title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: On the same day, Worley was arrested, at around 6:00 PM, Joughin's remains were discovered in a shallow grave in a field along County Road 7 in Delta, Ohio, a few miles southwest of Worley's property. Her body was found intact, hogtied (wrists handcuffed and bound to the ankles behind the back), a large plastic toy in her mouth functioning as a gag, and wearing an adult diaper. An autopsy determined the cause of death as asphyxiation, caused by the gag. There was no evidence of sexual assault. The precise time of death was not determined, but the official time of death was 9:00 PM on July 22, 2016, when she was declared dead by medical professionals.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: On August 16, 2016, Worley was indicted on nineteen counts and was jailed without bail. The charges included aggravated murder, kidnapping, felonious assault, abduction, tampering with evidence, and abuse of a corpse. At his arraignment he entered a plea of "not guilty" on all charges. Prosecutors sought capital punishment for the aggravated murder charge. After two delays in September 2017 and January 2018, and hundreds of potential jurors called, trial testimony began in March 2018 at the Fulton County Common Pleas Court in Wauseon, Ohio, with Judge Jeffrey Robinson presiding over the case.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: The prosecution alleged that Worley had watched pornography up until the crime was committed, as evidenced by his web browsing history. He ambushed Joughin after encountering her on County Road 6, struck her in the head with his motorcycle helmet (possibly knocking her unconscious and leaving DNA evidence on the helmet), and waited in the cornfield until it was dark. During this time, he called his brother to tell him his motorcycle had broken down, but prosecutors alleged he was next to Joughin in the cornfield when he placed the call. He then rode his motorcycle back home (less than five miles away), drove his van back to the crime scene (during which a witness noticed speeding), and transported her back to the barn at his residence. There he left some of her blood-stained clothes and physically assaulted, hog-tied, and gagged her with a plastic toy. At some point, she asphyxiated from the gag, which prosecutors alleged Worley intended, as it was inserted with enough force to break a tooth. Worley then transported her body to the cornfield close to his property, which he buried approximately two feet deep.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: Worley denied having ever encountered or assaulted Joughin. His defense argued that the evidence obtained from the barn, including the underwear, handcuffs, and BDSM-related items, were part of a pornography studio that Worley had intended to start. Worley claimed that he had left behind the helmet and other evidence found near Joughin's bicycle before the disappearance took place when his motorcycle had broken down on the side of the road. They alleged that because of the low concentration of Worley's DNA on the helmet, it may have been someone else who used it to assault Joughin. A witness saw a man crouched in a field wearing red shorts, but no red shorts were recovered at Worley's property, and his defense argued it, therefore, could not have been Worley in the cornfield.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: Worley's defense team presented several witnesses; two of them were longtime friends of his. The first acknowledged under cross-examination that the helmet found on County Road 6 on the night of Joughin's abduction was the same one he had bought for Worley several years prior. The second witness testified under cross-examination that he and Worley smoked marijuana and watched pornography together. At one time, Worley mentioned he wished to start a pornography studio in his barn, where at the time, he was drying marijuana plants. He also stated that Worley was having electrical problems with his motorcycle, but "it never left him stranded".


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: Closing arguments for the trial concluded on March 26, 2018 and jury deliberations began the same day. Worley was found guilty on March 28, 2018 of seventeen of the original nineteen charges, including aggravated murder, after jurors deliberated for a total of less than six hours.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: Jury sentencing guidelines in Ohio required the jury to decide if any outweighing mitigating factors in Worley's case warranted a life sentence or if any outweighing aggravating factors warranted a death sentence. Worley's defense argued for a life sentence, describing him as a "damaged man". Criminal psychologist Dr. John Fabian, a witness for the defense, suggested the attack was motivated by "sexual sadism connected with a fetish disorder". He stated Worley had multiple mental health issues, and had diagnosed him with Sexual Paraphilia Disorder. Worley's defense, during their closing statement, suggested that Worley may have had an unnamed accomplice and had an incestuous relationship with his mother before her death. The prosecution dismissed both claims, stating the gravesite was dug hastily, requiring only one person, and that there was little evidence to support an inappropriate relationship between Worley and his mother.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: The prosecution argued that because Worley had an average upbringing and knew the difference between right and wrong, the aggravating factors of his crimes outweighed any disorders he may have. During the second day of testimony in the trial's penalty phase, prosecutors presented audio recordings between Worley's sister and a private investigator. She mentioned that Worley had been suspected of killing a prostitute in 2000 (but was never charged as no remains could be found), as well as another woman in the 1970s that Worley described as "the love of his life," but who was not identified and might have still been alive at the time of the interview.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: Prior to sentencing, Worley made a 45-minute statement described by The Blade as "rambling and disjointed", in which he stated he believed someone else kidnapped and murdered Joughin, leaving evidence to frame him. Members of the gallery became upset during the statement and left the courtroom after he described Joughin as a "beautiful girl".


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: The jury recommended capital punishment, which Judge Robinson upheld on April 16, 2018, stating, "If I thought there was a snowball's chance in hell that you were innocent, you'd be looking at [a] life [sentence]". Additionally, Worley was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment for kidnapping, eight years for felonious assault, 11 months for possessing criminal tools, and 36 months each for tampering with evidence and having weapons under disability.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: Since April 19, 2018, Worley has been held on death row at the Chillicothe Correctional Institution as inmate #A743593. His execution date, originally set for June 3, 2019, was delayed in June 2018, and again in August 2018 due to appeals. In July 2020, Worley's attorneys filed a motion with the Ohio Supreme Court to overturn his original conviction and grant him a new trial, citing the government's alleged failure to prove several aspects of the charges, Worley's mental illnesses, incompetent counsel, and several alleged violations of jury and evidentiary rules. They argued that the jury in the 2016 trial was "tainted" due to the close-knit nature of the community that potential jurors were familiar with Worley, the Joughin family, or the case itself which made a fair trial impossible. The appeal was denied by the court, and an execution date of May 20, 2025 was set for Worley.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: The funeral for Joughin was held on July 28, 2016 at "Christ the Word" church in Sylvania, Ohio, and her remains were interred in Amboy Township Cemetery, near Metamora, Ohio.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: Following the arrest of Worley, community residents organized a "Take Back the Roads" memorial walk in honor of Joughin, taking place along the road her bicycle was found.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: On October 2, 2016, Evergreen School District hosted a "Joggin' 4 Joughin" 5K run to raise money for the "Sierah Joughin Memorial Scholarship Fund" and to ask for support for a violent offender registry bill being constructed by Ohio legislators. Event officials expected to attract around 300 participants but were forced to limit the number to 1600 when a large crowd of supporters and participants arrived.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: During the disappearance and search, Joughin's family created a GoFundMe page to request funds to aid in the search effort. After her body was discovered, the family established the "Sierah Joughin Memorial Scholarship Fund" from the donations, in addition to the funds raised by the school district's 5K run event, to be administered by the Toledo Community Foundation. The scholarship benefits graduates from Evergreen High School (where Joughin graduated) who have participated in a varsity sport and organization. In September 2019, the high school dedicated a plaque and planted two trees on the property honoring Joughin.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: In July 2018, Worley's Delta, Ohio property was awarded to Joughin's estate, and her family had the main barn demolished. A monetary settlement of $3.6 million was also reached, but Joughin's family agreed not to execute on the judgement unless "the defendant(s) receives a windfall sum of money such as winning the lottery, or receiving book or movie rights or royalties..."


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: In August 2020, the Fulton County Sherrif's Department searched the Worley property again, using excavation equipment, with assistance from the FBI. A statement by the sheriff read that the investigation into Worley was ongoing, that any evidence found would be collected with assistance from the FBI Evidence Response Team, and gave no further comment. Joughin's family stated that the search was not related to her case.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: After the murder and trial, Joughin's family and other activists argued that not enough information was available to law enforcement and residents regarding convicted felons residing in their communities. If a system had been in place to warn the public of offenders in their area, her murder might have been prevented. Law enforcement had stated to the family during the investigation that Worley was not on any local, state or federal database that tracks offenders, and the family argued that such a database being available might have resulted in Joughin being rescued alive. In July 2016, the organization 'Standing Courageous' started a Change.org petition, calling for lawmakers to establish a "violent offender registry" in Ohio, gathering over 13,000 signatures. Talks among legislators began regarding the creation of a database of violent offenders convicted of specific crimes such as murder, kidnapping and abduction.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: Initially introduced as Senate Bill 67, "Sierah's Law" was constructed in February 2017 by Senators Randy Gardner and Cliff Hite and presented to the Ohio Senate Judiciary Committee. Originally, the bill was intended to allow the public to search on a website for offenders with the qualifying convictions, similar to a sex offender registry. After several hearings, where some opponents such as the ACLU argued that the bill did nothing to protect the public and created privacy concerns, the bill was changed so that residents must visit their local sheriff's office to request a search be performed.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: In November 2017, "Sierah's Law" was introduced to the Ohio Senate as Senate Bill 231. Joughin's mother spoke before legislators in November 2018, urging them to pass the bill. It was passed on December 6, 2018, and signed into law by Governor John Kasich on December 19. It went into effect on March 20, 2019.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: A non-profit charitable organization, Justice For Sierah, was established after the trial by Joughin's mother and aunt, which provides self-defense training courses for schools and communities, and educates the public on community safety topics and Sierah's Law. The organization holds an annual "Spirit of Sierah" 5K race in Sylvania, Ohio.


title: Murder of Sierah Joughin

text: In May 2022, local CBS affiliate station WTOL published a report and excerpts of an exclusive interview between Worley and anchor Melissa Andrews. Worley had written Andrews several letters earlier that year and sent a 105-page manifesto claiming his innocence in Joughin's murder. The manifesto itself was not published. In the manifesto, Worley indirectly references a 1996 case of a missing woman named Claudia "Sissy" Tinsley. Andrews concluded that Worley was the last person that Tinsley saw alive and implicated him in her disappearance, but Worley denied any involvement.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Vickers-Armstrongs Limited was a British engineering conglomerate formed by the merger of the assets of Vickers Limited and Sir W G Armstrong Whitworth & Company in 1927. The majority of the company was nationalised in the 1960s and 1970s, with the remainder being divested as Vickers plc in 1977.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Vickers merged with the Tyneside-based engineering company Armstrong Whitworth, founded by William Armstrong, to become Vickers-Armstrongs. Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers had developed along similar lines, expanding into various military sectors and produced a whole suite of military products. Armstrong Whitworth were notable for their artillery manufacture at Elswick and shipbuilding at a yard at High Walker on the River Tyne.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: 1929 saw the merger of the acquired railway business with those of Cammell Laird to form Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon (MCCW); Metro Cammell.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: In 1935, before rearmament began, Vickers-Armstrongs was the third-largest manufacturing employer in Britain, behind Unilever and ICI.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: In 1956 Dorothy Hatfield became the first female engineering apprentice at Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft), Brooklands, followed in 1958 by Janet Gulland who was the first female graduate apprentice at the company.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: In 1960 the aircraft interests were merged with those of Bristol, English Electric and Hunting Aircraft to form the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). This was owned by Vickers, English Electric and Bristol (holding 40%, 40% and 20% respectively). BAC in turn owned 70% of Hunting. The Supermarine operation was closed in 1963 and the Vickers brand name for aircraft was dropped by BAC in 1965. Under the terms of the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977 BAC was nationalised to become part of British Aerospace (later BAE Systems).


