title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: The character drew a positive reception from critics. "Screen Rant" editor Jason Chamberlain ranked Skull Kid as one of the best supporting characters in the overall "The Legend of Zelda" series, saying that "with [the] memorable cast of characters [of "Majora's Mask"], perhaps none of them are more memorable than the misunderstood 'villain' of the story, Skull Kid", who "[i]s essentially a lonely kid who los[es] his way" in dealing with themes of resentment and abandonment. CBR noted that Skull Kid's characterization, in particular their depiction in "The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask" manga series, featured "layers of depth unseen in games at the time" and his motivations made him a superior antagonist compared to Ganondorf, "[who] just craves power", "Bloody Disgusting" praised the character's physical design in "Majora's Mask", stating that "[w]hat immediately stands out about Skull Kid is his mask; with its heart-shaped design, vibrant colors, and other eccentric features, the mask exudes a mystic appeal". IGN editor Lucas M. Thomas listed Skull Kid as a good addition for the video game "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", when he was the first likely included amongst the other characters listed.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Skull Kid's appearance in the 2016 short fan film "Majora's Mask: Terrible Fate", voiced by Joe Zieja, received widespread attention among "The Legend of Zelda" fandom and critical acclaim.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Syrup is a friendly old witch who first appears in "". She specializes in selling restorative potions and is Maple's grandmother. In "Oracle of Seasons" her shop is found in Sunken City in Eastern Holodrum where it can only be accessed during winter. During the quest for the Noble Sword, Link must trade her a Mushroom for a Wooden Bird, and she will not sell Magic Potions until she receives the Mushroom. In "Oracle of Ages", her shop is located in Yoll Graveyard during the present in Labrynna. At one point, Link must use one of her Magic Potions to cure King Zora's illness.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: In "", her shop is found in the Minish Woods. Link has to purchase from her the Wake-Up Mushroom for Rem the Shoemaker so to wake him up. At first, she only sells Blue Potions, but after Link fuses kinstones with a Minish in South Hyrule Field, she will then start selling Red Potions.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Talon is Malon's father and the owner of Lon Lon Ranch who first appears in "Ocarina of Time". Link first finds him sleeping outside Hyrule castle. Link uses a cucco to wake him up and then hurries back to find Malon. Later, if Link heads to Lon Lon Ranch, he can participate in a mini-game to earn a bottle of milk. Also at the farm is his farmhand Ingo, who seven years later is given the ranch by Ganondorf, which forces Talon to stay at Kakariko Village. However, he returns once Link defeats Ingo in a horse race.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: In "Majora's Mask", in Termina (which is set in a parallel universe), Talon is known as Mr. Barten and is the bartender of the Milk Bar in Clock Town. On the Final Day, he does not leave the town over the falling moon and instead stays at the bar.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: In "Oracle of Seasons", his farm is found north of Horon Village, where he is again with Malon where they raise Cuccos. Talon is found sleeping at Mt. Cucco; if Link wakes him up with the Megaphone, he'll give him the Mushroom as part of the trading quest.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: In "Four Swords Adventures", he is seen briefly when Link returns Malon after rescuing her. He allows Link to use their horses by collecting carrots.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: In "The Minish Cap", he can be found at Lon Lon Ranch east of Hyrule Town where he has lost the keys to his house. However, Link is able to find the spare key by shrinking to help them get inside.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: In "Link's Awakening", a similar character named Tarin appears as Marin's father. Early in the game, Tarin is turned into a raccoon when he eats a strange mushroom in the forest and blocks Link's path until the transformation is undone with Magic Powder. Later, Link gives Tarin a stick as part of the trading sequence. He uses it to try and shoo bees away from a honeycomb but is chased off by the angry swarm, leaving Link to take the honeycomb.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Cia is the main villain of the first half of "Hyrule Warriors". Appointed as the guardian of the Triforce of Power with control over time, she was once a kindhearted young woman who had feelings for Link until her jealousy for Zelda allowed Ganondorf to corrupt her soul with evil, barring a single remaining portion of good that manifests as her twin, Lana. After gathering a mighty army, Cia uses her powers to open gates through time to cause havoc and destruction so that Ganondorf can return, after which he abandons her. This only causes Cia to grow even more obsessed and dangerous, and she is ultimately killed in battle.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: In the expansion "Hyrule Warriors Legends", Cia is discovered to still be alive in the world of "The Wind Waker", as the evil Phantom Ganon is using her power to cross his world into Hyrule and conquer both. With help from Tetra and King Daphnes, Link and Lana revive Cia and the five of them banish Phantom Ganon, restoring the worlds to normal. Cia and Lana then leave to watch over the Triforce together in peace.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Volga is a major antagonist in "Hyrule Warriors". His name and design is based on the dragon Volvagia from "Ocarina of Time", even transforming into the dragon itself in some of his attacks. Cia finds him in the Eldin Caves and uses her power to brainwash him into her service, becoming one of her strongest generals and a recurring opponent for the heroes and especially Link to overcome. Volga eventually breaks free of Cia's control and demands a final battle with the heroes so that he can die satisfied as himself.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Lana is a supporting character in "Hyrule Warriors". The light counterpart of the dark sorceress Cia, Lana manifested when Ganondorf twisted Cia's feelings for Link into an obsession for conquest. Fleeing into the Faron Woods, Lana created a resistance to fight Cia's growing power. After meeting with Link, Lana pledges to aid and protect him in any way, in part due to her own feelings for him.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Lana fights with a book of magic that controls lightning and has other weapons such as a Deku Spear infused with water magic and a special Summoning Gate that summons various monsters to fight. Even in battle, she maintains a happy and cheery personality and is very energetic.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Linkle is a playable character in "Hyrule Warriors" and its updated version "Hyrule Warriors Legends". A young farmgirl who raises Cuccos in a local village, Linkle believes she is the reincarnated hero, encouraged by her grandmother's stories and the compass she inherited from her. When Cia's forces invade Hyrule, Linkle takes it as a sign that her destiny has come and sets out for Hyrule Castle. Due to her poor sense of direction, Linkle repeatedly loses her way and is drawn into multiple battles where she fights alongside various characters. In battle, Linkle's default weapon is a pair of miniature crossbows; she can also obtain a pair of magical boots to grant her a variety of powerful kicking and dashing attacks.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Astor is the main villain of "". Though little is known about him, he seeks the revival of Calamity Ganon above all else. He is able to harness the evil power of Calamity Ganon, dubbed Malice, in his attacks and can use it to summon the Blight Ganons and evil clones of the Champions called Hollows. Astor is accompanied by a small Malice-possessed Guardian called Harbinger Ganon, who he claims speaks of the future and uses this knowledge to guide the Yiga Clan and the various monsters of Hyrule in working together towards Calamity Ganon's revival. After being defeated in Hyrule Castle, Harbinger Ganon destroys Astor and uses his power to fully manifest as Calamity Ganon.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Terrako is a small egg-like Guardian, a type of Ancient Sheikah robot, who appears in "". He was activated by Princess Zelda with a Blessed Screw when she was younger and became her companion after her mother died, but King Rhoam took him away from her and she soon forgot about Terrako over the years. When Calamity Ganon awakens and destroys Hyrule Castle, Terrako reactivates and opens a portal into the past, where it is found by Link and Impa during a monster invasion outside the castle. The Sheikah researchers learn that Terrako possesses knowledge of the future and use it to better prepare themselves against the Calamity. Terrako's presence allows Hyrule to alter the course of history for the better, such as preventing the Champions' deaths and awakening Zelda's latent powers before Link is critically wounded.


title: Characters of The Legend of Zelda

text: Unnoticed by all, a portion of Calamity Ganon's Malice follows Terrako into the past and possesses the original Terrako before it activates, becoming known as Harbinger Ganon and using its knowledge of the future to manipulate the seer Astor into bringing about the Calamity. Once Astor is no longer needed, Harbinger Ganon absorbs his power and sheds his prior form to become the fully-powered Calamity Ganon, and Terrako sacrifices itself by smashing into Ganon and rendering him vulnerable to damage. A series of post-game side-quests allow the heroes to gather parts to repair and reactivate Terrako, after which he becomes a playable character.


title: Terrance McKinney

text: Terrance Kitarius McKinney (born September 15, 1994) is an American professional mixed martial artist who currently competes in the lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional since 2017, McKinney also competed for Legacy Fighting Alliance (LFA).


title: Terrance McKinney

text: McKinney was born and raised to his mother Kitara Johnson, a former gang member. McKinney and his family moved to a military base in Germany, where he was picked on due to being small, and after relocating to Davenport, Washington once his mother joined the US Army, he was picked on for being black. McKinney eventually ended up at Spokane, Washington in 2007, where he took up wrestling.


title: Terrance McKinney

text: During his high school years, McKinney was a standout high school wrestler, becoming a two-time WIAA state champion out of Shadle Park High School and a Fargo All-American in freestyle. The sixth-ranked senior recruit in the country, McKinney considered skipping college wrestling to jump into MMA, a sport he had decided to pursue as a freshman, but went on to wrestle at North Idaho College, where he went 31–11 and was the top-ranked athlete during his first year in junior college ('13–'14). After a quick stint at NIC, he transferred to Chadron State College and redshirted during '14–'15.


title: Terrance McKinney

text: During the summer of 2015, McKinney was extremely intoxicated after abusing LSD, psilocybin mushrooms and alcohol, and the friends he was partying with called the police and left the scene. Once police found him covered in blood (after cutting his neck with glass) and experiencing excited delirium, McKinney was transported to the hospital. In the ambulance, his heart beat stopped and died twice, though he was resuscitated twice as well. In return to the police officers who saved his life, McKinney served as a leader for the Youth Police Initiative. Referring to the incident years later, McKinney expressed:


title: Terrance McKinney

text: McKinney was not kicked off the wrestling team and went on to be ranked as high as second in the nation in the NCAA Division II level during the 2015–16 season, before transferring to Notre Dame College and dropping out after one semester in order to pursue mixed martial arts.


