title: Flood basalt

text: Flood basalts are most often quartz tholeiites. Olivine tholeiite (the characteristic rock of mid-ocean ridges) occurs less commonly, and there are rare cases of alkali basalts. Regardless of composition, the flows are very homogeneous and rarely contain xenoliths, fragments of the surrounding rock (country rock) that have been entrained in the lava. Because the lavas are low in dissolved gases, pyroclastic rock is extremely rare. Except where the flows entered lakes and became pillow lava, the flows are massive (featureless). Occasionally, flood basalts are associated with very small volumes of dacite or rhyolite (much more silica-rich volcanic rock), which forms late in the development of a large igneous province and marks a shift to more centralized volcanism.


title: Flood basalt

text: Flood basalts show a considerable degree of chemical uniformity across geologic time, being mostly iron-rich tholeiitic basalts. Their major element chemistry is similar to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), while their trace element chemistry, particularly of the rare earth elements, resembles that of ocean island basalt. They typically have a silica content of around 52%. The magnesium number (the mol% of magnesium out of the total iron and magnesium content) is around 55, versus 60 for a typical MORB. The rare earth elements show abundance patterns suggesting that the original (primitive) magma formed from rock of the Earth's mantle that was nearly "undepleted"; that is, it was mantle rock rich in garnet and from which little magma had previously been extracted. The chemistry of plagioclase and olivine in flood basalts suggests that the magma was only slightly contaminated with melted rock of the Earth's crust, but some high-temperature minerals had already crystallized out of the rock before it reached the surface. In other words, the flood basalt is moderately evolved. However, only small amounts of plagioclase appear to have crystallized out of the melt.


title: Flood basalt

text: Though regarded as forming a chemically homogeneous group, flood basalts sometimes show significant chemical diversity even with in a single province. For example, the flood basalts of the Parana Basin can be divided into a low phosphorus and titanium group (LPT) and a high phosphorus and titanium group (HPT). The difference has been attributed to inhomogeneity in the upper mantle, but strontium isotope ratios suggest the difference may arise from the LPT magma being contaminated with a greater amount of melted crust.


title: Flood basalt

text: Theories of the formation of flood basalts must explain how such vast amounts of magma could be generated and erupted as lava in such short intervals of time. They must also explain the similar compositions and tectonic settings of flood basalts erupted across geologic time and the ability of flood basalt lava to travel such great distances from the eruptive fissures before solidifying.


title: Flood basalt

text: A tremendous amount of heat is required for so much magma to be generated in so short a time. This is widely believed to have been supplied by a mantle plume impinging on the base of the Earth's lithosphere, its rigid outermost shell. The plume consists of unusually hot mantle rock of the asthenosphere, the ductile layer just below the lithosphere, that creeps upwards from deeper in the Earth's interior. The hot asthenosphere rifts the lithosphere above the plume, allowing magma produced by decompressional melting of the plume head to find pathways to the surface.


title: Flood basalt

text: The swarms of parallel dikes exposed by deep erosion of flood basalts show that considerable crustal extension has taken place. The dike swarms of west Scotland and Iceland show extension of up to 5%. Many flood basalts are associated with rift valleys, are located on passive continental plate margins, or extend into aulacogens (failed arms of triple junctions where continental rifting begins.) Flood basalts on continents are often aligned with hotspot volcanism in ocean basins. The Paraná and Etendeka traps, located in South America and Africa on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean, formed around 125 million years ago as the South Atlantic opened, while a second set of smaller flood basalts formed near the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in eastern North America as the North Atlantic opened. However, the North Atlantic flood basalts are not connected with any hot spot traces, but seem to have been evenly distributed along the entire divergent boundary.


title: Flood basalt

text: Flood basalts are often interbedded with sediments, typically red beds. The deposition of sediments begins before the first flood basalt eruptions, so that subsidence and crustal thinning are precursors to flood basalt activity. The surface continues to subside as basalt erupt, so that the older beds are often found below sea level. Basalt strata at depth ("dipping reflectors") have been found by reflection seismology along passive continental margins.


title: Flood basalt

text: The composition of flood basalts may reflect the mechanisms by which the magma reaches the surface. The original melt formed in the upper mantle (the "primitive melt") cannot have the composition of quartz tholeiite, the most common and typically least evolved volcanic rock of flood basalts, because quartz tholeiites are too rich in iron relative to magnesium to have formed in equilibrium with typical mantle rock. The primitive melt may have had the composition of picrite basalt, but picrite basalt is uncommon in flood basalt provinces. One possibility is that a primitive melt "stagnates" when it reaches the mantle-crust boundary, where it is not buoyant enough to penetrate the lower-density crust rock. As a tholeiitic magma differentiates (changes in composition as high-temperature minerals crystallize and settle out of the magma) its density reaches a minimum at a magnesium number of about 60, similar to that of flood basalts. This restores buoyancy and permits the magma to complete its journey to the surface, and also explains why flood basalts are predominantly quartz tholeiites. Over half the original magma remains in the lower crust as cumulates in a system of dikes and sills.


title: Flood basalt

text: As the magma rises, the drop in pressure also lowers the liquidus, the temperature at which the magma is fully liquid. This likely explains the lack of phenocrysts in erupted flood basalt. The "resorption" (dissolution back into the melt) of a mixture of solid olivine, augite, and plagioclase—the high-temperature minerals likely to form as phenocrysts—may also tend to drive the composition closer to quartz tholeiite and help maintain buoyancy.


title: Flood basalt

text: Once the magma reaches the surface, it flows rapidly across the landscape, literally flooding the local topography. This is possible in part because of the rapid rate of extrusion (over a cubic km per day per km of fissure length) and the relatively low viscosity of basaltic lava. However, the lateral extent of individual flood basalt flows is astonishing even for so fluid a lava in such quantities. It is likely that the lava spreads by a process of "inflation" in which the lava moves beneath a solid insulating crust, which keeps it hot and mobile. Studies of the Ginkgo flow of the Columbia River Plateau, which is thick, show that the temperature of the lava dropped by just over a distance of . This demonstrates that the lava must have been insulated by a surface crust and that the flow was laminar, reducing heat exchange with the upper crust and base of the flow. It has been estimated that the Ginkgo flow advanced 500 km in six days (a rate of advance of about 3.5 km per hour).


title: Flood basalt

text: The lateral extent of a flood basalt flow is roughly proportional to the cube of the thickness of the flow near its source. Thus, a flow that is double in thickness at its source can travel roughly eight times as far.


title: Flood basalt

text: Eruption in flood basalt provinces is episodic, and each episode has its own chemical signature. There is some tendency for lava within a single eruptive episode to become more silica-rich with time, but there is no consistent trend across episodes.


title: Flood basalt

text: Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) were originally defined as voluminous outpourings, predominantly of basalt, over geologically very short durations. This definition did not specify minimum size, duration, petrogenesis, or setting. A new attempt to refine classification focuses on size and setting. LIPs characteristically cover large areas, and the great bulk of the magmatism occurs in less than 1 Ma. Principal LIPs in the ocean basins include "Oceanic Volcanic Plateaus" (OPs) and "Volcanic Passive Continental Margins". "Oceanic flood basalts" are LIPs distinguished from oceanic plateaus by some investigators because they do not form morphologic plateaus, being neither flat-topped nor elevated more than 200 m above the seafloor. Examples include the Caribbean, Nauru, East Mariana, and Pigafetta provinces. Continental flood basalts (CFBs) or plateau basalts are the continental expressions of large igneous provinces.


title: Flood basalt

text: Flood basalts contribute significantly to the growth of continental crust. They are also catastrophic events, which likely contributed to many mass extinctions in the geologic record.


title: Flood basalt

text: The extrusion of flood basalts, averaged over time, is comparable with the rate of extrusion of lava at mid-ocean ridges and much higher than the rate of extrusion by hotspots. However, extrusion at mid-ocean ridges is relatively steady, while extrusion of flood basalts is highly episodic. Flood basalts create new continental crust at a rate of per year, while the eruptions that form oceanic plateaus produce of crust per year.


title: Flood basalt

text: Much of the new crust formed during flood basalt episodes takes the form of underplating, with over half the original magma crystallizing out as cumulates in sills at the bast of the crust.


title: Flood basalt

text: The eruption of flood basalts has been linked with mass extinctions. For example, the Deccan Traps, erupted at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, may have contributed to the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. Likewise, mass extinctions at the Permian-Triassic boundary, the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, and in the Toarcian Age of the Jurassic correspond to the ages of large igneous provinces in Siberia, the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt.


title: Flood basalt

text: Some idea of the impact of flood basalts can be given by comparison with historical large eruptions. The 1783 eruption of Lakagigar was the largest in the historical record, killing 75% of the livestock and a quarter of the population of Iceland. However, the eruption produced just of lava, which is tiny compared with the Roza Member of the Columbia River Plateau, erupted in the mid-Miocene, which contained at least of lava.


