title: Rail profile

text: Plate rail was an early type of rail and had an 'L' cross-section in which the flange kept an unflanged wheel on the track. The flanged rail has seen a minor revival in the 1950s, as guide bars, with the Paris Métro ("Rubber-tyred metro" or French "") and more recently as the Guided bus. In the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway the rail is a thick concrete beam with a lip to form the flange. The buses run on normal road wheels with side-mounted guidewheels to run against the flanges. Buses are steered normally when off the busway, analogous to the 18th-century wagons which could be manoeuvered around pitheads before joining the track for the longer haul.


title: Rail profile

text: Bridge rail is a rail with an inverted-U profile. Its simple shape is easy to manufacture, and it was widely used before more sophisticated profiles became cheap enough to make in bulk. It was notably used on the Great Western Railway's gauge baulk road, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.


title: Rail profile

text: Barlow rail was invented by William Henry Barlow in 1849. It was designed to be laid straight onto the ballast, but the lack of sleepers (ties) meant that it was difficult to keep it in gauge.


title: Rail profile

text: Iron-strapped wooden rails were used on all American railways until 1831. Col. Robert L. Stevens, the President of the Camden and Amboy Railroad, conceived the idea that an all-iron rail would be better suited for building a railroad. There were no steel mills in America capable of rolling long lengths, so he sailed to the United Kingdom which was the only place where his flanged T rail (also called T-section) could be rolled. Railways in the UK had been using rolled rail of other cross-sections which the ironmasters had produced.


title: Rail profile

text: In May 1831, the first 500 rails, each long and weighing , reached Philadelphia and were placed in the track, marking the first use of the flanged T rail. Afterwards, the flanged T rail became employed by all railroads in the United States.


title: Rail profile

text: Col. Stevens also invented the hooked spike for attaching the rail to the crosstie (or sleeper). At the present time, the screw spike is being used widely in place of the hooked spike.


title: Rail profile

text: Vignoles rail is the popular name of the flat-bottomed rail, recognising engineer Charles Vignoles who introduced it to Britain.


title: Rail profile

text: Charles Vignoles observed that wear was occurring with wrought iron rails and cast iron chairs upon stone blocks, the most common system at that time. In 1836 he recommended flat-bottomed rail to the London and Croydon Railway for which he was consulting engineer.


title: Rail profile

text: His original rail had a smaller cross-section than the Stevens rail, with a wider base than modern rail, fastened with screws through the base. Other lines which adopted it were the Hull and Selby, the Newcastle and North Shields, and the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal Navigation and Railway Company.


title: Rail profile

text: When it became possible to preserve wooden sleepers with mercuric chloride (a process called Kyanising) and creosote, they gave a much quieter ride than stone blocks and it was possible to fasten the rails directly using clips or rail spikes. Their use spread worldwide and acquired Vignoles's name.


title: Rail profile

text: The joint where the ends of two rails are connected to each other is the weakest part of a rail line. The earliest iron rails were joined by a simple fishplate or bar of metal bolted through the web of the rail. Stronger methods of joining two rails together have been developed. When sufficient metal is put into the rail joint, the joint is almost as strong as the rest of the rail length. The noise generated by trains passing over the rail joints, described as "the clickity clack of the railroad track", can be eliminated by welding the rail sections together. Continuously welded rail has a uniform top profile even at the joints.


title: Rail profile

text: In late 1830s Britain, railway lines had a vast range of different patterns. One of the earliest lines to use double-headed rail was the London and Birmingham Railway, which had offered a prize for the best design. This rail was supported by chairs and the head and foot of the rail had the same profile. The supposed advantage was that, when the head became worn, the rail could be turned over and re-used. In practice, this form of recycling was not very successful as the chair caused dents in the lower surface, and double-headed rail evolved into bullhead rail in which the head was more substantial than the foot.


title: Rail profile

text: Bullhead rail was the standard for the British railway system from the mid-19th until the mid-20th century. For example, in 1954 bullhead rail was used for of new track and flat-bottom for . One of the first British Standards, BS 9, was for bullhead rail - it was originally published in 1905, and revised in 1924. Rails manufactured to the 1905 standard were referred to as "O.B.S." (Original), and those manufactured to the 1924 standard as "R.B.S." (Revised).


title: Rail profile

text: Bullhead rail is similar to double-headed rail except that the profile of the head of the rail is not the same as that of the foot. Bullhead rail evolved from double-headed rail but, because it did not have a symmetrical profile, it was never possible to flip it over and use the foot as the head. Therefore, because the rail no longer had the originally-perceived benefit of reusability, it was a very expensive method of laying track. Heavy cast iron chairs were needed to support the rail, which was secured in the chairs by wooden (later steel) wedges or "keys" which required regular attention.


title: Rail profile

text: Bullhead rail has now been almost completely replaced by flat-bottom rail on British railways, although it survives on the national rail system in some sidings or branch lines. It can also be found on heritage railways, due both to the desire to maintain an historic appearance, and the salvage and reuse of old track components from the main lines. The London Underground continued to use bullhead rail after it had been phased out elsewhere in Britain, but in the last few years has there been a concerted effort to convert its track to flat-bottom rail. However, the process of replacing track in tunnels is a slow process due to the impossibility of using heavy plant and machinery.


title: Rail profile

text: Where a rail is laid in a road surface (pavement) or within grassed surfaces, there has to be accommodation for the flange. This is provided by a slot called the flangeway. The rail is then known as grooved rail, groove rail, or girder rail. The flangeway has the railhead on one side and the guard on the other. The guard carries no weight, but may act as a checkrail.


title: Rail profile

text: Grooved rail was invented in 1852 by Alphonse Loubat, a French inventor who developed improvements in tram and rail equipment, and helped develop tram lines in New York City and Paris. The invention of grooved rail enabled tramways to be laid without causing a nuisance to other road users, except unsuspecting cyclists, who could get their wheels caught in the groove. The grooves may become filled with gravel and dirt (particularly if infrequently used or after a period of idleness) and need clearing from time to time, this being done by a "scrubber" tram. Failure to clear the grooves can lead to a bumpy ride for the passengers, damage to either wheel or rail and possibly derailing.


title: Rail profile

text: The traditional form of grooved rail is the girder guard section illustrated to the left. This rail is a modified form of flanged rail and requires a special mounting for weight transfer and gauge stabilisation. If the weight is carried by the roadway subsurface, steel ties are needed at regular intervals to maintain the gauge. Installing these means that the whole surface needs to be excavated and reinstated.


title: Rail profile

text: Block rail is a lower profile form of girder guard rail with the web eliminated. In profile it is more like a solid form of bridge rail, with a flangeway and guard added. Simply removing the web and combining the head section directly with the foot section would result in a weak rail, so additional thickness is required in the combined section.


title: Rail profile

text: A modern block rail with a further reduction in mass is the LR55 rail which is polyurethane grouted into a prefabricated concrete beam. It can be set in trench grooves cut into an existing asphalt road bed for Light Rail (trams).


title: Rail profile

text: Rails should be made as long as possible since joints between rail lengths are a source of weakness. As manufacturing processes have improved, rail lengths have increased. Long rails are flexible, and there is no problem going around curves. The rail, which would be the world's longest rail line in a single piece, was rolled at URM, Bhilai Steel Plant (SAIL) on 29 November 2016.


title: Rail profile

text: Welding of rails into longer lengths was first introduced around 1893. Welding can be done in a central depot, or in the field.


title: Rail profile

text: It has long been recognised that conical wheels and rails that are sloped by the same amount follow curves better than cylindrical wheels and vertical rails. A few railways such as Queensland Railways for a long time had cylindrical wheels until much heavier traffic required a change.


title: Rail profile

text: Cylindrical wheel treads have to "skid" on track curves so increase both drag and rail and wheel wear. On very straight track a cylindrical wheel tread rolls more freely and does not "hunt". The gauge is narrowed slightly and the flange fillets keep the flanges from rubbing the rails.


title: Rail profile

text: United States practice is a 1 in 20 cone when new. As the tread wears it approaches an unevenly cylindrical tread, at which time the wheel is trued on a wheel lathe or replaced.


title: Rail profile

text: Rails are made from high quality steel and not in huge quantities compared with other forms of steel, and so the number of manufacturers in any one country tends to be limited.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: D.A.R.Y.L. is a 1985 science fiction film written by David Ambrose, Allan Scott, and Jeffrey Ellis. It was directed by Simon Wincer and stars Barret Oliver, Mary Beth Hurt, Michael McKean, Danny Corkill, and Josef Sommer. D.A.R.Y.L. was released in the United States on June 14, 1985 and released in Singapore on May 5, 1986. The original music score was composed by Marvin Hamlisch.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: "Daryl" (whose name is an acronym for "Data-Analyzing Robot Youth Lifeform") (Barret Oliver) is an experiment in artificial intelligence, created by a government company called TASCOM. Although physically indistinguishable from an ordinary ten-year-old boy, his brain is actually a super-sophisticated microcomputer with several unique capabilities. These include exceptional reflexes, superhuman multitasking ability, and the ability to "hack" other computer systems. The D.A.R.Y.L. experiment was funded by the military, with the intention of producing a "super-soldier".