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: The Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act also led to the nationalisation of Vickers' shipbuilding division as part of British Shipbuilders. This division was privatised as Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering in 1986, later passing to GEC as part of Marconi Marine and survives to this day as part of BAE Systems Submarines.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Vickers Container and Packaging Machinery Division, including the Vickers Stitcher and Vickers Hardness Machine business, was bought by Fords Industrial Products, part of Barry Wehmiller in 1986. In 1991 the Vickers Hardness Machinery business was bought by the then field engineers, and continues today as UK Calibrations Limited based in Kidderminster. The Vickers Stitcher was still being manufactured in India as recently as 2005.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: The steelmaking division became part of British Steel Corporation and the remaining interests were divested as the public company Vickers plc, whose various components were later split. The Vickers name ceased to exist in 2003 when Rolls-Royce renamed its acquisition Vinters Engineering.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Vickers-Armstrongs inherited the Vickers machine gun of 1912 used in World War I from Vickers Limited. There were other Vickers machine guns aside from the regular water-cooled model (known universally as the "Vickers"): the Vickers-Berthier (VB) machine gun used by the Indian Army, the Vickers "K" .303 aircraft machine gun developed from it, and the Vickers "S" 40 mm aircraft gun. An unusual machine gun also made was the Vickers Higson.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: In 1948 Vickers bought the Australian business of Charles Ruwolt Ltd for £750,000 following Ruwolt's death in 1946. During World War II Ruwolt's firm produced armaments for the Australian Government, including field artillery such as mortars and howitzer cannon.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: After the 1927 merger, the company possessed a major yard on each coast of Britain; the Naval Construction Yard of Vickers at Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria and the Naval Yard of Armstrong Whitworth at High Walker on the River Tyne. Vickers-Armstrongs was one of the most important warship manufacturers in the world. These interests were renamed as Vickers-Armstrongs Shipbuilders in 1955, changing again to Vickers Limited Shipbuilding Group in 1968. The Barrow yard was nationalised and became part of British Shipbuilders in 1977, was privatised as VSEL in 1986 and remains in operation to this day as BAE Systems Submarines. Meanwhile, the Naval Yard at High Walker on the River Tyne passed to Swan Hunter in 1968, was nationalised and became part of British Shipbuilders in 1977, was privatised still as Swan Hunter in 1986 but closed down during the 1980s.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: The company was also known for its tank designs, starting with the widely used Vickers 6-Ton. It also produced the influential, if never actually produced, Independent A1E1 tank. One of the company's most important designs was the Valentine Infantry Tank, produced in the thousands in World War II. The military vehicle manufacturing interests were divested into Vickers plc, and would later pass to Alvis Vickers, now part of BAE Systems Land and Armaments.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Vickers formed its Aviation Department in 1911. The aircraft interests of Armstrong Whitworth were not acquired in the merger and later passed to the Hawker Aircraft group. In 1928 the Aviation Department became Vickers (Aviation) Ltd and soon after acquired Supermarine Aviation Works, which became the Supermarine Aviation Works (Vickers) Ltd and was responsible for producing the revolutionary Spitfire fighter. In 1938, both companies were re-organised as Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft) Ltd, and a new 'art deco' headquarters designed by architect C. Howard Crane was built at its Brooklands factory in Surrey although the former Supermarine and Vickers works continued to brand their products under their former names. In 1960 the aircraft interests were one of the founding companies merged to form BAC. The hovercraft activities of Vickers-Armstrongs were merged with those of the Westland Aircraft company (including those of Saunders-Roe) to form the British Hovercraft Corporation in 1966 with Vickers holding 25% of the new company. Westland bought out Vickers interest along with other partners in 1970.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Vickers formed a subsidiary, the Airship Guarantee Company, under the direction of Cdr Dennis Burney solely for the purpose of producing the R100 airship for the government.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Between 1911 and 1970, just over 16,000 aircraft were built under the Vickers name; together the 11,462 Wellington and 846 Warwick aircraft (which were structurally similar) make up over 75% of this total.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Vickers became renowned as a manufacturer of large aircraft at its main factory at Brooklands in Surrey. In the interwar period, the company produced the Wellesley, designed by Rex Pierson using the geodetic airframe principle of structural engineer Barnes Wallis. This would later evolve into the famous Wellington bomber, a mainstay of RAF Bomber Command and RAF Coastal Command during World War II. The Cold War-era Valiant V bomber was another Vickers product.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Vickers was a pioneer in producing airliners, early examples being converted from Vimy bombers. Post-WWII, Vickers went on to manufacture the piston-engined Vickers VC.1 Viking airliner, the Viscount and Vanguard turboprop airliners and (as part of BAC) the VC10 jet airliner, which was used in RAF service as an aerial refuelling tanker until 2013.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Vickers-Armstrongs was one of the few British manufacturers of marine diesel engines, notably for Royal Navy S, T-class and Estonian submarines during World War II.


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: After the Great War Vickers needed to diversify when the military contracts ended. Between WWI and the Second World War they introduced ranges of target and sporting rifles and shotguns, the most successful of which were their small-bore .22 rimfire target rifles. These were serious competitors to the Birmingham Small Arms equivalent products, and Vickers .22 target rifles were at the top of the major competitions' results for more than a decade. Initially these rifles were named solely for Vickers, but, after the 1927 amalgamation with Armstrongs, they became Vickers Armstrongs' products. See reference Vickers and Vickers-Armstrongs Martini target rifles and Sporting guns


title: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: In "The Adventures of Tintin" comic "The Broken Ear", the role of Vickers-Armstrongs in the Chaco War is parodied as "Viking Arms Co. Limited".


title: Michelle Chen

text: Chen is best known for starring in the 2011 film "You Are the Apple of My Eye", which broke box office records for Chinese-language films in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Chen is also known for the films "Hear Me" (2009), "Badges of Fury" (2013), "Pali Road" (2015), as well as the TV series "The Romance of the Condor Heroes" (2014).


title: Michelle Chen

text: Michelle Chen was born and raised in Taipei. After middle school, she studied at Southwestern Academy in California in the United States, eventually graduating from the University of Southern California with a bachelor's degree in business administration in 2005. She speaks English and Chinese (Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien) fluently. In 2006, while visiting family in Taiwan, Chen caught the eye of renowned producer Angie Chai (), who was responsible for the success of talent such as F4 and Rainie Yang, among other popular idols. Chen wanted to break into music at the time, but due to the slow growth of the industry, was persuaded instead by Chai to start her career in acting.


title: Michelle Chen

text: 2007 <br>Chen signed a contract with the company by Angie Chai. Initially she wanted to be a singer, but the company wanted her to try to advance in the field of cinema. She therefore played supporting roles in several films and television series and caught attention for her lovely and cute looks, but did not leave much impression.


title: Michelle Chen

text: 2009 <br> She starred in the movie "Hear Me" as a swimming athlete with hearing disabilities. Her acting captured people's hearts and helped her clinch the nomination for the "Best New Actress Award" at the 46th Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards.


title: Michelle Chen

text: After seeing success with her debut film "Hear Me", Chen starred in the hit Taiwanese film "You Are the Apple of My Eye" (2011). The film was written and directed by Giddens Ko, produced by as executive, and based on Ko's novel. In the film, Chen plays the role of Shen Chia-yi. The film broke records at the box office, becoming the 4th highest grossing domestic Taiwanese film. In the film's soundtrack, she also wrote and sang the song ( " 孩子氣 " ). For her performance in the film, Chen was also nominated for a "Best Actress" award at the 46th Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards.


title: Michelle Chen

text: Due to the success of "You Are the Apple of My Eye", Michelle Chen was cast in the lead role of the film "Badges of Fury" starring Jet Li , Donnie Yen and Simon Yam.


title: Michelle Chen

text: In May, Chen released her debut album "Me, Myself, and I". Including some self-composed songs, the album received an average response from critics and music listeners.


title: Michelle Chen

text: After termination of the contract with the company Comic Voice Tri in 2012, Chen was cast as Xiaolongnü in "The Romance of the Condor Heroes". Her casting announcement was met with widespread opposition from the public, with criticisms leveled at her appearance, which is not as light and angelic as the description of Xiaolongnu in the book.


title: Michelle Chen

text: Michelle Chen starred in two new series set for release in 2015. In the movie Young For You, she role in He plays Qiu Zi, and drama. The Legend of Qin (animated TV series) role in Duanmu Rong shoulder.


title: Michelle Chen

text: In 2016, she starred in Pali Road where she played the role of Lily with actor Jackson Rathbone. The movie, filmed and set in Hawaii, was a collaboration between the US and China.


title: Michelle Chen

text: In 2015, Michelle Chen began dating her "The Romance of the Condor Heroes" co-star Chen Xiao. On July 19, Michelle married Chen Xiao in Beijing, and another wedding banquet was held in Taipei on July 21, 2016. Chen gave birth to their first son in 2016, named him Chen Muchen. The pair will also star in Quentin Lee's "Morning, Paris!" (巴黎早安), a romantic comedy that was filmed in September 2015 and set for a 2016 release.