title: Flood basalt

text: During the eruption of the Siberian Traps, some of magma penetrated the crust, covering an area of , equal to 62% of the area of the contiguous states of the United States. The hot magma contained vast quantities of carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides, and released additional carbon dioxide and methane from deep petroleum reservoirs and younger coal beds in the region. The released gases created over 6400 blast pipes, each typically over in diameter. The pipes emitted up to 160 trillion tons of carbon dioxide and 46 trillion tons of methane. Coal ash from burning coal beds spread toxic chromium, arsenic, mercury, and lead across northern Canada. Evaporite beds heated by the magma released hydrochloric acid, methyl chloride, methyl bromide, which damaged the ozone layer and reduced ultraviolet shielding by as much as 85%. Over 5 trillion tons of sulfur dioxide was also released. The carbon dioxide produced extreme greenhouse conditions, with global average sea water temperatures peaking at , the highest ever seen in the geologic record. Temperatures did not drop to for another 5.1 million years. Temperatures this high are lethal to most marine organisms, and land plants have difficulty continuing to photosynthesize at temperatures above . The Earth's equatorial zone became a dead zone.


title: Flood basalt

text: However, not all large igneous provinces are connected with extinction events. The formation and effects of a flood basalt depend on a range of factors, such as continental configuration, latitude, volume, rate, duration of eruption, style and setting (continental vs. oceanic), the preexisting climate, and the biota resilience to change.


title: Flood basalt

text: Representative continental flood basalts and oceanic plateaus, arranged by chronological order, together forming a listing of large igneous provinces:


title: Flood basalt

text: The maria on the Moon have been described as flood basalts composed of picritic basalt. Individual eruptive episodes were likely similar in volume to flood basalts of Earth, but were separated by much longer quiescent intervals and were likely produced by different mechanisms.


title: Flood basalt

text: The interlocking crystals of flood basalts, which are oriented at random, make trap rock the most durable construction aggregate of all rock types.


title: MARAUDER

text: MARAUDER (Magnetically Accelerated Ring to Achieve Ultra-high Directed Energy and Radiation) was a United States Air Force Research Laboratory project concerning the development of a coaxial plasma railgun. The first computer simulations occurred in 1990, and its first published experiment appeared on August 1, 1993.


title: MARAUDER

text: The first MARAUDER experiment was motivated by RACE, or the Ring Accelerator Experiment, which took place in 1991 at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The ultimate goal of the MARAUDER program was to accelerate highly dense toroids containing plasma to high speeds. Such a system could be used for “hypervelocity projectiles,” x-ray production, and electrical power amplification. The stated goals of the program included studying the “formation, compression, and acceleration of magnetized plasma rings.”


title: MARAUDER

text: Specifically, the objective of the program was the acceleration of a toroid of plasma to a kinetic energy level on the order of megajoules using a 5-10 MJ coaxial gun design.


title: MARAUDER

text: In 1993, the Phillips Laboratory developed a coaxial plasma gun capable of accelerating of plasma by up to in a toroid of 1 meter in diameter. The toroids are similar to spheromaks, but differ in that an inner conductor is used to accelerate the plasma and that confinement behavior results from interactions of the toroid with its surrounding atmosphere. It utilized the Shiva Star capacitor bank to satisfy the large energy requirements that were needed.


title: MARAUDER

text: The plasma projectiles would be shot at a speed expected to be in 1995 and (3% of the speed of light) by 2000. A shot has the energy of 5 pounds of TNT (). Doughnut-shaped rings of plasma and balls of lightning caused "extreme mechanical and thermal shock" when hitting their target, as well as producing a pulse of electromagnetic radiation that could scramble electronics.


title: Anji (film)

text: Anji is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language fantasy action-adventure film directed by Kodi Ramakrishna. The film stars Chiranjeevi in the title role along with Namrata Shirodkar, Tinnu Anand and Nagendra Babu. It is produced by Shyam Prasad Reddy on M. S. Art Movies banner. The film has music composed by Mani Sharma with cinematography by Chota K. Naidu. At an estimated budget of 2530 crore, it was the most expensive Telugu film ever made at the time of its release.


title: Anji (film)

text: "Anji" was in production for more than six years and after multiple delays, the film released on 15 January 2004 during Sankranthi festival. Though the film is noted for its special effects, it was not commercially successful due to its high budget. It was an average grosser at the box office. In addition to two Nandi Awards, the film received National Film Award for Best Special Effects, becoming the first Telugu film to win a National Award in that category. The film found a place in the Limca Book of Records as the first Indian film with 3D digital graphics.


title: Anji (film)

text: The Aatmalingam of the Himalayas possesses enormous divine powers. Once every 72 years, the Akasa Ganga from the sky flows into Aatmalingam. Those who drink Akasagangam's holy water become immortal and gain supernatural powers.


title: Anji (film)

text: In 1932, during the colonial rule in India a youngster named Veerendra Bhatia with two greedy tantriks is in search of the Atmalingam from a cave which is guarded by a divine trisulam and a gigantic cobra. They try to bring it but fail, resulting in the deaths of the two tantriks and Bhatia losing his right hand. The sacred Aatmalingam gets swept away in the river and becomes invisible. Time progresses and Bhatia, now 99 years old, searches for the Aatmalingam's traces, but in vain. The Akasaganga is slated to flow to the earth for the Atmalingam in 2004. Finally, he gets to know about a professor who researched the Aatmalingam and Akasaganga and possesses vital information in a red diary.


title: Anji (film)

text: Fearing for his life and this information, the professor sends the diary to his student Swapna, who is in the US, so that Bhatia will not be able to become immortal. After receiving the journal, Swapna, sensing danger to her professor, comes back to India in search of him, only to find him killed. While escaping from Bhatia, she runs into Anji, a good Samaritan in the Uravakonda forest area, who serves the most revered Sivanna, an ayurvedic specialist, while also raising four orphans.


title: Anji (film)

text: One day, Anji stumbles on the Aatmalingam and takes its possession. After coming to know about it, Bhatia and his men are after Anji and Swapna. As the D-Day of Akasaganga is fast approaching, Sivanna tells Anji that the Aatmalingam should be sent back to where it belongs. So, Anji goes to the Himalayas to restore Aatmalingam in a temple which is built using Saligrama by Bhagiratha. The temple becomes visible only after 72 years. Anji faces many traps in the temple and survives to restore the Aatmalingam. But Bhatia drinks the water before Anji could drink it. One of the orphans gets shot. Anji and Bhatia get into a fight, and at last, Mahakalabhairava appears and kills Bhatia using his third eye. Anji manages to run from the temple, and a drop of the holy water revives the orphan who had been shot by Bhatia. Anji, Swapna and the four orphans return to their home in a helicopter, and the Aatmalingam and the temple vanish, never to be seen again.


title: Anji (film)

text: The film was officially launched in May 1997. The shooting of the film began on 10 October 1997. In December 1998, "India Today" reported that Tinu Anand would play the role of a centenarian in search of a magic potion that promises eternal youth, in the film. In June 2000, "Idlebrain.com" reported the tentative release date of the film as 1 October 2000. On 11 September 2000, producer Shyam Prasad Reddy informed that the shooting part of Anji would be finished by 15 October 2000 and confirmed the film's release date as 22 December 2000.


title: Anji (film)

text: On 16 September 2000, Chiranjeevi mentioned in an interview with "Rediff" that the film hadn't been named yet and that it would be either "Anji", the name of his character or "Akasaganga." He also talked about the reasons for delay: "It's because of the heavy graphics work involved. That is the only reason for the delay. For the first time in Indian cinema, we are picturising 20-24 minutes of the film in 3-D animation. It will be an amazing package of virtual reality. Quite spellbinding. The producer, M Shyamprasad Reddy, an MBA graduate from the US, is highly quality cautious, keen for this film to be the ultimate product. To that end, the graphics is being done by an expert team led by Chris, known as UK-2, at London's Digitalia Studio."In August 2000, Bhupinder Singh of "Thammudu" fame was reported to be part of the cast. In March 2001, it was reported that Bhupinder Singh was cast in the role of main villain whose older version was being played by Tinu Anand. By November 2001, the shooting portion of the film was completed except for the songs. The report also added that the songs would be shot in December and January and the film would be ready for release by February 2002.


title: Anji (film)

text: In December 2001, when director Kodi Ramakrishna was asked about the film being in production for four long years, he replied:"Though it has taken 4 years to make this film, viewers would realize that it should have taken seven years to make such a powerful graphics film. It's very easy to criticize that this film is taking long time to make. I would like to appreciate Shyam Prasad Reddy for one reason. He would have made a mass film with the Chiranjeevi dates and amassed a cool profit of 3 crores. But he preferred to make an extraordinary film by putting so much of money.In May 2002, Shyam Prasad Reddy noted that the graphics work for the film was expected to be completed by 30 July and the film would be released soon after 15th of August 2002. On 23 August 2002, it was reported that only the graphics work was pending and the film might release either during Dasara festival in 2002 or during Sankranthi in 2003. On 15 December 2003, producer Shyam Prasad Reddy spoke to "Idlebrain.com" and noted that the film would have a theatrical release with five songs and "Gumma Gulabi Komma" song would be filmed and added in the fourth week of the theatrical run.


title: Anji (film)

text: "Anji" had digitally enhanced animated characters. The sketches of Lord Siva, Siva Lingam, and an old temple were made by the noted director and illustrator Bapu. Based on these sketches models were created and sets were made.


