title: Ethnomusicology

text: Music rarely remains stable in contexts of social change -- "culture contact" causes music to be altered to whatever new culture it has come in contact with. In this way, minority communities can internalize the outside world through music—a kind of sense-making. They become able to deal with and control a foreign world on their own (musical) terms. Indeed, such integration of musical difference is an integral aspect of the creation of a musical identity, which can be seen in Seeger's description of the Brazilian Suya, who took music from an outside culture and made it their own as an "assertion of identity in a multi-ethnic social situation." In addition, consider the development of East Indian culture. Many of the trademarks of East Indian society, such as the caste system and the Bhojpuri form of the Hindi language, are becoming obsolete, which erodes their concept of ethnic identity. In light of these conditions, music has begun to play an unprecedented role in the concept of East Indian ethnic identity Music can also play a transformative part in the formation of the identities of urban and migrant communities, which can be seen in the diverse and distinct musical cultures in the melting pot of communities in the US. In the case of colonialism, the colonizer and the colonized end up repeatedly exchanging musical ideas. For instance, in the Spanish colonization of the indigenous Native Americans, the resulting "mestizo" music reflects the intersection of these two culture spheres, and even gave way to new modes of musical expression bearing aspects of both cultures.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: Ethnicities and class identities have a complicated relationship. Class can be seen as the relative control a group has over economic (relating to means of production), cultural, political, and social assets in various social areas. In the case of migrant communities, the divide between the concepts of ethnicity and class blur (for instance, one ethnic group/class level provides cheap labor for the other, such as in the case of Latinx Mexican immigrants performing cheap farming labor for White Americans). This blurring can also be seen in Zimbabwe, where White settlers determined a hierarchical social order divided by ethnicity: Blacks, others "coloureds," Asians, and Whites (who were at the top of the hierarchy). The concept of "geographical heritage" (where one cannot change where one's ancestors come from) contributed to this concept of immutability of this constructed hierarchy; White settlers enforced the ranks of this hierarchy through their definition of how "civilized" each ethnic group was (Whites being the most civilized).


title: Ethnomusicology

text: However, one cannot simply match a class with a single musical style, as musical styles reflect the complex and often contradictory aspects of the society as a whole. Marxist subcultural theory proposes that subcultures borrow and alter traits from the dominant culture to create a newly diverse range of available traits where the signs of the dominant culture remain, but are now part of a new and simultaneously subversive whole. In fact, ethnicities are similar to classes in many ways. They are often either defined or excluded based on the rules of the dominant classificatory system of the society. Thus, ethnic minorities are forced to figure out how to create their own identities within the control of the dominant classifications. Ethnic minorities can also use music in order to resist and protest the dominant group. This can be seen in European Jews, African Americans, Malaysian-Chinese, and even in the Indonesian-Chinese, who expressed resistance through Chinese theater performances.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: Scholars have characterized medical ethnomusicology as "a new field of integrative research and applied practice that explores holistically the roles of music and sound phenomena and related praxes in any cultural and clinical context of health and healing". Medical ethnomusicology often focuses specifically on music and its effect on the biological, psychological, social, emotional, and spiritual realms of health. In this regard, medical ethnomusicologists have found applications of music to combat a broad range of health issues; music has found usage in the treatment of autism, dementia, AIDS and HIV, while also finding use in social and spiritual contexts through the restoration of community and the role of music in prayer and meditation. Recent studies have also shown how music can help to alter mood and serve as cognitive therapy.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: Many universities around the world offer ethnomusicology classes and act as centers for ethnomusicological research by the Society of Ethnomusicology lists some graduate and undergraduate degree-granting programs.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: Ethnomusicology has been referenced in popular media on occasion. The movie Songcatcher is loosely based on the work of an early ethnomusicologist.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: The definition of ethnochoreology stands to have many similarities with the current way of studying of ethnomusicology. With ethnochoreology's roots in anthropology taken into account, and by the way that it is studied in the field, dance is most accurately defined and studied within this academic circle as two parts: as "an integral part of a network of social events" and "as a part of a system of knowledge and belief, social behavior and aesthetic norms and values". That is, the study of dance in its performance aspects—the physical movements, costumes, stages, performers, and accompanied sound- along with the social context and uses within the society where it takes place.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: Because of its growth alongside ethnomusicology, the beginning of ethnochoreology also had a focus on the comparative side of things, where the focus was on classifying different styles based on the movements used and the geographical location in a way not dissimilar to Lomax. This is best shown in "Benesh Notation and Ethnochoreology" in 1967 which was published in the ethnomusicology journal, where Hall advocates using the Benesh notation as a way of documenting dance styles so that it is "possible to compare styles and techniques in detail — even 'schools' within one style — and individual variations in execution from dancer to dancer."


title: Ethnomusicology

text: In the seventies and eighties, like with ethnomusicology, ethnochoreology had a focus on a very specific communicative type of "folklore music" performed by small groups and the context and performance aspects of dance were studied and emphasized to be a part of a whole "folkloric dance" that needed to be preserved. This was influenced by the same human centered "thick description" way of study that had moved into ethnomusicology. However, at this time, the sound and dance aspects of the performances studied were still studied and analyzed a bit separately from the context and social aspects of the culture around the dance.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: Beginning in the mid eighties, there has been a reflexively interpretive way of writing about dance in culture that is more conscious of the impact of the scholar within the field and how it affects the culture and its relationship with the dance that the scholar is looking into. For example, because most scholars until this point were searching for the most "authentic" folk, there was a lack of study on individual performers, popular dances, and dances of subgroups groups within a culture such as women, youth, and members of the LGBT community. In contrast, this newer wave of study wanted a more open study of dance within a culture. Additionally, there was a shift for a more mutual give and take between the scholar and the subjects, who in field work, also assist the scholars as teachers and informants.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: Although there are many similarities between ethnochoreology and ethnomusicology, there is a large difference between the current geographical scope of released studies. For example, from the beginning of ethnomusicology, there was a large focus on African and Asian musics, due to them seeming to have the most deviation from their norm while ethnochoreology, also beginning in Europe, has long had extensive studies of the Eastern European "folk dances" with relatively little of African and Asian dances, however American studies have delved into Native American and Southeast Asian dance. However, the very basis of this being a difference could be challenged on the basis that many European ethnomusicological and ethnochoreological studies have been done on the "home" folk music and dance in the name of nationalism.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: , beginning in 1962 as a Folk Dance Commission before giving itself its current name in the early seventies. With the objectives of promoting research, documentation, and interdisciplinary study of dance; providing a forum for cooperation among scholars and students of ethnochoreology by means of international meetings, publications, and correspondence; and contributing to cultural and societal understandings of humanity through the lens of dance, the Study Group meets biennially for a conference.


title: Ethnomusicology

text: The , CORD for short, currently known as the Dance Studies Association (DSA) after merging with the Society of Dance History Scholars began 1964. CORD's purposes are stated to be to encourage research in all aspects of dance and related fields;to foster the exchange of ideas, resources, and methodologies through publications, international and regional conferences and workshops; and to promote the accessibility of research materials. CORD publishes a peer-reviewed scholarly journal known as, The Dance Research Journal, twice annually.


title: Hōchū Ōtsuka

text: He is best known for his roles as the voices of Kyao Mirao in "Heavy Metal L-Gaim"; Mont Blanc Noland in "One Piece"; Yazan Gable in "Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam"; Akira Sendō in "Slam Dunk"; SignalMan in "Gekisou Sentai Carranger"; Imagin, Deneb in "Kamen Rider Den-O", Abuto in "Gintama", Makoto Sōda in "Captain Tsubasa"; Jiraiya in "Naruto" and Sakonji Urokodaki in "". He is also known for dubbing for Jean-Claude Van Damme, Donnie Yen (especially in "Ip Man" series), Jeff Goldblum, Ray Liotta, Tim Robbins, John C. McGinley, Brent Spiner, Robert Patrick and many more. He was also the first dubbing voice actor of Kiefer Sutherland and Christopher Lambert in their early days.


title: It's Oh So Quiet

text: "It's Oh So Quiet" is a song by American singer Betty Hutton, released in 1951 as the B-side to the single "Murder, He Says". It is a cover of the German song "Und jetzt ist es still", performed by Horst Winter in 1948, with music written by Austrian composer Hans Lang and German lyrics by Erich Meder. The English lyrics were written by Bert Reisfeld. A French title, "Tout est tranquille", was performed in 1949 by Ginette Garcin and the Jacques Hélian Orchestra.


title: It's Oh So Quiet

text: Icelandic musician Björk covered the song as the third single from her second album "Post" (1995) and remains her biggest hit, reaching number 4 in the UK and spending 15 weeks on the UK Singles Chart. Fueled by the Spike Jonze-directed music video, the single also shot Björk into the spotlight in Australia, where it reached number 6. In the United Kingdom the single has been certified as Gold, having sold upwards of 400,000 copies.


title: It's Oh So Quiet

text: In 2002, Brittany Murphy made a performance of this song, joined by The Pussycat Dolls. In 2005, Lucy Woodward covered the song for the soundtrack for the film "Ice Princess". This version was also used in the second trailer for the 2020 film "Birds of Prey". A version of "It's Oh So Quiet" was used in a Maybelline advertisement, and a version by Amanda Fondell was used in an advertisement for Candy Crush Saga. Hutton's version was used in a commercial for the Acura TLX in 2020 and for Facebook in 2021.


title: It's Oh So Quiet

text: The song was covered by Icelandic musician Björk in 1995. It was released as the third single from her second album "Post" (1995) and remains her biggest hit, reaching number 4 in the UK and spending 15 weeks on the UK Singles Chart. Fueled by the Spike Jonze-directed music video, the single also shot Björk into the spotlight in Australia, where it reached number 6. In the United Kingdom the single has been certified as Gold, having sold upwards of 400,000 copies.


