title: Boss (video games)

text: In 1980, boss battles appeared in several arcade action games. In March 1980, Sega released "Samurai", a jidaigeki-themed martial arts action game where the player samurai fights a number of swordsmen before confronting a more powerful boss samurai. SNK's "Sasuke vs. Commander", released in October 1980, is a ninja-themed shooting game where the player character fights enemy ninjas before confronting bosses with various ninjutsu attacks and enemy patterns. It was one of the earliest games with multiple boss encounters, and one of SNK's earliest games. "Phoenix", released in December 1980, is a fixed shooter where the player ship must fight a giant mothership in the fifth and final level. At several points in Namco's vertically scrolling shooter "Xevious" (1982), the player must defeat an Andor Genesis mothership to advance.


title: Boss (video games)

text: In side-scrolling character action games such as beat 'em ups, Irem's 1984 arcade game "Kung-Fu Master" established the end-of-level boss battle structure used in these games, with the player character progressing through levels (represented by floors of a temple) and fighting a boss character at the end of each level; in turn, this end-of-level boss battle structure was adapted from the Bruce Lee film "Game of Death", where Lee's character fights a different boss character on each floor as he ascends a pagoda. The game was distinctive for giving both the player character and each boss a health meter, which leads to the game temporarily becoming a one-on-one fighting game during boss battles, a concept that "Kung-Fu Master" designer Takashi Nishiyama later expanded on when he created the fighting game "Street Fighter" (1987) at Capcom. The term "boss" was used in reference to the game's final boss by Mike Roberts in a review of the game published in the May 1985 issue of British magazine "Computer Gamer", while he used the term "super baddies" for the end-of-level bosses.


title: Boss (video games)

text: Sega's arcade game "Fantasy Zone" (1986) popularized the concept of a boss rush, a stage where the player faces multiple previous bosses again in succession. American magazine "Nintendo Power" has been credited with popularizing the term "boss" for video games around 1988.


title: Wallet

text: A wallet is a flat case or pouch often used to carry small personal items such as paper currency, credit cards; identification documents such as driver's license, identification card, club card; photographs, transit pass, business cards and other paper or laminated cards. Wallets are generally made of leather or fabrics, and they are usually pocket-sized and foldable.


title: Wallet

text: Wallets may include money clips, coin purses, a chain fastener, strap, or rein, or a zipper. There are specialized wallets for holding passports, wearable ID cards, and checkbooks. Some unusual wallets are worn on the wrist or shoe. Wallets may be used as a fashion accessory, or to demonstrate the style, wealth, or status of the owner.


title: Wallet

text: The word originated in the late 14th century, meaning "bag" or "knapsack", from uncertain origin (Norman-French "golette" (little snout)?), or from similar Germanic word, from the Proto-Germanic term "wall", which means "roll" (from the root "wel", meaning "to turn or revolve." (see for example "knapzak" in Dutch and Frisian). The early usage by Shakespeare described something that we would recognise as more like a backpack today. The modern meaning of "flat case for carrying paper money" is first recorded in 1834 in American English.


title: Wallet

text: The ancient Greek word "kibisis", said to describe the pouch carried by the god Hermes and the sack in which the mythical hero Perseus carried the severed head of the monster Medusa, has been typically translated as "wallet".


title: Wallet

text: The classicist A. Y. Campbell set out to answer the question, "What...in ancient literature, are the uses of a wallet?" He deduced, as a Theocritean scholar, that "the wallet was the poor man's portable larder; or, poverty apart, it was a thing that you stocked with provisions." He found that sometimes a man may be eating out of it directly but the most characteristic references allude to its being "replenished as a store", not in the manner of a lunch basket but more as a survival pack.


title: Wallet

text: Wallets were developed after the introduction of paper currency to the West in the 1600s. (The first paper currency was introduced in the New World by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690.) Prior to the introduction of paper currency, coin purses (usually simple drawstring leather pouches) were used for storing coins. Early wallets were made primarily of cow or horse leather and included a small pouch for printed calling cards.


title: Wallet

text: In recounting the life of the Elizabethan merchant, John Frampton, Lawrence C. Wroth describes the merchant as, "a young English-man of twenty-five years, decently dressed, ..., wearing a sword, and carrying fixed to his belt something he called a 'bowgett' (or budget), that is, a leathern pouch or wallet in which he carried his cash, his book of accounts, and small articles of daily necessity".


title: Wallet

text: In addition to money or currency, a wallet would also be used for carrying dried meat, victuals, "treasures", and "things not to be exposed". Wallets originally were used by early Industrial Americans. It was considered "semi-civilized" in 19th century America to carry one's wallet on one's belt. At this time, carrying goods or a wallet in one's pocket was considered uncivilized and uncommon.


title: Wallet

text: In Spain, a wallet was a case for smoking paraphernalia: "Every man would carry a small sheaf of white paper in addition to a small leather wallet which would contain a flint and steel along with a small quantity of so-called "yesca", being a dried vegetable fibre which a spark would instantly ignite."


title: Wallet

text: The modern bi-fold wallet with multiple "card slots" became standardized in the early 1950s with the introduction of the first credit cards. Some innovations include the introduction of the velcro-closure wallet in the 1970s. Pocket-sized wallets remain popular to this day.


title: Wallet

text: For cryptocurrencies that only exist in cyberspace as entries in some online ledger, a "cryptocurrency wallet" is a computing tool whose purpose is to securely keep the owner’s secret key, to authenticate the owner, and to let the owner sign transactions securely. A "hardware wallet" is a single purpose computer to do this even more safely.


title: Wallet

text: Wallets are usually designed to hold banknotes and credit cards and fit into a pocket or handbag. Small cases for securing banknotes which do not have space for credit cards or identification cards may be classified as money clips: this may also be used to describe small cases designed to hold ISO/IEC 7810 cards alone.


title: Wallet

text: Most major designers offer seasonal and perennial wallet collections of black and brown leather. Major retailers also sell a wide selection of men's wallets, including branded and house-name wallets. Branded wallets may include logos or other trademarks to identify the brand. The right wallet can add a touch of class to any outfit. When shopping for wallets, a good rule of thumb is to buy one size larger than you normally wear. This will ensure that the wallet fits comfortably and securely in your pocket. If you prefer a smaller wallet, try sizing down by half a size. You should also consider how often you use your wallet. A simple leather wallet might work fine if you carry cash only occasionally. However, if you frequently need to pay with credit cards or store large amounts of money, then you’ll probably benefit from a more durable wallet.


title: Wallet

text: The traditional material for wallets is leather or fabric, but many other flexible flat sheet materials can be used in their fabrication. Non-woven textiles such as Tyvek are used, sometimes including reuse of waterproof maps printed on that material. Woven metals, such as fine mesh made of copper or stainless steel have been incorporated into wallets that are promoted as having electromagnetic shielding properties to protect against unauthorized scanning of embedded NFC & RFID tags. Do-it-yourself websites such as Instructables feature many projects for making wallets out of materials such as denim, Kevlar, or duct tape.


title: Wallet

text: Some wallets, particularly in Europe where larger value coins are prevalent, contain a coin purse compartment. Some wallets have built-in clasps or bands to keep them closed. As European banknotes, such as euros and pounds, are typically larger than American banknotes in size, they do not fit in some smaller American wallets.


title: Wallet

text: There term wallet is also used synecdochically to refer to an individual's overall personal budget. One of the definitions of "syndecdoche", by Sasse, uses a wallet reference as an example of the meaning of the term ("an abbreviated speech in which the containing vessel is mentioned instead of its contents"), such as when a person holds up their wallet to a person asking for money, while saying "here is $100". A wallet is also used as an example in a definition for the related rhetorical device of metonymy ("using a vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea"): "If we cannot strike offenders in the heart, let us strike them in the wallet."


title: Heineken brands

text: Heineken N.V. is a Dutch brewer which owns a worldwide portfolio of over 170 beer brands, mainly pale lager, though some other beer styles are produced. The two largest brands are Heineken and Tecate; though the portfolio includes Amstel, Fosters (in Europe and Vietnam), Sagres, Cruzcampo, Skopsko, Affligem, Żywiec, Starobrno, Zagorka, Zlatý Bažant, Laško and Birra Moretti.


title: Heineken brands

text: Heineken Lager Beer is the company's flagship product. It is a 5% abv pale lager that was first brewed in 1868. It is produced by 40 breweries in 39 countries around the world. In 2006, 2.58 billion litres of "Heineken" was produced. Since 1975, most Heineken beer is brewed in the Heineken brewery in Zoeterwoude, Netherlands.


title: Heineken brands

text: "Buckler" is a low alcohol (0.5% abv) pale lager. It was launched in the summer of 1988. There was a recall in 2004 due to a fault in the pasteurising process, and Buckler is no longer available in the Netherlands (Heineken's home market) after the brand's image declined following Dutch comedian Youp van 't Hek mocking the brand (and its consumers) in a show in 1989.


title: Heineken brands

text: Buckler was the beverage of choice for US President Joe Biden at the "Beer Summit" with Henry Louis Gates, James Crowley and President Barack Obama. The event was the result of the controversial arrest of Henry Louis Gates, which gained national attention regarding law enforcement racial profiling. Biden acknowledged that his choice of beer was “mostly ironic."


title: Heineken brands

text: Former US President George W. Bush, who claimed that he gave up drinking alcoholic beverages after turning 40, drank Buckler while relaxing with Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel and British Prime Minister Tony Blair on 8 June 2007 during a break in the G8 summit.


title: Heineken brands

text: Heineken's Italian operation began in 1974 with the acquisition of the Dreher brewery. In 1996 it added the Moretti brewery. Heineken Italy has six brewing plants producing over 575 million litres of beer, and employs over 1,000 people. Its plants are: Pollein (AO), Massafra (TA), Messina, Comun Nuovo (BG), Assemini (CA).


title: Heineken brands

text: Heineken also purchased Birra Ichnusa, a brewery founded in 1912 in Assemini, a town near the Sardinian capital Cagliari. It is named after the Latinized ancient name Sardinia, "Hyknusa".


title: Heineken brands

text: Birra Moretti was founded in Udine in 1859 by Luigi Moretti. Heineken acquired the company in 1996, selling the brewing plant to the new Castello beer company. There are eight beers under the Birra Moretti brand.