title: Anji (film)

text: Mani Sharma composed the songs and background score for the film. The song "Chik Buk Pori" was composed by Sri but Mani Sharma did rerecording of the song.


title: Anji (film)

text: On 5th January 2004, Shyam Prasad Reddy announced that "Anji" will be censored on 7th January and that the film will release on 9th January. On 7th January, MS Arts confirmed that the release date of "Anji" was postponed to 14th January as the final graphics portions were getting delayed by a couple of days.


title: Anji (film)

text: On 8th January, conflicting release dates were published in different newspapers. "Vaartha" published the release date as 14th January while "Andhra Jyothi" published it as 15th January. The confusion was later resolved when official sources revealed the release date as 15th January and that the decision to change the release date happened late in the night of 7th January and by the time they informed the same to newspapers, "Vaartha" had already published all its editions.


title: Anji (film)

text: Mohini Films, the distributors of the film in the Vizag region booked a private air cargo to ship prints from Hyderabad to Vizag which was said to be a first in the history of Telugu cinema. "Anji" released on 15 January 2014 during Sankranthi festival. It released on 16 January in some regions as the post-production labs could not print the required number of prints in time.


title: Anji (film)

text: Jeevi of "Idlebrain.com" rated the film 3 out of 5, commending the visual effects and Chiranjeevi's performance while criticising the screenplay and direction. A critic from "Sify" rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "Despite all those special effects the film is unimpressive as the subject and style is outdated." A critic from "Deccan Herald" wrote that "Anji teaches us how to make a movie out of a logic-defying story".


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: On 30 November 2021, Barbados transitioned from a parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the hereditary monarch of Barbados (Queen Elizabeth II) to a parliamentary republic with a ceremonial indirectly elected president as head of state. The prime minister remained head of government while the last Governor-General, Dame Sandra Mason, was elected as the country's first President on 20 October 2021, and took office on 30 November 2021.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: Barbados became an independent nation state on 30 November 1966, having previously been a British colony. Like many other former colonies Barbados became a Commonwealth realm, with Elizabeth II as Queen of Barbados.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: In 1979, a commission of inquiry known as the Cox Commission on the Constitution was charged with studying the feasibility of introducing a republican system. The Cox Commission came to the conclusion that Barbadians preferred to maintain the constitutional monarchy. The proposal to move to a republican status was therefore not pursued.Road to a Republic... Barbados’ transition | Barbados Advocate


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: The 1994 manifesto of the Barbados Labour Party dealt with the republic issue, proposing a referendum. In line with this promise, on 29 October 1996 a Constitution Review Commission, chaired by Henry de Boulay Forde, was appointed to review the Constitution of Barbados.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: The commission elected Oliver Jackman, a former diplomat and a judge of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, as its vice-chairman.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: The commission held public hearings in Barbados and overseas. The commission reported back on 15 December 1998, and submitted its report to the then Governor-General, Sir Clifford Husbands. The commission recommended that Barbados adopt a parliamentary republic system. In 1999 the Barbados Labour Party's manifesto proposed that the findings of the commission and its recommendation that Barbados become a republic receive the early attention of the Government.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: A Referendum Bill was introduced in Parliament and had its first reading on 10 October 2000. With the dissolution of Parliament just prior to the elections in 2003, the Referendum Bill was not carried over.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: In February 2005 the Government of Barbados announced its intention to hold a referendum on the republic issue. It introduced a Referendum Bill that month. The Bill was passed into law as the Referendum Act in October 2005. The Act did not set a date for the referendum but instead specified that the "Referendum Day" could be proclaimed by the governor-general, being no more than 90 days and no less than 60 days from the date of proclamation. The act itself could not amend Barbados's constitution, because under section 49.1 a majority of two-thirds of Parliament is required to make any amendments.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: Do you agree with the recommendation of the Constitution Review Commission that Barbados should become a parliamentary republic with the head of state of Barbados being a president who is a citizen of Barbados?


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: Owen Arthur, as prime minister, stated publicly: "Heaven forbid, but if Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth were to die, if Prince Charles and Prince William were to die, I would have a fundamental difficulty swearing allegiance to King Harry." The comment came shortly after Prince Harry had attended a public function in fancy dress wearing a Nazi armband in January 2005.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: Mia Mottley, who was Deputy Prime Minister of Barbados, said: "We feel that it is the right thing to do to have a Barbadian head of state. We accept that there was a concern that the Government alone should not make that decision in this day and age and we are therefore committed to expressing our views to the public and having them pass judgment on it."


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: The referendum on Barbados becoming a republic was planned to be held by August 2008, near to the time of the parliamentary elections. However, it was reported on 2 December 2007 that the vote was to be deferred to a later date.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: On 22 March 2015, Prime Minister Freundel Stuart announced that Barbados would move towards a republican form of government "in the very near future". Stuart told a meeting of his Democratic Labour Party:


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: "We cannot pat ourselves on the shoulder at having gone into independence; having de-colonised our politics; we cannot pat ourselves on the shoulders at having decolonized our jurisprudence by delinking from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and explain to anybody why we continue to have a monarchical system. Therefore, the Right Excellent Errol Barrow decolonised the politics; Owen Arthur decolonised the jurisprudence and Freundel Stuart is going to complete the process."


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: The general secretary of the Democratic Labour Party, George Pilgrim, confirmed the move and said that it was expected to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Barbadian independence in 2016. According to Pilgrim, the change would be implemented through a bill that would be presented to the Parliament of Barbados.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: According to the country's Constitution, a two-thirds majority in Parliament is needed to authorise the change. The Democratic Labour Party had a two-thirds majority in the Senate of Barbados but not in the House of Assembly where it would need the support of the opposition Barbados Labour Party to approve the transition.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: Former High Commissioner of Barbados to the United Kingdom, Guy Hewitt, described the "changed perceptions" of the Barbadian monarchy in Barbados following the Windrush scandal that led to Barbados becoming a republic, despite the scandal being a British affair.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: In September 2020, the Barbados Labour Party government of Prime Minister Mia Mottley announced in its Throne Speech that Barbados would become a republic by November 2021. The Barbados Labour Party held a two-thirds majority in both houses of the Barbadian Parliament (including all but one lower house seat), enough to approve a constitutional amendment. If the plan was successful, it meant that Barbados would cease to be a Commonwealth realm, but would maintain membership in the Commonwealth of Nations, just as the large majority of state members of the Commonwealth do without being constitutional monarchies.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: In the 2020 Throne Speech, the Governor-General of Barbados, Dame Sandra Mason stated that "[t]he time has come to fully leave our colonial past behind. Barbadians want a Barbadian head of state." Former prime minister Freundel Stuart was also a supporter of Barbados becoming a republic, as was Hewitt, who stated in an interview that many Barbadians believe that the country was due for "a native-born citizen as head of state." On 3 June 2021, it was reported in Barbadian media outlets that the general public could email to submit suggestions regarding the republic issue.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: On 27 July 2021, the Day of National Significance in Barbados, Mottley announced that Barbados's cabinet had decided that Barbados would become a parliamentary republic by 30 November, and accepted the recommendations of the Forde Commission. Under the proposal, the president would be elected by both houses of Parliament for a four-year term, and be eligible for a second term. The president would have mostly ceremonial powers; real power would continue to be "de facto" vested in the prime minister and Cabinet. with the amendments to the Constitution of Barbados being made before 30 November to facilitate the swearing-in of a new president on that day. The decision to become a republic without holding a referendum on the issue has been criticized.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: On 20 September 2021, the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2021 was introduced to the Parliament of Barbados. It proposed the following amendments to the Constitution of Barbados:


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: On 28 September 2021, the House of Assembly of Barbados passed the bill (25–0). On 6 October 2021, the Senate of Barbados passed the bill. It received Royal Assent on the following day.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: On 12 October 2021, the incumbent Governor-General of Barbados Dame Sandra Mason was jointly nominated by the prime minister and leader of the opposition as candidate for the first President of Barbados, and was subsequently elected on 20 October. Mason took office on 30 November 2021 in a ceremony also attended by Charles, Prince of Wales. Queen Elizabeth II sent a message of congratulations to President Mason, saying "As you celebrate this momentous day, I send you and all Barbadians my warmest good wishes for your happiness, peace and prosperity in the future."


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: In 2020, a source from the Barbadian foreign ministry said, "We love the Queen and the royal family and have no qualms with them. But we must learn to govern ourselves. Quite a few of the royal family have been to Barbados and will always be welcome. Our quest to become a republic is borne out of the fact that we need to get in line with the 21st century".


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: Sir Garfield Sobers, Barbadian national hero and former cricketer, criticised the government's decision to become a republic, and said, "The Queen was very highly appreciated here. It will be very sad for a lot of us. It was a bit of a shock". Other citizens questioned the need for change.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: Leader of the opposition, Joseph Atherley, criticised the timing of the transition, while Grenville Phillips II, the leader of Solutions Barbados, opposed the move as it was without the express consent of the people of Barbados and promised a referendum if they gained power. British television personality, Jeremy Clarkson, commented that the change marked a shift of influence in Barbadian affairs from the United Kingdom to China.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: In Canada, a constitutional monarchy and Commonwealth realm, Members of Parliament belonging to the Conservative Party sang Canada's royal anthem, "God Save the Queen", in parliament on 1 December 2021, while rejecting a Bloc Québécois motion to congratulate Barbados on "renouncing the British monarchy".


