, the duo attacked Montel Vontavious Porter and Christian on consecutive episodes of "SmackDown" on June 4 and 11, which they followed up on by defeating both in a tag team match on June 18.


title: Brian Myers

text: The next week the duo was officially named "The Gatecrashers". The pair also competed in a battle royal, on the June 4, 2010 episode of "SmackDown", to replace The Undertaker in the World Heavyweight Championship fatal four-way match at Fatal 4-Way. Hawkins was one of the four final participants in the match, but was eliminated by the eventual winner, Rey Mysterio. After their 30-day contract expired, they were signed to new long-term contracts in storyline. The team came to an end on the October 7 airing of "Superstars" after a match between Archer and Chris Masters. Archer accidentally struck Hawkins outside the ring after which the two argued and a distracted Archer lost the match. Afterwards, Hawkins assaulted Archer.


title: Brian Myers

text: Hawkins moved to singles competition the following week, defeating Trent Barreta. A rivalry then began between the two shortly after, with Barreta getting the win on the November 18 episode of "Superstars". In a rematch the next week, Hawkins defeated Barreta, claiming Barreta's win the week before was a fluke. The feud ended with Barreta coming out on top when Barreta beat Hawkins on the December 9 episode of "Superstars".


title: Brian Myers

text: On April 26, Hawkins was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2011 Supplemental Draft. Hawkins and Ryder had a brief reunion on the May 19 episode of "Superstars", where they teamed together in a losing effort against Kozlov and Santino Marella. After Hawkins beat JTG on the May 26 episode of "Superstars", Hawkins returned on the September 8 episode of "Superstars", teaming with Tyler Reks to defeat Percy Watson and Titus O'Neil. Hawkins and Reks then began appearing on the fifth season of NXT, by attacking the Usos from behind on the September 27 episode of "NXT". Over the next two weeks on "NXT", Hawkins and Reks faced the Usos in tag team matches, with Hawkins and Reks winning the first match and the Usos winning the second match.


title: Brian Myers

text: From October 2011, Hawkins, claiming a broken ankle, began to carry around a metal walking cane. However, when Hawkins' injury had healed sufficiently for him to wrestle, he still brought the cane with him to the ring. Hawkins and Reks then lost a non-title match to Air Boom on the December 22 episode of Superstars. Hawkins debuted on "Raw" on January 9, 2012, and was quickly defeated by a returning Brodus Clay. Hawkins and Reks feuded with Trent Barreta and Yoshi Tatsu from December 2011. Both teams regularly played pranks on each other, Tatsu being locked in a closet and Reks' hands being superglued onto an Xbox controller. The feud ended when Hawkins and Reks defeated Barreta and Tatsu on the January 18 episode of "NXT".


title: Brian Myers

text: Hawkins and Reks then became NXT's troublemakers, tormenting NXT host Matt Striker on his lacklustre career and how they should be main-eventing NXT, even once going to the extent of assaulting him after a match. This forced Striker to appoint William Regal as NXT's prime authority figure on the February 29 episode of "NXT". Regal often employed harsh measures to keep Hawkins and Reks in line, including threatening suspensions for bad behaviour and condemning them to janitorial duty, this caused them much frustration. On the March 21, 2012 episode of "NXT Redemption", a storyline began in which Striker was knocked out with chloroform by Johnny Curtis and Maxine, and then Striker was kidnapped by unknown persons, later revealed to be Hawkins and Reks, who intended to blackmail Maxine into using her charms to get Regal to leave them alone. Unfortunately for Hawkins and Reks, Striker was rescued by Derrick Bateman and Kaitlyn. On the April 18 episode of "NXT", the freed Striker confronted Hawkins and Reks about the kidnapping, and Hawkins admitted the crime. As punishment, Regal put Hawkins and Reks in a match against each other, with Striker as referee. The loser would be fired. Even though Reks won to supposedly save his job at the expense of Hawkins', Regal decided to fire Reks as well, sending the two troublemakers away from NXT.


title: Brian Myers

text: However, Regal could not keep the duo away from NXT for long, as they managed to convince villainous higher authority figure John Laurinaitis to rehire them as NXT's security team on the May 9 episode of "NXT". Hawkins and Reks continued to act as Laurinaitis' lackeys, confiscating anti-Laurinaitis signs at Over the Limit and attacking John Cena on the May 21 episode of "Raw". Hawkins and Reks' association with Laurinaitis ended after Laurinaitis lost his job at No Way Out. On the final episode of the fifth season of "NXT" on June 13, Hawkins and Reks defeated Percy Watson and Derrick Bateman.


title: Brian Myers

text: Hawkins and Reks engaged in a one-sided feud with Ryback in July 2012. After both Hawkins and Reks lost singles matches to Ryback on "SmackDown", Ryback defeated both of them in a handicap match at Money in the Bank. At "Raw 1,000", Hawkins and Reks, along with Jinder Mahal, Drew McIntyre, Hunico and Camacho attempted to ambush Kane to make a statement, but a returning The Undertaker interrupted the attack and the Brothers of Destruction disposed of Hawkins and Reks. They again lost to Ryback on the August 6 episode of "Raw". After being told by SmackDown General Manager Booker T to "step it up", Hawkins and Reks debuted a stripper gimmick on the August 17 episode of "SmackDown" while squashing a jobber tag team.


title: Brian Myers

text: A week later, Reks asked for his release as he intended to retire from wrestling to spend more time with his family; he and WWE parted ways on August 21, thus ending the team. In October, Hawkins announced that he had undergone surgery for a torn posterior cruciate ligament and meniscus.