title: Heineken brands

text: "Birra Moretti" is the main brand, a 4.6% abv pale lager launched in 1859; followed by "La Rossa" is a 7.2% strong dark lager or dunkel. Other brands include "Doppio Malto", "Baffo d'Oro", and "Sans Souci". It also has a number of bottled beers named after regions of Italy, such as "Piemontese", a 5.5%ABV fruit beer.


title: Heineken brands

text: Affligem Brewery was founded in 1074, making it not only one of the oldest breweries in Belgium, but also one of the oldest businesses in the country and world. The Op-Ale brewery in Opwijk, Belgium was licensed by the Affligem Abbey to brew beers under the Affligem Abbey brand name, along with their own Op-Ale, as well as beers under the brand name of the Postel Abbey. Affligem was taken over by Heineken who renamed it the Affligem brewery.


title: Heineken brands

text: The brewery produces a range of beers, including Affligem Blonde, a 6.8% pale ale; Affligem Dubbel, a 7% dubbel, Affligem Tripel, a 9.5% tripel and Affligem Patersvat, a 6.8% belgian ale.


title: Heineken brands

text: Athenian Brewery S.A. is one of the most important beer producers and traders in Greece. It was established in 1963 by a group of Greek entrepreneurs and is a member of Heineken Group N. V. In 1965, the first plant started its operation in Athens, producing Amstel beer. The second plant was inaugurated in 1974 in Thessaloniki, expanding the production, whereas Amstel became one of the most famous beers in the Greek market, just like it still is today.


title: Heineken brands

text: In 1981, Athenian Brewery started Heineken beer's production in Greece, while a third plant started operating in Patra.


title: Heineken brands

text: The Amstel brewery was founded in 1870 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It was taken over by Heineken in 1968, and the brewing plant closed down in 1972, with production moving to the main Heineken plant at Zoeterwoude.


title: Heineken brands

text: Heineken offer several beers under the Amstel brand. "Amstel Lager" uses predominantly pilsener malt, although some Vienna malt is also used. It is sold in 75 countries. "Amstel Light" is a 3.5% abv pale lager. "Amstel 1870" is a slightly dark 5% abv lager. In France a beer called "Amstel Free", with minimal alcohol content – about 1% abv, is produced.


title: Heineken brands

text: Beamish & Crawford in Cork brews both an Irish stout and a red ale. It has been part of Heineken since 2009.


title: Heineken brands

text: Bochkarev ("Russian:" Бочкарев) is a Russian brewery that started as a soft drinks company called Bravo, opening a brewery in St Petersburg in 1988.


title: Heineken brands

text: In 1993 a group of Icelandic businessmen founded a bottling plant in Saint Petersburg, which was later sold to Pepsi. Since 1995 the company named "Bravo International" launched production of alcoholic long drinks and lemonades under "Bravo" brand at its new site.


title: Heineken brands

text: In 1998 "Bravo International" started construction of a brewery in Saint Petersburg, where in February 1999 "Bochkarev" beer was first brewed.


title: Heineken brands

text: In 2002 Bravo sold its brewing business to Heineken. Since 2004 Bochkarev is brewed also under license in Almaty brewery Tian Shan; since 2006 its production started at a newly acquired PIT brewery in Kaliningrad. On top of that the beer has been available for export mainly in CIS countries and those with a notable number of Russian expats.


title: Heineken brands

text: Brand Brewery is a Dutch brewery founded in 1871 by the Brand family in Wijlre. The name comes from the Brand family which in 1871 purchased the Netherlands' oldest brewery (originally founded in 1340) and remained in management after its acquisition by Heineken.


title: Heineken brands

text: The brewery produces eight beers. "Brand Pils" is a 5.0% abv pale lager made since 1902. It is sold in the United States as "Royal Brand Beer"; "Brand Urtyp" is a 5.5% abv pale lager introduced in 1952 and claimed to be based on the Pilsener recipe from 1842 – Urtyp stands for "original"; "Brand Oud Bruin" (Brand Old Brown) is a 3.5% abv brown ale; "Brand Cuvée" a 5.5% abv top fermenting pale lager; "Brand Imperator" (since 1949) – 6.5% abv – amber colored, full malted premium beer; "Brand Meibock" (since 1994) a 6.5% abv goldbrown Spring seasonal beer; "Brand Dubbelbock" (since 1987) a 7.5% abv Autumn seasonal beer; "Brand Sylvester" (since 1984) a 7.5% abv Winter seasonal beer.


title: Heineken brands

text: Caledonian Brewery is a Scottish brewery founded in 1869 in Edinburgh, primarily specialising in Scottish ale. Between 2004 and 2008, the brewery was bought by Scottish and Newcastle.


title: Heineken brands

text: Sociedade Central de Cervejas (SCC) is a Portuguese brewery, founded in 1934, that produces a range of beers, mainly pale lagers. Its main output is the Sagres brand of beers. The company has been controlled since April 2008 by Heineken.


title: Heineken brands

text: The Sagres brand was created in 1940 to represent Sociedade Central de Cervejas at the Portuguese World Exhibition, and is named after a town of the same name. It was the first beer to be exported by SCC, arriving first in Gibraltar before being exported to the Azores and the various Portuguese Overseas Territories across the world.


title: Heineken brands

text: Founded in 1904 by Roberto Osborne and Agustín Osborne in Seville, takes the name of "La Cruz del Campo" (The Cross of the Field), which used to be a cross in the middle of the field, which still stands today next to the brewery in Seville.


title: Heineken brands

text: Nowadays it is part of the Heineken corporation who bought it from Guinness. Cruzcampo can be found anywhere in Spain, but it is in Andalusia where it is most consumed. It has breweries in Seville, Madrid, Valencia, Jaén and Arano. The logo since 1926 has been the figure of Gambrinus, a legendary creator of beer. Cruzcampo is the sponsor of the Spain national football team.


title: Heineken brands

text: The De Ridder brewery in Maastricht was taken over by Heineken and closed in 2002. "Wieckse Witte", a 5% abv white beer, was introduced in 1988.


title: Heineken brands

text: The Princely Fürstenberg Brewery (Fürstlich Fürstenbergische Brauerei KG) was founded in Donaueschingen, Germany in 1283 by the Princely House of Fürstenberg. Heineken acquired the brewery in October 2004 through their Brau Holding International AG company which is co-owned by Schörghuber.


title: Heineken brands

text: The brewery produces "Fürstenberg Gold", and "Qowaz", a drink made from a mix of wheat beer, cola and lemongrass.


title: Heineken brands

text: The Karlovačko Brewery (hr: "Karlovačka pivovara", shortform Karlovačko) is a Croatian brewery, founded in 1854 by local landowner Baron Nikola Vranyczany in the town of Karlovac. In 2003, Heineken International acquired a majority stake.


title: Heineken brands

text: The Royal Brewery of Krušovice (cs: "Královský pivovar Krušovice", shortform Krušovice) is a Czech brewery, established in 1581 by Jiří Birka in the village of Krušovice. The brewery gained a contract to provide beer to Emperor Rudolf II in 1583, allowing them to use the Imperial Crown of Austria as part of the company's logo. The company was acquired by Heineken in July 2007.


title: Heineken brands

text: Murphy's brewery was founded in Cork, Ireland in 1856. It was known as Lady's Well Brewery until it was purchased by Heineken in 1983, when the name changed to Murphy Heineken Brewery Ireland Ltd.


title: Heineken brands

text: The two most notable brands are "Murphy's Irish Stout", a 4.3% Irish stout, and "Murphy's Irish Red", a 5% Irish ale.


title: Heineken brands

text: Pelforth is a French brewery founded in 1914 in Mons-en-Barœul by three Lillois brewers. It was originally called Pelican, after a dance popular at the time. Production was stopped during World War II, restarting in 1950. The brewery name was changed in 1972 to Pelforth. It was bought by Français de Brasserie in 1986, which was acquired by Heineken International in 1988.


title: Heineken brands

text: "Pelforth", an ale, was first brewed in 1935 using two different types of malt and English yeast. The name came from "Pel" for pelican, "forte" for strong, because it contains a lot of malt (43 kg/hL), and the h added to give it an English feel. In addition to the "Blonde" (5.8% abv) and "Brune" (6.5% abv), "Pelforth Amber" (6% abv) was introduced in 2003. The Pelforth brewery also produces "George Killian's", a 6.5% amber or Irish ale. Among connoisseurs, it is "famous for its strong speciality beers".


title: Heineken brands

text: The Skopje Brewery (Macedonian: Пивара Скопје, "Pivara Skopje") is a North Macedonian brewery in Skopje. It is a joint venture between Coca-Cola HBC AG and Heineken International. Skopje brews the premium brand beer Skopsko as well as Gorsko.


title: Heineken brands

text: "Skopsko" (Cyrillic: Скопско) is a 4.9% pale lager introduced in 1924. The ingredients are water; barley malt; unmalted cereals; hops; and brewers yeast. The advertising slogan is "Our Best" ().


title: Heineken brands

text: Heineken Hungária is the Hungarian branch of the company. Its main production site, Soproni Sörgyár (Sopron) was founded in 1895. It was acquired by Heineken in 2003 by the purchase of the then-owner Austrian Bräu-Union AG.


title: Heineken brands

text: Starobrno (Pivovar Starobrno), is a brewery in Brno, Czech Republic, founded in 1325 by the Old Brno monastery. It is now owned by Heineken. The main brand is "Starobrno", a 5% abv pale lager.


title: Heineken brands

text: The Zagorka brewery was founded in 1902 and is based in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. In the mid-1990s Zagorka became a fully owned subsidiary of Heineken. The brewery brews various Heineken brands for distribution within Bulgaria, and three exclusive brands: "Zagorka" (, 5% abv), named after the brewery's home city of Stara Zagora; and "Stolichno" (a 6.5% abv strong dark lager or bock) and "Ariana" (a 4.5% pale lager), both originally produced in Sofia by the Ariana Brewery.


title: Heineken brands

text: Zlatý Bažant brewery was founded in 1969 in Slovakia, then bought by Heineken in 1995. There are several brands, among them "Zlatý Bažant 12°" ("Golden Pheasant"), a 5% abv (12 degrees Plato) pale lager, and "Kelt 12°", another 5% pale lager.


