title: Mike Doyle (actor)

text: He appeared alongside Nicole Kidman and Aaron Eckhart in 2010's "Rabbit Hole". In 2011, the feature film "Union Square", co-written and directed by Sundance Film Festival's Grand Jury Award Winner Nancy Savoca, was premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival, which starred Mira Sorvino, Patti Lupone, Michael Rispoli and Tammy Blanchard. He also starred in "The Orphan Killer" as Marcus Miller Sr. in 2011. He then joined the cast of "A Gifted Man" as Victor Lantz, an anesthesiologist. He had a recurring role in the 2012 ABC television series "666 Park Avenue".


title: Mike Doyle (actor)

text: In 2014, he portrayed songwriter and record producer Bob Crewe in the film of the hit musical "Jersey Boys", based on the story of Frankie Valli & the Four Seasons. He also appeared in the music video "I Wanna Get Better" by Jack Antonoff's band Bleachers, alongside Retta. In 2016 Doyle starred as Greg Forrest in the psychological thriller, "Amy Makes Three".


title: Mike Doyle (actor)

text: Doyle is gay. He directed 2019 independent film "Almost Love" with openly gay actors in the leading roles.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Buyer's remorse is the sense of regret after having made a purchase. It is frequently associated with the purchase of an expensive item such as a vehicle or real estate.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Buyer's remorse is thought to stem from cognitive dissonance, specifically post-decision dissonance, that arises when a person must make a difficult decision, such as a heavily invested purchase between two similarly appealing alternatives. Factors that affect buyer's remorse may include: resources invested, the involvement of the purchaser, whether the purchase is compatible with the purchaser's goals, feelings encountered post-purchase that include regret.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: The remorse may be caused by various factors, such as: the person purchased a product now rather than waiting, the item was purchased in an ethically unsound way, the property was purchased on borrowed money, the purchased object was something that would not be acceptable to others, or the purchased object was something that the buyer later questions the value and need of.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: In the phase before purchasing, a prospective buyer often feels positive emotions associated with a purchase (desire, a sense of heightened possibilities, and an anticipation of the enjoyment that will accompany using the product, for example); afterwards, having made the purchase, they are more fully able to experience the negative aspects: all the opportunity costs of the purchase, and a reduction in purchasing power.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Also, before the purchase, the buyer has a full array of options, including not purchasing; afterwards, their options have been reduced to:


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Buyer's remorse can also be caused or increased by worrying that other people may later question the purchase or claim to know better alternatives.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: The remorse associated with some extreme shopping activity may be, again, a sign of some deeper disquiet. However, normal "buyer's remorse" should not be confused with the complex emotional dynamics of "shopaholic" behavior, just as a binge on a special occasion should not be confused with a serious eating disorder such as bulimia.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: The phenomenon of buyer's remorse has been generally associated with the psychological theory of cognitive dissonance, a state of psychological discomfort when at least two elements of cognition are in opposition, and which motivates the person to appease it by changing how they think about the situation. Buyer's remorse is an example of post-decision dissonance, where a person is stressed by a made decision and seeks to decrease their discomfort. The buyer may change their behavior, their feelings, their knowledge about the world (what they thought the purchased item would be like), or even their knowledge of themselves. The more resources such as money, time, and cognitive resources that are invested into making a purchase, the more likely the buyer will experience buyer's remorse or psychological discomfort.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Psychologists have focused on three main elements that are related to cognitive dissonance and buyer's remorse. They are: effort, responsibility, and commitment. Effort is the resources invested in a purchase (material, intellectual, psychological, and others) and effort is directly related to the importance of the purchase. Purchases that require high amounts of effort but do not bear high rewards are likely to lead to buyer's remorse. Responsibility refers to the fact that the purchase is done out of free will. Buyers that have no choice on the purchase will be less likely to feel dissonance because it was not of their own volition. Commitment refers to the continuing of an action. The purchase of an automobile has high commitment because the car must usually be driven for a long duration. Purchases with higher commitment will lead to more buyer's remorse. Low rewards matched with these three conditions will most likely result in buyer's remorse via cognitive dissonance. The buyer feels anxiety and psychological discomfort because their behavior (the purchase of the item) does not match their attitude (their expectation of the purchased item).


title: Buyer's remorse

text: The following scale was developed by Sweeney, Hausknecht, and Soutar in a study to investigate three elements (one emotional, two cognitive) of buyer's remorse.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: There may be a duality of attitudes that explain how a person may be satisfied with their purchase but have the intention to never repeat the purchase. For example, a husband who takes his wife to the most expensive restaurant in town for their anniversary only to find that the food and service does not meet his expectations might still be satisfied with his decision to go to the restaurant but have the intention to never return. In this extension of cognitive dissonance, the duality of satisfaction and intention are separate phenomena within buyer's remorse.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: In social psychology, "involvement" describes the effort, investment, and commitment in purchases. Involvement is often coupled with cognitive dissonance to explain buyer's remorse. In most cases, buyer's remorse resulting from a purchase that demands high involvement and results in cognitive dissonance is, all else (most notably nominal purchase price) being equal, harder to overcome than is buyer's remorse resulting from a purchase that demands low involvement and results in cognitive dissonance. This phenomenon is a result of the brain's instinctive (and rational) treatment of the transaction costs involved in acquiring a product as part of the purchase price of that product: The more involvement that a purchase requires or the purchaser puts in, the more dissonance or psychological discomfort the buyer will experience if dissatisfied with the purchase, just as if the purchaser had spent more "on paper" (i.e., paid a higher nominal price) for the product.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Studies investigating the link between cognitive dissonance and impulse buying have shown that impulse buyers experience less cognitive dissonance when they are disappointed with their purchase. The main explanation for this is that impulse buyers go into the purchase already without high expectations. Another possible explanation, at least among more sophisticated buyers, is that persons who are dissatisfied with a purchase that they made on impulse may blame that dissatisfaction at least in part on their own failure to thoroughly consider whether the product will satisfy their prior expectations even if it performs as advertised, thus blaming any discrepancy at least in part on themselves (via their own impulsivity) rather than on the purchased product (via any sort of difference between its promised and its actual attributes and/or performance).


title: Buyer's remorse

text: The paradox of choice is a theory by American psychologist Barry Schwartz claiming that, after a certain threshold is reached, an increase in the number of choices will cause a significant amount of psychological distress. This distress, according to Professor Schwartz, can manifest itself in many ways. One way is through buyer's remorse. The theory states that buyer's remorse is created through increasing opportunity costs associated with increased choices. Opportunity costs associated with alternative choices compound and create strong feelings of dissonance and remorse.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: As the number of choices increase, it is easier to imagine a different choice that may have been better than the one selected. The constant comparison to one's expectations induces regret, which reduces the satisfaction of any decision, even if it fills the individual's needs. When there are many alternatives to consider, it is easy to imagine the attractive features of rejected choices and there is a decrease in overall satisfaction.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Consider the number of choices in a simple supermarket. There are likely to be many different options for a single type of product. With so many to choose from, the customer might expect that one of the available options must be perfect for their needs and will have no drawbacks. This leads to expectations rarely being met, a significant psychological issue. In the example of a supermarket, buying the wrong product may not be a significant mistake. For more involved decisions, the consequences of a wrong decision are significant.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Choice-supportive bias leads to an increased liking of one's choices, including purchases. This seems to contradict the concept of buyer's remorse. However, this choice enhancement can collapse when presented with even minor indication that the wrong choice was made. While initial positivity towards a decision is greater for more difficult decisions, this positivity also has greater vulnerability to evidence of an incorrect choice. This effect is larger when the purchaser is more involved in the decision. However, buyer's remorse can be reduced by post-purchase confirmation, though post-purchase communication may aggravate a buyer's discomfort if the purchase did not meet the buyer's predominant goals. Indeed, if the purchase meets an individual's goals there will be less post-purchase dissonance which means there will be less remorse and greater decision satisfaction.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Buyer's remorse is a powerful experience for consumers. For years, marketers have been attempting to reduce buyer's remorse through many different methods. One specific technique employed by marketers is the inclusion of a coupon towards a future purchase at the point of sale. This has many benefits for both the consumer and retailer. First, the consumer is more likely to return to the store with the coupon, which will result in a higher percentage of repeat customers. Each successive time a purchase is made and is deemed satisfactory, buyer's remorse is less likely to be experienced. Customers can justify their purchases with product performance.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: Another technique used is the money back guarantee, a guarantee from the retailer that the product will meet the customer's needs or the customer is entitled to a full refund. This technique is highly successful at lessening buyer's remorse because it immediately makes the decision a changeable one. The unchangeability of an "all-sales-final" purchase can lead to a larger amount of psychological discomfort at the point of the decision. This makes the stakes higher, and poor choices will cause significant buyer's remorse.


title: Buyer's remorse

text: In addition, legislation exists in various parts of the world enforcing the right to a cooling-off period, during which contracts may be cancelled and goods returned for any reason, for a full refund.


title: Economic surplus

text: In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or total social welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), is either of two related quantities:


title: Economic surplus

text: In the mid-19th century, engineer Jules Dupuit first propounded the concept of economic surplus, but it was the economist Alfred Marshall who gave the concept its fame in the field of economics.


title: Economic surplus

text: On a standard supply and demand diagram, consumer surplus is the area (triangular if the supply and demand curves are linear) above the equilibrium price of the good and below the demand curve. This reflects the fact that consumers would have been willing to buy a single unit of the good at a price higher than the equilibrium price, a second unit at a price below that but still above the equilibrium price, etc., yet they in fact pay just the equilibrium price for each unit they buy.