title: Brian Myers

text: On the January 21, 2013 "Raw", a short-haired Hawkins returned on television tapings in a show-closing brawl. He made his return match on the February 9 episode of "Saturday Morning Slam", losing to Justin Gabriel. After that, Hawkins most commonly appeared on "Superstars" and "NXT", where he lost all of his matches. On the May 8, 2014 episode of "NXT", Hawkins competed in a battle royal to determine number one contender for the NXT Championship, in which he was unsuccessful. On the May 22 episode of "NXT", Hawkins faced Adrian Neville in a losing effort. On June 12, WWE announced that Hawkins was released from his contract.


title: Brian Myers

text: A day after his release from WWE, Myers wrestled at a Jersey Championship Wrestling (JCW) event, teaming with Val Venis to defeat Danny Demento and Erik Andretti.


title: Brian Myers

text: On August 29, 2014, Myers made his debut for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), losing to A.J. Styles in the first round of the 2014 Battle of Los Angeles.


title: Brian Myers

text: In April 2015, Myers defeated Brent Banks, in Alpha-1 Wrestling, to win the A1 Alpha Male Championship and the first singles championship in his pro wrestling career. He would later lose the title, in June, to Josh Alexander.


title: Brian Myers

text: In June 2015, Myers defeated Chris Payne, in Pro Wrestling Syndicate (PWS), to win the PWS Television Championship.


title: Brian Myers

text: In August 2015, Myers defeated Papadon, in Five Borough Wrestling (FBW), to win the FBW Heavyweight Championship.


title: Brian Myers

text: In September 2015, Myers lost his PWS Television Championship to Chris Payne. In December, Myers regained the title after he defeated Payne in a ladder match.


title: Brian Myers

text: In April 2016, Myers defended his FBW Heavyweight Championship in a Fatal 4-Way match and lost his title to Mike Verna.


title: Brian Myers

text: On July 24, 2015, Myers made his Global Force Wrestling debut entering a tournament to crown the inaugural GFW Global Champion but lost in the quarterfinal round to Chris Mordetzky.


title: Brian Myers

text: On August 28 and 29, 2015 during the "GFW Grand Slam Tour" in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and Richmond, Virginia, Myers faced off against Chris Mordetzky in a losing effort on both nights.


title: Brian Myers

text: On October 23, Myers faced Kevin Kross and Kongo Kong in a three-way number one contenders match for the GFW Global Championship, which was won by Kong.


title: Brian Myers

text: Myers made his Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) debut representing GFW on the July 27, 2015 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where he teamed with Trevor Lee and lost to The Wolves. On the September 2 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Myers and Lee defeated The Wolves in a rematch to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. The next week on the September 9 edition of "Impact Wrestling", they dropped the title back to The Wolves, ending their reign for only one day. On the September 16 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Team GFW (Myers, Jeff Jarrett, Eric Young, Chris Mordetzky and Sonjay Dutt) lost to Team TNA (Drew Galloway, Lashley, Eddie Edwards, Bram and Davey Richards) in a Lethal Lockdown match. At Bound for Glory, he and Trevor Lee had a rematch for the TNA World Tag Team Championship against the Wolves, but failed to win the titles.


title: Brian Myers

text: On July 21, 2016, Myers signed to make his return to WWE and joined the SmackDown brand. Myers returned to WWE under his Curt Hawkins ring name in vignettes, stating that it was "time to face the facts" in similar vein of the well-known Chuck Norris facts, beginning in August. This continued until it was announced that he would make his televised in-ring return at the No Mercy pay-per-view. At the event, he "stepped into the ring" and announced his debut match to take place on that week's episode of "SmackDown Live". However, the scheduled match was bumped from the show due to time constraints. The week after on "SmackDown Live", Hawkins was scheduled to face Apollo Crews. After Crews punched Hawkins, Hawkins left the ring before the match could start.


title: Brian Myers

text: Jason Powell of "Pro Wrestling Dot Net" described Hawkins' gimmick as an "obnoxious heel" that "bounces from being funny to groan-inducing", while praising Hawkins' performance. Hawkins' actions were also widely compared to that of Eva Marie, in which Marie would fake unfortunate events to avoid in-ring competition. On the November 1 episode of "SmackDown Live", Hawkins accepted Dolph Ziggler's first open challenge for the Intercontinental Championship, losing to Ziggler in seven seconds.


title: Brian Myers

text: On the November 8 episode of "SmackDown", Hawkins earned his first televised victory since returning by defeating Apollo Crews, which would be his last televised victory until 2019. On the pre-show, Hawkins made his pay-per-view in-ring return, where he teamed with The Ascension and The Vaudevillains against Apollo Crews, American Alpha, and The Hype Bros in a losing effort. On the March 14, 2017 episode of "SmackDown Live", in a backstage segment, Hawkins declared he would be competing in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 33, where the match was won by Mojo Rawley.


title: Brian Myers

text: On April 10, Hawkins was moved to the Raw brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. During this time, he suffered many losses to Apollo Crews, Finn Bálor, Seth Rollins and Jason Jordan. In July 2017, it was revealed that Hawkins had a losing streak of 100 matches, claimed by WWE to be the longest losing streak of the 'modern era'. This was soon included into Hawkins’ gimmick. At Great Balls of Fire on July 9, Hawkins competed in his only main card pay-per-view match of 2017, in a quick loss to Heath Slater. By the end of 2017, Hawkins failed to win a match, ending the year with over 150 consecutive losses. In early 2018, Hawkins regularly wrestled on "Main Event" and continued his losing streak, with Hawkins achieving numerous near falls and being described as a "sympathetic figure at this point."