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: One of the original scientists, Dr. Mulligan, has misgivings about the experiment and frees Daryl. Pursued by a helicopter, Dr. Mulligan drops off Daryl in a mountain forest in South Carolina, and tries to escape from the helicopter. The chase ends when Dr. Mulligan drives his car off a cliff and dies.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: Daryl is found by an elderly couple and taken to an orphanage in the fictional town of Barkenton, South Carolina; he does not remember who or what he is. Though a normal pre-adolescent boy in most respects, Daryl begins to exhibit extraordinary talents after he goes to live with his new foster parents Joyce (Mary Beth Hurt) and Andy Richardson (Michael McKean). He is also introduced to the neighbors of the Richardsons: Howie (Steve Ryan) and Elaine Fox (Colleen Camp) and their children Sherie (Amy Linker) and Tyler "Turtle" (Danny Corkill). Due to being raised in isolation, Daryl's social skills are rather limited, but Turtle, a sarcastic, foul-mouthed wisecracker, manages to help him develop such skills.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: Turtle wonders how Daryl can remember his name and how to read, but does not remember anything else about himself. Daryl tells him that he was diagnosed with amnesia, and that his real parents might pick him up one day. At Turtle's house, Daryl notices Turtle playing "Pole Position", and decides to try it out, playing and reacting faster than humanly possible.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: Andy decides to teach Daryl how to improve his social skills by teaching him how to play baseball, to which Daryl shows uncanny abilities, including hitting multiple home runs; one of them shatters a window. When Andy shows Daryl how to use an ATM, Daryl helps Andy to rectify a problem when it won't accept his credit card. Daryl then makes a transaction with the ATM, which results in Daryl withdrawing $100 from Andy's account, but then manipulates the ATM to show $1,426,372 in the account.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: The baseball game starts with Andy's team, the Mohawks, facing the Warriors, coached by Andy's rival, Bull MacKenzie (Hardy Rawls). Daryl shows off his impressive ability, and the Mohawks start winning the game, but Turtle — who had noticed that Joyce is slightly annoyed that she cannot do anything for Daryl, because Daryl can look after himself perfectly — tells him that it is all right for him to not always be perfect and to mess up sometimes; Daryl ends up striking out his next turn, so Turtle ends up taking over for Daryl as the cleanup hitter. Turtle manages to hit a home run, winning the game for the team, and everyone is joyous over the Mohawks' victory.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: However, just as the Richardsons have truly begun to form a bond with Daryl, their new-found happiness is shattered when government agents find him and return him to the TASCOM facility in Washington, D.C. where he was created. Once there, his memory is restored and he is debriefed on the lessons he learned during his time with the Richardsons. Notable items in the debriefing include his decision to strike out at a baseball game, because sub-optimal performance in some areas can be more beneficial when building relationships with others, as well as his subjective preference for chocolate-flavored ice cream over vanilla-flavored ice cream. Because Daryl has revealed a capacity for human emotions, including fear, the D.A.R.Y.L. experiment is considered a failure by the military and the decision is made that the project be "terminated".


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: Dr. Jeffrey Stewart (Josef Sommer), one of Daryl's designers, decides to free Daryl so he can return to the Richardson family. Unfortunately, despite the cooperation of Dr. Ellen Lamb (Kathryn Walker) — who was originally skeptical about Daryl's humanity and had alerted the military to Daryl's continued existence — they do not get away cleanly. When asked by the military to justify her complicity, Dr. Lamb offers a reformulation of the Turing test: "General, a machine becomes human ... when you can't tell the difference anymore," implying that she is no longer certain that Daryl is not human.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: Daryl and Dr. Stewart manage to escape the first wave of pursuers, thanks to Daryl's advanced driving skills, apparently acquired through playing the "Pole Position" video game. As the sun comes up, they drive into the Northern Virginia countryside and steal a pickup truck to avoid being recognized. However, when passing two police roadblocks, Dr. Stewart is mortally wounded by a police officer's shotgun. With his dying words, he assures Daryl that he is indeed a real person and Daryl continues his escape.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: That night, Daryl sneaks into a nearby USAF airbase, hacks into a computer to trigger several faraway alarms as a distraction, and steals a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Daryl sets a course for Barkenton, and contacts Turtle telling him and Sherie to meet up with him at Blue Lake, a lake where he and Turtle had been before.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: Because their missiles cannot intercept the plane, the Air Force tells Daryl that the plane will be vaporized mid-flight using a self-destruct mechanism. Daryl ejects at the last moment to fake his own death, as the plane is blown apart over Barkenton. In the meantime, Turtle and Sherie bike to the lake to meet up with Daryl. Unfortunately, the ejection had knocked Daryl unconscious, and he plummets into Blue Lake in his ejection seat with a deployed parachute. The added weight of both the seat and the parachute causes him to sink and Daryl drowns. When his body resurfaces, Daryl is rushed to the hospital, but shows no signs of life and is officially declared dead.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: Everyone is depressed over Daryl's death, even though Turtle says that since he is a computer, he can't die. In the hospital, Dr. Lamb finds him and reactivates his electronic brain, restoring him to life. Now that he is declared dead, Daryl is no longer on the run from TASCOM and is free to return to his foster family. As Turtle walks out of the Richardsons' house, he sees Daryl running back to the house, and they joyfully reunite with everyone.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: Almost all of Barkenton was filmed in Orlando, and the surrounding areas, with one exception in Dillsboro.


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: "D.A.R.Y.L." failed to make it into the box office top five, and has received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has 53% approval rating based on 17 reviews. A 1985 reviewer for "The New York Times" wrote, "The best that can be said about "D.A.R.Y.L."... is that it's inoffensive." In his review for "Entertainment Tonight", Leonard Maltin said, "This is one of the blandest movies I've seen all year. No punch. No surprises. No juice, especially in the way it's directed." On their show "At the Movies", Gene Siskel gave "D.A.R.Y.L." a "thumbs down" for being predictable and formulaic, while Roger Ebert recommended the movie, praising its ending and comparing its theme to that of the 1968 film "Charly".


title: D.A.R.Y.L.

text: DVD Verdict cites "wooden" acting and a "preposterous" plot, but ultimately concludes that the film is "a formulaic slice of family entertainment that doesn't do much new, but follows the blueprint well enough to warrant a look."


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: 10 Endrathukulla () is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language road action comedy film written and directed by Vijay Milton and produced by A. R. Murugadoss under the banner A. R. Murugadoss Productions and Fox Star Studios. The film stars Vikram and Samantha Ruth Prabhu.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: Made on a budget of ₹65 crore, principal photography and filming took place in February 2014. The film was slated for a January 2015 release, but it was postponed, due to the release of "I" (2015). It was released on 21 October 2015, coinciding with the Dusshera festival. Despite receiving mixed reviews, the film was an average success at the box office, grossing 118 crore worldwide. The film was dubbed and released into Hindi as "10 Ka Dum" in 2016.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: A driving instructor who refers to himself by various names (such as "James Bond", "Mani Ratnam", or "Sunil Gavaskar") but never reveals his actual name is assigned by a local criminal Das to deliver a woman named Shakeela to Pooran Singh in Mussoorie. Shakeela is an orphan who has failed her driving test 14 times. The driving instructor is constantly irritated by Shakeela's antics during the journey to Mussoorie but soon falls in love with her. At Mussoorie, he learns from Pooran that Shakeela is to be delivered to Daksha Bhai, an upper-caste landlord from an Uttarakhand village.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: The driving instructor delivers Shakeela to Daksha and is invited to stay at his ancestral mansion for a festival. During the stay, he finds out why Shakeela has been delivered to Daksha: Shakeela is the doppelgänger of Daksha Bhai's sister Gadgi Moi, a cruel, merciless upper-caste leader who has been sentenced to death for orchestrating a massacre against the lower-caste people. Daksha Bhai plans to send Shakeela to jail in the place of Gadgi, who has been released on parole to perform the last rites of her dead grandmother. The plan backfires as Shakeela escapes from the police.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: In the chaos that ensues, Gadgi breaks her cover and kidnaps Shakeela, planning to kill her in a moving train. The driving instructor manages to rescue Shakeela and kill Gadgi. Distraught at Gadgi's death, Daksha commits suicide by jumping off the train with her body. In the end, the driving instructor and Shakeela, who are now in a relationship, happily drive back to Chennai. During the journey, the driving instructor whispers his real name in Shakeela's ear, to which she reacts in a disgusting manner.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: Vijay Milton collaborated with Vikram for his next film. Director AR Murugadoss was confirmed to be bankrolling the film along with Fox Star Studios. Initially titled "Idam Maari Irangiyavan", the film was later renamed as "10 Endrathukulla". D. Imman was signed on as composer for this film, which the composer confirmed through his official Twitter handle. The movie is supposed to be a road movie, which Behindwoods states was a relatively fresh genre for the Tamil audience.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: Samantha was selected to play a lead role, marking her first collaboration with Vikram. Pasupathy has been roped in to play an important role in the film. In August 2014, Ramdoss of "Mundasupatti" (2014) fame was added to the cast.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: Scenes involving Vikram and Samantha were shot in Chennai for a week's time, and the team was spotted filming in the MRC Nagar area of Chennai. The film began its first schedule on 26 May 2014. The film's first schedule ran for 7 days covering Hyderabad, Ladakh, Sikkim and many major North Indian cities. A major portion of filming is also done in Nepal, whose location are mainly Bhaktapur. The crew reported that they would shoot in many exotic locations across the globe, but also strictly adhere to a 6 months time frame, when the project will be completed. Furthermore, the team also promised a surprise Hollywood crew in the movie. The second schedule began on 23 June 2014. On 23 July 2014, the second schedule was completed, and the next schedule began subsequently. A song sequence featuring the lead pair was shot in a set erected near DMI College of Engineering near Sriperumbudur in August 2014. In late August 2014, about 3 schedules in were completed in Chennai, In One of the 3 schedules, a scene featuring the lead actress Samantha, actor Vikram in a duck farm near Madha Engg. College was shot, and the fourth schedule was planned to be shot in Pune for close to 20 days, with the schedule including a song sequence as well. The climax of the film was shot in Nepal and the train sequence Cappadocia, Turkey.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: In October, Charmme Kaur shot for a nine-minute-long song, which was said to have been designed like a play, with Charmme appearing as a character throughout the song. A set for about two-and-a-half crore rupees had been erected in Pune for the shoot. In September, 80% of the film was complete. One song scene was shot in Sikkim mountains on 29 October 2014. The shoot was done in Sikkim, Bagdogra, Jaipur and Delhi. The film team roped Racer Narain Karthikeyan for the action sequences with the racing car. Samantha said that the film was the toughest character she has played so far, she had also been trained to smoke as part of a scene. On 8 April 2015, the filming part ended at Nepal and post production started. Lee Whittaker was the action director in the film.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: D. Imman composed the soundtrack, while Anoop Seelin has composed the background score for the film. On an interview with "Behindwoods", about working for "10 Endrathukulla", which is a high-octane racy thriller film, Imman said that it gave the opportunity for him to explore racy music since the film was a road thriller.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: The soundtrack album features 8 songs composed by D. Imman, featuring a piece of theme music, male and female version of the title track and two karaoke versions of the songs. While all the song lyrics were written by Madhan Karky, Mani Amudhavan penned both the male and female versions of the title track "10 Endrathukulla". Sony Music acquired the audio rights of the film and subsequently for legal purchase as a soundtrack on digital music platform, iTunes.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: The first track, "Vroom Vroom," is penned by Madhan Karky, and rendered by Santhosh Hariharan, with backing vocals by D. Imman. The song is termed as a racy bike ride with this eerie number supported well by thumping rhythm and amazing bass guitar. The vocal renders the tune with supreme confidence and mastery. Here is a James Bond from Tamil Nadu musically presented in style by Imman-which happened never before! One will be surprised to find Indian musical instruments like Sitar and Mrudangam effortlessly fusing in this mélange.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: The male version of the title track "10 Endrathukulla" is rendered by Vishal Dadlani, with rap portions by Emcee Jesz. Experimentation gets a new dimension further when the sequencing sounds like a motorcycle ride in a convincing manner. Vishal Dadlani's urbane voice is a perfect fit for this contemporary chase genre composition. The live drumming and freaky electric guitars are like a detour to Classic Rock of the 80s, but just when that is assumed, a layer of Hip-Hop chorus arrives from nowhere! Watch out for the mesmerizing electric guitar solo in the first interlude- which defines the soul of the album.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: The female version of "10 Endrathukulla" is performed by Vaikom Vijayalakshmi. The raciest track of the album gets a different treatment from the season's favorite vocalist Vaikom Vijayalakshmi. While the first version focused on Classic Rock, this version gives its tribute to Hip-Hop beats, addictive Trance and House mix riffs. A totally new perspective of a trendy track is a brilliant treat for the ears!