title: Heineken brands

text: Żywiec Brewery was founded in 1852 by the Habsburg family in Żywiec in Silesia, Poland. It was nationalised after the Second World War. The brewery was acquired by Heineken in the mid-1990s along with the Warszawskie Brewery, Warsaw.


title: Heineken brands

text: The brewery produces several brands of beer, usually pale lagers of varying strengths from usually 10.5° to 14° Balling or 4–6% alcohol, including:


title: Heineken brands

text: Al Ahram (Al Ahram Beverages Company or ABC) is an Egyptian brewery previously in Giza, Egypt and currently in Obour City, founded in 1897. The company was nationalized in 1963 during the tenure of Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. It was privatized in 1997. It was bought by Heineken International in 2002.


title: Heineken brands

text: is a Lebanese brewery and beer brand, founded in 1933 in Bauchrieh by Lebanese shareholders, mainly the Jabre family, the Almaza Brewery was initially called Brasserie Franco-Libano-Syrienne.


title: Heineken brands

text: In 1950, the name of the brewery changed to Brasserie et Malterie Almaza. In 1960, the second generation of shareholders took over the management of the brewery. After the Lebanese Civil War in the 1990s the brewery took its final name: Brasserie Almaza.


title: Heineken brands

text: Almaza exports to Canada, the United States, United Kingdom, France, Australia and in the Gulf countries.


title: Heineken brands

text: Heineken entered the South African beer market by building a large greenfields brewery in Midvaal south of Johannesburg. This is a joint venture with Diageo (who own 25%) and was opened in 2010.


title: Heineken brands

text: Heineken and Fraser & Neave set up Malayan Breweries in 1931. In 1990, Malayan Breweries changed to its present name, Asia Pacific Breweries (APB) and acquired 90% of DB Breweries in 2004.


title: Heineken brands

text: Launched in 1932, Tiger Beer became Singapore's first locally brewed beer. It is a 5% abv bottled pale lager. As APB's exclusive flagship brand, it is available in more than 60 countries worldwide.


title: Heineken brands

text: "Reeb" is a brand of beer produced by Asia Pacific Breweries. Reeb is "beer" spelled backwards. Its Chinese brand name is 力波啤酒. The first two characters 力波 (meaning "strong wave", pronounced "libo") are the closest pronunciation there is in Chinese to "Reeb". Reeb's distribution is primarily in the Shanghai area.


title: Heineken brands

text: DB Breweries is a New Zealand brewing company founded in 1930 by Sir Henry Kelliher and Morton Coutts in Otahuhu. Asia Pacific Breweries acquired 90% of DB Breweries in 2004.


title: Heineken brands

text: There are several beers produced under the DB brand, including "DB Draught", a 4% amber coloured lager;"Export Gold" a 4% pale lager


title: Heineken brands

text: "Export Gold" was first brewed as DB Export as a result of the "Black Budget" from then Minister of Finance Arnold Nordmeyer which imposed extremely high duty on imported premium lagers, though the extent to which the 'black budget' influenced the creation of DB Export is currently under dispute. DB Export was initially brewed as a 5.4% premium lager and with "Export" in the title to compete with international premium lagers. In 1994, the name was changed from DB Export to DB Export Gold, and in 1998 to simply Export Gold.


title: Heineken brands

text: The Tui Brewery was established in 1889 in Mangatainoka in the Wairarapa region of North Island New Zealand by Henry Wagstaff and Edward Lyons Russell; it was taken over by DB Breweries in 1969. The brewery tower is shown in advertising campaigns for Tui Beer which feature a statement, such as "War will bring peace" followed by the dismissive tag line "Yeah right". "Tui East India Pale Ale" ("Tui"), a 4% amber lager, is the main brand.


title: Heineken brands

text: Monteith's Brewery Company was originally a family-owned brewery on New Zealand's South Island West coast. DB Breweries bought it and closed its Greymouth brewery in 2001; this was since reopened, however, and production also takes place at Auckland.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: A wallflower is someone with an introverted personality type (or in more extreme cases, social anxiety) who will attend parties and social gatherings, but will usually distance themselves from the crowd and actively avoid being in the limelight. They are also social around friends but not strangers, though once around friends, the strangers become less impactful.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: The name itself derives from the eponymous plant's unusual growth pattern against a wall as a stake or in cracks and gaps in stone walls. "Wallflowers" might literally stand against a wall and simply observe others at a social gathering, rather than mingle.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: Structural functionalism is a sociological theory that sees society as a number of complex parts that form a stable and functional whole. This leads to a strong and coherent family unit made of smaller parts, with the functioning family unit then going on to form the smaller parts of a wider community, society and so on.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: Social conflict theory in sociology claims that society is in a state of perpetual grace conflict due to competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity. According to conflict theory, those with wealth and power try to hold on to it by any means possible, chiefly by suppressing the poor and powerless.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: The most relevant sociological theory that the "wallflower" relates to, symbolic interaction describes specific gestures or social norms that are symbolic in meaning. The theory consists of three core principles: meaning, language and thought. These core principles lead to conclusions about the creation of a person’s self and socialization into a larger community.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: Because the "wallflower" will usually exhibit a "lack of" interaction with others, it becomes symbolic of their thoughts and feelings towards others. The most specific example would be in the body language. During many times, people who are shy have little or no eye contact with others. A person may see a man, woman, or child try to avoid eye contact with others while out walking around in public or even in private. For some, this may be a condition that becomes consistent over time and become a normal action.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: In the case of parties or social gatherings, the "wallflower" will remain at a certain distance from the crowd or most of the people. When a shy person is around others you may see that they do what they can to stay away from the people that they do not know. Even with some friends, you may or may not see the shy man or woman even near or in the Bell Bubble or within the intimate distance of friends. In a social setting, you may not see a shy person in the center of the room without a friend or group of friends. Shy people tend to stay out of the possibility of even being the center of attention.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: Social anxiety is the extreme fear of being scrutinized and judged by others in social or performance situations. Social anxiety disorder can wreak havoc on the lives of those who suffer from it. Symptoms may be so extreme that they disrupt daily life. People with this disorder, also called "social phobia", may have few or no social or romantic relationships, making them feel powerless, alone, or even ashamed.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: Although they recognize that the fear is excessive and unreasonable, people with social anxiety disorder feel powerless against their anxiety. They are terrified they will humiliate or embarrass themselves. The anxiety can interfere significantly with daily routines, occupational performance, or social life, making it difficult to complete school, interview and get a job, and have friendships and romantic relationships.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: Being a wallflower can be considered a less-intense form of social anxiety. A person with social anxiety may feel a sense of hesitation in large crowds, and may even have a sense of panic if forced to become the center of attention. This fear may cause them to do something as minor as stand away from the center of a party, but it may also cause a major or minor anxiety attack.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: People with social anxiety disorder do not believe that their anxiety is related to a mental or physical illness. This type of anxiety occurs in most social situations, especially when the person feels on display or is the center of attention. Once a person avoids almost all social and public interactions, it can be said that the person has an extreme case of social anxiety disorder, more commonly called Avoidant Personality Disorder. People with social anxiety disorder have an elevated rate of relationship difficulties and substance abuse.


title: Wallflower (people)

text: Anxiety attacks are a combination of physical and mental symptoms that are intense and overwhelming. The anxiety is, however, more than just regular nervousness. Symptoms of anxiety attacks and panic attacks mimic serious medical issues, such as:


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: The Sexual Offences Act 1967 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom (citation 1967 c. 60). It legalised homosexual acts in England and Wales, on the condition that they were consensual, in private and between two men who had attained the age of 21. The law was extended to Scotland by the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 and to Northern Ireland by the Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: Homosexual activity between men had been illegal for centuries. There was never an explicit ban on homosexual activity between women. In the 1950s, there was an increase of prosecutions against homosexual men and several well-known figures had been convicted. The government set up a committee led by John Wolfenden to consider the laws on homosexuality. In 1957, the committee published the Wolfenden report, which recommended the decriminalisation of homosexual activity between men above the age of 21. The position was summarised by the committee as follows: "unless a deliberate attempt be made by society through the agency of the law to equate the sphere of crime with that of sin, there must remain a realm of private that is in brief, not the law's business." However, the government of Harold Macmillan did not act upon its recommendations, due to fears of public backlash.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: In 1965, several politicians sponsored a Sexual Offences Bill, a private member's bill which drew heavily upon the findings of the Wolfenden report. The key sponsors were Humphry Berkeley, a Conservative MP, Leo Abse, a Labour MP, and Lord Arran, a Conservative peer. By that year, public opinion had shifted in favour. A 1965 opinion poll commissioned by the "Daily Mail" found that 63% of respondents did not believe that homosexuality should be a crime while only 36% agreed it should, even though 93% agreed that homosexual men were "in need of medical or psychiatric treatment."


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: By 1965, a majority of MPs in the House of Commons were also sympathetic to changing the law. Berkeley's bill passed a second reading 164–107 in February 1966. Its passage was interrupted by the dissolution of Parliament for the 1966 general election. Berkeley lost his seat, but Labour's decisive victory increased the number of MPs who were likely to support the bill. Abse became the bill's main sponsor and he re-introduced the bill.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: By 1967, the government of Harold Wilson was showing support for the bill. The decriminalisation of homosexuality was one of multiple liberal social reforms to be passed under Wilson's 1966-70 government and the wider move towards a "permissive society". Other reforms of the era included the legalisation of abortion the same year, the relaxation of divorce laws and the abolition of theatre censorship and capital punishment. These reforms arose due to several separate campaigns benefitting from growing public support and Labour's large majority, rather than from central government leadership. Wilson himself had no enthusiasm for moral legislation, but there were Labour frontbenchers who supported the bill, including Roy Jenkins, the Home Secretary.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: The proposal legalised acts that met the conditions of being between two consenting adults in private. It did not apply to the Merchant Navy or the Armed Forces, nor to Scotland and Northern Ireland. In 1980, David Steel MP stated "I remember a conversation with the then sponsor of the Bill in 1965, Mr. Humphry Berkeley, in which I asked him why he proposed to cover only England and Wales. He was open about it. He said that the Bill was discussed on a Friday and that if he included Scotland in it most of the Scottish Members would stay to vote against it. Probably that was wise and sound judgment on his part." As with the Wolfenden report's proposal, the bill set the age of consent for homosexual activity to 21, five years higher than for heterosexual activity. It did not delete the offences of buggery and gross indecency. Men could still be prosecuted for these offences if their actions did not meet the strict requirements of the bill. For the first time, however, the maximum penalties were differentiated, depending upon why the relevant sexual act was still illegal: whether there was a lack of consent, the age requirement was not satisfied, or the act was not in private.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: At the time, most proponents of the bill did not condone homosexuality, but instead argued that it was not within the responsibility of the criminal law to penalise homosexual men, who were already the object of ridicule and derision. Roy Jenkins captured the government's attitude: "those who suffer from this disability carry a great weight of shame all their lives" (quoted during parliamentary debate by "The Times" on 4 July 1967).