title: Brian Myers

text: At WrestleMania 34, Hawkins competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal which was won by Matt Hardy. At the Greatest Royal Rumble, Hawkins entered at number 43, but was quickly eliminated by Braun Strowman. On the June 4 episode of "Raw", Hawkins earned his 200th consecutive loss to a local wrestler after Baron Corbin interrupted Hawkins' match and attacked his opponent, causing Hawkins to lose via disqualification. In November, Hawkins competed in the second season of WWE Mixed Match Challenge, teaming with Ember Moon after Moon's previous partner Braun Strowman was unable to compete due to an elbow injury. On November 27, Hawkins and Moon were eliminated from the competition, losing to Jinder Mahal and Alicia Fox in the quarterfinals.


title: Brian Myers

text: On the January 21, 2019 episode of "Raw", Hawkins attempted to persuade Vince McMahon into booking him in a match, but was instead inserted as the special guest referee for The Revival's (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson) Raw Tag Team Championship match against Bobby Roode and Chad Gable, in which The Revival lost after Hawkins witnessed them attempting to cheat three times, allowing Roode and Gable to win. After the match, Hawkins turned face after he was attacked by The Revival, until Zack Ryder came to Hawkins' aid, foreshadowing a reunion. Hawkins competed in the Royal Rumble match entering at number 9, eliminating Titus O'Neil before being eliminated by Samoa Joe. The following night on "Raw", Hawkins and Ryder teamed up, where they were defeated by The Revival.


title: Brian Myers

text: On April 5, WWE announced that Hawkins and Ryder would face The Revival at WrestleMania 35 for the Raw Tag Team Championship. On the WrestleMania Kickoff Show, after having amassed a losing streak of 269 matches, Hawkins pinned Scott Dawson to win the Raw Tag Team Championship and ended his losing streak. The next night on "Raw", Hawkins and Ryder made their first successful title defense, defeating The Revival in a rematch. They would later beat The Revival in another rematch that took place on the April 29 episode of "Raw". Following that, the team was largely absent from television, making only two appearances on WWE programming during the month of May, a loss to the Viking Raiders on the May 6 episode of "Raw" and a win against Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson on the May 27 episode of "Main Event". On the June 10 episode of "Raw", Ryder and Hawkins dropped the titles back to The Revival in a tag-team triple threat match, which also involved The Usos. On November 14 at a live event in Mannheim, Germany, Hawkins and Ryder defeated The O.C. (Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson), and the Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) in a triple threat tag-team match to become the #1 contenders for the Raw Tag Team Championships for the November 18 episode of "Raw". At the Elimination Chamber, Ryder and Hawkins lost to the Viking Raiders in the pre-show. The following night on "Raw", Hawkins' partner Ryder lost to Bobby Lashley which would be their final appearances in WWE.


title: Brian Myers

text: On April 15, 2020, Hawkins (alongside Ryder) was released from his WWE contract as part of budget cuts stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Brian Myers

text: On July 21, 2020 episode of Impact!, Myers made his return to Impact Wrestling in a pre-taped promo where he was shown sporting a mask. Myers had previously worked for Impact Wrestling in 2015 when it was known as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). On the August 11 episode of Impact, Myers made his in-ring return to Impact Wrestling answering Eddie Edwards' open challenge for the Impact World Championship where he was defeated. On the August 18 episode of Impact Emergence Night One, Myers established himself as a heel when he interrupted an interview session between Willie Mack and Jimmy Jacobs, and threatened Jacobs to interview him, only to be attacked by Mack later on. The following week on Emergence Night Two, he defeated Mack and once again on the September 8 episode of Impact. At Victory Road he defeated Tommy Dreamer. At Bound for Glory, Myers participated in the Call Your Shot Gauntlet match, but was unsuccessful. On the October 27 episode of "Impact", Swoggle helped Tommy Dreamer in defeating Myers in a hardcore match by hitting Myers with a low blow. Later, it was announced that Myers would face Swoggle in a match at Turning Point. At Turning Point, Myers defeated Swoggle. At No Surrender, Myers and Hernandez defeated Eddie Edwards and Matt Cardona. At Sacrifice, Myers lost to Eddie Edwards in a Hold Harmless match. At Hardcore Justice, Myers lost to Jake Something in a Blindfold match. At Rebellion, Myers defeated his former tag team partner, Matt Cardona. At Slammiversary, Myers teamed with Tenille Dashwood and were defeated by Matt Cardona and a returning Chelsea Green.


title: Brian Myers

text: After "Slammiversary", Myers began leading a stable called The Learning Tree, consisting of himself and young upstart rookies who "needed his help learning the business". The Learning Tree originally consisted of just Sam Beale and himself but the group later added Zicky Dice, Manny Lemons and Create A Pro graduate VSK. On the August 12 episode of "Impact!", Myers won a Battle Royal match to become the number one contender for Christian Cage's Impact World Championship at Emergence. On August 20, at the event, Myers faced Cage in a losing effort. On the February 17, 2022 episode of Impact!, Myers cut Dice and VSK and ended "The Learning Tree".


