title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots hosted the Pittsburgh Steelers during primetime in their first game of the 2019 season. In commemoration of their Super Bowl LIII victory from the previous season, the Patriots unveiled their sixth "World Champions" banner, with former Patriots in attendance like recently retired Rob Gronkowski, as well as Patriots Hall of Famers Drew Bledsoe, Ty Law, Willie McGinest, Super Bowl Champions Rob Ninkovich, and Martellus Bennett, who joined Patriots owner Robert Kraft on the field before the Patriots came out onto the Gillette Stadium turf. The team also wore "Super Bowl LIII Champions" patches for the game.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The Steelers won the coin toss and elected to kick. The first drives ended in punts for both teams, but on the Patriots' second possession, they managed to race down the field on a seven-play, 82-yard drive that ended with a touchdown pass to Josh Gordon, in which he broke two tackles after the catch. After forcing the Steelers to go three-and-out, due in part to a holding call on Alejandro Villanueva, the Patriots marched down the field, only for the drive to stall at the Pittsburgh 7-yard line, and the Patriots were forced to settle for a field goal, now leading 10–0 in the second quarter. New England went three-and-out on their following drive but scored on a 25-yard pass to Phillip Dorsett thereafter. In the Patriots' last possession of the first half, even with good field position, they failed to capitalize with a touchdown, settling for another field goal. Beginning the second half, the Patriots led 20–0. This lasted only briefly, as their defense gave up three points on the Steelers' first drive of the third quarter. Tom Brady and the offense responded quickly with a 58-yard pass to Dorsett, his second touchdown catch of the game. On their subsequent possessions, the Patriots scored field goals. Meanwhile, Ben Roethlisberger was intercepted by Devin McCourty. In Pittsburgh's final drive, they managed to advance 50 yards down the field, but failed to score with time running out. Ultimately, the Patriots defeated the Steelers 33–3, starting 1–0 for the season.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: Beginning his 20th season in the league, Tom Brady finished the game with 341 yards and three touchdowns, while Julian Edelman recorded his 500th reception with the Patriots, becoming the fifth player to reach that milestone. Phillip Dorsett had a spectacular game, leading the Patriots in receiving yards and touchdowns, catching four passes on four targets for 95 yards and two touchdowns. Meanwhile, Josh Gordon had three receptions for 73 yards in his first game since Week 13 of the 2018 season. Moreover, the Patriots defense played well, holding the Steelers to 308 yards and just three points.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: Coming off their Week 1 victory, the Patriots flew to Hard Rock Stadium for a Week 2 AFC East duel with the Miami Dolphins. After forcing the Dolphins to go three-and-out, the Patriots countered with a drive in which Tom Brady targeted newly acquired wide receiver Antonio Brown three times for gains of 18, 10, and 8 yards. They finished the possession with a 1-yard touchdown run by Sony Michel. The next three drives ended in punts. Though, on the first, Ryan Fitzpatrick was sacked by Adam Butler on third down just after reaching midfield. On the Patriots' ensuing possession, they drove to the Dolphins 30 but Stephen Gostkowski missed the first of a number of field goals that day. Despite the offense's lack of scoring, the New England defense played stoutly, forcing Miami to go three-and-out on their next two drives. The Patriots scored on a 65-yard possession that ended with a 20-yard pass from Tom Brady to Antonio Brown. Gostkowski missed the extra point and the Patriots led 13–0. In the second half, the New England offense failed to advance on their first drive. Meanwhile, Ryan Fitzpatrick was intercepted by Devin McCourty. Now, with great field position, at the Miami 36, the Patriots failed to take advantage and were forced to settle for a field goal. The Dolphins' offense was unable to make anything of their next two drives going three-and-out on both while obtaining −2 yards and −11 yards on their first and second respectively. The Patriots offense made the best of their defense's solid play, marching down the field on an eight-play, 65-yard possession which ended with a 1-yard QB sneak by Brady. Later, New England's defense continued its sensational performance by forcing Miami to go three-and-out yet again. Upon entering the third quarter, Miami's offense had amassed a mere 28 yards. The Patriots' offense struggled, however, being unable to obtain a first-down. This proved irrelevant as the New England defense had pick-sixes on back-to-back drives: Stephon Gilmore returned the first 54-yards after a bad decision by Fitzpatrick and Jamie Collins returned the second 69-yards after a dropped pass. The Patriots now led 37–0. Ryan Fitzpatrick was replaced by backup Josh Rosen on the ensuing drive. The Patriots scored another touchdown on a 10-yard reception by James White. On Miami's final possession, they marched 67-yards to the New England 8 but failed to score due to an interception by Jamie Collins.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: This was the Patriots' first win in Miami since Week 17 of the 2016 season, and their first shutout since Week 3 of that same season. Additionally, New England's defense held the Dolphins' offense to just 184 yards and forced four turnovers. By holding the Dolphins to 0 points and the Steelers to 3 points a week prior, the defense made history, in fact, it tied the record for fewest points allowed through two games during the Super Bowl era. After much speculation over whether Antonio Brown would debut against the Dolphins as a result of his rape lawsuit, he indeed started and had four receptions for 56 yards and a touchdown. This proved to be to Brown's sole game with the Patriots as he was released days later on September 20, as a result of his response to further allegations.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots flew home to face the New York Jets for their Week 3 matchup. They faced a Jets team that was greatly hindered by numerous starters missing. In particular, the Jets entered the game with their third-string quarterback, Luke Falk, as a result of injuries to starter Sam Darnold suffering from illness and backup Trevor Siemian sustaining a calf injury.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: New York's first drive ended with a punt and the Patriots responded with a nine-play, 88-yard drive that ended with a 5-yard run by Sony Michel. Continuing his struggles on special teams, Stephen Gostkowski missed his third extra-point of the year. On the Jets' ensuing drive, they went three-and-out as a result of a sack by Jamie Collins. Meanwhile, New Englands' offense would score yet another touchdown, this time on a 25-yard catch-and-run by Phillip Dorsett. New York's offense failed to obtain any first-downs for the rest of the first half, and the Patriots would score an additional touchdown on a 3-yard pass from Tom Brady to Julian Edelman. Although, the rest of their drives ended in punts. Entering the second half, New England led 20–0. The Patriots started with the ball but were unable to reach midfield and were forced to punt. On the following drive, Luke Falk threw an underthrown interception to Devin McCourty which was returned 24-yards to the New York 17. Unfortunately, the Patriots were unable to take advantage and settled for a 37-yard field goal. The defense would still play stoutly, forcing the Jets to go three-and-out on their ensuing drive, caused, in part, by a holding penalty on Kelechi Osemele. The Patriots countered with a 10-play, 60-yard drive which ended with a 2-yard rush touchdown by Rex Burkhead, leading 30–0. Notably, Josh Gordon caught a spectacular 28-yard reception on third and 22, saving the drive from stalling and entering the red zone. On New York's next drive, they managed the reach near midfield but the drive was halted by a sack by Dont'a Hightower and Adam Butler. The punt would prove disastrous for New England as rookie Gunner Olszewski muffed the ball and Arthur Maulet, of the Jets, recovered it in the end zone for a touchdown: this was the first touchdown the Patriots had allowed all season. The ensuing two drives ended in punts. Although, on the Patriots' subsequent possession thereafter, Tom Brady was substituted by rookie Jarrett Stidham with 8:41 left in the fourth. Stidham threw a badly missed pass which was intercepted by Jamal Adams and returned 61 yards for a touchdown. For the remaining drives, both teams punted and New England won the game 30–14.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: With the win, the Patriots improved to 3–0 for the first time since the 2016 season. Furthermore, New England's defense continued its dominant play by shutting out the Jets' offense and sacking Luke Falk five times. Overall, they forced New York to go 0–12 on third downs. The Patriots' defense has not allowed a touchdown in 17 quarters, last occurring in the fourth quarter of the 2018 AFC Championship Game. Also, this was the fifth consecutive game, including playoffs, in which the Patriots did not allow any touchdowns in the first half, tracing back to the 2018 AFC Championship.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: Hoping to solidify their prowess in the AFC East, the Patriots flew to New Era Field for their Week 4 matchup against a division rival – the 3–0 Buffalo Bills. The Patriots began with the ball and started well with a 15-yard rush by Sony Michel on the first play. Though the drive faltered thereafter and they were forced to punt. In contrast, the defense maintained its tremendous play by intercepting Josh Allen on the Bills' first drive; Devin McCourty claimed his fourth pick of the season. Taking advantage of the turnover, New England's offense marched 50 yards down the field for a 4-yard touchdown run by Brandon Bolden. Tom Brady also threw a catch-and-run pass to James White for 26 yards despite great coverage by Matt Milano. On the extra point attempt, Stephen Gostkowski missed yet another extra point, his fourth of the season. On the ensuing possession, the Bills struggled to obtain yards and went three-and-out. On the resulting punt, J. C. Jackson blocked Corey Bojorquez's kick which was recovered and returned by Matthew Slater for a touchdown to put the Patriots up 13–0. Both teams' offenses failed to reach midfield and punted on the next two drives. However, on the possession after that, Josh Allen threw another pick, which was intercepted by J. C. Jackson. Without much momentum and at their own 25, New England went three-and-out, although Buffalo went three-and-out as well. Now at their own 5-yard line, the Patriots offense finally managed an effective drive for once. They drove 93 yards to the Buffalo 2-yard line, but the drive stalled and Brady threw a terrible pick to Micah Hyde in the endzone. Buffalo capitalized with a 46-yard field goal by Stephen Hauschka. Unable to counter, New England went three-and-out once more and the Bills drove to the New England 31 but failed to score as Hauschka missed a 49-yard field goal with time running out in the first half. Entering the second half, the Patriots led 13–3. The Bills' first drive was very effective as they marched 75 yards down the field and scored on a 1-yard QB sneak by Allen. This was the first touchdown allowed by the Patriots' defense all season. On the subsequent three possessions, both offenses only experienced only three-and-outs. Afterward, J. C. Jackson intercepted Josh Allen for his second pick of the day. Even with great field position at the Buffalo 42, the Patriots only managed to reach the Buffalo 4-yard line where they settled for a field goal. Josh Allen was concussed from a hit by Jonathan Jones on the ensuing drive while he attempted to scramble for a first down. Allen would be replaced by backup Matt Barkley who continued to lead the offense to the New England 3-yard line where the Bills failed to score on 4th-and-goal. Both teams' offenses were unable to create any effective drives after this point. Nonetheless, Buffalo's offense managed to reach midfield on their final possession but Matt Barkley threw an easy interception to Jamie Collins as a result of pressure from Kyle Van Noy. This pick clinched the game for New England and they won 16–10.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: Although the Patriots overcame the Bills, this proved to be an extremely sloppy game for their offense, as Tom Brady recorded his first interception of the year at the Buffalo 2-yard line and a completion rate under 50%, having gone 18 of 39. New England's offense went a mere 5/18 on third down conversions and only obtained 11 first-downs. The defense, however, recorded four interceptions (three on Josh Allen and one on Matt Barkley) as well as five sacks but also allowed 109 yards of rushing from Frank Gore and 23 first-downs. In the end, the defense still came through by making a critical stop on the Bills' final possession. Regardless, with the victory, the Patriots improved to 4–0 for the first time since the 2015 season. Special teams ace Matthew Slater also scored his first career touchdown on an 11-yard blocked punt return. Furthermore, with his interception off Josh Allen, Devin McCourty became the first player to record four interceptions in the first four games of a season since Minnesota Vikings safety Brian Russell in 2003.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: On the road for the second straight week, the Patriots flew to FedExField to face the 0–4 Washington Redskins. Initially, both teams traded punts, but on the succeeding possession, Patriots' defenders missed numerous tackles and Washington scored on a 65-yard run by Steven Sims. This was the first time the Patriots had trailed all season. However, New England responded quickly with a no-huddle offense and marched 75 yards, scoring on a 6-yard catch by Julian Edelman. On the extra-point, newly signed kicker Mike Nugent missed the kick, his first as a Patriot. Washington's next drive was halted by a sack from Danny Shelton. Neither team could reach midfield on any of the remaining possessions of the first quarter. With the Patriots' first drive in the second, they raced down the field to the Washington 19, but were stalled and forced to settle for a 37-yard field goal. Both teams went three-and-out on their next drives. Although, on the possession thereafter, Jonathan Jones forced a fumble on Trey Quinn and Jamie Collins recovered. New England's offense failed to score despite being in the redzone, as Tom Brady threw an awful interception to Montae Nicholson. Even with this turnover, the Redskins offense lacked momentum and failed to advance. On the next Washington possession, Colt McCoy was picked by Jason McCourty. At the Washington 11-yard line, the Patriots went three-and-out and settled for a field goal with the score being 12–7 at the end of the first half. With the passing game being mostly unreliable, New England's offense began relying on and utilizing its running game far more. This proved vital as the Patriots advanced rapidly behind Sony Michel's rushing attack and they scored on a 29-yard pass to Brandon Bolden. On the ensuing New England drive, they would score on a 14-yard run by Michel. Both teams exchanged punts for the rest of the game and the Patriots would score an additional touchdown on a 10-yard pass to Ryan Izzo in a 10-play, 58-yard possession. At the end of regulation, New England defeated the Redksins in a final score of 33–7.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots continued their win streak on the road by beating the Washington Redskins in a blowout win. They improved to 5–0 for the fourth time under the Brady-Belichick tandem and the fifth time in franchise history. After the game, Julian Edelman became the first Patriot to record at least 100 yards this season. In addition, during the matchup, Tom Brady surpassed Brett Favre for third on the all-time passing list and finished only 17 yards behind Peyton Manning. Sony Michel had his break-out game, rushing for 91 yards and a touchdown on 16 attempts; he also caught three passes for 32 yards. This was due, in part, to great run blocking by the offensive line and fullback Jakob Johnson. On defense, they continued their stout play by forcing two turnovers (one on a fumble and one on an interception) and six sacks. Disregarding the 65-yard run by Steven Sims, New England's defense allowed just 155 yards. The Patriots defense also accomplished a historic feat by allowing only 20 points through five games, the fewest in modern NFL history.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots returned home to play the New York Giants, who were led by rookie quarterback Daniel Jones. Both teams traded punts on the first three possessions. Though, on the Giants' second drive, Jones threw a pass that was tipped by Stephon Gilmore and intercepted by John Simon. Now at the New York 43, due to miscommunication, Tom Brady threw a pass intended for Julian Edelman, but was picked by Janoris Jenkins. With neither offense being able to advance past midfield, they punted for the next six possessions. However, during one of these drives, Brandon Bolden blocked a punt by Riley Dixon that was returned by Chase Winovich for a touchdown. With this, the Patriots led 7–0. A few possessions later, Daniel Jones was picked off again, this time by Duron Harmon. With great field position at the Giants 20, Jakobi Meyers caught a great 23-yard pass that set up a 1-yard touchdown run by Brandon Bolden. New York responded quickly by scoring on a 64-yard catch-and-run by Golden Tate in which the numerous Patriots missed tackles. On the ensuing drive, Brady was strip-sacked by Lorenzo Carter, and Markus Golden returned the fumble for a Giants touchdown. Unfortunately, Josh Gordon suffered ankle and knee injuries while trying to make the tackle. He would be out for the remainder of the game which further hindered the Patriots' already depleted offense with Phillip Dorsett having been ruled out prior to the matchup. New England would counter on their next drive by scoring on a 1-yard quarterback sneak by Brady. Entering the second half, the Patriots led 21–14. On the very first possession, Jones was intercepted for the third time of the game, this time by Stephon Gilmore. New England marched 60 yards down the field, but the drive stalled at the New York 22. Mike Nugent missed the 40-yard field goal, his first at Gillette Stadium. Both teams exchanged punts thereafter. New England would score on a forced fumble by Jamie Collins which was returned by Kyle Van Noy for a touchdown. Additionally, on the next New England possession, they scored another touchdown on a 1-yard QB sneak by Brady. With no score changes for the remainder of the game, the Patriots finished with a 35–14 victory.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: Although the score remained close in the first half, the Patriots gradually pulled away in the second half thanks to their defense. On New England's first possession, Tom Brady surpassed Peyton Manning for second on the all-time passing list. With Josh Gordon and Phillip Dorsett both having sustained injuries, the offense had to increasingly rely on other contributors; Julian Edelman particularly stood out with his nine receptions for 113 yards, while Sony Michel rushed for 86 yards on 22 carries. Brady also had an unexpected two rushing touchdowns, both on quarterback sneaks. Rookie wide receivers Jakobi Meyers and Gunner Olszewski had their best games of the season thus far, combining for almost 100 yards receiving. The defense intercepted Jones three times and forced a fumble that was returned for a touchdown. On special teams, Chase Winovich returned a blocked punt for a touchdown.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: Facing the New York Jets for the second time of the season, the Patriots hoped to continue their win streak. Unlike last time, Sam Darnold returned from his injury and was healthy to start the game. New England started with the ball and scored on a 3-yard run by Sony Michel in a 16 play, 78 yard drive that drained 8:47 off the clock. The Jets sought to respond with a score but Darnold threw a hurried pass due to the blitz and was intercepted by Devin McCourty, his fifth this season. After failing to obtain a first down, New England settled for a 34-yard field goal. On the ensuing drive, New York went three-and-out and the Patriots took advantage by scoring on a 26-yard pass to Phillip Dorsett. With this touchdown, New England was up 17–0. John Simon had a strip sack on Darnold and Kyle Van Noy recovered. The Patriots would score off another turnover, this time on another run by Sony Michel. New York finally gained momentum on a drive, reaching the Patriots 19, but Darnold made another ill-advised decision on a pass that was intercepted by Duron Harmon. Starting at their own 1, the Pariots' offense went three-and-out. Although the defense managed to make another stop on New York's struggling offense. Neither team scored for the rest of the half and the Patriots led 24–0 entering the second half. On the Jets' very first drive, Darnold was picked by Stephon Gilmore. New England failed to capitalize off the turnover but the defense recorded a safety after a high snap by Jets center Ryan Kalil. Unfortunately for the Patriots, Tom Brady was hit while trying to throw the ball and was intercepted by Trumaine Johnson. Despite being at the New England 33, the Jets failed to score as Darnold was picked off for the fourth time, this time by Terrence Brooks. For much of the remainder of the matchup, both teams only punted. Though, New England would score one final touchdown on a 1-yard run by Sony Michel, giving them a 33–0 shutout win.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots defense continued their historic dominance in a 33–0 shutout over the New York Jets. They became the second team to have multiple 30-points shutouts since the 1942 Chicago Bears. Additionally, New England has outscored their opponents in a 223–48 margin thus far, a 175-point difference. Their win also allowed them to improve to 7–0 for the third time in franchise history after the 2007 and 2015 seasons. This was the twelfth consecutive victory (including playoffs) for New England, stemming back to the Week 16 of the 2018 season. Also of significance, Devin McCourty obtained his fifth interception of the season, leading the league in this category as of Week 7. Jets quarterback Sam Darnold struggled immensely, finishing with a mere 3.6 QB rating and four interceptions.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: On a rainy Sunday evening, the Patriots faced the Cleveland Browns, whom were coming off a bye week. Starting with the ball, New England had a slow start on offense. Sony Michel rushed for 10-yards on the first play, but the drive would soon stall. Cleveland went three-and-out on their first possession; and on the ensuing Patriots possession, they reached the Browns' 2 but were forced to settle for a field goal. They would score again after Kyle Van Noy returned 26-yard fumble – in which Nick Chubb lost the ball after his own lineman's foot knocked it loose -for a touchdown. Notably during the kickoff, rookie punter Jake Bailey completed his first kick as the replacement for the recently injured Stephen Gostkowski. Surprisingly, Chubb, on the Browns' next drive, would fumble again after rushing past New England defenders to the Patriots 16 and Jonathan Jones striking the ball out. The Patriots would soon punt after gaining possession. On Cleveland's first play, Baker Mayfield threw a shovel pass pick to Lawrence Guy who returned it to the Browns' 11. Tom Brady would hit Julian Edelman on an 8-yard touchdown, two plays later. Finally ending their streak of turnovers, the Browns reached midfield and punted. New England would go three-and-out on the next possession, and the Browns responded with a 21-yard touchdown pass to Demetrius Harris in an 8 play, 54 yard drive. Seeking to counter, New England attempted a field goal at the Browns 11, but it was blocked by Denzel Ward. Entering the second half, the Patriots were leading 17–7. On the first possession, Cleveland marched to the New England 11, however, a Jamie Collins sack halted their advance. The Patriots answered with a touchdown. During the drive, James White recorded a 59-yard catch-and-run on a screen and Brady connected with Edelman for their second touchdown of the day. Both teams traded punts for the rest of the third quarter. New England would manage to reach the red zone once again, but yet another possession was hampered, and they obtained a field goal. After a series of sacks and penalties on Cleveland, their drive lost momentum immediately and they failed to convert on 4th and 16 at their own 19. The Patriots sought to capitalize off the stop, but Mike Nugent missed his field goal wide left in what was his last game as a Patriots; he was cut from the team just days later. The Browns would score a field goal on the following possession and neither team would gain anything in particular thereafter. The Patriots won the game 27–13.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The defense helped the Patriots quickly gain an insurmountable 17-point lead through a sequence of turnovers. In fact, they forced turnovers on three consecutive drives by forcing two fumbles on Nick Chubb and intercepting Baker Mayfield on a shovel pass. On one of the fumbles, Dont'a Hightower recovered and registered his first touchdown since Week 1 of the 2012 season. Lawrence Guy managed to record his first career interception off of the botched shovel pass. Meanwhile, despite the weather obstructions, Tom Brady managed to play well, recording two touchdowns and completing multiple remarkable throws. Julian Edelman caught both of Brady's touchdowns and had 8 receptions and 78 yards for the day. Also, without soon-to-be released wideout Josh Gordon, Brady targeted newly acquired receiver Mohamed Sanu, who caught two receptions for 23 yards in his Patriots debut. With this victory, Patriots head coach Bill Belichick obtained his 300th win.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots came into this game 8–0 as one of two undefeated teams in the NFL alongside the San Francisco 49ers. In the first drive of the game, the Ravens converted twice on 3rd down. Seven of the Ravens' plays in their first drive were runs by Lamar Jackson, Mark Ingram II, and Gus Edwards. On 3rd down, the Patriots seemingly held the Ravens to a field goal attempt, but a neutral zone infraction by Shilque Calhoun gave the Ravens a first down which then led to a 3-yard rushing touchdown by quarterback Lamar Jackson. On the Patriots' first possession, Tom Brady threw 3 straight incomplete passes which led to a punt. The next drive, the Patriots defense showed improvement, holding the Ravens to a field goal. The Patriots, however, did not improve offensively as they had to punt after a 9-yard sack by Patrick Onwuasor. After the first quarter the Ravens led 10–0.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: The next drive was highlighted by a 53-yard run by Mark Ingram II, and finished with a 12-yard rushing touchdown by Gus Edwards pushing the Ravens lead to 17–0. The Patriots once again failed to score after another three-and-out, but caught a break after former Patriot Cyrus Jones muffed a punt by Jake Bailey (recovered by newly- acquired special teamer Justin Bethel at the Baltimore 20 yard line). This led to a touchdown by newly-acquired receiver Mohamed Sanu, who become the 74th player to catch a touchdown pass from Tom Brady. After a three-and-out by the Ravens, the Patriots sustained a drive, only to have a holding penalty on Marshall Newhouse and an intentional grounding call lead to a punt. The Patriots were set up in good field position after a fumble recovered by Lawrence Guy at the Ravens' 19 yard line; however, the drive stalled at the 4 yard line. The resulting field goal closed the score to 17-10. After a Ravens punt, the Patriots reached the Baltimore 1 yard line after a touchdown by James White was reversed on replay. Controversially, Patriots coach Belichick chose to kick a field goal on 4th and Goal at the 1, leaving the game 17-13 at the half.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: At the start of the 3rd quarter the Patriots advanced to the Baltimore 30 led by receptions of 11 and 15 yards by Mohamed Sanu. A fumble by Julian Edelman was then returned 70 yards by Marlon Humphrey for a touchdown, widening the Ravens' lead to 24–13. The Patriots scored on their next drive on a 4-yard rushing touchdown on 3rd and 3 by James White. However, on the next drive, which lasted 14 plays and took 8:09 off the clock, the Ravens scored again, assisted by 16 and 18 yard receptions by Marquise Brown and Mark Andrews. The drive climaxed in a 5-yard pass to Nick Boyle to make the lead 30–20 (the PAT missed by Justin Tucker).