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: Both the major parties permitted a conscience vote. Labour and Liberal members were mostly in favour, while Conservative members were mostly opposed. The divide cut through party ranks, with Margaret Thatcher and Enoch Powell among the Conservative members voting in favour. The coalition in favour of the bill was later described as "a combination of Gaitskellites and future Thatcherites." The bill was also supported by the senior leaders of the Church of England, including Michael Ramsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: According to gay activist Peter Tatchell, dissent against the bill could be summed up by the Earl of Dudley's 16 June 1966 statement that "[homosexuals] are the most disgusting people in the world... Prison is much too good a place for them; in fact, that is a place where many of them like to go—for obvious reasons."


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: The Bill received royal assent on 27 July 1967 after an intense late night debate in the House of Commons.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: Lord Arran, in an attempt to minimise criticisms that the legislation would lead to further public debate and visibility of issues relating to homosexual civil rights made the following qualification to this "historic" milestone: "I ask those [homosexuals] to show their thanks by comporting themselves quietly and with dignity… any form of ostentatious behaviour now or in the future or any form of public flaunting would be utterly distasteful… [And] make the sponsors of this bill regret that they had done what they had done"


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: In "BBC History", Florence Sutcliffe-Braithwaite wrote "This was a hugely important moment in the history of homosexuality in Britain — but it wasn't a moment of sudden liberation for gay men — and nor was it intended to be." One particularly important consequence was the increased freedom of assembly for gay rights groups, leading to an increase in gay rights activism in the 1970s. Conversely, there was a clampdown on the homosexual activities that were not protected by the law. In the decade after its passage, prosecutions for gross indecency involving males trebled.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: No subsequent reconsideration of the issue of male homosexuality in statutory law took place in England and Wales until the late 1970s. In 1979, the Home Office Policy Advisory Committee's Working Party report Age of Consent in relation to Sexual Offences recommended that the age of consent for homosexual acts should be 18. This was rejected at the time, in part due to fears that further decriminalisation would serve only to encourage younger men to experiment sexually with other men, a choice that some at the time claimed would place such an individual outside of wider society.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: The law was extended to Scotland in the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980, which took effect on 1 February 1981. As a result of the 1981 European Court of Human Rights case "Dudgeon v. United Kingdom", the law was extended to Northern Ireland in the Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982.


title: Sexual Offences Act 1967

text: In 2020, a Freedom of Information request by journalists at "The Mail on Sunday" found that the Royal Mint Advisory Committee had rejected plans to issue a commemorative coin to mark the 50th anniversary of the passing of the act in 2015, concluding that it would not be "commercially viable" due to a perceived "lack of appeal" for the coin amongst collectors.


title: Jack Dodson

text: John Smeaton "Jack" Dodson (May 16, 1931 – September 16, 1994) was an American television actor best remembered for the milquetoast character Howard Sprague on "The Andy Griffith Show" and its spin-off "Mayberry R.F.D." From 1959 until his death in 1994, Dodson was married to television art director Mary Dodson.


title: Jack Dodson

text: In 1966, Andy Griffith hired Dodson for the Howard Sprague role, having previously seen him in Broadway's "Hughie". Dodson also portrayed insurance agent Ed Jenkins in the "Lost and Found" episode of "The Andy Griffith Show". Dodson also appeared in episodes of "My Friend Flicka", "Hazel", "The Virginian", "Maude", "Barney Miller" (four episodes), "Welcome Back Kotter", "Archie Bunker's Place", "Newhart", "Mr. Belvedere", "Matlock", "Mama's Family", and "St. Elsewhere", on which he had a recurring role.


title: Jack Dodson

text: Dodson appeared as an airplane passenger caught up in a murder plot in a 1973 episode of "Hawaii Five-0". In 1967, Dodson appeared in the episode "A Mighty Hunter Before the Lord" of NBC's "The Road West", which aired opposite "The Andy Griffith Show". He played Norman Gresham in the 1969 film "Angel in My Pocket", and also appeared in two Sam Peckinpah films, "The Getaway" (1972) and "Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid" (1973). He also had a small role in the 1974 film "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot", which starred Clint Eastwood and Jeff Bridges. His other film appearances included roles in "Something Wicked This Way Comes" (1983) and "A Climate for Killing" (1991).


title: Jack Dodson

text: In the late 1970s, he had a recurring role as Mickey Malph, Ralph Malph's optometrist father on "Happy Days".


title: Jack Dodson

text: In 1975 he was in the "Barney Miller" episode "Horse Thief". In 1979–80, Season 6, he appeared in the episode "Guns". He appeared again on "Barney Miller" in the two-part episode "Homicide" in Season 7.


title: Jack Dodson

text: Dodson appeared in all 24 episodes of the CBS romantic sitcom "All's Fair" during the 1976-77 season. Set in Washington, D.C., Dodson played Wayne Joplin, a slightly bumbling Democratic senator from an unspecified rural state. The show lasted just one season.


title: Jack Dodson

text: In January 1979, Dodson played Bernie, a hard of hearing acquaintance of Mark (David Spielberg), in a comic scene set in a restaurant in "One Day at a Time".


title: Jack Dodson

text: In 1983, Dodson returned to Broadway in the revival of "You Can't Take It with You". The actor reprised Howard Sprague in the 1986 NBC-TV movie "Return to Mayberry", as well as in a 1990 episode of "It's Garry Shandling's Show", "The Day Howard Moved In".


title: Jack Dodson

text: In 1986, Dodson appeared as Gus, a bus depot attendant, in the "Steal One Pearl Two" episode of "Mama's Family".


title: Jack Dodson

text: Dodson's widow, art director Mary Dodson, younger sister of actor Fritz Weaver, died on February 15, 2016.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: The First Great Train Robbery (known in the United States as The Great Train Robbery) is a 1978 Irish heist comedy film directed by Michael Crichton, who also wrote the screenplay based on his 1975 novel "The Great Train Robbery". The film stars Sean Connery, Donald Sutherland and Lesley-Anne Down.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: In 1855 Edward Pierce (Sean Connery), seemingly a charismatic member of London's high society, is secretly a master thief. He plans to steal a monthly shipment of gold from the London to Folkestone train which is meant as payment for British troops fighting in the Crimean War. The gold is heavily guarded in two heavy safes in the baggage car, each of which has two locks, requiring a total of four keys. Pierce recruits Robert Agar (Donald Sutherland), a pickpocket and screwsman. Pierce's mistress Miriam (Lesley-Anne Down) and his chauffeur Barlow (George Downing) join the plot, and a train guard, Burgess, is bribed into participation. The executives of the bank who arrange the gold transport, the manager Mr. Henry Fowler (Malcolm Terris) and the president Mr. Edgar Trent (Alan Webb), each possess a key; the other two are locked in a cabinet at the offices of the South Eastern Railway at the London Bridge railway station. In order to hide the robbers' intentions, wax impressions are to be made of each of the keys.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Pierce ingratiates himself with Trent by feigning a shared interest in ratting. He also begins courting Trent's spinster daughter, Elizabeth (Gabrielle Lloyd), and learns from her the location of her father's key. Pierce and Agar successfully break into Trent's home at night, manage to locate the hidden key and make a wax impression before making a clean getaway despite a close call with the butler.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Pierce targets Fowler through his weakness for prostitutes. Miriam reluctantly poses as "Madame Lucienne", a high-class courtesan in an exclusive bordello. Miriam meets with Fowler and asks him to undress, forcing him to remove the key worn round his neck. While Fowler is distracted by Miriam, Agar makes an impression of his key. Pierce then stages a phony police raid to rescue Miriam, forcing Fowler to flee to avoid a scandal.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: The keys at the train station prove a much harder challenge. After a daytime diversionary tactic with a child pickpocket fails because Agar cannot wax them in the time available, Pierce decides to "crack the crib" at night. The whole operation is a matter of timing, because the officer guarding the railway office at night leaves his post only once, for seventy-five seconds (to go to the toilet). Pierce plans to use "snakesman" (cat burglar) Clean Willy (Wayne Sleep) to climb the station's wall, climb down into the station, enter the office via a small skylight in the office ceiling, and open the office door and the key cabinet from within. Because Clean Willy is incarcerated at Newgate Prison, Pierce and Agar first have to arrange for him to break out, using a public execution as a distraction. With Willy's help, the criminals succeed in making wax impressions of the keys without detection.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Clean Willy is subsequently arrested after being caught pick-pocketing and informs on Pierce. The police use Willy to lure Pierce into a trap, but the master cracksman easily eludes capture. Clean Willy escapes from his captors, but is murdered by Barlow on Pierce's orders. The authorities, now aware that a robbery is imminent, increase security by having the baggage car padlocked from the outside until the train arrives at its destination and forbidding anyone but the guard to travel in the baggage van. Any container large enough to hold a man must be opened and inspected before it is loaded on the train.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Pierce smuggles Agar into the baggage car disguised as a corpse in a coffin. Pierce plans to reach the car across the coach roofs while the train is under way, but he and Miriam encounter Fowler, who is riding the train to Folkestone to accompany the shipment. After arranging for Miriam to travel in the same compartment as Fowler to divert his attention, Pierce travels down the roof of the train and unlocks the baggage van's door from the outside. He and Agar replace the gold with lead bars and toss the bags of gold off the train at a prearranged point. However, soot from the engine's smoke has stained Pierce's skin and clothes and he is forced to borrow Agar's suit, which is much too small for him. The jacket splits across the back when he disembarks at Folkestone. The police quickly become suspicious and arrest him before he can rejoin his accomplices.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Pierce is put on trial for the robbery. As he exits the courthouse, he receives the adulation of the crowds, who consider him a folk hero for his daring act. In the commotion, a disguised Miriam kisses him full on the mouth, in the process slipping a key to his handcuffs from her mouth to his. Agar is also present, disguised as a police van driver. As Pierce is about to be put into the wagon, he frees himself and he and Agar escape, to the jubilation of the crowd and the chagrin of the police.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Film rights to the novel were bought in 1975 by Dino de Laurentiis. In 1977 it was announced the film would be made in Ireland by American International Pictures with Sean Connery and Jacqueline Bisset.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Crichton deliberately varied the film from his book. He said "the book was straight, factual but the movie is going to be close to farce."