title: Economic surplus

text: Likewise, in the supply-demand diagram, producer surplus is the area below the equilibrium price but above the supply curve. This reflects the fact that producers would have been willing to supply the first unit at a price lower than the equilibrium price, the second unit at a price above that but still below the equilibrium price, etc., yet they in fact receive the equilibrium price for all the units they sell.


title: Economic surplus

text: Early writers of economic issues used surplus as a means to draw conclusions about the relationship between production and necessities. In the agricultural sector surplus was an important concept because this sector has the responsibility to feed everyone plus itself. Food is notable because people only need a specific amount of food and can only consume a limited amount. This means that excess food production must overflow to other people, and will not be rationally hoarded. The non-agricultural sector is therefore limited by the agricultural sector equaling the output of food subtracting the amount consumed by the agricultural sector.


title: Economic surplus

text: William Petty used a broad definition of necessities, leading him to focus on employment issues surrounding surplus. Petty explains a hypothetical example in which there is a territory of 1000 men and 100 of those men are capable of producing enough food for all 1000 men. The question becomes, what will the rest of the men do if only 100 are needed to provide necessities? He thereby suggests a variety of employments with some remaining unemployed.


title: Economic surplus

text: David Hume approached the agricultural surplus concept from another direction. Hume recognized that agriculture may feed more than those who cultivate it, but questioned why farmers would work to produce more than they need. Forceful production, which may occur under a feudal system, would be unlikely to generate a notable surplus in his opinion. Yet, if they could purchase luxuries and other goods beyond their necessities, they would become incentivized to produce and sell a surplus. Hume did not see this concept as abstract theory, he stated it as a fact when discussing how England developed after the introduction of foreign luxuries in his History of England.


title: Economic surplus

text: Adam Smith's thoughts on surplus drew on Hume. Smith noted that the desire for luxuries is infinite compared to the finite capacity of hunger. Smith saw the development in Europe as originating from landlords placing more importance on luxury spending rather than political power.


title: Economic surplus

text: Consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay and the actual price they do pay. If a consumer is willing to pay more for a unit of a good than the current asking price, they are getting more benefit from the purchased product than they would if the price was their maximum willingness to pay. They are receiving the same benefit, the obtainment of the good, at a lesser cost. An example of a good with generally high consumer surplus is drinking water. People would pay very high prices for drinking water, as they need it to survive. The difference in the price that they would pay, if they had to, and the amount that they pay now is their consumer surplus. The utility of the first few liters of drinking water is very high (as it prevents death), so the first few liters would likely have more consumer surplus than subsequent quantities.


title: Economic surplus

text: The maximum amount a consumer would be willing to pay for a given quantity of a good is the sum of the maximum price they would pay for the first unit, the (lower) maximum price they would be willing to pay for the second unit, etc. Typically these prices are decreasing; they are given by the individual demand curve, which must be generated by a rational consumer who maximizes utility subject to a budget constraint. Because the demand curve is downward sloping, there is diminishing marginal utility. Diminishing marginal utility means a person receives less additional utility from an additional unit. However, the price of a product is constant for every unit at the equilibrium price. The extra money someone would be willing to pay for the number units of a product less than the equilibrium quantity and at a higher price than the equilibrium price for each of these quantities is the benefit they receive from purchasing these quantities. For a given price the consumer buys the amount for which the consumer surplus is highest. The consumer's surplus is highest at the largest number of units for which, even for the last unit, the maximum willingness to pay is not below the market price.


title: Economic surplus

text: Consumer surplus can be used as a measurement of social welfare, shown by Robert Willig. For a single price change, consumer surplus can provide an approximation of changes in welfare. With multiple price and/or income changes, however, consumer surplus cannot be used to approximate economic welfare because it is not single-valued anymore. More modern methods are developed later to estimate the welfare effect of price changes using consumer surplus.


title: Economic surplus

text: The aggregate consumers' surplus is the sum of the consumer's surplus for all individual consumers. This aggregation can be represented graphically, as shown in the above graph of the market demand and supply curves. The aggregate consumers' surplus can also be said to be the maxim of satisfaction a consumer derives from particular goods and services.


title: Economic surplus

text: The consumer surplus (individual or aggregated) is the area under the (individual or aggregated) demand curve and above a horizontal line at the actual price (in the aggregated case, the equilibrium price). If the demand curve is a straight line, the consumer surplus is the area of a triangle:


title: Economic surplus

text: where "P" is the equilibrium price (where supply equals demand), "Q" is the total quantity purchased at the equilibrium price, and "P" is the price at which the quantity purchased would fall to 0 (that is, where the demand curve intercepts the price axis). For more general demand and supply functions, these areas are not triangles but can still be found using integral calculus. Consumer surplus is thus the definite integral of the demand function with respect to price, from the market price to the maximum reservation price (i.e., the price-intercept of the demand function):


title: Economic surplus

text: where formula_3 This shows that if we see a rise in the equilibrium price and a fall in the equilibrium quantity, then consumer surplus falls.


title: Economic surplus

text: The change in consumer surplus is used to measure the changes in prices and income. The demand function used to represent an individual's demand for a certain product is essential in determining the effects of a price change. An individual's demand function is a function of the individual's income, the demographic characteristics of the individual, and the vector of commodity prices. When the price of a product changes, the change in consumer surplus is measured as the negative value of the integral from the original actual price ("P") and the new actual price ("P") of the demand for product by the individual. If the change in consumer surplus is positive, the price change is said to have increased the individuals welfare. If the price change in consumer surplus is negative, the price change is said to have decreased the individual's welfare.


title: Economic surplus

text: When supply of a good expands, the price falls (assuming the demand curve is downward sloping) and consumer surplus increases. This benefits two groups of people: consumers who were already willing to buy at the initial price benefit from a price reduction, and they may buy more and receive even more consumer surplus; and additional consumers who were unwilling to buy at the initial price will buy at the new price and also receive some consumer surplus.


title: Economic surplus

text: Consider an example of linear supply and demand curves. For an initial supply curve "S", consumer surplus is the triangle above the line formed by price "P" to the demand line (bounded on the left by the price axis and on the top by the demand line). If supply expands from "S" to "S", the consumers' surplus expands to the triangle above P and below the demand line (still bounded by the price axis). The change in consumer's surplus is difference in area between the two triangles, and that is the consumer welfare associated with expansion of supply.


title: Economic surplus

text: Some people were willing to pay the higher price "P". When the price is reduced, their benefit is the area in the rectangle formed on the top by "P", on the bottom by "P", on the left by the price axis and on the right by line extending vertically upwards from "Q".


title: Economic surplus

text: The second set of beneficiaries are consumers who buy more, and new consumers, those who will pay the new lower price ("P") but not the higher price ("P"). Their additional consumption makes up the difference between "Q" and "Q". Their consumer surplus is the triangle bounded on the left by the line extending vertically upwards from "Q", on the right and top by the demand line, and on the bottom by the line extending horizontally to the right from "P".


title: Economic surplus

text: The rule of one-half estimates the change in consumer surplus for small changes in supply with a constant demand curve. Note that in the special case where the consumer demand curve is linear, consumer surplus is the area of the triangle bounded by the vertical line "Q" = 0, the horizontal line formula_4 and the linear demand curve. Hence, the change in consumer surplus is the area of the trapezoid with i) height equal to the change in price and ii) mid-segment length equal to the average of the ex-post and ex-ante equilibrium quantities. Following the figure above,


title: Economic surplus

text: Producer surplus is the additional benefit that the owners of production factors and product providers bring to producers due to the differences between production, the supply price of the product, and the current market price. The difference between the amount actually obtained in a market transaction and the minimum amount it is willing to accept with the production factors or the products provided.


title: Economic surplus

text: Producer surplus is usually expressed by the area below the market price line and above the supply curve. In Figure 1, the shaded areas below the price line and above the supply curve between production zero and maximum output "Q" indicate producer surplus. Among them, OPEQ below the price line. This indicates that the total revenue is the minimum total payment actually accepted by the manufacturer. The area OPEQ below the S curve is the minimum total revenue that the manufacturer is willing to accept. In Figure 1, the area enclosed by the market price line, the manufacturer's supply line, and the coordinate axis is the producer surplus. Because the rectangle OPEQ is the total revenue actually obtained by the manufacturer, that is, "A" + "B", and the trapezoid OPEQ. The minimum total profit that the manufacturer is willing to accept, that is, "B", so "A" is the producer surplus.


title: Economic surplus

text: Obviously, the manufacturer produces and sells a certain quantity of "Q" goods at the market price "P". The manufacturer has reduced the quantity of goods for "Q", which means that the manufacturer has increased the production factors or production costs equivalent to the amount of AVC·"Q". However, at the same time, the manufacturer actually obtains a total income equivalent to the total market price "P"·"Q". Since AVC is always smaller than "P", from the production and sales of goods in "Q", manufacturers not only get sales revenue equivalent to variable costs, but also get additional revenue. This part of the excess income reflects the increase in the benefits obtained by the manufacturers through market exchange. Therefore, in economics, producer surplus is usually used to measure producer welfare and is an important part of social welfare.


title: Economic surplus

text: Producer surplus is usually used to measure the economic welfare obtained by the manufacturer in the market supply. When the supply price is constant, the producer welfare depends on the market price. If the manufacturer can sell the product at the highest price, the welfare is the greatest. As part of social welfare, the size of the producer surplus depends on many factors. Generally speaking, when other factors remain constant, an increase in market price will increase producer surplus, and a decrease in supply price or marginal cost will also increase producer surplus. If there is a surplus of goods, that is, people can only sell part of the goods at market prices, and producer surplus will decrease.


title: Economic surplus

text: Obviously, the sum of the producer surplus of all manufacturers in the market constitutes the producer surplus of the entire market. Graphically, it should be expressed as the area enclosed by the market supply curve, the market price line and the coordinate axis.