title: Terrance McKinney

text: After ending his college wrestling career, McKinney made his amateur mixed martial arts debut in August 2016, winning by knockout fifteen seconds into the first round. A year later, he would turn professional, and went on to compile a 7–1 record before appearing on Dana White's Contender Series 21 in July 2019, losing by knockout to Sean Woodson. After also losing his next fight to Darrick Minner, McKinney took time off and came back in early 2021 in the lightweight division, racking up three knockouts in a row (two in the LFA) with a combined octagon time of less than two minutes in a span of four months, before signing with the Ultimate Fighting Championship.


title: Terrance McKinney

text: Eight days after a first round knockout win in the headliner of , McKinney made his promotional debut against Matt Frevola on June 12, 2021, at UFC 263, replacing an injured Frank Camacho. He won the fight by knockout seven seconds into the first round, setting the record for the fastest finish in UFC lightweight history. After the event, UFC president Dana White announced that even though McKinney did not receive an official Performance of the Night bonus, he would receive an unofficial one.


title: Terrance McKinney

text: On February 26, 2022, McKinney faced Farès Ziam at , earning a victory via rear-naked choke in the first.


title: Terrance McKinney

text: In a fourteen-day turnaround, McKinney stepped in short notice to take on Drew Dober on March 12, at , replacing an injured Ricky Glenn. McKinney knocked down Dober twice within the opening minute, but ultimately lost the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Terrance McKinney

text: McKinney faced Erick Gonzalez on August 6, 2022, at UFC on ESPN 40. He won the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in round one.


title: Anput

text: Anput is a goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. Her name is written in hieroglyphs as "jnpwt" (reconstructed in Middle Egyptian as /ʔan.ˈpa.wat/ or /jan.ˈpa.wat/). In English, her name also is rendered as Anupet, Input, Inpewt, and Yineput. As the female counterpart of her husband, Anubis, who was known as "jnpw" to the Egyptians, Anput's name ends in a feminine "t" suffix when seen as "jnpwt".


title: Anput

text: She was often depicted as a pregnant or nursing jackal, or as a jackal wielding knives. She also is depicted as a woman, with a headdress showing a jackal recumbent upon a feather, as seen in the statue of the triad of Hathor, Menkaure, and Anput. She occasionally is depicted as a woman with the head of a jackal, but this is very rare.


title: Anput

text: Anput is the female counterpart of the god Anubis. She is also a goddess of the seventeenth nome of Upper Egypt. She is also considered the protector of the body of Osiris.


title: Ériu

text: In Irish mythology, Ériu (; modern ), daughter of Delbáeth and Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann, was the eponymous matron goddess of Ireland.


title: Ériu

text: The English name for Ireland comes from the name Ériu and the Germanic (Old Norse or Old English) word "land".


title: Ériu

text: Since Ériu is represented as goddess of Ireland, she is often interpreted as a modern-day personification of Ireland, although since the name "Ériu" is the Old Irish form of the word Ireland, her modern name is often modified to "Éire" or "Erin" to suit a modern form.


title: Ériu

text: The name "Ériu" has been derived from reconstructed Archaic Irish "*Īweriū", which is related to the ethnic name Iverni. The University of Wales derives this from Proto-Celtic *"Φīwerjon-" (nominative singular "Φīwerjō"). This is further derived from Proto-Indo-European "*piHwerjon-" ("fertile land" or "land of abundance"), from the adjective "*piHwer-" "fat" (cognate with Ancient Greek "píeira" and Sanskrit "pīvarī", "fat, full, abounding"). The Archaic Irish form was borrowed into Ancient Greek as "Iernē" and "Iouernia", and into Latin "Hibernia".


title: Ériu

text: In the "Banshenchas" (a mediaeval text describing legendary and historical Irish women), Ériu and her sisters are called:


title: Ériu

text: Different texts attribute differing personal relationships to Ériu. Ériu's sisters are consistently named as Banba and Fódla, who are members of the Tuatha Dé Danann, and the three sisters share a trio of brothers as husbands. In the "Banshenchas", Ériu is described as the wife of Cetar, while Banba and Fódla are named as the wives of Etar and Detar, respectively. More commonly, she is named as the wife or lover of Mac Gréine ("Son of the Sun"), a grandson of the Dagda, although in the "Banshenchas", her husband is simply named "Grian" ("Sun"). Ériu is also portrayed as the lover of Elatha, a prince of the Fomorians, with whom she produces a son named Bres, and as the mistress of Bres's enemy - the hero Lugh. Both Elatha and Ériu are described in some sources as the children of Delbaeth, indicating they may be half-siblings. Elsehwere Ériu is named as the daughter of Fiachra, and her mother is named as Ernmas. Her foster-father in the Rennes "Dindsenchas" is named as Codal the Roundbreasted, and it is said that when he fed Ériu on a peak called "Benn Codail", it caused the land in Ireland to heave toward the sky, and it would have kept rising until the entire land would have been the peak or otherwise until the sun would have scorched Ériu and the wind pierced her ears.


title: Ériu

text: With her sisters, Banba and Fódla, Ériu forms a triumvirate of goddesses. When the Milesians arrived from Galicia, each of the three sisters asked that her name be given to the country. This was granted to them, although Ériu (Éire) became the chief name in use. (Banba and Fódla are still sometimes used as poetic names for Ireland, much as "Albion" is used as a poetic name for Great Britain.)


title: Ériu

text: According to the 17th-century Irish historian Geoffrey Keating (""), the three sovereignty goddesses associated with Éire, Banbha and Fódla were Badb, Macha and The Morrígan. Ériu, Banba and Fódla are also interpreted as goddesses of sovereignty.


title: Resistant starch

text: Resistant starch (RS) is starch, including its degradation products, that escapes from digestion in the small intestine of healthy individuals. Resistant starch occurs naturally in foods, but it can also be added as part of dried raw foods, or used as an additive in manufactured foods.


title: Resistant starch

text: Some types of resistant starch (RS1, RS2 and RS3) are fermented by the large intestinal microbiota, conferring benefits to human health through the production of short-chain fatty acids, increased bacterial mass, and promotion of butyrate-producing bacteria.


title: Resistant starch

text: Resistant starch has similar physiological effects as dietary fiber, behaving as a mild laxative and possibly causing flatulence.


title: Resistant starch

text: The concept of resistant starch arose from research in the 1970s and is currently considered to be one of three starch types: rapidly digested starch, slowly digested starch and resistant starch, each of which may affect levels of blood glucose.


title: Resistant starch

text: Resistant starch does not release glucose within the small intestine, but rather reaches the large intestine where it is consumed or fermented by colonic bacteria (gut microbiota). On a daily basis, human intestinal microbiota encounter more carbohydrates than any other dietary component. This includes resistant starch, non-starch polysaccharide fibers, oligosaccharides, and simple sugars which have significance in colon health.


title: Resistant starch

text: The fermentation of resistant starch produces short-chain fatty acids, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate and increased bacterial cell mass. The short-chain fatty acids are produced in the large intestine where they are rapidly absorbed from the colon, then are metabolized in colonic epithelial cells, liver or other tissues. The fermentation of resistant starch produces more butyrate than other types of dietary fibers.


title: Resistant starch

text: Studies have shown that resistant starch supplementation was well tolerated. Modest amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen are also produced in intestinal fermentation. One review estimated that the acceptable daily intake of resistant starch may be as high as 45 grams in adults, an amount exceeding the total recommended intake for dietary fiber of 25–38 grams per day. When isolated resistant starch is used to substitute for flour in foods, the glycemic response of that food is reduced.


title: Resistant starch

text: There is limited evidence that resistant starch can improve fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance and sensitivity, especially in individuals who are diabetic, overweight or obese. In 2016, the U.S. FDA approved a qualified health claim stating that resistant starch might reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, but with qualifying language for product labels that limited scientific evidence exists to support this claim. Because "qualified" health claims are issued when the science evidence is weak or not consistent, the FDA requires specific labeling language, such as the guideline concerning resistant starch: "High-amylose maize resistant starch may reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes. FDA has concluded that there is limited scientific evidence for this claim."


title: Resistant starch

text: There is limited evidence that resistant starch might improve inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein.


title: Resistant starch

text: Plants store starch in tightly packed granules, consisting of layers of amylose and amylopectin. The size and shape of the starch granule varies by botanical source. For instance, the average size of potato starch is approximately 38 micrometers, wheat starch an average of 22 micrometers and rice starch approximately 8 micrometers.


title: Resistant starch

text: Raw starch granules resist digestion, e.g., raw bananas, raw potatoes. This does not depend on the amylose or amylopectin content, but rather the structure of the granule protecting the starch.


title: Resistant starch

text: When starch granules are cooked, water is absorbed into the granule causing swelling and increased size. In addition, amylose chains can leak out as the granule swells. The viscosity of the solution increases as the temperature is increased. The gelatinization temperature is defined as the temperature at which maximum gelatinization or swelling of the starch granule has occurred. This is also the point of maximum viscosity. Further cooking will burst the granule apart completely, releasing all of the glucose chains. In addition, viscosity is reduced as the granules are destroyed. The glucose chains can reassociate into short crystalline structures, which typically involves rapid recrystallization of amylose molecules followed by a slow recrystallization of amylopectin molecules in a process called retrogradation.


title: Resistant starch

text: Plants produce starch with different types of structure and shape characteristics which may affect digestion. For instance, smaller starch granules are more available to enzyme digestion because the larger percentage of surface area increases the enzyme binding rate.


title: Resistant starch

text: Starch consists of amylose and amylopectin which affect the textural properties of manufactured foods. Cooked starches with high amylose content generally have increased resistant starch.


title: Resistant starch

text: Resistant starch (RS) is any starch or starch digestion products that are not digested and absorbed in the stomach or small intestine and pass on to the large intestine. RS has been categorized into five types:


title: Resistant starch

text: Processing may affect the natural resistant starch content of foods. In general, processes that break down structural barriers to digestion reduce resistant starch content, with greater reductions resulting from processing. Whole grain wheat may contain as high as 14% resistant starch, while milled wheat flour may contain only 2%. Resistant starch content of cooked rice may decrease due to grinding or cooking.