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: A 2021 survey taken by the University of the West Indies between 23 October and 10 November asked a sample of 500 Barbadians from various backgrounds their opinions following the transition and reported some measure of support with 34% showing outright support and 30% indifferent. When asked specifically on how they feel about having their own president or head of state, 51% responded they wanted an elected or selected head or president in the country while 12% responded with wanting to retain the Queen. There was overall a neutral feeling towards how the transition will impact Barbados with 66% responding neutrally and 21% responding that it will have a positive impact.


title: Republicanism in Barbados

text: On June 20, 2022, a Constitutional Review Commission was formed and sworn in by the acting president of Barbados Jeffrey Gibson to begin the process of drafting a new constitution for the republican era of Barbados. It is currently projected that the new constitution would be finished drafted by the end of 2024 with an 18-month deadline.


title: Scolopendra

text: Scolopendra (through Latin from Greek , "skolopendra") is a species-rich genus of large tropical centipedes of the family Scolopendridae.


title: Scolopendra

text: The genus "Scolopendra" contains many species of centipedes found across the world's tropics and warmer temperate areas. The species vary considerably in coloration and size. "Scolopendra" are mostly very large centipedes. The largest species found in tropical climates can exceed and are the largest living centipedes in the world.


title: Scolopendra

text: All "Scolopendra" species can deliver a painful bite, injecting venom through their forcipules, which are not fangs or other mouthparts; rather, these are modified legs on the first body segment.


title: Scolopendra

text: "Scolopendra" are active predators, feeding primarily on insects and other invertebrates. Larger specimens have been observed preying on frogs, tarantulas, lizards, birds, snakes, rodents, and even bats. Two southeast Asian species, "S. cataracta" and "S. paradoxa", are amphibious, as these species can travel underwater by swimming or walking.


title: Scolopendra

text: The venom is not medically significant for most species; however, bites from several species can cause intense and long-lasting pain and swelling. Large "Scolopendra" species from Asian/Pacific regions, such as "Scolopendra subspinipes" and "Scolopendra dehaani", are particularly potent, and have caused one reported fatality. In 2014, a fatality was reported for a bite from a "Scolopendra gigantea". The venom of certain "Scolopendra" species were found to contain compounds such as serotonin, haemolytic phospholipase, a cardiotoxic protein, and a cytolysin.


title: Scolopendra

text: "Scolopendra" was one of the genera created by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of "Systema Naturae", the starting point for zoological nomenclature. Only two of the species originally assigned to the genus remain so: "Scolopendra gigantea" and "S. morsitans"; the latter was chosen to be the type species by Opinion 454 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, overruling a previous designation by Pierre André Latreille, in which he chose Linnaeus' "Scolopendra forficata" (now "Lithobius forficatus") as the type species.


title: Scolopendra

text: One fossil species, †"Scolopendra proavita", is known from Baltic amber deposits from the Eocene of Poland. Fossil remains of a species tentatively assigned to "S. morsitans" (as "S. (cf)" "morsitans") are also known from Pliocene-aged rocks in the Makapansgat of South Africa.


title: Specular reflection

text: Specular reflection, or regular reflection, is the mirror-like reflection of waves, such as light, from a surface.


title: Specular reflection

text: The law of reflection states that a reflected ray of light emerges from the reflecting surface at the same angle to the surface normal as the incident ray, but on the opposing side of the surface normal in the plane formed by the incident and reflected rays. This behavior was first described by Hero of Alexandria (AD c. 10–70).


title: Specular reflection

text: Specular reflection may be contrasted with diffuse reflection, in which light is scattered away from the surface in a range of directions.


title: Specular reflection

text: When light encounters a boundary of a material, it is affected by the optical and electronic response functions of the material to electromagnetic waves. Optical processes, which comprise reflection and refraction, are expressed by the difference of the refractive index on both sides of the boundary, whereas reflectance and absorption are the real and imaginary parts of the response due to the electronic structure of the material.


title: Specular reflection

text: The degree of participation of each of these processes in the transmission is a function of the frequency, or wavelength, of the light, its polarization, and its angle of incidence. In general, reflection increases with increasing angle of incidence, and with increasing absorptivity at the boundary. The Fresnel equations describe the physics at the optical boundary.


title: Specular reflection

text: Reflection may occur as specular, or mirror-like, reflection and diffuse reflection. Specular reflection reflects all light which arrives from a given direction at the same angle, whereas diffuse reflection reflects light in a broad range of directions. The distinction may be illustrated with surfaces coated with glossy paint and matte paint. Matte paints exhibit essentially complete diffuse reflection, while glossy paints show a larger component of specular behavior. A surface built from a non-absorbing powder, such as plaster, can be a nearly perfect diffuser, whereas polished metallic objects can specularly reflect light very efficiently. The reflecting material of mirrors is usually aluminum or silver.


title: Specular reflection

text: Light propagates in space as a wave front of electromagnetic fields. A ray of light is characterized by the direction normal to the wave front ("wave normal"). When a ray encounters a surface, the angle that the wave normal makes with respect to the surface normal is called the angle of incidence and the plane defined by both directions is the plane of incidence. Reflection of the incident ray also occurs in the plane of incidence.


title: Specular reflection

text: The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection of a ray equals the angle of incidence, and that the incident direction, the surface normal, and the reflected direction are coplanar.


title: Specular reflection

text: When the light impinges perpendicularly to the surface, it is reflected straight back in the source direction.


title: Specular reflection

text: The phenomenon of reflection arises from the diffraction of a plane wave on a flat boundary. When the boundary size is much larger than the wavelength, then the electromagnetic fields at the boundary are oscillating exactly in phase only for the specular direction.


title: Specular reflection

text: The law of reflection can also be equivalently expressed using linear algebra. The direction of a reflected ray is determined by the vector of incidence and the surface normal vector. Given an incident direction formula_1 from the light source to the surface and the surface normal direction formula_2 the specularly reflected direction formula_3 (all unit vectors) is:


title: Specular reflection

text: where formula_5 is a scalar obtained with the dot product. Different authors may define the incident and reflection directions with different signs.


title: Specular reflection

text: Assuming these Euclidean vectors are represented in column form, the equation can be equivalently expressed as a matrix-vector multiplication:


title: Specular reflection

text: "Reflectivity" is the ratio of the power of the reflected wave to that of the incident wave. It is a function of the wavelength of radiation, and is related to the refractive index of the material as expressed by Fresnel's equations. In regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in which absorption by the material is significant, it is related to the electronic absorption spectrum through the imaginary component of the complex refractive index. The electronic absorption spectrum of an opaque material, which is difficult or impossible to measure directly, may therefore be indirectly determined from the reflection spectrum by a Kramers-Kronig transform. The polarization of the reflected light depends on the symmetry of the arrangement of the incident probing light with respect to the absorbing transitions dipole moments in the material.


title: Specular reflection

text: Measurement of specular reflection is performed with normal or varying incidence reflection spectrophotometers ("reflectometer") using a scanning variable-wavelength light source. Lower quality measurements using a glossmeter quantify the glossy appearance of a surface in gloss units.


title: Specular reflection

text: When light is propagating in a material and strikes an interface with a material of lower index of refraction, some of the light is reflected. If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs: all of the light is reflected. The critical angle can be shown to be given by


title: Specular reflection

text: When light strikes an interface between two materials, the reflected light is generally partially polarized. However, if the light strikes the interface at Brewster's angle, the reflected light is "completely" linearly polarized parallel to the interface. Brewster's angle is given by


title: Specular reflection

text: The reversal of images by a plane mirror is perceived differently depending on the circumstances. In many cases, the image in a mirror appears to be reversed from left to right. If a flat mirror is mounted on the ceiling it can appear to reverse "up" and "down" if a person stands under it and looks up at it. Similarly a car turning "left" will still appear to be turning "left" in the rear view mirror for the driver of a car in front of it. The reversal of directions, or lack thereof, depends on how the directions are defined. More specifically a mirror changes the handedness of the coordinate system, one axis of the coordinate system appears to be reversed, and the chirality of the image may change. For example, the image of a right shoe will look like a left shoe.


title: Specular reflection

text: A classic example of specular reflection is a mirror, which is specifically designed for specular reflection.


title: Specular reflection

text: In addition to visible light, specular reflection can be observed in the ionospheric reflection of radiowaves and the reflection of radio- or microwave radar signals by flying objects. The measurement technique of x-ray reflectivity exploits specular reflectivity to study thin films and interfaces with sub-nanometer resolution, using either modern laboratory sources or synchrotron x-rays.