title: It's Oh So Quiet

text: James Masterton for Dotmusic said Björk's version of the song "stands out as one of the most bizarre singles she has ever recorded." He described it "as Icelandic pixie meets the sound of Frank Sinatra to almost perfect effect." Alan Jones from "Music Week" wrote, "Alternating soft and gentle passages with noisy outbursts on which Bjork squawks and is reinforced by an old-fashioned big band section, this is very much a novelty, but one that works and well."


title: It's Oh So Quiet

text: The music video, directed by Spike Jonze, was shot in San Fernando Valley, California. It is a homage to Hollywood's Technicolor musicals that drew inspiration from Busby Berkeley and Jacques Demy's "The Umbrellas of Cherbourg". Like Demy, Jonze "mines the magical from the mundane," as he transforms a drab auto shop into the location where Björk dances and sings with a full dance company, an attempt to reflect the "exuberance" of her vocal performance. The whispered verse sections of the track are filmed in slow motion, "much as Tsai's cinematography takes place over an extended timeframe"; while the shouted musical sections "reflect back on ordinary or 'lived' reality in a manner that denaturalizes the banal—turning it, more than the fantasy of musical spectacle, into something surreal."


title: It's Oh So Quiet

text: The video begins as Björk emerges from an extremely dirty washroom in an auto shop. She dances along with the auto workers for the first chorus, then emerges from the shop. During the second chorus, she dances tap with a few people outside of the auto shop. Björk continues to walk along the street, dancing with several elderly women and their umbrellas before settling to rest her arms on top of a mailbox for the final verse. The mailbox comes alive and dances along with Björk during this chorus. Björk then runs down the street and into the road, where the rest of the town has decided to join her for one large dance number. The video ends with Björk floating up above the townsfolk and hushing the viewer.


title: It's Oh So Quiet

text: "It's Oh So Quiet" video received six nominations for the MTV Video Music Awards for 1996 including Best Female Video, Best Art Direction, Breakthrough Video, Best Direction in a Video, International Viewer's Choice Award — MTV Europe, and Best Choreography in a Video, winning in the latter category. The video was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Music Video - Short Form, losing to "Scream" by Michael Jackson and his sister Janet.


title: It's Oh So Quiet

text: In October 2007, MuchMoreMusic placed "It's Oh So Quiet" as number 8 of the Top 40 Most Memorable Music Videos on "Listed".


title: Lori Tan Chinn

text: Lori Tan Chinn is an American actress and comedian. She was a recurring character in the Netflix series "Orange Is the New Black" and currently stars as Awkwafina's Grandma on Comedy Central's "Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens" (2020–present.) Chinn began her acting career on Broadway, where she played Miss Higa Jiga in "Lovely Ladies, Kind Gentlemen" (1970.) She was also a notable member of the Katherine Dunham Company and performed African dance with Syvilla Fort.


title: Lori Tan Chinn

text: Chinn was born in Seattle, Washington. She is of Hoisan, Chinese descent. Chinn moved to New York City by herself in 1969.


title: Tom Lester

text: Thomas William Lester (September 23, 1938 – April 20, 2020) was an American actor and evangelist. He was best known for his role as farmhand Eb Dawson on the television show "Green Acres". He appeared in two feature animal films, "Gordy" and "Benji".


title: Tom Lester

text: Lester was born in Laurel, Mississippi, one of two children (both sons) of Pat Lester (1913–2009), an accountant with Gulf Oil, and Mary Sue (Thornton) Lester (1914–2009), a manager with Home Interiors and Gifts.


title: Tom Lester

text: In 1948, he became a born-again Christian, and became involved in the Baptist church. At that time he said he thought the Lord's plan for his life would deliver him to Hollywood, California, to embark on an acting career. He discussed his plans and his dream of becoming an actor with his parents.


title: Tom Lester

text: After he graduated from Laurel High School, he attended the University of Mississippi, where he was a member of the Sigma Nu Fraternity, and received a B.Sc. degree in chemistry and biology. He briefly attended graduate school at the University of Southern Mississippi, but acting became his main interest.


title: Tom Lester

text: After college he taught school in Purcell, Oklahoma, but he left for Los Angeles. In his early 20s he attended the First Baptist Church of Beverly Hills, California.


title: Tom Lester

text: After moving to Hollywood, Lester met radio and character actress Lurene Tuttle, who became his friend and acting coach. She suggested he begin work in the Little Theater, which he did, acting in showcases at the North Hollywood Playhouse.


title: Tom Lester

text: In the early 1960s, Lester appeared in a play with CBS producer Paul Henning's daughter Linda Kaye Henning (Betty Jo Bradley of "Petticoat Junction"), and Lester soon found himself auditioning for the role of Eb Dawson, farmhand to Oliver Wendell Douglas (played by Eddie Albert) on "Green Acres". Lester beat around 400 other actors to play the character after a screen test.


title: Tom Lester

text: Lester later said he won the role because he was the only actor who auditioned who knew how to milk a cow since he grew up on a farm in Mississippi. His recurring role soon became a regular character due to the character's and the show's popularity, which made Lester a household name.


title: Tom Lester

text: As several "Green Acres" characters also appeared in episodes of two other CBS series – "Petticoat Junction" and "The Beverly Hillbillies" – Lester, as Eb Dawson, also occasionally appeared on those shows. Even during the height of "Green Acres"' popularity, Lester lived modestly in a small apartment over a garage in the San Fernando Valley. Each year during the show's summer hiatus he would travel the country and speak at churches, youth rallies and revival meetings and at one time worked for the Reverend Billy Graham's organization.


title: Tom Lester

text: Lester appeared in nearly every "Green Acres" episode between 1965 and 1971, with the exception of the first half of the 1967–68 season when he was ill with mononucleosis. The show's explanation for Eb's absence was that he had eloped and was on his honeymoon. After six seasons, "Green Acres" was cancelled in 1971 as part of CBS's "rural purge".


title: Tom Lester

text: After "Green Acres", Lester was typecast as Eb Dawson. In 1990, he reunited with Albert and Eva Gabor to reprise his role in "Return to Green Acres".


title: Tom Lester

text: He returned to his parents' home in Laurel, Mississippi, but continued to do an occasional movie or TV role. During the mid-1970s to early 1980s, his roles included guest spots in "Little House on the Prairie", "Marcus Welby, M.D.", "Knight Rider" and "Love, American Style". In 1991 he played the adult Pete Maravich in the film about the future basketball hall-of-famer's youth, "".


title: Tom Lester

text: In 2004, he was the voice of the unseen DJ for KCOW radio station in the movie "Christmas Child" (starring William R. Moses and Steven Curtis Chapman). In 2014, he starred with Ray Stevens and Victoria Jackson in the comedy "Campin' Buddies".


title: Tom Lester

text: Lester was a farmer and for many years had been a Christian speaker who traveled the nation, preaching a message of faith and obedience. He still participated in autograph shows and fan forums, often dressed as Eb Dawson.


title: Tom Lester

text: With the death of Mary Grace Canfield, who portrayed Ralph Monroe, on February 15, 2014, Lester was the last surviving regular cast member of "Green Acres."


title: Tom Lester

text: Lester referred to Eddie Albert as his "surrogate father". The two guest-starred on "The Beverly Hillbillies", which featured Albert's good friend, Buddy Ebsen, for one episode. When "Green Acres" was canceled in 1971, Albert and Lester remained close friends and continued to stay in touch until Albert's death in 2005. Both Albert and Lester attended Gabor's funeral in 1995. On May 26, 2005, Albert died of complications from Alzheimer's disease and Lester was the only surviving "Green Acres" star not to attend Albert's funeral.


title: Tom Lester

text: Lester was married for the only time in July 2007 at the age of 68. He and his wife Kaylie lived on the 250-acre family farm in Vossburg, Mississippi.


title: Tom Lester

text: On April 20, 2020, Lester died from complications of Parkinson's disease. He was 81. He was survived by his wife, Kaylie, and one brother.


title: Waves (hairstyle)

text: Waves are a hairstyle for curly hair in which the curls are brushed and/or combed and flattened out, creating a ripple-like pattern.


title: Waves (hairstyle)

text: The hairstyle is achieved with a short-cropped haircut on top and frequent brushing and/or combing of the curls (which trains the curls to flatten out), as well as wearing a durag. Wave pomades and moisturizers can help hold the hair in place while preventing the hair from getting too dry. A durag is worn to preserve moisture while compressing the hair and holding it in place to create the desired waves.


title: Waves (hairstyle)

text: In the early 20th century, as many African-American men sought to style their hair with texture-altering products, "pomade hair moisturizer" waves became a popular hairstyle. Men produced waves by washing and brushing their hair then putting on their durags right after putting on their choice of moisturizer.


title: 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season

text: The 2017 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 23rd in the National Football League (NFL) and their first under head coach Doug Marrone. Marrone was hired after acting as the team's interim head coach for the final two games of the 2016 season. The team improved on their 3–13 record from 2016 and ended their 10-year playoff drought dating back to 2008 with a week 15 win over the Houston Texans. They also secured their first winning season since 2007 after a 30–24 win over the Seattle Seahawks. On December 24, 2017, they clinched their third division title, and their first AFC South title following a Tennessee Titans loss. They won the wild card game against the Buffalo Bills 10–3, then headed to Pittsburgh, beating the Pittsburgh Steelers 45–42 to advance to the AFC Championship to face the New England Patriots, the first time that they had made the AFC Championship Game since 1999. Despite leading for much of the game, the Jaguars would allow two 4th quarter touchdowns, and ultimately lost to the Patriots 24–20.


title: 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season

text: One of the biggest catalysts for the Jaguars success during the 2017 season was their defense. Jacksonville finished in the top of the league in multiple defensive categories, and were considered "historically good" by some analysts. The Jaguars defense led the league in forced fumbles (17), completion percentage (56.8), passing yards allowed per game (169.9), passer rating (68.5) and defensive touchdowns (7). They also finished second in sacks (55), interceptions (21), total takeaways (33), yards allowed per game (286.1) and points allowed per game (16.8). Along with their spectacular defense, the Jaguars were also the top rushing offense in the NFL, averaging 141 rush yards per game.


title: 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season

text: On December 13, 2016, the NFL announced that the Jaguars would play host to the Baltimore Ravens at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of their commitment to the London Games. The game occurred during Week 3 (Sunday, September 24), and was televised in the United States. The kickoff was announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule.