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: In the 4th quarter, down two scores, Brady threw an interception to Earl Thomas which ultimately killed any chance of winning for the Patriots. Lamar Jackson ran for a 1-yard touchdown after a 14 play drive, icing the game at 37–20. The game was viewed as an impressive win by the Ravens, with Lamar Jackson becoming a front runner for MVP.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: This was the Patriots' first loss since December 16, 2018 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, snapping a 13-game winning streak (including postseason). It was also their first loss to Baltimore since the 2012 AFC Championship Game.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: In a rematch of Super Bowl LII, the Patriots won a defensive battle 17–10. Their only touchdown came on a trick play in the third quarter, in which Tom Brady threw a screen pass to Julian Edelman who then proceeded to throw a touchdown pass to Phillip Dorsett. With this win, the Patriots secured a winning season for the 19th year in a row.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: With the win, the Patriots set a new NFL record with 17 consecutive 10-win seasons, surpassing the San Francisco 49ers, who set the original record of 16 consecutive 10-win seasons from 1983 to 1998. They also defeated all four of their NFC opponents for the first time since 2010.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: This was the Patriots' only game outside of the Eastern Time Zone during the season, and their first loss to Houston in a decade.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: This was the Pats' second loss in a row this season, and their first home loss since October 1, 2017 against the Carolina Panthers. Following the loss, Tom Brady posted "We're on to Cincinnati", referencing Bill Belichick's famous line from a press conference following a loss in 2014 against the Chiefs, where the Patriots were also scheduled to play the Bengals the following week.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: This was the Pats' first win in Cincinnati since 2007, the same year the Pats became the first team to win all regular season games since the league expanded to 16 games in 1978. They also avoided a possible 3-game losing streak for the first time since 2002.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: Despite dominating time of possession in the first half, New England found itself tied with Buffalo by halftime due to a Rex Burkhead fumble on the opening drive and a failed fourth down conversion, which led to points for the Bills. After a back-and-forth third quarter, New England regained the lead as Burkhead scored a go-ahead touchdown with just over 5 minutes to go. Buffalo drove down the field on its final drive, but the Patriots defense stifled Josh Allen and the Bills offense as the drive stalled at the New England 14-yard line. With the win, the Patriots improved to 12–3, clinching the AFC East divisional title for the 11th straight year. This would end up being Tom Brady's final win in a Patriots uniform.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: This was Dolphins head coach Brian Flores's first return to Gillette Stadium since leaving the Patriots following the win in Super Bowl LIII. Flores served 15 years as a scout and assistant to Bill Belichick. This was the Pats' first loss to Miami at home since 2008, which was also the last season the Patriots failed to win their division or make the playoffs. With the loss, coupled with a Kansas City Chiefs win, the Patriots failed to earn a first-round bye in the AFC playoffs for the first time since 2009. This was the only game all season in which the Patriots defense allowed 300 yards passing. This also ended up being quarterback Tom Brady's last regular season game in a Patriots uniform, as he announced on March 17, 2020 that he would leave the Patriots after 20 years with the team and subsequently signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers the same day.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: With the loss, the Patriots failed to repeat as Super Bowl Champions, a feat that had not been achieved since their 2004 repeat. They also failed to return to the AFC Championship Game for the first time since 2010. It was also their first loss to the Titans at home since 1993, when the Titans were still the Houston Oilers. This was Tom Brady's last game with the Patriots, as he signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in free agency after the season.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: During the December 8 game between the Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns, the Patriots are alleged to have spied on the Bengals' sideline. The Patriots, who were scheduled to play the Bengals the following week, sent a video team to Cleveland to film a documentary of an advance scout, part of the "Do Your Job" series on the Patriots' website. This video contractor was given media credentials by the Browns, but the Bengals and NFL were not made aware of the presence of the Patriots' video crew.