title: Kaylani Lei

text: Lei danced at the Olympic Garden in Las Vegas prior to her porn career. She is a former contract performer for pornographic production studio Wicked Pictures.


title: Kaylani Lei

text: Outside her adult film work, she was the host of a radio show on KSEX, "Me So Horny with Kaylani Lei". Lei appeared on the Howard Stern radio show, and she has made appearances on Playboy TV. In 2007, she was the co star of the Cinemax series "The Erotic Traveler", as "Allison Kraft" - an apprentice erotic photographer. She appeared in one episode of the 2011 series "Chemistry" as a Japanese businesswoman named Yokushi Shimato.


title: Kaylani Lei

text: In 2010, Lei appeared alongside fellow Wicked Pictures contract star Alektra Blue in the Free Speech Coalition's "All-Star Anti-Piracy PSA".


title: Kaylani Lei

text: In 2011, "Complex" magazine ranked her at #24 in their list of "The Top 50 Hottest Asian Porn Stars of All Time".


title: Kaylani Lei

text: Lei has also appeared several times on the TV series "Zane's Sex Chronicles" and in the 2013 documentary "Risky Business: A Look Inside America's Adult Film Industry".


title: Kaylani Lei

text: Lei dated Byron Kelleher, a New Zealand rugby union halfback, from 2005 to 2006. She lived with him in New Zealand until June 2006.


title: Schroders

text: Schroders plc is a British multinational asset management company, founded in 1804. The company employs over 5,000 people worldwide in 32 locations around Europe, America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Headquartered in the City of London, it is traded on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


title: Schroders

text: Schroders bears the name of the Schröder family, a prominent Hanseatic family of Hamburg with branches in other countries. The Schroder family, through trustee companies, individual ownership and charities, control 47.93 per cent of the company's ordinary shares.


title: Schroders

text: Schroders' history began in 1804 when Johann Heinrich Schröder (John Henry) became a partner in J.F. Schröder & Co, the London-based firm of his brother, Johann Friedrich (John Frederick), founded in 1800. In 1818 J. Henry Schröder & Co. was established in London.


title: Schroders

text: Key events in the development of the business include the establishment of J Henry Schroder Banking Corporation ('Schrobanco') as a commercial bank in New York in 1923, the public offering of the shares in J. Henry Schroder & Co. Ltd on the London Stock Exchange in 1959 and the acquisition of Helbert, Wagg & Co, a leading issuing house, in 1962.


title: Schroders

text: In 1986 the company disposed of Schrobanco, its commercial banking arm in New York and acquired 50% of Wertheim & Co., a mid-tier New York based investment bank, whose activities more closely mirrored those of the London business.


title: Schroders

text: Schroders played a leading role in the privatisations carried out by the UK Government in the 1980s and was to grow dramatically under Winfried Bischoff. Schroders was worth £30 million when he took over as CEO in 1984; in 2000 the company sold its investment banking division to Citigroup for £1.3 billion. Citigroup's European investment banking arm traded as Schroder Salomon Smith Barney from 2000 to 2003.


title: Schroders

text: Schroders announced in June 2021 that it was uniting its specialist private assets capabilities under the newly launched Schroders Capital brand.


title: Schroders

text: In December 2021, the firm signed up to the UN's Women Empowerment Principles, an initiative to support women in the workplace which was founded by the United Nations Global Compact and UN Women.


title: Schroders

text: As at 31 December 2021, Schroders was responsible for assets worth £615.2 billion on behalf of clients including corporations, insurance companies, local and public authorities, charities, pension funds, high-net-worth individuals and retail investors.


title: Schroders

text: In June 2014, Schroders' Multi-Asset Investments and Portfolio Solutions (MAPS) announced a collaboration with Professor Anthony G. Constantinides, Director of the newly created Imperial College Financial signal processing Laboratory (FSP).


title: Starfleet

text: Starfleet is a fictional organization in the "Star Trek" media franchise. Within this fictional universe, Starfleet is a uniformed space force maintained by the United Federation of Planets ("the Federation") as the principal means for conducting deep space exploration, research, defense, peacekeeping, and diplomacy (although Starfleet predates the Federation, having originally been an Earth organization, as shown by the television series ""). While most of Starfleet's members are human and it has been headquartered on Earth, hundreds of other species are also represented. Most of the franchise's protagonists are Starfleet commissioned officers.


title: Starfleet

text: During production of early episodes of the , several details of the makeup of the "Star Trek" universe had yet to be worked out, including the operating authority for the USS "Enterprise". The terms "Star Service" ("The Conscience of the King"), "Spacefleet Command" ("The Squire of Gothos"), "United Earth Space Probe Agency" ("Charlie X" and "Tomorrow Is Yesterday"), and "Space Central" ("") were all used to refer to the "Enterprise"s operating authority, before the term "Starfleet" became widespread from the episode "" onwards.


title: Starfleet

text: However, references to the United Earth Space Probe Agency, and its abbreviation UESPA, are to be found in episodes of later series. For example, the "Friendship One" probe (launched, on the fictional timeline, in 2067) is marked with the letters UESPA-1 in the "" episode "". Other background props included additional UESPA references, such as Captain Jean-Luc Picard's family album in "Star Trek Generations". During the production of "", some larger Starfleet insignia designs included the name "United Earth Space Probe Agency".


title: Starfleet

text: Multiple "" episodes refer to Starfleet having started operation some time between 2112 and 2136, when it funded research begun by Zefram Cochrane and Henry Archer, which led to the first successful flight of Warp-3 vessels in the 2140s. This research is said to have evolved into the NX Program, which led to Starfleet launching its first Warp 5–capable starship, "Enterprise" (NX-01), in 2151, followed by "Columbia" (NX-02), in 2155, as well as other vessels.


title: Starfleet

text: Starfleet acts under the Prime Directive, a policy of non-interference with pre-warp worlds, such as interference in their internal politics. This is said not to be a human construct, but stems from policies originally implemented by the Vulcans, who regarded an alien civilization's attainment of warp speed as the sign of their importance and a reason for making first contact with them. The Prime Directive and Starfleet's first-contact policies are at the center of several episodes in each "Star Trek" series and the film "".


title: Starfleet

text: Starfleet Headquarters is shown to be located on Earth, northeast of the Golden Gate Bridge in the present-day Fort Baker area. Starfleet Academy is located in the same general area. Additionally, various episodes show Starfleet operating a series of starbases throughout Federation territory, as ground facilities, or as space stations in planetary orbit or in deep space. One example is Deep Space 9, a station near a wormhole commanded by Benjamin Sisko after its transfer from the Cardassian Empire.


title: Starfleet

text: Starfleet has been shown to handle scientific, defense, and diplomatic missions, although its primary mandate seems to be peaceful exploration in the search for sentient life, as seen in the mission statements of different incarnations of the USS "Enterprise". The flagship of Starfleet is often considered to be the starship USS "Enterprise".


title: Starfleet

text: As early as the original "", characters refer to attending Starfleet Academy. Later series establish it as an officer training facility with a four-year educational program. The main campus is located near Starfleet Headquarters in what is now Fort Baker, California.


title: Starfleet

text: Starfleet Command is the headquarters/command center of Starfleet. The term "Starfleet Command" is first used in episode "". Its headquarters are depicted as being in Fort Baker, across the Golden Gate from San Francisco, in "" and "". Overlooking the Command from the other side of the Golden Gate is the permanent site of the Council of the United Federation of Planets in what is now the Presidio of San Francisco. Throughout the "Star Trek" franchise, the main characters' isolation from Starfleet Command compels them to make and act upon decisions without Starfleet Command's orders or information, particularly in "" when the main protagonists have no means of contacting Earth for several years.


title: Starfleet

text: StarTrek.com notes that many of Starfleet's ships are built on Mare Island near San Francisco. It states:


title: Starfleet

text: The "Enterprise-D" and USS "Voyager" are depicted to have been constructed at a shipyard named Utopia Planitia in Mars orbit. Utopia Planitia served as Starfleet's main ship yards throughout a large portion of Starfleet's existence. After the "Enterprise-D" encountered the Borg in the episode "Q Who" the size of the Utopia Planitia shipyards was doubled out of fear of a Borg strike. They were once again doubled after the Dominion threat became more evident. A devastating attack on these shipyards is a major plot point in "."


title: Starfleet

text: In the 2009 film, the "Enterprise" is shown under construction near James T. Kirk's home in Iowa. In the 2013 sequel, Montgomery "Scotty" Scott discovers a covert Starfleet facility, near Jupiter, that has built a much larger Federation warship, USS "Vengeance".


title: Starfleet

text: The Starfleet Engineering Corps (also called the Starfleet Corps of Engineers) is mentioned in several episodes in conjunction with projects such as hollowing out the underground laboratory complex inside the Regula I asteroid in "", the design of the "Yellowstone"-class Runabout in the alternate timeline in the "" episode "", and devising a defense against the Breen energy-dampening weapon in the "" episode "When It Rains..." As a result of these successes, Starfleet engineers gained a reputation as the undisputed masters of technological adaptation and modification. As one minion of the Dominion in the "Star Trek: DS9" episode, "" notes, Starfleet engineers are reputed to be able to "Turn rocks into replicators."


title: Starfleet

text: Additionally, Pocket Books has published a series of eBooks and novels in the "Starfleet Corps of Engineers" series.


title: Starfleet

text: Starfleet Intelligence is an intelligence agency of the United Federation of Planets. It is entrusted with foreign and domestic espionage, counter-espionage, and state security.