title: Resistant starch

text: Other types of processing increase resistant starch content. If cooking includes excess water, the starch is gelatinized and becomes more digestible. However, if these starch gels are then cooled, they can form starch crystals resistant to digestive enzymes (Type RS3 or retrograded resistant starch), such as those occurring in cooked and cooled cereals or potatoes (e.g., potato salad). Cooling boiled potatoes overnight at 4°C (39.2°F) was found to increase the amount of resistant starch by a factor of 2.8.


title: Resistant starch

text: Resistant starch is considered both a dietary fiber and a functional fiber, depending on whether it is naturally in foods or added. Although the U.S. Institute of Medicine has defined total fiber as equal to functional fiber plus dietary fiber, U.S. food labeling does not distinguish between them.


title: Resistant starch

text: The Institute of Medicine Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber proposed two definitions: functional fiber as "isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans", and dietary fiber as "nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants." They also proposed that the prior classifications of soluble versus insoluble be phased out and replaced with viscous versus fermentable for each specific fiber.


title: Resistant starch

text: Starch has been consumed by people and animals for thousands of years. Thus, foods containing resistant starch are already commonly consumed.


title: Resistant starch

text: It has been estimated that average resistant starch intake in developed countries ranges from 3–6 grams/day for Northern Europeans, Australians and Americans, 8.5 grams/day for Italians and 10–15 grams/day in Indian and Chinese diets. The higher consumption of starch-containing foods like pasta and rice likely accounts for higher intake of resistant starch in Italy, India and China.


title: Resistant starch

text: Several studies have found that the traditional African diet is high in resistant starch. Rural black South Africans consume an average of 38 grams of resistant starch per day by having cooked and cooled corn porridge and beans in their diets.


title: Resistant starch

text: RS2 resistant starch from high amylose wheat and high amylose corn can be baked into foods, usually replacing flour or other high glycemic carbohydrates.


title: Resistant starch

text: Isolated and extracted resistant starch and foods rich in resistant starch have been used to fortify foods to increase their dietary fiber content. Typically, food fortification utilizes RS2 resistant starch from high amylose corn or high amylose wheat, RS3 resistant starch from cassava and RS4 resistant starch from wheat and potato, as these sources can survive varying degrees of food processing without losing their resistant starch content.


title: Resistant starch

text: Resistant starch has a small particle size, white appearance, bland flavor and low water-holding capacity. Resistant starch typically replaces flour in foods such as bread and other baked goods, pasta, cereal and batters because it can produce foods with similar color and texture of the original food. It has also been used for its textural properties in imitation cheese.


title: Resistant starch

text: Some types of resistant starch are used as dietary supplements in the United States. RS2 from potato starch and green banana starch maintain their resistance as long as they are consumed raw and unheated. If they are heated or baked, these types of starch may become rapidly digestible.


title: Superhuman

text: The term superhuman refers to humans or human-like beings with enhanced qualities and abilities that exceed those naturally found in humans. These qualities may be acquired through natural ability, self-actualization or technological aids. The related concept of a super race refers to an entire category of beings with the same or varying superhuman characteristics, created from present-day human beings by deploying various means such as eugenics, euthenics, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and/or brain–computer interfacing to accelerate the process of human evolution.


title: Superhuman

text: Throughout history, the discussion of superhuman traits and the idea of the ideal human in physical, mental, or spiritual form has influenced politics, policy, philosophy, science and various social movements, as well as featuring prominently in culture. Groups advocating the deliberate pursuit of superhuman qualities for philosophical, political, or moral reasons are sometimes referred to as superhumanist.


title: Superhuman

text: Modern depictions of this have evolved and are shown in superhero fiction or through technologically aided people or cyborgs.


title: Superhuman

text: The "Übermensch" or "Superman" was postulated in the later writings of Friedrich Nietzsche as a type of supreme, ultra-aristocratic achievement which becomes possible in the transcendence of modernity, morals or nihilism. Nietzsche believed in creating the perfect human, or at least a definition of one, and achieving this perfection through the enhancement of individual and cultural health, creativity, and power, and that to be a successful human one would focus on the realities of our world, rather than the beyond world, or afterlife.


title: Superhuman

text: Nietzsche explores the idea of a superhuman in his work "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", in which he discusses the reality of humans existing as just that, and their potential to be more, through risks taken to advance humanity. This belief focuses not on a man who is bettering oneself but instead establishes values which create a meaning to life greater than one person, and positively influencing the lives of others with an overarching goal of humanity. These goals help one overcome life's feeling of meaninglessness.


title: Superhuman

text: In transhumanism and futurology, superhuman abilities are the technological aim either of human enhancement by genetic modification or cybernetic implants or of future superhuman artificial intelligence.


title: Superhuman

text: Human enhancement is an attempt to temporarily or permanently overcome the current limitations of the human body through natural or artificial means. Human enhancement may be through the use of technological means to select or alter human characteristics and capacities, whether or not the alteration results in characteristics and capacities that lie beyond the existing human range.


title: Superhuman

text: Some bioethicists restrict the term to the non-therapeutic application of specific technologies — neuro-, cyber-, gene- and nano-technologies — to human biology.


title: Superhuman

text: According to transhumanist thinkers, a posthuman is a hypothetical future being ""whose basic capacities so radically exceed those of present humans as to be no longer unambiguously human by our current standards.""


title: Superhuman

text: Fictionalized accounts of transhumanism include the characters from the "X-Men" franchise and cyborgs such as those found in the "Ghost in the Shell" franchise.


title: Superhuman

text: In 2005, the inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil predicted that over a 40-year period between 2005 and 2045, most human beings will gradually evolve into a super race of immortal cyborgs called "Transhumans" with super-bodies and super-brains (the super brains of the humanoid androids will have greater capacity not only in and of themselves, but also because they will be able to function more efficiently by storing some of their mental capacity in the cloud of the future greatly expanded Internet through brain–computer interfacing) by gradually replacing their biological cells with new cells having a more efficient cellular energy processing system that will be based on nanobots manufactured using nanotechnology. These nanobot based cells will enable those who possess these initially quasi android bodies ("Human body 2.0") to have much greater physical endurance as if they were permanently on steroids, and many Olympic records will be routinely broken. The five senses will be enhanced first by genetic enhancement and then by additional brain–computer interfacing. By about 2040, most humans will have become fully android ("Human body 3.0").


title: Superhuman

text: Finally, predicts Kurzweil, by 2045, because of the operation of Moore's law, supercomputers linked together by the Internet will have developed enough memory capacity such that most of the now mostly android human race (except those who don't want to) will be able to upload themselves into the worldwide Internet supercomputer of 2045 and live forever after in virtual reality—an event he calls the "Singularity".


title: Superhuman

text: Kurzweil predicts that soon after the "Singularity", the worldwide supercomputer will deploy other humanoid androids and robots in the meat world. A space navy of these androids and robots will radiate outward from Earth (by now itself a gigantic worldwide supercomputer, except for extensive areas of the surface of Earth set up as nature reserves for those humans who wanted to remain in their natural state as well as to preserve the plants and animals in their natural ecosystems) on large fleets of interplanetary spaceships that will rocket outward into the solar system and convert all the matter they encounter into megacomputers made of computronium (such as Jupiter Brains) in order to continually expand the computer capacity of the solar system and thus create ever more realistic virtual reality and solve ever more complex computer problems. Once the matter of the solar system has been mostly converted to computer substrate, forming a Matrioshka brain, according to Kurzweil, by about the beginning of the 22nd century, life will then expand outward into interstellar space in all directions, deploying miniature starships (to save on expensive anti matter starship fuel) that will be Von Neumann probes crewed by swarms of nanobots, to colonize the entire Milky Way Galaxy. When these nanobots arrive in a planetary system, the nanobots will be programmed with software to begin converting some of the matter they encounter into more androids and robots. While in the process of doing so, they will continue converting all other matter they encounter not being used to create additional androids and robots into more megacomputers — the androids and robots created by the nanobots will build interplanetary spaceships to fan out into the planetary system and themselves help get this job done. Some of the androids and robots will then settle down in the meat world as immortal colonists on the surfaces of the Matrioshka brains thus constructed (regularly making backup copies of the contents of their brains so they can be reconstructed if they are killed in an accident), while others will upload themselves into the virtual reality based on these Matrioshka brains, keeping their bodies in cryonic storage. Eventually, the entire Galaxy, then the Local group, then the Virgo Supercluster, then the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex and ultimately the entire Universe will be turned into a gigantic megacomputer.


title: Superhuman

text: "Superhuman" is one of the stages in classification of progress in artificial intelligence where an entity of artificial intelligence performs better than most humans do in a specific task. Examples of where computers have achieved superhuman performance include Backgammon, Bridge, Chess, Reversi, Scrabble, Go and Jeopardy!.


title: Superhuman

text: It is suggested that there is a relationship between the fall of a society and the perfection of mankind. Many economic, social and environmental factors, which all contribute to the sustainability of a society, are built upon the need for a solution to a problem. Superhumanism requires the ability to overcome these problems, either through physical, mental or emotional triumphs of purity and self-actualization. Through the elimination of these problems, many economies and social structures would be collapsed. Also, through advancement in areas such as Transhumanism, some believe that people humans will advance to a point of education and readiness that war will break out between one another, or tyrannies will reign, due to the high levels of advancements being achieved hence correlating with a need for power, eventually leading to an ultimate state of anarchy.


title: Superhuman

text: As a major defining factor of the superhumanism philosophy, humans are expected to possess traits that are considered to be those of high moral grounds, dignity and intrinsic values. Many people who believe in superhumanism value the importance of independent responsibility in making the world a better, and more moral place. This often means being in, or establishing some sort of spirituality which allows one to follow guidelines and grounds of a moral structure, and achieve a certain level of clarity and purity in their self and their path to righteousness and betterment. Superhumanism is often referred to as a combination between religion and philosophy, which suggests that there should be a correlation between the actions of man, and the patterns of the earth, in which this unity established with God, nature and man can allow for super human feats to become possible.