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: Anne Kirkbride (21 June 1954 – 19 January 2015) was an English actress, best known for her long-running role as Deirdre Barlow in the ITV soap "Coronation Street", which she played for 42 years from 1972 to 2014. For this role, she posthumously received the Outstanding Achievement Award at the 2015 British Soap Awards.


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: She was born in Oldham, Lancashire, the daughter of Jack Kirkbride, a cartoonist for the "Oldham Evening Chronicle". She attended Counthill Grammar School, Oldham, and then joined Oldham Repertory Theatre as an assistant stage manager, before progressing to acting roles.


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: Kirkbride was noticed by casting directors for the British soap opera "Coronation Street" when she acted in a Jack Rosenthal play, "Another Sunday and Sweet F.A." (1972), for Granada Television. She played the bit part of Deirdre Hunt in "Coronation Street" from November 1972. The character's role grew and after further appearances in 1973, Kirkbride signed a contract with the serial in 1974. From then on, the character of Deirdre Barlow became known for her very large spectacles and her husky voice (a result of Kirkbride's own chain smoking).


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: On 29 September 2014, it was announced Kirkbride would have a three-month break from the show and prior to her death, she had filmed no official last scenes, making her final scenes the ones aired on 8 October 2014 with her character's absence in the soap being explained as staying with a friend until July 2015, when the death of her character Deirdre was announced by Bev Unwin (Susie Blake) returning to tell Ken and Tracy that she died on the day of her 60th birthday party and homecoming. At the 2015 British Soap Awards, she posthumously received the Outstanding Achievement award, which was accepted by her husband.


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: Kirkbride was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1998, when she was surprised by Michael Aspel on the set of "Coronation Street".


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: In 2012, Kirkbride completed a documentary entitled "Deirdre & Me", a 60-minute special to celebrate her 40th year of playing Deirdre. She also completed a documentary in 2001 also entitled "Deirdre & Me". Her late father Jack Kirkbride also gave an interview in the documentary in 2001.


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: In 2007, Kirkbride starred in the first episode of "You Don't Know You're Born", a genealogy documentary on ITV1. It was revealed she had Irish ancestry in Gort, County Galway.


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: Kirkbride married former actor David Beckett in 1992. They met on the set of "Coronation Street", when Beckett joined the cast as her character Deirdre's boyfriend. She was a lifelong heavy smoker.


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: In 1993, Kirkbride was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. She spoke to the British press about her bout of depression following the diagnosis. She was cured within a year of being diagnosed.


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: Kirkbride died at a Manchester hospital on 19 January 2015, aged 60, of breast cancer, which had metastasised to her brain. Her funeral was held on 27 January 2015 in a private ceremony. William Roache, Beverley Callard, Kate Ford and former co-star Johnny Briggs were in attendance.


title: Anne Kirkbride

text: At the 20th National Television Awards, held two days after Kirkbride's death, her on-screen partner and close friend from "Coronation Street", William Roache, paid tribute to Kirkbride during the ceremony. The actor Adam Woodyatt dedicated the "Best British Soap" award "EastEnders" won to Kirkbride, referring to her as "the Weatherfield One", referencing the "Coronation Street" storyline which saw Deirdre wrongly imprisoned for fraud.


title: City Morgue

text: City Morgue is an American hip hop group from New York City which consists of rappers ZillaKami (Junius Rogers), SosMula (Vinicius Sosa) and producer Thraxx (Bouabdallah Sami Nehari).


title: City Morgue

text: Prior to the formation of City Morgue in 2017, Junius Rogers, professionally known as ZillaKami, worked extensively with 6ix9ine in the underground hip-hop scene in New York City and allegedly ghostwrote many of 6ix9ine's early songs. His other collaborator was his older half-brother Peter Rogers, known professionally as Righteous P, the CEO of music label Hikari-Ultra. The brothers had a falling out with 6ix9ine after he allegedly refused to pay back money owed and ripped instrumentals from the group. In response, ZillaKami and other detractors publicly circulated information about 6ix9ine's child sexual performance charge.


title: City Morgue

text: ZillaKami had met Vinicius Sosa, known professionally as SosMula, on his first day out of jail, and started creating songs some time after meeting with record producer Bouabdallah Sami Nehari, known professionally as Thraxx. Together, the trio had made many projects since then, including numerous singles, some of which being "Sk8 Head", "Shinners13", "33rd Blakk Glass", and an album "City Morgue Vol 1: Hell or High Water".


title: City Morgue

text: ZillaKami was also featured on Denzel Curry's 2018 single "Vengeance", and in turn, Curry had City Morgue on the Ta13oo tour. On November 19, 2018, City Morgue sold out their first headline show in New York City at Saint Vitus Bar located in Brooklyn.


title: City Morgue

text: City Morgue was then featured in the $uicideboy$ GREY DAY starting July 24, 2019, and ending August 24, 2019. They were present for all shows minus: Norfolk, VA, Des Moines, IA, and the Montreal shows with ZillaKami stating he was not allowed in Canada On December 13, 2019, City Morgue released their second album "City Morgue Vol. 2: As Good as Dead". On the same day, City Morgue was featured on the track "Wardogz" by GRAVEDGR.


title: City Morgue

text: On July 23, 2020, City Morgue released a video for "Hurtworld '99", which acted as the lead single for their "Toxic Boogaloo" mixtape that was released on July 31, 2020. They also released videos for "The Electric Experience" and "Yakuza" on August 5 and August 12, 2020, respectively.


title: City Morgue

text: On September 28, 2021, City Morgue released the single "What's My Name". It acted as the lead single to their third studio album "City Morgue Vol 3: Bottom of the Barrel."


title: City Morgue

text: On June 24, 2022, ZillaKami announced that the next summer tour would most likely be their last City Morgue tour. SosMula later announced that the next album in City Morgue's discography would be their last.


title: City Morgue

text: The duo's music had been categorised as punk rap, trap metal, hardcore rap, nu metal, rap metal, rap rock, and alternative hip hop, often containing elements of extreme metal and shock rock. During an interview, they stated that their music "is just a modern take on nu-metal. It's more trap, with more 808s and high-hats". Kerrang! writer Gary Suarez said that their "unflinchingly hostile blend of trap and metal... careens towards misanthropy and nihilism to an alarming extent". In an article for Revolver, their music was described as "full of queasy synth, destabilizing bass and disconcerting bars". Cat Jones from Kerrang described their music as "ZillaKami's raspy vocals are punctuated by SosMula's higher register over metal samples in a way that feels terrifying and entrancing at the same time". Tom Breihan of Stereogum, said their music "take[s] all the face-tatted fuck-shit-up tendencies of the young SoundCloud rap scene, and they blow that stuff way the hell out of proportion, scream-rapping about drugs and murder with rabid ferocity". Respect magazine said they "spin gothic hood tales, harking back to timeless East Coast hip-hop—yet sharpened by their signature dark metallic edge".


title: City Morgue

text: City Morgue are primarily influenced by punk rock, hardcore punk, nu metal and hardcore hip hop. They cite influences such as Behemoth, Slipknot, Title Fight, DMX, Radiohead, Onyx, Eminem and Tyler, the Creator.


title: Airport '77

text: Airport '77 is a 1977 American air disaster film, and the third installment of the "Airport" film series. The film stars a number of veteran actors including Jack Lemmon, James Stewart, Joseph Cotten, Olivia de Havilland, and Brenda Vaccaro as well as the return of George Kennedy from the two previous "Airport" films. It is directed by Jerry Jameson, produced by William Frye, executive produced by Jennings Lang with a screenplay by Michael Scheff and David Spector.


title: Airport '77

text: The plot concerns a private Boeing 747 packed with VIPs and priceless art that is hijacked before crashing into the ocean in the Bermuda Triangle, prompting the survivors to undertake a desperate struggle for survival.


title: Airport '77

text: Despite mixed critical reviews, "Airport '77" was a box-office hit grossing $91 million worldwide. It was nominated for two Academy Awards.


title: Airport '77

text: Wealthy philanthropist Philip Stevens is having invited guests flown in his luxurious privately-owned Boeing 747-100, Stevens's Flight 23, to his Palm Beach, Florida estate. Aboard are his estranged adult daughter and her young son. Priceless artwork from Stevens's private collection destined for his new museum is also on the jetliner. The collection has motivated a group of thieves led by co-pilot Bob Chambers to hijack the aircraft.


title: Airport '77

text: Mid-flight, Captain Don Gallagher is lured from the cockpit and rendered unconscious. A sleeping gas secretly installed pre-flight is released into the cabin, knocking out unprotected crew and passengers. Chambers, flying to a small deserted island to offload the art treasures, drops the plane below radar range causing Stevens' Flight 23 to "disappear" in the Bermuda Triangle. Descending to virtual wave-top altitude, Flight 23 heads into a fog bank, reducing visibility. Minutes later, a large offshore drilling platform emerges from the haze, and Flight 23 is headed straight for it.


title: Airport '77

text: Chambers attempts to avert a collision, but the wing clips the structure's tower, igniting an engine. Chambers extinguishes the fire but a sudden loss of airspeed threatens to stall the airplane. As he struggles to maintain control, the passengers begin waking up to the unfolding disaster. Chambers is unable to maintain his airspeed; the plane stalls and crashes into the water, floating momentarily before quietly slipping below the surface.


title: Airport '77

text: The plane settles in relatively shallow water that is above the plane's crush depth, though water pressure gradually compromises the fuselage. Many passengers are injured, some seriously. Chambers, the only surviving hijacker, reveals the plane is two hundred miles off course, meaning search and rescue efforts will be focused in the wrong area. As a search for the missing plane is launched, veteran aeronautics expert Joe Patroni joins the rescue operation as a technical adviser, joined by the jet's owner, Philip Stevens. Meanwhile, the trapped crew can only contact rescuers by getting a signal buoy to the surface. Captain Gallagher and a professional diver and passenger, Martin Wallace, enter the main cargo preparing to swim to the surface using air masks. The hatch suddenly blows open, killing Wallace. Gallagher barely makes it to the surface and activates the emergency beacon. The signal is detected and a rescue operation is launched. Meanwhile, the plane's fuselage is steadily leaking.