title: Specular reflection

text: Non-electromagnetic waves can also exhibit specular reflection, as in acoustic mirrors which reflect sound, and atomic mirrors, which reflect neutral atoms. For the efficient reflection of atoms from a solid-state mirror, very cold atoms and/or grazing incidence are used in order to provide significant quantum reflection; ridged mirrors are used to enhance the specular reflection of atoms. Neutron reflectometry uses specular reflection to study material surfaces and thin film interfaces in an analogous fashion to x-ray reflectivity.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a type of potentiodynamic electrochemical measurement. In a cyclic voltammetry experiment, the working electrode potential is ramped linearly versus time. Unlike in linear sweep voltammetry, after the set potential is reached in a CV experiment, the working electrode's potential is ramped in the opposite direction to return to the initial potential. These cycles of ramps in potential may be repeated as many times as needed. The current at the working electrode is plotted versus the applied voltage (that is, the working electrode's potential) to give the cyclic voltammogram trace. Cyclic voltammetry is generally used to study the electrochemical properties of an analyte in solution or of a molecule that is adsorbed onto the electrode.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: In cyclic voltammetry (CV), the electrode potential ramps linearly versus time in cyclical phases (Figure 2). The rate of voltage change over time during each of these phases is known as the experiment's scan rate (V/s). The potential is measured between the working electrode and the reference electrode, while the current is measured between the working electrode and the counter electrode. These data are plotted as current ("i") versus applied potential ("E", often referred to as just 'potential'). In Figure 2, during the initial forward scan (from t to t) an increasingly reducing potential is applied; thus the cathodic current will, at least initially, increase over this time period, assuming that there are reducible analytes in the system. At some point after the reduction potential of the analyte is reached, the cathodic current will decrease as the concentration of reducible analyte is depleted. If the redox couple is reversible, then during the reverse scan (from t to t), the reduced analyte will start to be re-oxidized, giving rise to a current of reverse polarity (anodic current) to before. The more reversible the redox couple is, the more similar the oxidation peak will be in shape to the reduction peak. Hence, CV data can provide information about redox potentials and electrochemical reaction rates.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: For instance, if the electron transfer at the working electrode surface is fast and the current is limited by the diffusion of analyte species to the electrode surface, then the peak current will be proportional to the square root of the scan rate. This relationship is described by the Randles–Sevcik equation. In this situation, the CV experiment only samples a small portion of the solution, i.e., the diffusion layer at the electrode surface.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: The utility of cyclic voltammetry is highly dependent on the analyte being studied. The analyte has to be redox active within the potential window to be scanned.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Often the analyte displays a reversible CV wave (such as that depicted in Figure 1), which is observed when all of the initial analyte can be recovered after a forward and reverse scan cycle. Although such reversible couples are simpler to analyze, they contain less information than more complex waveforms.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: The waveform of even reversible couples is complex owing to the combined effects of polarization and diffusion. The difference between the two peak potentials (E), ΔE, is of particular interest.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: This difference mainly results from the effects of analyte diffusion rates. In the ideal case of a reversible 1e- couple, Δ"E" is 57 mV and the full-width half-max of the forward scan peak is 59 mV. Typical values observed experimentally are greater, often approaching 70 or 80 mV. The waveform is also affected by the rate of electron transfer, usually discussed as the activation barrier for electron transfer. A theoretical description of polarization overpotential is in part described by the Butler–Volmer equation and Cottrell equation equations. In an ideal system the relationships reduces to formula_1 for an "n" electron process.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: When a reversible peak is observed, thermodynamic information in the form of a half cell potential E can be determined. When waves are semi-reversible ("i"/"i" is close but not equal to 1), it may be possible to determine even more specific information (see electrochemical reaction mechanism).


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Many redox processes observed by CV are quasi-reversible or non-reversible. In such cases the thermodynamic potential E is often deduced by simulation. The irreversibility is indicated by i/i ≠ 1. Deviations from unity are attributable to a subsequent chemical reaction that is triggered by the electron transfer. Such EC processes can be complex, involving isomerization, dissociation, association, etc.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Adsorbed species give simple voltammetric responses: ideally, at slow scan rates, there is no peak separation, the peak width is 90mV for a one-electron redox couple, and the peak current and peak area are proportional to scan rate (observing that the peak current is proportional to scan rate proves that the redox species that gives the peak is actually immobilised). The effect of increasing the scan rate can be used to measure the rate of interfacial electron transfer and/or the rates of reactions that are coupltransfer. This technique has been useful to study redox proteins, some of which readily adsorb on various electrode materials, but the theory for biological and non-biological redox molecules is the same (see the page about protein film voltammetry).


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: CV experiments are conducted on a solution in a cell fitted with electrodes. The solution consists of the solvent, in which is dissolved electrolyte and the species to be studied.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: A standard CV experiment employs a cell fitted with three electrodes: reference electrode, working electrode, and counter electrode. This combination is sometimes referred to as a three-electrode setup. Electrolyte is usually added to the sample solution to ensure sufficient conductivity. The solvent, electrolyte, and material composition of the working electrode will determine the potential range that can be accessed during the experiment.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: The electrodes are immobile and sit in unstirred solutions during cyclic voltammetry. This "still" solution method gives rise to cyclic voltammetry's characteristic diffusion-controlled peaks. This method also allows a portion of the analyte to remain after reduction or oxidation so that it may display further redox activity. Stirring the solution between cyclic voltammetry traces is important in order to supply the electrode surface with fresh analyte for each new experiment. The solubility of an analyte can change drastically with its overall charge; as such it is common for reduced or oxidized analyte species to precipitate out onto the electrode. This layering of analyte can insulate the electrode surface, display its own redox activity in subsequent scans, or otherwise alter the electrode surface in a way that affects the CV measurements. For this reason it is often necessary to clean the electrodes between scans.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Common materials for the working electrode include glassy carbon, platinum, and gold. These electrodes are generally encased in a rod of inert insulator with a disk exposed at one end. A regular working electrode has a radius within an order of magnitude of 1 mm. Having a controlled surface area with a well-defined shape is necessary for being able to interpret cyclic voltammetry results.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: To run cyclic voltammetry experiments at very high scan rates a regular working electrode is insufficient. High scan rates create peaks with large currents and increased resistances, which result in distortions. Ultramicroelectrodes can be used to minimize the current and resistance.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: The counter electrode, also known as the auxiliary or second electrode, can be any material that conducts current easily, will not react with the bulk solution, and has a surface area much larger than the working electrode. Common choices are platinum and graphite. Reactions occurring at the counter electrode surface are unimportant as long as it continues to conduct current well. To maintain the observed current the counter electrode will often oxidize or reduce the solvent or bulk electrolyte.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: CV can be conducted using a variety of solutions. Solvent choice for cyclic voltammetry takes into account several requirements. The solvent must dissolve the analyte and high concentrations of the supporting electrolyte. It must also be stable in the potential window of the experiment with respect to the working electrode. It must not react with either the analyte or the supporting electrolyte. It must be pure to prevent interference.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: The electrolyte ensures good electrical conductivity and minimizes "iR" drop such that the recorded potentials correspond to actual potentials. For aqueous solutions, many electrolytes are available, but typical ones are alkali metal salts of perchlorate and nitrate. In nonaqueous solvents, the range of electrolytes is more limited, and a popular choice is tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Potentiodynamic techniques also exist that add low-amplitude AC perturbations to a potential ramp and measure variable response in a single frequency (AC voltammetry) or in many frequencies simultaneously (potentiodynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The response in alternating current is two-dimensional, characterized by both amplitude and phase. These data can be analyzed to determine information about different chemical processes (charge transfer, diffusion, double layer charging, etc.). Frequency response analysis enables simultaneous monitoring of the various processes that contribute to the potentiodynamic AC response of an electrochemical system.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Whereas cyclic voltammetry is not hydrodynamic voltammetry, useful electrochemical methods are. In such cases, flow is achieved at the electrode surface by stirring the solution, pumping the solution, or rotating the electrode as is the case with rotating disk electrodes and rotating ring-disk electrodes. Such techniques target steady state conditions and produce waveforms that appear the same when scanned in either the positive or negative directions, thus limiting them to linear sweep voltammetry.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has become an important and widely used electroanalytical technique in many areas of chemistry. It is often used to study a variety of redox processes, to determine the stability of reaction products, the presence of intermediates in redox reactions, electron transfer kinetics, and the reversibility of a reaction. It can be used for electrochemical deposition of thin films or for determining suitable reduction potential range of the ions present in electrolyte for electrochemical deposition. CV can also be used to determine the electron stoichiometry of a system, the diffusion coefficient of an analyte, and the formal reduction potential of an analyte, which can be used as an identification tool. In addition, because concentration is proportional to current in a reversible, Nernstian system, the concentration of an unknown solution can be determined by generating a calibration curve of current vs. concentration.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: In cellular biology it is used to measure the concentrations in living organisms. In organometallic chemistry, it is used to evaluate redox mechanisms.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Cyclical voltammetry can be used to determine the antioxidant capacity in food and even skin. Low molecular weight antioxidants, molecules that prevent other molecules from being oxidized by acting as reducing agents, are important in living cells because they inhibit cell damage or death caused by oxidation reactions that produce radicals. Examples of antioxidants include flavonoids, whose antioxidant activity is greatly increased with more hydroxyl groups. Because traditional methods to determine antioxidant capacity involve tedious steps, techniques to increase the rate of the experiment are continually being researched. One such technique involves cyclic voltammetry because it can measure the antioxidant capacity by quickly measuring the redox behavior over a complex system without the need to measure each component's antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, antioxidants are quickly oxidized at inert electrodes, so the half-wave potential can be utilized to determine antioxidant capacity. It is important to note that whenever cyclic voltammetry is utilized, it is usually compared to spectrophotometry or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Applications of the technique extend to food chemistry, where it is used to determine the antioxidant activity of red wine, chocolate, and hops. Additionally, it even has uses in the world of medicine in that it can determine antioxidants in the skin.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: The technique being evaluated uses voltammetric sensors combined in an electronic tongue (ET) to observe the antioxidant capacity in red wines. These electronic tongues (ETs) consist of multiple sensing units like voltammetric sensors, which will have unique responses to certain compounds. This approach is optimal to use since samples of high complexity can be analyzed with high cross-selectivity. Thus, the sensors can be sensitive to pH and antioxidants. As usual, the voltage in the cell was monitored using a working electrode and a reference electrode (silver/silver chloride electrode). Furthermore, a platinum counter electrode allows the current to continue to flow during the experiment. The Carbon Paste Electrodes sensor (CPE) and the Graphite-Epoxy Composite (GEC) electrode are tested in a saline solution before the scanning of the wine so that a reference signal can be obtained. The wines are then ready to be scanned, once with CPE and once with GEC. While cyclic voltammetry was successfully used to generate currents using the wine samples, the signals were complex and needed an additional extraction stage. It was found that the ET method could successfully analyze wine's antioxidant capacity as it agreed with traditional methods like TEAC, Folin-Ciocalteu, and I280 indexes. Additionally, the time was reduced, the sample did not have to be pretreated, and other reagents were unnecessary, all of which diminished the popularity of traditional methods. Thus, cyclic voltammetry successfully determines the antioxidant capacity and even improves previous results.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: The phenolic antioxidants for cocoa powder, dark chocolate, and milk chocolate can also be determined via cyclic voltammetry. In order to achieve this, the anodic peaks are calculated and analyzed with the knowledge that the first and third anodic peaks can be assigned to the first and second oxidation of flavonoids, while the second anodic peak represents phenolic acids. Using the graph produced by cyclic voltammetry, the total phenolic and flavonoid content can be deduced in each of the three samples. It was observed that cocoa powder and dark chocolate had the highest antioxidant capacity since they had high total phenolic and flavonoid content. Milk chocolate had the lowest capacity as it had the lowest phenolic and flavonoid content. While the antioxidant content was given using the cyclic voltammetry anodic peaks, HPLC must then be used to determine the purity of catechins and procyanidin in cocoa powder, dark chocolate, and milk chocolate.