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: The song "Vroom Vroom" was released as a single on 28 August 2015. The tracklist of the film was unveiled on 15 September 2015, through the official Twitter handle of Sony Music South and the entire album was released on 17 September 2015, at the Suryan FM Radio Station, Chennai. The makers also made to launch the jukebox in all streaming platforms on the same day.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: The soundtrack album of 10 Endrathukulla, got a mixed reception, while "10 Endrathukulla" and "Vroom Vroom" were quietly praised. Behindwoods rated the album 2.75 out of 5 stars, summarising that "10 Endrathukulla is a fun listen!" Indiaglitz reviewed as "Imman experiments with urbane flavor with ease" and rated the album 2.75 out of 5. Moviecrow rated it as 2.5 out of 5, stating "Imman fails to deliver the completely enjoyable album in this 10 Enrathukulla mainly due to uninspiring tunes, However, Imman's orchestration is considerably engaging throughout the album."


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: The film was initially expected to be released by January 2015, but citing the release of the Vikram's other film "I", "10 Enradhukulla"'s release was pushed to April, which further moved to 21 October 2015, to coincide with the Dusshera festival. The first look was released on 17 April 2015. The film's satellite rights of the film were sold to STAR Vijay. The film was also dubbed and released into Hindi as "10 Ka Dum" (2016)( Power of 10).


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: Baradwaj Rangan wrote, "With "10 Enradhukulla", Milton has made exactly the kind of movie for which "Goli Soda" appeared an antidote. The writing is shockingly scattershot, right from the scene that's supposed to set up the story". Deccan Chronicle gave 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, ""10 Endrathukulla" is a good pathology of current Tamil cinema: you have the decision makers of the filming world deciding that it is best to forego artistic ingenuity in favour of safe and predictable entertainment". The Times of India gave the same rating and wrote, "this film lacks the liveliness and inventiveness that made "Goli Soda" stand out. Rather the focus seems to have shifted from script to scale – smart writing is traded in for exotic locales, larger-than-life characters, over-the-top action choreography and overall blandness". Rediff gave 2 stars as well and wrote, ""10 Endrathukulla" is a tedious road film marred by overzealous performances, ordinary music, tacky CGI and poor execution". Sify wrote, "The film has racy action sequences, bubbly romance along with unexpected twists and turns but somewhere the packaging goes haywire. Though everything looks good on paper, Milton has lost things in translation". DNA stated "Vijay Milton has come up with a story that unfortunately doesn't do much for the audience. The movie has a very 1980s feel and look and considering the movies releasing today, this one is outdated" and rated it 2 out of 5. Indiaglitz stated "A jolly ride with a few speed breakers" and rated the film 2.75 out of 5. Behindwoods stated "Not as racy as expected, but a watchable ride" and rated the film 2.5 out of 5.


title: 10 Endrathukulla

text: "10 Endrathukulla" was reported to have collected ₹6.5 crore in India on its first day and almost ₹5 crore in South India alone.


title: Andre Miller

text: Andre Lloyd Miller (born March 19, 1976) is an American former professional basketball player and the current head coach for the Grand Rapids Gold. Miller has played professional basketball for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Los Angeles Clippers, Philadelphia 76ers, Portland Trail Blazers, Denver Nuggets, Washington Wizards, Sacramento Kings, Minnesota Timberwolves and San Antonio Spurs. Currently, he ranks eleventh all-time in NBA career assists and only missed three games to injury in his 17-year career. He is the only player in NBA history to have at least 16,000 career points, 8,000 assists and 1,500 steals without making an NBA All-Star Game.


title: Andre Miller

text: Miller played high school basketball at Verbum Dei in Los Angeles where during his time there, the team found great success under coach Mike Kearney.


title: Andre Miller

text: Miller played college basketball at the University of Utah. He became a starter at point guard early in his freshman season, and remained a team leader throughout his career at the school. In 1997, following the graduation of Keith Van Horn, Miller and Michael Doleac took charge of the team, and they led the Runnin' Utes to the championship game of the 1998 Final Four. It was during that tournament run that Miller gained national attention.


title: Andre Miller

text: Utah faced Arizona in the West Regional finals. The Wildcats were defending national champions and the top seed in the region, and thus were heavily favored over the Utes. Arizona boasted an All-American guard line of Mike Bibby, Miles Simon, and Jason Terry, but Miller wasn't intimidated. He single-handedly dominated the Wildcats, totaling 18 points, 14 rebounds, and 13 assists in the game. It was just the fourth triple-double in the recorded history of the NCAA tournament. Utah won in a rout, 76-51.


title: Andre Miller

text: With Miller leading the way, the Utes continued their surprising run all the way to the title game, where they ultimately lost to Kentucky 78-69. Miller was a national star during his senior season (1999), earning First Team All-America honors from the Associated Press, the NABC, the Sporting News, and USBWA. Also, he was named Player of the Year in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC), in addition to First Team All-WAC and WAC All-Defensive Team honors.


title: Andre Miller

text: Miller averaged 12.1 points, 5.4 assists and 4.8 rebounds per game over his four-year collegiate career at Utah. He also finished his career as Utah's all-time leader in steals (254) and second in all-time assists (721). He left the school with a bachelor's degree in Sociology.


title: Andre Miller

text: Miller was drafted by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the eighth overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft. He averaged 11.1 points and 5.8 assists per game in his rookie year. In his second year, he averaged 15.8 points per game and 8 assists per game. In his final year as a Cavalier, his averages increased to 16.5 points and 10.8 assists per game. That season, on February 28, 2002, Miller set a then career high of 37 points scored during a 114-107 victory against the San Antonio Spurs. During his career as a Cavalier, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team, became the first player in Cleveland history to win player of the week twice, set a franchise record for total assists in a season (882), and was the only NBA player to average 10+ assists and points during the 2001–02 NBA season. He also played for the United States national team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship.


title: Andre Miller

text: On July 30, 2002, Miller was traded, along with Bryant Stith, to the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Darius Miles and Harold Jamison. He averaged 13.6 points, 6.7 assists, 4.0 rebounds and 1.24 steals in 80 games for the Clippers in 2002–03. He ranked ninth in the NBA in assists and led the Clippers in games played, games started (80) and minutes played (2,913).


title: Andre Miller

text: On August 1, 2003, Miller signed a six-year deal with the Denver Nuggets. In his first season in Denver he averaged 15.8 points and 6.1 assists, along with 4.5 rebounds and a career-high 1.7 steals per game. They made the playoffs but the Nuggets were eliminated in the first round 4 games to 1 by the Minnesota Timberwolves. In the 2004–05 he averaged 13.6 points, 6.9 assists, 4.1 rebounds, and 1.5 steals in 82 games. In the playoffs after winning game one in San Antonio, the Nuggets proceeded to lose the next four games and lost the series 4–1. In his last full season with the Nuggets his averages would go down. With his 13.7 points, 8.2 assists, 4.3 rebounds, and 1.3 steals he helped the team to win the Northwest division. They lost to the Los Angeles Clippers in 5 games. In the 2006–07 season he played 23 games with the Nuggets before he was traded to Philadelphia.


title: Andre Miller

text: On December 19, 2006, Miller was traded by the Nuggets to the Philadelphia 76ers as part of a trade for guard Allen Iverson.


title: Andre Miller

text: Miller's statistics went up in multiple categories; in 2006–07, Miller ranked fourth in the NBA in total assists (625) and seventh in assists per game (7.8), and also ranked 20th in steals per game (1.38) and 15th in assist to turnover ratio (2.82). He recorded 19 double-doubles in 2006–07 (148 for his career), and the Sixers were 7–5 in games in which he had a double-double and 17–8 when he scored 15+ points. He finished the final 35 games in 2006–07, shot 47.7% from the floor and 82.4% shooting from the line after shooting 44.5% FGs and 74.8% FTs in his first 22 games as a Sixer.


title: Andre Miller

text: On July 24, 2009, Miller signed a 3-year deal worth $21 million with the Blazers. On January 30, 2010, Miller scored a career high of 52 points while making 22 of 31 field goals in an overtime win against the Dallas Mavericks.


title: Andre Miller

text: Miller tied his playoff career high of 31 points in a first-round opening win against the Phoenix Suns on April 18, 2010.


title: Andre Miller

text: In December 2010, Miller's streak of 632 straight games ended because of a suspension for a game after shoving Clippers player Blake Griffin. The shove was missed by the refs and not called as a foul during the game with the suspension handed after review.