title: Airport '77

text: The Navy dispatches a sub-recovery ship, the USS "Cayuga", the destroyer USS "Agerholm", and a flotilla of other vessels to the crash site, rescuing Gallagher. Guided by Gallagher, Navy divers rig the plane with balloons and inflate them, slowly raising the aircraft, which could split apart. Just before the plane reaches the surface, a balloon breaks loose and pressure is reduced to stabilize the aircraft. A cargo hold door inside the plane bursts open and seawater swamps the cabin; Chambers, pinned under a sofa, drowns. Emily’s injured friend Dorothy dies from her injuries, Wallace's widow, Karen and a stewardess drown. With time running out, air pressure is increased, raising the plane to the surface. All survivors are quickly evacuated. Captain Gallagher and Stevens's assistant, Eve, get trapped inside and escape through the upper deck. All buoyancy is lost and the 747 slips under the waves for the last time. The survivors are unloaded on a nearby rescue ship.


title: Airport '77

text: Although the disaster portrayed in the film is fictional, rescue operations depicted in the movie are actual rescue operations utilized by the Navy in the event of similar emergencies or disasters, as indicated at the end of the film prior to the closing credits.


title: Airport '77

text: For its initial broadcast on NBC-TV in September 1978, an additional 70 minutes of outtakes and new footage shot especially for network TV was added.


title: Airport '77

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 38% of eight surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.1/10. On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 36 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". "Variety" wrote, "The story's formula banality is credible most of the time and there's some good actual US Navy search and rescue procedure interjected in the plot." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" rated it 2/4 stars and wrote, "The movie's a big, slick entertainment, relentlessly ridiculous and therefore never boring for long." "The New York Times" wrote, ""Airport '77" looks less like the work of a director and writers than like a corporate decision."


title: Airport '77

text: The film grossed $30 million in the United States and Canada and $61 million internationally for a worldwide total of $91 million.


title: Airport '77

text: From late 1977 until the early 1980s, the Universal Studios Tour in California featured the "Airport '77" Screen Test Theater as part of the tour. Several sets were recreated, and members of the audience were chosen to play various parts. The audience would watch as these scenes were filmed. Key scenes such as the hijacking, crash and rescue were recreated, and the footage was then incorporated into a brief digest version of the film and screened for the audience on monitors. Each show's mini-film was made available to audience members to purchase on 8mm and videotape.


title: Reserved

text: Reserved is a Polish apparel retailer headquartered in Gdańsk, Pomerania, Poland. It was founded in 1999 and remains the largest company of the LPP group, which has more than 1,700 retail stores located in over 20 countries and also owns such brands as Cropp, House, Mohito, and Sinsay. There are more than 460 Reserved retail stores around the world.


title: Reserved

text: The LPP company was established in 1989 and the first stores under the Reserved fashion brand were opened in 1999. The founders of the company are Marek Piechocki, a civil engineering graduate from the Gdańsk University of Technology and businessman Jerzy Lubianiec. In 2001, the company made its debut on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.


title: Reserved

text: September 2016, it was announced that Reserved would be taking over the lease on the former British Home Stores (BHS) flagship store on London's Oxford Street. The store officially opened on 6 September 2017.


title: Reserved

text: In December 2019, Reserved opened their first store in the Abu Dhabi Plaza skyscraper, in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. In 2020, the company opened its first store in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.


title: Reserved

text: In 2020, Reserved was included in the "Best Brands 2020" ranking featuring the TOP 10 best brands in Poland compiled by YouGov and Inquiry.


title: Reserved

text: In 2022, the brand's owner announced plans of further expansion on the EU market by entering Italy, Greece and Cyprus as well as strengthening the Reserved brand in Germany and Britain.


title: Reserved

text: Besides Poland, stores are located in Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Qatar, Romania, Serbia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, North Macedonia and the United Arab Emirates.


title: Reserved

text: The company has collaborated with a number of artists and models who participated in advertising campaigns of the brand including Kate Moss, Kendall Jenner, Cindy Crawford, Cara Delavigne, Freja Beha Erichsen, Magdalena Frąckowiak, Anne Vyalitsyna, Adwoa Aboah, Jourdan Dunn, Jon Kortajarena, Irina Shayk and Anna Jagodzińska.


title: Reserved

text: On 4 March 2022, LPP, the owner of the brand, suspended all of its business activities on the Russian market alongside many other global companies as a response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The company also suspended its business in Ukraine and moved its administration offices from Kyiv to Lviv. As of 2022, Russia remained the second biggest market for the brand's parent company with approximately 500 stores and a distribution centre located in Russia and together with the Ukrainian market constituted approximately 25% of the company's revenue.


title: Reserved

text: In July 2022 it was announced that LPP sold its stores in Russia to a company "Far East Services - FZCO" registered in the United Arab Emirates.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: The Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC)known as Walter Reed General Hospital (WRGH) until 1951was the U.S. Army's flagship medical center from 1909 to 2011. Located on in the District of Columbia, it served more than 150,000 active and retired personnel from all branches of the military. The center was named after Major Walter Reed (1851–1902), an Army physician who led the team that confirmed that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct contact.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: Since its origins, the WRAMC medical care facility grew from a bed capacity of 80 patients to approximately 5,500 rooms covering more than of floor space. WRAMC combined with the National Naval Medical Center at Bethesda, Maryland in 2011 to form the tri-service Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC). The grounds and historic buildings of the old campus are being redeveloped as the Parks at Walter Reed.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: Fort Lesley J. McNair, located in the southwest of the District of Columbia on land set aside by George Washington as a military reservation, is the third oldest U.S. Army installation in continuous use in the United States after West Point and Carlisle Barracks. Its position at the confluence of the Anacostia River and the Potomac River made it an excellent site for the defense of the nation's capital. Dating back to 1791, the post served as an arsenal, played an important role in the nation's defense, and housed the first U.S. Federal Penitentiary from 1839 to 1862.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: Today, Fort McNair enjoys a strong tradition as the intellectual headquarters for defense. Furthermore, with unparalleled vistas of the picturesque waterfront and the opposing Virginia shoreline, the historic health clinic at Fort McNair, the precursor of today's Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC), overlooks the residences of top officials who choose the famed facility for the delivery of their health care needs.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: "Walter Reed's Clinic," the location of the present day health clinic at Washington, D.C., occupies what was from 1898 until 1909 the General Hospital at what was then Washington Barracks, long before the post was renamed in honor of Lt. Gen. McNair who was killed in 1944. The hospital served as the forerunner of Walter Reed General Hospital; however, the Victorian era waterfront dispensary remains and is perhaps one of America's most historically significant military medical treatment facilities. It is reported that Walter Reed lived and worked in the facility when he was assigned as Camp Surgeon from 1881 to 1882. After having served on other assignments, he returned as Professor of Medicine and Curator of the Army Medical Museum. Some of his epidemiological work included studies at Washington Barracks, and he is best known for discovering the transmission of yellow fever. In 1902, Major Reed underwent emergency surgery here for appendicitis and died of complications in this U.S. Army Medical Treatment Facility (MTF), within the very walls of what became his final military duty assignment.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: Regarding the structure itself, since the 1890s the health clinic was used as an Army General Hospital where physicians, corpsmen and nurses were trained in military health care. In 1899, the morgue was constructed which now houses the Dental Clinic, and in 1901 the hospital became an entirely separate command. This new organizational command relocated eight years later with the aide of horse-drawn wagons and an experimental steam driven ambulance in 1909. Departing from the 50-bed hospital, as documented in The Army Nursing Newsletter, Volume 99, Issue 2, February 2000, they set out due north transporting with them 11 patients initially to the new 65-bed facility in the northern aspect of the capital. Having departed Ft. McNair, the organization has since developed into the Walter Reed Army Medical Center that we know today.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: As for the facility they left behind at Fort McNair, it functioned in a smaller role as a post hospital until 1911 when the west wing was converted into a clinic.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: Congressional legislation appropriated $192,000 for the construction of Walter Reed General Hospital (WRGH, now known as "Building 1"), and the first ten patients were admitted on May 1, 1909. Lieutenant Colonel William Cline Borden was the initiator, planner and effective mover for the creation, location, and first Congressional support of the Medical Center. Due to his efforts, the facility was nicknamed "Borden's Dream."