title: 2019 New England Patriots season

text: According to ESPN's Dianna Russini, a Bengals staffer spotted the Patriots.com cameraman and proceeded to observe what he was doing. Allegedly, the cameraman proceeded to point his camera at the Bengals coaching staff and sideline for essentially the entire quarter. The Bengals employee reported him to media relations, who reported him to security; security then seized the film and leaked it to Jay Glazer, who made the footage public. The NFL has launched an investigation into these allegations. This was the second time the current Patriots administration had been embroiled in an unauthorized videotaping scandal, following the Spygate controversy in 2007.


title: Bae Jong-ok

text: Bae Jong-ok (born May 13, 1964) is a South Korean actress. She debuted as a TV actress after she was recruited by KBS, and has since been active in both film and television.


title: Bae Jong-ok

text: While concurrently maintaining an acting career, Bae completed a doctorate at Korea University. Her thesis was on the correlation between production crews and reactions of netizens. She has taught Theater and Film Studies at Chung-Ang University as a visiting professor since 2003.


title: Bae Jong-ok

text: Bae married a pilot in 1994, but the couple divorced in 1996. She has a daughter studying in the United States.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The AFL Grand Final is an Australian rules football match to determine the premiers for the Australian Football League (AFL) season. From its inception until 1989, it was known as the VFL Grand Final, as the league at that time was the Victorian Football League. Played at the end of the finals series, the game has been held annually since 1898, except in 1924. It is traditionally staged on the afternoon of the last Saturday in September, at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The game has spawned a number of traditions and activities, which have grown in popularity nationally since the interstate expansion of the Victorian Football League to become the Australian Football League in the 1980s and 1990s.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The club which wins the grand final receives the AFL's premiership cup and flag; players on the winning team receive a gold premiership medallion, and the best player the Norm Smith Medal.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: As of the end of 2022, a total of 127 grand finals have been played, including three grand final replays. The Carlton Football Club has won 16 grand finals, the most of any club; the Essendon Football Club has also won 16 premierships, but only 14 in grand finals. The Collingwood Football Club has appeared in the most grand finals, a total of 44 for 15 wins; and has also won the most consecutive grand finals, with four between 1927 and 1930. Every present-day club has played in at least one grand final, with the exception of the 2011 expansion club .