title: Area code 254

text: North American area code 254 is a state of Texas telephone area code for numbers in the Waco/Temple/Killeen area. It was created May 25, 1997, in a split from area code 817.


title: Area code 254

text: Prior to October 2021, area code 254 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, "988" was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.


title: Area code 254

text: The area code 254 is the theme of local rappers in "Welcome to 254". The rap, uploaded to YouTube on August 4, 2008, has received over 150,000 views as of March 2014.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: The Rajputana Rifles is the oldest rifle regiment of the Indian Army. It was originally a part of the British Indian Army, when six previously existing regiments were amalgamated to form six battalions of the 6th Rajputana Rifles. In 1945, the numeral designation was dropped from the title and in 1947 the regiment was transferred to the newly independent Indian Army. Since independence, the regiment has been involved in a number of conflicts against Pakistan, as well as contributing to the Custodian Force (India) in Korea under the aegis of the United Nations in 1953–54 and to the UN Mission to the Congo in 1962. As a rifle regiment, it uses a bugle horn as its insignia, the same as the British Light Division, but unlike its British counterparts, the Rajputana Rifles march at the same march pace used in the Indian Army as a whole.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: The name Rajputana Rifles is derived from northwest, and the word Rajputana , a historic region in northwest India that is roughly coextensive with the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, as well as small sections of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. It is based on the word "Rajaputra", meaning "son of a king, which came in 6th century. The name Rajputana means "land of the Rajputs". The Aravalli Range crosses the southern part of the region from northeast to southwest. The northwestern part is largely the Thar desert, but to the southeast, the land is extremely fertile. Rajput power rose here between the 6th and 13th centuries, and the princes resisted the early Muslim incursions, which began in the 11th century. Rajput power reached its peak in the early 15th century, but the area fell to the Mughals when Akbar captured the Chittor Fort in 1568. But the Rajputana was safe due to mutual understanding with mughals.From their seat at Ajmer the Mughals ruled Rajputana until the early 18th century. The Marathas held feudatories in the region from c. 1750 to 1818, when it passed to Great Britain. When Britishers came Rajputs did treaty.The Rajput princely states came under British protection by treaties in the early 19th century; most of the area was formed into Rajasthan state in 1948. Under the British, Rajputana included more than 20 princely states, notably Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, and Ajmer. The internal autonomy of many of the states was guaranteed.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: The Rajputana Rifles is a multi class regiment from niet region . 50% recruits from the Jats and 50% from Rajputs which are recruited in equal proportion.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: The regiment's origins lie in the 18th century when the East India Company (HEIC) recruited Rajputs to protect its operations. The impressive performance of French local units which were composed of local recruits mixed with French officers, helped the HEIC to decide that it needed to do something similar. In January 1775, it raised its first local infantry units which included the 5th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys, which is considered to be the oldest rifle regiment of the Indian Army. The 5th Battalion was successively redesignated as 9th Battalion Bombay Sepoys in 1778; 2nd Battalion, 2nd Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1796; 4th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1824, and then 4th Regiment Native Infantry (Rifle Corps) in 1881. It thus became the first rifle regiment of the British Indian Army. In 1899 the battalion was once more renamed as 4th Regiment (1st Battalion Rifle Corps) Bombay Infantry and again in 1901 as 4th Bombay Rifles.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: In Kitchener's 1903 reorganisation of the Indian Army, 4th Bombay Rifles became 104th Wellesley's Rifles, to commemorate the fact that the regiment had been commanded in 1800 by Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington). In the further re-organisation in 1921, six regiments were brought together to form six battalions of the 6th Rajputana Rifles Regiment:


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: In 1945 the regiments of the British Indian Army dropped the numeral in their titles and so the Rajputana Rifles assumed its current name. In 1947 after the partition of India the regiment was allocated to the newly formed Indian Army. In 1949, the 1st battalion was transferred to the newly raised Brigade of the Guards, becoming the 3rd battalion, Brigade of the Guards.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: In 1817 the 4th battalion met the Marathas at the Battle of Khadki. The defence earned the regiment the battle honor of "Khadki". In 1856–57 the 1st, 2nd, and 4th battalions were together in the Persian theatre of operations. In 1856 Capt. John Augustus Wood of the 2nd battalion (then the 20th Bombay Native Infantry) was awarded the Victoria Cross for storming Bushire Fort. This was the first Victoria Cross to be won in an Indian unit. Sub. Maj Mohammed Sharief and Sub. Peer Bhatt were recommended for the Victoria Cross for their actions in the same battle but were turned down as at that time the medal category was not open to Indians.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: In 1878–1880, during the Second Afghan War, the 1st battalion marched 145 miles in 5 days from Quetta to Kandahar and laid siege to the city. In 1900–1902, the 3rd battalion was part of a force used to contain the Boxer Rebellion in China.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: World War I saw the regiment fight in battlefields from France to Palestine. The 5th battalion was in all theatres of the war and participated in General Allenby’s march to recapture Jerusalem.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: During World War II the regiment was expanded to thirteen battalions and served in the Middle East, Burma and Malaya. The 4th battalion had the distinction of earning two Victoria Crosses during this conflict.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: Over the course of its existence, members of the regiment have received six Victoria Crosses, two Military Crosses, one Param Vir Chakra, three Ashok Chakras, one Padma Bhushan, fourteen Param Vishisht Seva Medals, ten Maha Vir Chakras, eleven Kirti Chakras, 18 Ati Vishisht Seva Medals, two Uttam Yudh Seva Medal, 50 Vir Chakras, 28 Shaurya Chakras, 122 Sena Medals (including Bar), 39 Vishisht Seva Medals, three Yudh Seva Medals, 85 Mentions-in-Dispatches and 55 Arjun Awards.


title: Rajputana Rifles

text: The Rajputana Rifles Regimental Museum in the Rajputana Rifles Centre is located inside the Delhi Cantonment. The museum covers the rich history of the regiment in the most modern fashion. The museum is around 7000 square feet in size and covers the history of the regiment from its inception. The museum exhibits weapons and uniforms and narrates the history through large format images and audiovisual film. The museum was designed and conceived by Holistic Design a Delhi-based design studio headed by Nikhil Bhardwaj who specializes in designing museums and exhibitions. Col. M. S. Niranjan of the 19th battalion was the director of the museum project. It is rated as the finest military museum in India and even compared to the Imperial War Museum in London.


title: Keras

text: Keras is an open-source software library that provides a Python interface for artificial neural networks. Keras acts as an interface for the TensorFlow library.


title: Keras

text: Up until version 2.3, Keras supported multiple backends, including TensorFlow, Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit, Theano, and PlaidML. As of version 2.4, only TensorFlow is supported. Designed to enable fast experimentation with deep neural networks, it focuses on being user-friendly, modular, and extensible. It was developed as part of the research effort of project ONEIROS (Open-ended Neuro-Electronic Intelligent Robot Operating System), and its primary author and maintainer is François Chollet, a Google engineer. Chollet is also the author of the Xception deep neural network model.


title: Keras

text: Keras contains numerous implementations of commonly used neural-network building blocks such as layers, objectives, activation functions, optimizers, and a host of tools to make working with image and text data easier to simplify the coding necessary for writing deep neural network code. The code is hosted on GitHub, and community support forums include the GitHub issues page, and a Slack channel.


title: Keras

text: In addition to standard neural networks, Keras has support for convolutional and recurrent neural networks. It supports other common utility layers like dropout, batch normalization, and pooling.


title: Keras

text: Keras allows users to productize deep models on smartphones (iOS and Android), on the web, or on the Java Virtual Machine. It also allows use of distributed training of deep-learning models on clusters of Graphics processing units (GPU) and tensor processing units (TPU).


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd (RB) (, Jawi: ) is the national flag carrier airline of Brunei Darussalam, headquartered in the RB Campus in Bandar Seri Begawan. It is wholly owned by the Government of Brunei Darussalam. Its hub is Brunei International Airport in Berakas, just to the north of Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei Darussalam.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Formed in 1974, with an initial fleet of two Boeing 737-200 aircraft, serving Singapore, Hong Kong, Kota Kinabalu, and Kuching, Royal Brunei Airlines now operates to 32 destinations in south-east Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Oceania. Its fleet and type numbers increased progressively in the 1990s.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Royal Brunei Airlines was established (as merely Royal Brunei) on 18 November 1974 with two, then new Boeing 737-200s. The airline's maiden voyage was on 14 May 1975 from the then newly built Brunei International Airport to Singapore. Flights to the then British colony of Hong Kong, and the city of Kota Kinabalu and Kuching in East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo) started the same day.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Early route expansion included services to Manila in 1976, and Bangkok in 1977. Three years later, Royal Brunei acquired a Boeing 737-200QC, its third Boeing 737, enabling it to reach Kuala Lumpur in 1981 and Darwin in 1983.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: After the independence of Brunei from the United Kingdom on 1 January in 1984, services commenced to Jakarta on 3 January, thus linking all five ASEAN capital cities at the time from Brunei: Bangkok, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, and Singapore.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Three Boeing 757-200s were purchased in the mid-1980s, to enable the airline to expand to Taipei in 1986 and Dubai in 1988. They were also used on existing high-capacity routes to Singapore, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Jakarta, and Kuala Lumpur; after the introduction of the 757, its smaller sibling was phased out. In 1990, Royal Brunei began its first flight to Europe, when services started to Frankfurt am Main via Bangkok and Dubai. Services to London Gatwick Airport (LGW) commenced in 1990 via Singapore and Dubai, and changed to London Heathrow Airport (LHR) in 1991, by which time services were inaugurated to Perth and to Jeddah via Dubai.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: With the airline's rapid expansion, the 737s were sold, replaced by the Boeing 767. Before that, 757-200s served the airline between Brunei, the Middle East, and Gatwick.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The delivery of the first Boeing 767 (after a leased 767-200 registered CC-CEX) broke a world record, when it flew 17 hours and 22 minutes non-stop from Boeing's factory in Seattle to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi, on its way to Brunei. Seven more 767s were delivered, taking the fleet to eight Boeing 767s and two Boeing 757s (one of the 757s was sold to fund the purchase of the new 767s).