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: In 1923, General John J. Pershing signed the War Department order creating the "Army Medical Center" (AMC) within the same campus as the WRGH. (At this time, the Army Medical School was relocated from 604 Louisiana Avenue and became the "Medical Department Professional Service School" (MDPSS) in the new Building 40.) Pershing lived at Walter Reed from 1944 until his death there July 15, 1948.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: In September 1951, "General Order Number 8" combined the WRGH with the AMC, and the entire complex of 100 rose-brick Georgian Revival style buildings was at that time renamed the "Walter Reed Army Medical Center" (WRAMC). In June 1955, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) occupied the new Building 54 and, in November, what had been MDPSS was renamed the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). 1964 saw the birth of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Nursing (WRAIN). Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower died at WRAMC on March 28, 1969.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: Starting in 1972, a huge new WRAMC building (Building 2) was constructed and made ready for occupation by 1977. WRAIR moved from Building 40 to a large new facility on the WRAMC Forest Glen Annex in Maryland in 1999. Subsequently, Building 40 was slated for renovation under an enhanced use lease by a private developer.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: In 2007, the University of Pennsylvania and WRAMC established a partnership whereby proton therapy technology would be available to treat United States military personnel and veterans in the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine's new Roberts Proton Therapy Center.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: In February 2007, "The Washington Post" published a series of investigative articles outlining cases of alleged neglect (physical deterioration of housing quarters outside hospital grounds, bureaucratic nightmares, etc.) at WRAMC as reported by outpatient soldiers and their families. A scandal and media furor quickly developed resulting in the firing of the WRAMC commanding general Maj. Gen. George W. Weightman, the resignation of Secretary of the Army Francis J. Harvey (reportedly at the request of Secretary of Defense Robert Gates), the forced resignation of Lt. Gen. Kevin C. Kiley, hospital commander from 2002 to 2004. Congressional committee hearings were called and numerous politicians weighed in on the matter including President George W. Bush, who had appointed Harvey, and Vice-President Dick Cheney. Several independent governmental investigations are ongoing and the controversy has spread to other military health facilities and the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: As part of a Base Realignment and Closure announcement on May 13, 2005, the Department of Defense proposed replacing Walter Reed Army Medical Center with a new Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC); the new center would be on the grounds of the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, seven miles (11 km) from WRAMC's location in Washington, D.C. The proposal was part of a program to transform medical facilities into joint facilities, with staff including Army, Navy, and Air Force medical personnel.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: On August 25, 2005, the BRAC Committee recommended passage of the plans for the WRNMMC. The transfer of services from the existing to the new facilities was gradual to allow for continuity of care for the thousands of service members, retirees and family members that depended upon WRAMC. The end of operations at the WRAMC facility occurred on August 27, 2011. The Army says the cost of closing that hospital and consolidating it with Bethesda Naval Medical Center in suburban Maryland more than doubled to $2.6 billion since the plan was announced in 2005 by the Base Realignment and Closing Commission.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: In addition to the WRAMC hospital complex, the WRAMC installation hosted a number of other related activities and organizations.


title: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

text: Although after 1992 officers of any branch of the Army Medical Department could command medical treatment facilities, every commander of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center was a member of the Army Medical Corps.


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: The 53rd Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1980 and took place on March 31, 1981, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 7:00 p.m. PST / 10:00 p.m. EST. The ceremony was scheduled to take place originally on the previous day but was postponed due to the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 20 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Norman Jewison and directed by Marty Pasetta. Comedian and talk show host Johnny Carson hosted the show for the third consecutive time. Two weeks earlier, in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California, on March 15, the Academy Scientific and Technical Awards were presented by hosts Ed Asner and Fay Kanin.


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: "Ordinary People" won four awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included "Tess" with three awards, "The Empire Strikes Back", "Fame", "Melvin and Howard", and "Raging Bull" with two, and "Coal Miner's Daughter", "The Dollar Bottom", "The Fly", "", "", and "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" with one. The telecast garnered 39.9 million viewers in the United States.


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: The nominees for the 53rd Academy Awards were announced on February 17, 1981, by Academy president Fay Kanin and actor William Devane. "The Elephant Man" and "Raging Bull" tied for the most nominations with eight each. The winners were announced at the awards ceremony on March 31. Best Director winner Robert Redford became the third individual to win this category for his directing debut and the first actor to achieve this feat. At age 20, Best Supporting Actor winner Timothy Hutton was the youngest male acting winner in Oscar history. "Fame" became the first film to earn two nominations for Best Original Song.


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: In December 1980, the Academy hired film producer Norman Jewison to produce the telecast for the first time. "I am delighted that the Academy will have the benefit of Norman Jewison's insight and creativity," said AMPAS President Fay Kanin in a press release announcing the selection. "He has always been able to bring a fresh approach into his work." That same month, it was announced that comedian and "The Tonight Show" host Johnny Carson would preside over emceeing duties for the 1981 ceremony. Jewison explained the decision to hire Carson saying that the host was "an entertainment institution whose spontaneous wit and charm would add a great deal to the quality of the show."


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: Originally the gala was scheduled to take place on March 30. However, due to the attempted assassination on US president Ronald Reagan which occurred earlier that day, Kanin, Jewison, and executives from broadcaster ABC announced that the festivities would be postponed to the following day. It marked the first time since the 40th ceremony held in 1968 that the ceremony was postponed from its original date. Furthermore, producers debated whether or not to televise a pre-recorded speech from Reagan, who was a former actor, saluting the nominees and the Academy. The segment, which was filmed nearly four weeks prior to the show, was eventually broadcast with host Carson giving a preface explaining the decision to postpone the event.


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: During the presentation of the award for Best Animated Short Film to "The Fly", presenters Alan Arkin and Margot Kidder announced that the film's director Ferenc Rofusz was unable to attend the ceremony. Just as they announced the Academy would accept the award on his behalf, an unnamed man later identified as Hungarofilm general manager Istvan Dosai came up on stage and accepted the award in lieu of the absent filmmaker. Marble Arch Films publicist Regina Gruss, who was in charge of hosting the Hungarian delegation at the Oscars, said that Rofusz contacted Dosai to accept the award on his behalf, but Academy officials asked him not to come up onstage unless his name was announced. After speaking to reporters and posing for pictures backstage, he never returned to his seat and left the ceremony immediately. According to Academy security chief Jerry Moon, AMPAS contacted the LAPD to issue a search warrant for Dosai for theft. However, Academy spokesperson Art Sarno denied the organization had contacted the police and said that Dosai returned the statuette during a post-awards banquet.


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: Some media outlets received the broadcast critically. Television columnist Tom Shales of "The Washington Post" commented, "Everything seemed an anticlimax to the Reagan opening, and the tragic events in Washington a day earlier did put a shadow of gloom over an affair that had promised to be grim enough anyway – since all but one of the year's Best Picture nominees were somber, austere films, and nothing to shout about." "The Salt Lake Tribune" television critic Harold Schindler wrote, "On the whole, the 53rd annual Academy Awards telecast Tuesday was overly long, expectedly dull and surprisingly lacking in those highlights which make Oscar night conversation." Bill Mandel of the "San Francisco Examiner" quipped, "After the real and completely unscripted emotional explosions of Monday, all the manipulated thrills of the movie industry seemed like the efforts of those bullfight clowns who distract the bull when the matador is injured."


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. "Tampa Bay Times" film critic Robert Alan Ross remarked, "The one-day delay turned out well. President Reagan's taped greeting – combined with emcee Johnny Carson's assurance that the First Couple were comfortably watching – instilled a happier mood than might otherwise have prevailed." Jerry Buck of the Associated Press quipped, "Producer Norman Jewison effectively chose to make the night a homage to motion pictures' past, making wide use of many cherished film clips that tugged at the heart and memory." "The Boston Globe" columnist Bruce McCabe wrote, "Given the trauma of the past few days, the Academy Awards show conducted itself rather well. No one really disgraced himself. There were no political speeches."


title: 53rd Academy Awards

text: The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 39.9 million people over the length of the entire ceremony, which was a 19% decrease from the previous year's ceremony. An estimated 75 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. Moreover, the show drew lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 31% of households watching over a 58% share. Nevertheless, the ceremony presentation won an award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Variety Program (Roy Christopher) at the 33rd Primetime Emmys in September 1981.


title: Varroa destructor

text: Varroa destructor, the "Varroa" mite is an external parasitic mite that attacks and feeds on the honey bees "Apis cerana" and "Apis mellifera". The disease caused by the mites is called varroosis.


title: Varroa destructor

text: The "Varroa" mite can reproduce only in a honey bee colony. It attaches to the body of the bee and weakens the bee by sucking fat bodies. The species is a vector for at least five debilitating bee viruses, including RNA viruses such as the deformed wing virus (DWV). A significant mite infestation leads to the death of a honey bee colony, usually in the late autumn through early spring. The "Varroa" mite is the parasite with possibly the most pronounced economic impact on the beekeeping industry. "Varroa" is considered to be one of multiple stress factors contributing to the higher levels of bee losses around the world.


title: Varroa destructor

text: The adult female mite is reddish-brown in color, while the male is white. "Varroa" mites are flat, having a button shape. They are 1–1.8 mm long and 1.5–2 mm wide, and have eight legs. "Varroa" mites lack eyes. One mite weighs approximately 0.453 mg.


title: Varroa destructor

text: Mites reproduce on a 10-day cycle. The female mite enters a honey bee brood cell. As soon as the cell is capped, the "Varroa" mite lays eggs on the larva. The young mites, typically several females and one male, hatch in about the same time as the young bee develops and leave the cell with the host. When the young bee emerges from the cell after pupation, the "Varroa" mites also leave and spread to other bees and larvae. The mite preferentially infest drone cells, allowing the mite to reproduce one more time with the extra three days it takes a drone to emerge compared to a worker bee. This can cause genetic defects such as useless wings or viruses and fungi in the bee.


title: Varroa destructor

text: Adult mites suck on the fat body of both adult bees and bee larvae for sustenance. As the fat body is crucial for many bodily functions such as hormone and energy regulation, immunity, and pesticide detoxification, the bee is left in a severely weakened state. Adult mites live and feed under the abdominal plates of adult bees primarily on the underside of the metasoma region on the left side of the bee. Adult mites are more often identified as present in the hive when on top of the adult bee on the mesosoma region, but research suggests that mites in this location are not feeding, but rather attempting to transfer to another bee.


title: Varroa destructor

text: Open wounds left by the feeding become sites for disease and virus infections. The mites are vectors for at least five and possibly up to 18 debilitating bee viruses, including RNA viruses such as the deformed wing virus. With the exception of some resistance in the Russian strains and bees that have "Varroa"-sensitive hygiene (about 10% of colonies naturally have it), European "Apis mellifera" bees are almost completely defenseless against these parasites. (Russian honey bees are one-third to one-half less susceptible to mite reproduction).


title: Varroa destructor

text: The model for the population dynamics is exponential growth when bee broods are available, and exponential decline when no brood is available. In 12 weeks, the number of mites in a western honey bee hive can multiply by (roughly) 12. Mites often invade colonies in the summer, leading to high mite populations in autumn. High mite populations in the autumn can cause a crisis when drone rearing ceases and the mites switch to worker larvae, causing a quick population crash and often hive death.