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The Victorian Football League (VFL) was established for the 1897 season by eight clubs which seceded from the Victorian Football Association (VFA). The new league introduced a system of finals to be contested after the home-and-away matches; this ensured that the premiership could not be decided until the last match had been played, generating greater public interest at the end of the season — compared with the VFA's system, which awarded the premiership based on win–loss record across the entire season, with a playoff match only in the event of tied records. The league arranged that the gate from finals matches be shared among all teams, which guaranteed a better dividend to the league's weaker clubs.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Although the finals system used in 1897 had the possibility of a grand final, one was not required. As such, the match now recognised as the first grand final took place in the league's second season, on 24 September 1898, between Essendon and Fitzroy at the St Kilda Cricket Ground. This match too had been in doubt until night before it was played, Essendon disputing the choice and fitness for use of the St Kilda ground, which had already been top-dressed for the cricket season. Despite appealing to the league and even announcing it intended to forfeit, Essendon relented and played the game, and Fitzroy won the inaugural grand final 5.8 (38) d. 3.5 (23) before a crowd of 16,538.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Most VFL finals systems utilised until 1930 comprised a short finals system, usually a simple knockout tournament ending with a match called the 'final'; if the 'final' was not won by the home-and-away season's minor premiers, then the minor premiers had the right to challenge the winner of the 'final' to a playoff match for the premiership. At the time, it was only this challenge match, if played, which was known as the grand final; however, all 'final' matches which decided the premiership have since retrospectively been considered grand finals. The 1899 VFL Grand Final is the earliest such game; it was won by , while losing team would have had to have defeated Fitzroy again in a challenge match to win the premiership. In all, eleven 'finals' are now considered grand finals: eight which were won by the minor premiers and would have resulted in a challenge match had the result been reversed (1899, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1911, 1918, 1927 and 1928); and three which decided the premiership but which could not have been followed by a challenge match due to the finals systems and circumstances of those years (1901, 1903 and 1906).


title: AFL Grand Final

text: In 1902, the Grand Final was first played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, when 9.6 (60) defeated 3.9 (27) before a then-record Australian football crowd of 35,000. By 1908, every finals match was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, and new attendance records were set in 1908 (50,261), 1912 (54,463) and 1913 (59,479). During this period, became the first club to win three consecutive premierships, winning 'finals' in all three years.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Football and grand finals continued through World War I, albeit with reduced attendances, and some controversy that it distracted from the war effort, with one critic calling for the Carlton team to receive the Iron Cross as their premiership medallion. But, many diggers supported the continuance of the game, and returned servicemen were granted free admission to a portion of the grandstand at the in 1918 Grand Final, with many attending in uniform.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: During the 1920s, the VFL grappled with the problems of the challenge final system — specifically that the league was not always guaranteed four finals, and there was the perception that semi-finals could be thrown to guarantee a grand final and the dividend which came with it. On several occasions during the 1920s, semi-final crowds exceeded that of the final or grand final. In 1924, for the second and last time, no recognised grand final was played; a round-robin finals system was played, with the top team from the round robin to face the minor premiers in a grand final if required; but, when minor premiers Essendon also won the round robin, no grand final was staged. This new finals system was abandoned after one year. A new record crowd of 64,288 was set in 1925, when played and won its first grand final, attracting a huge contingent of both provincial and metropolitan supporters. Between 1927 and 1930, became the first and only club to win four consecutive premierships, winning in 'finals' in 1927 and 1928, then grand finals in 1929 and 1930.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: In 1931, the Page–McIntyre Final Four system was introduced for finals, which eliminated the minor premier's right to challenge and guaranteed four finals and a genuine grand final each year. Under this system, and all systems which followed it until 1993, one team entered the grand final with a bye week after winning the second semi-final; and the other entered after winning the preliminary final in the week before the grand final. More often than not, the grand final was a rematch between the teams who played the second semi-final two weeks earlier.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Several new record crowds were set through the 1930s, and the Melbourne Cricket Ground's new Southern Stand was constructed and opened in 1937. That year, the Geelong-Collingwood grand final attracted 88,540, with spectators crossing the fence and sitting eight deep along the boundary line; the following year, another record of 96,834 watched play . dominated the final years before the Pacific War, comfortably winning grand finals in 1939, 1940 and 1941.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Football served as a distraction for people and as a war fundraiser on the home front during the World War II. The Australian government requisitioned a number of VFL grounds, including the Melbourne Cricket Ground, so the grand finals were staged at Carlton's Princes Park in 1942, 1943 and 1945, and at the St Kilda Cricket Ground in 1944. The last of those games, in 1945, saw a capacity crowd of 62,986 squeeze into the Carlton ground, which was played just weeks after the armistice with Japan was declared.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: When the Melbourne Cricket Ground was relinquished by the government in August 1946, there was great expectation in the buildup to the grand finals, and attendances were soon back to 1930s levels. In 1948, and played the first drawn grand final in history; a full replay was played the following week, which Melbourne won. The sight of thousands sitting between the fence and the boundary line was now usual at the grand final, often resulting in injuries to spectators when players collided with them. Spectators were admitted on a first-come basis, and thousands took to lining up outside the stadium from the Friday before the match to gain the best vantage point when the gates opened on the morning.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: As the Melbourne Cricket Ground was used as the main stadium for the 1956 Olympic Games, the ground was upgraded again with a new stand and extra capacity, and the 1956 Grand Final was seen as a dry run for the opening ceremony of the games two months later. Although the official capacity was 120,000, the ground could not comfortably accommodate the record crowd of 115,802. Some spectators who gained entry perched dangerously on the back fences of the grandstands and even the roof of the southern stand to get a view of the game; and in violent scenes outside the ground, at least 2,500 gained entry by mobbing gates, climbing fences or sneaking in when the Military Band arrived, while at least 20,000 more were turned away at the gate. To finally prevent a recurrence of these growing crowd management problems, the VFL introduced a pre-purchase ticketing system for the finals and grand final from 1957, and attendances hovered around the health department's revised ground capacity of 102,000 over the following years.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The 1980s saw a concerted effort by the VFL to relocate the grand final to its privately owned VFL Park, in search of a better commercial deal, but the move was ultimately blocked by the state government and the game remained at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The 1980s saw a sustained period of dominance by , which contested seven consecutive grand finals from 1983 to 1989, winning four of them. The 1989 Grand Final, a high scoring and very physical encounter in which Hawthorn defeated Geelong by six points, is considered to be one of the greatest of all time. By 1990, had lost the last eight grand finals it had played since its 1958 premiership, a streak which became known as the "Colliwobbles"; this came to an end with its victory against in the 1990 Grand Final.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Starting in the 1980s, the Victorian Football League (VFL) expanded interstate, and it was renamed the Australian Football League (AFL) in 1990. Perth-based , which joined the league in 1987, became the first non-Victorian club to both contest and win a grand final, in 1991 and 1992, respectively; and, between 1992 and 2006, non-Victorian clubs won ten out of the fifteen grand finals, with the Brisbane Lions enjoying the greatest success, with three premierships in a row between 2001 and 2003.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Since 1994, new finals systems required both grand finalists to qualify by winning a preliminary final in the previous week, ending the long-standing custom of one qualifier enjoying a bye in the week before the grand final. The third and final drawn grand final occurred in 2010 between and , with Collingwood winning the replay; extra time has since been introduced to decide drawn grand finals, but it is yet to have been required. was dominant in the early 2010s, winning three grand finals in a row between 2013 and 2015.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the scheduling of the match in 2020 and 2021, as outbreaks of the virus in Melbourne during finals precluded unrestricted travel and mass gatherings in Victoria. In 2020, when most of the league's clubs had been relocated to Queensland for the majority of the season, the grand final was played at the Gabba in Brisbane, the first time it had been played outside Victoria. It was also played at night, the first time it was not played in the afternoon time slot. The following season, it was played at Optus Stadium in Perth in a twilight timeslot.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Aside from the prestige of winning the premiership, the premiership-winning club receives four prizes: the premiership cup, the premiership flag, the E. L. Wilson Shield, and A$1.2 million in prize money.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The premiership flag is the most symbolic and longest-standing award for the clubs. It is a large, triangular pennant in league colours (navy blue fimbriated with white) and emblazoned with the league logo, the word 'premiers' and the year of the premiership. It does not feature in post-match presentations, but tradition dictates that it be ceremonially unfurled from the flagpole at the premiers' first home game of the following season. The awarding of a flag, and its ceremonial unfurling, have been tradition since the very first VFL premiership in 1897, and had been customary before that in the VFA and other sports in Victoria since around 1889. Although the flag is of lower physical importance than the cup, it retains its symbolic significance, and "the flag" is still widely used as a metonym for the premiership itself in Australian rules football parlance, including in many of the league's team songs.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The most prestigious award for supporters is the AFL premiership cup, which is presented to the captain and coach of the winning team in a ceremony after the game. Prior to the Grand Final, it is traditional for the captain of each side to hold one side of the cup in official promotional photos. The premiership cup is silver (with the exception of the 1996 cup, which was gold to commemorate the league's 100th season), and it is adorned with ribbons in the winning team's colours when presented. A new cup is manufactured each year by Cash's International at its metalworks in Frankston. The cup was first introduced in 1959 after league president Kenneth Luke sought to recreate the spectacle he had observed at England's FA Cup final; a lap of honour with the cup by the winning team has become customary since 1966. Since 2004, it has become tradition for the cup to be presented by a past legend of the winning club, with each club's potential presenter nominated ahead of the game. In 2004, the AFL allowed clubs to purchase cups based on the current design for premierships won prior to 1959.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The premier club's name is also recorded on the perpetual "E. L. Wilson Shield", which resides at AFL House. The shield, inaugurated in 1929, was named after long-serving VFL secretary Edwin Lionel Wilson. It was initially discontinued after 1978, when there was no room remaining on the shield. In 2016, it was rediscovered under a stairwell at AFL House; it was refurbished, extra space was added, and it was brought up to date. It too does not feature in the on-field presentation.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: As of 2019, the premier also receives $1.2 million in prize money, with $660k for the runners-up. Prior to its increase in 2007, the prize for the premier was only $250k, which was not even enough to cover an interstate club's participation in the finals series.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Each player from the winning team who plays in the grand final is awarded a premiership medal. For much of the league's history, premiership medals were awards made by clubs or their benefactors to the players as part of their celebrations; but since live telecasts of the game were introduced in 1977, the medal has been a league award presented in the on-field presentation following the match. Since 2002, the medals have been presented each year by 22 children selected nationwide from the Auskick junior football program.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The league-endorsed medal dating from 1977 is awarded only to the players who participate in the winning grand final team (or, in a drawn grand final team if their team won the replay). Players who do not play in the grand final itself do not receive the medal, regardless of their contribution to the club's season; this has been a point of contention, with many observers believing medals should be more broadly awarded across the premier's squad. Criteria for the club-awarded medals prior to 1977 depended on the individual clubs' decisions.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: From 1977 until 1981, runners-up medals were also presented during the post-match ceremony. This was discontinued after 1981, popularly attributed to the negative spectacle of 's Peter Moore — in his fourth losing grand final — throwing the medal on the ground shortly after receiving it.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The Norm Smith Medal is presented to the player judged best on ground in the grand final by a panel of experts. The award is named in honour of ten-time premiership player and coach Norm Smith. It was first awarded in 1979, and has come to carry great prestige as an individual prize.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The coach of the winning team receives the Jock McHale Medal, named in honour of Collingwood coach Jock McHale who coached a record eight premierships. The medal was first awarded in 2001, and it was retrospectively awarded to all premiership-winning coaches starting from 1950, the first season after McHale's retirement from coaching.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The game's leading goalkicker or goalkickers receive the Jack Collins Medal from the AFL Premiership Players' Club.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The first four Grand Finals were played at different neutral venues chosen by the league's match committee a week in advance: these were played at the St Kilda Cricket Ground (1898 and 1899), the East Melbourne Cricket Ground (1900) and the South Melbourne Cricket Ground (1901).