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: In March 1993, Abu Dhabi was added to the route network, through which flights to Frankfurt and Jeddah, were re-routed instead of Dubai. Bali was the second Indonesian city to be added to the network in May during the year. Flights to the third European destination, Zürich, commenced in August 1993 via Kuala Lumpur and another new destination, Bahrain. Before the end of the year, the airline were inaugurating services to Beijing (October) and Cairo (November), via Kuala Lumpur and Bahrain, respectively. Royal Brunei Airlines sold its last Boeing 737 to Aloha Airlines.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The growth of the network continued in 1994. The delivery of two Fokker 50s were used to start services to Miri and Labuan in east Malaysia of the same year. Flights to Brisbane and Osaka were also commenced in June and December, respectively; (the Brisbane service was initially routed via Darwin but later upgraded to a non-stop flight). The desire to link all the major oil and gas cities on Borneo saw the addition of Balikpapan to the route network in December.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Also in 1994, services began to Kolkata via Singapore and then on towards Dubai. Two Dornier 228s were purchased in the same year, and leased to the Malaysian regional carrier, Hornbill Skyways, to connect Brunei by air to Mulu Airport. Services to Cairo and Kolkata (via Singapore) were suspended mid-1995 due to low passenger numbers.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The F-50s were replaced by the larger and more comfortable Fokker 100 (used, from previous owner Swissair) in 1996, which fuelled expansion to Bintulu. The route to Zürich was suspended in September 1996, to enable Royal Brunei to commence daily services to London Heathrow. Some London flights were routed through Yangon and Abu Dhabi, instead of via Singapore and Dubai; however, Yangon proved uneconomical and was discontinued the following year.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: On 6 September 1997, Royal Brunei Airlines Flight 238, a Dornier 228 owned by Royal Brunei Airlines, but operated and maintained by Malaysian regional carrier Hornbill Airways, carrying 10 passengers to Miri, crashed into high ground near Miri airport. All eight passengers and two crew died. The remaining Dornier 228s were sold in 1997, and short haul services connecting Brunei to Miri, Labuan, Mulu, and Bintulu were terminated.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Later that year, Surabaya was the fourth Indonesian destination to be added. Unprofitable routes to Beijing and Osaka were suspended in 1998, and the F-100s were also sold to Alpi Eagles Airlines in 1998. Kuwait was added to the network in 2000, and was served via Singapore, Kolkata, and Dubai. It was suspended a year later. Services also began to Shanghai Pudong International Airport in 2001. Royal Brunei started online booking facilities the same year.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: In September 2002, Peter Foster was appointed as chief executive officer (CEO). He began major restructuring in 2003, after years of unprofitable operation. The plan was for Royal Brunei's fleet to grow from nine to twenty-four aircraft in a ten-year period, from 2003 to 2013. The fleet of six Boeing 767s would be changed to fifteen new narrow-body aircraft and eight wide-body aircraft; half of the new aircraft to be leased, and the others to be purchased. The plan also included new services to Auckland, Ho Chi Minh City, Sydney, Seoul, and Tokyo, as well as raising frequencies on other flights.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The deliveries of the new Airbus A319 and A320 in 2002 and 2003, respectively, marked the start of the re-equipping exercise. Two new V2500-powered A319s were delivered on 28 August and 3 September. A320s were added on 21 December 2003 and 3 January 2005. All of the Airbus were leased from CIT Aerospace of USA in a seven-year contract, and are deployed mainly on regional routes. With their introduction, the Boeing 757s were phased out and sold to other parties.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: On 31 October 2003, a Royal Brunei Airlines aircraft touched down at Auckland Airport, making it the first destination in New Zealand, and the first new destination added to the network as part of the restructuring exercise. On May the launching of "Royal Skies", the airline's frequent-flyer programme.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: At the end of 2003, Royal Brunei Airlines entered a controversial agreement with Royal Tongan Airlines of Tonga. Under the agreement, Royal Tongan Airlines wet-leased one of the two remaining Boeing 757s. In return, Royal Brunei Airlines was given the opportunity to open up US markets via Tonga. However, before US routes could be planned Royal Tongan Airlines went into bankruptcy with huge debts in mid-2004, after less than six months of operation. As Royal Tongan Airlines was unable to pay the lease fees, the 757 was repossessed and stored.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Starting in March 2004, four of Royal Brunei Airlines's Boeing 767s were modified by the introduction of SkyDreamer seats in Business Class, to replace the old First Class and Business Class Skyluxe seats. Business Class was renamed as Sky Executive Class, and in Economy class, each seat was installed with an 8.4 inch television. Sky Executive Class was subsequently renamed Business Class following poor response from the public.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The unprofitable Taipei route was suspended in late 2004. Kuching and Kolkata were dropped on 31 October 2004 due to rising fuel prices, but at the same time, Sydney was added to the route network. Commencing 17 December, flights to Jeddah were routed through Sharjah instead of Abu Dhabi. During the year, the airline launched "Blue Sky Fares", a low-cost internet booking facility, offering cheaper economy class fares on selected destinations, to compete with low-cost carriers in the region, such as AirAsia. In August 2005, Peter Foster resigned as CEO to take up a similar post at another airline.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Royal Brunei Airlines added Ho Chi Minh City to its network list in May 2006, a destination served thrice-weekly.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Brunei Darussalam and the United Kingdom (UK) agreed to allow more air services between the countries on 23 November 2007, enhancing the two countries' co-operation in the aviation sector. The agreement came into action with immediate effect. This came off the back of the latest tourism figures of 3,459 European holiday visitor arrivals from January to August 2007. The UK is considered an important gateway for European tourists coming to Brunei; Royal Brunei Airlines operates daily flights between Brunei and London, England.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: In early September 2007, Royal Brunei Airlines suspended flights to Frankfurt am Main as part of its latest restructuring exercise. Kuching was reintroduced to the network on 1 December 2007, after a break of three years. Royal Brunei Airlines then suspended services to Darwin on 26 January 2008, after serving the route for 24 years. Sharjah was also dropped from the network early 2008, as Jeddah flights are served non-stop from Bandar Seri Begawan. Shanghai was 'suspended' in April 2008, and Sydney and Bali were dropped from the summer schedule of 2008.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: On 2 June 2008, Royal Brunei Airlines increased services to Auckland from Bandar Seri Begawan by offering a new three-weekly direct service. This direct service was in addition to increase in frequency of the existing route via Brisbane from three to four times a week. The following year, Robert Yang was appointed as chief executive officer effective from 1 July, after the departure of Ray Sayer.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: From 28 March 2010, the service to Shanghai resumed with a frequency of four times per week. Auckland was delinked from Brisbane, making Auckland five times per week, and Brisbane six times per week. From 17 June 2010, Royal Brunei Airlines introduced ex-Singapore Airlines Boeing 777-200ER aircraft to replace the Boeing 767 fleet being returned to their lessors; the inaugural Boeing 777 service was the Bandar Seri Begawan to London Heathrow service via Dubai, on 17 June. The last of the airline's long-serving Boeing 767s were withdrawn from service on 27 September. Plans were also announced during the year for a four times a week Brunei to Melbourne service with the Boeing 777-200ER, starting from 29 March 2011.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: On 12 February 2011, Brudirect.com had reported that Robert Yang had announced his resignation as the CEO of Royal Brunei Airlines, with effect from 1 March 2011.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: On 21 June 2012, Royal Brunei Airlines announced that the company was implementing a plan to improve its operations, financial 'performance', and customer service experience, ground operations for all airports. As part of the plan, services to Auckland, Brisbane, Perth, and Ho Chi Minh City were suspended effective after the last scheduled flights of October 2012. Flights to Kuching were suspended after the last scheduled flight of July 2012. The airline leased two additional Airbus A320s in 2013, together with five Boeing 787s, to strengthen and revitalise its regional network, and international routes respectively. The first of the five Boeing 787s, with registration number V8-DLA, was delivered on 4 October 2013. All of its Boeing 787 aircraft are powered by the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines. On 18 October 2013, the Bandar Seri Begawan to Singapore service was used as the 787's inaugural flight. Flights to London Heathrow via Dubai using the 787s started on 2 December 2013.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: On 6 November 2013, Royal Brunei Airlines outlined plans to offer a '100% Dreamliner service' on all of its long haul routes. The airline at that time considered southern India for its next airline expansion. RB, which operated four Airbus A320s and two Airbus A319s as of November 2013, also planned to expand its short-haul aircraft fleet to 'double digits'. The airline looked at plans to purchase current-generation Boeing 737s or Airbus A320s. These short-haul aircraft might also be used on flights to Australia, as part of its future expansion plan. RB resumed flights to Bali four times a week, starting July 2014. Effective 17 October 2014, RB resumed flights to Ho Chi Minh City four times a week, as it looked to use the destination to connect with key regional and international markets.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The airline leased two new Airbus A320 aircraft which were delivered in September and November 2015, eventually to replace the two Airbus A319 aircraft. This indicated the start of the programme to modernise the narrow-body fleet, with up to ten Airbus A320s to be delivered from the end of 2017.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The CEO from 2011 to March 2016 was Dermot Mannion. In March 2016, Dermot Mannion finished his five-year term, and was replaced by Karam Chand. On 6 January 2021, Captain Haji Khalidkhan Haji Asmakhan was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer for Royal Brunei Airlines.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Royal Brunei Airlines subsidiaries are companies that are involved in the non-core businesses supporting its aviation business activities, such as Royal Brunei Catering, which operates the flight kitchen at Brunei International Airport, and Royal Brunei Engineering which provides maintenance and overhaul of aircraft.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: "SkyLounge" is Royal Brunei Airlines' lounge at the Brunei International Airport, which was opened in January 2004, and occupies the entire mezzanine floor at the departure hall (airside) of the airport. The lounge is exclusively reserved for Royal Brunei's business and economy class passengers (with Priority Pass), and Royal Skies Gold and Silver members. The lounge may also be used by qualifying members of other airlines, with an agreement with Royal Brunei Airlines to use the lounge, such as Singapore Airlines.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Royal Brunei does not serve alcoholic beverages on board its flights. Non-Muslim passengers are however, permitted to bring along their own alcohol for consumption on board. This reflects the Bruneian government's policy on the sale and importation of alcohol in Brunei. All inflight meals served are halal.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The Boeing 787-8 Business Class seats can be made into a fully flat bed. Each seat is also offered with a , duo function in-seat personal television (touch screen and remote-controlled capability), along with an in-seat power outlet. The Economy Class seats can be reclined from its upright position. At each seat is a , touch screen in-seat personal television with USB charging capability, along with an in-seat power outlet.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The two new Airbus A320s, V8-RBW and V8-RBX, have three rows of seats with extra legroom compared to ordinary economy class seats. The seats are situated immediately behind the business class seats. The area can be separated from the rest of the ordinary economy class seats and the business class seats with curtains. On flights to and from Brunei, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, and Hong Kong, it is possible to pay in advance to sit in these seats via the 'Manage my booking' section of the airline's website. As well as extra legroom, meals are served first, and there is priority boarding. This cabin is exactly the same as Royal Brunei's Airbus A320neo, but with a personal, touch screen IFE (in-flight entertainment) system with a USB charging capability, along with an in-seat power outlet in each seat.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: "Royal Skies" is the loyalty programme of Royal Brunei Airlines, consisting of three tiers. Launched in May 2003, members will earn actual miles on every eligible Royal Brunei Airlines' flight, or by utilising the products and / or services of Royal Skies partners.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: The Blue card does not carry any expiry date, however, Silver and Gold cards will have an expiry date that shows the end of the benefits period. Silver and Gold members must re-qualify for the Elite tier to continue receiving Elite Status benefits. With the expiration of Elite status benefits, the member will use their Blue card to start earning tier-qualifying miles again. Miles expire after three years.


