title: Extreme value theorem

text: The extreme value theorem was originally proven by Bernard Bolzano in the 1830s in a work "Function Theory" but the work remained unpublished until 1930. Bolzano's proof consisted of showing that a continuous function on a closed interval was bounded, and then showing that the function attained a maximum and a minimum value. Both proofs involved what is known today as the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem. The result was also discovered later by Weierstrass in 1860.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: The following examples show why the function domain must be closed and bounded in order for the theorem to apply. Each fails to attain a maximum on the given interval.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Defining formula_27 in the last two examples shows that both theorems require continuity on formula_2.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: When moving from the real line formula_29 to metric spaces and general topological spaces, the appropriate generalization of a closed bounded interval is a compact set. A set formula_30 is said to be compact if it has the following property: from every collection of open sets formula_31 such that formula_32, a finite subcollection formula_33can be chosen such that formula_34. This is usually stated in short as "every open cover of formula_30 has a finite subcover". The Heine–Borel theorem asserts that a subset of the real line is compact if and only if it is both closed and bounded. Correspondingly, a metric space has the Heine–Borel property if every closed and bounded set is also compact.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: The concept of a continuous function can likewise be generalized. Given topological spaces formula_36, a function formula_37 is said to be continuous if for every open set formula_38, formula_39 is also open. Given these definitions, continuous functions can be shown to preserve compactness:


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Theorem. "If formula_36 are topological spaces, formula_37 is a continuous function, and formula_42 is compact, then formula_43 is also compact."


title: Extreme value theorem

text: In particular, if formula_44, then this theorem implies that formula_45 is closed and bounded for any compact set formula_30, which in turn implies that formula_1 attains its supremum and infimum on any (nonempty) compact set formula_30. Thus, we have the following generalization of the extreme value theorem:


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Theorem. "If" formula_30 "is a compact set and" formula_50 "is a continuous function, then" formula_1 "is bounded and there exist" formula_52 "such that" formula_53 "and" formula_54"."


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Slightly more generally, this is also true for an upper semicontinuous function. (see compact space#Functions and compact spaces).


title: Extreme value theorem

text: We look at the proof for the upper bound and the maximum of formula_1. By applying these results to the function formula_56, the existence of the lower bound and the result for the minimum of formula_1 follows. Also note that everything in the proof is done within the context of the real numbers.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: We first prove the boundedness theorem, which is a step in the proof of the extreme value theorem. The basic steps involved in the proof of the extreme value theorem are:


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Suppose the function formula_1 is not bounded above on the interval formula_2. Then, for every natural number formula_64, there exists an formula_65 such that formula_66. This defines a sequence formula_67. Because formula_2 is bounded, the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem implies that there exists a convergent subsequence formula_69 of formula_70. Denote its limit by formula_71. As formula_2 is closed, it contains formula_71. Because formula_1 is continuous at formula_71, we know that formula_76 converges to the real number formula_59 (as formula_1 is sequentially continuous at formula_71). But formula_80 for every formula_81, which implies that formula_76 diverges to formula_83, a contradiction. Therefore, formula_1 is bounded above on formula_2. formula_86


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Proof    Consider the set formula_90 of points formula_91 in formula_2 such that formula_59 is bounded on formula_94. We note that formula_95 is one such point, for formula_59 is bounded on formula_97 by the value formula_98. If formula_99 is another point, then all points between formula_95 and formula_101 also belong to formula_90. In other words formula_90 is an interval closed at its left end by formula_95.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Now formula_1 is continuous on the right at formula_95, hence there exists formula_107 such that formula_108 for all formula_71 in formula_110. Thus formula_1 is bounded by formula_112 and formula_113 on the interval formula_110 so that all these points belong to formula_90.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: So far, we know that formula_90 is an interval of non-zero length, closed at its left end by formula_95.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Next, formula_90 is bounded above by formula_119. Hence the set formula_90 has a supremum in formula_2 ; let us call it formula_122. From the non-zero length of formula_90 we can deduce that formula_124.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Suppose <math>s. Now formula_1 is continuous at formula_122, hence there exists formula_107 such that formula_128 for all formula_71 in formula_130 so that formula_1 is bounded on this interval. But it follows from the supremacy of formula_122 that there exists a point belonging to formula_90, formula_101 say, which is greater than formula_135. Thus formula_1 is bounded on formula_137 which overlaps formula_130 so that formula_1 is bounded on formula_140. This however contradicts the supremacy of formula_122.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: We must therefore have formula_142. Now formula_1 is continuous on the left at formula_122, hence there exists formula_107 such that formula_128 for all formula_71 in formula_148 so that formula_1 is bounded on this interval. But it follows from the supremacy of formula_122 that there exists a point belonging to formula_90, formula_101 say, which is greater than formula_135. Thus formula_1 is bounded on formula_137 which overlaps formula_148 so that formula_1 is bounded on formula_158.  ∎


title: Extreme value theorem

text: By the boundedness theorem, "f" is bounded from above, hence, by the Dedekind-completeness of the real numbers, the least upper bound (supremum) "M" of "f" exists. It is necessary to find a point "d" in ["a", "b"] such that "M" = "f"("d"). Let "n" be a natural number. As "M" is the "least" upper bound, "M" – 1/"n" is not an upper bound for "f". Therefore, there exists "d" in ["a", "b"] so that "M" – 1/"n" < "f"("d"). This defines a sequence {"d"}. Since "M" is an upper bound for "f", we have "M" – 1/"n" < "f"("d") ≤ "M" for all "n". Therefore, the sequence {"f"("d")} converges to "M".


title: Extreme value theorem

text: The Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem tells us that there exists a subsequence {formula_159}, which converges to some "d" and, as ["a", "b"] is closed, "d" is in ["a", "b"]. Since "f" is continuous at "d", the sequence {"f"(formula_159)} converges to "f"("d"). But {"f"("d")} is a subsequence of {"f"("d")} that converges to "M", so "M" = "f"("d"). Therefore, "f" attains its supremum "M" at "d". ∎


title: Extreme value theorem

text: The set is a bounded set. Hence, its least upper bound exists by least upper bound property of the real numbers. Let  on . If there is no point "x" on ["a", "b"] so that "f"("x") = "M" ,then


title: Extreme value theorem

text: However, to every positive number "ε", there is always some "x" in ["a", "b"] such that because "M" is the least upper bound. Hence, , which means that is not bounded. Since every continuous function on a ["a", "b"] is bounded, this contradicts the conclusion that was continuous on ["a", "b"]. Therefore, there must be a point "x" in ["a", "b"] such that "f"("x") = "M". ∎


title: Extreme value theorem

text: In the setting of non-standard calculus, let "N"  be an infinite hyperinteger. The interval [0, 1] has a natural hyperreal extension. Consider its partition into "N" subintervals of equal infinitesimal length 1/"N", with partition points "x" = "i" /"N" as "i" "runs" from 0 to "N". The function "ƒ"  is also naturally extended to a function "ƒ"* defined on the hyperreals between 0 and 1. Note that in the standard setting (when "N"  is finite), a point with the maximal value of "ƒ" can always be chosen among the "N"+1 points "x", by induction. Hence, by the transfer principle, there is a hyperinteger "i" such that 0 ≤ "i" ≤ "N" and formula_161  for all "i" = 0, ..., "N". Consider the real point


title: Extreme value theorem

text: where st is the standard part function. An arbitrary real point "x" lies in a suitable sub-interval of the partition, namely formula_163, so that  st("x") = "x". Applying st to the inequality formula_161, we obtain formula_165. By continuity of "ƒ"  we have


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Proof      By the Boundedness Theorem, formula_59 is bounded above on formula_2 and by the completeness property of the real numbers has a supremum in formula_172. Let us call it formula_11, or formula_174. It is clear that the restriction of formula_1 to the subinterval formula_176 where formula_177 has a supremum formula_178 which is less than or equal to formula_11, and that formula_180 increases from formula_98 to formula_11 as formula_71 increases from formula_95 to formula_119.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: If formula_186 then we are done. Suppose therefore that formula_187 and let formula_188. Consider the set formula_189 of points formula_71 in formula_2 such that formula_192.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Clearly formula_193 ; moreover if formula_194 is another point in formula_189 then all points between formula_95 and formula_101 also belong to formula_189 because formula_180 is monotonic increasing. Hence formula_189 is a non-empty interval, closed at its left end by formula_95.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Now formula_1 is continuous on the right at formula_95, hence there exists formula_107 such that formula_205 for all formula_71 in formula_110. Thus formula_1 is less than formula_209 on the interval formula_110 so that all these points belong to formula_189.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: Next, formula_189 is bounded above by formula_119 and has therefore a supremum in formula_2: let us call it formula_122. We see from the above that formula_124. We will show that formula_122 is the point we are seeking i.e. the point where formula_1 attains its supremum, or in other words formula_219.