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Since the fifth Grand Final in 1902, after a deal was made with the Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC), the Grand Final has been played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground every season, except when it has been unavailable. Under the current agreement among the AFL, MCC and Victorian Government, the ground is contracted to host the game every year until 2059.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The match sells out every year, and routinely qualifies as the world's most attended domestic sports championship event. The capacity of the Melbourne Cricket Ground is 100,000 and tickets to the game are allocated to different membership groups. In 2019, the allocations were: 13,000 to 23,000 for AFL members, with priority given to nominated supporters of the competing clubs; 3,000 to 5,000 for AFL Medallion Club members; 34,000 divided between the members of the two competing clubs; up to 5,000 for staff, sponsors and guests of the competing clubs; up to 7,000 for staff, sponsors and guests of the non-competing clubs; 5,000 to 30,000 for corporate box, coterie and hospitality packages; and 16,000 to 26,000 for Melbourne Cricket Club members in the ground's permanently dedicated members' reserve area. Where demand outstrips supply within one of those groups, tickets are usually allocated by ballot, and must be pre-purchased at prices ranging from $155 to $422 — with the exception of MCC members who are entitled to gain free entry to the members' area on the day of the match without pre-purchase of tickets, or with pre-purchase of a $30 reserved seat.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: As the largest venue in Melbourne, long-term contracts have secured the game at the Melbourne Cricket Ground since as early as the 1930s. The VFL resented its reliance on the arrangement, as the ground's government-appointed trust fixed admission prices, and the MCC took a large portion of the gate and retained free entry privileges for its members, an entitlement it had held since 1902. In the early 1950s, Princes Park was almost upgraded to become the Olympic Stadium, which would have provided an alternative venue; but when the Melbourne Cricket Ground was upgraded instead, it remained the only ground large enough to accommodate the game.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: In the 1960s, the VFL constructed its own privately owned ground, VFL Park (later Waverley Park), to a capacity of 75,000. The league announced that it would move the grand final to VFL Park starting from 1984, and submitted plans to expand its ground's capacity to 104,500; but the upgrade was blocked by the state government, which even threatened to pass legislation requiring that the game remain at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Eventually, the VFL, MCC and Victorian government negotiated for the game to remain at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, with better terms and access privileges for VFL members.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Since the expansion of the league interstate beyond Victoria, the long-term deals at the Melbourne Cricket Ground have been criticised as unfair for non-Victorian clubs, who play fewer games at the ground and are always forced to carry the travel burden of playing in the grand final.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The grand final is conventionally played on the afternoon of the last Saturday in September: it is often referred to in popular culture as the "One day in September", which is also the name of a football song. Since the introduction of the four-term school year to Victoria in 1987, it has fallen during the spring school holiday break; and, since 2015, the 'Friday before the AFL Grand Final' has been a gazetted public holiday in Victoria.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Occasionally, the match is scheduled for the first Saturday in October, and prior to the introduction of extra time to finals in 1991, any drawn finals matches would be replayed, delaying all subsequent finals by a week and pushing the grand final into October. The earliest grand final date has been 2 September in the war-shortened 1916 season, and in the 2000 season, which was scheduled early to avoid a clash with the Sydney Olympics. The latest grand final date has been 24 October, in the 2020 season which was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Throughout its history, the grand final has remained scheduled for the traditional Saturday afternoon timeslot, most recently at 2:30pm AEST, even after night premiership football became common in the 1980s. AFL CEO Gillon McLachlan has stated that it is out of respect for tradition that the afternoon timeslot has remained, even though playing in the twilight or night timeslots would attract more lucrative television deals. Only the two grand finals played outside Victoria strayed from this, each being played in the east coast night timeslot: the pandemic-delayed 2020 grand final, to avoid a broadcasting clash with the Cox Plate; and the 2021 grand final in Perth, which would have needed an impractically early 12:30pm local start to meet the traditional timeslot.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Until the 2015 season, a drawn grand final would be replayed the following Saturday to determine the premier. This occurred on three occasions: in 1948, 1977 and 2010.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The provision to play extra time in the event of a draw was introduced in 2016, ensuring that future grand finals will always be decided on the scheduled day. In the event of a drawn game, the teams will play two extra time periods in full, each lasting three minutes plus time on, with a change of ends after the first period: if still tied, further pairs of extra time periods will be played in the same manner until a winner is determined. From 2016 to 2019, the periods were to have lasted five minutes plus time on, with a third untimed period of golden point extra time to have been played if the game remained tied after the first two periods. As of 2022, extra time has not yet been required to decide a grand final.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Since 1977, a grand final parade featuring the players from each team has been held around midday on the Friday before each grand final. The players have in the past appeared on parade floats; in recent times it has become a motorcade of open-top vehicles, weather permitting. From its inception until 2014, the parade was based in the Melbourne city centre, usually proceeding along St Kilda Road, Swanston Street, Collins Street and ending at the steps of the Old Treasury Building. Since 2015, when the day of the parade became a public holiday and city office buildings became largely vacant on the day, the parade now begins at the Old Treasury Building, and heads down Spring Street and Wellington Parade, ending within Yarra Park outside the Melbourne Cricket Ground. In 2022, part of the parade saw the teams travel down the Yarra River on boats.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: In the city centre, a parade featuring two Victorian teams in fine weather would generally attract in excess of 100,000 fans; attendances would be lower in inclement weather or in the absence of Victorian clubs. On the first public holiday parade in 2015, a record 150,000 spectators attended.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The North Melbourne Grand Final Breakfast has been held annually since 1967 on the morning of the grand final. It is a corporate-style breakfast event, featuring keynote speakers and guests including prime ministers, state premiers and football celebrities. It is the most well-known corporate hospitality event associated with the grand final, and it rose to prominence in the 1970s when it was first televised across Victoria, and was endorsed by the VFL as the official pre-match function. Since then, the event has grown into a significant money raiser for the North Melbourne Football Club. Today, the breakfast is broadcast live on Fox Footy.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Since the match was televised live in the late 1970s, many big Australian and international music stars have performed on the ground as part of pre-match, or occasionally half-time, entertainment. The pre-match entertainment has at times been criticised as uninspiring; and two performances in particular — Angry Anderson in 1991 and Meat Loaf in 2011 — are routinely mocked for the poor performances of the artists. Since 2012, the main pre-match/half-time entertainer has also performed a post-match entertainment set on the arena after the presentations and player celebrations have concluded, which is free and open to the general public.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The pre-match entertainment frequently features traditional football and Australian songs performed live, including "Up There Cazaly", "One Day in September", "That's the Thing About Football", "Holy Grail", "Waltzing Matilda" and the competing teams' club songs. Each year, a motorcade is staged, in which players who have retired since the previous grand final are given a lap of honour in open top cars.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Curtain raiser matches are played on the main arena prior to the musical entertainment. Since 2008, this has been an under-16s or under-17s match, presently an exhibition match among the country's top under-17s players known as the All-Stars Futures match. Previously, the grand finals of the VFL/AFL reserves (1919–1999), VFL/AFL under-19s (from 1962 to 1991), and the Victorian statewide under-18s (from 1992 until 2007) were usually scheduled as one or two curtain raisers — although sometimes a drawn final and replay meant that a minor grade preliminary final, or no final at all, would be available as curtain raiser.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: After the teams enter the arena, each team lines up for a team photograph on the ground. The national anthem is performed live when the teams and umpires are lined up on the wing.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: As part of the on-field entertainment, a sprint running race known as the AFL Grand Final Sprint is held on the field during half time among players who are not taking part in the game. This was first established in 1979 and held each year until 1987 (except 1986) before being discontinued. It was re-established in 2002 and has been held each year since.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: From as early as the 1940s until the 1980s, the long-standing soccer custom of opponents exchanging guernseys after the match was sometimes observed. This most infamously meant that photographs of St Kilda celebrating its only premiership in 1966 featured captain Darrel Baldock hoisting the trophy wearing a Collingwood guernsey; St Kilda later doctored the photo to put him back in a St Kilda guernsey in murals and promotional material it created with the image. The VFL banned the captains from swapping guernseys after 1966, and the custom eventually fell out of vogue altogether. Decades later, long-retired players often handed the guernseys back to their original wearers.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: A premiership poster, generally showing a caricature of the winning club's mascot smiling gleefully, is produced and available for purchase after the match through the "Herald Sun" newspaper each year. First drawn in 1954 by "The Herald" cartoonist William Ellis Green, and since his death in 2008 by "Herald Sun" cartoonist Mark Knight, the posters are extremely popular with fans and collectors and sell over 100,000 copies each year.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The grand final is one of the most-watched television events of the year in Australia. Since the introduction of the current OzTAM ratings system in 2001, the match has been the highest-rated program of the year four times across metropolitan audiences (2007, 2014, 2015 and 2017); and the post-game ceremony was the highest-rated program twice (2016 and 2018). The worldwide audience has grown substantially, with broadcasts being televised into 72 countries for an estimated audience of around 30 million.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: When television was first introduced to Australia in 1956, the VFL was reluctant to broadcast the grand final into Victoria, fearful that crowd numbers would be affected. The grand final was first shown on television in 1961, shown as a replay starting an hour after the game itself had finished. Live telecasts were first allowed in Victoria in 1977, although live broadcasts interstate were permitted before that. The match has been broadcast live in colour into Victoria since that date, and consistently in high definition since 2015, by the following networks:


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The grand final is covered by anti-siphoning laws, ensuring it remains on free-to-air television in Australia.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: Some archival and newsreel footage for segments of grand finals prior to 1961 still exist, and video from the 1909 grand final is the earliest known surviving Australian football footage.


title: AFL Grand Final

text: The AFL grand final is televised into many countries, and grand final parties are held around the world.


title: Register-transfer level

text: In digital circuit design, register-transfer level (RTL) is a design abstraction which models a synchronous digital circuit in terms of the flow of digital signals (data) between hardware registers, and the logical operations performed on those signals.


title: Register-transfer level

text: Register-transfer-level abstraction is used in hardware description languages (HDLs) like Verilog and VHDL to create high-level representations of a circuit, from which lower-level representations and ultimately actual wiring can be derived. Design at the RTL level is typical practice in modern digital design.


title: Register-transfer level

text: Unlike in software compiler design, where the register-transfer level is an intermediate representation and at the lowest level, the RTL level is the usual input that circuit designers operate on. In fact, in circuit synthesis, an intermediate language between the input register transfer level representation and the target netlist is sometimes used. Unlike in netlist, constructs such as cells, functions, and multi-bit registers are available. Examples include FIRRTL and RTLIL.


title: Register-transfer level

text: A synchronous circuit consists of two kinds of elements: registers (Sequential logic) and combinational logic. Registers (usually implemented as D flip-flops) synchronize the circuit's operation to the edges of the clock signal, and are the only elements in the circuit that have memory properties. Combinational logic performs all the logical functions in the circuit and it typically consists of logic gates.


title: Register-transfer level

text: For example, a very simple synchronous circuit is shown in the figure. The inverter is connected from the output, Q, of a register to the register's input, D, to create a circuit that changes its state on each rising edge of the clock, clk. In this circuit, the combinational logic consists of the inverter.


title: Register-transfer level

text: When designing digital integrated circuits with a hardware description language (HDL), the designs are usually engineered at a higher level of abstraction than transistor level (logic families) or logic gate level. In HDLs the designer declares the registers (which roughly correspond to variables in computer programming languages), and describes the combinational logic by using constructs that are familiar from programming languages such as if-then-else and arithmetic operations. This level is called "register-transfer level". The term refers to the fact that RTL focuses on describing the flow of signals between registers.


title: Register-transfer level

text: Using an EDA tool for synthesis, this description can usually be directly translated to an equivalent hardware implementation file for an ASIC or an FPGA. The synthesis tool also performs logic optimization.


title: Register-transfer level

text: At the register-transfer level, some types of circuits can be recognized. If there is a cyclic path of logic from a register's output to its input (or from a set of registers outputs to its inputs), the circuit is called a state machine or can be said to be sequential logic. If there are logic paths from a register to another without a cycle, it is called a pipeline.


title: Register-transfer level

text: An RTL description is usually converted to a gate-level description of the circuit by a logic synthesis tool. The synthesis results are then used by placement and routing tools to create a physical layout.


title: Register-transfer level

text: The most accurate power analysis tools are available for the circuit level but unfortunately, even with switch- rather than device-level modelling, tools at the circuit level have disadvantages like they are either too slow or require too much memory thus inhibiting large chip handling. The majority of these are simulators like SPICE and have been used by the designers for many years as performance analysis tools. Due to these disadvantages, gate-level power estimation tools have begun to gain some acceptance where faster, probabilistic techniques have begun to gain a foothold. But it also has its trade off as speedup is achieved on the cost of accuracy, especially in the presence of correlated signals. Over the years it has been realized that biggest wins in low power design cannot come from circuit- and gate-level optimizations whereas architecture, system, and algorithm optimizations tend to have the largest impact on power consumption. Therefore, there has been a shift in the incline of the tool developers towards high-level analysis and optimization tools for power.


title: Register-transfer level

text: It is well known that more significant power reductions are possible if optimizations are made on levels of abstraction, like the architectural and algorithmic level, which are higher than the circuit or gate level This provides the required motivation for the developers to focus on the development of new architectural level power analysis tools. This in no way implies that lower level tools are unimportant. Instead, each layer of tools provides a foundation upon which the next level can be built. The abstractions of the estimation techniques at a lower level can be used on a higher level with slight modifications.


title: Register-transfer level

text: It is a technique based on the concept of gate equivalents. The complexity of a chip architecture can be described approximately in terms of gate equivalents where gate equivalent count specifies the average number of reference gates that are required to implement the particular function. The total power required for the particular function is estimated by multiplying the approximated number of gate equivalents with the average power consumed per gate. The reference gate can be any gate e.g. 2-input NAND gate.


title: Register-transfer level

text: This technique further customizes the power estimation of various functional blocks by having separate power model for logic, memory, and interconnect suggesting a power factor approximation (PFA) method for individually characterizing an entire library of functional blocks such as multipliers, adders, etc. instead of a single gate-equivalent model for “logic” blocks.


title: Register-transfer level

text: Where K is PFA proportionality constant that characterizes the i functional element formula_1 is the measure of hardware complexity, and formula_2 denotes the activation frequency.


title: Register-transfer level

text: G denoting the hardware complexity of the multiplier is related to the square of the input word length i.e. N where N is the word length. The activation frequency is the rate at which multiplies are performed by the algorithm denoted by formula_3 and the PFA constant, formula_4, is extracted empirically from past multiplier designs and shown to be about 15 fW/bit2-Hz for a 1.2 µm technology at 5V.


title: Register-transfer level

text: The estimation error (relative to switch-level simulation) for a 16x16 multiplier is experimented and it is observed that when the dynamic range of the inputs does not fully occupy the word length of the multiplier, the UWN model becomes extremely inaccurate. Granted, good designers attempt to maximize word length utilization. Still, errors in the range of 50-100% are not uncommon. The figure clearly suggests a flaw in the UWN model.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: The Junior Basketball Association (JBA) was an American basketball league that intended to be an alternative to the NCAA by allowing high school and junior college players to immediately play professionally. The league was first announced in December 2017 by LaVar Ball and was said to be fully funded by Ball's sports apparel company, Big Baller Brand. The JBA existed for just one season in 2018, featuring eight teams from major US cities.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: While the league has not formally folded, no future seasons have been announced. The JBA faced criticism from within for failing to honor its contracts and pay its players and is widely seen as having been created solely as a platform for LaVar Ball's sons, disregarding the futures and livelihoods of the sixty other players in the competition. With the discontinuation of the league, former JBA players were left without a job and their brief $3,000 per month income removed their eligibility for NCAA basketball scholarships.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: On December 20, 2017, "SLAM" magazine had first reported on the formation of the Junior Basketball Association after being sent a statement from LaVar Ball, the chief executive officer (CEO) of Big Baller Brand and father to Chicago Bulls player Lonzo Ball and his brothers, LiAngelo and LaMelo Ball. According to Ball, his decision to launch the league was prompted by comments from Mark Emmert, president of the NCAA. Earlier in the month, Emmert had remarked on LiAngelo's departure from UCLA following a shoplifting arrest in China: "Is this a part of someone being part of your university as a student-athlete or is it about using college athletics to prepare yourself to be a pro? If it's the latter, you shouldn't be there in the first place."