title: Royal Brunei Airlines

text: Miles accrued by Royal Skies members can be redeemed for free flights or seat upgrades. A free upgrade award starts from 5,000 Royal Skies miles, while redemption for a free flight starts from 15,000 miles.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: Riot Act is the seventh studio album by American rock band Pearl Jam, released November 12, 2002 through Epic Records. Following a full-scale tour in support of their previous album, "Binaural" (2000), Pearl Jam took a year-long break. The band reconvened in the beginning of 2002 and commenced work on a new album. The music on the album was diverse, including songs influenced by folk, art rock and experimental rock. The lyrics deal with mortality and existentialism, with influence from both the political climate after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and the accidental death of nine fans during Pearl Jam's performance at the 2000 Roskilde Festival.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: The band supported the album with a politically charged concert tour in 2003. "Riot Act" was the band's last album of all-new material for Epic. The album received mostly positive reviews, and has been certified gold by the RIAA in the United States.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: Producer Adam Kasper was brought in to work with the band on its seventh album. Kasper had engineered other Pearl Jam albums, and was brought to produce following a suggestion by drummer Matt Cameron, who worked with Kasper on his previous groups Wellwater Conspiracy and Soundgarden. "Riot Act" was recorded in two sessions in February 2002 and April 2002 at Studio X in Seattle. The album was mixed by Brendan O'Brien at Studio X.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: Similar to the process for "Yield" and "Binaural", band members worked on material individually before starting the recording sessions together. According to Cameron, everyone in the band had "four or five" ideas coming into the sessions, and there was "a lot to just kind of weed through and work on." The band often recorded material intended to be demo recordings, but lead vocalist Eddie Vedder would come along and record his vocals afterwards, stating, "I just sang it, that's the take." Regarding the creative process, guitarist Stone Gossard said that while playing alone "the anal-retentive side of you goes, 'I think I could play better.'", but when reuniting "the entire band goes 'No, it's great as it is,' then you just get in the mood and embrace it." Gossard stated that "the process of letting go is constant in this band", adding that bandmembers would arrive with "a clear idea of what a song is going to be" but eschew for other musical ideas while discussing the song with the group. "Riot Act" was the first Pearl Jam album to feature Kenneth "Boom" Gaspar on keyboards, most notably on the song "Love Boat Captain". According to Gaspar, the song initially developed out of a jam session he had with Vedder in Hawaii shortly after the two first met. When they were done, Vedder asked Gaspar if he was "ready to go to Seattle." According to Gossard, bringing in Gaspar was about being "open to new things", while Vedder stated Gaspar "was able to find his place" and fit in easily with the band dynamics. Guitarist Mike McCready said that he had always wanted the band to feature keyboards.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: McCready described the recording environment as "a pretty positive one" and "very intense and spiritual." Cameron said that producer Adam Kasper created a "really relaxed" atmosphere and that the band was able to complete lot of material in a short amount of time. Vedder set up his typewriter in a corner of the studio and would write lyrics as the band members played their material. Most of the album was recorded live, with Cameron describing the album as "our anti-Pro Tools record." Gossard said that the band fed off Cameron's playing as well as Vedder's excitement about the recording process.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: "Riot Act" features a diverse sound, including folk-based and experimental songs. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said ""Riot Act" is the album that Pearl Jam has been wanting to make since "Vitalogy"—a muscular art rock record, one that still hits hard but that's filled with ragged edges and odd detours." Gossard said ""Riot Act" really seems to showcase all of our thing. There's the simple rock songs we could have written in the earlier era, but it covers all the different times and dynamics we've had and still holds together." The musical experiments led several songs on the album to use alternate tunings, including "You Are", "All or None" and "Bu$hleaguer".


title: Riot Act (album)

text: The lyrics on "Riot Act" were more direct than on preceding records, in response to the political climate after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Bassist Jeff Ament commented that he felt that love was a major theme of the album, and Vedder tried to convey themes such as love, loss and struggle to make a difference because of the difficulty in leading with events such as the September 11 attacks and the accidental death of nine fans during Pearl Jam's performance at the 2000 Roskilde Festival – "You start feeling like, 'What do I have to say? What is my opinion?' Then I realized I did have an opinion. Not only did I have one, but I felt like it was formed by processing a lot of information and having good influences. Ament also told that "I think the time's right to turn our voice up a bit [. . .] And Ed did it in a great way, with humour and a mystical, magical approach. It isn't just, 'We're pissed off, and fuck you! Riot! Anarchy!' Cos I don't think that's the method. At least at this point." Vedder, however, said, "I have to admit this record came out a bit one-sided. But I think we, as a country, need to understand why we're involved in the Middle East. This hollow patriotism frightens me." The singer added that the "Riot Act" lyrics "represent[ed] my state of mind these days. I'm optimistic yet disillusioned, hopeful yet frustrated." Several songs on the album were inspired by Roskilde tragedy, with the album's first single, "I Am Mine", written by Vedder in 2000 in a hotel room before the band's first show after Roskilde, and "Love Boat Captain" including a brief lyrical reference ("Lost nine friends we'll never know... two years ago today"). Regarding the time period when the lyrics were being written, Vedder said, "There's been a lot of mortality...It's a weird time to be writing. Roskilde changed the shape of us as people, and our filter for seeing the world changed."


title: Riot Act (album)

text: A few songs feature lyrical collaborations between Vedder and other members of the group: one with Ament ("Ghost"), one with Cameron ("You Are") and two with Gossard ("Bu$hleaguer" and "All or None"). Sole lyrical contributions from band members other than Vedder include Cameron with "Get Right" and Ament with "Help, Help" The album's lyrics tackle existential matters ("Love Boat Captain", "Cropduster" and "I Am Mine"), as well as social and political concerns ("Green Disease", "Bu$hleaguer" and "1/2 Full"). The lyrics of "Save You" represent the anger felt by anyone watching a close friend waste away his or her life. Regarding "Love Boat Captain", Vedder said, "Love is one resource that corporations aren't going to be able to monopolize." Vedder said that "Cropduster" is "about man's giant ego, that he's the most important thing on the planet." Regarding "Green Disease", Vedder stated he was "mystified" at CEO and corporate-management salaries and "how someone can justify taking that much at the cost of other people's livelihoods." "Bu$hleaguer" is a satirical commentary on President George W. Bush.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: The album's cover art, photographed by Ament, features two skeletons wearing crowns, suggesting the possibility that the two represent a king and a queen. The forged metal figurines were created by blacksmith Kelly Gilliam. According to Ament, the band had trouble coming up with a name for the album. After the artwork had been finalized and the tracks were sequenced, the band spent weeks trying to come up with a title. Vedder suggested "Riot Act", and the band members went with it as they were tired with trying to come up with a title. McCready stated that the title has no real significance. He said, "I guess we were trying to come up with a title that reflected some of the music on the record, which we thought was urgent-sounding and kind of loud...It just seemed to fit." Ament implied that the title has to do with "getting your act together."


title: Riot Act (album)

text: Pearl Jam promoted the album with tours in Australia, Japan, and North America in 2003. The tours were the band's first with keyboardist Boom Gaspar. The two legs of the North American tour focused on the Midwestern United States, the East Coast, and the West Coast, and had more concerts in arenas. The trauma of Roskilde led the tour to lack performances on festivals and open floor venues.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: The band received much publicity for its energetic politically charged performances during the tour. At many shows during the 2003 North American tour, Vedder performed "Bu$hleaguer" with a rubber mask of George W. Bush, wearing it at the beginning of the song and then hanging it on a mic stand to allow him to sing. The band made news when it was reported that several fans left after Vedder had "impaled" the Bush mask on his mic stand at the band's show of April 1, 2003 in Denver, Colorado show at the Pepsi Center. Following a performance of the song at Pearl Jam's show of April 30, 2003 in Uniondale, New York at the Nassau Coliseum, the band was met with boos from the crowd and chants of "U-S-A." Vedder responded by defending his right to free speech and the band followed with a performance of The Clash's "Know Your Rights". The song "Arc" was performed by Vedder at nine shows during the second North American leg of the tour as a tribute to the victims of the Roskilde disaster. The concerts were documented by a long series of official bootlegs, all of which were available through the band's official website, and six of which were released in record stores: Perth, Tokyo, State College, Pennsylvania, two shows from Madison Square Garden, and Mansfield, Massachusetts. Two concerts became DVDs, the Seattle one being issued as "Live at the Showbox", and the first of two shows at Madison Square Garden was released as the "Live at the Garden" DVD. Pearl Jam also supported the album's material at a series of political rallies and benefit concerts while preparing for its eighth studio album.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: "Riot Act" reached number five in the U.S. on the "Billboard" 200 album chart, with 166,000<nowiki> </nowiki>copies sold in its first week of release. The album would end up selling only 575,000<nowiki> </nowiki>copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan, short of the 850,000 sold by predecessor "Binaural". "Riot Act" has been certified gold by the RIAA. It became the band's first album not to chart in the top two on the "Billboard" 200. The international response to "Riot Act" was more positive. The album topped the charts in Australia, where it went platinum and ended among the best-selling records of the year in both 2002 and 2003. "Riot Act" also went to number two in both Italy, and New Zealand, three in Norway, and number four in Canada.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: Three singles were released from "Riot Act". Lead single "I Am Mine" entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 43, and reached number six on the Modern rock charts. While "Save You" was released as the second single for North America, "Love Boat Captain" was the second single for international markets. "Save You" did not chart on the Hot 100, but it did place on the Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock charts. Music videos for several songs from the album, including "I Am Mine", "Save You", "Love Boat Captain", "Thumbing My Way", and "1/2 Full", were filmed at Seattle's Chop Suey club in September 2002.