title: Superhuman

text: The Nietzschean notion of bettering one's self as an individual was expanded within the philosophy of Nazism to apply to whole groups and nations. Nazi racialist thinkers proposed perfecting the Aryan race through controlled breeding and coercive eugenics (including the murder of those deemed unfit) as a way of improving their racial stock and purifying their society. They intended to create a "herrenvolk" (race of masters) wherein the Germanic "Übermenschen" would rule over so-called inferior "untermenschen" such as Slavs and West Asians.


title: Superhuman

text: The Neo-Nazi David Myatt advocated in the early 1990s that after the "Western Imperium", a proposed future autocratic state governing all the areas inhabited by the Aryan race, is established, and the birth rate of the Aryan race is brought up from its present level of about 1.6 to a replacement rate of 2.1, that then a new super-race called "Homo Galactica" should be created by genetic engineering from the most perfect Aryans, which by then will have themselves been improved through genetic enhancement. This new super race would be genetically engineered to have super brains, super senses, and more delicate hands to be able to travel in starships, which would be sent out to colonize the entire Milky Way Galaxy with the descendants of Aryans.


title: Superhuman

text: Many acts performed by elite athletes are seen as superhuman. Elite athletes perform at a level that is perceived as unattainable by normal standards of performance. These are the result of a mixture of genetics, physical training, and mental conditioning. For example, the highest VO2 max test results ever recorded were from Norwegian cross-country skier, Bjorn Daehlie, who scored a 96 ml/kg/min. Another man, Dean Karnazes ran 50 marathons in 50 days in all 50 states in 2006. On February 4, 2015 actor and power lifter Hafthor Bjornsson broke a 1000-year-old record by carrying a 1,433 pound log on his back for 5 steps.


title: Superhuman

text: Outside of athletics, many people have performed superhuman feats. The Blue Angels flight acrobatics team regularly pulls maneuvers equal to 4-6 times the force of gravity (g), with some turns as high as 8g. One man, Greg Poe, is a pilot who was able withstand turns of 12g.


title: Superhuman

text: There are also many stories of people lifting extremely heavy objects under extreme stress, known as hysterical strength. These situations are created when abnormal tasks are completed due to the brain's heightened need for achievement.


title: Superhuman

text: One modern day method of achieving above average abilities include performance-enhancing drugs; these include substances such as painkillers, blood boosters, stimulants, and anabolic steroids, but can also encompass substances that aren't fully recognized as enhancers such as caffeine, protein supplements, and vitamins. While drugs as a form of achieving superhuman capabilities is a well known concept in fiction, such as films like "Limitless" and the Marvel Comics character Nuke, in real life the current substances that are known and available don't produce such fantastical abilities. The results from some of these drugs are minimal, and often short term. However, they can still produce detrimental side effects, including many adverse psychological effects. SARMS and DMAA are safer forms to enhance physical performance. Other forms of enhancement include strengthening the material properties of bone by integrating it with titanium foam. More studies are needed to assess the long term effects of these emerging technologies.


title: Superhuman

text: Technology can also be used to improve on human sensory and communication abilities as has been shown through experimentation with nervous system implants. In this way humans can take on senses such as ultrasonics for an accurate indication of distance and communicate much more directly between brains.


title: Superhuman

text: Speculation about human nature and the possibilities of both human enhancement and future human evolution have made superhumans a popular subject of science fiction. Superhuman abilities are also associated with superhero fiction.


title: Superhuman

text: In 1979, the British artist Nicholas Treadwell wrote a book entitled "Superhumanism", followed by "Superhumanism 2" in 1982. Treadwell defined his movement as "the first people's art movement – a movement, first and foremost, inspired by life, as opposed to inspired by art. It is a movement of art by the people, for the people, and about the people. It is about tolerance and human understanding. Initially, a superhumanist work will move you to feel – to laugh, to cry, to shudder, to be overwhelmed with compassion. They do not include any aesthetic gesture to distract from the vivid nature of the image. A superhumanist work will take a down to earth subject, and use original technical means to exaggerate it, achieving an over-the-top impact of its humanist theme". Treadwell used this art movement to emphasize the connection between mundane nature of humans, and the superior characteristics that exist in that simplicity.


title: Superhuman

text: "Stan Lee's Superhumans" was a television show devoted to finding people around the world who exhibit abilities that exceed normal human capabilities. The most flexible man in the world, is an example of a superhuman who travels the world finding physical and mental feats that expand the realm of what humans can do.


title: Superhuman

text: "" is a Discovery Channel show that explains what happens to people's strength, sight, brainpower, and sensing abilities when placed under extreme stress. These circumstances can lead to short-term superhuman abilities, which allow people to excel in advanced, or impossible tasks.


title: Superhuman

text: "How to Be Superhuman" is a podcast series by Red Bull about people who have gone close to the limits of human endurance. The host Rob Pope, who was described as the "real life Forrest Gump" after running across the United States five times, interviews people who have achieved "superhuman" feats, such as Mark Beaumont, who cycled around the world in 78 days, and Diana Nyad, who completed a 110-mile swim from Cuba to Florida without a shark cage at the age of 64.


title: Desmond's

text: Desmond's is a British television situation comedy broadcast by Channel 4 from 1989 to 1994. Conceived and co-written by Trix Worrell, and produced by Charlie Hanson and Humphrey Barclay, "Desmond's" stars Norman Beaton as barber Desmond Ambrose, whose shop is a gathering place for an assortment of local characters. The show is set in Peckham, London, and features a predominantly black British Guyanese cast. With 71 episodes, "Desmond's" became Channel 4's longest running sitcom in terms of episodes.


title: Desmond's

text: While the show was not the first black (or predominantly black) British television situation comedy ("The Fosters", produced by London Weekend Television, aired 1976 –77), "Desmond's" was the first to be set mainly in the workplace, providing an insight into black family life different from what had been seen before on British television.


title: Desmond's

text: The characters had aspirations (Desmond to return to Guyana, Michael to run his own branch of the bank, Gloria to get a job in fashion, Sean to go to university) and were socially mobile. The vast majority of the crew were also black.


title: Desmond's

text: Much of the success of the show came from the dynamics and relationships both within the Ambrose family and the other characters in the show who spent time in the shop.


title: Desmond's

text: The series theme song "Don't Scratch My Soca", performed by Beaton was used in the opening credits throughout the entire run. A version without the vocals was used in the closing credits. At the beginning of Series 5, the theme received an update, with more percussion. The instrumental was used as the basis for a song by the "Georgetown Dreamers", Desmond's old band in one episode.


title: Desmond's

text: Worrell was keen to show that prejudice existed not just between broad ethnic groups, but also within them. While Matthew was the frequent butt of jokes from the West Indian characters, particularly Porkpie and Desmond, he was always keen to point out the strength of African history with his regular interjection, "There's an old African saying...".


title: Desmond's

text: The show had a unique method of team writing raising the profile of some writers, such as playwright Michael J. Ellis, who later worked on other shows, including the BBC's all-black sketch show "The Real McCoy", and Worrell himself who became a film writer.


title: Desmond's

text: Re-runs aired in the USA on BET in the early 1990s. The show was shown on NYC Media as part of their Caribbean programming on Sunday nights in the late 1990s. As of January 2007, the network still airs re-runs of "Desmond's" from time to time. From 1997 until late 2000, Paramount Comedy re-ran the show. Trouble, a channel in the UK, began showing re-runs of "Desmond's" in September 2007.


title: Desmond's

text: On 14 January 2013, The Africa Channel International (which was on Sky channel 209 & Virgin Media channel 828) relaunched "Desmond's" - weeknights at 7pm and 11pm. In November 2015, London Live acquired the repeat rights.


title: Desmond's

text: The full series was published for viewing on All 4 through YouTube. With 71 episodes, it remains Channel 4's longest running sitcom in terms of the number of episodes produced.


title: Desmond's

text: The complete series was added to Netflix in September 2020. On 21 February 2022, Gold started showing the series.


title: Desmond's

text: Channel 4 DVD has released the first two series on DVD in the UK. Series One was released on 1 October 2007. Series Two was released on 14 April 2008.


title: Desmond's

text: Visual Entertainment has begun releasing "Desmond's" on DVD in Canada. To date they have released the first four series of the show on DVD. Series 1 and 2 were released on 27 March 2007. Series 3 was released on 3 November 2009. On 2 March 2010, VEI released "Desmond's- The Collection: Series One to Four", a seven-disc set featuring all episodes from the first four seasons.


title: Desmond's

text: All six seasons are available to stream in the UK on the Channel 4 service All 4 and through the streaming services Amazon Prime and Netflix.