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: The JBA was established as an alternative route for top amateur players to play professionally without having to compete at the college level for no money. As of the 2018 season, each player earns $3,000 per month, and 60 percent of their jersey sales, in addition to other endorsement deals. The JBA is fully funded by Big Baller Brand, and players are required to wear the brand's merchandise. The league was expected to pay for travel, food, and lodging expenses, although the source of its finances was not disclosed. Its official logo features LaVar Ball's son Lonzo.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: On February 2, 2018, it was revealed that the JBA had directly messaged about 80 blue-chip high school basketball players through Twitter about potentially joining its league, with a vast majority declining the offer and none of them ultimately accepting. The league appointed former National Basketball Association (NBA) players Ed O'Bannon and Earl Watson, along with Lonzo Ball, to its advisory board and selection committee for choosing players who will compete in the league. In its inaugural tryouts, the JBA most notably signed Greg Floyd Jr., a four-star recruit from Las Vegas, and Kezo Brown, a Chicago native and former three-star point guard for Simeon Career Academy. The founder's youngest son LaMelo, a former five-star recruit with professional experience, also joined, being labeled by the league as its "marquee player."


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: Near the halfway mark of the 2018 JBA season, LaMelo's older brother LiAngelo Ball joined the league after previously stating that he would not participate.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: The JBA was made up of eight teams, with up to 10 players on each roster. The league only allowed players between the ages of 16 and 21 and accepts graduating seniors or students working towards a General Educational Development (GED), with rare exceptions being included. All teams featured players primarily handpicked from tryouts held before the season. According to the league, players who fail to play professional basketball would be able to work for Big Baller Brand.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: The 2018 JBA season included an All-Star Game, playoffs, and finals. The regular season included eight games per team, with games taking place in venues across the United States. The champions of the inaugural season, the Los Angeles Ballers, were given Cadillac ATS vehicles as a reward from the league. Following an eight-team playoffs tournament, which concluded in August, the league scheduled a 28-game international tour from September to December 2018 in which its top players would face several European and Asian professional teams.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: Through the 2018 season, the JBA aired games through Facebook Live with Allen Bell from the "AB the HERO" YouTube channel and Brandon Williams from "Fresh Sports Talk" as the broadcasters for each game.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: Shortly after JBA was announced in December 2017, Mike Golic of ESPN was among those who expressed doubts about the league's future. The "Niagara Gazette" considered the league as "ambitious, but not original." On the other hand, "The Root" considered Ball's idea "genius," and "Salon" believed that the JBA could "force NCAA reform." Lonzo Ball, son of the JBA's founder, suggested that he would have preferred the JBA over college basketball had that option been around at the time. During the 2018 JBA season, multiple NBA players commented on the league, including CJ McCollum and Metta World Peace. In addition, Trae Young of the Atlanta Hawks attended a JBA game in Las Vegas.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: JBA tickets, which cost $99 for courtside seats, $59 for center court, and $40 for above center court, were criticized as "unreasonably expensive" by the "USA Today" website For the Win. The website also labeled JBA ticket sales as "comically abysmal," with over 90 percent of seats still being available less than three weeks before the season opener. The "New York Post" wrote, "In what should come a surprise to no one, LaVar Ball is struggling to find an audience with his newly launched Junior Basketball Association."


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: On August 16, 2018, Brandon Phillips, who was cut by the Los Angeles Ballers in the middle of the season to make way for LiAngelo Ball, alleged that he was only paid one-third of his promised salary while having to pay for travel costs. He later expressed regret for giving up his college basketball eligibility for a single paycheck of $1,000.


title: Junior Basketball Association

text: Although the players were promised the proceeds of 60% of their jersey sales, no retail versions of JBA jerseys were ever produced or put on sale to the public.


title: PocketStation

text: The PocketStation is a memory card peripheral by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation home video game console. Categorized by Sony as a combination of a Memory Card and a miniature personal digital assistant, the device features a monochrome liquid crystal display (LCD), infrared communication capability, a real-time clock, built-in flash memory, and sound capability. To use the device's memory card functionality, it must be connected to a PlayStation through a memory card slot. It was released exclusively in Japan on January 23, 1999.


title: PocketStation

text: Software for the PocketStation was typically distributed as extras for PlayStation games, included in the CD-ROM, enhancing the games with added features. Stand-alone software could also be downloaded through the PlayStation console. The software is then transferred to the PocketStation for use. A built-in infrared data interface allows direct transfer of data such as game saves between PocketStation units, as well as multiplayer gaming.


title: PocketStation

text: The original Japanese ship date for the PocketStation was set for December 23, 1998, but it was delayed a full month. Sony only shipped an initial 60,000 units of the peripheral when it was released on January 23, 1999. It was initially available in two case colors: white and clear. It proved extremely popular, selling out all over the region. Sony planned to release the PocketStation outside Japan, engaging in promotional activity in Europe and North America, but the release did not occur. SCEA cited an inability meeting Japanese demand as the reason for the PocketStation's absence. Despite this, a few games, such as "Final Fantasy VIII" and "SaGa Frontier 2", retained PocketStation functionality in their localized versions.


title: PocketStation

text: The PocketStation's most popular game was "Dokodemo Issho", which sold over 1.5 million copies in Japan and is the first game to star Sony's mascot Toro. The PocketStation was discontinued in July 2002 after having shipped nearly five million units.


title: PocketStation

text: On November 5, 2013, it was announced that the PocketStation would be revived as an application for the PlayStation Vita, allowing users to play PocketStation format minigames for any classic PlayStation games that they own. Originally only available to PlayStation Plus members, it was later released to the general public. It remains an exclusive to the Japanese PlayStation Vitas.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: The Buick Park Avenue is a full-size luxury car built by Buick. The nameplate was first used in 1975 for an appearance option package on the Electra 225 Limited. It became an Electra trim level in 1978 and its own model starting in the 1991 model year after the Electra was discontinued.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: There were two generations of the Park Avenue that were manufactured in the United States until 2005. In 2007, the nameplate was revived on a large Buick sedan built by Shanghai GM for the Chinese market based on the Holden Caprice from the WM/WN range. The nameplate is derived from the affluent New York City boulevard, Park Avenue.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: Park Avenue first appeared as an appearance package on the 1975 Buick Electra Limited. It included similar seats to the Cadillac Sixty Special, optional full center console, Buick 455ci V8, posi-traction, 15" rallye sport wheels, rear automatic leveling, optional leather, optional Air Cushion Restraint System, remote mirror with thermometer, and automatic climate control. The 1976 cars were largely the same except for some styling revisions and added emissions systems.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: Park Avenue, previously an appearance option package, became an official trim level on the Electra in 1978. Cosmetically, a different grille and redesigned tail lights were the only notable cosmetic changes that year but 1979 brought a redesigned, flat front end and a subtly different taillight treatment featuring a Buick crest and bisecting horizontal silver line. A more extensive redesign occurred for the 1980 model year.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: Park Avenue remained the top trim on the Buick Electra, it was redesigned along with the rest of the Electra line up moving to the front wheel drive GM C-Body. It featured upgraded upholstery/seating, premium sound, optional leather, and standard Buick 3800 V6. The coupe version was discontinued in 1987. For 1989, Buick introduced the Park Avenue Ultra trim level. The Ultra was essentially an upgrade to the Electra Park Avenue line, and featured a standard leather interior with dual 20-way power front seats (shared with Cadillac's restyled 1989 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special), lower-body accent exterior paint treatment, distinctive thick-padded vinyl top with limousine-style rear-window surround (available only on Ultra), simulated burled elm trim on the doors and instrument panel, unique aluminum wheels, anti-lock brakes, chromed B-pillar moldings, specific grille and tail lamps, leather-wrapped steering wheel, electronic instrumentation, padded glove-compartment door, unique interior door panel trim, and a variety of otherwise minor changes. With its long list of standard equipment, the Park Avenue Ultra carried a higher base price than Cadillac's Sedan de Ville. The Park Avenue Ultra did not gain much popular recognition, however, until the following generation of Park Avenue where the "Ultra" badge offered even more features.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: The Buick Park Avenue Essence was a concept car designed and engineered by the Buick division of General Motors to showcase advanced technology and styling. First shown in 1989 in a light green metallic color, the Essence made rounds through the auto show circuits later in a light white. Inside the Essence was a wide, sweeping instrument panel that housed a prototype Delco Navicar navigation system among other innovations. Smooth, graceful body lines forecast the eventual production Park Avenue, introduced in 1990. The Essence was powered by the then-new 165 hp version of Buick's 3800 OHV V6 engine.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: The 1991 Park Avenue, introduced in July 1990, used GM's C platform and was previewed by the 1989 Park Avenue Essence show car. With its large grille, rounded lines, and full-width tail lamps, the Park Avenue's styling cues made their way to subsequent Buick models restyled in the 1990s.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: The Park Avenue was Buick's largest front wheel drive sedan, but the even larger rear wheel drive Roadmaster returned to the line in 1991 for the station wagon and 1992 for the sedan. The largest Buick was the Roadmaster; its Park Avenue trim was the most luxurious and considered the flagship of the marque.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: This generation saw the installation of Dynaride, which was an air compressor that would pressurize the rear Chapman Struts to maintain a level overall ride height. A badge was installed on the dashboard to the left of the steering column on all vehicles equipped. It was not available on vehicles equipped with Gran Touring Suspension.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: The base model Park Avenue came with a 3.8 L naturally-aspirated V6 engine and plush velour interior upgradeable to leather. Starting in 1992, the "Ultra" came with a 3.8 L Supercharged V6 engine and standard leather interior. The Park Avenue received various exterior and interior cosmetic changes, as well as powertrain updates, during this run. Some of the new options and features added to the first generation included driver (and later passenger) airbags, dual zone climate control, traction control, and variable-effort steering (Ultra only).