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Sean Connery originally turned down the film after reading the script, judging it "too heavy." He was asked to reconsider and read the original novel. After meeting Crichton, Connery changed his mind.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Sean Connery performed most of his own stunts in the film, including the extended sequence on top of the moving train. The train was composed of J-15 class 0-6-0 No 184 of 1880, with its wheels and side rods covered and roof removed, leaving only spectacle plate for protection to give it a look more akin to the 1850s, and coaches that were made for the film from modern railway flat wagons. Connery was told that the train would travel at only 20 miles per hour during his time on top of the cars. However, the train crew used an inaccurate means of judging the train's speed. The train was actually doing speeds of 40 to 50 miles per hour. Connery wore soft rubber soled shoes and the roofs of the carriages were covered with a sandy, gritty surface. Connery actually slipped and nearly fell off the train during one jump between two carriages, and had difficulty keeping his eyes free of smoke and cinders from the locomotive.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Heuston Station in Dublin stood in for 'London Bridge Station' in the film. During the filming at the station, a diesel locomotive leaked a large quantity of fuel onto the tracks by the platform. When the production company's steam engine rolled onto the same tracks, embers dropping from the underside of the locomotive ignited the fuel soaked track, momentarily producing a very large fire within the station.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: The film's plot is loosely based on the Great Gold Robbery of 1855, in which a cracksman named William Pierce engineered the theft of a trainload of gold being shipped to the British Army during the Crimean War. The gold shipment of £12,000 (equal to £ today) in gold coin and ingots from the London-to-Folkestone passenger train was stolen by Pierce and his accomplices, a clerk in the railway offices named Tester, and a skilled screwsman named Agar. The robbery was a year in the planning and involved making sets of duplicate keys from wax impressions for the locks on the safes, and bribing the train's guard, a man called Burgess. Crichton, the author of the book and the screenplay, was inspired by Kellow Chesney's 1970 book "The Victorian Underworld", which is a comprehensive examination of the more sordid aspects of Victorian society.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: In his screenplay Crichton based his character "Clean Willy" Williams on another real-life character from Chesney's book, a housebreaker named Williams (or Whitehead) who, sentenced to death in Newgate Prison, escaped from prison by climbing the 15-metre (50-ft.) tall sheer granite walls, squeezing through the revolving iron spikes at the top, and climbing over the inward projecting sharp spikes above them before making his escape over the roofs. The only completely fictional character in the film is Miriam (Lesley-Anne Down).


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: The film also draws loose parallels to the 1903 film of the same name. The 1903 film has just 18 shots, but the film borrows two scenes, one in which Pierce (the 1903 characters are unnamed) is on top of the train, and another when a person is thrown off the moving train.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: Although set in London and Kent, most of the filming took place in Ireland. In particular, the final scenes were filmed in Trinity College, Dublin and Kent railway station in Cork. Heuston Station in Dublin stood in for London Bridge railway station. The scenes on the moving train were filmed on the Mullingar to Athlone railway line (now closed) at Castletown Geoghegan Station. The train driver was John Byrne from Mullingar, now deceased. Moate railway station is the location for Ashford station.


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: The film's soundtrack was written by Oscar-winning composer Jerry Goldsmith. The score was his third collaboration with writer/director Michael Crichton following "Pursuit" (1972) and "Coma" (1978). The music for two pianos played by the characters Elizabeth (Gabrielle Lloyd) and Emily Trent (Pamela Salem) is from the third movement of Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D major, K. 448 "Molto Allegro".


title: The First Great Train Robbery

text: "The Great Train Robbery" has a critical rating of 74% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews. The site's critics praised the film's comedic tone, action sequences, and Victorian details. "Variety" wrote that "Crichton's film drags in dialog bouts, but triumphs when action takes over." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three stars out of four and singled out Connery, writing that the actor "is one of the best light comedians in the movies, and has been ever since those long-ago days when he was James Bond." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" praised director Crichton's "amplitude...in this visually dazzling period piece," and that "the climactic heist of the gold, with Mr. Connery climbing atop the moving railroad cars, ducking under bridges just before a possible decapitation, is marvelous action footage that manages to be very funny as it takes your breath away." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote that it "takes too much time to get to the robbery itself." He found very little suspense in the first half of the movie "because we know that Connery's gang must get the keys or we won't be able to see the big robbery of the film's title." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" called it "an intelligent and handsome work. It is just a little slow, dull and bloodless—pure Victorian, when a dash or two of Elizabethan vivacity couldn't have hurt." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" wrote that "While the movie boasts an undeniably exciting highlight, it lacks an undercurrent of excitement ... It's beginning to look as if Crichton's filmmaking carburetor is tuned a bit low. Perhaps his approach is too dry and cautious to produce an explosive, uninhibited mixture of thrills and humor."


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp (24 October 1712 – 30 May 1760) was a member of the German House of Holstein-Gottorp, a princess consort of Anhalt-Zerbst by marriage, and the regent of Anhalt-Zerbst from 1747 to 1752 on behalf of her minor son, Frederick Augustus. She is best known as the mother of Empress Catherine the Great of Russia.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: Joanna Elisabeth was born as the daughter of Christian August, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1673–1726), Prince of Eutin and Prince-Bishop of Lübeck and his wife, Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach (1682–1755). She was a member of the influential House of (Schleswig-)Holstein-Gottorp, but only from a minor branch. Since her father was not rich, but had a total of eleven children, he sent Joanna to the court of her godmother, Elisabeth Sophie Marie of Schleswig-Holstein-Norburg (1683–1767), who had no children of her own. Joanna was thus brought up in one of the most luxurious courts of Northern Germany, together with the three daughters of Elisabeth Sophie Marie's husband, Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1662–1731).


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: In 1727, the fifteen-year-old Joanna was married to the thirty-seven-year old Prince Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst (1690–1747), who was an heir to the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst and a general in the Prussian Army under Frederick William I of Prussia. After the wedding, the couple lived in the small city of Stettin, Pomerania (later known as Szczecin, Poland), where the husband's regiment was stationed.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: The marriage of Joanna and Christian August turned out to be a mismatch, both because of their large age gap and their different personalities. The soldier husband was a sober and simple man, used to giving orders and not talking much, while his young wife loved socializing. In addition, Christian August could only afford a small townhouse on his military pay, but Joanna was used to the luxury of the ducal court of Brünswick. There was also very little entertainment in Stettin compared to the life Joanna had lived as a child, which was full of balls, hunts, and theatre plays. Joanna was unhappy, but remained an obedient and dutiful wife.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: Eighteen months after the wedding, on 21 April 1729, Joanna gave birth to her first child. Everyone had hoped for a son who would have been an heir to his father, including Joanna, who wanted to raise a great ruler with a brighter career than her own as a compensation for having had to marry a minor prince. To Joanna's great disappointment, the baby was a girl. She was named Sophie Auguste Friederike, and would later become Empress Catherine the Great of Russia. The labour was intense and life-threatening for Joanna, who had to lie in bed for 19 weeks after the birth to recover. She handed her child over to nurses and servants (as was customary in the era for noble mothers), and did not show her affection.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: On 22 January 1729, Christian August was appointed commander of Stettin, which meant that the couple could move into the castle in the middle of the city. Still, Joanna was not satisfied with her position and her isolation from culture and high society, and started travelling to escape her home. She often visited Brünswick, her childhood home, and she paid her respects to the King of Prussia every February in the carnival season. Much to her dismay, she was treated as a poor relative everywhere, pitied for having had to marry someone below her in rank. In these years, she had three more children. On 17 November 1730, Joanna gave birth to William Christian Frederick, who suffered from rickets and was her favorite. On 8 August 1734, Joanna gave birth to Frederick Augustus, who would succeed his father as Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. On 10 November 1736, Joanna gave birth to Auguste Charlotte Christine, who died at the age of two weeks.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: Joanna's relationship with her eldest child remained strained. According to Sophie's memoirs, Joanna was often violent and angry towards her for no reason. However, she wanted Sophie to contract an advantageous marriage, so she started bringing her along on her journeys from the age of 8. In 1739, they visited Joanna's brother, Adolf Frederick, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck (1710–1771). Adolf Frederick had recently become the guardian of Charles Peter Ulrich, the eleven-year-old orphaned duke of Holstein-Gottorp and only living grandchild of Emperor Peter the Great of Russia (1672–1725), who was a prospective heir to both the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Sweden.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: In 1741, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna of Russia ascended to the throne as empress. Elizabeth had once been engaged to Joanna's brother Charles Augustus (1706–1727), who died shortly before the wedding, and Elizabeth cherished his memory for her whole life. Johanna was quick to write a congratulatory letter, and later sent a portrait of Elizabeth's deceased sister, Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna, for which she received a very valuable portrait of the Empress. To further the relationship, Joanna sent a portrait of Sophie to the Empress, who was pleased with her beauty.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: Meanwhile, the illness of William Christian, Joanna's favourite child, was becoming more and more severe, despite regular cures in Baden-Baden and Karlsbad. William he died on 27 August 1742, and Johanna was inconsolable. A few months later, on 17 December, she gave birth to her fifth and last child, a daughter. Joanna asked to be allowed to name her after the Empress of Russia, who became the little Elisabeth Ulrike's godmother.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: In January 1742, Empress Elizabeth brought Peter Ulrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and only child of her late beloved sister Anna Petrovna, to Saint Petersburg. Empress Elizabeth adopted Peter and appointed him as her heir. In turn, Peter renounced his claim to the Swedish throne, and Elizabeth was able to appoint the new heir. She chose Peter Ulrich's guardian, Joanna's older brother, Adolf Frederick, which elevated Joanna in rank. In November 1742, Christian August inherited the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst with his brother, John Louis, and the family moved to Zerbst.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: On 1 January 1744 at dinner, Joanna was handed a letter from Otto Brümmer, the Grand Marshal of Grand Duke Peter's court (Peter Ulrich had since converted to Russian Orthodoxy and had taken the name Pyotr Fyodorovich). In the letter, Brümmer asked Johanna to visit Russia with her eldest daughter, Sophie, as soon as possible on the command of the Empress. Only a few hours later, a letter from Frederick II of Prussia followed; this letter informed Joanna that Frederick saw a possibility to arrange a marriage between Peter and Sophie. On 10 January, Prince Christian August, Princess Joanna, and Princess Sophie traveled to Berlin to see Frederick II. Here, the King secretly asked Joanna to become an agent of Prussia in Saint Petersburg, with the intent to remove Vice Chancellor Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev(-Ryumin) (1693–1768), an enemy of Prussia who wanted Russia to be allied with Austria, and who opposed the marriage of Peter and Sophie. Johanna enthusiastically accepted.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: On 16 January, the family and their company left Berlin. Fifty miles (appr. 80 km) from Berlin, Christian August said goodbye and returned to Zerbst, as the Empress had requested him not to go to Russia. Joanna took the pseudonym of "Countess Reinbeck" for the journey to hide her identity and the marriage plans. The travel was very uncomfortable, they often had to sleep in scarcely furnished, roach-infested hotels. On 9 February (O.S.), they arrived in Moscow, just in time for the celebration of Grand Duke Peter's sixteenth birthday. Soon after their arrival, Johanna received news that her infant daughter Elisabeth Ulrike had suddenly died in Zerbst on 5 March (N.S.).