title: Extreme value theorem

text: If the continuity of the function "f" is weakened to semi-continuity, then the corresponding half of the boundedness theorem and the extreme value theorem hold and the values –∞ or +∞, respectively, from the extended real number line can be allowed as possible values. More precisely:


title: Extreme value theorem

text: "Proof:" If "f"("x") = –∞ for all "x" in ["a","b"], then the supremum is also –∞ and the theorem is true. In all other cases, the proof is a slight modification of the proofs given above. In the proof of the boundedness theorem, the upper semi-continuity of "f" at "x" only implies that the limit superior of the subsequence {"f"("x")} is bounded above by "f"("x") < ∞, but that is enough to obtain the contradiction. In the proof of the extreme value theorem, upper semi-continuity of "f" at "d" implies that the limit superior of the subsequence {"f"("d")} is bounded above by "f"("d"), but this suffices to conclude that "f"("d") = "M". ∎


title: Extreme value theorem

text: A real-valued function is upper as well as lower semi-continuous, if and only if it is continuous in the usual sense. Hence these two theorems imply the boundedness theorem and the extreme value theorem.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: Blue Slide Park is the debut studio album by American rapper Mac Miller. It was released on November 8, 2011, by Rostrum Records. The album is named after a section of Frick Park (known as "Blue Slide Park") in Pittsburgh, near where Miller lived. Much of the production was handled by ID Labs, and the album has no guest appearances.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: Despite "Blue Slide Park" receiving mixed reviews from critics, it debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 144,000 sales, making it the first independently-distributed debut album to top the chart since 1995.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: On July 5, 2011, Mac Miller announced "Blue Slide Park" on his YouTube channel. The tracks "Smile Back" and "Blue Slide Park" were released as non-singles on September 23 and October 13, respectively. The latter track was released to commemorate the album surpassing 25,000 pre-orders. The album cover art was designed by his older brother, Miller McCormick. "Blue Slide Park" was released by Rostrum Records on November 8, 2011.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: The album's first single, "Frick Park Market", was produced by ID Labs, and released alongside an accompanying music video on August 18, 2011. The song peaked at number 60 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. At the time, it was Miller's highest charting single, surpassing "Donald Trump", which charted at number 75.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: The second single, "Party on Fifth Ave.", also produced by ID Labs, was released on October 28, 2011, with an accompanying music video. The song debuted at number 64 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: "Up All Night" was released as the third single digitally via iTunes on November 15, 2011. The song peaked at number 23 on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: "Blue Slide Park" received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, a site that calculates an aggregate score based on a number of professional reviews, the album has received a score of 58/100 (based on 12 articles) which indicates "mixed or average reviews". Jon Garcia of AllHipHop.com gave the album a rating of 6.5 out of 10, criticising the production and claiming that "it's as if he hasn't found his sound yet". "XXL" viewed the album's production more positively, but noted that Miller still has "room to evolve". Jordan Sargent of "Pitchfork" gave the album a 1.0 out of 10 rating, and wrote "Miller's world is a hermetic one, and unless it's one you inhabit, the album holds no appeal", and "he's mostly just a crushingly bland, more intolerable version of Wiz Khalifa".


title: Blue Slide Park

text: "Blue Slide Park" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 144,000 copies in its first week, making it the first independently-distributed debut album to top the chart since Tha Dogg Pound's "Dogg Food" (1995). In its second week, the album fell to number 24 with 25,000 sales, one of the largest drops from number one at the time. Despite not being released as a single, the track "Smile Back" became Miller's highest-charting song at the time, reaching number 55 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated November 26, 2011. As of August 2012, the album has sold 344,000 copies.<ref name="Hip Hop Album Sales: The Week Ending 8/12/2012"></ref>


title: Blue Slide Park

text: On May 14, 2018, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and streams in excess of 500,000 units in the United States. "Blue Slide Park" earned 12,000 album-equivalent units in the week following Miller's death on September 7, 2018, allowing the album to re-enter the "Billboard" 200 at number 49.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: In Canada, the album debuted at number eight on the Canadian Albums Chart. On December 18, 2012, the album was certified gold by Music Canada (MC) for shipments exceeding 40,000 units in Canada.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: Miller toured Europe in early September 2011 to promote the album. The United Kingdom leg of The Incredibly Dope Tour ran from September 1 to 4, making up four dates in London, Manchester, Birmingham, and Glasgow. The tour also extended to mainland Europe, beginning in Amsterdam on September 6. Two dates in Paris were also announced, as well as Opwijk before Mac's return to the United States to perform at the 2011 edition of Rock the Bells in Boston. Later dates also saw Miller performing in Germany, and Scandinavia.


title: Blue Slide Park

text: Miller's tour of the United States ran from September to December 2011. The Blue Slide Park Tour began on September 22, 2011, at the Irving Plaza in Manhattan, New York City. The final date was on December 9, with Miller performing in his hometown of Pittsburgh.


title: Max Baucus

text: Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( Enke; born December 11, 1941) is an American politician who served as a United States senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014. A member of the Democratic Party, he was a U.S. senator for over 35 years, making him the longest-serving U.S. senator in Montana history. President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S. Ambassador to the People's Republic of China, a position he held from 2014 until 2017.


title: Max Baucus

text: As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance, Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States. He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation, a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Before his election to the Senate, Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978, representing Montana's 1st congressional district. He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974.


title: Max Baucus

text: Maxwell Sieben Enke was born on December 11, 1941, in Helena, Montana, to historian and rancher Jean Sheriff (1917–2011) and Stephen Enke (1916–1974), a demographer and economist. His father, born in British Columbia, Canada, was of German and Scottish descent, and his mother had English and German ancestry. Baucus lived in California until he was two, when his mother left his father and returned to Helena. She later married John J. Baucus, and she and her son, Max, took his surname. Baucus graduated from Helena High School in 1959.


title: Max Baucus

text: After attending local public schools in his hometown of Helena, he attended Carleton College in Minnesota for a year before transferring to Stanford University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics in 1964, and was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. After graduating, he attended Stanford Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1967.


title: Max Baucus

text: After finishing law school, Baucus spent three years as a lawyer at the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington, D.C. He moved back to his native Montana in 1971 to serve as the executive director of the state's Constitutional Convention, opening a law office in Missoula, Montana. In November 1972, Baucus was elected to the Montana House of Representatives as a state representative from Missoula. In November 1974 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, and was re-elected in 1976.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus was elected to the U.S. Senate on November 7, 1978, for the term beginning January 3, 1979, but was subsequently appointed to the seat by Montana's Democratic Governor Thomas Lee Judge on December 15, 1978, to fill the brief vacancy created by Senator Paul G. Hatfield's resignation. On April 23, 2013, a Democratic official confirmed that Baucus would not seek a seventh term.


title: Max Baucus

text: As a Democratic member of the Senate, Baucus was conservative, and frequently broke with his party on the issues of taxes, the environment, health care, and gun control. The web site That's My Congress gives him a 23 percent rating on progressive issues it tracks. NARAL Pro-Choice America's political action committee endorsed Baucus during his 2008 election campaign.


title: Max Baucus

text: The American Civil Liberties Union rated Baucus at 60 percent in December 2002, indicating a mixed civil rights voting record.


title: Max Baucus

text: In 2006, the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) gave Baucus a 67% overall rating indicating having a mixed record on voting for gay rights. In 1996 Baucus voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) which prohibited "marriage between members of the same sex in federal law, and provide that no state is required to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states" and defined marriage as being between a single man and a single woman. However, in 2004 he voted against the proposed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and in June 2012, he definitively spoke out in support for same-sex marriage. He has supported measures to curb job discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation. He voted in favor of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.


title: Max Baucus

text: In 2012, Baucus added to a transportation bill in Congress that extended the regulations covering cigarette manufacturers to "roll your own cigarette" stores that operate mass cigarette rolling machines.


title: Max Baucus

text: In 1994, Baucus cast a pivotal vote in favor of Senator Dianne Feinstein's (D-CA) "Assault Weapons" Ban. In 2013, Baucus was one of four Democrats to vote against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment to expand background checks for potential gun buyers.


title: Max Baucus

text: In 1999, Baucus was the only Democrat to vote against an amendment by Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) that sought to "regulate the sale of firearms at gun shows".


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus has a 74% pro-business voting record as rated by the United States Chamber of Commerce. He twice voted to make filing bankruptcy more difficult for debtors, once in July 2001 to restrict rules on personal bankruptcy, and a second time in March 2005 to include means-testing and restrictions for bankruptcy filers. He has frequently visited places of employment within the state and has personally participated in activities that he calls "Work Days".


title: Max Baucus

text: In March 2005, Baucus voted against repealing tax subsidies benefiting companies that outsource U.S. jobs offshore. On January 4, 2007, he wrote an editorial in the "Wall Street Journal" calling on Democrats to renew President George W. Bush's fast-track authority for international trade deals. In response, the Montana State Senate passed a resolution, 44-6, "that the U.S. Congress be urged to create a replacement for the outdated fast track system".


title: Max Baucus

text: On October 27, 2009, he introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 to Congress together with Representative Charles Rangel.


title: Max Baucus

text: On August 9, 2011, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed Baucus to the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus's environmental record in Congress was mixed. He supported Democratic leadership in voting against oil and gas subsidies and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge drilling, as well as by voting in favor of national standards to reduce oil consumption and spur the use of hydrogen-powered cars. But he voted against the corporate average fuel economy standards (CAFE) and on increasing federal funds for solar and wind power. He was a leader in the massive Montana Legacy Project conservation project. The League of Conservation Voters (LCV) gave Baucus a 79% rating for 2012; Baucus's lifetime LCV rating is 68%.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002. He voted with a majority of Democrats against Senator John Kerry's amendment stipulating a firm deadline for withdrawal of American combat personnel from Iraq.


title: Max Baucus

text: On July 29, 2006, Baucus's nephew Marine Cpl. Phillip E. Baucus was killed in combat in Al Anbar Governorate. Phillip, a 28-year-old resident of Wolf Creek, Montana, had been a member of the 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, 1st Marine Division, I Marine Expeditionary Force.


title: Max Baucus

text: On January 10, 2007, the day of President Bush's address on his plan to increase troop levels in Iraq, Baucus spoke against the increases and called for a phased withdrawal of U.S. troops.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus was one of the Senate's largest career recipients of pro-Israel Political Action Committee (PAC) contributions, receiving $550,589 since 1989.


title: Max Baucus

text: On July 14, 2009, "The Wall Street Journal" published an editorial on Baucus's attitude over Vietnam's "tra" and "basa" pangasius, saying there was no reason for America to launch a trade war with Vietnam over fish. "He's dead right about a trade issue now percolating in Washington," said the newspaper. The article, entitled "Max Baucus's Fish SenseProtectionism often hurts the protectionist", outlined this controversial topic in Washington and underlined the possibility that the U.S. Department of Agriculture could effectively ban imports from Vietnam of pangasius fish, which are similar to U.S.-produced catfish.


title: Max Baucus

text: The ostensible reason for the move would be food safety and the USDA is considering whether Vietnamese fish should be subject to a stricter safety inspection regime. But the article noted that there have been no reported cases of Vietnamese fish making American consumers sick and the proposed inspections would be onerous. It quoted Baucus as telling "Congress Daily", "If we expect other countries to follow the rules and drop these restrictions, it is critical that we play by the rules and do not block imports for arbitrary or unscientific reasons."