title: Andre Miller

text: During the 2011 NBA draft on June 23, 2011, Miller was involved in a trade sending him to the Nuggets along with the rights to #26 draft pick Jordan Hamilton in exchange for Raymond Felton. In his first game back with Denver, Miller finished with 18 points, 5 rebounds, 5 assists, 3 steals and a block in a 115-93 win over the defending champion Dallas Mavericks. On January 18, 2012, Miller led the Nuggets to win against his former team, the 76ers, with 28 points in a 108-104 overtime victory.


title: Andre Miller

text: On January 3, 2013, he recorded his 15,000th career point in a 101-97 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves. On April 20, 2013, Miller scored a game-winning lay up with 1.3 seconds left to beat the Golden State Warriors 97-95 in Game 1 of the first round of the 2013 NBA playoffs. Miller finished with 28 points on 11-16 from the field with 5 assists.


title: Andre Miller

text: On February 20, 2014, Miller was traded to the Washington Wizards in a three-team trade involving the Nuggets and the 76ers.


title: Andre Miller

text: On February 19, 2015, Miller was traded to the Sacramento Kings in exchange for Ramon Sessions. The trade reunited him with head coach George Karl, who Miller played under in Denver.


title: Andre Miller

text: On August 3, 2015, Miller signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves. On February 25, 2016, he was waived by the Timberwolves.


title: Andre Miller

text: On February 29, 2016, Miller signed with the San Antonio Spurs. Two days later, he made his debut with the Spurs in a 97–81 win over the Detroit Pistons, recording two rebounds and two assists in eight minutes off the bench. With Spurs' starting point guard Tony Parker out injured on March 8, Miller made his first NBA start since December 9, 2013. After playing more than 15 minutes just one time since November 29, 2015, Miller had 13 points and five assists in 25 minutes in the Spurs' 116–91 win over his former team, the Minnesota Timberwolves.


title: Theodore Roosevelt IV

text: Theodore Roosevelt V ( ) (born November 27, 1942), also called Theodore IV, is an American investment banker and managing director at Barclays Investment Bank. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Economic Club of New York, and the Foreign Policy Association, and serves on the Advisory Council of Represent.Us, a nonpartisan anti-corruption organization. Roosevelt is also a prominent conservationist. His name suffix varies since President Roosevelt's father was Theodore Roosevelt Sr., though the same-named son did not commonly use a "Jr." name suffix.


title: Theodore Roosevelt IV

text: Theodore Roosevelt V was born on November 27, 1942. He is the only son of Theodore Roosevelt IV (1914–2001) and Anne Mason Babcock (1917–2001). He earned his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1965. At Harvard, he was a member of the Porcellian Club. In 1972, he earned an MBA from the Harvard Business School, where he was a member of the HBS Rugby Club.


title: Theodore Roosevelt IV

text: Roosevelt is a great-grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt. As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, and through his ancestor Cornelius Van Schaack Jr., he is a descendant of the Schuyler family. His maternal grandparents were George Wheeler Babcock (1879—1950) and Anne Mason Bonnycastle Robinson (1886—1923).


title: Theodore Roosevelt IV

text: After college, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 16, 1965 and served as a U.S. Navy officer with Underwater Demolition Team 11 (BUD/S Class 36). After completing BUDS he served for two years in Vietnam with the Navy SEALs. He remained in the Naval Reserve after leaving active duty and was promoted to lieutenant commander on April 1, 1974.


title: Theodore Roosevelt IV

text: He would later then go onto serving in the U.S. State Department as a foreign service officer in Washington, D.C. and the Upper Volta.


title: Theodore Roosevelt IV

text: Roosevelt is Chair of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, a Trustee of the Alliance for Climate Protection, a member of the Governing Council of The Wilderness Society (United States), and a Trustee for the American Museum of Natural History, the World Resources Institute, and The Cultural Institutions Retirement System. He is also a Counselor for the China–U.S. Center for Sustainable Development. He sits on the Advisory Council of the nonpartisan anti-corruption organization Represent.Us, where he served as a consultant in the crafting of the American Anti-Corruption Act.


title: Theodore Roosevelt IV

text: At the Republican Convention in 2000, Roosevelt delivered an address on the environment. He gave the keynote speech at the National Governors Association Annual Meeting in 2001 as well as the keynote address at the Governors Conference on Climate Change in April 2008 sponsored by Yale University. Most recently, he spoke at the Conference of Parties Climate Summit in December 2009 in Copenhagen sponsored by the European Union Parliament.


title: Theodore Roosevelt IV

text: On April 18, 2016, the day before the New York Republican primary, Roosevelt endorsed Ohio Governor John Kasich for president of the United States.


title: Diane Hendricks

text: Diane Marie Hendricks (née Smith; born 1947) is an American billionaire businesswoman and film producer from Wisconsin. She is the widow of the late businessman Ken Hendricks.


title: Diane Hendricks

text: Hendricks was born and raised in Osseo, Wisconsin, the daughter of dairy farmers. She had her first child at the age of seventeen, and worked as a Playboy Bunny to pay her bills. She graduated from Osseo-Fairchild High School in 1965, and had been divorced from her first husband for ten years when she met Ken Hendricks.


title: Diane Hendricks

text: In 1975, she was selling custom-built homes and Ken was a roofing contractor. They married and became business partners. In 1982, they used their lines of credit to secure a loan that enabled them to establish ABC Supply, the nation's largest wholesale distributor of roofing, windows, gutters, and siding for residential and commercial buildings.


title: Diane Hendricks

text: Hendricks owns the Hendricks Holding Company, and is the owner and chairperson of ABC Supply. In March 2012, "Forbes" estimated her net worth at US$2.8 billion, and $11.1 billion as of August 2021.


title: Diane Hendricks

text: She has produced movies, including "The Stoning of Soraya M." (2008), about an execution in an Iranian village, "An American Carol", (2008), and "Snowmen", (2010).


title: Diane Hendricks

text: She donated $500,000 to Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's 2012 campaign to avoid recall, and was his biggest donor that year. She also supported Paul Ryan. In 2014, she donated $1 million to the Freedom Partners Action Fund, a pro-Republican Super PAC created by the Koch Brothers. In both 2015 and 2016, she donated $2 million to Freedom Partners Action Fund. In 2015, she gave $5 million to a PAC associated with presidential candidate Scott Walker, of which $4 million was ultimately refunded.


title: Diane Hendricks

text: In the 2016 U.S. presidential election, she gave over $5 million to the Reform America Fund, a super PAC which opposed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton and supported Republican U.S. Senator from Wisconsin Ron Johnson. Hendricks served as an economic advisor to Donald Trump's presidential campaign.


title: Diane Hendricks

text: Prior to Scott Pruitt's resignation in July 2018, she donated $50,000 to the Scott Pruitt Legal Expenses Trust.


title: Diane Hendricks

text: An investigation by Urban Milwaukee found that Hendricks's multi-story 8,500-square-foot home in the Town of Rock in Rock County, Wisconsin, had been assessed as a 1,663-square-foot ranch. Following the "Urban Milwaukee" investigation, Hendricks denied the tax assessor access to the property, citing "security reasons". After she agreed to supply the assessor with data on the home, the property's assessment was changed from $445,700 to $1,205,500.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: Stephen Christopher Spagnuolo (; born December 21, 1959) is an American football coach who is the defensive coordinator for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He rejoined Andy Reid after being a defensive assistant with him from 1999 to 2006. Spagnuolo has won two Super Bowls as defensive coordinator, one with the New York Giants and one with the Kansas City Chiefs. Spagnuolo is the only offensive or defensive coordinator in NFL history to win a Super Bowl with two different franchises.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: Following two seasons in New York, he was the head coach of the St. Louis Rams for three seasons, was an assistant with the Baltimore Ravens, had a one-season stint with the New Orleans Saints, and then returned to the Giants as defensive coordinator in 2015. He was named interim head coach after the firing of former head coach Ben McAdoo on December 4, 2017.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: Spagnuolo has also worked as a college football assistant coach for the University of Connecticut, the University of Maine, Lafayette College, Rutgers University, Bowling Green University, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He also spent time in the original World League of American Football and its successor, NFL Europe.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: Born in the Whitinsville section of Northbridge, Massachusetts, Spagnuolo moved to Grafton as a youth. After graduating from Grafton (MA) High School, Spagnuolo played wide receiver at Springfield College. He assisted the University of Massachusetts football team while pursuing his graduate degree.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: Spagnuolo began his NFL coaching career in the Philadelphia Eagles organization in 1999, serving as linebackers and defensive backs coach. He remained there for eight years.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: In January 2007, he was hired as the defensive coordinator for the New York Giants under head coach Tom Coughlin.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: He spent two years in New York, and was the architect of the aggressive defensive strategy against the New England Patriots (the highest scoring offensive team in NFL history at the time) in Super Bowl XLII, which was instrumental in the close victory by the Giants. Following the Super Bowl win and a great deal of praise, Spagnuolo's name was widely circulated for open head coach positions around the NFL.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: On February 7, 2008, he took his name out of consideration for the head coaching position of the Washington Redskins. The same day, the Giants made Spagnuolo one of the highest-paid defensive coordinators in the NFL with a new three-year contract, worth roughly $2 million a year.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: Following another successful season in 2008 in which the Giants finished the season 12–4, but lost in the Divisional round of the NFL Playoffs, Spagnuolo's name came up as a replacement for numerous head-coaching vacancies. These vacancies included, the Denver Broncos, New York Jets, and Detroit Lions, but Spagnuolo decided to join with the St. Louis Rams, taking over their head-coaching vacancy with a 4-year, $11.5 million contract. Spagnuolo hired Pat Shurmur and Ken Flajole to be the Rams' offensive and defensive coordinators respectively. Spagnuolo then hired Josh McDaniels to be the team's offensive coordinator to replace Shurmur, who left for the Browns' head-coaching job.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: Spagnuolo's first season saw the Rams go 1–15, the worst record in the league and the worst season in franchise history. After rebounding to 7–9 in 2010, they regressed to 2–14 in 2011, tied with the Indianapolis Colts with the worst record in the league. Spagnuolo was fired on January 2, 2012, after compiling a 10–38 overall record in his three seasons in St. Louis, the second-lowest winning percentage for a non-interim coach in franchise history.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: On January 19, 2012, Spagnuolo agreed to terms with the New Orleans Saints to become the new defensive coordinator under head coach Sean Payton, choosing this position rather than an offer from the Philadelphia Eagles. However, Payton was subsequently suspended for the season for his alleged role in the New Orleans Saints bounty scandal, leaving Spagnuolo to coach the defense without Payton's input. In 2012, the Saints allowed the most yards for a season of any defense in NFL history en route to finishing 7–9 and missing the playoffs for the first time in four years. Soon after Payton's suspension ended, Spagnuolo was fired on January 24, 2013.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: Baltimore hired Spagnuolo as a senior defensive assistant before the 2013 season, then promoted him to assistant head coach/secondary coach in 2014.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: On January 15, 2015, Spagnuolo rejoined the New York Giants as defensive coordinator, serving under head coach Tom Coughlin in 2015 and then under head coach Ben McAdoo in 2016. The Giants finished 32nd in the NFL in yards allowed his first year back. They also allowed the most passing yards in NFL history (4,783) and the 2nd most points in NFL history (442). But, the defense rebounded to have the league's 10th best defense in 2016, which fueled the team to an 11-5 record. Spagnuolo became interim head coach of the Giants after a house cleaning by the organization after the firings of McAdoo and General Manager Jerry Reese on December 4, 2017. He led them to a last-game win against the Washington Redskins, but finished 1-3 as interim head coach. After the season, Spagnuolo was not retained by new head coach Pat Shurmur, as Shurmur elected to hire James Bettcher as his defensive coordinator.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: On January 24, 2019, Spagnuolo was named defensive coordinator for the Kansas City Chiefs. Spagnuolo previously coached defensive backs and linebackers under Chiefs coach Andy Reid in Philadelphia from 1999 to 2006. On February 2, 2020, Spagnuolo appeared in his 3rd Super Bowl, and won his second title as the Chiefs beat the 49ers 31-20 in Super Bowl LIV.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: Spagnuolo learned under Philadelphia defensive coach Jim Johnson, and shares the same aggressive, blitz-heavy approach as his mentor. (He did not incorporate this philosophy during his time in New Orleans however.) Spagnuolo uses a 4–3 base defense with a heavy emphasis on multiple blitz packages, including corner and safety blitzes. While defensive coordinator of the New York Giants, he often used a smaller defensive line, with three or even four defensive ends to further pressure the quarterback.