title: Starfleet

text: The Starfleet Judge Advocate General (or "JAG") is the branch charged with overseeing legal matters within Starfleet. Several episodes revolve around or involve JAG officers and procedures:


title: Starfleet

text: Dialog in "Court Martial" reveals that a court-martial may be convened in the absence of any JAG officers by three presiding command-level officers. Additionally, dialog in "The Measure of a Man" indicates that the loss of a starship automatically leads to a JAG court-martial. Courts-martial were held following the loss of the USS "Pegasus" and USS "Stargazer". In the "Voyager" episode "", Tuvok states that the Captain has the authority to conduct a court-martial on the ship, given the circumstance of the ship being isolated from the Federation.


title: Starfleet

text: Gates McFadden, who played Dr. Beverly Crusher, left "" during its second season. The character is described during this season, and after her return, as having been assigned to Starfleet Medical.


title: Starfleet

text: Numerous star ship dedication plaques identify other personnel associated with Starfleet Operations. Rear Admiral James T. Kirk served 18 months as Starfleet's Chief of Operations.


title: Starfleet

text: Starfleet Security is an agency of Starfleet referred to in several episodes of "" and "". Security is a branch of Starfleet first introduced in the . Main characters in subsequent series have been security officers.


title: Starfleet

text: Starfleet Tactical is a rarely mentioned department in Starfleet that is responsible for planning defensive strategies, as well as engaging in weapons research and development.


title: Starfleet

text: Although Humans are the most-often-seen crew members onscreen, Starfleet is shown to be composed of individuals from over 150 species, with Vulcans perhaps being the most common aliens seen.


title: Starfleet

text: Already in "", the USS "Enterprise" and other ships have a mixed-species crew, although this does not appear to be an absolute rule; for instance, the episode "" refers to the USS "Intrepid" as having an all-Vulcan crew. The "" episode "Take Me Out to the Holosuite" also features such a crew, serving aboard the USS "T'Kumbra".


title: Starfleet

text: In keeping with this idea, "", in its first two seasons, was the only show to have an entirely human crew, as it was set before the formation of the Federation, although the vessel did carry Phlox, a Denobulan serving in a medical exchange program, and T'Pol, then serving as an observer from the Vulcan High Command.


title: Starfleet

text: "" saw the introduction of Starfleet's first Klingon officer. Other races—such as Bolians, Betazoids, and Trill—were seen, and given more central roles, in later series; some of these, notably Klingons, had been shown as enemies in earlier episodes.


title: Starfleet

text: Various episodes show that Earth/Federation citizenship is not a necessary pre-condition for joining Starfleet. T'Pol of Vulcan is shown to be the first non-human Starfleet officer, receiving a commission as a commander following the Xindi mission and her resignation from the Vulcan High Command. Even after the Federation's formation citizenship was not required; several officers are from planets that are not part of the Federation. For example, "Star Trek: TNG"s Ensign Ro Laren, a Bajoran aboard the USS "Enterprise"-D; her fellow Bajoran Kira Nerys, who was field-commissioned as a Starfleet commander so that she could aid the Cardassian resistance during the Dominion War; and Ferengi Nog, who enters Starfleet Academy in season four of Deep Space Nine; all were from non-member planets. In addition, Quinn and Icheb from "" both spoke of joining Starfleet.


title: Starfleet

text: An example of the process imagined by the writers is given when the character Nog attempts to apply to the Academy. He is told that since he is from a non-member world (Ferenginar), he requires a letter of recommendation from a command-level officer before his application can be considered, with the implication that this is the standard procedure for all non-Federation applicants to Starfleet.


title: Starfleet

text: In the "Star Trek" Expanded Universe, an example of what typically becomes of a new Federation member world's military is depicted when the Bajoran Militia is integrated into Starfleet upon Bajor's entry into the Federation.


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: Before Federation in 1901 the term "prime minister of New South Wales" was also used. "Premier" has been used more or less exclusively from 1901, to avoid confusion with the federal prime minister of Australia.


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: The current premier is Dominic Perrottet, the leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, who assumed office on 5 October 2021. Perrottet replaced Gladys Berejiklian on 5 October 2021, after Berejiklian resigned as premier.


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: The median age of a premier on the first day of their first term is roughly 49 years, and 289 days which falls between William McKell and Alexander Mair. The youngest person to assume the office was Dominic Perrottet at 39 years and 14 days. The oldest person to assume office was Bob Heffron at 69 years and 43 days.


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: The oldest living former premier is Barrie Unsworth, born 16 April 1934 (age ). The youngest living former premier is Gladys Berejiklian, born 22 September 1970, (age ). The youngest living premier is the incumbent Dominic Perrottet, born 21 September 1982, (age ).


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: The longest-lived premier was Jack Lang who died on 27 September 1975 aged 98 years and 280 days. Tom Lewis was the second longest-lived premier, aged 94 years and 93 days, 4 years and 187 days short of Lang. The oldest living premier, Barrie Unsworth, will tie Lewis if he lives to 18 July 2028, and tie Lang if he lives to 21 January 2033. The shortest-lived premier was John Storey who died in office at the age of 52 years and 134 days on 5 October 1921.


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: The premier with the longest retirement is Jack Lang. He left office on 13 May 1932, and died 43 years and 137 days later on 27 September 1975. The premier with the shortest retirement is Alexander Stuart, who died on 16 June 1886, 253 days after leaving office on 6 October 1885.


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: Nine former premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth (1986–1988, born 1934). The most recent premier to die was John Fahey on 12 September 2020.


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: Not all premiers live to become the oldest of their time. Of the 36 deceased premiers, 16 eventually became the oldest of their time, while 20 did not (including both premiers who died in office, and 18 others). Jack Lang became the oldest living premier when Thomas Bavin died in 1941 and remained so until his death in 1975, for a record 34 years and 27 days. Because he was the first premier, Stuart Donaldson became the oldest living premier when he was appointed in 1856, but he held this distinction for only 81 days.


title: Premier of New South Wales

text: On one occasion the oldest living premier lost this distinction not by his death, but due to the appointment of a premier who was older. Stuart Donaldson lost this distinction when Charles Cowper was appointed. William McKell was the oldest to acquire this distinction at the age of 86 years, and 304 days. Neville Wran, who was aged 87 years, and 191 days when he died, on 20 April 2014 was the oldest premier to die without ever acquiring this distinction. John Fahey who died on 12 September 2020 aged 75 years and 246 days was the most recent premier to die without ever acquiring this distinction.


title: Postal codes in Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 2012, the government of Trinidad and Tobago approved the introduction of postal codes starting later that same year. In addition to the postal code implementation the country has embarked on a nationwide address improvement initiative adopting the Universal Postal Union (UPU) S-42 international standard of addressing. The UPU is an arm of the United Nations and is the coordinating body of postal services worldwide. The intent of this exercise is to correct poor addressing in Trinidad & Tobago and assign to each address a six-digit postal code. This change will result in the following:


title: Postal codes in Trinidad and Tobago

text: As announced in 2012, each code would be a six-digit number, with the first two digits indicating one of 72 postal districts (64 in Trinidad, eight in Tobago). It was piloted in Point Fortin in 2013 and later tested in four other Trinidad communities, as well as the island of Tobago. It is now launched as of 2021 throughout all of the regions and municipalities of Trinidad and throughout Tobago.


title: Postal codes in Trinidad and Tobago

text: According to "Trinidad and Tobago Newsday", an envelope using the postcode may be properly addressed thus:


title: Postal codes in Trinidad and Tobago

text: In the example above, the digits "15" refer to the delivery office in Diego Martin; "01" to a certain delivery route served by that office; and "10" to a certain building or zone along that delivery route.


title: Postal codes in Trinidad and Tobago

text: Trinidad and Tobago Postal Corporation officially launched the system March 28, 2012, promising that residents and businesses would receive a postcard informing them of their new postal code "before the end of the year". In May 2016, the estimated completion date was given as "within a year or two."


title: Postal codes in Trinidad and Tobago

text: In May 2011, TTPost said it planned to develop a postal code system in part because it is more efficient to sort mail using automated sorting machines, and in part because many areas in Trinidad and Tobago use vague or imprecise descriptive addresses based on "word of mouth and the use of landmarks". TTPost also said it also hoped develop a universal standard for addressing.


title: Postal codes in Trinidad and Tobago

text: “Many of our business and residential addresses regularly include features such as lamp pole numbers, street addresses without a building number, lot numbers and mile markers and the phrase ‘corner of’ as means of identification," said Trinidad and Tobago Public Utilities Minister Nizam Baksh in 2013. “Such elements may be easily understood by those living in a community, but they not only make mail delivery tedious, but can also slow down the response of fire service and ambulance personnel who are responding to an emergency in the area."


title: Postal codes in Trinidad and Tobago

text: Postal workers' representatives noted that along with increased efficiency in mail sorting, the system is expected to accompany a loss in mail sorter jobs. Advocates of the postal code system touted several side benefits. Classifying every address in a geographical postal code could aid in statistical analysis of crime and health care, for example.


title: Adly Mansour

text: Adly Mahmoud Mansour (  ; born 23 December 1945) is an Egyptian judge and politician who served as the president (or chief justice) of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt. He also served as interim president of Egypt from 4 July 2013 to 8 June 2014 following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état by the military which deposed President Mohamed Morsi. Several secular and religious figures, such as the Grand Imam of al-Azhar (Ahmed el-Tayeb), the Coptic Pope (Tawadros II), and Mohamed ElBaradei supported the coup against President Morsi and the military appointed Mansour interim-president until an election could take place. Morsi refused to acknowledge his removal as valid and continued to maintain that only he could be considered the legitimate President of Egypt. Mansour was sworn into office in front of the Supreme Constitutional Court on 4 July 2013.


title: Adly Mansour

text: Mansour was born in Cairo. He graduated from Cairo University Law School in 1967, earned a postgraduate degree in law in 1969, studied economics and earned a postgraduate degree in management science from Cairo University in 1970. He later attended France's École nationale d'administration (ENA) and graduated in 1977.