title: Brian Myers

text: On April 15, 2022 episode of Impact!, Myers reunited with Cardona and attacked W. Morrissey during an in-ring promo, with the help of Chelsea Green. At the end of the segment, they smashed Morrisey through a table. Later in the show, Green gave Mickie James a cheap shot and then knocked her down with Myers and Cardona’s help. On May 28, Swann defeated Matt Cardona at the Vegas Vacation event held by The Wrestling Revolver to win the Impact Digital Media Championship for the first time. Afterwards, Cardona refused to give up the title, attacked Swann after the match, and made it off with the title belt. On the June 9 episode of "Impact!", Cardona appeared on a Zoom call with tag team partner Brian Myers, "relinquishing" the title to the latter after suffering a torn bicep. Myers challenged Swann to a Digital Media Championship match at Slammiversary to determine the "real" champion, where Swann defeated Myers to retain the title. At Against All Odds, Myers defeated Swann in a Dot Combat match, winning his first single title in the company. At Emergence he retained the title against Bhupinder Gujjar. After a controversial disqualification victory in a Impact Digital Media Championship match against Bhupinder Gujjar, Brian Myers would settle his feud with Gujjar by defeating him in a ladder match on the September 22 episode of "Impact!". A week later, Myers would successfully defend his title against Crazzy Steve. After the match, a cocky Myers would brag about his title reign and declare he doesn't have competition before issuing an open challenge for his title at Bound for Glory. Later in the show, it was announced that the match will take place on the Countdown to Bound for Glory pre-show. At Bound for Glory he retained the title against the debuting Dirty Dango. Successivly he reunited with Cardona. Matt Cardona picked up a win against Alex Shelley after Myers hit Shelley with the Impact Digital Media Championship belt. This win earned The Major Players a tag team title match against Heath and Rhino at Over Drive. On October 22, 2022 Myers lost the title against Joe Hendry on a early taping of Impact!.


title: Brian Myers

text: Myers' first venture into YouTube came in the form of a short lived YouTube series called "Callin' Spots with Curt Hawkins", which lasted only two episodes. His first video has since been deleted but has kept up his second video where he thanks Edge for giving him his first opportunity in WWE which was being part of La Familia and for being a friend and mentor.


title: Brian Myers

text: Hawkins also appeared in Zack Ryder's YouTube series, "Z! True Long Island Story". After sporadically appearing on the show he became a regular on the show. Hawkins and Reks have appeared on the show together also. One of Hawkins most memorable segments came after Zack Ryder started to use a cane on his show. Scott Stanford, another regular on the show, has come up to Hawkins and Reks saying that they are using the Broski Cane, this has annoyed the pair on every occasion stating that Hawkins used a cane first.


title: Brian Myers

text: Hawkins and Reks created an animated YouTube series called MidCard Mafia in 2011, but the show upset WWE management, so Hawkins and Reks cancelled the series and removed the uploaded shows.


title: Brian Myers

text: Hawkins also appeared in multiple episodes of WWE Inbox, a show where Superstars and Divas answer questions submitted by fans on Twitter. On episode five of Santino Marella's "Foreign Exchange," Marella and Yoshi Tatsu gave him their spare change after seeing him wearing his "Change for NXT" shirt. Hawkins was also a supporting actor in the film "(Romance) In the Digital Age". In 2018, Hawkins started a podcast with Zack Ryder about wrestling figures called The Major Wrestling Figure Podcast. Ever since their WWE release, they began hosting the podcast under their current in-ring names Brian Myers and Matt Cardona respectively.


title: Brian Myers

text: Myers made his video game debut in "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009" as Curt Hawkins. He later returned to the series in "WWE 2K18". He also appears in "WWE 2K19" and in "WWE 2K20" and the mobile game "WWE SuperCard".


title: Brian Myers

text: While he was inactive in WWE, in 2014, Myers and fellow New Yorker wrestler Pat Buck opened a wrestling school in Hicksville, New York called Create A Pro Wrestling Academy.


title: Brian Myers

text: Myers married his long time girlfriend, Elizabeth "Lizzie" Karcher on October 9, 2015. The couple has two daughters together, McKenzie, born on June 14, 2017, and Madison, born on June 26, 2020.


title: Brian Myers

text: He is good friends with Matt Cardona and Trent in real life as they trained together during the early years of their careers. He was also a friend of late wrestler Brodie Lee.


title: Marshall Teague (actor)

text: Marshall R Teague (born April 16, 1953) is an American film and television actor known for his balance of starring roles with powerful supporting characters allowing him to build a varied and pivotal body of work. He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. He is of English, French, Cherokee ancestry. At age nine he spent time with relatives throughout Asia where he began a passion for the Martial Arts training in Korean Kuk Sool Won Hapkido. He holds black belts in both Korean Hapkido and Tae Kwon Do. Marshall joined the U.S. Navy. Served in Vietnam. While serving in the 6th fleet he won NATO heavy weight Kickboxing championship. Upon retiring from military service Marshall entered the Sheriff Department in Shelby County, Memphis Tennessee. While working undercover, it was at this time when acting lessons became pivotal. In 1978, Marshall moved to L.A. becoming a full time actor.


title: Marshall Teague (actor)

text: His breakout role was Jimmy Reno in the cult classic movie "Road House" and for his recurring role on the 1990s science fiction series "Babylon 5" as Ta'Lon, a Narn soldier, and Nelson Drake. He also had several guest roles playing different characters on the TV series "Walker, Texas Ranger".


title: Marshall Teague (actor)

text: Marshall has also appeared in "The Rock" (1996) and "Armageddon" (1998), both of which were directed by Michael Bay. Only actor to portray historically Lt. Black Jack Pershing in Director John Milius' film "Rough Riders" and Eduard Shevardnadze Soviet Union Minister of Foreign Affairs under Mikhail Gorbachev in Director Sean McNamara's film "Reagan".


title: Marshall Teague (actor)

text: Teague's TV guest star appearances include "Walker, Texas Ranger" where he has made memorable guest appearances as different characters. He was Walker's first nemesis in pilot episode "One Riot, One Ranger", "Payback", "Codename: Dragonfly", "Last of a Breed Parts 1 & 2", "Fight or Die", "The Final Showdown 1 & 2"


title: Marshall Teague (actor)

text: last TV film "". His guest appearances on "Babylon 5" as a human in the season 1 episode "Infection" and made a guest appearance on the "Babylon 5" spinoff "Crusade" as Captain Daniels in the episode "The Long Road". 3 episodes science fiction TV series "Sliders" as General Kronos and Sheriff Redfield.