title: Steve Spagnuolo

text: This philosophy proved successful, with the Giants leading the NFL in sacks in 2007. In Super Bowl XLII, Spagnuolo's defense sacked Tom Brady five times, which was the most he had been sacked in any game that season.


title: Peter Thum

text: Peter Thum is an American businessman. He has founded several companies and not for profit organizations. Thum is best known for creating the brand Ethos Water and leading the company as its president through its acquisition by Starbucks.


title: Peter Thum

text: Thum graduated from Claremont McKenna College in 1990 with a degree in Government. Following graduation, Thum moved to Berlin, Germany, after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Thum went on to earn an MBA from The Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.


title: Peter Thum

text: In 2001, while working on a consulting project in South Africa for McKinsey & Company, Thum met people who lived in the townships and countryside who did not have access to safe water and adequate sanitation. These experiences inspired him to come up with the idea for Ethos Water. Thum led Ethos as president through its acquisition by Starbucks in 2005. From 2005 to 2008, he managed Ethos and other businesses as a vice president of Starbucks and guided its philanthropy as a Director of the Starbucks Foundation.


title: Peter Thum

text: In 2008, Thum founded the not-for -profit organization Giving Water. Its mission is to fund programs providing water, adequate sanitation and hygiene education for children in need. Since then Giving Water has funded programs for over 6,000 school children in Kenya.


title: Peter Thum

text: Thum cofounded and is CEO of Fonderie 47, a brand formed in 2009 to turn assault rifles into jewelry, watches and accessories, under the stated aim of reducing the number and impact of assault rifles and other small arms.


title: Peter Thum

text: In 2013, Thum launched Liberty United, an organization that partners with American communities and law enforcement to take illegal guns and bullet shell casings released from evidence and to create jewelry and other accessories in order to fund programs to reduce gun violence. Mark Ruffalo participated in the launch of the project. The organization provides children with extracurricular academic, sports and art classes, as well as job training.


title: Peter Thum

text: Thum advises companies and not-for-profit organizations on strategic issues including growth, marketing, corporate social responsibility programs, fundraising, and venture creation. He speaks about business and social topics at conferences and in the media. He also serves on the boards for several companies and organizations focused on service, including FEED projects.


title: Peter Thum

text: He has served on multiple boards, including those of The Center for Human Rights at Claremont McKenna College; The Starbucks Foundation; The Fund for Global Human Rights; USA for UNHCR (The UN Refugee Agency); Impossible to Possible; The Deans Council of the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service; Feed Projects, and; Tactivate.


title: Peter Thum

text: In April 2017, Thum was received the For the Love of Children award from Children’s Home & Aid of Illinois.


title: Peter Thum

text: In December 2015, Thum’s work was featured in the global advertising campaign of the Cross Pen Company.


title: Peter Thum

text: In September 2015, Thum was featured in the global advertising campaign for UBS and photographed by Annie Leibovitz.


title: Peter Thum

text: In April 2012, the Tribeca Film Festival and the Disruptor Foundation awarded Thum the Disruptive Innovation Award.


title: Peter Thum

text: As of 2010, Thum lives in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, with his wife Cara Buono, an actress, and their daughter.


title: Narc (film)

text: Narc is a 2002 American neo-noir crime thriller film written and directed by Joe Carnahan and starring Jason Patric and Ray Liotta. The plot revolves around the efforts of two police detectives in search of the murderer of an undercover police officer. As they investigate, they engage in unethical behavior and uncover dark secrets that will challenge their fragile relationship.


title: Narc (film)

text: Undercover narcotics officer Nick Tellis chases a drug dealer through the streets of Detroit. Tellis shoots and kills the dealer when he holds a child hostage, but a stray bullet hits the child's pregnant mother, causing her to miscarry. Eighteen months later, Tellis is tasked with investigating the murder of an undercover officer, Michael Calvess. Tellis reluctantly agrees to take the case on two conditions: that he will get a desk job if he secures a conviction, and that he is partnered with Detective Henry Oak, whom Tellis has read about in the Calvess case file. The police chief accepts Tellis' conditions, but warns him about Oak's instability.


title: Narc (film)

text: During their first meeting, Oak reveals to Tellis his belief that the department wants the Calvess case buried and it is all about politics. The detectives visit the scene where a drug dealer has been shot dead in his bathtub; Tellis surmises the death was accidental and self-inflicted. Tellis notes that the shotgun at the scene is a SWAT weapon with the serial number filed off.


title: Narc (film)

text: While the partners have a discussion about family, Oak recalls a drug bust decades prior, where he found a ten-year-old girl who was being sold into prostitution by her stepfather, resulting in Oak beating the man; he sees parallels with the current case. Tellis visits Calvess' widow Kathryn, and asks about her relationship with her husband while he was on the street. Oak, who is protective of Calvess' family, turns up at the house and angrily confronts Tellis.


title: Narc (film)

text: The detectives next visit the home of a man involved in Tellis' shooting. Although they find no evidence to suggest he murdered Calvess, they find another officer's badge on the premises. The man pulls a gun and wounds Tellis before Oak kills him in self-defense. The case assailant is determined to be Calvess' killer and the case is closed. However, Tellis and Oak are furious as they believe the killer has yet to be found and continue to investigate independently.


title: Narc (film)

text: When the detectives visit an auto body shop, Oak attempts to force a confession out of a pair of suspects. Tellis is increasingly suspicious of Oak's tactics. Tellis finds police-issue guns in a car belonging to one of the suspects, including one that belonged to Calvess. Oak beats both men until Tellis tells him to get CSI tools from the car.


title: Narc (film)

text: When Oak leaves the room, Tellis locks the door and asks for the truth from the suspects. They explain that Calvess, who had fallen into drug addiction, blew Tellis' cover eighteen months before and caused the shooting. On the day of the murder, Calvess tried to deal with the two dealers, but it went badly.


title: Narc (film)

text: According to their story, Oak arrived, having trailed Calvess to confirm rumors that he was an addict. Calvess went for his weapon, which was the dealers' justification for attacking him. The two men ran off as Oak shot at them. Tellis confronts Oak and accuses him of murdering Calvess, which Oak denies. Tellis then raises the issue of Oaks' relationship with Calvess' wife, Kathryn.


title: Narc (film)

text: Kathryn was the ten-year-old girl who was pimped out by her stepfather. Oak considers her the daughter he never had and has remained close. He has been protecting her by covering crimes she committed in her teenage years. Tellis tells Oak he will make the arrest and Oak beats him with the shotgun and resumes brutalizing the dealers.


title: Narc (film)

text: Oak turns the tape recorder on and attempts to beat a confession out of the men, threatening to shoot them. Tellis breaks into their car, retrieves a gun, calls for back-up, and re-enters the building. He shoots Oak when Oak refuses to put his gun down. Tellis moves to aid Oak and, realizing he's dying, pleads for the truth of what happened the night Calvess died.


title: Narc (film)

text: Oak explains that Calvess shot at the dealers as they fled from Oak, leaving the shoulder wound. Oak argued with him, explaining that he had had enough of defending Calvess and would turn him in to the department. In despair, Calvess shot himself. Oak had been protecting his name and family so Calvess' wife could receive his pension. Oak's motive was to convict the dealers, whom he felt had made Mike a junkie. Oak dies in Tellis' arms, leaving the confession on tape and Tellis with only moments to decide what to do with it.