title: Adly Mansour

text: Mansour spent six years in Saudi Arabia in the 1980s, working as an adviser to the Saudi Ministry of Commerce.


title: Adly Mansour

text: Mansour was appointed to the Supreme Constitutional Court in 1992. He later served as Vice President of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt until 1 July 2013, when he became President of the SCC following his appointment to the position by President Morsi on 19 May.


title: Adly Mansour

text: Mansour did not have the opportunity to swear the oath as president of the SCC until 4 July 2013, right before he swore the presidential oath.


title: Adly Mansour

text: On 3 July 2013, Mansour was named interim President of Egypt following the ousting of Mohamed Morsi in the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état subsequent to the 2012–13 Egyptian protests. His appointment was announced on television by the minister of defense Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. Earlier, there was brief confusion as to who exactly was appointed interim president, with some sources suggesting it was the former President of the Supreme Constitutional Court, Maher El-Beheiry. Mansour was sworn in on 4 July 2013.


title: Adly Mansour

text: He briefly restored the position of the Vice President, which was abolished with the adoption of the current constitution on 26 December 2012, and nominated opposition leader Mohammed ElBaradei to the post in an acting capacity on 7 July 2013. On 8 July, Mansour issued a decree that proposed the introduction of amendments to the suspended constitution and a referendum to endorse them, followed by national elections. On 9 July, Mansour appointed the economist Hazem el-Biblawi as acting prime minister.


title: Adly Mansour

text: Mansour made his first trip abroad as Interim President on 8 October 2013, to Saudi Arabia, a key backer of the ousting of Morsi.


title: Adly Mansour

text: On 19 September 2013, Mansour announced that he would not run for the presidency, saying that he would return to his position as the head of the constitutional court.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Linus Van Pelt is a fictional character in Charles M. Schulz’s comic strip "Peanuts". He is the best friend of Charlie Brown, the younger brother of Lucy Van Pelt, and the older brother of Rerun Van Pelt. He first appeared on September 19, 1952, but he was not mentioned by name until three days later. He was first referred to two months earlier, on July 14. Linus spoke his first words in 1954, the same year he was first shown with his security blanket.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: When he was a costumed character in Mall of America during the Camp Snoopy years, he usually wore a blue baseball cap. It was removed from his head when he was redesigned.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: The character's creator, Charles M. Schulz, has said of the character, "Linus, my serious side, is the house intellectual, bright, well-informed which, I suppose may contribute to his feelings of insecurity."


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Lee Mendelson, producer of the majority of the "Peanuts" television specials, has said that Linus is his favorite character: "He made sucking your thumb and holding a security blanket OK. I think he's one of the most original fictional characters of all time-blending childish behavior with great wisdom."


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Though young, Linus is very intelligent and very wise and acted as the strip's philosopher and theologian, often quoting the Gospels. Juvenile aspects of his character are also displayed, which is for example, Linus is almost always depicted holding his blue security blanket, as for which he is often mocked by other characters, and often sucked his thumb. Linus is the only member of his group who believed in the Great Pumpkin, an alternative Santa Claus–like figure who, according to Linus, appeared every Halloween arising from the most "sincere" pumpkin patch, bearing gifts. He occasionally temporarily convinced other characters that the Great Pumpkin is real, only to stubbornly maintain his faith when they can lose theirs. On one occasion in You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown, Linus had a commanding lead in the polls for school president, which lasted until he brought up the subject of the Great Pumpkin, at which point he was nearly laughed out of the election, when he ended up winning anyway by one vote, cast by his opponent, who decided that Linus would make a better school president. A similar occurrence was featured in a strip with the same storyline where Charlie Brown asked him why he had to bring up the Great Pumpkin and Linus gave his reasons. After Linus said that Charlie Brown is looking at him as if he was crazy, Charlie Brown responded, "I'm looking at you like I could've been vice president!" due to the fact that unlike in the television special, Linus lost the election in the strip.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: In the strip from June 9, 1986, Linus claims that his birthday is in October. Lucy gives him a chair for his birthday in the November 22, 1964 Sunday strip. Like his sister, he loves sinking into his Sacco chair.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Linus almost always carries his blue security blanket, which debuted in the June 1, 1954, strip. He held it over his shoulder while sucking his thumb. Ridicule of the habit is not a major concern for him. His friend, Roy, warned him at summer camp that he would have to be viciously teased for it, and in response, Linus used his blanket like a whip and sheared off a tree branch with intimidating power, saying, "They never tease me more than once." The blanket, as it turned out, is an autonomous (albeit nonverbal) entity. In a 1965 strip, it engaged in a campaign of clandestine attacks on Lucy, even routing her from the house, due to her constant, although unsuccessful efforts to get rid of it by throwing it in the trash burner. In the special "A Boy Named Charlie Brown", it performed a complex dance routine with Linus upon being reunited with its owner. Linus had lost the blanket, causing him depression, panic attacks, sweating and other withdrawal symptoms.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: In the earlier strips, Linus's relationship to his blanket was one of intense emotional attachment to the point of manifesting physical symptoms if he was deprived of it even for a short while. He suffered weakness and dizziness, for example, when Lucy took it from him only long enough to have it laundered, spontaneously recovering when it was restored to him. In "A Boy Named Charlie Brown", Linus manifested similar symptoms when he gave his blanket to Charlie Brown. On another occasion, Lucy snatched his blanket away and buried it in an effort to break Linus of his habit. Linus dug around the neighborhood for days trying to find it until Snoopy finally found the blanket and dug it up.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Possession of the blanket is often sought by Snoopy, who has used many tricks and subterfuges to relieve Linus of it, even at one point having the blanket delivered to his doghouse. Snoopy commonly ran up, quickly grabbed the blanket in his mouth, and dragged Linus along with it, then swung him and the blanket around before letting go and sending them both soaring off. Once, Linus was so angry at Snoopy for snatching his blanket again and again that he retaliated by threatening Snoopy's supper dish. Upon hearing that Linus had possession of "his" most prized possession, Snoopy gave Linus back the blanket fairly quickly, thinking that "I never dreamed he would fight so dirty!" When Lucy buried the blanket, Snoopy took the time to dig for it himself, which meant that he saw Linus digging and looking for his pale blue security blanket, and when he found it, Linus thanked him, upon which Snoopy thought that "Every now and then I feel that my existence is justified!" Linus always won and got the blanket back.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: In one strip, Lucy confiscated Linus's blanket, locking it in a closet for two weeks as part of a bet. Linus thought that he can go without the blanket for two weeks and laughed off Lucy and Charlie Brown's differing opinion. After one week Linus began suffering, and freezing without it because he tried to use Snoopy's floppy ears but Lucy noticed and told him "no substitutes!" After eight days, Linus screamed and cried for the blanket. Finally it appeared that Linus has lost his mind, which Charlie Brown persuaded Lucy to give Linus his blanket back when they saw Linus lying on the closet door scratching at it in a vain attempt to open it.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Furthermore, there are many stories where Lucy and Linus's grandmother attempted to force him to give up the blanket, only to eventually concede in the face of his steadfast resistance. Two attempts were when the grandmother in question gave up smoking, and when she offered that if he gave up the blanket she would donate ten dollars to his favorite charity. The deal was not made because Linus did not consider it a fair proposition. In another strip, Lucy warned him that she has arrived. Linus reluctantly handed her the blanket and then went into his room, and said: "I decoyed her with a colored dish towel!"


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: The April 11, 1983, strip showed Linus saying that he had given up his blanket, and later going from door to door telling people how he gave up his blanket. Once, this resulted in the girl at the door lashing him with "her" blanket, in her anger. Twice before Linus actually vowed to give up his blanket. Once he threw it away but grabbed it back, which is in another time, he was about to tell Charlie Brown about his new resolution when Charlie Brown ruined everything by tossing a blanket onto him. Trying again to give up the blanket, he left it on the side of the road and walked away, quickly running back to it because according to him, it was whimpering. In another effort to be rid of his habit, he has Snoopy hold on to it, who then made it into sport coats for both him and Woodstock. Just when he felt that he is over his blanket, Charlie Brown has him hooked again by giving him another one.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: In one particularly angry confrontation over the issue, which is in the aforementioned blanket-for-smoking episode, Linus admitted that if his mother ordered him to stop, he would comply, but no one else, especially Lucy or the "blanket-hating" grandmother, would have that authority. In that confrontation, when Lucy decided that he had gone without the blanket for two weeks and that he no longer needed it, she threw it into the trash burner. Linus intervened at the last second and retrieved his blanket, reminding her that if their mother wanted him to give up the blanket he would have to do it, but until then it was nobody else's business. Never objecting, the mother was evidently content to let her unusually intelligent son grow out of the habit on his own. In later strips, Linus is shown with it less and less, and Schulz admitted in 1989 that Linus had finally outgrown the blanket, and it was only in the strip when required for the humor. In one comic, Linus suddenly stopped sucking his thumb and said "It's a good thumb, but not a great thumb." The special "Why, Charlie Brown, Why?", released the following year, is the only one in which Linus is never seen with his blanket, although nor is it even mentioned, arguably to make Linus appear more mature given the special's serious subject. Eventually, he is reunited with it.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Linus has brown hair, and hazel eyes, and normally wore a red striped shirt, black shorts, red socks, and dark brown tennis shoes. On February 5, 1962, Linus began wearing eyeglasses after being diagnosed with myopia, but after the Sunday strip of September 9, 1962, the glasses were not seen again. In an earlier strip of July 17, 1962, Linus had told Charlie Brown that his ophthalmologist said that he may not have to wear his glasses all the time, which is thus explaining their eventual disappearance.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Linus is often bullied by his older sister Lucy Van Pelt, to which he responds by either giving in or taking revenge.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Linus often defused and defeated Lucy's bullying through nonviolent or passive resistance and clever use of his intellect, either logically talking Lucy out of hitting him or confusing her into submission. Later in the strip, the pair got a younger brother, Rerun, who looked nearly identical to Linus, though smaller. Coincidentally, this occurred at the same time Lucy kicked Linus out of the house, leading her to cry in dismay, to which she said, "A "new" baby brother? But I just got rid of the "old" one!" She then let him back in stating everything like "You "can't" shovel water with a "pitchfork"!" The irony was not lost on Linus, who foolishly mocked her behavior until she gagged him with his own security blanket.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Linus is Charlie Brown's best friend. Linus became sympathetic towards Charlie Brown, and often gave him advice after listening to Charlie Brown's various insecurities. Similarly, Charlie Brown generally observed Linus's faults, such as his undying faith in the Great Pumpkin, his dependence on his security blanket, or any of his other odd quirks. They are also together in an allegiance over a common enemy, which included Lucy, who harassed and tormented Charlie Brown nearly as much as she does to Linus. The two boys are often seen having discussions while sitting on a street curb or leaning up against the brick wall. At some point in the strip, Linus began to appear sitting behind Charlie Brown in school, despite supposedly being a year younger.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Linus generally played second base on Charlie Brown's baseball team, but he has substituted as pitcher for Charlie Brown when the latter has been unable to pitch. On these occasions, Linus's skill has served to propel the team onto an uncharacteristic winning streak.