title: Marshall Teague (actor)

text: He was a series regular on television in the soap opera "Days of Our Lives" as Leonard Stacy in 1984, as Brian McCord 1985, & Colin Lawson in 1989. Also the soap opera "Generations" as Officer O’Reilly. Also "The Bold & the Beautiful" as Paul 2004. He starred as a series regular on the 1980s HBO series "1st & Ten" as Mace Petty. Action Sci Fi (TV series) "Super Force" as Frank Stone. Military Drama "" as Major to Colonel Drayton. Military drama "Soldier of Fortune, Inc." as David Drummer. Also the 2007 (telenovela) romance drama "American Heiress" as Richard Van Aiken.


title: Marshall Teague (actor)

text: Teague has made co starring appearances on several popular TV shows, some of those appearances range from "Columbo: Uneasy Lies the Crown", "Stargate SG-1" episode "A Matter of Time", "The Fall Guy" multiple episodes portraying a con man, mob enforcer, car thief", Automan", "Knight Rider", "Mama's Family" episode "Blackbelt Mama", a love interest on "Moonlighting" episode "North by North DiPesto", "She Spies", "The A-Team", "Quantum Leap" episode "How the Tess Was Won", multiple episodes of "MacGyver", "Renegade", "Hunter", "Who's the Boss?", and "Tales from the Crypt", "" in the season 4 episode "" and on "" in the season 3 Ep "Distant Origin". Also portrayed the real life love interest (Mike Stone) in Priscilla Presley's biographical story (TV Movie) "Elvis & Me" as character Rick Colten.


title: Marshall Teague (actor)

text: In the video game industry, he is known as the voice of Krunk in the video game "Crash Nitro Kart" and as the model for Captain Elias Walker in "."


title: Marshall Teague (actor)

text: Teague has been married to his wife, Lindy, since 1998. Having attended two military academies in his youth, Teague joined the Navy at age 17. During his time in service, Teague won the NATO Heavyweight Kick Boxing Championship. Teague has served on the board of directors of the Quail and Upland Wildlife Federation & Kickstart Kids with his wife Lindy Teague.


title: Janitor

text: A janitor (American English, Scottish English), also known as a custodian, porter, cleanser, cleaner or caretaker, is a person who cleans and maintains buildings. In some cases, they will also carry out maintenance and security duties. A similar position, but usually with more managerial duties and not including cleaning, is occupied by building superintendents in the United States and Canada and by site managers in schools in the United Kingdom. Cleaning is one of the most commonly outsourced services.


title: Janitor

text: The word "janitor" derives from the Latin ""ianitor"", meaning doorkeeper or porter, itself from ""ianua"", meaning door, entrance or gate. This derives from ""Janus"", the Roman god of doors, gates and portals.


title: Janitor

text: Its first recorded use meaning ""caretaker of a building, man employed to see that rooms are kept clean"" was in 1708.


title: Janitor

text: Most of the work performed by janitors and building cleaners is indoors. Office buildings are usually cleaned when they are vacant, so most of the office janitorial staff work during the evening. The work can be physically taxing and sometimes dirty and unpleasant.


title: Janitor

text: In 2010, the median pay of a janitor working in the US was $10.68 per hour. The yearly salary could grow by 11% according to the statistics of 2010.


title: Janitor

text: Office cleaning staff perform many of the same duties as janitors. However the tasks are divided among different members. Additional tasks include:


title: Janitor

text: Between 17% to 23% of the total undocumented immigrant population living in the United States work in the cleaning industry (and growing at a rate of 1/2% to 1/3% percent per year). In addition to this population offering an abundant source of inexpensive labor, janitorial work is mostly undertaken at night, making it an appealing option for janitorial companies to employ undocumented workers seeking clandestine employment.


title: Neal Shusterman

text: Neal Shusterman (born November 12, 1962) is an American writer of young-adult fiction. He won the 2015 National Book Award for Young People's Literature for his book "Challenger Deep" and his novel, "Scythe", was a 2017 " Michael L. Printz Honor" book.


title: Neal Shusterman

text: Shusterman was born on November 12, 1962, and raised in Brooklyn, New York City. From a young age, Shusterman was an avid reader. At the age of 16, Shusterman and his family moved to Mexico City.


title: Neal Shusterman

text: He finished high school there at the American School Foundation and is quoted as saying that "Having an international experience changed my life, giving me a fresh perspective on the world, and a sense of confidence I might not have otherwise." He attended the University of California, Irvine, where he double-majored in psychology and theater, and was also on the varsity swim team.


title: Neal Shusterman

text: After college, Shusterman worked as an assistant at the Irvin Arthur Associates, a talent agency in Los Angeles, where Lloyd Segan became his agent. Within a year, Shusterman had his first book deal and a screenwriting job. He lives in Florida.


title: Neal Shusterman

text: Shusterman has received numerous honors for his books, including the National Book Award in 2015 for his novel Challenger Deep, the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award, and the 2008 California Young Reader Medal for "The Schwa Was Here". He served as a judge for the PEN/Phyllis Naylor Working Writer Fellowship in 2012. His novels "Downsiders" and "Full Tilt" have each won over 20 awards. "Unwind" has won more than 30 awards and is in development with Universal TV as a television series. His novel "Scythe" is in development with Universal as a feature film.


title: Neal Shusterman

text: Shusterman has also written for TV, including the Original Disney Channel movie "Pixel Perfect", as well as episodes of "Goosebumps" and "Animorphs". He has written for "" and is also adapting his novel "Challenger Deep" for 20th Century Fox.