title: Narc (film)

text: The script for "Narc" originated from a short film made by Joe Carnahan while a student at San Francisco State University. The script was pitched as "a raw cop drama in the tradition of the 70's films of Sidney Lumet and William Friedkin." The script failed to generate interest, with Carnahan saying financiers told him, <nowiki>"This is an "</nowiki>"N.Y.P.D. Blue"<nowiki>" episode. Nobody cares about the cop genre anymore."</nowiki>


title: Narc (film)

text: The script eventually ended up in the hands of Ray Liotta, who had then just switched over to Endeavor, the same talent agency as Carnahan. ”I was looking for a movie that would have some impact, or at least make some cash,<nowiki>"</nowiki> Liotta said. The actor set up a meeting with Carnahan, and, impressed with the director’s passion for the film, agreed to both star in and produce it.


title: Narc (film)

text: For a year, the film struggled to find full financing as it was a violent cop movie with no marquee names. Finally, an independent company called Cutting Edge Entertainment agreed to produce "Narc" and principal photography got underway in 2000.


title: Narc (film)

text: Beginning February 2000, "Narc" was shot in 27 days in Toronto, with one day in Detroit. When the low-budget production was running low on funding two weeks into filming, the film’s producers and director persuaded 17 investors to fund the project so filming could be completed. The 17 people earned producer credits on the film.


title: Narc (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival. It nearly did not secure a theatrical distribution deal and almost went direct-to-video; however the film was circulated amongst industry figures and actors like Dustin Hoffman and Warren Beatty, who praised the film. Tom Cruise and his producing partner Paula Wagner screened the film and were so enthusiastic about it that they agreed to come on board as executive producers. In April 2002, Cruise’s support led to Paramount Pictures making a $3 million-deal to distribute the film theatrically during awards season.


title: Narc (film)

text: "Narc" had its premiere in Beverly Hills on December 17, 2002, before receiving a limited release in six theaters on December 20, 2002, grossing $63,303 with an average of $10,550 per theater and ranking #45 at the box office. The film then had its wide release in 822 theaters on January 10, 2003 and grossed $2,825,807 with an average of $3,437 per theater and ranking #12. The film ended up earning $10,465,659 domestically and $2,168,088 internationally for a total of $12,633,747, doubling its $6.5 million production budget.


title: Narc (film)

text: "Narc" received positive reviews from critics and has a "Certified Fresh" rating of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 158 reviews with an average score of 7.13 out of 10. The consensus states "Jason Patric and Ray Liotta are electrifying in this gritty, if a little too familiar, cop drama." The film also has a score of 70 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Narc (film)

text: Positive reviews praised the acting and the story for putting a fresh spin on familiar cop film clichés. Some critics compared the film "to landmark ’70s police thrillers like "The French Connection" and "Serpico"—films that had style and energy to spare but were more interested in pursuing the minds of their characters than creating elaborate action sequences."


title: Narc (film)

text: The film’s grittiness was also noted. In a three-star review, Roger Ebert wrote, "In terms of its urban wasteland, the movie descends to a new level of grittiness. These streets aren't mean, they're cruel, and to work them is like being the garbage man in hell." He added "the movie's writer and director, Joe Carnahan, brings a rough, aggressive energy to the picture."


title: Narc (film)

text: Critics noted Jason Patric and Ray Liotta have played similar roles in cop films before, but that their performances here still managed to surprise. Chuck Rudolph of "Slant Magazine" wrote "Liotta is destined for to be remembered for his daunting work here—he allows Oak’s imposing nature to run far deeper than a mere façade, but it is Patric who embodies the film’s soul. Quiet, tentative, but capable of meeting Oak toe to toe, it’s a remarkable piece of acting that suggests the unknowable state of turbulence and frustration that comes with investigating violent crimes."


title: Narc (film)

text: Criticisms mainly centered on the film’s familiar themes and plot arcs, such as "street justice" versus morality, as well as of the film’s ending, which Ebert defended as "a neat and ironic exercise in poetic justice."


title: Narc (film)

text: The film was nominated for three Independent Spirit Awards, including Best Director for Carnahan, Best Supporting Male for Liotta, and Best Cinematography for Alex Nepomniaschy.


title: Narc (film)

text: In 2014, Paramount Television announced plans to develop a TV series that would be a new take on "Narc", with Carnahan directing and writing the pilot episode. Eminem was reported to be in negotiations to join the series as a music supervisor and executive producer, including writing new songs, but plans on a TV series did not move forward.


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: Heritable family names were generally adopted rather late within Scandinavia. Nobility were the first to take names that would be passed on from one generation to the next. Later, clergy, artisans and merchants in cities took heritable names. Family names (surnames) were still used together with "primary patronyms" (father's name plus an affix denoting relationship), which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian patronyms were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a suffix meaning 'son' or 'daughter' or by occupation like Møller - ( Miller ) naming tradition remained commonly used throughout the Scandinavian countries during the time of surname formation.


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: Forms of the patronymic suffixes include: "-son", "-sen", "-fen", "-søn", "-ler", "-zen", "-zon/zoon", and "-sson ".


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: The most common Danish family name surnames are patronymic and end in "-sen"; for example "Rasmussen", originally meaning "son of Rasmus" (Rasmus' son). Descendants of Danish or Norwegian immigrants to the United States frequently have similar names ending in the suffix "-sen" or have changed the spelling to "-son".


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: Approximately one-third of the Danish population bear one of the ten most common surnames. More than two-thirds have a patronym ending in "-sen" in their full name. Many of these patronymics are, however, very rare, local or testimony of unusual descent, e.g. Heilesen from Northern Jutland, Holdensen and Boldsen from the former Duchy of Schleswig or Common etymological classes of surnames are occupational (e.g., "Møller" - miller, "Schmidt" - smith, and "Fisker" - fisher, for example names taken after a village or farmstead inhabited by ancestors.


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: Other higher class people took heritable surnames during the following centuries, clergy often "Latinized" names (e.g. "Pontoppidan" made from "Broby") and artisans often "Germanized" names. Naming acts applying to all citizens were issued 1771 (for the Duchy of Schleswig only) and in 1828. The rural population only reluctantly gave up the traditional primary patronyms. Several naming acts replaced the first; in 1856, 1904, 1961, 1981, 2005. The result of the first act was that most people took a patronymic surname as their heritable family name, with the overwhelming dominance of a few surnames as a consequence. Later acts have attempted to motivate people to change to surnames that would allow safer identification of individuals.


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: In the table, the top surnames in Denmark are listed as of 1971, 2012 and 2022. In 2016, longtime most popular name Jensen was overtaken by Nielsen. The general tendency over the past century has been to give up the commonest names and adopt less frequently-used ones.


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: The most common Norwegian surnames were originally patronymic, commonly ending with the suffixes "-ssen", "-sson", "-sdatter", "-sdotter" which is the genitive s plus the word "sen" or "son" for son or "datter" or "dotter" for daughter. The genitive "s" was often dropped; compare Hanssen and Hansen. In 1923, it was ordered by law that each family should have a single, hereditary last name. Surnames derived from placenames commonly originated as farm names. Most families took a patronymic name, but some adopted a farm name. Today, the patronymic names are increasingly being left for the toponyms; 22.4% of the Norwegian population had a "-sen"-name in 2009, while the share is down to 18.4% for the newborns of 2009.


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: Bakke/Bakken (hill or rise), Berg/Berge (mountain or hill), Dahl/Dal (valley), Haugen/Haugan (hill or mound), Lie (side of a valley), Moen (meadow), or Rud (clearing).


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: The most common surnames in Sweden are originally patronymic. Family names ending with the suffix "sson" are the most common names in Sweden. In 1901, the Names Adoption Act was passed, which abolished the patronymic practice. From 1901, everyone had to have a family name that was passed down to the next generation.


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: Many family names consist of items from nature, for example Lind/Lindberg (linden/lime + mountain), Berg/Bergkvist (mountain/mountain + twig), Alström/Ahlström (alder + stream), or Dahl/Dahlin (valley). Sometimes the first part of such a composite name refers to the family's place of origin e.g. the Strindberg family originating from Strinne; the second part being just ornamental. Families also frequently have military-oriented names such as Skarpsvärd (sharp sword), Sköld (shield) and Stolt (proud). Those names were originally assigned to soldiers under the military allotment system in effect from the 16th century. As in Denmark, the clergy Latinized their names up to about the 18th century, e.g. Linnaeus. Due to the greater diversity of these names each specific name is less common than most patronymic names.


title: Scandinavian family name etymology

text: The listing of 20 most commonly Swedish surnames as of December 31, 2012. Different spellings are included in every name but the name is presented by the most common spelling:


title: Goans

text: Goans (, Romi Konkani: , ) is the demonym used to describe the people native to Goa, India, who form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Indo-Portuguese, and Austro-Asiatic ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries. They speak different dialects of Konkani language natively, collectively known as Goan Konkani. ""Goanese"" is an incorrect term for Goans.


title: Goans

text: Goans are multilingual, but mainly speak the Konkani language, a Prakrit based language belonging to the Southern group of Indo-Aryan Languages. Various dialects of Konkani spoken by the Goans which include "Bardezkari", "Saxtti", "Pednekari and" "Antruz". The Konkani spoken by the Catholics is notably different from those of the Hindus, since it has a lot of Portuguese influence in its vocabulary. Konkani was suppressed for official documentation use only not for unofficial use under the Portuguese governance, playing a minor part in education of the past generations. All Goans were educated in Portuguese in the past when Goa was an overseas province of Portugal. A small minority of Goans are descendants of the Portuguese, speak Portuguese and are of Luso-Indian ethnicity, however a number of native Christians also used Portuguese as their first language prior to 1961.


title: Goans

text: Goans use Devanagari (official) and Latin script (liturgical and historical) for education as well as communication (personal, formal and religious). However the entire liturgy of the Catholic church is solely in the Latin script. In the past Goykanadi, Modi, Kannada and Persian scripts were also used which later fell into disuse owing to many social, political and religious reasons.


title: Goans

text: Portuguese is still spoken as a first language by a number of Goans, though it is mainly restricted to upper-class Catholic families and the older generation. However, the annual number of Goans learning Portuguese as a second language has been continuously increasing in the 21st century through introduction in schools.


title: Goans

text: The Marathi language has played a significant role for Hindus near the northern borders of Goa close to Maharashtra and parts of Novas Conquistas. This is due to the influx of ethnic Marathi people since the 20th century.