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: The Park Avenue was available in Europe from 1991 until 1996 and varied from the North American version by featuring a truncated taillamps with separate amber turn signal indicators and red brake lamps, wider numberplate bezel, fitment of rear red fog lamps, headlamps with different lens pattern, white front side running markers, amber front turn signal indicators, side turn signal repeaters, "flagpole" external rear-view mirrors (mirrors on US version are fixed and do not turn), stronger seat belt and anchors, "softer" air bags, metric speedometer and gauges. They are to comply with the European regulatory and safety standards. This generation of the Park Avenue was the last Buick to be officially marketed by GM in Europe. This move was to reduce the "cluttered" model range that confused the European consumers. After 1996, Cadillac and Chevrolet remained the sole General Motors North American brands to be sold in Europe.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: An updated Park Avenue was released in October 1996 as a 1997 model and was now built on GM's G platform; however GM chose to continue to refer to it as the C platform, but was stronger and more substantial than its predecessor. This new generation was powered by updated Series II variants of the 3800 and as before, only Ultra models were supercharged. The base trim featured a hood ornament while the Ultra had a less conspicuous tri-shield inset on the upper edge of the grille. The base Park Avenue was the last USDM Buick to carry a factory hood ornament.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: For 2001, the base model's cloth interior was dropped as an option in favor of now standard leather trim. Ultrasonic rear park assist was a new option that year as well. For 2003, trademark Buick "Ventiports" returned on the Park Avenue Ultra along with a bolder grille that carried a larger monochromatic tri-shield badge in the center. New 17 inch wheels, a revised interior and revised instrument cluster were changed for the 2003 model year on the Ultra.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: For 2005, the final model year in North America, base Park Avenues received a revised grille, and the previously Ultra-exclusive Ventiports. Also, the rear fascia was redone across the model line with a prominent chrome bar above the license plate holder with an embossed "Park Avenue" script and amber turn signal flashers.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: The last 3,000 of 7,000 Park Avenues carried Special Edition badging that featured the namesake script underneath a silhouette of the New York City skyline. 300 of these were painted with a special two-tone black-on-platinum finish. Production ended on June 18, 2004. The Park Avenue was discontinued after 2005 in the North American market and was replaced in 2006 by the Buick Lucerne.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: In April 2007, General Motors reintroduced the Park Avenue nameplate in China on a luxury sedan that replaced the Buick Royaum. Like its predecessor, the vehicle is based on the Australian-built Holden Caprice (this time on the contemporary WM/WN generation), though, unlike the Royaum, it was assembled by Shanghai GM from CKD kits shipped from Holden's Elizabeth factory in South Australia. It is offered in five trim levels: 舒适型 (Comfort), 精英型 (Elite), 豪华型 (Luxury - 2.8 only), 旗舰型 (Flagship) and 旗舰版 (Ultimate - 2010 only)


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: The Park Avenue was powered by Australian-built versions of the GM High Feature engine. The standard engines were the 2.8 L "LP1" and the 3.6 L "LY7" engine available as an option on the Elite and Flagship models from 2007 to 2009. The engine control unit is a Bosch E77 32-bit ECM processor.


title: Buick Park Avenue

text: In 2010, only one engine option was offered, a 3 L SIDI (251 bhp) replacing the old 2.8 V6 and 3.6 V6 due to fuel consumption with the 2.8 litre engine rated at 11.4 litres per 100 kilometres (20.6 MPG US) and the 3.6 litre engine rated 11.6 litres per 100 kilometres (20.3 MPG US) respectively. The 3 litre engine was rated 10.9 litres per 100 kilometres (21.6 MPG US). The third-generation Park Avenue remained a China exclusive and was never offered by Buick in North America. A version of the car did eventually see release in the US market as the stripped down, rebadged Chevrolet Caprice PPV (Police Patrol Vehicle).


title: Shmee150

text: Tim Burton (born 17 September 1987), known professionally as Shmee150 or Shmee, is a British car vlogger and YouTuber, who is based in London. His YouTube channel has over two million subscribers and features videos of him traveling to see exotic cars and maintaining and using his own car collection.


title: Shmee150

text: Burton was born on 17 September 1987. He left school after he passed his A Levels around 2005. Before becoming a car vlogger, he owned an electronics web store, which he sold to become a ski instructor in New Zealand. When he returned to the UK after a fall, he initially started to study, but stopped a few weeks later. Subsequently, he got a job as part of the technology team at an investment consultancy firm in the City of London. He started posting pictures of special cars he spotted on his Facebook page and on online forums beginning in 2008 as a hobby. Burton uploaded his first video on YouTube on his Shmee150 channel in January 2010. It featured two supercars at a "Top Gear" event. He did not appear in the camera frame in his first videos, instead capturing special cars.


title: Shmee150

text: His online following started out small, but began to grow over the next years, causing him to leave his other job a few years after his first video. In 2016, a book written by Burton called "Living the Supercar Dream" was published by Blink Publishing about his trips and experiences. He also started to accumulate a car collection. His first car had been a Renault Clio, and his first sports car was an Aston Martin Vantage. His former cars include three McLarens, a Ferrari FF, a Porsche 911 GT3, a classic Mini, and a Morgan 3-Wheeler Currently, he owns about 15 cars, amongst them a Zenvo TSR-S, Ford GT, a McLaren Senna, an Aston Martin Vantage GT8, a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Black Series, a Mercedes-Benz AMG GT Black Series, a Lamborghini Huracan STO and a McLaren 675LT Spider. He has also purchased a Lotus Emira a Morgan Super 3 and a Ferrari SF90 Stradale, both awaiting delivery at 2023.


title: Shmee150

text: Burton has over two million subscribers on his YouTube channel, with an audience that is around 95% male and largely between 25 and 45. Part of his income is earned through advertisements during his videos and on his social media, but Burton also generates revenue through merchandise, sponsorships, and consultancy for car brands. He uploads several videos per week and vlogs about using and maintaining his car collection and about his road trips and travels. During his trips Burton visits press launches, special and rare cars, and other car collections.


title: Sailor Jerry

text: Norman Keith Collins (January 14, 1911 – June 12, 1973), known popularly as Sailor Jerry, was a prominent American tattoo artist in Hawaii who was well known for his sailor tattoos.


title: Sailor Jerry

text: Norman Keith Collins was born on January 14, 1911, in Reno but grew up in Northern California. As a child he hopped freight trains across the country and learned tattooing from a man named "Big Mike" from Palmer, Alaska, originally using the hand-pricking method. In the late 1920s he met Tatts Thomas from Chicago who taught him how to use a tattoo machine. He practiced on drunks brought in from Skid Row. He later sailed the Pacific Ocean before settling in Hawaii in the 1930s.


title: Sailor Jerry

text: At age 19, Collins enlisted in the United States Navy. During his subsequent travels at sea, he was exposed to the art and imagery of Southeast Asia. During his career as a tattoo artist, he worked as a licensed skipper of a large three-masted schooner, on which he conducted tours of the Hawaiian islands.


title: Sailor Jerry

text: In addition to sailing and tattooing, he played the saxophone in his own dance band and frequently hosted his own radio show, where he was known as "Old Ironsides".


title: Sailor Jerry

text: Sailor Jerry made significant contributions to the art of tattooing. He expanded the array of colors available by developing his own pigments. He created custom needle formations that embedded pigment with much less trauma to the skin. He became one of the first artists to utilize single-use needles. His tattoo studio was one of the first to use an autoclave to sterilize equipment.


title: Sailor Jerry

text: Collin's last studio was at 1033 Smith Street in Honolulu's Chinatown, then the only place on the island where tattoo studios were located.


title: Sailor Jerry

text: Sailor Jerry wanted at least one of three protégés/friends – Ed Hardy, Mike Malone, or Zeke Owen – to take over his shop (or else burn it) when he died.


title: Sailor Jerry

text: Since 2015, an annual independently produced event now takes place in Hawaii every June called the "Sailor Jerry Festival" to honor Collins's legacy and Chinatown roots on Oahu. The multi-venue event includes live music, DJ's, cabaret performances, an art show - featured artists have included Sailor Jerry's great-grand niece Madison Thomas, local artists, and Masami Teraoka, movie screenings, a pin-up fashion show – where models wear outfits designed from Sailor Jerry flash, neighborhood tours, and tattoos available at three area shops, including Sailor Jerry's last location.


title: Sailor Jerry

text: A portion of the proceeds from the event is donated every year to the Collins family by the festival founder (Jason Miller of 808shows.com/Hawaiian Express Records) and his co-host 'Josh86' (a popular musician and entrepreneur).


title: Sailor Jerry

text: In 1999, Ed Hardy and Mike Malone partnered with Steven Grasse from the Philadelphia-based creative agency, Quaker City Mercantile, to establish Sailor Jerry Ltd. The limited company, which owns the commercial rights to Collins' letters, art, and flash (tattoos), uses his designs on clothing and items such as ash trays, sneakers, playing cards, churchkeys and shot glasses. As an anti-sweatshop company, Sailor Jerry Ltd. produces nearly all its items in the United States and sells them from the company's web site. The company also showcases rising talents within the Tattoo industry in its "Artist Series" which it describes as a way to "keep Sailor Jerry's legacy alive and kicking".