title: Neal Shusterman

text: Fellow author Orson Scott Card invited Shusterman to write novels parallel to "Ender's Game" about other characters from the series, but schedules didn't permit it, and Card wrote "Ender's Shadow" and the subsequent series himself.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: High-speed rail in Italy consists of two lines connecting most of the country's major cities. The first line connects Turin to Salerno via Milan, Bologna, Florence, Rome and Naples, the second runs from Turin to Venice via Milan, and is under construction in parts.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: Passenger service is provided by Trenitalia and, since April 2012, by NTV, the world's first private open-access operator of high-speed rail to compete with a state-owned monopoly.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: In 2015, ridership increased to 55 million for Trenitalia and 9.1 million for NTV, for a combined 64 million passengers.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The first high-speed rail route in Italy, the "Direttissima", opened in 1977, connecting Rome with Florence. The top speed on the line was , giving an end-to-end journey time of about 90 minutes with an average speed of . This line used a 3 kV DC supply.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: High-speed service was introduced on the Rome-Milan line in 1988-89 with the ETR 450 "Pendolino" train, with a top speed of 250 km/h and cutting travel times from about 5 hours to 4.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The prototype train ETR X 500 was the first Italian train to reach on the "Direttissima" on 25 May 1989.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The Italian high-speed rail projects suffered from a number of cost overruns and delays. Corruption and unethical behaviour played a key role.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: In November 2018, the first high-speed freight rail in the world commenced service in Italy. The ETR 500 "Mercitalia Fast" train carries freight between Caserta and Bologna in 3 hours and 30 minutes, at an average speed of .


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: Service on the high speed lines is provided by Trenitalia and the privately owned NTV. Several types of high-speed trains carry out the service:


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: Current limitations on the tracks set the maximum operating speed of the trains at after plans for operations were cancelled.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: Development of the ETR 1000 by AnsaldoBreda and Bombardier Transportation (which is designed to operate commercially at , with a technical top speed of over , is proceeding, with Rete Ferroviaria Italiana working on the necessary updates to allow trains to speed up to . On 28 May 2018, the Ministry for Infrastructures and Transportation and the National Association for Railway Safety decided not to run the 385 km/h tests required to allow commercial operation at 350 km/h, thus limiting the maximum commercial speed on the existing Italian high-speed lines to 300 km/h and cancelling the project.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The Milan–Bologna segment opened on 13 December 2008. Its construction cost was about 6.9 billion euro. The line runs parallel to the Autostrada del Sole, crossing seven provinces and 32 municipalities. There are eight connections with historic lines. At the Reggio Emilia interconnection a new station designed by the Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava was opened in June 2013. Calatrava has also designed a signature bridge where the line crosses the A1 motorway. The line travels through a new multi-level station at Bologna (Italy's principal railway junction) designed by Japanese architect Arata Isozaki.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The Bologna–Florence segment opened on 12 December 2009, allowing a 37-minute journey between the two cities. The Bologna-Florence high-speed section was particularly complex to build mainly because about 93% of its runs through tunnels under the Apennines mountain range. The line has nine tunnels, from 600 meters to long, separated by short surface stretches (less than 5 km in total). Florence will have a major new multi-level high speed station at "Belfiore" designed by British architect Norman Foster.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The Florence–Rome segment consists of the older ""Direttissima"" (literally: "most direct") line between the two cities, with a length of . The first high-speed line in Europe, the ""Direttissima"" was completed in between 1977 and 1986. This segment is being upgraded by Treno Alta Velocità. Entering Rome, high-speed trains have the option of stopping at either the new intermodal station at Tiburtina, developed by architects ABD Associate led by Paolo Desideri, or Termini station.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The Rome-Naples segment heads south from the Italian capital. Service on the first new high speed segment of the project started in December 2005. This line runs through 61 municipalities in two regions (Lazio and Campania) and connects with the existing national rail network at Frosinone Nord, Cassino Sud and Caserta Nord. On 13 December 2009, work was completed on the last 18 km of the line between Gricignano and Napoli Centrale. In the Campania region, the line passes through Afragola where a major new transfer station has been built, designed by Iraqi-born architect Zaha Hadid.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The Turin to Novara segment of the Turin to Trieste corridor runs for 85 km and opened in February 2006. The Novara to Milan segment opened on 12 December 2009, allowing a 59-minute journey between Milan Centrale and Turin Porta Nuova (45 minutes from Milan Porta Garibaldi to Turin Porta Susa). Combined, the two segments are 125 km long, 80% (98 km) of which are in the region of Piemonte (provinces of Turin, Vercelli and Novara) and 20% (27 km) in the region of Lombardy (province of Milan). To minimize its environmental impact on the area, almost the entire length of the Turin to Milan high-speed line was constructed parallel to the A4 Turin-Milan motorway.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The Milan to Venice segment includes stretches from Padova to Mestre (for Venice), in service since March 2007, and Milan to Brescia, which runs alongside the A35 motorway and opened for service on 11 December 2016. Between Brescia and Verona the new high-speed line will parallel the A4 motorway for 30 of its , and a 7.4-km tunnel will be constructed at Lonato del Garda. This section is due for completion in 2023. The final stretch between Verona and Padua will be constructed by quadrupling the existing railway. The contract for this was let in August 2020 with completion scheduled for 2027. The section between Verona and Vicenza is to be constructed first.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: A new line connecting Milan to the port of Genoa is now in development and further expansion of the trans-Alpine lines will integrate the Italian network with the European networks planned by the EU and the large intermodal pan-European transport corridors.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The objective of the new Alpine rail links is to increase rail transport, aimed mainly at supporting the forecast development of freight transport on international lines, complete interoperability between European High Speed networks, the shift from road to rail of a large percentage of freight for modal rebalancing, higher safety levels in tunnels as specified in the new European technology and construction standards.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: Planned engineering works include the construction of new international lines and the upgrading of existing Italian track on the following lines:


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: A line from Milan to Genoa was approved in 2006 at €6.2 billion; construction work started in 2011. Work between Genoa and Tortona was temporarily halted due to funding problems, but restarted in 2019 and now is expected to be completed by 2025.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: On the line from Milan to Venice high speed trains still have to use the conventional line between Brescia and Padua. The remaining portion from Brescia to Padua is under construction at a cost of €2.5 billion, while the rest of the line is already in operation. The section between Brescia and Verona will be completed in 2023 while construction should finish on the section between Verona and Padua in 2027, including a 7.7 kilometer tunnel between Lonato del Garda and Desenzano del Garda.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The construction of the line from Naples to Bari began in 2015 and will cut Naples–Bari journeys from four to two hours. Totaling €6.2 billion for the whole project, the final €2.1 billion needed to complete the project was approved in 2019. The completion of the line is projected for 2027.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: Palermo and Catania, Sicily's largest cities, are currently connected by a double-track railway which is limited to a single-track section between Catenanuova and Bicocca (near Catania). This requires trains to stop and wait for the train from the opposite direction to pass. The first step to improving this line is doubling this single-track section of 38 kilometers. This will enable a higher maximum speed of 200 km/h compared to the current 90 km/h. Construction started in 2019 at a cost of €415 million. The work on both tracks is expected to finish in 2023. Eventually, further improvements as part of the entire €8 billion project will enable a maximum speed of 250 km/h on the line. The upgrade of the line will reduce the journey time between Palermo and Catania to one hour and 45 minutes in 2025, saving one hour.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The Turin–Lyon line should connect Turin, Lyon and Chambéry, and join the Italian and the French high speed rail networks. It would take over the role of the current Fréjus railway. The project costs €26 billion, with the Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel, a 57.5 kilometer trans-alpine tunnel between Italy and France, costing €18.3 billion. Although the plan was highly controversial, the Italian senate approved funding in mid-2019, with the project tentatively due to be completed in 2032.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: The Brenner Base Tunnel will link Verona, Innsbruck, and Munich, and thus connect the Italian, Austrian and German railways. The tunnel is the most important link in a series of projects that will create a single connection from Berlin in Germany to Palermo in Sicily as part of the Trans-European Transport Networks. The tunnel crosses the border between Innsbruck in Austria and Franzensfeste in Italy. The total costs of the tunnel are estimated at around €8.4 billion, of which 40% is co-financed in equal measure by Italy and Austria and 50% by the European Union. As of 2020, half of the tunnel's length has been excavated and it is due to be opened in 2032.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: A new high speed line between Verona and Fortezza is constructed on the Italian side and is about 180 kilometers long. The line will have a design speed of 200–250 kilometers and will quadruple the current two tracks of the existing low speed line. It has been budgeted at approximately €5 billion and is expected to be completed by the end of the works on the Brenner Base Tunnel.


title: High-speed rail in Italy

text: A line from Salerno to Reggio Calabria is currently in the planning stage. It is expected to be operational by 2030. The new line will be 445 kilometers long and cost €22.8 billion. It will reduce the travel time from Rome to Reggio Calabria to three hours and forty minutes. This compares to five hours of current travel time for the existing railway between Salerno and Reggio Calabria, excluding the section between Rome and Salerno.


title: Schoolly D

text: Jesse Bonds Weaver Jr. (born June 22, 1962), better known by the stage name Schoolly D (sometimes spelled Schooly D), is an American rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: Schoolly D

text: Schoolly D teamed up with DJ Code Money in the mid-1980s. His lyrics reflected urban realism, violence, and sexual bravado. He was interviewed in the 1986 documentary "Big Fun in the Big Town". He later embraced an Afrocentric style, bringing Afrocentric culture to hip hop along with KRS-One.


title: Schoolly D

text: Schoolly D contributed songs and music to many Abel Ferrara films, including "P.S.K." and "Saturday Night" (from "Saturday Night! – The Album") as well as "King of New York" to Ferrara's film of the same name and the title track from "Am I Black Enough For You?" that was played during the climactic shoot-out in that film, the title track from "How a Black Man Feels", and "Signifying Rapper" (from "Smoke Some Kill"), which was used in Ferrara's film "Bad Lieutenant". Because Led Zeppelin successfully sued due to an uncleared interpolation of their song "Kashmir" in "Signifying Rapper", the song was omitted from the soundtrack of the film and from subsequent releases of the film.


title: Schoolly D

text: Composer Joe Delia tapped Schoolly to co-write and record "The Player" for Ferrara's film "The Blackout", which Delia scored. Schoolly also wrote the score to Ferrara's "'R Xmas". In 2006, Schoolly D co-wrote the indie film soundtrack of the historical science fiction thriller "Order of the Quest" with Chuck Treece. The project series is produced by Benjamin Barnett, and Jay D Clark of Media Bureau. His last album, "Funk 'N Pussy", on Jeff "Met" Thies' Chord Recordings features guest appearances by Public Enemy's Chuck D, Chuck Chillout, Lady B and a drum and bass remix of the classic Schoolly D track "Mr. Big Dick" (remixed by UK trip hop crew The Sneaker Pimps).


title: Schoolly D

text: Schoolly also performed the music and occasional narration for the cult animated series "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" on the Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block. He was a guest on a first-season episode of "Space Ghost Coast to Coast". He also created the song "Sharkian Nights" for the Adult Swim series "12 oz. Mouse". The character Jesse B. Weaver from "The Rudy and Gogo World Famous Cartoon Show" was also named after him.