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus went on a trade mission in Japan, inspecting the Tesla Motors facility in Tokyo, saying "Tesla is a great example of how exports and trade help the U.S. economy and create good-paying jobs at home in America. Our trade ties overseas help Tesla sell a world-class product that's manufactured in the U.S. by top-notch American workers," Baucus said. "There are millions of consumers in Japan and across the Pacific ready to buy more American-made goods, and we can continue to open those markets and boost U.S. exports with an aggressive trade agenda."


title: Max Baucus

text: In 2013, Baucus was criticized for his comments concerning the implementation of Obamacare provisions specifically stating it could turn into a "train-wreck". He feared that the changes and their specific implementations would have a negative impact on small business owners stating "When I am home, small businesses have no idea what to do, what to expect. They don't know what affordability rules are; they don't know when penalties may apply. They just don't know. While Baucus was very supportive of the intent of the new legislation saying "I spent two years of my life working on the Affordable Care Act. There is nothing I want more than for it to succeed," he was very critical of the resulting rollout.


title: Max Baucus

text: As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Baucus called the first Senate meeting of interested parties before the committee to discuss health care reform, including representatives from pharmaceutical groups, insurance companies, and HMOs and hospital management companies. Some viewed the meeting as controversial because it did not include representatives from groups calling for single-payer health care.


title: Max Baucus

text: Advocate groups attended a Senate Finance Committee meeting in May 2009 to protest their exclusion as well as statements by Baucus that "single payer was not an option on the table." Baucus later had eight protesters removed by police who arrested them for disrupting the hearing. Many of the single-payer advocates said it was a "pay to play" event. A representative of the Business Roundtable, which includes 35 memberships of health maintenance organizations, health insurance and pharmaceutical companies, admitted that other countries, with lower health costs, and higher quality of care, such as those with single-payer systems, have a competitive advantage over the United States with its private system.


title: Max Baucus

text: At the next meeting on health care reform of the Senate Finance Committee, Baucus had five more doctors and nurses removed and arrested. Baucus admitted a few weeks later in June 2009 that it was a mistake to rule out a single payer plan because doing so alienated a large, vocal constituency and left President Barack Obama's proposal of a public health plan to compete with private insurers as the most liberal position. Obama expressed deep frustration with Baucus regarding negotiations over the Affordable Care Act saying "A part of me wanted to get up, grab Baucus by the shoulders, and shake him till he came to his senses."


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus has used the term "uniquely American solution" to describe the end point of current health reform and has said he believes America is not ready yet for any form of single payer health care. This is the same term the insurance trade association, America's Health Insurance Plans (AHIP), is using. AHIP has launched the Campaign for an American Solution, which argues for the use of private health insurance instead of a government backed program. Critics have said Medicare is already effectively a single-payer system.


title: Max Baucus

text: Years after his departure from the Senate, Baucus said it would make sense to seriously consider a single-payer system.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus has been criticized for his ties to the health insurance and pharmaceutical industries, and was one of the largest beneficiaries in the Senate of campaign contributions from these industries. From 2003-08, Baucus received $3,973,485 from the health sector, including $852,813 from pharmaceutical companies, $851,141 from health professionals, $784,185 from the insurance industry and $465,750 from HMOs/health services, according to OpenSecrets. A 2006 study by Public Citizen found that between 1999 and 2005 Baucus, along with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist, took in the most special-interest money of any senator.


title: Max Baucus

text: Only three senators have more former staffers working as lobbyists on K Street, at least two dozen in Baucus's case. Several of Baucus's ex-staffers, including former chief of staff David Castagnetti, are now working for the pharmaceutical and health insurance industries. Castagnetti co-founded the lobbying firm of Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti, which represents "America's Health Insurance Plans Inc", the national trade group of health insurance companies, the Medicare Cost Contractors Alliance, as well as Amgen, AstraZeneca PLC and Merck & Co. Another former chief of staff, Jeff Forbes, opened his own lobbying shop and to represent the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America and the Advanced Medical Technology Association, among other groups.


title: Max Baucus

text: A statistical analysis of the impact of political contributions on individual senators' support for the public insurance option conducted by Nate Silver has suggested that Baucus was an unlikely supporter of the public option in the first place. Based on Baucus's political ideology and the per capita health care spending in Montana, Silver's model projects that there would be only a 30.6% probability of Baucus supporting a public insurance option even if he had received no relevant campaign contributions. Silver calculates that the impact on Baucus of the significant campaign contributions that he has received from the health care industry further reduces the probability of his supporting a public insurance option from 30.6% to 0.6%.


title: Max Baucus

text: In response to the questions raised by the large amount of funding he took from the health care industry, Baucus declared a moratorium as of July 1, 2009 on taking more special interest money from health care political action committees. Baucus, however, refused to return as part of his moratorium any of the millions of dollars he has received from health care industry interests before July 1, 2009, or to rule out a resumption of taking the same or greater health care industry contributions in the future. His policy on not taking health care industry money reportedly still allowed him to accept money from lobbyists or corporate executives, who, according to "The Washington Post", continued to make donations after July 1, 2009. A watchdog group found that in July 2009 Baucus accepted additional money from the health care industry in violation of his own self-defined moratorium terms, reportedly leading Baucus to return those monies.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus voted for the Bush tax cuts in 2001. He has usually voted against repealing portions of that bill and against repealing more recent tax cut bills that benefit upper income taxpayers. In 2008, he voted in favor of permanently repealing the estate tax.


title: Max Baucus

text: The 2002 Montana elections got national attention when Baucus's opponent, state senator Mike Taylor, accused Baucus of having implied in a campaign ad that Taylor was gay. The ad was paid for by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, not by the Baucus campaign. The ad, which alleged that Taylor had embezzled funds from the cosmetology school he once owned, showed footage from the early 1980s of Taylor massaging another man's face while wearing a tight suit with an open shirt. Taylor dropped out of the race and Baucus won with 63 percent of the vote.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus sought re-election in 2008 in Montana, a state that has seen political change starting in 2004 when it elected Democratic Governor Brian Schweitzer and then in 2006 Democratic Senator Jon Tester by a slim margin. Montana was the only state in the U.S. to turn over a chamber of its legislature to Republican control in 2006. The legislative chamber had a one-seat Democratic majority that then became a one-seat Republican majority.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus raised a record amount of money for his 2008 re-election bid, 91 percent of which came from individuals living outside of Montana. Similarly, according to OpenSecrets, Baucus's 2008 campaign raised $11.6million, only 13 percent of which came from Montana donors; the rest included millions from health care and other industries overseen by Finance and Baucus's other committees.


title: Max Baucus

text: So as Baucus and other lawmakers attempt to craft a bill that can smash through a virtual gridlock of interests, the awkward question lingers: to whom are they more attentive, their voting constituencies back home or the dollar constituencies who are at the Capitol every day?


title: Max Baucus

text: As a result of Baucus's significant fund-raising advantage, in the week he announced his intention to run for re-election he opened eight state officesone more than he had official offices in the state. Baucus also announced that he had hired 35 full-time campaign staff members. Baucus won re-election in a landslide victory, with 73% of the vote, carrying every county in the state.


title: Max Baucus

text: On December 26, 2013, President Obama announced his intent to nominate Baucus to the post of Ambassador to China The President submitted Baucus's nomination to the Senate on January 7, 2014.


title: Max Baucus

text: A hearing on his nomination was held by the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on January 28, 2014. His nomination was later reported to the full United States Senate on February 4, 2014 and a vote for confirmation would later be considered. He was later confirmed by the full Senate on February 6, 2014 by a vote of 96–0 and Baucus himself voting "Present".


title: Max Baucus

text: Max Baucus was later sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on February 21, 2014; with his swearing ending the ambassadorship of Gary Locke. Baucus cannot speak Mandarin Chinese, which is historically unusual for this position.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus ended his ambassadorship in January 2017, as President Donald Trump nominated Governor Terry Branstad from Iowa as the next Ambassador to China.


title: Max Baucus

text: In July 2022, Baucus helped found a group of U.S. business and policy leaders who share the goal of constructively engaging with China in order to improve U.S.-China relations.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus came under fire from critics calling him a beltway insider who no longer really lives in Montana and only occasionally comes to visit. Until 1991, Baucus owned a house in Missoula, where he practiced law for three years before running for Congress in 1974. He didn't own a home again in Montana until February 2002, when he bought half of his mother's house from the Sieben Ranch Company, the ranch started by Baucus's great-grandfather in 1897.