title: Varroa destructor

text: Once infected with a "V. destructor" mite, the honey bee may be damaged two ways. Firstly, the mite's consumption of the fat body weakens both the adult bee and the larva; in particular, it significantly decreases the weight of both the hatching and adult bee. Additionally, infected adult worker bees have a shorter lifespan than ordinary worker bees, and they furthermore tend to be absent from the colony far more than ordinary bees, which could be due to their reduced ability to navigate or regulate their energy for flight. Secondly, the mites are vectors of various viruses, in particular the deformed wing virus.


title: Varroa destructor

text: After the initial developmental stages, when the young bee matures, it leaves the brood cell and takes the mite with it. "V. destructor" then leaves the young bee for an older one, preferably for a nurse bee, because nurse bees spend more time near the brood, giving the mite more ample opportunity to reproduce. In fact, because the nurse bee spends more time around the drone brood rather than the worker brood, many more drones are infected with the mites.


title: Varroa destructor

text: "Varroa" mites have been found on tricial larvae of some wasp species, such as "Vespula vulgaris", and flower-feeding insects such as the bumblebee, "Bombus pensylvanicus", the scarab beetle, "Phanaeus vindex", and the flower-fly, "Palpada vinetorum". It parasitizes the young larvae and feeds on the internal organs of the hosts. Although the "Varroa" mite cannot reproduce on these insects, its presence on them may be a means by which it spreads short distances (phoresy).


title: Varroa destructor

text: "Varroa" mites originally only occurred in Asia, on the Asian honeybee, "Apis cerana", but this species has been introduced to many other countries on several continents, resulting in disastrous infestations of European honeybees.


title: Varroa destructor

text: In early 2010, an isolated subspecies of honey bee was discovered in the oasis of Kufra (southeastern Libya), this newly discovered bee is the only known subspecies that is Varroa free. The Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai are free of the mite.


title: Varroa destructor

text: Until recently, "V. destructor" was thought to be a closely related mite species called "Varroa jacobsoni". Both species parasitize the Asian honey bee, "A. cerana". However, the species originally described as "V. jacobsoni" by Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans in 1904 is not the same species that also attacks "A. mellifera". The jump to "A. mellifera" probably first took place in the Philippines in the early 1960s, where imported "A. mellifera" came into close contact with infected "A. cerana". Until 2000, scientists had not identified "V. destructor" as a separate species. This late identification in 2000 by Anderson and Trueman corrected some previous confusion and mislabeling in the scientific literature.


title: Varroa destructor

text: The infestation and subsequent parasitic disease caused by "Varroa" mites is called varroosis. Sometimes, the incorrect names varroatosis or varroasis are used. A parasitic disease name must be formed from the taxonomic name of the parasite and the suffix -osis as provided in the Standardised Nomenclature by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology. For example, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) uses the name varroosis in the OIE Terrestrial Manual.


title: Varroa destructor

text: Treatments have met with limited success. First, the bees were medicated with fluvalinate, a synthetic pyrethroid, which had about 95% mite falls. However, the last 5% became resistant to it, and later, almost immune. Fluvalinate was followed by coumaphos, which mites also have developed resistance to.


title: Varroa destructor

text: Several methods exist for monitoring levels of "Varroa" mites in a colony. For a powdered sugar roll, the sampler collects about 300 bees using a 1/2-cup measuring cup and places them in a jar with a wire mesh screen lid (1/8") along with 2 tablespoons of powdered sugar. They then gently swirl the bees for about a minute before turning the jar upside down and shaking for two minutes over a tray to capture the mites as they fall. Those mites are then counted, and the count is divided by three to find the number of mites per 100 bees. The sugar roll is typically done with the intent to prevent killing the sampled bees, but whether the vigorous shaking causes damage is not known. For an alcohol wash, which is the most effective method, the sampler collects about 300 bees using the same cup. The bees are submerged in alcohol with a concentration of 70% or higher. A lid is placed over the jar to seal it, and the mixture is shaken vigorously for two minutes before it is poured over a 1/8" wire mesh screen into a tray. The mites are then counted, and the resulting number is also divided by three. This method kills all sampled bees. The sticky board method does not kill any bees. For this method, a sticky board with a thick coating of petroleum jelly is placed under the brood chamber under a screened bottom board (or similar 1/8" wire mesh screen). The board is retrieved after three days, and the beekeeper takes a count of the mites on the board. This number is divided by three to find the average 24-hour mite drop. This method does not kill any bees, but takes longer for results.


title: Varroa destructor

text: "Varroa" mites can be treated with commercially available acaricides. Acaricides must be applied carefully to minimize the contamination of honey that might be consumed by humans. Proper use of miticides also slows the development of resistance by the mites.


title: Varroa destructor

text: However, the most effective long-term way of protecting bees against "V. destructor" is by breeding bees that are resistant to these mites.


title: Varroa destructor

text: "Varroa" mites can also be controlled through nonchemical means. Most of these controls are intended to reduce the mite population to a manageable level, not to eliminate the mites completely.


title: Varroa destructor

text: Researchers have been able to use RNA interference to knock out genes in the "Varroa" mite. Efforts also have been made to breed for changes in the honey bees. Two strains have been developed in the United States that can detect damaged pupae under cappings and remove them before the infestation spreads further. The “IN”/Indiana strain is under development at Purdue University to develop lines that groom off and bite phoretic "Varroa" to kill the mites.


title: Homotherium

text: Homotherium, also known as the scimitar-toothed cat or scimitar cat, is an extinct genus of machairodontine saber-toothed predator, often termed scimitar-toothed cats, that inhabited North America, South America, Eurasia, and Africa during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs (4 mya – 12,000 years ago), existing for approximately .


title: Homotherium

text: It became extinct in Africa some 1.5 million years ago. The most recent Eurasian remains, recovered from what is now the North Sea, have been dated to around 28,000 years BP. In South America it is only known from a few remains in the northern region (Venezuela), from the mid-Pleistocene.


title: Homotherium

text: The name "Homotherium" (Greek: (, 'same') and (, 'beast')) was proposed by Emilio Fabrini (1890), without further explanation, for a new subgenus of "Machairodus", whose main distinguishing feature was the presence of a large diastema between the two inferior premolars.


title: Homotherium

text: The lineage of "Homotherium" is estimated (based on mitochondrial DNA sequences) to have diverged from that of "Smilodon" about 18 million years ago. "Homotherium" probably derived from "Machairodus" and appeared for the first time at the Miocene–Pliocene border, about 4 to 5 million years ago. During the Pleistocene it occurred in vast parts of Eurasia, North America and until the middle Pleistocene (about 1.5 million years ago) even in Africa. A fossil of "H. crenatidens" was inadvertently dredged from the bed of the North Sea, which was a flat, low-lying extent of marshy tundra laced with rivers during the last glacial period. It was thought that "H. latidens" had gone extinct relatively early, nearly 300,000 years ago, but a rogue specimen of "H. latidens" was found in the North Sea of Europe, dated to be from 28,000 years ago. There has also been a discovery of 1.8-million-year-old fossils in Venezuela, indicating that scimitar-toothed cats were able to invade South America along with "Smilodon" during the Great American Interchange. These remains form the holotype of "Homotherium venezuelensis". How long they lasted in South America is not yet evident. "Homotherium" survived in Eurasia until about 28,000 years ago.


title: Homotherium

text: Several Eurasian species have been recognized based mainly on differences in the size and shape of the upper canines and body size: "H. latidens", "H. nestianus", "H. sainzelli", "H. crenatidens", "H. nihowanensis", and "H. ultimum". However, given the range of sizes found in extant large cats, it is likely that they represent a single species, "Homotherium latidens".


title: Homotherium

text: Two species described from early Pleistocene Africa, "H. ethiopicum" and "H. hadarensis—"also hardly differ from the Eurasian forms. On the African continent the genus disappeared about 1.5 million years ago. In North America a very similar species, "H. serum", occurred from the late Pliocene until the late Pleistocene. However, both morphological and genetic data suggest that all late Pleistocene "Homotherium" individuals worldwide should probably be regarded as members of "H. latidens". Remains have been found at various sites between Alaska and Texas. In the southern parts of its range the American "Homotherium" co-existed with "Smilodon"; in the northern parts it was the only species of saber-toothed cat. The American "Homotherium" was originally described by the name "Dinobastis".


title: Homotherium

text: Despite "Homotherium"s vast range and the large quantity of fossil remains from Eurasia, Africa and North America, complete skeletons of this cat are relatively rare. One of the most famous sites of "Homotherium" remains is Friesenhahn cave in Texas, where 30 "Homotherium" skeletons were found, along with hundreds of juvenile mammoths and several dire wolves.


title: Homotherium

text: The genus "Dinobastis" was originally named by Cope (1893). Its type is "Dinobastis serus". It was synonymized subjectively with "Smilodon" by Matthew (1910) and later with "Homotherium" by Churcher (1966), Schultz "et al." (1970), Waldrop (1974), Kurtén and Anderson (1980), Churcher (1984) and and Carpenter (1988).


title: Homotherium

text: "Homotherium" reached at the shoulder and weighed an estimated and was therefore about the size of a male African lion. Compared to more familiar machairodonts, like "Smilodon" or "Megantereon", "Homotherium" had comparatively shorter upper canines, but these flat, serrated teeth were still longer than those of any living cat. "Homotherium"'s incisors and lower canines formed a powerful puncturing and gripping device. The skull was longer than in "Smilodon", and it possessed a well-developed sagittal crest, where muscles were attached to power the lower jaw. The lower jaw had downwards-flared flanges to protect the upper canines. Its large canine teeth were crenulated and designed for slashing rather than purely stabbing. However, a 2018 study by Figueirido and colleagues found that "Homotherium" possessed a bite adapted to clamp and hold while inflicting damage with its canines, similar to a lion's, due to the larger amounts of trabecular bone present in the skulls of the genus. This is unlike the canine shear-bite of "Smilodon", which it has been compared to, and this difference in killing bites provides evidence for distinct ecological adaptations.


title: Homotherium

text: The large upper canines of "Homotherium" were likely hidden by the upper lips and gum tissues of the lower lips jaw similar to extant cats, unlike the larger upper canines of "Smilodon".