title: Cyclic voltammetry

text: Hops, the flowers used in making beer, contain antioxidant properties due to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. In this cyclic voltammetry experiment, the working electrode voltage was determined using a ferricinium/ferrocene reference electrode. By comparing different hop extract samples, it was observed that the sample containing polyphenols that were oxidized at less positive potentials proved to have better antioxidant capacity.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Theodore von Kármán ( ; born Tivadar Mihály Kármán; 11 May 18816 May 1963) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, aerospace engineer, and physicist who was active primarily in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics. He was responsible for many key advances in aerodynamics, notably on supersonic and hypersonic airflow characterization. He is regarded as an outstanding aerodynamic theoretician of the 20th century.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Theodore von Kármán was born into a Jewish family in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, as Kármán Tódor, the son of Helen (Kohn, ) and Mór Kármán. One of his ancestors was Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel. He studied engineering at the city's Royal Joseph Technical University, known today as Budapest University of Technology and Economics. After graduating in 1902 he moved to the German Empire and joined Ludwig Prandtl at the University of Göttingen, where he received his doctorate in 1908. He taught at Göttingen for four years. In 1912 he accepted a position as director of the Aeronautical Institute at RWTH Aachen University, a leading German university. His time at RWTH Aachen was interrupted by service in the Austro-Hungarian Army from 1915 to 1918, when he designed the Petróczy-Kármán-Žurovec, an early helicopter.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: After the war he returned to Aachen with his mother and sister Josephine de Karman. Some of his students took an interest in gliding and saw the competitions of the Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft as an opportunity to advance in aeronautics. Kármán engaged Wolfgang Klemperer to design a competitive glider.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Josephine encouraged her brother Theodore to expand his science beyond national boundaries. They organized the first international conference in mechanics held in September 1922 in Innsbruck. Subsequent conferences were organized as the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Kármán left his post at RWTH Aachen in 1930.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Apprehensive about developments in Europe regarding Nazism, in 1930 Kármán accepted the directorship of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT). The directorship included provision for a research assistant, and he selected Frank Wattendorf, an American who had been studying for three years in Aachen.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Another student Ernest Edwin Sechler took up the problem of making reliable airframes for aircraft, and with Kármán's support, developed an understanding of aeroelasticity.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: In 1936, Kármán engaged the legal services of Andrew G. Haley to form the Aerojet Corporation, with his graduate student Frank Malina and their experimental rocketry collaborator Jack Parsons, to manufacture JATO rocket motors. He later became a naturalized citizen of the United States.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: German activity during World War II increased US military interest in rocket research. In early 1943, the Experimental Engineering Division of the United States Army Air Forces Material Command forwarded to Kármán reports from British intelligence sources describing German rockets capable of travelling more than 100 miles (160 km). In a letter dated 2 August 1943 Kármán provided the Army with his analysis of and comments on the German program.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: In 1944 he and others affiliated with GALCIT founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which is now a federally funded research and development center managed and operated by Caltech under a contract from NASA. In 1946 he became the first chairman of the Scientific Advisory Group which studied aeronautical technologies for the United States Army Air Forces. He also helped found AGARD, the NATO aerodynamics research oversight group (1951), the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (1956), the International Academy of Astronautics (1960), and the Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics in Sint-Genesius-Rode, south of Brussels (1956).


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: He eventually became an important figure in supersonic motion, noting in a seminal paper that aeronautical engineers were "pounding hard on the closed door leading into the field of supersonic motion."


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: In June 1944, von Kármán underwent surgery for intestinal cancer in New York City. The surgery caused two hernias, and Kármán's recovery was slow. Early in September, while still in New York, he met US Army Air Forces Commanding General Henry H. Arnold on a runway at LaGuardia Airport, and Arnold then proposed that Kármán should move to Washington, D.C. to lead the Scientific Advisory Group and become a long-range planning consultant to the military. Kármán returned to Pasadena around mid-September, was appointed to the SAG position on October 23, 1944, and left Caltech in December 1944.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: At the age of 81 Kármán was the recipient of the first National Medal of Science, bestowed in a White House ceremony by President John F. Kennedy. He was recognized, "For his leadership in the science and engineering basic to aeronautics; for his effective teaching and related contributions in many fields of mechanics, for his distinguished counsel to the Armed Services, and for his promoting international cooperation in science and engineering."


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Kármán never married. He died on a trip to Aachen, West Germany, in 1963, five days short of his 82nd birthday, and his body was returned to the United States to be entombed in the Beth Olam Mausoleum at what is now the Hollywood Forever Cemetery. He has sometimes been described as one of The Martians.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Kármán's fame was in the use of mathematical tools to study fluid flow, and the interpretation of those results to guide practical designs. He was instrumental in recognizing the importance of swept-back wings ubiquitous in modern jet aircraft.


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Specific contributions include theories of non-elastic buckling, unsteady wakes in circum-cylinder flow, stability of laminar flow, turbulence, airfoils in steady and unsteady flow, boundary layers, and supersonic aerodynamics. He made additional contributions in other fields, including elasticity, vibration, heat transfer, and crystallography. His name also appears in a number of concepts, for example:


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Four years after Kármán died his autobiography "The Wind and Beyond" was published by Lee Edson with Little, Brown and Company. Seven major academic journals then followed with book reviews by noted authors: As the book was non-technical, written for the general reader, Thomas P. Hughes cited that as problematic given the technical context of Kármán's work. Hughes conceded that Kármán "exhibited a genius for finding the simplifying assumptions that made possible the mathematical analysis." While acknowledging Kármán's gifts as an applied mathematician and teacher, Stanley Corrsin points out that the autobiography is "marriage between a man and his ego." In the later part of his life, Kármán was a "planner of global symposia and societies" and a "consultant to the upper echelons of the Pentagon corps."


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: On creativity, Kármán wrote "the finest creative thought comes not out of organized teams but out of the quiet of one's own world." In his review I. B. Holley noted "penetrating insights into the creative process, its ingredients, nurture and exploitation." According to Holley, Kármán was given to "convivial drinking and the company of beautiful women."


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: An enthusiastic review by J. Kestin advised readers to buy and study the book, and prize it as a reference. On the other hand, Charles Süsskind faults Kármán for his contempt for the conventional (gaminarie). Süsskind expected the book to show some reaction to Wernher von Braun’s coming to America, and some clarification of the Hsue-shen Tsien affair, rather than "lapses into generalities". Süsskind also tags Kármán as a militarist: a "forthright engineer who is quite unabashed about his lifelong association with military authorities in whatever country he happened to reside at the time."


title: Theodore von Kármán

text: Sydney Goldstein, who also wrote the Royal Society memoir for Kármán, reviewed the autobiography and remembered "an eminent engineer and scientist, warm-hearted and witty, much traveled, well-known by many, devoted to international collaboration, who, in his own words, as a scientist found the military 'the most comfortable group to deal with'".