title: Max Baucus

text: In April 2009, The Associated Press reported that Baucus and his second wife, the former Wanda Minge, were divorcing after 25 years of marriage and had "parted ways amicably and with mutual respect". In 2008, Baucus had been romantically linked with his state office director, Melodee Hanes, whom he later nominated to the vacant position of U.S. Attorney in Montana. Hanes then withdrew her nomination before the conflict of interest was discovered, because (according to Baucus) they wanted to be together in Washington, D.C. Both the Senator and Hanes had ended their marriages within the previous year. Baucus said he was separated from his wife before he began seeing Hanes.


title: Max Baucus

text: Baucus has completed a 50-mile ultramarathon and has crewed for winner and Vermont native Nikki Kimball at the 100-mile Western States Endurance Run, which he hopes to run in the future.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: Stephen Báthory (; ; ; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–1576), Prince of Transylvania (1576–1586), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586).


title: Stephen Báthory

text: The son of Stephen VIII Báthory and a member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family, Báthory was a ruler of Transylvania in the 1570s, defeating another challenger for that title, Gáspár Bekes. In 1576 Báthory became the husband of Queen Anna Jagiellon and the third elected king of Poland. He worked closely with chancellor Jan Zamoyski. The first years of his reign were focused on establishing power, defeating a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Danzig rebellion. He reigned only a decade, but is considered one of the most successful kings in Polish history, particularly in the realm of military history. His signal achievement was his victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia in the middle part of his reign, in which he repulsed a Russian invasion of Commonwealth borderlands and secured a highly favorable treaty of peace (the Peace of Jam Zapolski).


title: Stephen Báthory

text: Stephen Báthory was born on 27 September 1533 in the castle at Somlyó, also known as Szilágysomlyó (today's Șimleu Silvaniei). He was the son of Stephen VIII Báthory (d. 1534) of the noble Hungarian Báthory family and his wife Catherine Telegdi. He had at least five siblings: two brothers and three sisters.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: Little is known about his childhood. Around 1549–1550, he briefly visited Italy and probably spent a few months attending lectures at the Padua University. Upon his return, he joined the army of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and took part in his military struggle against the Turks. Some time after 1553, Báthory was captured by the Turks, and after Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, joined the opposing side, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his struggle for power in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. As Zápolya's supporter, Báthory acted both as a feudal lord, military commander and a diplomat. During one of his trips to Vienna he was put under house arrest for two years. During this time he fell out of favor at Zápolya's court, and his position was largely assumed by another Hungarian noble, Gáspár Bekes. Báthory briefly retired from politics, but he still wielded considerable influence and was seen as a possible successor to Zápolya.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: After Zápolya's death in 1571, the Transylvanian estates elected Báthory Voivode of Transylvania. Bekes, supported by the Habsburgs, disputed his election, but by 1573, Báthory emerged victorious in the resulting civil war and drove Bekes out of Transylvania. He subsequently attempted to play the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire against one another in an attempt to strengthen the Transylvania position.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: In 1572, the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, at the time the largest and one of the most populous states in Europe, was vacated when King Sigismund II Augustus died without heirs. The Sejm was given the power to elect a new king, and in the 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election chose Henry of France; Henry soon ascended the French throne and forfeited the Polish one by returning to France. Báthory decided to enter into the election; in the meantime he had to defeat another attempt by Bekes to challenge his authority in Transylvania, which he did by defeating Bekes at the Battle of Kerelőszentpál.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: On 12 December 1575, after an interregnum of roughly one and a half years, primate of Poland Jakub Uchański, representing a pro-Habsburg faction, declared Emperor Maximilian II as the new monarch. However, chancellor Jan Zamoyski and other opponents of Habsburgs persuaded many of the lesser nobility to demand a "Piast king", a Polish king. After a heated discussion, it was decided that Anna Jagiellon, sister of the former King Sigismund II Augustus, should be elected king and marry Stephen Báthory. In January 1576 Báthory passed the mantle of voivode of Transylvania to his brother Christopher Báthory and departed for Poland. On 1 May 1576 Báthory married Anna and was crowned king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania. After being chosen as king in the 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Báthory also began using the title of the prince of Transylvania.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: Báthory's position was at first extremely difficult, as there was still some opposition to his election. Emperor Maximilian, insisting on his earlier election, fostered internal opposition and prepared to enforce his claim by military action. At first the representatives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania refused to recognize Báthory as grand duke, and demanded concessions - that he return the estates of his wife Anne to the Lithuanian treasury, hold Sejm conventions in both Lithuania and Poland, and reserve the highest governmental official offices in Lithuania for Lithuanians. He accepted the conditions. In June Báthory was recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: With Lithuania secure, the other major region refusing to recognize his election was Prussia. Maximilian's sudden death improved Báthory's situation, but the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) still refused to recognize his election without significant concessions. The Hanseatic League city, bolstered by its immense wealth, fortifications, and the secret support of Maximilian, had supported the Emperor's election and decided not to recognize Báthory as legitimate ruler. The resulting conflict was known as the Danzig rebellion. Most armed opposition collapsed when the prolonged Siege of Danzig by Báthory's forces was lifted as an agreement was reached. The Danzig army was utterly defeated in a field battle on 17 April 1577. However, since Báthory's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached. In exchange for some of Danzig's demands being favorably reviewed, the city recognised Báthory as ruler of Poland and paid the sum of 200,000 zlotys in gold as compensation. Tying up the administration of the Commonwealth's northern provinces, in February 1578 he acknowledged George Frederick as the ruler of Duchy of Prussia, receiving his feudal tribute.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: After securing control over the Commonwealth, Báthory had a chance to devote himself to strengthening his authority, in which he was supported by his chancellor Jan Zamoyski, who would soon become one of the king's most trusted advisers. Báthory reorganised the judiciary by formation of legal tribunals (the Crown Tribunal in 1578 and the Lithuanian Tribunal in 1581). While this somewhat weakened the royal position, it was of little concern to Báthory, as the loss of power was not significant in the short term, and he was more concerned with the hereditary Hungarian throne. In exchange, the Sejm allowed him to raise taxes and push a number of reforms strengthening the military, including the establishment of the "piechota wybraniecka", an infantry formation composed of peasants. Many of his projects aimed to modernize the Commonwealth army, reforming it in a model of Hungarian troops of Transylvania. He also founded the Academy of Vilnius, the third university in the Commonwealth, transforming what had been a Jesuit college into a major university. He founded several other Jesuit colleges, and was active in propagating Catholicism, while at the same time being respectful of the Commonwealth policy of religious tolerance, issuing a number of decrees offering protection to Polish Jews, and denouncing any religious violence.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: In external relations, Báthory sought peace through strong alliances. Though remaining distrustful of the Habsburgs, he maintained the tradition of good relations that the Commonwealth enjoyed with its Western neighbor and confirmed past treaties between the Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire with diplomatic missions received by Maximilian's successor, Rudolf II. The troublesome south-eastern border with the Ottoman Empire was temporarily quelled by truces signed in July 1577 and April 1579. The Sejm of January 1578 gathered in Warsaw was persuaded to grant Báthory subsidies for the inevitable war against Muscovy.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: A number of his trusted advisers were Hungarian, and he remained interested in Hungarian politics. In his last years, Báthory, with Pope Gregory XVIII's approval, made a plan with Antonio Possevino for the liberation of Ottoman Hungary by a well organized (mostly Polish) Christian army, and the creation of a strong and independent Hungarian-Polish union under his rule. However, the unfavorable international situation did not allow him significantly to advance any of his plans in that area. In addition to Hungarian, he was well versed in Latin, and spoke Italian and German; he never learned the Polish language.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: In his personal life, he was described as rather frugal in his personal expenditures, with hunting and reading as his favorite pastimes.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: Before Báthory's election to the throne of the Commonwealth, Ivan the Terrible of Russia had begun encroaching on its sphere of interest in the northeast, eventually invading the Commonwealth borderlands in Livonia; the conflict would grow to involve a number of nearby powers (outside Russia and Poland-Lithuania, also Sweden, the Kingdom of Livonia and Denmark-Norway). Each of them was vying for control of Livonia, and the resulting conflict, lasting for several years, became known as the Livonian War. By 1577, Ivan was in control of most of the disputed territory, but his conquest was short-lived. In 1578, Commonwealth forces scored a number of victories in Liviona and begun pushing Ivan's forces back; this marked the turning point in the war. Báthory, together with his chancellor Zamoyski, led the army of the Commonwealth in a series of decisive campaigns taking Polotsk in 1579 and Velikiye Luki in 1580.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: In 1581, Stephen penetrated once again into Russia and, on 22 August, laid siege to the city of Pskov. While the city held, on 13 December 1581 Ivan the Terrible began negotiations that concluded with the Truce of Jam Zapolski on 15 January 1582. The treaty was favorable to the Commonwealth, as Ivan ceded Polatsk, Veliz and most of the Duchy of Livonia in exchange for regaining Velikiye Luki and Nevel.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: In 1584, Báthory allowed Zamoyski to execute Samuel Zborowski, whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly a decade. This political conflict between Báthory and the Zborowski family, framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years. In external politics, Báthory was considering another war with Russia, but his plans were delayed to the lack of support from the Sejm, which refused to pass the requested tax raises.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: Báthory's health had been declining for several years. He died on 12 December 1586. He had no legitimate children, though contemporary rumours suggested he might have had several illegitimate children. None of these rumours have been confirmed by modern historians. His death was followed by an interregnum of one year. Maximilian II's son, Archduke Maximilian III, was elected king but was contested by the Swedish Sigismund III Vasa, who defeated Maximilian at the Byczyna and succeeded as ruler of the Commonwealth.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: Báthory actively promoted his legend, sponsoring many works about his life and achievements, from historical treatises to poetry. In his lifetime, he was featured in the works of Jan Kochanowski, Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and many others. He became a recurring character in Polish poetry and literature and featured as a central figure in poems, novels and drama by Jakub Jasiński, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Henryk Rzewuski and others. He has been a subject of numerous paintings, both during his life and posthumously. Among the painters who took him as a subject were Jan Matejko and Stanisław Wyspiański.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: A statue of Báthory by Giovanni Ferrari was raised in 1789 in Padua, Italy, sponsored by the last king of the Commonwealth, Stanisław August Poniatowski. Other monuments to him include one in the Łazienki Palace (1795 by Andrzej Le Brun) and one in Sniatyn (1904, destroyed in 1939). He was a patron of the Vilnius University (then known as the Stefan Batory University) and several units in the Polish Army from 1919 to 1939. His name was borne by two 20th-century passenger ships of the Polish Merchant Navy, the MS Batory and TSS Stefan Batory. In modern Poland, he is the namesake of the Batory Steelmill, a nongovernmental Stefan Batory Foundation, the Polish 9th Armored Cavalry Brigade, and numerous Polish streets and schools. One of the districts of the town of Chorzów is named after him.