title: Homotherium

text: The unusually large, square nasal opening, similar to that of the cheetah ("Acinonyx jubatus"), may have allowed faster oxygen intake, which would have facilitated strenuous cursorial activity and cooling of the brain following such behaviour. The visual cortex in "Homotherium"'s brain was large and complex, also alike that of the modern cheetah, implying that it relied heavily on vision during the hunt.


title: Homotherium

text: The decline of "Homotherium" could be a result of the disappearance of large herbivorous mammals like mammoths in America at the end of the Pleistocene. In North America fossil remains of "Homotherium" are less abundant than those of its contemporary "Smilodon". For the most part it probably inhabited higher latitudes and altitudes and therefore was likely to be well adapted to the colder conditions of the mammoth steppe environment. The reduced claws, relatively slender limbs, and sloping back all appear to be adaptations for endurance running in open habitats.


title: Homotherium

text: Genomic analysis supports the hypothesis that "Homotherium" was social and well-adapted to life as a pursuit predator. Genes revealing high genetic diversity indicate the genus was far more common than previously assumed due to the preservation bias of the fossil record. The study also revealed that this genus of machairodont was most likely diurnal, and would have mainly hunted in daylight.


title: Homotherium

text: African "Homotherium" species seem to have hunted early Pleistocene species of "Deinotherium", likely preferring to target the more vulnerable adolescents or calves in a herd. Due to their saber-teeth, an attack on such thick-skinned prey would have likely been significantly easier and less time-consuming compared to a similar hunt on modern elephants by lions.


title: Homotherium

text: At the well known Friesenhahn Cave site in Texas, the remains of almost 400 juvenile mammoths were discovered along with numerous "Homotherium" skeletons of all ages, from elderly specimens to cubs. Based on this fossil site, "Homotherium" was likely a social predator that would have been specialized in hunting young mammoths and that subsequently dragged the kills into secluded caves to eat in relative peace. "Homotherium" also seemed to have retained the excellent nocturnal vision typical of most cats, and hunting at night in the arctic regions where many "Homotherium" have been found would have been a prime hunting method. The sloped back and powerful lumbar section of "Homotherium"s vertebrae suggest a bear-like build, and thus that these animals could have been capable of pulling formidable loads; further, broken upper canines - a common injury in fossils of other machairodonts such as "Machairodus" and "Smilodon" that would have resulted from struggling with their prey - is not seen in "Homotherium", perhaps because their social groups would completely restrain prey items before any of the cats attempted to kill the target with their saber teeth. Moreover, the bones of the young mammoths found in Friesenhahn Cave show distinctive marks matching the incisors of "Homotherium", indicating that they could efficiently process most of the meat on a carcass and that the mammoths had been deposited in the caves by the cats themselves and not by scavengers. Examination of the bones also indicates that the carcasses of these juvenile mammoths were dismembered after being killed by the cats before being dragged away, suggesting that "Homotherium" would disarticulate their kill to transport it to a safe area such as a hidden lair or den and prevent competitors such as dire wolves and American lions from usurping the carcass.


title: Jamie Bynoe-Gittens

text: Jamie Jermaine Bynoe-Gittens (born 8 August 2004) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund.


title: Jamie Bynoe-Gittens

text: Born in London, Bynoe-Gittens started his career with local side Caversham Trents at the age of five, and stayed until he was seven. Shortly after, he joined Reading, and also spent some time with Chelsea. At under-9 level, he chose to remain with Reading, and stayed there until under-14 level, when he chose to sign with Manchester City, rejecting Arsenal in the process.


title: Jamie Bynoe-Gittens

text: After two years in Manchester, Bynoe-Gittens moved to Germany in 2020 to sign for Borussia Dortmund. His career in Dortmund was hampered by not only the COVID-19 pandemic, but a torn ligament injury that kept him out for a number of months. However, the 2021–22 season was a much better one for Bynoe-Gittens; notable performances in the UEFA Youth League, where he scored six goals in four games, including two against Manchester United, earned him a call-up to Marco Rose's first team squad.


title: Jamie Bynoe-Gittens

text: On 12 August 2022, he scored his first Bundesliga goal in a 3–1 away win against SC Freiburg. On 16 August, Bynoe-Gittens signed a new contract until June 2025.


title: Jamie Bynoe-Gittens

text: On 17 June 2022, Bynoe-Gittens was included in the England U19 squad for the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. He made his U19 debut as an 80th minute substitute during England's opening game of the tournament, a 2–0 victory over Austria in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia. He made his first start at this age level in their next group game against Serbia and received praise for his performance in the semi-final against Italy. Bynoe-Gittens started in the final as England won the tournament with a 3–1 extra time victory over Israel on 1 July 2022.


title: Little finger

text: The little finger, or pinkie, also known as the baby finger, fifth digit, or pinky finger, is the most ulnar and smallest digit of the human hand, and next to the ring finger.


title: Little finger

text: The earliest recorded use of the term "pinkie" is from Scotland in 1808. The term (sometimes spelled "pinky") is common in Scottish English and American English, and is also used extensively in other Commonwealth countries such as New Zealand, Canada, and Australia.


title: Little finger

text: The little finger is nearly impossible for most people to bend independently (without also bending the ring finger), due to the nerves for each digit being intertwined. There are also nine muscles that control the fifth digit:


title: Little finger

text: Three in the hypothenar eminence, two extrinsic flexors, two extrinsic extensors, and two more intrinsic muscles:


title: Little finger

text: Among American children, a "pinky swear" or "pinky promise" is made when a person wraps one of their pinky fingers around another person's pinky and makes a promise. Something similar is also seen in China and Korea, where people link their pinky fingers and then stamp their thumbs together to make a "yaksok" (promise).


title: Little finger

text: Among members of the Japanese "yakuza" (gangsters), the penalty for various offenses is removal of parts of the little finger (known as "yubitsume").


title: Little finger

text: It is a common misconception that one should extend their little finger when drinking from a teacup. This practice is generally deprecated by etiquette guides as a sign of snobbery amongst the socially inferior, with various cultural theories as to the origin of the practice including the idea that finger food should be eaten with only the first three digits.


title: Little finger

text: The messaging application Teams from Microsoft has an emoji which is a representation of a closed hand with the little finger raised. The description is "Nature's call" which is a polite euphemism used when someone feels a need to urinate or defecate.


title: Little finger

text: The signet ring is traditionally worn on the little finger of a gentleman's left hand, a practice still common especially in the United Kingdom, Australia, and European cultures. A signet ring is considered part of the regalia of many European monarchies, and also of the Pope, with the ring always worn on the left little finger. In modern times the location of the signet ring has relaxed, with examples worn on various different digits, although little fingers still tend to be the most usual.


title: Little finger

text: The Iron Ring is a symbolic ring worn by most Canadian engineers. The Ring is a symbol of both pride and humility for the engineering profession, and is always worn on the little finger of the dominant hand. In the United States, the Engineer's Ring is a stainless steel ring worn on the fifth digit of the working hand by engineers who belong to the Order of the Engineer and have accepted the Obligation of an Engineer.


title: Little finger

text: The little finger is often used as a support when smartphone users type one-handed. The little finger is positioned underneath the phone, allowing it to be propped with the three middle fingers, and the user to type with their thumb.


title: Little finger

text: Some users reported dents on their little finger and pain in the hand after prolonged use in this way, doctors referred to this as "iPhone pinky" or "smartphone pinky". The skin indentations were reported to be nothing of alarm, as they disappeared on their own after a short while without cell phone use.


title: Rachida Brakni

text: Rachida Brakni (born 15 February 1977) is a French actress and producer. She is married to actor and former professional footballer Éric Cantona.


title: Rachida Brakni

text: In 2001, she joined the Comédie Française, as a member of which she won a Molière Award for her performance in "Ruy Blas". In 2002, she was awarded the César Award for Most Promising Actress for her performance in "Chaos".


title: Rachida Brakni

text: In 2010, she directed her husband, Éric Cantona, in "Face au paradis" ("In Front of Paradise"), a contemporary play, written by a young French playwright, Nathalie Saugeon. The production opened at Théâtre Marigny on the Champs-Élysées on 26 January 2010.