title: Riot Act (album)

text: "Riot Act" received mixed to favorable reviews from music critics according to Metacritic, where it holds a 73 after 20 reviews. "NME" gave "Riot Act" an eight out of ten. Reviewer Louis Pattison stated that ""Riot Act" is the sound of a band entering a powerful middle-age. They still deserve your attention." AllMusic staff writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four out of five stars, saying "given several plays, this does indeed seem like the richest record Pearl Jam has made in a long time." "Spin" gave the album seven out of ten stars. The review said, "Pearl Jam's seventh studio album balances emotive bombast with a taut-sweaty hard-rock attack." Critic Robert Christgau described Pearl Jam on the album as "masters of their own audio, with soft spots where their emotions can go." "Rolling Stone" staff writer Keith Harris gave the album three out of five stars, saying that "like Neil Young at his most deliberately despondent, Pearl Jam sound purposefully tired." Chris Willman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B, saying that Vedder's lyrics "rarely cohere", and that "too few of the tense rhythmic setups build to the kind of...catharsis that would be something to "Riot" home about." "Q" gave the album three out of five stars. The review called the album "An adult rock record in which nuance succeeds over bombast."


title: Riot Act (album)

text: Hugo Lindgren of "The New York Times" stated that the "record sounds as if it were made to slip quietly into the marketplace, connect with the faithful and leave everyone else alone", and that "there's no catchy single, and not even the slightest echo of anything else happening in pop music now." He added that the "band's grooves still sound taut, emotive and world-class." Adam Sweeting of "The Guardian" gave the album two out of five stars. In the review he stated that ""Riot Act" isn't one thing or the other: tracks such as "Ghost" or "Get Right" gesture towards hard rock without really putting the hammer down, while a more reflective piece like "All or None" doesn't exploit its own possibilities." Sweeting observed, "On full, Pearl Jam sound like Stillwater, Cameron Crowe's fictional 1970s second-raters from his film "Almost Famous"." Kyle Reiter of "Pitchfork" said that the album "meanders from one song to the next with an overwhelming insipidness", and stated that it "[brings] them ever closer to homogenous bar-band territory."


title: Riot Act (album)

text: The album's singles featured three B-sides from the "Riot Act" recording sessions that were not included on the album: "Down", "Undone" and "Other Side". "Down" and "Undone" were B-sides on the "I Am Mine" single, and "Other Side" was featured on the "Save You" and "Love Boat Captain" singles. All three were included on the 2003 "Lost Dogs" collection of rarities, although "Undone" appeared in a slightly different form. McCready said that "Down" came out lighter than intended, and was ultimately left off "Riot Act" because it did not fit with the other songs on the album. Also recorded during the sessions was "4/20/02", a song honoring Alice in Chains frontman Layne Staley that Vedder wrote the day that he heard the news of Staley's death. According to Vedder, "4/20/02" wasn't included on "Riot Act" because the band already had too many songs, but it was included on "Lost Dogs", albeit in the form of a hidden track. A recording of "Severed Hand", a song that appeared on the band's next studio album "Pearl Jam", was attempted during the recording sessions; however the band only spent a few hours on the song before it was shelved. "Last Soldier", a live version of which was recorded at the 2001 Bridge School Benefit and included on the band's 2001 fan club Christmas single, was written by McCready and Vedder in response to the aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001. McCready said the band played around with the song, but never seriously considered recording it for "Riot Act".


title: Choco pie

text: A choco pie is a snack cake consisting of two small round layers of cake with marshmallow filling and a chocolate covering. The term originated in America but is now also used widely in South Korea, Japan, and its exports, and many other countries as either a brand name or a generic term. Names for similar confections in other places include chocolate marshmallow pie, Wagon Wheels, the Japanese angel pie, Jos Louis, and moon pie.


title: Choco pie

text: Variations of the original go back to as far as 1917 in the southern United States. In 1929, Chattanooga Bakery created the Moon Pie with marshmallow filling and Graham crackers for local miners in Chattanooga, Tennessee.


title: Choco pie

text: In 1961, a Japanese confectionery company Morinaga & Company started selling Enzeru Pie (エンゼルパイ, Angel Pie) which was developed with reference to Scooter Pie, a version of Moon Pie.


title: Choco pie

text: In 1973, a member of the R&D team of the Korean firm Tongyang Confectionery visited a hotel in Georgia, US, and was inspired by the chocolate-coated sweets available in the hotel's restaurant. He returned to South Korea and began experimenting with a chocolate biscuit cake, creating the "choco pie" as it is known to Koreans. The name "Choco Pie" became popular when Tongyang first released the Orion Choco Pie, and was well received by Korean children, as well as the elderly, because of its affordable price and white marshmallow filling. Tongyang Confectionery later renamed the company Orion Confectionery thanks to the success of the Orion Choco Pie brand.


title: Choco pie

text: PNB, a bakery company founded in 1951 in Jeonju, South Korea, is famous for its traditional choco pie confectionaries. This earlier timeline indicates an earlier existence of a variation of the treat in Korean history. There is a related historical connection as this bakery is prevalent only near the traditional Hanok villages of Jeonju.


title: Choco pie

text: In 1979, Lotte Confectionery began to sell a similar confection. When Lotte Confectionery put the Lotte Choco Pie on the market, it chose to spell the prefix slightly differently in Hangul from how Tongyang was spelling it. Tongyang had been using "" ("Chyo"), while Lotte began using "" ("Cho"). Haitai and Crown Confectionery also began selling their own versions of choco pies. Lotte also began selling as Choco Pie in Japan in 1983.


title: Choco pie

text: In 1999, after many years of sales of different "Choco Pie" products, Tongyang (Orion) filed a lawsuit against Lotte for their use of the term "Choco Pie", claiming that the name was their intellectual property. The court ruled, however, that Tongyang was responsible for having allowed its brand name to become, over time, a generic trademark and that the term "choco pie" was to be considered a common noun due to its generic descriptive sense in reference to confections of similar composition.


title: Choco pie

text: In 2016, Orion released a banana-flavored Choco Pie to celebrate its 60th anniversary. It is the first variation of the original product in 42 years since the company launched the Choco Pie with marshmallow cream in 1974.


title: Choco pie

text: In 2020, Orion released Chal (meaning "chewy" in Korean) Choco Pie to celebrate Choco Pie's 45th anniversary. Chal Choco Pie has two flavors of injeolmi and black sesame rice cake. Due to the product line's launch, overall Choco Pie sales in January and February increased by about 20% compared to the same period last year.


title: Choco pie

text: Orion has launched springs seasonal-limited edition of Choco Pie ever since the year of 2017. In 2017, Orion launched Choco Pie Strawberry, which has strawberry jam inside the marshmallow. In 2019, Orion launched a new edition with pistachio and berry flavor. In 2020, it launched Choco Pie Strawberry Blossom. It is covered in pink-colored chocolate instead of the usual dark brown color. Three weeks after launching, over a 5 million of accumulated number of pies were sold.


title: Choco pie

text: In January 2021, Orion launched its first winter limited edition, 'Choco Pie Chung Happy Berry Chocolate', 46 years after its establishment. The product is a reinterpretation of the chocolate pie as a holiday cake concept for the end of the year and consists of a chocolate cake filled with chocolate berry syrup and marshmallow.


title: Choco pie

text: Choco Pie entered the Russian market in the Far East region after the fall of Soviet Union in the beginning of the 1990s and quickly became popular among Russian population, kids and adults alike. Starting in the 2000s, Orion began using the Choco Pie to gain a foothold in foreign markets, and now controls a two-thirds share of the Chinese snack market, with a third of Orion's revenue coming from outside Korea in 2006. Around 12.1 billion Choco Pies have been sold all over the world.


title: Choco pie

text: Orion has a share in five major markets – South Korea, Russia, Vietnam and China, and Canada. In 2016, Choco Pie, which sold 600 million packs in Russia, is called the "National Pie". Vietnam also consumed 600 million packs in 2018. The snack has also been particularly successful in India, Pakistan and Taiwan.


title: Choco pie

text: Exports of choco pies to North Korea have been very popular, with North Korean workers at the Kaeseong Industrial Complex in North Korea receiving choco pies in lieu of cash bonuses, which were seen as too capitalistic. Prior to the closing of the complex during the 2013 Korean crisis, workers received choco pies, which had become a favorite snack at Kaeseong (개성시) and also a symbol of capitalism, in addition to their wages. However, the workers at Kaeseong (개성시) would often resell their pies on the black market. In 2010, "The Chosun Ilbo" reported that choco pies could fetch as much as US$9.50 on the North Korean black market. Between 2008 and 2014, the Lotte corporation estimated that it sent 1.2 million boxes of Choco Pie to North Korea.


title: Choco pie

text: In the wake of tensions surrounding its nuclear tests, the North Korean government temporarily shut down the Kaeseong (개성시) complex in 2013. This cut the supply of choco pies and drove the price in North Korea even higher. When the complex resumed operations after a five-month halt, employers were forbidden from paying choco pie bonuses, and advised to instead give bonuses of "sausages, noodles, coffee and chocolate". North Korea also responded to the choco pie speculation by producing its own variant of the snack.


title: Choco pie

text: In 2014, South Korean activists used helium balloons to launch 10,000 choco pies over the border to North Korea. Artist Jin Joo Chae made the controversy a subject of her prints and sculptures the same year, printing, with chocolate, real and imagined Choco Pie slogans onto North Korean newspapers and simulating a black market for the snack in the gallery.