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: At first, Joanna had a cordial relationship with Empress Elizabeth, often expressing gratitude for her kindness towards her family. However, when Sophie fell ill and the doctors wanted to bleed her, she refused to allow it. Joanna's refusal angered the Empress, who then removed Joanna from her daughter's bed and tended to Sophie herself. Joanna's constant complaining during this period caused her to become disliked in the Russian court. While in Russia, Joanna was also working on the mission she received from the King of Prussia, trying to undermine Vice Chancellor Bestuzhev. Bestuzhev intercepted letters passing between Johanna, the Prussian and the French ambassador, and the Prussian and French courts. When he eventually presented their copies to the Empress, she was furious and declared that Joanna must leave Russia right after the wedding. Between the betrothal and the wedding, Johanna's relationship with her future son-in-law also deteriorated.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: On 21 August 1745 (O.S.), Sophie and Peter married. A few weeks later, Joanna had to leave Russia. Joanna did not say goodbye to Sophie (now known as Grand Duchess Catherine Alexeievna) and would never see her again. Joanna left with many presents from the Empress. In Riga, she was directed to take a message to the King of Prussia, asking him to call back the ambassador who had been caught in the conspiracy against Bestuzhev. This request was a humiliating punishment for Joanna's part in the plot.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: On 16 March 1747, Joanna's husband, Christian August, died. Their son Frederick Augustus succeeded him as Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. During his minority, Joanna acted as regent. She had a new palace built in Dornburg for the purpose of hosting her brother, King Adolf Frederick of Sweden, and her daughter, the Grand Duchess, but neither of them ever visited. In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, Prussia invaded Anhalt-Zerbst, and the Dowager Princess and her son were forced into exile in Paris. Joanna died there in 1760 at the age of 47. Two years later, her daughter became the Empress regnant of Russia. Her son, Frederick Augustus, never returned to Zerbst.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: In her youth, Joanna Elisabeth was regarded as beautiful, and had curly, blonde hair. She easily befriended people with overt kindness. She made efforts to charm others when she was in company. She also talked a great deal and was easily agitated.


title: Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

text: Joanna appears as a character in the historical novel "A Princess at the Court of Russia" by Eva Martens. She was played by Isabelle Schosing in the 2014 Russia-1 historical television drama-documentary "Ekaterina" and by Gillian Anderson in season two of the loosely historically based series "The Great".


title: Ranarangam

text: Ranarangam () is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language action crime film written and directed by Sudheer Varma. Produced by Suryadevara Naga Vamsi under his banner Sithara Entertainments, it features Sharwanand, Kajal Aggarwal and Kalyani Priyadarshan in the lead roles. The film follows a non-linear narrative and chronicles the rise of a gangster and powerful liquor-baron named Deva.


title: Ranarangam

text: "Ranarangam" was released on 15 August 2019 to mixed reviews from the critics and audience. Despite a strong opening, the film becomes a commercial failure at the box office.


title: Ranarangam

text: In Spain, Sanjay is a contractor, who takes the help of an MLA from Visakhapatnam to convince a liquor baron named Deva to clear a slum area which can be used for the construction of the Vizag International Airport, so that the value of the neighboring land, which is meant for the construction and belonging to Sanjay, will increase. However, Deva refuses the request.


title: Ranarangam

text: 1990: In Visakhapatnam, Deva and his friends sell illegal black tickets for films. During that time, Deva falls in love with Gita. When the prohibition of alcohol is announced in 1997, Deva decides to enter the illegal liquor business by smuggling alcohol from Orissa into the city and selling it. In this process, Deva and his gang subsequently lock horns with another illegal liquor baron and MLA Simhachalam. Deva and his gang are imprisoned for 6 months after being caught smuggling a truckload of liquor into the state. When they are released, they attack and steal a consignment of liquor belonging to Simhachalam. A slow shift in power takes place, as Deva bribes higher officials who were on Simhachalam’s payroll. In retribution, Simhachalam murders Deva’s friends and orchestrates a bomb blast that kills his wife Gita, hours after she had given birth to Sahasra. A vengeful Deva goes on a killing spree, finishing Simhachalam’s associates and shutting down his criminal empire, as Simhachalam himself goes into hiding.


title: Ranarangam

text: Present: Deva and his daughter Sahasra, become well acquainted with Geetha, a doctor. During an outing to a mall with Sahasra and Geetha, an assassination attempt is made on Deva by Sanjay, who has colluded with Deva’s rivals in Spain and is being assisted by Simhachalam. Geetha and Sahasra are kidnapped by Simhachalam in Deva’s absence. Deva agrees and flies to Visakhapatnam to meet Simhachalam. In a turn of events, Deva reveals that he had secretly found and murdered Simhachalam 10 days after the latter had gone into hiding, and is aware that the man pretending to be Simhachalam and orchestrating the scam is Deva’s right-hand man Suri. Suri reveals that his thirst for power and jealousy that Deva rose above them all despite the business being all of theirs led to his betrayal. Suri’s men attack him instead of Deva, revealing that they are working for the latter. Deva kills Suri, Sanjay and the Home Minister, where he moves back to Spain.


title: Ranarangam

text: The film was released theatrically on 15 August 2019. The film was later dubbed and released in Hindi as "Don Returns" on 4 April 2021 by Goldmines Telefilms directly on their own TV channel Dhinchaak.


title: Ranarangam

text: Prashant Pillai, Karthik Rodriguez and Sunny M.R. composed the soundtrack of the film, where the former composed the background score. All lyrics were penned by Krishna Chaitanya, except the song "Seetha Kalyanam" which was penned by Balaji. Aditya Music hold the rights to the music. The first single, "Seetha Kalyanam" sung by Srihari and written by Balaji was released on 4 July 2019. The second song "Kannu Kotti" both composed and sung by Karthik Rodriguez was released on 20 July 2019. The third single "Pilla Picture Perfect" composed by Sunny M.R. was released on 29 July 2019. The entire soundtrack album was released on 10 August 2019.


title: Ranarangam

text: "The Times of India" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "The kind of film that allows you to soak in its mindless beauty much before you realise it’s heading in a completely predictable direction".


title: Irma la Douce

text: Irma la Douce (, "Irma the Sweet") is a 1963 American romantic comedy film directed by Billy Wilder from a screenplay he co-wrote with I. A. L. Diamond, based on the 1956 French stage musical of the same name by Marguerite Monnot and Alexandre Breffort. The film stars Jack Lemmon and Shirley MacLaine.


title: Irma la Douce

text: Nestor Patou, an honest policeman, has been transferred from the Bois de Boulogne to Les Halles, a more urban neighborhood in Paris. He finds a street full of prostitutes working at the Hotel Casanova and raids the place. The inspector fires Nestor, who is mistakenly framed for bribery.


title: Irma la Douce

text: Kicked off the force and humiliated, Nestor finds himself drawn to the very neighborhood that ended his career with the Paris police—returning to Chez Moustache, a popular tavern for prostitutes and pimps. Down on his luck, Nestor befriends Irma la Douce, a popular prostitute. He reluctantly accepts, as a confidante, the proprietor of Chez Moustache, a man known only as Moustache. In a running joke, Moustache tells of a storied prior life, claiming to have been, among other things, an attorney, a colonel in the Foreign Legion, and a doctor who worked with Albert Schweitzer in Africa, ending with the repeated line, "but that's another story". After saving Irma from her abusive pimp, Hippolyte, Nestor moves in with her, and unwittingly becomes a new one.


title: Irma la Douce

text: Nestor becomes infatuated and devises a plan to derail Irma's life as a prostitute. With the help of Moustache, Nestor disguises himself as Lord X, a wealthy English lord, who becomes Irma's sole client. Lord X has supposedly been rendered impotent by his service in World War II but is eager to support her in exchange for two visits each week. To pay for Lord X's exclusive access, Nestor works in the marketplace. With Lord X away every night and too tired to make love, Irma thinks he is having an affair.


title: Irma la Douce

text: Irma seduces Lord X and persuades him to take her to England. At that point, Nestor decides to end the charade and kill off his alter ego. Unaware he is being tailed by Hippolyte, he tosses his disguise into the Seine. Seeing Lord X's clothes floating in the water, Hippolyte concludes Nestor killed him.