title: Goans

text: Ethnic Goans are predominantly Roman Catholics followed by Hindus and a tiny Muslim community. As per the 1909 statistics, the Catholic population were 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%). Within Goa, there has been a steady decline of Christianity as a percentage of the total population due to Goan emigration to cosmopolitan Indian cities and foreign countries, and a rise of other religions due to non-Goan migration from the other states of India. Conversion seems to play little role in the demographic change. According to the 2011 census, out of the Indian population residing in Goa (1,458,545 persons), 66.1% were Hindu, 25.1% were Christian, 8.32% were Muslim, and 0.1% were Sikh.


title: Goans

text: The Catholics display Portuguese influence, due to over 451 years of direct rule by, and interaction with, the Portuguese people as an overseas province. Portuguese names are common among the Goan Catholics. A variation of the caste system is followed, but not rigidly due to Portuguese efforts to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenise them into a single entity. There are some distinct "Bamonn, Chardó, Gauddo" and "Sudir" communities in Goa that are mainly endogamous. Most Catholic families also share Portuguese ancestry, and some openly count themselves as 'mestiço' or mixed-race.


title: Goans

text: Goan Hindus refer to themselves as ""Konkane"" (Devanagari Konkani: कोंकणे), meaning the residents of an area broadly identified as Konkan. Hindus in Goa are divided into many different castes and sub-castes, known as "Jatis". They use their village names to identify their clans, some of them use titles. Some are known by the occupation their ancestors have been practising; "Nayak, Borkar, Raikar, Keni, Prabhu, Kamat, Lotlikar, Chodankar, Mandrekar, Naik, Bhat, Tari, Gaude" are some examples.


title: Goans

text: Only a small number of native Muslims remain and are known as "Moir," the word is derived from the Portuguese "Mouro", which means Moor. Muçulmano was the word later used in Portuguese to identify them.


title: Goans

text: There are minuscule numbers of the Goan diaspora now converted to Sikhism and Buddhism, as well as a few atheists.


title: Goans

text: Goans have been migrating all along the Konkan region and across the Anglosphere, Lusosphere and Persian Gulf countries for the last six centuries because of socio-religious and economic reasons. The Indian diaspora have been assimilated with other Konkani people of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala. Goans across the globe refer to the publication, Goan Voice for news about members from their community.


title: Goans

text: Many overseas Goans have settled in the erstwhile British Empire and the United Kingdom mainly in south-west town of Swindon, Leicester in the east Midlands and in London areas such as Wembley and Southall, as well as the former Portuguese territories and Portugal itself. According to Office for National Statistics, as of June 2020, the population of EU Nationals (Indian-born Portuguese citizens) in UK was about 35,000 with significant population in Swindon having approximately 20,000 Goan origin residents.


title: Goans

text: There are no definitive records of Goan migration prior to the Portuguese conquests in the region of Goa. One reason being that the Goan people were not a distinct ethnic group as yet.


title: Goans

text: The first recorded instances of significant emigrations of Goans could be traced back to the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510 and the subsequent flight of the surviving Muslim residents to the territories ruled by the Sultanate of Bijapur. Sizable numbers of Hindus also later fled to Mangalore and Canara during the 16th-17th centuries due to the increasing Christianization of Goa. They were soon followed by some newly-converted Catholics, who fled the Goa Inquisition. There were also emigrations from Goa to Canara to escape the War of the League of the Indies, the Dutch–Portuguese War, the Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683), taxation as well as epidemics during the same time period. Goan Catholics also started traveling overseas during the latter part of this time period. There were migrations of Goan Catholics to other parts of the global Portuguese Empire, such as Portugal, Mozambique, Ormuz, Muscat, Timor, Brasil, Malaca, Pegu, and Colombo. 48 Goan Catholics permanently migrated to Portugal during the 18th century.


title: Goans

text: Goan involvement in Portuguese trade around the Indian Ocean involved both Hindu and Catholic Goan communities. However, upper-caste Goan Hindus did not travel to foreign countries due to the religious prohibition imposed by the Dharmaśāstras, which states that crossing salt water would corrupt oneself.


title: Goans

text: During the Napoleonic Wars Goa was occupied by the British Raj, and many of their vessels were anchored in the Morumugão harbour. These ships were serviced by native Goans, who then left for British India once the ships had moved on. The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 played an important role in speeding the emigration of Goans in the latter half of the 19th Century, since it gave the British the authority to construct the West of India Portuguese Railway, which connected the Velhas Conquistas to the Bombay Presidency. They primarily moved to the cities of Bombay (now Mumbai), Poona (now Pune), Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Karachi. The Goans who moved to mainland India were of both, Christian as well as Hindu, origin.


title: Goans

text: A small number of Goans moved to Burma, to join the already established community in Pegu (now Bago). Another destination for mainly the Catholic community, was Africa. Most of the emigrants hailed from the province of Bardes, due to their high literacy rate, and the Velhas Conquistas region in general. Immigration into Africa came to end after the Decolonisation of Africa, during the 1950-60s.


title: Goans

text: After the Annexation of Goa in 1961 by the Republic of India, there has been a steep rise in the number of emigrants of Goan origin. Many had applied and were granted Portuguese passports in order to obtain a European residence. The educated class found it difficult to get jobs within Goa due to the high influx of non-Goans into Goa, and this encouraged many of them to move to the Gulf states.


title: Goans

text: Until the early 1970s there were substantial populations of Goans in the Middle East, Africa and Europe. There have also, historically, been Goans in former British colonies of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, and Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola. The end of colonial rule brought a subsequent process of Africanisation and a wave of expulsion of South Asians from Uganda (1972) and Malawi (1974) forced the community to migrate elsewhere.


title: Goans

text: Since the Second Phase of migrations, the Goans have had a variety of professions. In British India they were personal butlers or physicians to the English and Parsi elite in India. On the Ships and Cruise liners they were sailors, stewards, chefs, musicians and dancers.Many have also been working on oil rigs.Many Goan doctors worked in African colonies of Portugal. Goan doctors were also active in British India.


title: Chief petty officer

text: "Chief petty officer" refers to two ranks in the Royal Canadian Navy. A chief petty officer 2nd class (CPO2) ("premier maître de deuxième classe" or "pm2" in French) is equivalent to a master warrant officer in the Army and Air Force, and chief petty officer 1st class (CPO1) ("premier maître de première classe" or "pm1") is equivalent to a chief warrant officer in the Army and Air Force. In spoken references, chief petty officers may be addressed as "chief" but are never addressed as "sir".


title: Chief petty officer

text: A Chief Petty Officer in Indian Navy is a junior-commissioned officer, equivalent to the NATO rank enlisted grade of E-6 ( Staff Sergeant ) . This rank is equivalent to Naib Subedar in Indian Army and Junior Warrant Officer in Indian Air force. The two highest enlisted ranks are Master Chief Petty Officer Second Class (MCPO II), equivalent to E-7/Subedar/Warrant Officer and Master Chief Petty Officer First Class (MCPO I), equivalent to E-8/Subedar Major/Master Warrant Officer in NATO/Indian Army/Indian Air Force respectively.


title: Chief petty officer

text: Fleet chief petty officer is a commissioned and gazetted rank in Pakistan Navy above chief petty officer and below master chief petty officer. It is equivalent to the Pakistan Air Force warrant officer and the Pakistan Army subedar.


title: Chief petty officer

text: In the Philippine Navy, the rank of chief petty officer, is equivalent to master sergeant in the Philippine Marine Corps and Philippine Air Force.


title: Chief petty officer

text: In the Royal Navy, the rank of chief petty officer comes above that of petty officer and below that of warrant officer class 2. It is the equivalent of colour sergeant in the Royal Marines, colour sergeant or staff sergeant in the Army, and flight sergeant in the Royal Air Force.


title: Chief petty officer

text: Chief petty officer is the seventh enlisted rank in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard, just above petty officer first class and below senior chief petty officer. Chief petty officers are classified as senior non-commissioned officers. The grade of chief petty officer was established on April 1, 1893, for the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Congress first authorized the U.S. Coast Guard to use the promotion to chief petty officer on 18 May 1920.


title: Chief petty officer

text: Unlike petty officer first class and lower rates, advancement to chief petty officer in the U.S. Navy not only carries requirements of time in service, superior evaluation scores, and specialty examinations, but also carries an added requirement of peer review. A chief petty officer can only advance after review by a selection board of serving master chief petty officers, in effect "choosing their own" and conversely not choosing others.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: The Mercedes-Benz M278 is a family of direct injected, Bi-turbocharged, V8 gasoline automotive piston engines.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: The M278 is derived from the company's previous M273 V8 engine, sharing its bore pitch, aluminium engine block, and Silitec aluminium/silicon low-friction cylinder liners. In contrast to the port-injected M273, the M278 features gasoline direct injection, with piezo-electrically actuated fuel injectors for more precise fuel delivery, and multi-spark ignition, which enables the spark plugs to be fired multiple times over the combustion sequence for more efficient combustion. Other changes relative to the M273 include an increased adjustment range for the variable valve timing system, a new timing chain arrangement, and new engine accessories (such as the oil pump, water pump, fuel pump, and alternator) which reduce parasitic loads. Many of these new features are shared with the M276 V6 engine family, which was announced at the same time.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: While the M273 was naturally aspirated, the M278 features twin turbochargers from Honeywell, one per cylinder bank, producing boost pressure in most configurations.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: Mercedes-Benz estimates that these changes, in conjunction with vehicle modifications such as a stop-start system, allow the 4.7–litre M278 to have 22% lower fuel consumption and CO emissions than the 5.5–litre M273 while producing more power versus and torque versus . The M278 is also more refined than its predecessor.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: The entire M278 lineup avoids the United States Gas Guzzler Tax, a first for V8 production engines from Mercedes-Benz.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: The basic M278 has a displacement of with a bore and stroke of . Output is at 5,250 rpm with of torque at 1,800-3,500 rpm for S-Class, CL-Class, SL-Class, and GL-Class models. CLS-Class, E-Class, and M-Class models are detuned to with of torque at 1,600 rpm. Although it no longer corresponds with the engine displacement, all of the above models are still badged as "550". The GL-Class, besides the GL550 above, also features the GL450 trim that carries a detuned version of the 4.7 L engine making and


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: For 2014 S-Class models (chassis code W222), power is increased to at 5,250 rpm, while torque remains at between 1,800-3,500 rpm. .