title: Choco pie

text: In 2017, a severely injured North Korean defector who crossed the DMZ to South Korea was given a lifetime supply of choco pies by their manufacturer.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajasthani people or Rajasthanis are a group of Indo-Aryan peoples native to Rajasthan ("the land of kingdoms"), a state in Northern India. Their language, Rajasthani, is a part of the western group of Indo-Aryan languages.


title: Rajasthani people

text: The first mention of the word "Rajasthan" comes from the works of George Thomas ("Military Memories") and James Tod ("Annals"). Rajasthan literally means the "Land of Kingdoms". However, western Rajasthan and eastern Gujarat were part of "Gurjaratra". The local dialects of the time use the expression "Rājwār", the place or land of kings, later "Rajputana".


title: Rajasthani people

text: Although the history of Rajasthan goes back as far as the Indus Valley civilization, the foundation of the Rajasthani community took shape with the rise of "Western Middle Kingdoms" such as Western Kshatrapas. "Western Kshatrapas" (35-405 BC) were rulers of the western part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Southern Sindh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan). They were the successors to the Indo-Scythians who invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era (with Saka calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps kingdom. "Saka calendar" (also been adopted as Indian national calendar) is used by the Rajasthani community and adjoining areas such as Punjab and Haryana. With time, their social structures received stronger reorganizations, thus giving birth to several "martial" sub ethnic groups (previously called as "Martial race" but the term is now obsolete ). Rajasthanis emerged as major merchants during medieval India. Rajasthan was among the important centres of trade with Rome, eastern Mediterranean and southeast Asia.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Some claim that "Romani people" originated in parts of the Rajasthan. Indian origin was suggested based on linguistic grounds as early as 200 years ago. The "roma" ultimately derives from a form "ḍōmba" ("man living by singing and music"), attested in Classical Sanskrit. Linguistic and genetic evidence indicates the Romanies originated from the Indian subcontinent, emigrating from India towards the northwest no earlier than the 11th century. Contemporary populations sometimes suggested as sharing a close relationship to the Romani are the Dom people of Central Asia and the Banjara of India.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Like other Indo-Aryan peoples, modern day Rajasthanis and their ancestors have inhabited Rajasthan since ancient times. The erstwhile state of Alwar, in north-eastern Rajasthan, is possibly the oldest kingdom in Rajasthan. The oldest king of Rajasthan in terms of caste was Maharaja Shalinder of Taxak Jat clan and next is Bappa Rawal’s Guhila Rajput dynasty. Around 1500 BC, it formed a part of the Matsya territories of Viratnagar (present-day Bairat) encompassing Bharatpur, Dholpur, and Karauli.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajasthani society is a blend of predominantly Hindus with sizable minorities of Muslims, Sikhs and Jains.


title: Rajasthani people

text: "Shaivism" and "Vaishnavism" is followed by majority of the people; however, "Shaktism" is followed in the form of Bhavani and her avatars are equally worshiped throughout Rajasthan.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Meenas of Rajasthan till date strongly follow Vedic culture which usually includes worship of "Bhainroon" (Shiva) and "Krishna" as well as the "Durga".


title: Rajasthani people

text: The Charans worship various forms and incarnations of Shakti such as Hinglaj or Durga, Avad Mata, Karni Mata, and Khodiyar.


title: Rajasthani people

text: The Gujars worship the Devnarayan, Shiva, and Goddess Bhavani. Historically, the Gujars were Sun-worshipers and are described as devoted to the feet of the Sun-god.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajasthani Muslims are predominantly Sunnis. They are mainly Meo, Mirasi, Khanzada, Qaimkhani, Manganiar, Muslim Ranghar, Merat, Sindhi-Sipahi, Rath, and Pathans. Converts to Islam still maintained many of their earlier traditions. They share lot of socio-ritual elements. Rajasthani Muslim communities, after their conversion, continued to follow pre-conversion practices (Rajasthani rituals and customs) which is not the case in other parts of the country. This exhibits the strong cultural identity of Rajasthani people as opposed to religious identity. According to 2001 census, Muslim population of Rajasthan is 4,788,227, accounting for around 9% of the total population.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Some other religions are also prevalent such as Buddhism, Christianity, Parsi religion and others. Over time, there has been an increase in the number of followers of Sikh religion. Though Buddhism emerged as a major religion during 321-184 BC in "Mauryan Empire", it had no influence in Rajasthan for the fact that Mauryan Empire had minimal impact on Rajasthan and its culture. Although Jainism is not that prevalent in Rajasthan today, Rajasthan and Gujarat areas were historically strong centres of Jainism in India.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajasthanis form an ethno-linguistic group that is distinct in its language, history, cultural and religious practices, social structure, literature, and art. However, there are many different castes and communities, with diversified traditions of their own. Major sub ethnic groups are Meghwal,Jats, Rajputs, Meenas, Gurjars, Brahmans, Malis, Kolis, Agrawals, Kumhars,Kumawat etc.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajputs (10%),Meghwal(25%) Jats (11.52%), Meenas (10%), Gurjars (10.4%), Brahman (7.5%) of Rajasthan's population.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Jats and Meghwal are generally agricultural caste in Rajasthan and are listed under Other Backward Castes of Rajasthan State. In the village Kanswa it was proved the rule of Jat king Shalinder(409 AD) of Sialkot(Shalpur) which was till Kota region founded by James Tod. In East Rajasthan Bharatpur and Dholpur were ruled by Jat rulers. Jats had a empire in Medieval period known as Jangaldesh Empire, the prominent Jat clans of this empire were Godaras, Johiyas, Saharans, Punias and others who ruled the Northern Rajasthan for around four centuries as an Independent possession. Some of the rulersof Jats in Rajasthan were Surajmal, Maldeo Chahar, Pandu Ram Godara and others. Jats of these 2 districts(Bharatpur and Dholpur) were removed from Central OBC list after a ruling by Supreme Court of India in 2015. Rajasthan State Government added them back in the state's Other Backward Caste list but didn't send the recommendation to Central Government, since they were removed by Supreme Court.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajputs are well-known warrior people of Rajasthan. Rajputs are descendants of ancient ruling dynasties. Rajput status vary from princely stage to common cultivator . They hold distinctive identity as opposed to Rajputs of other regions of the country. This identity is usually described as "proud Rajput of Rājputāna". They traced their lineage from a mythical fire atop Mt. Abu–a mountain in Rajasthan ("Agni Kula" or the Fire Family), Rajput clans like chamaan of shakmbhari chalukya / solanki of gujarat and parmars are protectors of india from islamic Arab and turk invaders . Rajputs ruler bappa rawal of guhilot dynasty,Chaulukya Rajput king make an alliance to protect india from Arabs and turk invaders


title: Rajasthani people

text: the sun ("Suryavanshi" or the Sun Family), and the moon ("Chandravanshi" or the Moon Family). "The Sun Family" includes Sisodias of Mewar (Chittaur and Udaipur), Rathores of Jodhpur and Bikaner, and Kachwahas of Amer and Jaipur while "The Moon family" includes Bhati of Jaisalmer whereas The Fire family includes Chauhans of Bundi and Kota and Solankis of Baran and Desuri.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Baniya (बनिया) are the trading communities which includes Agarwal, Khandelwal and Maheshwari. Agarwals trace their origin to Agroha, a historic town near Hisar in Haryana while Khandelwal and Maheshwari communities are said to be originated from Khandela, near Jaipur. Baniya community is known for their excellent trading techniques and business acumen. They are among the influential and prosperous communities of Rajasthan. Baniyas are also known for their society serving. A number of Schools, Colleges, Hospitals, Dharmshalas, etc are built by the Baniya Community which provide their facilities at very minimum rates to serve the society. Baniya people are strict vegetarians and many even avoid eating onion and garlic. Drinking alcohol is also strictly prohibited in Baniya Society.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Khatik(खटीक/खटक) word is derived from the Sanskrit language word Khat. Khatik means "butcher". In ancient times the main profession of Khatik Caste was to slaughter and prepare sheep and goats. Found throughout India, the Khatik community began as hunters and butchers, though some claim warrior caste origin. Because they once handled carcasses.They found in good numbers in Rajsthan.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Gujjars, Gurjar,gujar (गूजर, गुज्जर) are well known people from Rajasthan. Historically, the Gujar caste is an animal rearing caste, this caste is included in the Backward Classes group in most of the states of India,They are also found in some states like Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in good number. They were added in criminal tribe by britishers for revolting against them in various parts which is one of the main reason they were left behind in education and this tribe is generally known for its bravery.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Sain Nai mostly lives in Alwar, Dausa, Bharatpur, Jaipur & some other district of Rajasthan. They worship their kuldevi "sati Narayani Mata" (Temple in Alwar)


title: Rajasthani people

text: Seervi are mainly in agriculture business in Jodhpur and Pali District of Rajasthan. Major population of Seervi's are followers of Aai Mata which has main temple at Bilara. These days Seervi have migrated from Rajasthan to Southern part of India and became good business community.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Kumawat are also found all over Rajasthan with majority in Jaipur, Pali, Bikaner, Jodhpur etc. . Kumawat are also called as Kheti Ghar Kumar as their main profession is related to agriculture and now even they are into business all over the country like Indore, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai etc.