title: Desmond's

text: Following the death of Norman Beaton in 1994, a spin-off series was made with Porkpie in the title role. This ran for two series in 1995 and 1996.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: Batik Air Malaysia (formerly known as Malindo Air) is a Malaysian full service carrier, an associate carrier of Indonesian Lion Air Group, with headquarters in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. The original name Malindo signifies a cooperative pact between Malaysia and Indonesia.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: The entry of AirAsia from Malaysia into the home turf of Lion Air has encouraged the Indonesian airline to enter the Malaysian market with a subsidiary airline. AirAsia's subsidiary Indonesia AirAsia, in partnership with its parent firm, attempted to buy Indonesian carrier Batavia Air to gain a foothold in Indonesia, but the deal did not go through due to regulatory complications and Batavia Air ended up going bankrupt. The attempted deal resulted in a turf war between Lion Air, Indonesia's biggest low-cost carrier, and AirAsia, Asia's biggest low-cost carrier.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: Mr. Chandran Rama Muthy, personal assistant executive to the president director of Lion Air, was appointed as CEO of Batik Air Malaysia. The airline's inaugural flights began operations on 22 March 2013.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: For its jet routes, Batik Air Malaysia provides seat pitches of 32" and 45" for economy class and business class respectively, and free baggage allowances of 40 kg for Business passengers and either 20 kg or 30 kg for Economy class passengers depending on their ticket category. Economy passengers on flights to Shah Amanat International Airport and Shahjalal International Airport in Bangladesh receive a 35 kg baggage allowance. However, the airline's very cheapest Economy class tickets do not receive a free baggage allowance. In June 2015, Malindo became the first Malaysian airline to offer in-flight Wi-Fi service. The combination of the amenities, services and low cost fares puts Batik Air Malaysia in the category of hybrid airline.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: The airline also has expanded on a parallel turboprop service, focusing mainly on secondary routes within a 2-hour radius from Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport. Pioneer destinations include Penang, Johor Bahru and Kota Bharu, the flights have commenced in early June 2013.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: In early 2017, the airline was expected to re-brand Malindo Air to "Batik Air Malaysia" which will focus on international routes while its associate airline, Batik Air serves domestic routes in Indonesia. The airline has begun to feature the Batik Air Malaysia logo and livery on its aircraft gradually.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: In February 2017, National Aerospace and Defence Industries (Nadi) reduced its stake from 50.99% to just 5%. Then-Chief Executive Officer Chandran Rama Muthy is now the major shareholder with his wife Kalpana Devasagayam now hold a 46% stake at the Malindo Air's operating company, Malindo Airways via Sky One Investors. They both own equal portions in Sky One. The remaining 49% of shares in Malindo is owned by the Indonesian PT Lion Group.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: In April 2017, Malindo Air received its International Air Transport Association (IATA) certificate as IATA member. The airline has also successfully retained its IOSA registration, which is valid from 3 June 2018 to 3 June 2020.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: On 22 May 2017, Malindo Air became the first airline in the world to introduce Boeing 737 MAX 8 into service. Configured in mono-class 180 Economy seats, the first commercial service departed from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore. However, the Boeing 737 MAX 8 service was short-lived as the airline received numerous customer complaints, especially from business class passengers having to downgrade to economy class. The sole B737-MAX 8 was returned to its parent company Lion Air.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: In an official press release issued by Malindo Air dated 26 August 2019, Captain Mushafiz Mustafa Bakri, Director of Safety, Security & Quality of Thai Lion Air has been announced as the new CEO, replacing the current CEO effective 23 September 2019, while Chandra Rama Muthy to be appointed as Group Strategy Director, Lion Group.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: On 23 October 2020, it was reported that Malindo Air had decided to cut more than half of its workforce as part of measures to mitigate the effects of Covid-19 on their business. With that, the hybrid full-service airline is said to have laid off about 2,200 employees or more than half of its 3,200 workforce.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: On 28 April 2022, Malindo Air was rebranded as Batik Air Malaysia in line with the Lion Group's goal to establish a common identity for the full service airlines within the group. Following this, Boeing 737 MAX 8 was reintroduced into the fleet.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: The Batik Air Malaysia Boeing 737 MAX 8 officially started its first flight with the airline on 2 June 2022 from Kuala Lumpur to Kota Kinabalu as OD1002.


title: Batik Air Malaysia

text: Batik Air Malaysia operates over 800 flights weekly across 57 routes in Malaysia and across the continents of Asia and Australia.


title: Paper clip

text: A paper clip (or paperclip) is a tool used to hold sheets of paper together, usually made of steel wire bent to a looped shape (though some are covered in plastic). Most paper clips are variations of the "Gem" type introduced in the 1890s or earlier, characterized by the almost two full loops made by the wire. Common to paper clips proper is their utilization of torsion and elasticity in the wire, and friction between wire and paper. When a moderate number of sheets are inserted between the two "tongues" of the clip, the tongues will be forced apart and cause torsion in the bend of the wire to grip the sheets together. They are usually used to bind papers together for productivity and portability.


title: Paper clip

text: Paper clips usually have an oblong shape with straight sides, but may also be triangular or circular, or have more elaborate shapes. The most common material is steel or some other metal, but molded plastic is also used.


title: Paper clip

text: Some other kinds of paper clips use a two-piece clamping system. Recent innovations include multi-colored plastic-coated paper clips and spring-fastened binder clips.


title: Paper clip

text: According to the Early Office Museum, the first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded in the United States to Samuel B. Fay in 1867. This clip was originally intended primarily for attaching tickets to fabric, although the patent recognized that it could be used to attach papers together. Fay received U.S. patent 64,088 on April 23, 1867. Although functional and practical, Fay's design along with the 50 other designs patented prior to 1899 are not considered reminiscent of the modern paperclip design known today. Another notable paper clip design was also patented in the United States by Erlman J. Wright on July 24, 1877, patent #193,389. This clip was advertised at that time for use in fastening together loose leaves of papers, documents, periodicals, newspapers etc.


title: Paper clip

text: The most common type of wire paper clip still in use, the Gem paper clip, was never patented, but it was most likely in production in Britain in the early 1870s by "The Gem Manufacturing Company", according to the American expert on technological innovations, Professor Henry J. Petroski. He refers to an 1883 article about "Gem Paper-Fasteners", praising them for being "better than ordinary pins" for "binding together papers on the same subject, a bundle of letters, or pages of a manuscript". Since the 1883 article had no illustration of this early "Gem", it may have been different from modern paper clips of that name.


title: Paper clip

text: The earliest illustration of its current form is in an 1893 advertisement for the "Gem Paper Clip". In 1904 Cushman & Denison registered a trademark for the "Gem" name in connection with paper clips. The announcement stated that it had been used since March 1, 1892, which may have been the time of its introduction in the United States. Paper clips are still sometimes called "Gem clips", and in Swedish the word for any paper clip is "gem".


title: Paper clip

text: Definite proof that the modern type of paper clip was well known in 1899 at the latest, is the patent granted to William Middlebrook of Waterbury, Connecticut on April 27 of that year for a "Machine for making wire paper clips." The drawing clearly shows that the product is a perfect clip of the Gem type. The fact that Middlebrook did not mention it by name, suggests that it was already well known at the time. Since then countless variations on the same theme have been patented. Some have pointed instead of rounded ends, some have the end of one loop bent slightly to make it easier to insert sheets of paper, and some have wires with undulations or barbs to get a better grip. In addition, purely aesthetic variants have been patented, clips with triangular, star, or round shapes. But the original Gem type has for more than a hundred years proved to be the most practical, and consequently by far the most popular. Its qualities—ease of use, gripping without tearing, and storing without tangling—have been difficult to improve upon. National Paperclip Day is May 29.


title: Paper clip

text: The Gem-type paperclip has become a symbol of inventive design, as confirmed below – although falsely – by its celebration as a Norwegian invention in 1899. More convincing is its appropriation as logo of the "Year of Design" () in Barcelona 2003, depicted on posters, T-shirts and other merchandise.


title: Paper clip

text: It has been claimed that the paper clip was invented by English intellectual Herbert Spencer (1820–1903). Spencer registered a "binding-pin" on 2 September 1846, which was made and sold by Adolphus Ackermann for over a year, advertised as "for holding loose manuscripts, sermons, weekly papers, and all unstitched publications". Spencer's design, approximately unfolded, looked more like a modern cotter pin than a modern paper clip.


title: Paper clip

text: Norwegian Johan Vaaler (1866–1910) has erroneously been identified as the inventor of the paper clip. He was granted patents in Germany and in the United States (1901) for a paper clip of similar design, but less functional and practical, because it lacked the last turn of the wire. Vaaler probably did not know that a better product was already on the market, although not yet in Norway. His version was never manufactured and never marketed, because the superior "Gem" was already available.


title: Paper clip

text: Long after Vaaler's death his countrymen created a national myth based on the false assumption that the paper clip was invented by an unrecognised Norwegian genius. Norwegian dictionaries since the 1950s have mentioned Vaaler as the inventor of the paper clip, and that myth later found its way into international dictionaries and much of the international literature on paper clips.


title: Paper clip

text: Vaaler probably succeeded in having his design patented abroad, despite the previous existence of more useful paper clips, because patent authorities at that time were quite liberal and rewarded any marginal modification of existing inventions. Johan Vaaler began working for "Alfred J. Bryns Patentkontor" in Kristiania in 1892 and was later promoted to office manager, a position he held until his death. As the employee of a patent office, he could easily have obtained a patent in Norway. His reasons for applying abroad are not known; it is possible that he wanted to secure the commercial rights internationally. Also, he may have been aware that a Norwegian manufacturer would find it difficult to introduce a new invention abroad, starting from the small home market.


title: Paper clip

text: Vaaler's patents expired quietly, while the "Gem" was used worldwide, including his own country. The failure of his design was its impracticality. Without the two full loops of the fully developed paper clip, it was difficult to insert sheets of paper into his clip. One could manipulate the end of the inner wire so that it could receive the sheet, but the outer wire was a dead end because it could not exploit the torsion principle. The clip would instead stand out like a keel, perpendicular to the sheet of paper. The impracticality of Vaaler's design may easily be demonstrated by cutting off the last outer loop and one long side from a regular Gem clip.


title: Paper clip

text: The originator of the Norwegian paper clip myth was an engineer of the Norwegian national patent agency who visited Germany in the 1920s to register Norwegian patents in that country. He came across Vaaler's patent, but failed to detect that it was not the same as the then-common Gem-type clip. In the report of the first fifty years of the patent agency, he wrote an article in which he proclaimed Vaaler to be the inventor of the common paper clip. This piece of information found its way into some Norwegian encyclopedias after World War II.


title: Paper clip

text: Events of that war contributed greatly to the mythical status of the paper clip. Patriots wore them in their lapels as a symbol of resistance to the German occupiers and local Nazi authorities when other signs of resistance, such as flag pins or pins showing the cipher of the exiled King Haakon VII of Norway were forbidden. Those wearing them did not yet see them as national symbols, as the myth of their Norwegian origin was not commonly known at the time.


title: Paper clip

text: The clips were meant to denote solidarity and unity ("we are bound together"). The wearing of paper clips was soon prohibited, and people wearing them could risk severe punishment.


title: Paper clip

text: The leading Norwegian encyclopedia mentioned the role of the paper clip as a symbol of resistance in a supplementary volume in 1952, but did not yet proclaim it a Norwegian invention. That information was added in later editions. According to the 1974 edition, the idea of using the paper clip to denote resistance originated in France. A clip worn on a lapel or front pocket could be seen as "deux gaules" (two posts or poles) and be interpreted as a reference to the leader of the French Resistance, General Charles de Gaulle.