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: These engines are mated to the 7G-Tronic 7-speed automatic transmission, and the new 9G-Tronic 9-speed automatic transmission.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: The second variant, designated M157, is tuned by Mercedes-AMG for use in higher-performance models. This version has a displacement of with a bore and stroke of . Increased power and torque comes from the increased displacement as well as higher boost pressure of .


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: There are six states of output with the M157. For the S-Class and CL-Class, power is at 5,500 rpm with of torque at 2,000-4,500 rpm, or at 5,500 rpm with of torque at 2,500-3,750 rpm with the optional AMG Performance Package. For the 2013-15 SL-Class, power is or with the optional AMG Performance Package. For the 2012-2013 E-Class and CLS-Class, power is with of torque in standard tune, or with of torque with the AMG Performance Package. Beginning with the 2014 E-Class and CLS-Class, power increases to of torque for standard tune, or with of torque for "S-Model" variants.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: These engines are mated to the AMG Speedshift MCT 7-speed semi-automatic transmission, which replaces the 7G-Tronic's torque converter with a wet clutch pack. Note that this MCT 7-speed can handle considerably more torque and is not the same unit as the dual-clutch transmission found on the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: The M157 engine will replace the previous M156 in most of the AMG lineup. Despite the 5.5–litre displacement, all models are designated "63" for marketing purposes.


title: Mercedes-Benz M278 engine

text: The third variant, designated M152, is a naturally aspirated derivative of the M157 engine, sharing the same displacement, direct injection, and many other features. The M152 engine includes a cylinder deactivation variable displacement system for improved fuel economy (up to 30 percent better than the M113 E55 engine used in the previous model). Output is at 6,800 rpm, with of torque at 4,500 rpm.


title: County cricket

text: Inter-county cricket matches are known to have been played since the early 18th century, involving teams that are representative of the historic counties of England and Wales. Since the late 19th century, there have been two county championship competitions played at different levels: the County Championship, a first-class competition which involves eighteen first-class county clubs among which seventeen are English and one is from Wales; and the National Counties Championship, which involves nineteen English county clubs and one club that represents several Welsh counties.


title: County cricket

text: County cricket started in the eighteenth century, the earliest known inter-county match being played in 1709, though an official County Championship was not instituted until 1890.


title: County cricket

text: Inter-county cricket was popular throughout the 18th century, although the best teams, such as Kent in the 1740s or Hampshire in the days of the famous Hambledon Club, were usually acknowledged as such by being matched against All-England. The most successful county teams were Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey and Sussex. There was, however, often a crossover between town and county with some strong local clubs tending at times to represent a whole county. Examples are London, which often played against county teams and was in some respects almost a county club in itself; Slindon, which was for a few years in the 1740s effectively representative of Sussex as a county; Dartford, sometimes representative of Kent; and the Hambledon Club, certainly representative of Hampshire and also perhaps of Sussex. One of the best county teams in the late 18th century was Berkshire, which no longer has first-class status.


title: County cricket

text: All matches prior to 1988 were scheduled for three days, normally of a nominal six hours each plus intervals, but often with the first two days lengthened by up to an hour and the final day shortened, so that teams with fixtures elsewhere on the following day could travel at sensible hours. The exception to this was the 1919 season, when there was an experiment with two-day matches played over longer hours, up to nine o'clock in the evening in mid-summer. This experiment was not repeated. From 1988 to 1992 some matches were played over four days. From 1993 onward, all matches have been scheduled for four days.


title: County cricket

text: The eighteen first-class counties are the top league cricket teams. They are named after historic English counties and include one Welsh county.


title: County cricket

text: The full name of each club is the name of the county followed by the words County Cricket Club, often abbreviated as CCC.


title: County cricket

text: The opening first-class game of an English county cricket season has traditionally been played at Lord's between the MCC and the Champion County (the club that won the County Championship the previous year). When the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) plays against one of the first-class counties, the game is granted first-class status.


title: County cricket

text: The six MCC-sponsored University (MCCU) teams, were until 2020 also afforded first-class status for some of their matches against a first-class county. They were:


title: County cricket

text: Most of the first-class counties play three-day games against university cricket teams in the early part of the English cricket season. This is partly because the start of the cricket season coincides with the end of the university academic year, and partly because the games act as pre-season warm-ups for the county clubs.


title: County cricket

text: The National Counties, known prior to 2020 as the Minor Counties, are the cricketing counties of England that are not afforded first-class status. A further team represents the counties of Wales other than Glamorgan. Present members are:


title: County cricket

text: Some teams outside of the English counties have been allowed to take part in some English county cricket one-day competitions. They include:


title: County cricket

text: There are no representative teams carrying the names of the historic counties of Westmorland, Rutland, and Huntingdonshire.


title: County cricket

text: An important year was 1873, when player qualification rules came into force, requiring players to choose at the start of each season whether they would play for the county of their birth or their county of residence. Before this, it was quite common for a player to play for both counties during the course of a single season. Three meetings were held, and at the last of these, held at The Oval on 9 June 1873, the following rules were decided on:


title: County cricket

text: The County Championship is the domestic first-class cricket competition in England and Wales. The tournament currently has a two-division format with ten counties in Division One and eight in Division Two.


title: County cricket

text: The Royal London One-Day Cup is a 50 over one-day cricket competition in county cricket. The 18 English county sides are divided randomly into two groups of nine with each team playing each other once. The top four in each group reach the quarter-finals. The competition culminates at Lord's for the final. The Royal London One Day Cup replaced the Yorkshire Bank 40 over League. The first winners of the competition were Durham in 2014.


title: County cricket

text: The Twenty20 Cup is the top Twenty20 cricket competition contested by the eighteen first-class counties. The games are limited to 20 overs per side, and the emphasis is on fast action. From 2018, the competition is called Vitality Blast for sponsorship reasons.


title: County cricket

text: The competitions of national counties cricket are the National Counties Cricket Championship and the NCCA Knockout Trophy.


title: County cricket

text: The Women's County Championship is played each year, in a similar manner to the men's, but the Women's county game focuses upon 50 over cricket. There is also the Women's Cricket Super League, a T20 competition. Some counties are involved, and feature in a divisional structure. Promotion and relegation is a feature throughout.


title: Yangban

text: The Yangban (), were part of the traditional ruling class or gentry of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. The "yangban" were mainly composed of highly educated civil servants and military officers—landed or unlanded aristocrats who individually exemplified the Korean Confucian form of a "scholarly official". They were largely government administrators and bureaucrats who oversaw medieval and early modern Korea's traditional agrarian bureaucracy until the end of the dynasty in 1897. In a broader sense, an office holder's family and descendants, as well as country families who claimed such descent, were socially accepted as "yangban".


title: Yangban

text: Unlike noble titles in the European and Japanese aristocracies, which were conferred on a hereditary basis, the bureaucratic position of "yangban" was granted by law to "yangban" who meritoriously passed state-sponsored civil service exams called "gwageo" (). This exam was modeled on the imperial examinations first started during the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. Upon passing these exams—which tested knowledge of the Confucian classics and history with poetry—several times, "yangban" was usually assigned to a government post. It was superficially decided that a "yangban" family that did not produce a government official for more than three generations could lose its status and become commoners. This superficial rule was never actually applied, but was a motivation rule for "yangban" to study harder. In theory, a member of any social class except indentured servants, baekjeongs (Korean untouchables), and children of concubines could take the government exams and become a "yangban". In reality, only the upper classes—i.e., the children of "yangban"—possessed the financial resources and the wherewithal to pass the exams, for which years of studying were required. These barriers and financial constraints effectively excluded most non-"yangban" families and the lower classes from competing for "yangban" status, just like scholar-officials in China.


title: Yangban

text: "Yangban" status on a provincial level was "de facto" hereditary. It was customary to include all descendants of the office holders in the hyangan (), a document that listed the names and lineages of local "yangban" families. The "hyangan" was maintained on blood basis, and one could be cut off from it if members of the family married social inferiors, such as tradesmen. Although the "hyangan" was not legally supported by government acts or statutes, the families listed in it were socially respected as "yangban". Their householders had the customary right to participate in the hyangso (), a local council from which they could exercise influence on local politics and administration. By reserving and demanding socio-political power through local instruments such as "hyangan" and "hyangso", "yangban" automatically passed down their status to posterity in local magnate families, with or without holding central offices. These provincial families of gentility were often termed "jaejisajok" (), which means "the country families". Thus, while legally, "yangban" meant high-ranking officials, in reality it included almost all descendants of the former and increasingly lost its legal exactitude.


title: Yangban

text: Throughout Joseon history, the monarchy and the "yangban" existed on the slave labor of the lower classes, particularly the sangmin, whose bondage to the land as indentured servants enabled the upper classes to enjoy a perpetual life of leisure—i.e., the life of "scholarly" gentlemen. These practices effectively ended in 1894 during the Korean Empire of Gwangmu Reform.


title: Yangban

text: In today's Korea, the "yangban" legacy of patronage based on common educational experiences, teachers, family backgrounds, and hometowns continues in some forms, officially and unofficially. In South Korea, the practice exists among the upper class and power elite, where patronage among the conglomerates tends to predictably follow blood, school, and hometown ties. In North Korea, a "de facto" "yangban" class exists that is based mostly on military and party alliances.


title: Yangban

text: "Yangban" literally means "two branches" of administration: "munban" () which comprises civil administrators and "muban" () which comprises martial office holders. The term yangban first appeared sometime during late Goryeo but gained wider usage during the Joseon Dynasty. However, from the sixteenth century onward "yangban" increasingly came to denote local wealthy families who were mostly believed to be the descendants of once high-ranking officials. As more of the population aspired to become "yangban" and gradually succeeded in doing so in the late Joseon period by purchasing the "yangban" status, the privileges and splendor the term had inspired slowly vanished. It even gained a diminutive connotation.