title: Rajasthani people

text: There are few other tribal communities in "Rajasthan", such as Meena and Bhils. Meena ruled on Dhundhar near 10th century. The Ghoomar dance is one well-known aspect of Bhil tribe. "Meena" and "Bhils" were employed as soldiers by "Rajputs" for their bravery and martial capabilities. "Meenas", in ancient times, were ruler of "Matsya", i.e., Rajasthan or "Matsya" Union. However, during colonial rule, the British government declared 250 groups which included Meenas, Gujars, etc. as "criminal tribes". Any group or community that took arms and opposed British rule were branded as criminal by the British government in 1871. This Act was repealed in 1952 by Government of India. Sahariyas, the jungle dwellers, who are believed to be of Bhil origin, inhabit the areas of Kota, Dungarpur and Sawai Madhopur in the southeast of Rajasthan. Their main occupations include working as shifting cultivators, hunters and fishermen. Garasias is a small Rajput tribe inhabiting Abu Road area of southern Rajasthan.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajpurohit Sanskrit:राजपुरोहित, Gujarati:રાજપુરોહિત) is a caste residing in South Asia natively in western Rajasthan of India.They maintain traditions that are similar to both Brahmins and Rajputs. They are historically engaged into administration, trading, jagirdar, royal council Member and are spread across entire country. They were given villages at boundary of kingdom. According to political analysts, Rajput, Rajpurohit and Charancommunities are considered to be identical in regards to their social customs and political ideologies.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajasthani Brahmins are mostly Rajpurohi (jagirdar ),dadheechs, Pareeks, Saraswats, Gujar Gaur, Khandelwal Brahmins or Khandal, Shrimalis, Garg Brahmins, Sharma Brahmins, Bhutia Brahmins, Paliwals, Pushkarna Brahmins, jangid bramhin and Gaur. Pushkarna Brahmins in particular are the group of people who fled Muslim persecution in Sindh during the conquest of the Umayyad dynasty in the 8th century and later settled in the Marwar region, mainly in cities of Marwar (west Rajasthan) like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Falaudi etc. Pushkarna Brahmins still maintain a blend of old sindhi culture and marwadi culture to this day.


title: Rajasthani people

text: There are a few other colourful folks, groups like those of Gadia Luhar, Banjara, Nat, Kalbelia, and Saansi, who criss-cross the countryside with their animals. The Gadia Luhars are said to be once associated with Maharana Pratap.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Scholars agree on the fact that during 10th-12th century, a common language was spoken in Western Rajasthan and Northern Gujarat. This language was known as Old Gujarati "(1100 AD — 1500 AD)" (also called "Old Western Rajasthani", "Gujjar Bhakha", "Maru-Gurjar"). The language derived its name from Gurjara and its people, who were residing and ruling in Punjab, Rajputana, central India, and various parts of Gujarat at that time. It is said that Marwari and Gujarati has evolved from this "Gurjar Bhakha" later. The language was used as a literary language as early as the 12th century. Poet Bhoja has referred to "Gaurjar Apabhramsha" in 1014 AD. Formal grammar of Rajasthani was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja. Rajasthani was recognized by the State Assembly as an official Indian language in 2004. Recognition is still pending from the government of India.


title: Rajasthani people

text: First mention of Rajasthani literature comes from a well known work Kuvalayamala, inscribed c. 778 in the town of Jalor in south-eastern Marwar by Jain acharya Udyotan Suri. Udyotan Suri referred it as "Maru Bhasha" or "Maru Vani". Modern Rajasthani literature began with the works of Suryamal Misrana. His most important works are the "Vamsa Bhaskara" and the "Vira satsaī". The "Vira satsaī" is a collection of couplets dealing with historical heroes. Two other important poets in this traditional style are "Bakhtavara Ji" and Kaviraja Murari Dan. Apart from academic literature, there exists folk literature as well. Folk literature consists of ballads, songs, proverbs, folk tales, and panegyrics. The heroic and ethical poetry were the two major components of Rajasthani literature throughout its history. The development of Rajasthani literature, as well as "virkavya" (heroic poetry), from the "Dingal" language took form during the early formation of medieval social and political establishments in Rajasthan. "Maharaja Chatur Singh" (1879–1929) was a devotional poet from Mewar. His contributions were poetry style that was essentially a bardic tradition in nature. Another important poet was Hinglaj Dan Kaviya (1861–1948). His contributions are largely of the heroic poetry style.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Traditionally men wear "Earring", Apadravya", "Moustache", "dhotis", "kurta", "angarkha" and "paggar" or "safa" (kind of turban headgear). Traditional "Chudidar payjama" (puckered trousers) frequently replaces "dhoti" in different regions. Women wear "ghagra" (long skirt) and "kanchli" (top). However, dress style changes with lengths and breaths of vast Rajasthan. "Dhoti" is worn in different ways in Marwar (Jodhpur area) or Shekhawati (Jaipur area) or Hadoti (Bundi area). Similarly, there are a few differences pagri and "safa" despite both being Rajasthani headgear. Mewar has the tradition of "paggar", whereas Marwar has the tradition of "safa".


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajasthan is also famous for its amazing ornaments. From ancient times, Rajasthani people have been wearing jewelry of various metals and materials. Traditionally, women wore Gems-studded gold and silver ornaments. Historically, silver or gold ornaments were used for interior decoration stitched on curtains, seat cushions, handy-crafts, etc. Wealthy Rajasthanis used Gems-studded gold and silver on swords, shields, knives, pistols, cannon, doors, thrones, etc., which reflects the importance of ornaments in lives of Rajasthanis.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rich Rajasthani culture reflects in the tradition of hospitality which is one of its own kind. Rajasthan region varies from arid desert districts to the greener eastern areas. Varying degree of geography has resulted in a rich cuisine involving both vegetarian and non vegetarian dishes. Rajasthani food is characterized by the use of Jowar, Bajri, legumes and lentils, its distinct aroma and flavor achieved by the blending of spices including curry leaves, tamarind, coriander, ginger, garlic, chili, pepper, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, cumin, and rosewater.


title: Rajasthani people

text: The major crops of Rajasthan are jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, rice, wheat, barley, gram, tur, pulses, ground nut, sesamum, etc. Millets, lentils, and beans are the most basic ingredients in food.


title: Rajasthani people

text: The majority of Hindu and Jain Rajasthanis are vegetarian. Rajasthani Jains do not eat after sundown and their food does not contain garlics and onions. Rajputs are usually meat eaters; however, eating beef is a taboo within the majority of the culture.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajasthani cuisines have a whole lot of varieties, varying regionally between the arid desert districts and the greener eastern areas. Most famous dish is Dal-Baati-Churma. It is a little bread full of clarified butter roasted over hot coals and served with a dry, flaky sweet made of gram flour, and "Ker-Songri" made with a desert fruit and beans.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Rajasthani Music has a diverse collection of musicians. Major schools of music includes Udaipur, Jodhpur, and Jaipur. Jaipur is a major Gharanas which is well known for its reverence for rare ragas. "Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana" is associated with "Alladiya Khan" (1855–1943), who was among the great singers of the late 19th and early 20th century. Alladiya Khan was trained both in "Dhrupad" and "Khyal styles", though his ancestors were Dhrupad singers. The most distinguishing feature of Jaipur "Gharana" is its complex and lilting melodic form.


title: Rajasthani people

text: The colorful tradition of Rajasthani people reflects in art of paintings as well. This painting style is called Maru-Gurjar painting. It throws light on the royal heritage of ancient Rajasthan. Under the Royal patronage, various styles of paintings developed, cultivated, and practiced in Rajasthan, and painting styles reached their pinnacle of glory by 15th to 17th centuries. The major painting styles are "phad paintings", "miniature paintings", "kajali paintings", "gemstone paintings", etc. There is incredible diversity and imaginative creativity found in Rajasthani paintings. Major schools of art are "Mewar", "Marwar", "Kishangarh", "Bundi", "Kota", "Jaipur", and "Alwar".


title: Rajasthani people

text: Phad paintings ("Mewar-style of painting") is the most ancient Rajasthani art form. Phad paintings, essentially a scroll painting done on cloth, are beautiful specimen of the Indian cloth paintings. These have their own styles and patterns and are very popular due to their vibrant colors and historic themes. The "Phad of God Devnarayan" is largest among the popular Pars in Rajasthan. The painted area of God Devnarayan Ki Phad is 170 square feet (i.e. 34' x 5'). Some other Pars are also prevalent in Rajasthan, but being of recent origin, they are not classical in composition. Another famous Par painting is "Pabuji Ki Phad". Pabuji Ki Phad is painted on a 15 x 5 ft. canvas. Other famous heroes of Phad paintings are "Gogaji", "Prithviraj Chauhan", "Amar Singh Rathore", etc.


title: Rajasthani people

text: The rich tradition of Rajasthanis also reflect in the architecture of the region. There is a connecting link between Māru-Gurjara architecture and Hoysala temple architecture. In both of these styles, architecture is treated sculpturally.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Agriculture is the main occupation of Rajasthani people in Rajasthan. Major crops of Rajasthan are jowar, bajri, maize, ragi, rice, wheat, barley, gram, tur, pulses, ground nut, sesamum, etc. Agriculture was the most important element in the economic life of the people of medieval "Rajasthan". In early medieval times, the land that could be irrigated by one well was called "Kashavah", which is a land that could be irrigated by one "Knsha" or leather bucket. Historically, there were a whole range of communities in Rajasthan at different stages of economy, from hunting to settled agriculture. The "Van Baoria", "Tirgar", "Kanjar", "vagri", etc. were traditionally "hunters" and gatherers. Now, only the "Van Baoria" are hunters, while others have shifted to agriculture related occupations. There are a number of artisans, such as "Lohar" and "Sikligar". "Lohar" are blacksmiths while Sikligar do specific work of making and polishing of arms used in war. Now, they create tools used for agriculture.


title: Rajasthani people

text: Historically, "Rajasthani" business community (famously called Marwaris, "") conducted business successfully throughout India and outside of India. Their business was organized around the "joint-family system", in which the grandfather, father, sons, their sons, and other family members or close relatives worked together and shared responsibilities of business work. The success of Rajasthanis in business, that too outside of Rajasthan, is the outcome of feeling of oneness within the community. "Rajasthanis" tend to help community members, and this strengthens the kinship bondage, oneness, and trust within community. Another fact is that they have the ability to adapt to the region they migrate. They assimilate with others so well and respect the regional culture, customs, and people. It is a rare and most revered quality for any successful businessman. Today, they are among the major business classes in India. The term "Marwari" has come to mean a canny businessman from the State of Rajasthan. The Bachhawats, Birlas, Goenkas, Bajajs, Ruias, Piramels and Singhanias are among the top business groups of India. They are the famous marwaris from Rajasthan.


title: Rajasthani people

text: The Marwari group of Rajasthanis have a substantial diaspora throughout India, where they have been established as traders. Marwari migration to the rest of India is essentially a movement in search of opportunities for trade and commerce. In most cases, Rajasthanis migrate to other places as traders.