title: Stephen Báthory

text: Immediately after his death, he was not fondly remembered in the Commonwealth. Many nobles took his behavior in the Zborowski affair and his domestic policies as indicating an interest in curtailing the nobility's Golden Freedoms and establishing an absolute monarchy. His contemporaries were also rankled by his favoritism toward Hungarians over nationals of the Commonwealth. He was also remembered, more trivially, for his Hungarian-style cap and saber (szabla "batorówka").


title: Stephen Báthory

text: His later resurgence in Polish memory and historiography can be traced to the 19th-century era of partitions of Poland when the Polish state lost its independence. He was remembered for his military triumphs and praised as an effective ruler by many, including John Baptist Albertrandi, Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie, Michał Bobrzyński, Józef Szujski and others. Though some historians like Tadeusz Korzon, Joachim Lelewel and Jędrzej Moraczewski remained more reserved, in 1887, Wincenty Zakrzewski noted that Báthory is "the darling of both the Polish public opinion and Polish historians". During the interwar period in the Second Polish Republic he was a cult figure, often compared - with the government's approval - to the contemporary dictator of Poland, Józef Piłsudski. After the Second World War, in the communist People's Republic of Poland, he became more of a controversial figure, with historians more ready to question his internal politics and attachment to Hungary. Nonetheless his good image remained intact, reinforced by the positive views of a popular Polish historian of that period, Paweł Jasienica.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is a gastro-vascular disorder in which the third and final portion of the duodenum is compressed between the abdominal aorta (AA) and the overlying superior mesenteric artery. This rare, potentially life-threatening syndrome is typically caused by an angle of 6°–25° between the AA and the SMA, in comparison to the normal range of 38°–56°, due to a lack of retroperitoneal and visceral fat (mesenteric fat). In addition, the aortomesenteric distance is 2–8 millimeters, as opposed to the typical 10–20. However, a narrow SMA angle alone is not enough to make a diagnosis, because patients with a low BMI, most notably children, have been known to have a narrow SMA angle with no symptoms of SMA syndrome.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: SMA syndrome is also known as Wilkie's syndrome, cast syndrome, mesenteric root syndrome, chronic duodenal ileus and intermittent arterio-mesenteric occlusion.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: It is distinct from nutcracker syndrome, which is the entrapment of the left renal vein between the AA and the SMA, although it is possible to be diagnosed with both conditions.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Signs and symptoms include early satiety, nausea, vomiting, extreme "stabbing" postprandial abdominal pain (due to both the duodenal compression and the compensatory reversed peristalsis), abdominal distention/distortion, burping, external hypersensitivity or tenderness of the abdominal area, reflux, and heartburn. In infants, feeding difficulties and poor weight gain are also frequent symptoms.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: In some cases of SMA syndrome, severe malnutrition accompanying spontaneous wasting may occur. This, in turn, increases the duodenal compression, which worsens the underlying cause, creating a cycle of worsening symptoms.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Fear of eating is commonly seen among those with the chronic form of SMA syndrome. For many, symptoms are partially relieved when in the left lateral decubitus or knee-to-chest position, or in the prone (face down) position. A Hayes maneuver, which corresponds to applying pressure below the umbilicus in cephalad and dorsal direction, elevates the root of the SMA, also slightly easing the constriction. Symptoms can be aggravated when leaning to the right or taking a face up position.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Retroperitoneal fat and lymphatic tissue normally serve as a cushion for the duodenum, protecting it from compression by the SMA. SMA syndrome is thus triggered by any condition involving an insubstantial cushion and narrow mesenteric angle. SMA syndrome can present in two forms: chronic/congenital or acute/induced.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Patients with the chronic, congenital form of SMA syndrome predominantly have a lengthy or even lifelong history of abdominal complaints with intermittent exacerbations depending on the degree of duodenal compression. Risk factors include anatomic characteristics such as: asthenic (very thin or "lanky") body build, an unusually high insertion of the duodenum at the ligament of Treitz, a particularly low origin of the SMA, or intestinal malrotation around an axis formed by the SMA. Predisposition is easily aggravated by any of the following: poor motility of the digestive tract, retroperitional tumors, loss of appetite, malabsorption, cachexia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, visceroptosis, abdominal wall laxity, peritoneal adhesions, abdominal trauma, rapid linear adolescent growth spurt, weight loss, starvation, catabolic states (as with cancer and burns), and history of neurological injury.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: The acute form of SMA syndrome develops rapidly after traumatic incidents that forcibly hyper-extend the SMA across the duodenum, inducing the obstruction, or sudden weight loss for any reason. Causes include prolonged supine bed rest, scoliosis surgery, left nephrectomy, ileo-anal pouch surgery.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: SMA syndrome is usually difficult to differentiate with anorexia nervosa. Patients with SMA syndrome can be hindered restoring weight in those with anorexia nervosa.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Diagnosis is very difficult, and usually one of exclusion. SMA syndrome is thus considered only after patients have undergone an extensive evaluation of their gastrointestinal tract including upper endoscopy, and evaluation for various malabsorptive, ulcerative and inflammatory intestinal conditions with a higher diagnostic frequency. Diagnosis may follow X-ray examination revealing duodenal dilation followed by abrupt constriction proximal to the overlying SMA, as well as a delay in transit of four to six hours through the gastroduodenal region. Standard diagnostic exams include abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan with oral and IV contrast, upper gastrointestinal series (UGI), and, for equivocal cases, hypotonic duodenography. In addition, vascular imaging studies such as ultrasound and contrast angiography may be used to indicate increased bloodflow velocity through the SMA or a narrowed SMA angle.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Despite multiple case reports, there has been controversy surrounding the diagnosis and even the existence of SMA syndrome since symptoms do not always correlate well with radiologic findings, and may not always improve following surgical correction. However, the reason for the persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms even after surgical correction in some cases has been traced to the remaining prominence of reversed peristalsis in contrast to direct peristalsis.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Since females between the ages of 10 and 30 are most frequently affected, it is not uncommon for physicians to initially and incorrectly assume that emaciation is a choice of the patient instead of a consequence of SMA syndrome. Patients in the earlier stages of SMA syndrome often remain unaware that they are ill until substantial damage to their health is done, since they may attempt to adapt to the condition by gradually decreasing their food intake or naturally gravitating toward a lighter and more digestible diet.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: SMA syndrome can present in acute, acquired form (e.g. abruptly emerging within an inpatient stay following scoliosis surgery) as well as chronic form (i.e. developing throughout the course of a lifetime and advancing due to environmental triggers, life changes, or other illnesses). According to a number of recent sources, at least 70% of cases can typically be treated with medical treatment, while the rest require surgical treatment.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Medical treatment is attempted first in many cases. In some cases, emergency surgery is necessary upon presentation. A six-week trial of medical treatment is recommended in pediatric cases. The goal of medical treatment for SMA syndrome is resolution of underlying conditions and weight gain. Medical treatment may involve nasogastric tube placement for duodenal and gastric decompression, mobilization into the prone or left lateral decubitus position, the reversal or removal of the precipitating factor with proper nutrition and replacement of fluid and electrolytes, either by surgically inserted jejunal feeding tube, nasogastric intubation, or peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line) administering total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Pro-motility agents such as metoclopramide may also be beneficial. Symptoms may improve after restoration of weight, except when reversed peristalsis persists, or if regained fat refuses to accumulate within the mesenteric angle. Most patients seem to benefit from nutritional support with hyperalimentation irrespective of disease history.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: If medical treatment fails, or is not feasible due to severe illness, surgical intervention is required. The most common operation for SMA syndrome, duodenojejunostomy, was first proposed in 1907 by Bloodgood. Performed as either an open surgery or laparoscopically, duodenojejunostomy involves the creation of an anastomosis between the duodenum and the jejunum, bypassing the compression caused by the AA and the SMA. Less common surgical treatments for SMA syndrome include Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy, gastrojejunostomy, anterior transposition of the third portion of the duodenum, intestinal derotation, division of the ligament of Treitz (Strong's operation), and transposition of the SMA. Both transposition of the SMA and lysis of the duodenal suspensory muscle have the advantage that they do not involve the creation of an intestinal anastomosis.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: The possible persistence of symptoms after surgical bypass can be traced to the remaining prominence of reversed peristalsis in contrast to direct peristalsis, although the precipitating factor (the duodenal compression) has been bypassed or relieved. Reversed peristalsis has been shown to respond to duodenal circular drainage—a complex and invasive open surgical procedure originally implemented and performed in China.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: In some cases, SMA syndrome may occur alongside a serious, life-threatening condition such as cancer or AIDS. Even in these cases, though, treatment of the SMA syndrome can lead to a reduction in symptoms and an increased quality of life.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: Delay in the diagnosis of SMA syndrome can result in fatal catabolysis (advanced malnutrition), dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, hypokalemia, acute gastric rupture or intestinal perforation (from prolonged mesenteric ischemia), gastric distention, spontaneous upper gastrointestinal bleeding, hypovolemic shock, and aspiration pneumonia.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: A 1-in-3 mortality rate for Superior Mesenteric Artery syndrome has been quoted by a small number of sources. However, after extensive research, original data establishing this mortality rate has not been found, indicating that the number is likely to be unreliable. While research establishing an official mortality rate may not exist, two recent studies of SMA syndrome patients, one published in 2006 looking at 22 cases and one in 2012 looking at 80 cases, show mortality rates of 0% and 6.3%, respectively. According to the doctors in one of these studies, the expected outcome for SMA syndrome treatment is generally considered to be excellent.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: According to a 1956 study, only 0.3% of patients referred for an upper-gastrointestinal-tract barium studies fit this diagnosis, and is thus a rare disease. Recognition of SMA syndrome as a distinct clinical entity is controversial, due in part to its possible confusion with a number of other conditions, though it is now widely acknowledged. However, unfamiliarity with this condition in the medical community coupled with its intermittent and nonspecific symptomatology probably results in its underdiagnosis.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: As the syndrome involves a lack of essential fat, more than half of those diagnosed are underweight, sometimes to the point of sickliness and emaciation. Females are impacted more often than males, and while the syndrome can occur at any age, it is most frequently diagnosed in early adulthood. The most common co-morbid conditions include mental and behavioral disorders including eating disorders and depression, infectious diseases including tuberculosis and acute gastroenteritis, and nervous system diseases including muscular dystrophy, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral palsy.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: SMA syndrome was first described in 1861 by Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky in victims at autopsy, but remained pathologically undefined until 1927 when Wilkie published the first comprehensive series of 75 patients.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: American actor, director, producer, and writer Christopher Reeve had the acute form of SMA syndrome as a result of spinal cord injury.