title: Linus Van Pelt

text: Upon the introduction of Charlie Brown's little sister, Sally Brown, in 1959, Linus had the desire to marry her. As the strip progressed, he outgrew this idea. Meanwhile, Sally proceeded to fall in love with Linus, calling him her "Sweet Babboo", much to his displeasure. Linus, in his turn, has an innocent unrequited love crush on his school teacher, Miss Othmar, who later marries and becomes Mrs. Hagemeyer. In some of the later 1990s strips, he developed an interest in the girl named Lydia, who sat behind him, and kept changing her name and, as Linus is two months older than her, asked him, "Aren't you kind of old for me?" It was also Linus who first introduced Frieda, as "...a sort of a friend of mine" who sat behind him in school. He also fell for several different girls in various animated television specials, including a girl called Truffles, whom he and Snoopy met while looking for the fungi bearing her name.


title: Pregnancy category

text: The pregnancy category of a medication is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. It does "not" include any risks conferred by pharmaceutical agents or their metabolites in breast milk.


title: Pregnancy category

text: Every drug has specific information listed in its product literature. The British National Formulary used to provide a table of drugs to be avoided or used with caution in pregnancy, and did so using a limited number of key phrases, but now Appendix 4 (which was the Pregnancy table) has been removed. Appendix 4 is now titled "Intravenous Additives". However, information that was previously available in the former Appendix 4 (pregnancy) and Appendix 5 (breast feeding) is now available in the individual drug monographs.


title: Pregnancy category

text: American law requires that certain drugs and biological products must be labelled very specifically. Title 21, Part 201.57 (9)(i) of the Code of Federal Regulations lists specific requirements regarding the labeling of drugs with respect to their effects on pregnant populations, including a definition of a "pregnancy category". These rules are enforced by the Food and Drug Administration.


title: Pregnancy category

text: To supplement this information, the FDA publishes additional rules regarding pregnancy and lactation labeling.


title: Pregnancy category

text: The FDA does not regulate labeling for all hazardous and non-hazardous substances. Many substances, including alcohol, are widely known to cause serious hazards to pregnant women and their fetuses, including fetal alcohol syndrome. Many other pollutants and hazardous materials are similarly known to cause reproductive harm. However, some of these substances are not subject to drug labeling laws, and are therefore not assigned a "Pregnancy Category" per 21 CFR 201.57.


title: Pregnancy category

text: One characteristic of the FDA definitions of the pregnancy categories is that the FDA requires a relatively large amount of high-quality data on a pharmaceutical for it to be defined as Pregnancy Category A. As a result of this, many drugs that would be labelled as safe in other countries are allocated to Category C by the FDA.


title: Pregnancy category

text: On December 13, 2014, the FDA published the Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Final Rule (PLLR), which changed the labeling requirements for the pregnancy and lactation sections for prescription drugs and biological agents. The final rule removed the pregnancy letter categories, and created descriptive subsections for pregnancy exposure and risk, lactation, and effects to reproductive potential for females and males. Labeling changes from this rule began on June 30, 2015, with all submissions for prescription drugs and biological agents using the labeling changes immediately. Previously approved drugs from June 30, 2001, will switch to the new labeling gradually. The rule does not affect the labeling of over-the-counter drugs or of drugs approved prior to June 30, 2001.


title: Pregnancy category

text: Australia has a slightly different pregnancy category system from the United States. The categorisation of medicines for use in pregnancy does not follow a hierarchical structure.


title: Pregnancy category

text: The system, as outlined below, was developed by medical and scientific experts based on available evidence of risks associated with taking particular medicines while pregnant. Being general in nature, it is not presented as medical advice to health professionals or the public.


title: Pregnancy category

text: Some prescribing guides, such as the Australian Medicines Handbook, are shifting away from using pregnancy categories since, inherent in these categories, there is an implied assumption that the alphabetical code is one of safety when this is not always the case. Categorisation does not indicate which stages of fetal development might be affected and does not convey information about the balance between risks and benefits in a particular situation. Additionally, categories are not necessarily maintained or updated with availability of new data.


title: Pregnancy category

text: The data presented is for comparative and illustrative purposes only, and may have been superseded by updated data.


title: Taylor Bennett (rapper)

text: Taylor Matthew Bennett (born January 19, 1996) is an American rapper. He released an album titled "Broad Shoulders" featuring artists such as Donnie Trumpet, King Louie, and his older brother Chance the Rapper. He is from the West Chatham neighborhood of Chicago.


title: Taylor Bennett (rapper)

text: Taylor Bennett's father, Donald J Williams-Bennett, worked for the Mayor of Chicago and his mother Lisa Bennett formerly worked for the attorney general. His father insured that he would pursue his dreams while also making it through school. He attended Urban Prep High School. He and his brother demonstrated an interest in the arts very early, rapping with each other and building their skills.


title: Taylor Bennett (rapper)

text: In 2014, Bennett and others were charged with assault and battery for allegedly severely injuring a teenage Columbia College Chicago student at a party. They beat the victim badly after he stepped on Bennett's shoe.


title: Taylor Bennett (rapper)

text: Much like his brother, Bennett has developed a unique sound and style of rapping. Some artists that have influenced his growth as a musician include Twista, Nas, and Kendrick Lamar who has had a noticeable impact on his music. He claims that Kanye West's "College Dropout" had a significant role in his ability to see the fun-loving side of music.


title: Taylor Bennett (rapper)

text: Bennett's brother preferred that he build his own fanbase before he began working with and promoting him. Chance believed this was an important step in his development as an artist. Bennett finally started selling out shows at local venues such as Reggie's and even opened for his idol Nas at a Lollapalooza after party in 2014. Following his success, he and his brother released a track "Broad Shoulders", which is also the title track of one of his most recent mixtapes.


title: Taylor Bennett (rapper)

text: In 2015, Bennett released the mixtape "Broad Shoulders". It features artists such as Logan Parks, Talia Stewart, and Jordan Bratton, most of whom are native Chicagoans. This was also his first full album without any elements sampled from preexisting songs. In July 2018, Bennett released a single titled "Rock n Roll" along with the video from his upcoming EP, "Be Yourself".


title: Taylor Bennett (rapper)

text: On October 17, 2014, an article was released from dnainfo reported that Bennett was involved in an altercation at a house party in his native city of Chicago that left his victim with major head trauma. The article states that Bennett and his friend attacked the victim after the victim stepped on Bennett's shoes. The incident was captured on video by attendees at the party, who would identify Bennett on social media. Bennett would turn himself in and be released on a $75,000 bond.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. was an American semiconductor manufacturer. It was created by the divestiture of the Semiconductor Products Sector of Motorola in 2004. Freescale focused their integrated circuit products on the automotive, embedded and communications markets. It was bought by a private investor group in 2006, and subsequently merged into NXP Semiconductors in 2015.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: As of 2003, Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector earned US$5.0 billion in semiconductor sales in 2002 (out of US$27 billion sales for all of Motorola).