title: Rachida Brakni

text: In 2012, she joined her husband Cantona as the face of the fashion brand The Kooples in an advertising campaign.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: Action Hero Biju is a 2016 Indian Malayalam-language police procedural comedy film directed by Abrid Shine. The film stars Nivin Pauly, Anu Emmanuel, Saiju Kurup, Joju George, Alexander Prasanth , Kalabhavan Prajod, Rony David and Sohan Seenulal. Nivin jointly produced the film with Abrid Shine and Shibu Thekkumpuram. Jerry Amaldev composed the original songs, while Rajesh Murugesan composed score. Principal photography began in May 2015 and ended in October 2015.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: After being postponed several times, "Action Hero Biju" was released in Kerala on 4 February 2016 and rest of India the following day. The film was a commercial success. Nivin Pauly won Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam for his performance in this film in 2016 at 64th Filmfare Awards South.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: The film revolves around SI Biju Poulose and other officers, who handle a series of different types of complaints and cases, petty and major, that are registered at the police station. One day, Biju receives a call from the hospital informing him of a 12 year-old girl who gets mauled by a dog when she tried to pluck some mangoes from a highly influential businessman's house. The eyewitnesses report that the businessman had purposefully let the dog out. Biju sets out to his house to arrest the businessman. However, some local politicians try to use their political power to prevent the case from being registered. Biju tracks the culprit from a club and arrests him.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: The next complaint resolved was lodged by a lady who was yet to receive her salary. When Biju tries to mediate a negotiation between the employers and the lady, the employers act callously which enrages Biju. He threatens to shut down their company for registration inaccuracies if the dues are not paid; the employers immediately comply. Later, Biju encounters a case of a suicide attempt and missing of a Navy personnel who jumps in to rescue the woman and her child. During the subsequent search, he and his subordinates manage to save the woman. The child dies as people who rescued the child from the river assumed that she died and emergency services didn't take her to the hospital on time.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: This affects Biju emotionally and no clues have been found to locate the missing Navy . Through the course of the next few days, he resolves different cases including that of an auto driver who stalks a woman he loves, bikers without helmet and a drunk who steals a wireless-set from a careless cop. When investigating a substance abuse and battering case by an adolescent he goes after the rising narcotics sales that targets school children, he discovers a group of teenagers purchasing marijuana from a notorious criminal during random vehicle checks.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: Biju arrests them in the presence of the magistrate and takes them to police station and uses third degree interrogation on the criminal and informs the parents of the teenagers. Biju after giving warnings lets them off without registering the case to avoid spoiling their future. Later he solves a case regarding eloping of a timid Pavithran's wife with their daughter. Biju tackles a case assigned by his superiors whereby some jewelleries stolen from a house. Deducing from the clues and circumstances, Biju suspects the housemaid is the thief. He visits her and during interrogation, finds flaws in her alibi.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: They confirm her as the culprit and arrests her. Meeting her husband and children, a child is a respected SPC student cadet whom he knows; Biju faces moral dilemma when he learns the mother did it to pay school fees. Biju half-heartedly follows the law and takes her to station. Through an informant, Biju is informed of the location of a few wanted criminals in his jurisdiction. As he corners and apprehends them, he gets injured when one of the criminals stabs him, but Biju successfully manages to prevent them from escaping until the rest of the police force arrives.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: As he is treated for his wounds in the hospital, he jokes with his fiancée Benitta Dominic that injuries are common in his occupation and that she is free to marry someone else. Later, it is shown that he survived and that he is apprehending another gang of criminals. In the middle of this, Biju's father calls and informs him that Benitta has given birth to a daughter. He joyfully receives the news, but continues his assigned task of arresting the criminals. A voice over briefs that Biju is not a superhero but one of the many dedicated cops in the state.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: In August 2014, after the success of Shine's debut film "1983", Shine announced his next project, "Action Hero Biju", would star Nivin Pauly. It was reported that Nivin, Abrid and Shibu Thekkumpuram would both produce the film under Pauly's production banner "Pauly.Jr Pictures" and Shine's "Full on Studios". From scripting to post-production it almost took two years and the scripting of the film taken ten months to complete which Abrid collaborated with Muhammed Shefeeq.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: It was earlier reported that Nivin Pauly will be seen as a police officer in the film. For the role Nivin took physical training and workouts, special fighting classes and followed special diets to gain more weight and followed workout regimens, to fit the role of a police officer, he spent time with police officers to understand the real feel of a police and to make it realistic.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: About the title, the director says "The title, "Action Hero Biju", stems from my interest in narrating a common man's story. Biju is an extremely common and secular name in Kerala and I felt it has cuteness about it. My film tells the story of a common man who becomes a brave cop, and I felt the title is a perfect fit". He also explained "The film is a light take on policing, it is not the hardcore police kind of story – it is a mix of humour and action. It is about a police sub-inspector’s heroism. We see the world through his eyes – we experience his views, experiences and emotions". The title was announced in September 2014.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: Nivin Pauly was selected to play the title character of the film sub-inspector Biju. Anu Emmanuel who made her debut as a child artist in Swapna Sanchari (2011) was placed to play the female lead, who was suggested by her father and producer Thankachan Emmanuel.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: In July 2015 director Jude Antony Joseph signed to play a minor role in the film. Joju George, Saiju Kurup, Kalabhavan Prajod, and Major Ravi were confirmed to do police roles. Suraj Venjaramoodu and Jayasree who worked on "1983" was called to act in the film, in addition around 35 actors were selected to play smaller roles in the film. Suresh Thampanoor was introduced in the film by Abrid when he saw a small WhatsApp video clip of Suresh performance, he was totally impressed and Suresh was into the film.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: The Cinematography was given to Alex J. Pulickal, background score to Rajesh Murugesan and lyrics were written by Santosh Varma and Harinarayanan. The veteran music director Jerry Amaldev composed the music for the film, he composed songs for the film after a long break of 20 years. Editing for the film was panned by Manoj, while sound designer was Raja Krishnan, whereas art direction by M Bawa and costume design by Remya Suresh.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: Filming began in May 2015. The film was shot in Fort Kochi in Kerala. When Anu Emmanuel came for the filming almost 50 per cent of the project was shot. Filming was wrapped up in October 2015 in Kochi and was given for post-production in November.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: The soundtrack for the film was composed by Jerry Amaldev after a long break of 20 years. Rajesh Murugesan composed the background score of the film while Santhosh Varma and BK Harinarayanan wrote the lyrics. Satyam Audios own the audio rights of the film and was released in YouTube by Satyam Audios itself. The film features 4 tracks. The tracks for the film were recorded in Yesudas's studio in Chennai and were mastered in New York City. Jerry Amaldev was chosen to compose the songs for the film by Abrid. Abrid met Jerry at his house a few months before the filming where he told Jerry that "he is tired of electronic music and is looking for some good melodies and acoustic instrumented songs".


title: Action Hero Biju

text: Suresh Thampanoor who also acted in the film as a drunkard sung the song "Muthe Ponne Pinangalle" which is a folk song, was also composed and wrote by him it was released on 11 February 2016. The song became popular on social media and received good reviews. Pookkal Panineer Pookkal sung by KJ Yesudas and Vani Jayaram, is a duet which Jerry started working on it in November 2015. Jerry Amaldev used acoustic instruments only for all songs. Long ago Jerry heard a Young India gramophone version of Vande Mataram which was composed by Rabindranath Tagore. It was a monophonic composition and had a chorus he added the song to the film by adding a small difference. It was sung in the film by Swetha Mohan.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: The film released on 4 February 2016 in 131 screens in Kerala and in 116 screens in rest of India and in more than 10 screens in the United States on 5 February. It released on 68 screens in United Arab Emirates on 25 February 2016. The film was distributed by LJ Films of Indian film director Lal Jose. Daiwik Films distributed the film in UAE.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: Veeyen of Nowrunning.com lauded the film. He states that "the cinematic reconstruction of the life of a police officer that Abrid Shine attempts in 'Action Hero Biju' is efficient to the core, and the craft elements on display exceptional. The mother of all gambles that the film indulges in - of keeping conventionalities at bay - makes it a level-headed film that traverses the rugged planes of law, justice, truth and life with consummate ease."


title: Action Hero Biju

text: Arathi Kannan of "Malayala Manorama" rated of 3.5/5 and said "With a salute to the cops, who sweat their ways through their duties and moral obligations, Abrid Shine leaves a sparkling note of thanks before the screen blackout."


title: Action Hero Biju

text: S.R. Praveen writing for "The Hindu" criticised the film for glorifying custodial torture by police especially at a time when Kerala Police was facing criticism for a spate of custodial deaths across the state. Glorification of sexist and racist remarks uttered by Nivin's character were also called out in the review.


title: Action Hero Biju

text: The film grossed in Kerala and over worldwide. It opened well in Tamil Nadu, grossing in the opening day from more than 12 screens, which is the highest opening gross for a Malayalam film there. The film grossed an estimated total of worldwide. The film ran over 100 days in theatres.


title: Christopher Castile

text: Christopher Jon Castile (born June 15, 1980) is a former American actor. His well-known roles include Ted Newton in "Beethoven" and "Beethoven's 2nd", the voice of Zachary Sellers and Nick Mulligan in Focus on the Family's "Adventures in Odyssey", Mark Foster on the sitcom "Step by Step", and the voice of Eugene Horowitz in "Hey Arnold!".


title: Christopher Castile

text: Castile retired from acting following the cancellation of "Step By Step". He received a master's degree, he currently teaches political sciences as a professor at Biola University in La Mirada, California, and is teaching at Downey High School as a U.S. History teacher. His class is called Step By Step.


title: Vipassana movement

text: The Vipassanā movement, also called (in the United States) the Insight Meditation Movement and American vipassana movement, refers to a branch of modern Burmese Theravāda Buddhism that promotes "bare insight" ("sukha-vipassana") to attain stream entry and preserve the Buddhist teachings, which gained widespread popularity since the 1950s, and to its western derivatives which have been popularised since the 1970s, giving rise to the more dhyana-oriented mindfulness movement.


title: Vipassana movement

text: The Burmese vipassana movement has its roots in the 19th century, when Theravada Buddhism came to be influenced by western modernism, and some monks tried to restore the Buddhist practice of meditation. Based on the commentaries, Ledi Sayadaw popularized "vipassana meditation" for lay people, teaching "samatha" and stressing the practice of "satipatthana" to acquire "vipassana" (insight) into the three marks of existence as the main means to attain the beginning of awakening and become a stream-enterer.


title: Vipassana movement

text: It was greatly popularized in the 20th century in traditional Theravada countries by Mahasi Sayadaw, who introduced the "New Burmese Satipatthana Method". It also gained a large following in the west, due to westerners who learned "vipassana" from Mahasi Sayadaw, S. N. Goenka, and other Burmese teachers. Some also studied with Thai Buddhist teachers, who are more critical of the commentarial tradition, and stress the joined practice of "samatha" and "vipassana".


title: Vipassana movement

text: The 'American vipassanā movement' includes contemporary American Buddhist teachers such as Joseph Goldstein, Tara Brach, Gil Fronsdal, Sharon Salzberg, Ruth Denison, Shinzen Young and Jack Kornfield.


title: Vipassana movement

text: Most of these teachers combine the strict Burmese approach with the Thai approach, and also other Buddhist and non-Buddhist ideas and practices, due to their broader training and their critical approach to the Buddhist sources. And while the New Burmese Method is strictly based on the Theravāda Abhidhamma and the "Visuddhimagga", western teachers tend to base their practice also on personal experience and on the suttas, which they approach in a more textual-critical way.


title: Vipassana movement

text: A recent development, according to some western non-monastic scholars, is the understanding that "jhana", as described in the nikayas, is not a form of concentration-meditation, but a training in heightened awareness and equanimity, which forms the culmination of the Buddhist path.