title: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

text: In 2017 the only US non-profit began distributing grants to those with SMAS. They are registered to the IRS under the name Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome Research, Awareness and Support, but also work under the DBA of SMAS Patient Assistance.


title: Daughter of the Wolf

text: Daughter of the Wolf is a 2019 Canadian action thriller film directed by David Hackl and written by Nika Agiashvili. The film stars Gina Carano and Richard Dreyfuss.


title: Daughter of the Wolf

text: Clair Hamilton is a military veteran whose son Charlie has been kidnapped. She brings a bag of money as ransom for Charlie but at the exchange she is double-crossed by the kidnappers, leading to a shootout. Clair shoots two of the kidnappers but one of the men, Larsen, escapes. Clair falls into a frozen lake while chasing him but Larsen pulls her out because he was not planning to kill anyone and did not know about the plans to double-cross her. Clair has a peaceful encounter with a black wolf while recovering, then catches up with Larsen and forces him at gunpoint to take her to the leader of the kidnappers, Father, a man who is angry at her deceased father for closing a mill and leaving money owed to him. As they near the hideout in the snowy forest they are fired upon, but the rifleman is attacked and killed by three wolves. Clair finds the hideout but the kidnappers have moved on to a lodge on the other side of the mountain to await a hand-off to sell off the boy and Larsen reveals that Father killed his father and abducted Larsen and his mother when he was a boy. At the lodge Clair attempts to exchange the money and Larsen for Charlie. Father pulls out a concealed gun and shoots at Charlie but Larsen jumps in front of the bullet and is shot in the back. Clair shoots Father and the other kidnappers, then flees on a snowmobile pursued by the uninjured kidnapper Hobbs whose metal knife stopped the bullet Clair shot at her. Clair crashes her snowmobile and gets into a knife fight with Hobbs but is pushed over the edge of a waterfall and Charlie is captured again. Clair climbs out of the river and is guided into the forest by three wolves. She returns to the lodge, kills the injured kidnapper with a hatchet, and confronts Father, who is inside torturing Larsen with a red hot fire poker while confessing that he killed Larsen's mother after she left him. Charlie returns with Hobbs and Clair throws a knife into her throat. Larsen attacks Father but Father shoots him then turns the gun on Charlie as Clair leaps at Father and pushes him out a window. Clair thanks Larsen before he dies, then she climbs on a snowmobile and exchanges glances with the black wolf as it approaches before she escapes with Charlie. Father rises out of the snow as a pack of wolves descends on him and tears him apart. Three months later, in the spring, Clair and Charlie are hiking a path on the mountain when she sees the black wolf again and smiles.


title: Daughter of the Wolf

text: Filming took place from March 18 to April 13, 2019 at 4205 Gellatly Road, West Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. There is also a scene near the end featuring Helmcken Falls which is north of Clearwater, BC, in Wells Grey Provincial Park.


title: Daughter of the Wolf

text: The film was released in the United States on 14 June 2019 and in Canada on 2 August 2019. It was later screened in the Center Stage Competition at Taormina Film Fest in Sicily on 30 June 2019.


title: Daughter of the Wolf

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of , based on reviews, with an average rating of . On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 36 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Daughter of the Wolf

text: Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" called the film "a subpar vehicle for an action star who deserves better" and wondered if Richard Dreyfuss "ever imagined he would be reduced to this sort of B-level material when winning an Academy Award for "The Goodbye Girl" and working for directors like George Lucas, Steven Spielberg, Paul Mazursky and Barry Levinson."


title: Daughter of the Wolf

text: Courtney Howard of "Variety.com" called it a "female-led, capably-crafted actioner", writing that "the filmmakers adeptly blur the lines between the heroes and anti-heroes, constructing a dynamic, character-driven portrait of rage and redemption." She concluded, "In an era of the 'Strong Female Character,' Hackl and Agiashvili’s iteration blessedly doesn’t rely on lazy screenwriting shorthand, nor does it pander to feminism with a simple gender-swap in its female-centered feature. These filmmakers are eager to explore the delicate facets of a forceful, fully-formed woman, and they do so with imagery that’s both stunning and subtle."


title: Daughter of the Wolf

text: Bilge Ebiri of "The New York Times" found that "the lack of depth or dimension becomes fatal" and concluded that "this kidnapping thriller will leave you cold in more ways than one."


title: Daughter of the Wolf

text: The film received three Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020, for Best TV Movie, Best Supporting Actor in a Television Drama Series or Program (Fehr) and Best Direction in a Television Drama Series or Program (Hackl).


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The Museum of the Bible is a museum in Washington D.C., owned by Museum of the Bible, Inc., a non-profit organization established in 2010 by the Green family. The museum documents the narrative, history, and impact of the Bible. It opened on November 17, 2017, and has 1,150 items in its permanent collection and 2,000 items on loan from other institutions and collections.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The museum claims it is nonsectarian and "is not political, and it will not proselytize." However, members of the board of directors are required to sign a "faith statement" regarding the truth of the Bible.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: In the year before its launch, the museum fielded questions about the acquisition of its collection, including a federal case over smuggled Iraqi antiquities and thousands of clay artifacts, as well as the provenance of some of its exhibits. The museum's dedication ceremony received an official pontifical blessing from Pope Francis, and people in attendance included Cardinal Donald Wuerl, musician CeCe Winans, Senate Chaplain Barry Black, Washington, D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser, and Israeli Ambassador Ron Dermer.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The Museum of the Bible charges for admission. The museum features dining, including a restaurant called Manna that serves kosher food and the Milk and Honey Café.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The museum was established as a nonprofit organization in 2010. The museum's building location and design were announced in 2012 when the Green family purchased the 1923 Terminal Refrigerating and Warehousing Co. building, that used to be the Washington Design Center, two blocks from the National Mall in Washington D.C. The primary donors to the museum at launch were Hobby Lobby and its owners, the Green family and the National Christian Foundation. Former Museum president Cary Summers said that the goal is to "reacquaint the world with the book that helped make it, and let the visitor come to their own conclusions. ...We don't exist to tell people what to believe about it". In the initial nonprofit filling in 2010, the purpose of the museum was stated thus: “to bring to life the living word of God, to tell its compelling story of preservation, and to inspire confidence in the absolute authority and reliability of the Bible.”


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The estimated $400 million project updated the historically protected structure as well as adding two additional floors and a rooftop café and garden. The building's 1923 original red brick, architecture and ornamentation was restored, with new bricks imported from Denmark. The primary building was awarded historical status by the District's Historic Preservation Review Board. The glass-enclosed rooftop provides views of the United States Capitol, the Washington Monument and several Smithsonian museums. The construction efforts were led by Clark Construction. The architectural design team was led by SmithGroup.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: Items from the Green Collection, which is owned by Hobby Lobby, were donated to the Museum of the Bible, providing a tax write-off to Hobby Lobby.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The exhibits intend to offer a scholarly perspective on the impact of the Bible in history. Bible scholar David Trobisch, former director of the museum's collections, was hired to advise on new acquisitions, identify the storylines for the museum's exhibits, and supervise a team of thirty scholars and curators. Indiana Wesleyan University professor Jerry Pattengale serves as Executive Director of Education Initiatives. The Museum has an external board of advisors, and works with Jewish, Protestant, Catholic, and other religious and secular institutions.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: Each of the six floors in the museum contain a different exhibit which emphasizes different aspects of the Bible's history or impact. This includes three permanent exhibit floors, each measuring . The first floor combines ancient artifacts with modern technology meant to immerse the participant in the Bible. The front entrance on 4th Street SW features 40-foot (12 meter) tall, bronze front doors with stained glass art containing a relief depicting the creation account in Genesis. There is also a grand lobby with a 140-foot (42 meter) LED ceiling allowing for changing visual effects and messages.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: On the first floor, guests may experience a virtual reality tour of significant locations in the Bible, such as the Sea of Galilee or the Temple Mount. Guests will also find on this floor an exhibit displayed in partnership with the Vatican Museum and Library.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The second floor focuses on the Bible's impact on world culture, in areas like science, justice, and freedom. Another section is dedicated to the Bible's impact in American history. There is also a "flying" tour of Washington D.C. and the biblical references found within the city at some of its most notable landmarks.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The third floor presents the general narrative of the Bible from Abraham through the creation of Israel to the ministry of Jesus and the early church. This floor also contains a large Jewish Bible section.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The fourth floor presents biblical history and archaeology. Trobisch stated that the museum "will not whitewash conflicts in Christian history but will explain the arguments that were made at the time".