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: Motorola announced that their semiconductor division would be divested on October 6, 2003, to create Freescale. Freescale completed its Initial public offering (IPO) on July 16, 2004, at a price of US$13. In its announcement, it estimated the stock price to be US$17.50- 19.50 but following a cooling of the market towards tech stocks, it lowered its price to US$13. Existing shareholders of Motorola stock received 0.110415 shares of Freescale stock for every share of Motorola stock as a dividend which was distributed on December 2, 2004.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: On September 15, 2006, Freescale agreed to accept a buyout for the sum of $17.6 billion ($40 per share) by a consortium led by the Blackstone Group. Share prices of $13 at the July 2004 IPO had risen to $39.35 in afterhours trading that Friday when the news, rumored that week, broke. A special shareholders meeting on November 13, 2006, voted to accept the buyout offer. The purchase, which closed on December 1, 2006, is reportedly the largest private buyout of a technology company and one of the ten largest buyouts of all time.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: Freescale filed to go public again on February 11, 2011, and completed its IPO on May 26, 2011. Freescale was traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol FSL. At the time of the IPO, the company had $7.6 billion in outstanding debt on its books, and the company was investigated for misconduct related to this IPO.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: On March 8, 2014, Freescale announced that 20 of its employees were lost aboard Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: MSG (Micro-controller Solutions Group) is the largest business unit within Freescale and is currently the largest semiconductor supplier to the automotive industry. Modern cars use electronics to manage the engine for peak performance and to reduce emissions, and Freescale is the largest supplier of engine system microcontrollers in the world. Automotive safety systems such as anti-lock brakes and airbags also use microcontrollers and analog power management circuits from Freescale. Freescale also produces a range of integrated sensor products such as accelerometers and pressure sensors.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: Freescale's SMARTMOS analog portfolio provides power actuation and multiple switch detect interface family ICs and system basis chips for hybrid vehicles.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: In November 2008 Freescale announced that the company would collaborate with McLaren Electronic Systems to further develop its KERS system for McLaren's Formula One car from 2010 onwards. Both parties believed this collaboration would improve McLaren's KERS system and help the system filter down to road car technology.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: Besides MSG business group, Freescale other major semiconductor businesses are the NMG (Networking and Multimedia Group) as well as RASG (RF, Analog and Sensors Group). Freescale, under the guidance of IBM, had also been a source of PowerPC microprocessors (ICs) for Apple Computer's PowerBooks and Mac mini products until the Mac transition to Intel processors in 2006. They joined Power.org in 2006 as a founding member to develop and promote the use of Power Architecture.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: DragonBall is a low power derivation of the earlier Motorola 68000 family microprocessors. Freescale also has a portfolio of Digital Signal Processor (DSP) products based on StarCore Technology. Freescale's DSPs are being used in Broadband Wireless, Voice Over IP and video infrastructure systems.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: Freescale was sued by Marvell Semiconductor for infringing seven patents. The case was settled in 2015.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: Freescale lost a patent infringement lawsuit filed by Tessera Corporation and was forced to pay an undisclosed amount as part of the settlement.


title: Freescale Semiconductor

text: A merger agreement with NXP Semiconductors was announced in March 2015, to form a billion company. The acquisition closed on December 7, 2015.


title: Palaeoloxodon namadicus

text: Palaeoloxodon namadicus or the Asian straight-tusked elephant, is an extinct species of prehistoric elephant known from the early Middle to Late Pleistocene of the Indian subcontinent, and possibly also elsewhere in Asia.


title: Palaeoloxodon namadicus

text: Some authorities regard it to be a subspecies of "Palaeoloxodon antiquus", the European straight-tusked elephant, due to extreme similarities of the tusks. Their skull structure was also different from that of a modern elephant. The grouping of this genus is supported by cranial synapomorphies with other species of "Palaeoloxodon," which includes a large crest at the top of the skull that anchored the splenius muscles used to support the head. Later research suggested that "P. namadicus" can be distinguished from "P. antiquus" by its less robust limb bones and more stout cranium.


title: Palaeoloxodon namadicus

text: Based on the stable isotope ratioes of carbon and oxygen and the morphology of their teeth, it is suggested that "P. namadicus" tended towards a grazing diet, as opposed to the sympatric "Stegodon" and "Elephas" species, which tended more towards browsing.


title: Palaeoloxodon namadicus

text: "Palaeoloxodon namadicus" is thought to have become extinct during the Late Pleistocene, making it one of four megafaunal species native to India known to have become extinct during the Late Pleistocene, alongside fellow proboscidean "Stegodon namadicus", the equine "Equus namadicus", and a species of hippopotamus belonging to the genus "Hexaprotodon". A late record of approximately 56,000 years Before Present is known from the banks of the Dhasan River on the Ganga plain in Uttar Pradesh. In 2015, a study based on extensive research of fragmentary leg bone fossils suggested that "P. namadicus" may have been the largest land mammal ever, but this requires reexamination.


title: Palaeoloxodon namadicus

text: Remains possibly attributable to "P. namadicus" have also been reported across Southeast Asia and China. However, the status of Chinese "Palaeoloxodon" is unresolved, with other authors considering the remains to belong to "P. naumanni" (otherwise known from Japan) or the separate species "P. huaihoensis". The postcranial remains of "Palaeoloxodon" from China are substantially more robust than Indian "P. namadicus" and in many respects are more similar to those of "P. antiquus". Remains attributed to "P. namadicus" or a similar form have been reported from the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia, similar in size to that reported for the Indian subcontinent.


title: Palaeoloxodon namadicus

text: Several studies have attempted to estimate the size of the Asian straight-tusked elephants, as well as other prehistoric proboscideans, usually using comparisons of thigh bone length and knowledge of relative growth rates to estimate the size of incomplete skeletons.


title: Palaeoloxodon namadicus

text: One partial skeleton found in India in 1905 had thigh bones that likely measured when complete, suggesting a total shoulder height of for this individual elephant.


title: Palaeoloxodon namadicus

text: Two partial thigh bones were found in the 19th century and would have measured 160 cm (5.2 ft) when complete. A fragment from the same locality was said to be almost a quarter larger; volumetric analysis then yields a size estimate of tall at the shoulder and in body mass; however, this estimate based on the "distal femur portion" requires reexamination, as the author himself could only suspect that "fossils are likely stored in the Indian Museum of Kolkata; until such a collection can be revised, this size estimate will remain speculative."


title: Grover Norquist

text: Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers who agree to oppose increases in marginal income tax rates for individuals and businesses, as well as net reductions or eliminations of deductions and credits without a matching reduced tax rate. Prior to the November 2012 election, the pledge was signed by 95% of all Republican members of Congress and all but one of the candidates running for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination.


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist was born in Sharon, Pennsylvania and grew up in Weston, Massachusetts. He is the son of Carol (née Lutz) and Warren Elliott Norquist, a vice president of Polaroid Corporation, and is of Swedish ancestry. His brother, David Norquist, has served in senior posts in Republican administrations at both the United States Department of Defense and the United States Department of Homeland Security. Norquist became involved with politics at an early age when he volunteered for the 1968 Nixon campaign, assisting with get out the vote efforts. He graduated from Weston High School and enrolled at Harvard University in 1974, where he earned his B.A. and MBA.


title: Grover Norquist

text: At college, Norquist was an editor at the "Harvard Crimson" and helped to publish the libertarian-leaning "Harvard Chronicle". He was a member of the Hasty Pudding Theatricals. Norquist has said: "When I became 21, I decided that nobody learned anything about politics after the age of 21." He attended the Leadership Institute in Arlington, Virginia, an organization that teaches conservative Americans how to influence public policy through activism and leadership.


title: Grover Norquist

text: Early in his career, Norquist was executive director of both the National Taxpayers Union and the national College Republicans, holding both positions until 1983. He served as Economist and Chief Speechwriter at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce from 1983 to 1984.


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist traveled to several war zones to help support anti-Soviet guerrilla armies in the second half of the 1980s. He worked with a support network for Oliver North's efforts with the Nicaraguan Contras and other insurgencies, in addition to promoting U.S. support for groups including Mozambique's RENAMO and Jonas Savimbi's UNITA in Angola and helping to organize anti-Soviet forces in Laos. In 1985, he went to a conference in South Africa sponsored by South African businesses called the "Youth for Freedom Conference", which sought to bring American and South African conservatives together to end the anti-apartheid movement. Norquist represented the France-Albert Rene government of Seychelles as a lobbyist from 1995 until 1999. Norquist's efforts were the subject of Tucker Carlson's 1997 article in "The New Republic", "What I sold at the revolution."


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist founded Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) in 1985, which he says was done at the request of then-President Ronald Reagan. Referring to Norquist's activities as head of ATR, Steve Kroft, in a "60 Minutes" episode that aired on November 20, 2011, claimed that "Norquist has been responsible, more than anyone else, for rewriting the dogma of the Republican Party."


title: Grover Norquist

text: The primary policy goal of Americans for Tax Reform is to reduce government revenues as a percentage of the GDP. ATR states that it "opposes all tax increases as a matter of principle." Americans for Tax Reform has supported Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR) legislation and transparency initiatives, while opposing efforts to regulate health care.


title: Grover Norquist

text: In 1993, Norquist launched his Wednesday Meeting series at ATR headquarters, initially to help fight President Clinton's healthcare plan. The meeting eventually became one of the most significant institutions in American conservative political organizing. The meetings have been called "a must-attend event for Republican operatives fortunate enough to get an invitation", and "the Grand Central station of the conservative movement." Medvetz (2006) argues that the meetings have been significant in "establishing relations of ... exchange" among conservative subgroups and "sustaining a moral community of conservative activists."


title: Grover Norquist

text: As a nonprofit organization, Americans for Tax Reform is not required to disclose the identity of its contributors. Critics, such as Sen. Alan Simpson, have asked Norquist to disclose his contributors; he has declined but has said that ATR is financed by direct mail and other grassroots fundraising efforts. According to CBS News, "a significant portion appears to come from wealthy individuals, foundations and corporate interests."


title: Grover Norquist

text: Prior to the November 2012 election, 238 of 242 House Republicans and 41 out of 47 Senate Republicans had signed ATR's "Taxpayer Protection Pledge", in which the pledger promises to "oppose any and all efforts to increase the marginal income tax rate for individuals and business; and to oppose any net reduction or elimination of deductions and credits, unless matched dollar for dollar by further reducing tax rates."


title: Grover Norquist

text: The November 6, 2012 elections resulted in a decline in the number of Taxpayer Protection Pledge signatories in both the upper and lower houses of the 113th Congress: from 41 to 39 in the Senate, and from 238 to "fewer than ... 218" in the House of Representatives. According to journalist Alex Seitz-Wald, losses in the election by Norquist supporters and the "fiscal cliff" have emboldened and made more vocal critics of Norquist.


title: Grover Norquist

text: In November 2011, Senate Majority leader Harry Reid (D-NV) blamed Norquist's influence for the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction's lack of progress, claiming that Congressional Republicans "are being led like puppets by Grover Norquist. They're giving speeches that we should compromise on our deficit, but never do they compromise on Grover Norquist. He is their leader." Since Norquist's pledge binds signatories to opposing deficit reduction agreements that include any element of increased tax revenue, some Republican deficit hawks now retired from office have stated that Norquist has become an obstacle to deficit reduction. Former Republican Senator Alan Simpson (R-WY), co-chairman of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, has been particularly critical, describing Norquist's position as "[n]o taxes, under any situation, even if your country goes to hell."