title: Paper clip

text: The post-war years saw a widespread consolidation of the paper clip as a national symbol. Authors of books and articles on the history of Norwegian technology eagerly seized it to make a thin story more substantial. They chose to overlook the fact that Vaaler's clip was not the same as the fully developed Gem-type clip. In 1989 a giant paper clip, almost high, was erected on the campus of a commercial college near Oslo in honour of Vaaler, ninety years after his invention was patented. But this monument shows a Gem-type clip, not the one patented by Vaaler. The celebration of the alleged Norwegian origin of the paper clip culminated in 1999, one hundred years after Vaaler submitted his application for a German patent. A commemorative stamp was issued that year, the first in a series to draw attention to Norwegian inventiveness. The background shows a facsimile of the German "Patentschrift". However, the figure in the foreground is not the paper clip depicted on that document, but the much better known "Gem". In 2005, the national biographical encyclopedia of Norway ("Norsk biografisk leksikon") published the biography of Johan Vaaler, stating he was the inventor of the paper clip.


title: Paper clip

text: Wire is versatile in its nature. Thus a paper clip is a useful accessory in many kinds of mechanical work, including computer work: the metal wire can be unfolded with a little force. Several devices call for a very thin rod to push a recessed button which the user might only rarely need. This is seen on most CD-ROM drives as an "emergency eject" should the power fail; also on early floppy disk drives (including the early Macintosh). Various smartphones require the use of a long, thin object such as a paper clip to eject the SIM card and some Palm PDAs advise the use of a paper clip to reset the device. The trackball can be removed from early Logitech pointing devices using a paper clip as the key to the bezel. A paper clip bent into a "U" can be used to start an ATX PSU without connecting it to a motherboard (connect the green to a black on the motherboard header). One or more paper clips can make a loopback device for a RS-232 interface (or indeed many interfaces). A paper clip could be installed in a Commodore 1541 disk drive as a flexible head-stop. The steel wire from a paperclip can be used in dentistry to form a dental post.


title: Paper clip

text: Paper clips can be bent into a crude but sometimes effective lock picking device. Some types of handcuffs can be unfastened using paper clips. There are two approaches. The first one is to unfold the clip in a line and then twist the end in a right angle, trying to imitate a key and using it to lift the lock fixator. The second approach, which is more feasible but needs some practice, is to use the semi-unfolded clip kink for lifting when the clip is inserted through the hole where the handcuffs are closed.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: Islam arrived in Kerala, the Malayalam-speaking region in the south-western tip of India, through Middle Eastern merchants. The Indian coast has an ancient relation with West Asia and the Middle East, even during the pre-Islamic period.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: Kerala Muslims or Malayali Muslims from north Kerala are generally referred to as Mappilas. Mappilas are but one among the many communities that forms the Muslim population of Kerala. According to some scholars, the Mappilas are the oldest settled Muslim community in South Asia. As per some studies, the term "Mappila" denotes not a single community but a variety of Malayali Muslims from Kerala (former Malabar District) of different origins. Native Muslims of Kerala were known as Mouros da Terra, or Mouros Malabares in medieval period. Settled foreign Muslims of Kerala were known as Mouros da Arabia/Mouros de Meca. Very much unlike other parts of South Asia, the caste system doesn't exist among the Muslims of Kerala.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: Muslims in Kerala share a common language (Malayalam) with the rest of the non-Muslim population and have a culture commonly regarded as the Malayali culture. Islam is the second largest practised religion in Kerala (26.56%) next to Hinduism. The calculated Muslim population (Indian Census, 2011) in Kerala state is 8,873,472. Most of the Muslims in Kerala follow Sunni Islam of Shāfiʿī School of thought, while a large minority follow modern movements (such as Salafism) that developed within Sunni Islam.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to Sumerian records and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India". Kerala's spices attracted ancient Arabs, Babylonians, Assyrians and Egyptians to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. Phoenicians established trade with Kerala during this period. Arabs and Phoenicians were the first to enter Malabar Coast to trade Spices. The Arabs on the coasts of Yemen, Oman, and the Persian Gulf, must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other eastern countries. They must have brought the Cinnamon of Kerala to the Middle East. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolized by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: In the past, there were many Muslim traders in the ports of Malabar. There had been considerable trade relations between Middle East and Malabar Coast even before the time of Prophet Muhammad (c. 570 – 632 AD). Muslim tombstones with ancient dates, short inscriptions in medieval mosques, and rare Arab coin collections are the major sources of early Muslim presence on the Malabar Coast. Islam arrived in Kerala, a part of the larger Indian Ocean rim, via spice and silk traders from the Middle East. Historians do not rule out the possibility of Islam being introduced to Kerala as early as the seventh century CE. Notable has been the occurrence of Cheraman Perumal Tajuddin, the Hindu King that moved to Arabia to meet the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and converted to Islam. Kerala Muslims are generally referred to as the Mappilas. Mappilas are but one among the many communities that forms the Muslim population of Kerala. According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who converted to Islam during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (c. 570–632). According to "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad", the "Masjids" at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayini, and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest "Masjid"s in Indian Subcontinent. It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town. According to popular tradition, Islam was brought to Lakshadweep islands, situated just to the west of Malabar Coast, by Ubaidullah in 661 CE. His grave is believed to be located on the island of Andrott. A few Umayyad (661–750 AD) coins were discovered from Kothamangalam in the eastern part of Ernakulam district.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: The known earliest mention about Muslims of Kerala is in the Quilon Syrian copper plates of 9th century CE, granted by the ruler of Kollam. A number of foreign accounts have mentioned about the presence of considerable Muslim population in the Malabar Coast. Arab writers such as Al-Masudi of Baghdad (896–956 AD), Muhammad al-Idrisi (1100–1165 AD), Abulfeda (1273–1331 AD), and Al-Dimashqi (1256–1327 AD) mention the Muslim communities in Kerala. Some historians assume that the Mappilas can be considered as the first native, settled Muslim community in South Asia. Al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) appears to be the first writer to call Malabar Coast as "Malabar". Authors such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al-Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their works. The Arab writers had called this place "Malibar", "Manibar", "Mulibar", and "Munibar". "Malabar" is reminiscent of the word "Malanad" which means "the land of hills". According to William Logan, the word "Malabar" comes from a combination of the Malayalam word "Mala" (hill) and the Persian/Arabic word "Barr" (country/continent). The Kodungallur Mosque, has a granite foundation exhibiting 11th–12th century architectural style. The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the Madayi Mosque in Kannur records its foundation year as 1124 CE.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: The monopoly of overseas spice trade from Malabar Coast was safe with the West Asian shipping magnates of Kerala ports. The Muslims were a major financial power to be reckoned with in the kingdoms of Kerala and had great political influence in the Hindu royal courts. Travellers have recorded the considerably huge presence of Muslim merchants and settlements of sojourning traders in most of the ports of Kerala. Immigration, intermarriage and missionary activity/conversion — secured by the common interest in the spice trade — helped in this development. The Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque contains an Old Malayalam inscription written in a mixture of "Vatteluttu" and Grantha scripts which dates back to 10th century CE. It is a rare surviving document recording patronage by a Hindu king (Bhaskara Ravi) to the Muslims of Kerala. A 13th century granite inscription, written in a mixture of Old Malayalam and Arabic, at Muchundi Mosque in Kozhikode mentions a donation by the king to the mosque.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battutah (14th century) has recorded the considerably huge presence of Muslim merchants and settlements of sojourning traders in most of the ports of Kerala. By the early decades of the 14th century, travellers speak of Calicut (Kozhikode) as the major port city in Kerala. Some of the important administrative positions in the kingdom of Zamorin of Calicut, such as that of the port commissioner, were held by Muslims. The port commissioner, the "Shah Bandar", represented commercial interests of the Muslim merchants. In his account, Ibn Battutah mentions Shah Bandars in Calicut as well as Quilon (Ibrahim Shah Bandar and Muhammed Shah Bandar). The Ali Rajas of Arakkal kingdom, based at Kannur, ruled the Lakshadweep Islands. Arabs had the monopoly of trade in Malabar Coast and Indian Ocean until the Portuguese Age of Discovery. The "nakhudas", merchant magnates owning ships, spread their shipping and trading business interests across the Indian Ocean.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: The arrival of the Portuguese explorers in the late 15th century checked the then well-established and wealthy Muslim community's progress. Following the discovery of sea route from Europe to Kozhikode in 1498, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between Ormus and the Malabar Coast and south to Ceylon. The "Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen" written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II (born around 1532) of Ponnani during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Malabar coast. It was first printed and published in Lisbon. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of Al-Azhar University, Cairo. "Tuhfatul Mujahideen" also describes the history of Mappila Muslim community of Kerala as well as the general condition of Malabar Coast in the 16th century CE. With the end of Portuguese era, Arabs lost their monopoly of trade in Malabar Coast. As the Portuguese tried to establish monopoly in spice trade, bitter naval battles with the zamorin ruler of Calicut became a common sight. The Portuguese naval forces attacked and looted the Muslim dominated port towns in the Kerala. Ships containing trading goods were drowned, often along with the crew. This activities, in the long run, resulted in the Muslims losing control of the spice trade they had dominated for more than five hundred years. Historians note that in the post-Portuguese period, once-rich Muslim traders turned inland (southern interior Malabar) in search of alternative occupations to commerce.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: By the mid-18th century the majority of the Muslims of Kerala were landless labourers, poor fishermen and petty traders, and the community was in "a psychological retreat". The community tried to reverse the trend during the Mysore invasion of Malabar District (late 18th century). The victory of the English East India Company and princely Hindu confederacy in 1792 over the Kingdom of Mysore placed the Muslims once again in economical and cultural subjection. The subsequent partisan rule of British authorities throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries brought the landless Muslim peasants of Malabar District into a condition of destitution, and this led to a series of uprisings (against the Hindu landlords and British administration). The series of violence eventually exploded as the Mappila Uprising (1921–22). The Muslim material strength - along with modern education, theological reform, and active participation in democratic process - recovered slowly after the 1921-22 Uprising. The Muslim numbers in state and central government posts remained staggeringly low. The Muslim literacy rate was only 5% in 1931.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: A large number of Muslims of Kerala found extensive employment in the Persian Gulf countries in the following years (c. 1970s). This widespread participation in the "Gulf Rush" produced huge economic and social benefits for the community. A great influx of funds from the earnings of the employed followed. Issues such as widespread poverty, unemployment, and educational backwardness began to change. The Muslims in Kerala are now considered as section of Indian Muslims marked by recovery, change, and positive involvement in the modern world. Malayali Muslim women are now not reluctant to join professional vocations and assuming leadership roles. University of Calicut, with the former Malabar District being its major catchment area, was established in 1968. Calicut International Airport, currently the twelfth busiest airport in India, was inaugurated in 1988. An Indian Institute of Management (IIM) was established at Kozhikode in 1996.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: The last Indian Census was conducted in 2011. According to the 2011 Census of India, the district-wise distribution of the Muslim population is as shown below:


title: Islam in Kerala

text: Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow Sunni Islam of Shāfiʿī school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist 'Sunnis') while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within Sunni Islam. The latter section consists of majority Salafists (the Mujahids) and the minority Islamists. Both the traditional Sunnis and Mujahids again have been divided to sub-identities.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: In addition to the two endogamous groups there were other service castes like "Kabaru Kilakkunnavar", "Alakkukar", and "Ossans" in Pusalan settlements. Ossan occupied the lowest position in the old hierarchy.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: Mappila Songs (or Mappila Poems) is a famous folklore tradition emerged in "c." 16th century. The ballads are compiled in complex blend of Dravidian (Malayalam/Tamil) and Arabic, Persian/Urdu in a modified Arabic script. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, as they sound a mix of the ethos and culture of Dravidian South India as well as West Asia. They deal with themes such as religion, satire, romance, heroism, and politics. Moyinkutty Vaidyar (1875–91) is generally considered as the poet laureate of Mappila Songs.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: As the modern Malayali Muslim literature developed after the 1921–22 Uprising, religious publications dominated the field.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1910–1994), followed by, U. A. Khader, K. T. Muhammed, N. P. Muhammed and Moidu Padiyath are leading Kerala Muslim authors of the modern age. Muslim periodical literature and newspaper dailies – all in Malayalam – are also extensive and critically read among the Muslims. The newspaper known as "Chandrika", founded in 1934, played as significant role in the development of the Muslim community.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: The Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, Persian, Yemenese and Arab food culture. This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes. "Kallummakkaya" (mussels) curry, "irachi puttu" ("irachi" meaning meat), "parottas" (soft flatbread), "Pathiri" (a type of rice pancake) and "ghee" rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine—black pepper, cardamom and clove are used profusely.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: The Malabar version of "biryani", popularly known as "kuzhi mandi" in Malayalam is another popular item, which has an influence from Yemen. Various varieties of "biriyanis" like Thalassery "biriyani", Kannur "biriyani", Kozhikode "biriyani" and Ponnani "biriyani" are prepared by the Mappila community.


title: Islam in Kerala

text: The snacks include "unnakkaya" (deep-fried, boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew, raisins and sugar), "pazham nirachathu" (ripe banana filled with coconut grating, molasses or sugar), "muttamala" made of eggs, "chatti pathiri", a dessert made of flour, like a baked, layered "chapati" with rich filling, "arikkadukka", and more.


title: ESPN2

text: ESPN2 is an American multinational pay television network owned by ESPN Inc., a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company (which owns a controlling 80% stake) and Hearst Communications (which owns the remaining 20%).


title: ESPN2

text: ESPN2 was initially formatted as a younger-skewing counterpart to its parent network ESPN, with a focus on sports popular among young adult audiences (ranging from mainstream events to other unconventional sports), and carrying a more informal and youthful presentation than the main network. By the late 1990s, this mandate was phased out, as the channel increasingly became a second outlet for ESPN's mainstream sports coverage.


title: ESPN2

text: As of November 2021, ESPN2 reaches approximately 76 million television households in the United States - a drop of 24% from nearly a decade ago.


title: ESPN2

text: ESPN2 launched on October 1, 1993, at 7:30 p.m. ET. Its inaugural program was the premiere of "SportsNight", a sports news program originally hosted by Keith Olbermann and Suzy Kolber; Olbermann opened the show and the channel by jokingly welcoming viewers to "the end of our careers." Launching with an estimated carriage of about 10 million homes, and nicknamed "The Deuce", ESPN2 aimed to be a more informal and youth-oriented channel than parent network ESPN. The youthful image was also reflected in its overall presentation, which featured a graffiti-themed logo and on-air graphics.


title: ESPN2

text: Its initial lineup featured studio programs such as "SportsNight"—which host Keith Olbermann characterized as a "lighter" parallel to ESPN's "SportsCenter" that would still be "comprehensive, thorough and extremely skeptical", "Talk2"—a nightly talk show hosted by Jim Rome that was billed as an equivalent to CNN's "Larry King Live", "Max Out"—an extreme sports anthology series carried over from ESPN, and "SportsSmash"—a five-minute recap of sports headlines which aired every half-hour. ESPN2 also carried several half-hour studio programs focused on specific sports, such as "NFL 2Night", "NHL 2Night," and "RPM 2Night". Event coverage would focus on coverage of mainstream sports popular within the 18–34 age demographic, such as auto racing, college basketball and NHL hockey (where, beginning in the 1993–94 season, it aired up to five games per-week under the title "NHL Fire on Ice"), while also covering atypical sports such as BMX and other extreme sports.


title: ESPN2

text: ESPN2 would also be used to showcase new technology and experimental means of broadcasting events: on September 18, 1994, ESPN2 simulcast CART's Bosch Spark Plug Grand Prix using only onboard camera feeds. In 1995, ESPN2 introduced the "BottomLine", a persistent news ticker which displayed sports news and scores. The BottomLine would later be adopted by ESPN itself and all of its future properties.


title: ESPN2

text: In the late 1990s, ESPN2 began to phase out its youth-oriented format, and transitioned to becoming a secondary outlet for ESPN's mainstream sports programming; telecasts began to adopt a more conventional style, and the "graffiti 2" logo was dropped in 2001 in favor of a variation of the standard ESPN logo. On-screen graphics (such as the BottomLine) used a blue color scheme instead of red to differentiate it from ESPN. On February 12, 2007, ESPN2's unique branding elements were stripped from most on-air presentation: the ESPN2 brand is now solely used for station identification, and is no longer used as part of the branding of its programming.


title: ESPN2

text: Sports events presented on ESPN2 originally tended to be alternative sports such as poker, billiards, lumberjacking, extreme sports and, more recently, drum and bugle corps. However, in recent years ESPN2 has broadcast increasingly more mainstream sporting events, including Major League Baseball games, the East–West Shrine Game, much of the 2006 World Baseball Classic, many Major League Soccer games, NCAA football games, NCAA basketball games, the WNBA, the Arena Football League, regular season KHL games, and Saturday afternoon NASCAR Nationwide Series races. In 2011, ESPN2 also acquired broadcast rights to delayed coverage for some American Le Mans Series events, with series' major events airing on ABC. ESPN2 College Football Primetime is a live game presentation of college football on ESPN2. The channel airs the Canadian Football League playoffs, including the season-ending Grey Cup, simulcasting from their Canadian partner TSN.


title: ESPN2

text: The channel has also become ESPN's home for tennis coverage. The showpieces are all four of the "Grand Slam" tournaments: the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. U.S.-based tournaments, including the ATP Masters 1000 events at Indian Wells and Miami, as well as the US Open Series, are also broadcast on the channel.


title: ESPN2

text: Most of ESPN's soccer output has been broadcast on ESPN2, including Major League Soccer, Premier League and La Liga matches; the channel also broadcast the United States' FIFA World Cup qualifiers in 2009. ESPN2 formerly broadcast matches of the UEFA Champions League, until rights for that tournament moved to Fox Soccer and its sister networks. In 2003, ESPN2 began broadcasting Major League Lacrosse games. In March 2007, ESPN2 and the league agreed on a new broadcast contract that ran until the 2016 season.


title: ESPN2

text: On October 4, 2017, ESPN announced that it had acquired rights to the Formula One World Championship; the majority of the races are carried by ESPN2.


title: ESPN2

text: The NHL returned to ESPN in the 2021–22 season; ESPN2 primarily serves as a secondary broadcaster during the Stanley Cup Playoffs.


title: ESPN2

text: ESPN2's former flagship show, the morning sports/entertainment program "Cold Pizza", achieved minimal success and saw several format and host changes. In January 2006, it was supplanted by the television simulcast of ESPN Radio's "Mike and Mike in the Morning" (which moved from ESPNews) and moved to a later time slot (10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Eastern Time). In May 2007, "Cold Pizza" moved from New York City to the ESPN headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut and was renamed "ESPN First Take". After ESPN became part of a new broadcast contract with the association, ESPN2 also premiered the new daily show "NASCAR Now" (similar to the previous "RPM 2Night", except only focusing on NASCAR) in February 2007. "Quite Frankly with Stephen A. Smith", a program that featured interviews with popular sports figures, had averaged extremely low ratings, and had also faced several timeslot changes, until it was finally canceled in January 2007.


title: ESPN2

text: On August 8, 2018, ESPN2 stunted as "ESPN8: The Ocho"—an homage to a fictitious eighth ESPN channel portrayed in the 2004 film "", dedicated to unconventional and obscure sporting events. The event—which also included airings of the original film— was a follow-up to a similar marathon aired by ESPNU the previous year.


title: ESPN2

text: ESPN2 has also simulcast many game telecasts with ESPN, usually as a part of a "Full Circle" or "Megacast" broadcast, which covers a single event across ESPN platforms with different forms of coverage (such as different camera angles and features). ESPN2 also simulcasts some programming from ESPNews, often during local blackouts of scheduled national game telecasts, and for a while provided a simulcast of ESPN Deportes' edition of "SportsCenter" on Sundays. In return, ESPN2 programming is often seen on ESPN during blackouts of games in certain markets.