title: Irma la Douce

text: Arrested and sent to prison, Nestor escapes when he discovers that Irma is pregnant. He narrowly avoids being recaptured when the police search for him at the apartment; donning his old uniform, Nestor blends in with the other police and eludes capture.


title: Irma la Douce

text: With the help of Hippolyte, Nestor arranges for the police to search for him along the Seine from which, dressed as Lord X, he emerges. Vindicated of the murder, Nestor and Irma agree to get married. At the church, Irma goes into labor and has their baby. Moustache identifies the real Lord X as a guest. As Lord X leaves, a clearly baffled Moustache looks at the audience.


title: Irma la Douce

text: The film was conceived in 1962 as a vehicle for Marilyn Monroe. The project would have reunited her with Wilder and Lemmon, both of whom had worked with her on "Some Like It Hot". After Monroe's death, Shirley MacLaine was cast in the film after starring in "The Apartment". MacLaine was paid $350,000 plus a percentage.


title: Irma la Douce

text: The film was successful, grossing $25,246,588 worldwide on a budget of $5 million. It was the fifth highest-grossing film of 1963, earning an estimated $12 million in North America. "Irma la Douce" earned over $15 million in worldwide rentals, but because of profit participation for Wilder and the two stars, United Artists only made a profit of $440,000 during the film's theatrical run.


title: Irma la Douce

text: Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" called it "a brisk and bubbly film" with Lemmon "little short of brilliant" and MacLaine having "a wonderously casual and candid air that sweeps indignation before it and leaves one sweetly enamoured of her." "Variety" praised the "scintillating performances" by Lemmon and MacLaine but thought that the film "lacks the originality of some of Wilder's recent efforts" and that the 147-minute running time was "an awfully long haul for a frivolous farce." Philip K. Scheuer of the "Los Angeles Times" reported that "I found it a brilliant, though outrageously outspoken comedy." Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" panned the film as "overblown and overlong, two hours and three quarters tediously spent on a single joke." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote, "Though the film stretches for two and a third hours, and rarely ventures away from the two principals and the studio-built Rue Casanova, the humour and spontaneity endure surprisingly well ... most credit goes to Shirley MacLaine and Jack Lemmon for yet another "tour de force" of comedy playing." The film gave 76% ratings on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews.


title: Irma la Douce

text: In 1968, the Egyptian film "Afrit Mirati" (My Wife's Goblin) starring Shadia and Salah Zulfikar contained a soundtrack titled "Irma la Douce" performed by Shadia. The Egyptian film خمسة باب (khamsa bab) was based on the story in "Irma la Douce", with Nadia El Guindy playing the part of Tragy, the Egyptian Irma character.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Anarcho-punk (also known as anarchist punk or peace punk) is ideological subgenre of punk rock that promotes anarchism. Some use the term broadly to refer to any punk music with anarchist lyrical content, which may figure in crust punk, hardcore punk, folk punk, and other styles.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Some members of the 1960s protopunk bands such as the MC5, The Fugs, Hawkwind, and the Edgar Broughton Band had new left or anarchist ideology. These bands set a precedent for mixing radical politics with rock music and established the idea of rock as an agent of social and political change in the public consciousness. Other precursors to anarcho-punk include avant-garde art and political movements such as Fluxus, Dada, the Beat generation, England's angry young men (such as Joe Orton), the surrealism-inspired Situationist International, the May 1968 uprising in Paris, and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys has cited the Yippies as an influence on his activism and thinking.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: A surge of popular interest in anarchism occurred during the 1970s in the United Kingdom following the birth of punk rock, in particular the Situationist-influenced graphics of Sex Pistols artist Jamie Reid, as well as that band's first single, "Anarchy in the U.K.". Crass and the Poison Girls funded the rented Wapping Autonomy Centre with a benefit single and this then inspired other squatted self-managed social centres in London such as the Ambulance Station on Old Kent Road, Centro Iberico, Molly's Café on Upper Street and the Bingo Hall opposite Highbury & Islington station (now the Garage). The concept (and aesthetics) of anarcho-punk was quickly picked up on by bands like Flux of Pink Indians, Subhumans and Conflict.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: The early 1980s saw the emergence of the Leeds anarcho-punk scene with groups like Abrasive Wheels, The Expelled and Icon A.D. From this scene came Chumbawamba, whose emphasis on confrontational political activism soon overtook their connection to the scene. Despite their anti-corporate views, the group signed to EMI, leading to their 1997 single Tubthumping number 2 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Pioneering crust punk bands Antisect, Anti System, Sacrilege and Amebix all began in the anarcho-punk scene, before incorporating their anarchist lyrical themes with elements of early heavy metal. Early British grindcore bands like Carcass, Napalm Death and Extreme Noise Terror were primarily a part of the 1980s anarcho-punk scene, however began embracing elements of extreme metal and American thrashcore.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Anarcho-punk spread to the United States in the late1970s with groups like Austin's MDC and San Francisco's Dead Kennedys. Los Angeles' Black Flag also embraced anarchists politics between 1982 and 1986, when Henry Rollins was their vocalist. United States anarcho-punk generally supported revolutions in Latin America and anti-Apartheid movements and criticized the Presidency of Ronald Reagan.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: In the 1980s, New York City cultivated a thriving anarcho-punk scene. Beginning as a part of the larger New York hardcore scene, bands like Reagan Youth, False Prophets and Heart Attack made use of a similar musical style and mentality to their British counterparts. This scene split from New York hardcore as the decade progressed. Nausea were a key figure in the scene during this period, helping to cultivate a new scene in the city based around politics and squatting.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: In the 2000s, American anarcho-punk groups like Anti-Flag and Against Me gained significant mainstream success for the genre.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Anarcho-punk bands often disassociated themselves from established anarchist currents like collectivist anarchism, anarcho-syndicalism or anarcho-communism. Because of this, as well as their emphasis on pacifism, the scene was generally independent of the wider anarchist movement at the time. Bands generally supported animal rights, anti-corporatism, labor rights and the anti-war movement.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Anarcho-punks have criticized the flaws of the punk movement and the wider youth culture. Bands like Crass and Dead Kennedys have written songs that attack corporate co-option of the punk subculture, people who are deemed to have sold out, and the violence between punks, skinheads, B-boys, other youth subcultures, and within punk itself. Some anarcho-punks are straight edge, claiming that alcohol, tobacco, drugs and promiscuity are instruments of oppression and are self-destructive because they cloud the mind and wear down a person's resistance to other types of oppression. Some also condemn the waste of land, water and resources necessary to grow crops to make alcohol, tobacco and drugs, forfeiting the potential to grow and manufacture food. Some may be straight edge for religious reasons, such as in the case of Christian, Muslim, and Buddhist anarcho-punks (see Anarchism and religion for more background).


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Although Crass initially espoused pacifism, this is not necessarily the case for all anarcho-punks. Despite the broader punk subculture's antagonism towards hippies, the ideals of the hippie counterculture were an influence on anarcho-punk. Crass were explicit regarding their associations with the hippie counterculture, and this influence has also carried over to crust punk.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Anarcho-punks universally believe in direct action, although the way in which this manifests itself varies greatly. Despite their differences in strategy, anarcho-punks often co-operate with each other. Many anarcho-punks are pacifists (e.g. Crass and Discharge) and therefore believe in using non-violent means of achieving their aims. These include nonviolent resistance, refusal of work, squatting, economic sabotage, dumpster diving, graffiti, culture jamming, ecotage, freeganism, boycotting, civil disobedience, hacktivism and subvertising. Some anarcho-punks believe that violence or property damage is an acceptable way of achieving social change (e.g. Conflict). This manifests itself as rioting, vandalism, wire cutting, hunt sabotage, participation in Animal Liberation Front, Earth Liberation Front, or even Black Bloc style activities, and in extreme cases, bombings. Many anarchists dispute the applicability of the term "violence" to describe destruction of property, since they argue that destruction of property is done not to control an individual or institution but to take its control away.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Many anarcho-punk bands subscribe to a "do-it-yourself" (DIY) ethic. A popular anarcho-punk slogan is "DIY not EMI," a conscious rejection of a major record company. Many anarcho-punk bands were showcased on the "Bullshit Detector" series of LPs released by Crass Records and Resistance Productions between 1980 and 1994. Some anarcho-punk performers were part of the cassette culture. This allowed artists to bypass the traditional recording and distribution routes, with recordings often being made available in exchange for a blank tape and a self-addressed envelope. The anarcho-punk movement has its own network of fanzines, punk zines, and self-published books which disseminate news, ideas and artwork from the scene. These are DIY productions, tending to be produced in runs of hundreds at most. The 'zines are printed on photocopiers or duplicator machines, and distributed by hand at punk concerts, in radical bookstores and infoshops, and through the mail.


title: Anarcho-punk

text: Anarcho-punk bands are often less focused on particular musical delivery and more focused on a totalized aesthetic that encompasses the entire creative process, from album and concert art, to political message, and to the lifestyles of the band members. Crass listed as band members the people who did their album art and live visuals. The message is considered to be more important than the music. According to the punk aesthetic, one can express oneself and produce moving and serious works with limited means and technical ability. It is not uncommon for anarcho-punk songs to lack the usual rock structure of verses and a chorus, however, there are exceptions to this. For example, later Chumbawamba songs were at the same time anarcho-punk and pop-oriented.


title: As the crow flies

text: The expression as the crow flies is an idiom for the most direct path between two points, rather similar to "in a beeline". This meaning is attested from the early 19th century, and appeared in Charles Dickens's 1838 novel "Oliver Twist":


title: As the crow flies

text: Crows do conspicuously fly alone across open country, but neither crows nor bees (as in "beeline") fly in particularly straight lines. While crows do not swoop in the air like swallows or starlings, they often circle above their nests.


title: As the crow flies

text: One suggested origin of the term is that before modern navigational methods were introduced, cages of crows were kept upon ships and a bird would be released from the crow's nest when required to assist navigation, in the hope that it would fly directly towards land. However, the earliest recorded uses of the term are not nautical in nature, and the crow's nest of a ship is thought to derive from its shape and position rather than its use as a platform for releasing crows. It has also been suggested that crows would not travel well in cages, as they fight if confined.