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The fifth level contains a performing arts theater with a 500-person amphitheater. Here, the Museum sponsors scholarly lectures, as well as multimedia performances relating to the Bible. Notably, the tour of the Broadway production of "Amazing Grace" opened at the Museum's World State Theater. The fifth floor also contains separate exhibit space for displays presented by the Israel Antiquities Authority.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The sixth floor consists of a rooftop viewing area overlooking the National Mall and U.S. Capitol, stained glass exhibits, and a ballroom that seats 1,000 guests. The museum's artifact research facility and reference library is located in a one-story addition to the roof of a neighboring office complex.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: Several museum partners are responsible for the design and layout of the various exhibits. The PRD Group was responsible for the history of the Bible floor. PRD Group has previously collaborated on exhibits at Smithsonian National Museum of American History and National Museum of Natural History. BRC Imagination Arts is developing the narrative of the Bible floor. Jonathan Martin Creative recreated a Nazareth village from the first century. C&G Partners led the design of the impact of the Bible floor. Previous work by C&G Partners includes the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The museum contains more than 40,000 objects and artifacts, ranging from the time of Abraham through the New Testament period. Artifacts include biblical papyri, Torah scrolls, rare printed Bibles, Jewish artifacts and contemporary treasures of Christian and Jewish culture. The museum also exhibits significant archaeological artifacts owned by collaborating institutions and private collectors such as the Israel Antiquities Authority. Steve Green has donated other ancient artifacts from his personal collection. Additional initial exhibits include remains from Julia Ward Howe's original manuscript for the famous song "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" as well as a replica of the Liberty Bell upon which is engraved the Bible verse from Leviticus "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof".


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The roof of the museum features a Biblical garden, where guests can see plant varieties mentioned throughout the Bible.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The manuscript collection of the Museum of the Bible includes one of the Bodmer Papyri (3rd/4th century), the Washington Pentateuch (ca. 1000), the Hours and Psalter of Elizabeth de Bohun, Countess of Northampton (1330–1340), the Lipnice Bible (1421), a Wycliffite New Testament (first half of the 15th century), the prayer book for young Charles V (1516–1519), and many others.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: "Equinox" owners and "The Jewish Table" authors Todd and Ellen Gray operate a 165-seat, Mediterranean-inspired, fine-dining restaurant inside the Museum. The Grays also provide catering for events at the museum. The Museum also contains a more casual lunch and coffee shop, where some of the food offerings are certified as kosher.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: On Thursday, November 16, 2017, museum officials held a private opening gala and reception for the facility at the Trump International Hotel Washington D.C. in the Old Post Office Building. A single seat at the fundraising event cost $2,500, while tables cost from $25,000 to $50,000. However, a number of museum employees and academic consultants refused to enter, citing the problem of having the event in a hotel affiliated with the president of the United States, Donald Trump.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The museum opened on Friday, November 17, in a private ceremony in the museum's theater that dedicated the facility. Pope Francis sent an official pontifical blessing for the museum's dedication. According to a message from the Vatican's Cardinal Secretary of State, Pietro Parolin, who had visited Washington earlier in the week, the Pope stated that "He is confident that those who revere the sacred scriptures as the word of God will here find nourishment for their faith, while many others will be introduced to a fascinating and vital chapter in the spiritual history of the human family".


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The dedication ceremony, which nearly 500 people attended, began with the hymn "Amazing Grace" sung by Gospel singer CeCe Winans. After reading Parolin's message, Cardinal Donald Wuerl, the Archbishop of Washington, offered the ceremony's opening prayer, which was followed by prayers and remarks from Chaplain of the United States Senate Barry Black, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy Admiral Margaret Kibben and Mayor of the District of Columbia Muriel Bowser.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: Ron Dermer, the Israeli Ambassador to the United States, celebrated the museum as a signifier of the Jewish claim to Jerusalem. The Bible nurtured Jews through 2,000 years of exile until they were able to "rebuild the original DC — David's Capital," Dermer said at the dedication ceremony. Yariv Levin, the Israeli Tourism Minister, read a letter from the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had sent "warm greetings from Jerusalem, the eternal and undivided capital of Israel". Mor Dionysius John Kawak, archbishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church and other representatives of that Oriental Orthodox denomination were in attendance at an official dinner for the museum's opening.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: When the museum opened to the public on Saturday, November 18, the lines outside were short. Some exhibits bustled with visitors, while others were nearly empty and the museum was far from capacity.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: Historians Kelly Gannon and Kimberly Wagner evaluated the Museum as a "testament to the power of Evangelical impulses tempered by a desire to legitimate the Bible as a centerpiece of conversation in American life." They conclude:


title: Museum of the Bible

text: At first, the museum came under criticism for the original wording of its mission, which described an Evangelistic purpose of the museum, namely, to "inspire confidence in the absolute authority and reliability of the Bible." A later statement shifted away from that language. A revised 2013 mission statement reads, "We exist to invite all people to engage with the Bible. We invite Biblical exploration through museum exhibits and scholarly pursuits."


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The current mission statement reads "Museum of the bible is a global, innovative, educational institution whose purpose is to invite all people to engage with the transformative power of the Bible."


title: Museum of the Bible

text: Lawrence Schiffman, an authority on the Dead Sea Scrolls and professor of Hebrew and Jewish studies at New York University stated, with respect to the Museum of the Bible:


title: Museum of the Bible

text: With its many engaging and interactive elements, the Museum of the Bible has been described by Philip Kennicott as “a new standard for how this country's museums fuse entertainment and education.” He went on to say that the Museum creates for its guests a “cultural experience,” bringing together “history, art, architecture, theater, and music.”


title: Museum of the Bible

text: John Knutsen, assistant director of the St. Thomas More Institute and coordinator for evangelization and adult faith formation, wrote a review of the Museum for The Catholic Herald. Knutsen wrote “Far from offering a shallow presentation, the Museum of the Bible is cultured, erudite, and remarkably diverse.”


title: Museum of the Bible

text: In contrast to these comments, Biblical scholars Joel Baden of Yale Divinity School and Candida Moss of University of Birmingham, who wrote the book "Bible Nation: The United States of Hobby Lobby", expressed concerns about the museum's mission, saying, "They have misled the public at large by promoting a curriculum and a museum that tell only the story that the Greens want to tell, without acknowledging that scholars and experts have spent decades, indeed centuries, laboring to provide very different accounts of the Bible and its history."


title: Museum of the Bible

text: After spending many hours while writing the book with museum founder Steve Green and president Cary Summers, they concluded:It's not really a museum of the Bible, it's a museum of American Protestantism. Their whole purpose is to show this country as a Christian country governed by Christian morality. (Moss)Their three-minute promo is fascinating demonstration of this problem. At least half of it is a reenactment of American history which has no bearing on the Biblethe signing of the Declaration of Independence, for example, or the Revolutionary War. The worry is that the museum portrays a story of the Bible that culminates in Protestantism and America. (Baden)In contrast, Christopher Rollston, a professor at George Washington University and expert on the Old Testament, was pleased with the Museum’s efforts “to be quite historical in the wordings of the displays that they have,” adding that “they have made it clear that they’re willing to listen to scholars’ critiques.”


title: Museum of the Bible

text: John Fea, associate professor of American history at Messiah College, and chair of the history department, said, "It's hard to see this as anything other than an attempt to try to bring Christian values in the Bible's teachings as understood by Evangelical Protestants, like the Greens, into the center of American political life and American cultural life." However, the Catholic theologian Thomas L. McDonald, writing in the "National Catholic Register" praised the abundance of material dedicated to the history of the Bible with respect to Catholicism:


title: Museum of the Bible

text: A blog article in "The Economist" criticized the Museum of the Bible for focusing on Protestant, Jewish and Roman Catholic views, but ignoring the views of Eastern Orthodox Christianity and not mentioning the impact of the Bible on Islam or taking into account the opinions of scholars who do not consider that the Bible contains a coherent story. Biblical scholars have also accused the Museum of the Bible as "normalizing a Bible that authorizes white evangelical dominion."