title: ESPN2

text: ESPN2 also often carries "SportsCenter" at times when the broadcast on ESPN is delayed by a sporting event that overruns into one of the program's scheduled timeslots. ESPN and ESPN2 also jointly aired two episodes of a documentary special called "This is SportsCenter", in which ESPN showed a documentary showing the production of an edition of "SportsCenter", while the finished product aired on ESPN2. The documentary would usually air for two hours, where the first hour would cover the preliminary production of the night's show on ESPN, while ESPN2 aired ESPN's regular programming. The second hour usually spent time at production control while covering reaction to the night's developments.


title: ESPN2

text: On March 16, 2008, ESPN2 aired CBS-produced coverage of the SEC men's basketball championship game in most of the country. A tornado had damaged the original game site, the Georgia Dome, causing the remainder of the tournament to be rescheduled and re-located to the smaller Alexander Memorial Coliseum. However, the new, later tip-off time for the SEC championship created a scheduling conflict with CBS's coverage of the Big Ten championship game. As a result, CBS aired the SEC championship on its affiliates in the markets of the teams involved, while ESPN2 aired a simulcast of the game in the rest of the country.


title: ESPN2

text: ESPN2 has occasionally been used to carry simulcasts of ESPN Deportes' Spanish-language coverage of events, in an effort to boost availability of the Spanish broadcast and promote the ESPN Deportes channel (as ESPN2 is available in a significantly larger number of homes than ESPN Deportes), and reduce the need to counterprogram with lesser-viewed programs. Examples since 2016 have included NBA Christmas Day games, the 2017 World Baseball Classic (whose English rights were exclusively held by MLB Network), and an International Champions Cup game between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. From the 2017 NFL season through 2020, ESPN2 simulcast ESPN Deportes' Spanish-language broadcasts of "Monday Night Football" during the first nine weeks of the season, including its pre-game show "NFL Esta Noche", and ESPN Latin America's "SportsCenter" from Mexico City after the game. ESPN2 had largely scheduled filler programming against "MNF" until November, when it begins its Monday-night college basketball coverage.


title: ESPN2

text: In the 2021 season, the Spanish simulcast of "MNF" was replaced with "Monday Night Football with Peyton and Eli" (colloquially known as the "Manningcast"), which is hosted by Eli and Peyton Manning, and features appearances by other celebrity guests.


title: ESPN2

text: ESPN2 broadcasts in high definition in the 720p resolution format, which was launched in January 2005. In January 2011, the separate ESPN2HD branding began to be phased out, as in May of that year, the channel would shift to using the AFD #10 flag to transmit the channel's standard definition feed in letterboxed widescreen, mirroring the display of the high definition feed, with the SD feed eventually phased out to allow downscaling of the HD feed for the standard definition channel.


title: Sean Roldan

text: Raghavendra Raja Rao, known by his stage name Sean Roldan is an Indian musician who has worked on Carnatic music, independent music, and film scores for the Tamil film industry. He rose to fame after gaining critical acclaim for his work in Balaji Mohan's Tamil-Malayalam bilingual "Vaayai Moodi Pesavum" / "Samsaaram Aarogyathinu Haanikaram" (2014).


title: Sean Roldan

text: Roldan was born as Raghavendra Raja Rao to the renowned mridangam player Srimushnam V. Raja Rao and Padma, the daughter of novelist Sandilyan. He is married to Lalitha Sudha, a playback singer who works in the Indian film industry, primarily for films composed by him. He was drawn into film music by A.R. Rahman's debut album Roja.


title: Sean Roldan

text: Rao began a career in music composing and working on Carnatic tracks before venturing into independent Tamil music with his band Sean Roldan & Friends. Roldan was recommended by film producer C. V. Kumar to Varun Manian, the producer of the bilingual film "Vaayai Moodi Pesavum" / "Samsaaram Aarogyathinu Haanikaram", who was looking for a composer after the director's original choice, Anirudh Ravichander, had opted out. He subsequently signed the film and chose to continue to credit himself as Sean Roldan for a career in the Tamil film industry. He produced eight tracks for the film, singing two, while including one inspired by the single track "Mayakkura Poo Vaasam" composed for his band. That same year, he composed music for the films "Sathuranga Vettai", "Mundasupatti", and "Aadama Jaichomada". All soundtracks were well-received. 2015 saw him composing the songs for "144".


title: Sean Roldan

text: In 2016, Roldan composed music for the political satire film "Joker". The songs were well-received. 2017 saw him composing music for "Pa Paandi", the directorial debut of actor Dhanush. Three more films were released that year featuring Roldan's music: "Neruppu Da", "Katha Nayagan", and "Velaiilla Pattadhari 2", the last of which he collaborated with Dhanush, though this time as a lead actor. Roldan's only film composed in 2018 was "Kathiruppor Pattiyal". He composed two films in 2019: "Mehandi Circus" and "Raatchasi".


title: Sean Roldan

text: In 2020, Roldan composed one song from "Dharala Prabhu", and in 2021, he composed one song from "Kasada Thapara". 2021 also saw him composing the legal drama "Jai Bhim" in his first collaboration with Suriya. The film, based on a true incident, became the first Indian movie to emerge as the highest user-rated film on IMDb.


title: Sean Roldan

text: Roldan's music draws heavy inspiration from Tamil composer Ilaiyaraaja. His greater aim is to represent Indian music internationally.


title: Pachmarhi

text: Pachmarhi is a hill station in Narmadapuram district of Madhya Pradesh state of central India. It has been the location of a cantonment (Pachmarhi Cantonment) since British Raj.


title: Pachmarhi

text: It is widely known as "Satpura ki Rani" ("Queen of Satpura"), situated at a height of 1067 m in a valley of the Satpura Range in Narmadapuram district. Dhupgarh, the highest point (1,352 m) in Madhya Pradesh and the Satpura range, is located here. It is a part of Satpura Biosphere Reserve. Pachmarhi is a hill station of central India. It is also famous for Satpura Tiger Reserve, Satpura National Park, Lord Shiva, Pandavas of Mahabharata.


title: Pachmarhi

text: The name Pachmarhi is believed to be derived from the Hindi words "Panch" ("five") and "Marhi" ("caves"). According to a legend, these caves were built by five Pandava brothers of Mahabharatha era during their thirteen years of exile. The caves are situated on a hilltop and provide an excellent vantage point.


title: Pachmarhi

text: Pachmadhi region was Ruled by Bhonsale Kings।. It came under Marathas in 18th Century under SenaSahebSubha Maharaj Raghuji Raje Bhonsale।


title: Pachmarhi

text: Before the British, the Pachmarhi region was under the kingdom of the Gond Bhagvat Singh, although it was not a populated village or town at that time. Captain James Forsyth of the British Army along with Subhedar Major Nathoo Ramji Powar who was later made the Kotwal (in charge of the armoury) of Pachmarhi, spotted the plateau in the Pachmarhi region in 1857, while leading his troops on the way to Jhansi. It quickly developed into hill station and sanatorium for British troops in the Central Provinces of India.


title: Pachmarhi

text: The population in 1901 was 3,020, rising to double that number in the hot summer months. Pachmarhi also served as the summer capital for the Central Provinces.


title: Pachmarhi

text: The forest around the town is home to many rare varieties of plants. UNESCO added Pachmarhi park to its list of Biosphere Reserves in May 2009.


title: Pachmarhi

text: The total area of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is 4981.72 km. It is located at longitude 22° 11’ to 22° 50’N and latitude 77° 47’ to 78° 52’E. It covers parts of three civil districts, viz; Hoshanga bad (59.55%), Chhindwara (29.19%) and Betul (11.26%). It includes three wildlife conservation units viz., Bori Sanctuary 485.72 km), Satpura National Park (524.37 km) and Pachmarhi Sanctuary (491.63 km).


title: Pachmarhi

text: The town is not very large, and most of its area is under the administration of the Pachmarhi Cantonment Board, serving the Indian Army. It is the center of the Army Education Corps (AEC). The population of Pachmarhi is about 12,062 as per the report released by Census India 2011, most of whom are connected with the Army installations, tourism, and forest department.


title: Pachmarhi

text: A rarely used airstrip is situated on way to Dhupgarh. It is overrun with grass and is seldom used. A Helipad is also there near the airstrip. Tigers and Bisons are known to have been sighted near the airstrip. Leopard sightings are common along the edge of the Pachmarhi Cantonment.


title: Pachmarhi

text: The climate is mild, with temperatures ranging from warm to cool. Summers have significantly more rainfall than winters. Köppen and Geiger classify this location as Cwa. The average temperature in this area is 21.7 °C. The average rainfall in this area is 2012 mm. May is the hottest month of the year, with an average temperature of 30.3 °C. December is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of 15.5 °C.


title: Pachmarhi

text: Pachmarhi is a tourist retreat. Throughout the year, tourists visit Pachmarhi. There are numerous hotels, most of which are located near the market. Only a few cottages, resorts, and MP tourism hotels are located in the Pachmarhi area, about 2 or 3 kilometres from the bus stop.


title: Pachmarhi

text: Pachmarhi's forests are home to numerous cave paintings, some of which are estimated to be 10,000 years old. The garden at the base of Pandava Caves, a tourist attraction, is depicted in the photograph. Although the caves are Buddhist in nature, the name has stuck. The area has abundant timber reserves, including teak, but due to its status as a reserve, no new construction or tree felling is permitted. Pachmarhi, which has a diverse and rare flora and fauna, requires central and state government approval for any new construction outside of the town limits.


title: Pachmarhi

text: Pachmarhi offers a variety of natural attractions such as lake boating, paragliding, greenery, views, waterfalls, mountain streams, and wildlife. Pachmarhi is also home to the National Adventure Institute, which hosts a variety of adventure training camps. Bharat Scout & Guides is also located there.


title: Pachmarhi

text: “ Satpura Tiger Réserve “ Large mammal species include tiger, leopard, wild boar, gaur ("Bos gaurus"), chital deer ("Axis axis"), muntjac deer, sambar deer ("Cervus unicolor"), and rhesus macaques.