title: Donald Trump filmography

text: Before being elected President of the United States, Donald Trump had produced and hosted reality TV shows "The Apprentice" and "The Celebrity Apprentice" from 2004 to 2015. He also made dozens of cameo appearances in films, television series, and advertisements since the 1980s. He has won the Worst Supporting Actor award at the 11th Golden Raspberry Awards for "Ghosts Can't Do It" in 1990. As well as awards for Worst Actor and Worst screen Combo at the 39th Golden Raspberry Awards for his roles in the documentary films "Death of a Nation" and "Fahrenheit 11/9" in 2019.


title: Donald Trump filmography

text: Trump has appeared in three VHS tapes released by "Playboy". He did not appear in any scenes containing nudity or sexual content.


title: Donald Trump filmography

text: In 1989, Trump appeared in the music video for Bobby Brown's single "On Our Own", which was featured in the movie "Ghostbusters II". In 1991, Trump originally made an appearance in the music video for Precious Metal's cover of Janet Robin's song, "Mr. Big Stuff". However, Trump wanted a $250,000 payment instead of the agreed-upon $10,000 appearance fee. After the band refused to pay for his appearance, Trump was replaced in the final version of the music video. He also appeared in an I Like Trains song The Truth.


title: Donald Trump filmography

text: Trump has also appeared in a number of television commercials for Pizza Hut. The first of these commercials aired in the United States in 1995, and featured him and his ex-wife Ivana promoting Stuffed Crust pizzas. The second of these commercials aired in the Australian market in 2000, and was for large 'New Yorker' pizzas the chain was promoting at the time. In 2002, Trump appeared in three McDonald's commercials featuring Grimace.


title: Donald Trump filmography

text: Other brands that Trump appeared in commercials for included Pepsi, Macy's, Oreo, Serta, Verizon, and Visa.


title: Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo was held between 24 July and 1 August 2021 at the Ariake Tennis Park.


title: Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The tournament featured 191 players in five events: singles and doubles for both men and women and mixed doubles. The hard-court Deco Turf surface at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games was chosen by the Tokyo Organizing Committee. This marked the fifth time that this type of surface was utilized for the Olympic Games.


title: Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The format at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games was a single-elimination tournament with men's and women's singles draws consisting of 64 players. There were six rounds of competition in singles, five rounds in doubles (draw size of 32), and four rounds in mixed doubles (draw size of 16). Players and teams reaching the semifinals were assured of competing for a medal with the two losing semifinalists competing for the bronze medal. All singles matches were best of three sets with a standard tiebreak (first to seven points) in every set, including the final set. In all doubles competition, a match tiebreak (first to ten points) was played instead of a third set.


title: Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: To be eligible, a player must meet certain requirements related to play on Davis Cup or Billie Jean King Cup teams. Qualification for the singles competitions is based primarily on the world rankings of 14 June 2021, with 56 players entering each of the men's and women's events (limited to four per National Olympic Committee (NOC)). Six of the remaining eight slots are to be allocated by continent for NOCs with no other qualifiers. The final two spots are reserved, one for the host nation and one for a previous Olympic gold medalist or Grand Slam champion. In the men's and women's doubles competitions, 32 teams are scheduled to compete. Up to 10 places are reserved for players in the top 10 of the doubles ranking, who could select any player from their NOC ranked in the top 300 in either singles or doubles. The remaining slots are allocated by combined rankings, with preference given to singles players once the total player quota is met. One team per gender is to be reserved for the host nation if none has already become eligible otherwise. No quota spots are available for mixed doubles; instead, all teams will consist of players already entered in the singles or doubles. The top 15 combined ranking teams and the host nation are eligible.


title: Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: Andy Murray of Great Britain was the two-time defending champion in men's singles, but withdrew before his first-round match due to a quadriceps strain. Monica Puig of Puerto Rico was the defending champion in women's singles, but did not return to defend her title in order to recover from surgery.


title: Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: In men's singles, Alexander Zverev of Germany won the gold medal by defeating Karen Khachanov of the Russian Olympic Committee, 6–3, 6–1. In men's doubles, Nikola Mektić and Mate Pavić of Croatia defeated compatriots Marin Čilić and Ivan Dodig 6–4, 3–6, 10–6.


title: Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: In women's singles, Belinda Bencic of Switzerland won the gold medal over Markéta Vondroušová of the Czech Republic 7–5, 2–6, 6–3. In women's doubles, Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková of the Czech Republic defeated Bencic and Viktorija Golubic of Switzerland 7–5, 6–1.


title: Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: In mixed doubles, Andrey Rublev and Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova of the Russian Olympic Committee defeated compatriots Elena Vesnina and Aslan Karatsev, 6–3, 6–7 (5), [13–11].


title: Andhra Pradesh Police

text: The Andhra Pradesh Police is the law enforcement agency of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Public order and police being a state subject in India, the police force is headed by the Director general of police, Kasireddy Rajendranadh Reddy


title: Andhra Pradesh Police

text: The Madras Act XXIV of 1859 which marked the beginning of the Madras Police and shortly later, the Police Act of 1861 instituted the system of police which forms the foundation of modern-day police in India. The "Ceded Areas" of Andhra, as they were popularly known, continued as a part of the Madras Police and it was only in October 1953, after the birth of a separate Andhra State, that the Andhra State Police gained individual existence. Finally with the formation of the Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956 integrating the Telugu areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad state with the Andhra State, the modern day Andhra Pradesh Police came into existence. After the bifurcation of the state in 2014, the police force once again bifurcated. This time, it was divided into Andhra Pradesh police and Telangana Police.


title: Andhra Pradesh Police

text: The Andhra Pradesh State Police Recruitment Board is responsible for recruitment. The board is releases recruitment notification time to time and conducts written examinations, physical tests, medical tests, and interviews for selecting applicants.


title: Andhra Pradesh Police

text: Each police district is either coterminous with the Revenue district, or is located entirely within a revenue district. It is headed by a District commissioner of Police (or simply called Superintendent of Police). Each district comprises two or more Sub-Divisions, several circles and Police Stations.


title: Andhra Pradesh Police

text: Each Sub-Division is headed by a Police officer of the rank Deputy Superintendent of Police (Officers of Andhra Pradesh Police Service are directly recruited officers or promoted from lower ranks) or an Additional Superintendent of Police (Officers of Indian Police Service). The officer who heads a Sub-Division is known as S.D.P.O. resp. Sub Divisional Police Officer.


title: Andhra Pradesh Police

text: A Circle comprises several Police Stations. An Inspector of Police who heads a police circle is the Circle Inspector of Police or CI.


title: Andhra Pradesh Police

text: A Police Station is headed by an Inspector (an upper subordinate rank). A Police Station is the basic unit of policing, responsible for prevention and detection of crime, maintenance of public order, enforcing law in general as well as for performing protection duties and making security arrangements for the constitutional authorities, government functionaries, representatives of the public in different legislative bodies and local self governments, public figures etc.


title: Andhra Pradesh Police

text: A Police Commissionerate is a law enforcement body especially in the urban parts of the state. The commissionerate is headed by a Commissioner of Police. Vijayawada City Police and Visakhapatnam City Police are the local law enforcement agencies for the cities of Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam respectively. The Guntur Urban Police is being planned to be upgraded as Guntur Police Commissionerate.


title: Andhra Pradesh Police

text: On 12 May 2017, Andhra Pradesh Police computer's network was attacked by a malware known as WannaCry ransomware attack which was found to be critical.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: South Korea maintains a visa waiver agreement list and a designated visa-free entry list with countries not included on those lists requiring a visa to enter the country. In addition, foreigners wishing to engage in certain activities such as diplomatic work, gainful employment, study or residence must apply for the appropriate visa prior to engaging in that activity in country.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: In 2018, the South Korea government introduced plans for an electronic travel authorization system for visa-free foreign visitors.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: The Korea Electronic Travel Authorization (K-ETA) became mandatory on 1 September 2021. K-ETA is required for all tourists of visa-free nationals.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: Travelers from visa-free countries must obtain K-ETA before embarking on their journey to South Korea. Nationals of 112 countries below can apply for K-ETA.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: If traveling by air to Jeju Island via Seoul, Busan, Cheongju, Muan and Yangyang, citizens of who are traveling as part of a tourist group with an authorized travel agent may stay in mainland South Korea for up to 5 days. They may remain in Jeju for 15 days.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of the following countries may enter without a visa:


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of the following countries enjoy an extended length of stay when compared to ordinary passports:


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: In general, travelers in transit do not require a visa to transit through South Korea for less than 24 hours (for Incheon Airport) or when departing on the same calendar day (for all other airports) as long as they stay within the transit area.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: The South Korean government has special visa waiver policies for passengers in transit, which are listed below.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: Travelers who are in transit through Incheon International Airport can participate in an organized transit tour group within Seoul. The service is free but an entry-procedure fee of KRW 10,000 or USD 10 applies. The tour can be registered in advance or joined after the traveler's arrival, and the shortest tour lasts for an hour while the longest will not exceed 5 hours.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: Nationals of the following countries, as well as stateless persons and refugees, are not eligible for this service:


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: Non visa-exempt nationals who are in transit through South Korea are visa-exempt for 30 days, provided they hold a physical visa or a residence permit issued by the following countries, and meet one of the routing requirements:


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: Under article 20 of the Nationality Act, North Koreans and Sakhalin Koreans are eligible for the evaluation of nationality. The evaluation is used to determine whether one possesses South Korean nationality based on the Nationality Act of South Korea.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: As a part of the evaluation process, the applicant's personal history, family ties, migration history and current nationality (if any) will be examined by the Ministry of Justice. Successful applicants will be allowed to acquire South Korean nationality (in case of North Koreans) or have their South Korean nationality reinstated (for first-generation Sakhalin Koreans). Descendants of first-generation Sakhalin Koreans may be eligible for South Korean nationality through either express naturalization or reinstatement.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: On 4 February 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Jeju Visa Waiver Program was suspended by the Jeju Government. The program resumed on 1 June 2022.


title: Visa policy of South Korea

text: Travelers using this program must hold a K-ETA approval before their flight and enter Jeju via direct flights only.