title: Museum of the Bible

text: Shipments of artifacts imported by Hobby Lobby in 2010 and 2011 were seized by US customs agents. The artifacts, largely clay bullae and cuneiform tablets from ancient Iraq, had in some cases been declared as "tile samples". Federal investigation culminated in a 2017 civil forfeiture action "United States of America v. Approximately Four Hundred Fifty Ancient Cuneiform Tablets and Approximately Three Thousand Ancient Clay Bullae", after which Hobby Lobby agreed to forfeit and return more than 5500 artifacts, and to pay of a fine of $3 million. The artifacts in question had likely been looted from Iraq. Hobby Lobby was found to have used couriers that had willfully used methods to conceal the provenance of the allegedly stolen items. The museum released a statement that these artifacts were never owned by the Museum of the Bible and were never intended to be part of their collection. In 2018, the items were returned to Iraq, and the company paid a $3 million fine.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: Scott Thumma, a dean and professor of sociology of religion at Hartford Seminary, defended Hobby Lobby during the smuggling controversy. Thuma stated: "Many of the collections of our great national museums and universities are full of the very objects that Hobby Lobby is being fined for smuggling and are seldom required to return or pay compensation."


title: Museum of the Bible

text: In October 2019, officials from the British Egypt Exploration Society, a nonprofit organization that manages the Papyri Project, alleged that Oxford academic Dirk Obbink engaged in the theft and sale of "at least 11 ancient Bible fragments to the Green family, the Hobby Lobby owners who operate a Bible museum and charitable organization in Washington". The museum said it will return the fragments to the Egypt Exploration Society and Oxford University.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: The Museum of the Bible's board chairman, Steve Green, who is also president of the Hobby Lobby stores, announced the museum will be returning over eleven thousand artifacts to Egypt and Iraq. The collection includes thousands of papyrus scraps and ancient clay pieces. Green admitted, "I knew little about the world of collecting ... The criticism of the museum resulting from my mistakes was justified." Manchester University papyrologist Roberta Mazza stated that the Green family “poured millions on the legal and illegal antiquities market without having a clue about the history, the material features, cultural value, fragilities, and problems of the objects.”


title: Museum of the Bible

text: This return includes the "Gilgamesh Dream Tablet," containing part of the "Epic of Gilgamesh", which was discovered in Iraq in 1853, sold by the Jordanian Antiquities Association to an antiquities dealer in 2003, and sold again by an auction house to Hobby Lobby in 2014 for $1.6 million. The auction house lied about how the artifact had entered the market, claiming it had been on the market in the United States for decades. In September 2019, federal authorities seized the tablet, and in May 2020, a civil complaint was filed to forfeit it. In July 2021 the United States Department of Justice announced it had seized the Gilgamesh tablet from Hobby Lobby for repatriation to Iraq. Acting U.S. Attorney Jacquelyn M. Kasulis for the Eastern District of New York stated, “This office is committed to combating the black-market sale of cultural property and the smuggling of looted artifacts.” Hobby Lobby failed to follow expert advice on antiquities collecting which has resulted in multiple seizures and fines.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: Founder Steve Green donated Dead Sea Scrolls parchment fragments to the museum collection for its opening. When the museum catalog was released to the public, however, several outside experts expressed concern that the museum had not adequately accounted for the fragments' provenance. Arstein Justnes, a professor of biblical studies at the University of Agder in Norway, declared they were outright forgeries. The museum subsequently enlisted the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing ("Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und Prüfung") to analyze the scrolls. The museum kept the fragments prominently on display for its official opening, while testing was still incomplete. The text of display stated that "scholars continue to debate the authenticity of this fragment". In 2018 the museum announced that expert examination had led it to conclude that five of the sixteen fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls were forgeries and that the museum had removed them from display. According to the German researchers, those five showed "characteristics inconsistent with ancient origin". In March 2020, the museum confirmed all sixteen fragments were forgeries.


title: Museum of the Bible

text: In her article covering the opening of the Museum for ABC News, Veronica Stracqualursi recounts an interview with Christopher Rollston, a professor at George Washington University specializing on the Old Testament. Stracqualursi wrote that Rollston “said he was ‘particularly pleased’ that the museum chose to be ‘honest’ about the scrolls because museums are not generally candid about artifacts potentially being forgeries.”


title: Kylie Padilla

text: Kylie Nicole Sicangco Padilla (; born 25 January 1993) is a Filipino actress, singer and model. She is the daughter of actor Robin Padilla and Liezl Sicangco.


title: Kylie Padilla

text: Padilla was born on Angeles, Pampanga, to Filipino actors Robin Padilla and Liezl Sicangco. She studied in Queensland, Australia during her elementary years. She is a Muay Thai practitioner. Although raised in the Jehovah's Witnesses faith, she has been practicing Islam since April 1998, almost a decade before joining showbiz, despite not being a devout Muslim.


title: Kylie Padilla

text: Padilla is a GMA Network contract star. Her TV series include "Joaquin Bordado", "The Good Daughter" and "Adarna". She was awarded as the Best New Female Personality (tied with Patricia Gayod) in the 22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television last 2008 for her acting performance in "Joaquin Bordado".


title: Kylie Padilla

text: Her career became more prominent due to her role in "Encantadia (2016)" where she portrayed the eponymous, controversial, and most-coveted role up-to-date, "Sang'gre Amihan".


title: Kylie Padilla

text: Padilla got engaged to actor Aljur Abrenica by late January 2017, with whom she has a child born on 4 August 2017, a boy. The two had started dating in 2011 until they broke up in 2014. They dated again in September 2016. They got married on 11 December 2018.


title: Kylie Padilla

text: In December 2019, Padilla gave birth to her second child However, the couple separated in April 2021. Padilla was later linked to JM de Guzman, although she denied the romance allegations between them. She also denied de Guzman's involvement in her and Abrenica's breakup.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: Dallas Clayton Goedert ( ; born January 3, 1995) is an American football tight end for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at South Dakota State, and was drafted by the Eagles in the second round of the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: Goedert attended Britton-Hecla High School in Britton, South Dakota. He played football, soccer, and basketball for the Braves athletic teams in high school. His father, a huge Dallas Cowboys fan, named him after the team.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: Goedert joined South Dakota State University as a walk-on and was with the Jackrabbits from 2013 (he was redshirted as a freshman) to 2017. During his career, he had 198 receptions for 2,988 yards and 21 touchdowns, including two straight 1,000-yard receiving seasons. He started all 14 games in his senior season and was a team captain, totaling 72 catches for 1,111 yards receiving and seven touchdowns. Goedert's collegiate career at South Dakota State saw him as a two-time first-team FCS All-American and he was a finalist in 2016 for the Walter Payton Award, which recognizes the top player in the FCS. At the conclusion of the 2017 season, Goedert accepted an invitation to play in the 2018 Senior Bowl. However, he was injured during practice and withdrew from the game.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: The Philadelphia Eagles selected Goedert in the second round (49th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. The Eagles traded their second (52nd overall) and fifth round picks (169th overall) to the Indianapolis Colts in order to move up in the second round, ahead of the Dallas Cowboys (50th overall), to draft Goedert. It was speculated by draft analysts that the Dallas Cowboys were going to possibly draft Goedert as they were in need of a tight end following the retirement of veterans Jason Witten and James Hanna. Goedert was the third tight end drafted in 2018 and was selected as a replacement for Brent Celek whom the Eagles released on March 13, 2018.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: On May 9, 2018, the Philadelphia Eagles signed Goedert to a four-year, $5.62 million contract that includes $2.90 guaranteed and a signing bonus of $2.17 million. Goedert made his NFL debut in the 2018 season opener against the Atlanta Falcons. In the 18–12 victory, he had a single reception for four yards. He scored his first career touchdown, a 13-yard reception from Carson Wentz, on September 23, 2018 against the Indianapolis Colts. The touchdown as part of a seven-reception, 73-yard performance for Goedert. He scored a receiving touchdown in both Week 7 against the Carolina Panthers and Week 8 against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Overall, Goedert finished his rookie season with 33 receptions for 334 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns. In the Wild Card Round of the playoffs, in a 16–15 victory over the Chicago Bears, Goedert caught a 10-yard pass in the end zone from Eagles quarterback Nick Foles. The touchdown gave the Eagles a 10-6 lead, on their way to an upset 16-15 win in Chicago. Goedert also made a good play in catching a low pass, breaking a tackle, and running for a first down on another ten yard reception, during the Eagles' winning touchdown drive.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: In Week 16 of the 2019 season, Goedert recorded a career high nine receptions for a career-high 91 yards and one touchdown in a 17–9 victory over the Dallas Cowboys while also being nominated for PFF NFL Week 16 Team of the Week. In a must-win week 17 game against the New York Giants, Goedert contributed to an Eagles victory after recording four receptions for 65 yards during the 34-17 victory which clinched the NFC East title for the second time within three seasons. Goedert finished the regular season with 58 receptions for five touchdowns and 607 yards. In the Wild Card Round against the Seattle Seahawks, Goedert recorded seven receptions for 76 yards during a 17-9 loss.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: Goedert was assaulted in a South Dakota bar on June 22, 2020, and briefly received treatment at a hospital.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: In the Eagles' 2020 season-opening loss to the Washington Football Team, Goedert had eight receptions for 101 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. In Week 3, he suffered an ankle injury and was placed on injured reserve on September 29, 2020. He was activated on October 31, 2020.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: Goedert took over as the Eagles TE1 following the trade of Zach Ertz in October. On November 19, 2021, Goedert signed a four-year extension with the Philadelphia Eagles. He was placed on the COVID list on January 3, 2022. He was activated one week later on January 10, missing just one game where the Eagles did not play their starters.


title: Dallas Goedert

text: Goedert was placed on IR on November 16, 2022 after suffering a shoulder injury as a result of a facemask penalty that went uncalled. He was activated on December 20.


title: Masahito, Prince Hitachi

text: Masahito received his primary and secondary schooling at the Gakushūin Peers' School. In late 1944, the Imperial Household Ministry evacuated Prince Yoshi and the Crown Prince to Nikkō, to escape the American bombing of Tokyo.