title: Schoolly D

text: In November 2006 Schoolly D and Cartoon Network were sued over the "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" theme music. A drummer by the name of Terence Yerves claimed he had also written the theme music alongside Schoolly D in 1999 while working at the Meat Locker Studio. Yerves was aware the song would be used for a television series but did not approve of it being used for "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", however, did not file the copyright to the Library of Congress until May 2006, after the series' fourth season had already started airing. In the lawsuit Yerves demanded he receive $150,000 for every time the series was aired after the lawsuit was filed, he also demanded that all existing copies of the series' DVDs be impounded and for "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" to cease broadcast.


title: Schoolly D

text: Rapper Ice-T, who is often given credit for the creation of gangsta rap, discussed Schoolly D's influence on him in his autobiography:


title: Rape by deception

text: Rape by deception is a situation in which the perpetrator deceives the victim into participating in a sexual act that they would otherwise not consent to. Deception can occur in many forms, such as false statements or actions.


title: Rape by deception

text: In English law, the Court of Appeal in "R v Linekar" [1995] 3 All ER 69 73 ruled that the basis for such claims is "very narrow", ruling that refusing to pay for sexual services was a fraud, not rape. Cases demonstrating the law on consent as set out in the Sexual Offences Act 2003 include "R v Assange" (aka "Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority") (if consent was conditional on the use of the condom during intercourse, and the condition was deliberately disregarded, that was capable of amounting to rape), "R(F) v DPP" (the sexual act was performed in a way that broke a condition agreed previously), and "R v McNally" (deceit as to gender).


title: Rape by deception

text: In 2008, it was reported that a Massachusetts woman, unknowingly had sex with her boyfriend's brother in the dark basement that she was sleeping in. He could not be prosecuted because Massachusetts law requires that rape include the use of force. Massachusetts State House Representative Peter Koutoujian crafted rape-by-fraud legislation in response, however it did not pass because legislators found the law to be too broad.


title: Rape by deception

text: On March 30, 1984, Daniel Kayton Boro called a Holiday Inn in South San Francisco. Mariana De Bella was a hotel clerk who answered the phone that morning. Boro told De Bella that he was "Dr. Stevens" and that he worked at Peninsula Hospital. Boro (pretending to be "Dr. Stevens") said that he had the results of her blood test and that she had contracted a dangerous, extremely infectious and possibly deadly disease from using public toilets. Boro went on to tell her that she could be sued for spreading the disease and that she had only two options for treatment. The first option he told her about was an extremely painful surgical procedure (which he described in graphic and gory detail) that would cost $9,000 and require a six-week hospital stay that would not be covered by insurance. The second option, Boro said, was to have sexual intercourse with an anonymous "donor" who would administer a vaccine through sexual intercourse with her. The clerk agreed to the sexual intercourse and arranged to pay $1000 for it, believing it was the only choice she had. Boro instructed her to check into a hotel room and call him when she was there. Boro then arrived at her room as the "donor". He told her to relax and then had sex with De Bella. Boro used no physical force and his victim knowingly allowed him to have sex with her because she believed (falsely) that her life was threatened if she did not receive this "treatment".


title: Rape by deception

text: Boro was arrested at the hotel shortly after when the police arrived after being called by the victim's work supervisor. He was charged with rape, burglary, and grand larceny under various California statutes and convicted at trial. However, his conviction for rape was later overturned by the California Court on the grounds that California lacked a law against fraudulently inducing someone into sexual intercourse. His convictions for grand larceny and burglary were not overturned, however, because he fraudulently took $1000 from his victim.


title: Rape by deception

text: The California Legislature subsequently amended the rape statute in 1986 to include that a rape does in fact occur when a victim is not aware of the essential characteristics of the act (the sexual intercourse) due to the perpetrator's fraudulent representation that the sexual act served a professional purpose.


title: Rape by deception

text: Boro was arrested again for the same scheme three years later. This time he was convicted of rape under the revised California statute. It is believed that Boro used this scheme to rape dozens of women over many years.


title: Rape by deception

text: In Norwalk, California, on February 20, 2009, Julio Morales sneaked into a sleeping 18-year-old woman's darkened bedroom after he saw her boyfriend leave. The woman said she awoke to the sensation of someone having sex with her and assumed it was her boyfriend. When a ray of light hit Morales's face, and the woman saw he was not her boyfriend, she fought back and Morales fled. The woman called her boyfriend, who then called the police. Julio Morales was convicted of rape under two concepts. He was guilty of rape because he began having sex with the woman while she was still asleep and, therefore, unable to consent. He was also guilty of rape-by-fraud because he had impersonated the woman's boyfriend in order to gain her consent. However, an appellate court ruled that the lower court had misread the 1872 law criminalizing rape-by-fraud. The law stated a man is guilty of rape-by-fraud if he impersonates a woman's husband in order to get her consent. The woman in this case was not married, and Morales had impersonated her boyfriend, not her husband. Because of this one technicality, the appellate court overturned Julio Morales's rape-by-trickery conviction in "People vs. Morales" in 2013.


title: Rape by deception

text: To close this loophole in California's rape-by-fraud law, Assemblyman Katcho Achadjian (R-San Luis Obispo) who tried to introduce a similar bill in 2011 introduced Assembly Bill 65 and Senator Noreen Evans (D-Santa Rosa) introduced Senate Bill 59. The two bills quickly passed both houses without one dissenting vote, and were signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on September 9, 2013. Morales was later re-tried on the basis that the woman was asleep and re-convicted to three years in a state prison, which he had already served. He was also required to register as a sex offender for the remainder of his life.