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist was listed as one of the five primary leaders of the post-Goldwater conservative movement by Nina Easton in her 2000 book, "Gang of Five". Working with eventual Speaker Newt Gingrich, Norquist was one of the co-authors of the 1994 Contract with America, and helped to rally grassroots efforts, which Norquist later chronicled in his book "Rock the House." Norquist also served as a campaign staff member on the 1988, 1992 and 1996 Republican Platform Committees.


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist was instrumental in securing early support for the presidential campaign of then-Texas Governor George W. Bush, acting as his unofficial liaison to the conservative movement. He campaigned for Bush in both 2000 and 2004. After Bush's first election, Norquist was a key figure involved in crafting Bush's tax cuts. John Fund of "The Wall Street Journal" dubbed Norquist "the Grand Central Station" of conservatism and told "The Nation": "It's not disputable" that Norquist was the key to the Bush campaign's surprising level of support from movement conservatives in 2000.


title: Grover Norquist

text: He has long been active in building bridges between various ethnic and religious minorities and the free-market community through his involvement with Acton Institute, Christian Coalition and Toward Tradition.


title: Grover Norquist

text: He has also "announced his plan to assemble a center-right coalition to discuss pulling out of Afghanistan to save hundreds of billions of dollars."


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist is active in Tea Party politics. Talking at a Florida rally he said "tea party groups should serve as the 'exoskeleton' that protects newly elected Republicans" from pressures to increase government spending.


title: Grover Norquist

text: Comprehensive immigration reform is an interest of Norquist's, who believes that the United States should have "dramatically higher levels of immigration" than it currently does.


title: Grover Norquist

text: According to a 2011 memoir by former lobbyist Jack Abramoff, Norquist was one of Abramoff's first major Republican party contacts. Norquist and Americans for Tax Reform were also mentioned in Senate testimony relating to the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal which resulted in a 2006 guilty plea by Abramoff to three criminal felony counts of defrauding of American Indian tribes and corrupting public officials. Records released by the Senate Indian Affairs Committee allege that ATR served as a "conduit" for funds that flowed from Abramoff's clients to surreptitiously finance grass-roots lobbying campaigns. Norquist has denied that he did anything wrong, and has not been charged with any crime.


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist's national strategy has included recruiting state and local politicians to support ATR's stance on taxes. Norquist has helped to set up regular meetings for conservatives in many states. These meetings are modeled after his Wednesday meetings in Washington, with the goal of creating a nationwide network of conservative activists that he can call upon to support conservative causes, such as tax cuts and deregulation. There are now meetings in 48 states.


title: Grover Norquist

text: In 2004, Norquist helped California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger with his plan to privatize the CalPERS system. In Virginia's 2005 Republican primaries, Norquist encouraged the defeat of a number of legislators who voted for higher taxes.


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist serves on the boards of directors of numerous organizations including the National Rifle Association, the American Conservative Union, the Hispanic Leadership Fund, the Indian-American Republican Caucus, and ParentalRights.org, an organization that wishes to add a Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution. In 2010, Norquist joined the advisory board of GOProud, a political organization representing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender conservatives and their allies, for which he was criticized by the Family Research Council. Norquist also sits on a six-person advisory panel that nominates "Time"'s Person of the Year. In business, Norquist was a co-founder of the Merritt Group, later renamed Janus-Merritt Strategies. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Norquist signed the "Madrid Charter", a document drafted by the conservative Spanish political party Vox that describes left-wing groups as enemies of Ibero-America involved in a "criminal project" that are "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist favors dramatically reducing the size of government. He has been noted for his widely quoted quip from a 2001 interview with NPR's "Morning Edition":


title: Grover Norquist

text: Journalist William Greider quotes him saying his goal is to bring America back to what it was "up until Teddy Roosevelt, when the socialists took over. The income tax, the death tax, regulation, all that." When asked by journalist Steve Kroft about the goal of chopping government "in half and then shrink it again to where we were at the turn of the [20th] century" before Social Security and Medicare, Norquist replied, "We functioned in this country with government at eight percent of GDP for a long time and quite well."


title: Grover Norquist

text: Some smaller government advocates argue that Norquist's "obsession with tax revenue" is actually counterproductive with respect to minimizing the size of government. Although the Americans for Tax Reform mission statement is "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should be minimized", critics at the Cato Institute have argued that "holding the line on taxes constrains only one of the four tools (taxes, tax deductions, spending without taxation, and regulation) used by government to alter economic outcomes."


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist published "Leave Us Alone: Getting the Government's Hands Off Our Money, Our Guns, Our Lives", in 2008. In 2012, he published "Debacle: Obama's War on Jobs and Growth and What We Can Do Now to Regain Our Future", with John R. Lott, Jr. He has served as a monthly "Politics" columnist and contributing editor to "The American Spectator".


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist has also called for reductions in defense spending as one way to reduce the size of government.


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist has described himself as a "boring white bread Methodist." In 2004, at age 48, he married a Palestinian Muslim named Samah Alrayyes, a PR specialist who was formerly a director of the Islamic Free Market Institute and specialist at the Bureau of Legislative and Public Affairs at United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The couple has adopted two children, both girls, one of whom is from the city of Bethlehem.


title: Grover Norquist

text: According to friend and former roommate John Fund, Norquist's devotion to his political causes is "monk-like" and comparable to that of Ralph Nader.


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist has competed three times in the comedy fundraiser "Washington's Funniest Celebrity" and placed second in 2009. Humorist P. J. O'Rourke has described Norquist as "Tom Paine crossed with Lee Atwater plus just a soupçon of Madame Defarge".


title: Grover Norquist

text: Norquist and his wife attended the annual Burning Man festival in August 2014 in Black Rock, Nevada. Norquist explained that he wished to attend because, "There's no government that organizes this. That's what happens when nobody tells you what to do. You just figure it out. So Burning Man is a refutation of the argument that the state has a place in nature."


title: Rock Garden of Chandigarh

text: The Rock Garden of Chandigarh is a sculpture garden for rock enthusiasts in Chandigarh, India. It is also known as Nek Chand Saini's Rock Garden of Nathupur after its founder Nek Chand Saini, a government official who started building the garden secretly in his spare time in 1957. It has spread over an area of , and is completely built from industrial, home waste, and discarded items.


title: Rock Garden of Chandigarh

text: The Rock Garden sits near Sukhna Lake. It consists of man-made interlinked waterfalls and many other sculptures that have been made of scrap and other kinds of waste (bottles, glasses, bangles, tiles, ceramic pots, sinks, electrical waste, broken pipes, etc.) which are placed in walled paths.In his spare time, Nek Chand started collecting materials from demolition sites around the city. He recycled these materials into his own vision of the divine kingdom of Sukrani, choosing a gorge in a forest near Sukhna Lake for his work. The gorge had been designated as a land conservancy, a forest buffer established in 1902 that nothing could be built on. Chand's work was illegal, but he was able to hide it for 18 years before it was discovered by the authorities in 1976. By this time, it had grown into a complex of interlinked courtyards, each filled with hundreds of pottery-covered concrete sculptures of dancers, musicians, and animals.


title: Rock Garden of Chandigarh

text: His work was in danger of being demolished, but he was able to get public opinion on his side. In 1976 the park was inaugurated as a public space. Nek Chand was given a salary, a title ("Sub-Divisional Engineer, Rock Garden") and 50 laborers so that he could work full-time. The Rock Garden appeared on an Indian stamp in 1983. The Rock Garden is still made out of recycled materials. With the government's help, Chand was able to set up collection centers around the city for waste, especially rags and broken ceramics.


title: Rock Garden of Chandigarh

text: When Chand left the country on a lecture tour in 1996, the city withdrew its funding, and vandals attacked the park. The Rock Garden Society took over the administration and upkeep of this unique visionary environment.


title: Rock Garden of Chandigarh

text: The garden is visited by over 5,000 people daily, with more than 12 million visitors since its inception.


title: Rock Garden of Chandigarh

text: There is also a Dolls Museum inside Rock Garden. It was inaugurated by UT Administrator V.P. Singh Badnore to mark the second death anniversary of its founder Nek Chand. The museum comprises 200 rag dolls made from waste cloth. The dolls were made by Nek Chand in the 1970s.


title: Bill Laswell

text: William Otis Laswell (born February 12, 1955) is an American bass guitarist, record producer, and record label owner. He has been involved in thousands of recordings with many collaborators from all over the world. His music draws from funk, world music, jazz, dub, and ambient styles.


title: Bill Laswell

text: According to music critic Chris Brazier, "Laswell's pet concept is 'collision music' which involves bringing together musicians from wildly divergent but complementary spheres and seeing what comes out." The credo of one record label run by Laswell which typifies much of his work is "Nothing Is True, Everything Is Permitted". Although his bands may be credited under the same name and often feature the same roster of musicians, the styles and themes explored on different albums can vary dramatically. Material began as a noisy dance music band, but later albums concentrated on hip hop, jazz, or spoken word readings by William S. Burroughs. Most versions of the band Praxis have included guitarist Buckethead, but they have explored different permutations on albums.