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Iago is a fictional supporting character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992), the direct-to-video sequels "The Return of Jafar" (1994), "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996), and the television series. An anthropomorphic red-plumed talking red lory, he was voiced by American comedian Gilbert Gottfried in all animated appearances up to his death in 2022. He was also voiced by Alan Tudyk in the live action adaptation of "Aladdin".


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Iago appeared in the original film as a henchman to the first main villain of the franchise, Jafar, functioning both as comic relief and the secondary antagonist. He reformed for the better over the franchise's run in the sequels and television series, joining the protagonists as an antihero and being the main protagonist in "The Return of Jafar". His name is a homage to the villain of William Shakespeare's "Othello".


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: In the original story treatment by Howard Ashman, Iago (previously named Sinbad) had been originally conceived as a "British" calm and serious straight man working off Jafar, who was originally conceived as more over-the-top, comedic, and irritable, but the filmmakers later reversed their personalities in large part in order to make Jafar more threatening and when they saw Gilbert Gottfried in "Beverly Hills Cop II", Gottfried was cast to provide Iago's voice.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Screenwriter Terry Rossio shared a concept behind Iago on his website Wordplay, in that Jafar transferred his emotions to his pet, allowing him to do magic without distractions. Rossio also mentioned, since Iago is too small to contain such emotions, "you end up with a feathered Gilbert Gottfried." Iago's animator Will Finn tried to incorporate some aspects of Gottfried's appearance into Iago's design, especially his semi-closed eyes and the always-appearing teeth.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Gilbert Gottfried has said that his voiceover career really began after voicing the character in the 1992 film.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: “... that has been one of those things that lives on,” he said. “That seemed to open the door for other voiceover jobs.”


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Gottfried's unique onstage persona led to him being cast as the wise-cracking Iago. Gottfried is often referred to as "the Iago guy" and similar terms, being more known by his voice role than by name.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Iago resembles a red lory, with red feathers and blue tipped wings, bluish-purple tail, and white around the eyes. He can speak fluent English and has the ability to perfectly mimic other characters' voices. He also possesses knowledge of various tricks learned from Jafar. He is easily frustrated and openly vocalizes his frustrations, and avoids direct confrontations if he can help it, but when required, he can be quite cunning and mischievous.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Iago is arrogant and also known for his notorious greed of treasure and gold, for which he will go to outlandish lengths to acquire, usually dragging along Abu to help him, but Abu's incompetence always costs him. Iago is often put in situations of deciding between saving his own tail feathers or doing the right thing. His guilt always leads him to do the latter as he lacks a moral conscience; his greed leaves him unsatisfied in usually losing some form of reward or riches, for which he always berates himself afterwards.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: He (as well as maybe Jafar) is a reference to the character of the same name. In Shakespeare's play "Othello", Iago is the name of the titular protagonist's ensign; though believed to be trustworthy, all he cares about is getting himself ahead and his own wants. The play revolves around his devious scheme to find a way to get what he wants—an unpleasant surprise to everyone when he is exposed.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: According to a piece of conversation in "The Return of Jafar", Jafar had picked up Iago in Agrabah's bazaar and reared him as his accomplice in crime. He also mentions in the animated series of having a criminal twin brother named Othello, reference to his name's supposed origins.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: In the first movie, he resents living under the Sultan and Jasmine as much as his owner Jafar does, though he contrasts Jafar's dark brooding with angry, sarcastic ranting. Iago often says how he hates crackers which the Sultan always force-feeds him. The Sultan seems to not know until the end of the first movie that Iago can fully comprehend and converse in human speech and is evil. In the end, Iago is dragged into Jafar's lamp with him at the end of the movie and is banished to the Cave of Wonders.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: A year after the events of the first film, Iago manages to escape from the lamp, but refuses to free Jafar, having grown tired of being ordered around, and instead throws him into a well. After returning to Agrabah, Iago is confronted by Aladdin but inadvertently ends up saving him from Abis Mal and his henchmen. In gratitude, Aladdin takes Iago back to the palace and convinces the Sultan to give him a second chance. Iago slowly begins warming up to Aladdin, but Jafar also returns to Agrabah, having been freed by Abis Mal, and coerces Iago into conspiring with him to frame Aladdin for the Sultan's murder and have him executed while Aladdin's friends are locked in the dungeon for life. Iago initially goes along with it, but turns against Jafar and again saves Aladdin by freeing the Genie, who saves Aladdin from being executed. In the final battle against Jafar, Iago is severely injured by one of Jafar's blasts, but manages to kick Jafar's lamp into the molten lava, destroying it and Jafar once and for all, while he is taken to safety by Aladdin. From the Sultan's wrath in return for Iago unintentionally saving him from Abis Mal, and finally risking his life to kill Jafar by pushing his lamp into molten lava. Following his heroic deed, he is accepted into the palace.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: In the series, he provides a sarcastic, realistic, or cowardly perspective on events and is only really willing to face danger if the great reward is promised. However, he is sometimes forced to battle his conscience (despite respectively saying in "The Return of Jafar" that he never had one), and generally does the right thing even when he doesn't have to or could just as easily leave the city (alone) altogether: when Sadira used memory sand that somehow caused her and Jasmine to switch lives, with animals unaffected, Iago leads Abu and Rajah in finding Jasmine to restore the world to normal. Iago's common schemes involve trying to sell anything with any value (real or not), trying to steal things, and trying to treasure-hunt; he can usually convince Abu to be his partner in crime, but Abu is more likely to leave at the first sign of danger and often lacks the finesse that Iago requires. He cares a lot about Abu, though, as shown in episodes such as "Much Abu About Something".


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Iago and Thundra the rain-bird had feelings for one another, despite a rocky start and him admitting his manipulative personality made appealing to others difficult; Aladdin has occasionally exploited the latter fact, since antagonists are more willing to accept Iago as being more ruthless and amoral than he actually is, though, given Iago's villainous origins and upbringings in the underworld, this is rational. Due to his time with Jafar, Iago possesses extensive knowledge of various forms of magic, not only proving useful as Genie's otherwise superior knowledge is ten thousand years out of date (it was Iago who recognized the Kingdom of the Black Sand and its former ruler the evil wizard Destane, who was even more worse than Jafar in "The Citadel"), but also giving him Genie's ability to commonly reference modern things for humor, albeit without a logical excuse (one episode has him screaming in his sleep, "YOU GOT THE WRONG GUY! YOU WANT MY TWIN BROTHER, OTHELLO!", a reference to the play where his name may have come from).


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: As a sidekick Iago is always good for a laugh—an in-joke in the episode "When Chaos Comes Calling" has Iago running in panic after his face is turned into that of his voice actor Gilbert Gottfried ("I WANT MY BEAK BACK!"). Iago's and Genie's interactions revolve around their magical talents: in one episode Genie gives Iago his powers just for one day (though this backfires when Iago actually tries to do just one good deed by bring water to the desert), and Iago is the only one who knows that Genie once used his own magic to make himself an ice cream sundae as big as a pyramid (something that Genie dares not let the Genie Guild know about).


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: He favors Jasmine the most of the group, not because she trusts him, but because she is the one whose trust he has to work for.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: He helps out with Aladdin and Jasmine's wedding, as well as aiding Aladdin to find his estranged father Cassim, who happens to be the King of the Forty Thieves. Acting on behalf for Aladdin, Iago convinces Cassim to attend the wedding, promising that he will help him get the Hand of Midas. In the end, although the Sultan pardoned him from the sentence of life imprisonment for his complicity with the King of Thieves, Iago chooses to depart Agrabah for some time with Cassim instead of staying with Aladdin and Jasmine on the grounds that he could not handle the "lovey-dovey" stuff, though he briefly breaks down in tears while telling Cassim, implying he will miss them dearly. He also points out that Cassim's sense of thievery is more in line with his as well. He is last seen with Cassim waving farewell to the newly-wed Aladdin and Jasmine as they ride off to the night.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: In the video game "Kingdom Hearts", he is initially Jafar's sidekick, but then later is used by the player to assist in defeating Jafar. His Japanese voice actor in "Kingdom Hearts" is Akira Kamiya, and his voice actor in "Kingdom Hearts II" is Tōru Ōkawa. Gilbert Gottfried reprises his role in the English versions of both games.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: In "" he makes a brief cameo appearance during the Boss battle against Jafar's genie form. During the battle, attacking Jafar has no effect. Rather, the lamp must be hit which is held up high by Iago, à la "The Return Of Jafar". It can therefore be assumed that Iago is on the side of the good guys again.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: In "Kingdom Hearts II", like in "The Return of Jafar", Iago leaves Jafar and returns to Agrabah in a slump after failing to make amends to Aladdin and Jasmine. When he unintentionally assisted Sora in the task of beating the Heartless and retrieving Jafar's lamp, he manages to gain everyone's trust. But that trust is soon shattered when Iago is forced to help Jafar yet again in keeping Sora and the others occupied at the ruins. Despite losing faith, Iago redeems himself by intentionally getting shot by a spell that Jafar intended to shoot at Aladdin. After Jafar's defeat, Iago reveals he wants to help Aladdin out, but can't do as much as Genie and the others. However, Sora tells Iago that friendship is about enjoying each other's company and having fun.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: A data based version of Iago appears in "Kingdom Hearts Coded" playing a small role first helping Jafar steal Genie's lamp and later appearing during the battle against Jafar, playing a similar role from past games of focusing on Iago to get the lamp back. The later HD cinematic version of "Kingdom Hearts Re:Coded" that was created for "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 ReMIX" included some new dialogue for Iago.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Iago appears in the 2019 live-action "Aladdin", voiced by Alan Tudyk. It marks the first time Iago is not voiced by Gilbert Gottfried, who confirmed that he was not asked to reprise the role. While his role remains the same and he still shows signs of sentience and a cynical sense of humor, he is notably less anthropomorphic than his animated counterpart as the film wanted to make Iago more realistic. This still manages to leave only a few plot-related deviations:


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: With his travels with Cassim at the end, Iago has returned to Agrabah and appears as a supporting character in the straight-to-DVD movie "", and he performs a musical number called "Peacock Princess" with Princess Jasmine in her princess duties.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Like most characters from Disney's animated films, Iago made recurring appearances on "Disney's House of Mouse", he also sings "A Parrot's Life For Me" at the House of Mouse where the movies' continuity did not seem to matter, and Iago was depicted as either Jafar's sidekick or exhibiting his protagonist behavior.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: At Walt Disney World, along with Zazu from "The Lion King", he was introduced as one of the hosts of The Enchanted Tiki Room (Under New Management) in 1998. Following a small fire in 2011, the two were removed as the attraction reverted to its earlier format as Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room. Reports had described the 1998 format as "unpopular" and Iago as "annoying."


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Iago also appears in the stage adaptation of the film. However, unlike his film counterpart, he is portrayed as a human, working as a personal assistant to Jafar.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Iago appears in season six of "Once Upon a Time": however, this version is a non-anthropomorphic red cockatiel as opposed to a lory.


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: In reviews for "The Return of Jafar", Iago was often described as being the real star of the film: "The plot thickens when Aladdin becomes indebted to Jafar's former partner, Iago (a wisecracking parrot), for saving his life. Struggling with issues of honesty and loyalty, Iago becomes the film's focus as he grapples between standing by Aladdin or succumbing to Jafar's evil pressures."


title: Iago (Aladdin)

text: Iago's ability of mimicking voices (e.g., Aladdin) was referenced during a sketch entitled the "Real Housewives of Disney" in an episode of "Saturday Night Live".


title: USS Stark (FFG-31)

text: USS "Stark" (FFG-31) was the 23rd ship of the of guided-missile frigates and was named after Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark (1880–1972). Ordered from Todd Pacific Shipyards in Seattle, Washington, on 23 January 1978, "Stark" was laid down on 24 August 1979, launched on 30 May 1980, and commissioned on 23 October 1982 with CDR Terence W. Costello commanding. In 1987, an Iraqi jet fired two missiles at "Stark", killing 37 U.S. sailors on board. Decommissioned on 7 May 1999, "Stark" was scrapped in 2006.


title: USS Stark (FFG-31)

text: USS "Stark" was deployed to the Middle East Force in 1984 and 1987. Captain Glenn R. Brindel was the commanding officer during the 1987 deployment. The ship was struck on 17 May 1987 by two Exocet anti-ship missiles during the Iran–Iraq War fired from an Iraqi aircraft officially identified as a Dassault Mirage F1 fighter, The Reagan administration attributed the blame to Iran for its alleged belligerence in the underlying conflict. The plane had taken off from Shaibah, Iraq at 20:00 and had flown south into the Persian Gulf. The pilot fired the first Exocet missile from a range of , and the second from , just about the time "Stark" issued a standard warning by radio. The frigate did not detect the missiles with radar; warning was given by the lookout only moments before the missiles struck. The first penetrated the port-side hull and failed to detonate, but left flaming rocket fuel in its path. The second entered at almost the same point, and, leaving a gash, exploded in crew quarters. The missiles killed 37 sailors and injured 21.


title: USS Stark (FFG-31)

text: No weapons were fired in defense of "Stark". The autonomous Phalanx CIWS remained in standby mode, Mark 36 SRBOC countermeasures were not armed until seconds before the missile hit. The attacking Exocet missiles and Mirage aircraft were in a blindspot of the STIR fire control director (Separate tracking and illumination Radar, part of the Mk 92 Guided Missile Fire Control System), and the Oto Melara Mk 75 76 mm/62 caliber naval gun, but in the clear for the MK 92 CAS (Combined Antenna System, primary search and tracking radar of the Mk 92 Guided Missile Fire Control System) and the Mk 13 Mod 4 single-arm launcher. The ship failed to maneuver to bring its Mk 75 to bear before the first missile hit.


title: USS Stark (FFG-31)

text: On fire and listing, the frigate was brought under control by its crew during the night. The ship made its way to Bahrain where, after temporary repairs by the destroyer tender to make her seaworthy, she returned to her home port of Naval Station Mayport, under her own power. The ship was eventually repaired at Ingalls Shipbuilding in Mississippi for $142 million.


title: USS Stark (FFG-31)

text: It is unknown whether Iraqi leaders authorized the attack. Initial claims by the Iraqi government (that "Stark" was inside the Iran–Iraq War zone) were shown to be false. The motives and orders of the pilot remain unanswered. American officials have claimed he was executed, but an ex-Iraqi Air Force commander later said that the pilot who attacked "Stark" was not punished, and remained alive. According to Jean-Louis Bernard, author of "Heroes of Bagdad" T1 (Editions JPO 2017), the pilot, Abdul Rhaman, not only was not punished, but would have received the medal of bravery at the end of 'a joint Iraqi-American commission of inquiry. His subsequent defection is not mentioned in this book. Jean-Louis Bernard also confirms the use of a Falcon 50 during this action.


title: USS Stark (FFG-31)

text: Citing lapses in training requirements and lax procedures, the U.S. Navy's board of inquiry relieved Captain Brindel of command and recommended him for court-martial, along with Tactical Action Officer Lieutenant Basil E. Moncrief. Instead, Brindel and Moncrief received non-judicial punishment from Admiral Frank B. Kelso II and letters of reprimand. Brindel opted for early retirement while Moncrief resigned his commission after only eight years of service. The Executive Officer, Lieutenant Commander Raymond Gajan Jr., was detached for cause and received a letter of admonition.


title: USS Stark (FFG-31)

text: The frigate was part of the Standing Naval Forces Atlantic Fleet in 1990 before returning to the Middle East Force in 1991. She was attached to UNITAS in 1993 and took part in Operation Uphold Democracy and Operation Able Vigil in 1994. In 1995, she returned to the Middle East Force before serving with the Standing Naval Forces, Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT) in 1997 and in 1998.


title: USS Stark (FFG-31)

text: "Stark" was decommissioned on 7 May 1999. A scrapping contract was awarded to Metro Machine Corp. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 7 October 2005. The ship was reported scrapped on 21 June 2006. Her stern plate was saved and donated to Naval Station Mayport.


title: Members Church of God International

text: The Members Church of God International (Tagalog: "Mga Kaanib Iglesia ng Dios Internasyonal"), abbreviated as MCGI, is an international Christian religious organization with headquarters in the Philippines. It is popularly known in the Philippines as "Ang Dating Daan" (; abbreviated as ADD), the title of its flagship radio and television program and the longest-running religious program in the Philippines which was hosted by Eli Soriano, MCGI's "Overall Servant" (former title: "Presiding Minister") until his death in 2021.


title: Members Church of God International

text: In compliance with government regulations, Eli Soriano registered the group with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as "Ang Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios Kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi at Saligan ng Katotohan, sa Bansang Pilipinas" (English: Members of the Church of God in Christ Jesus, Pillar and Ground of Truth in the Philippines). In 2004, its registered name was changed to "Members Church of God International" (Tagalog: "Mga Kaanib Iglesia ng Dios Internasyonal") in line with the church's overseas expansion. The group is known in Hispanophone and Lusophone countries as "Miembros de la Iglesia de Dios Internacional" and "Membros da Igreja de Deus Internacional" respectively, shortened as MIDI.


title: Members Church of God International

text: MCGI is not related to the many Church of God groups that descended from the Barney Creek Meeting House revival of the late 19th century in the United States.


title: Members Church of God International

text: The Members Church of God International in the Philippines rooted from a similar denomination, the "Iglesia ng Dios kay Cristo Jesús, Haligi at Suhay ng Katotohanan" (Church of God in Christ Jesus, Pillar and Support of the Truth) which was first headed by Nicolas Antiporda Perez in Pulilan, Bulacan, Philippines in 1928. It started as a small group with less than a hundred believers.


title: Members Church of God International

text: On December 10, 1936, the church was registered with the Philippine government by Perez as Presiding Minister with a Central Office in Natividad St., Pasay "(then part of Rizal)". Since then, church workers were being sent to nearby provinces around Manila.


title: Members Church of God International

text: Perez led the church from 1928 until the time of his death in May 1975. In 1969, Perez gave Soriano an identification card bearing the "Minister" title. Before Perez died, he did not lay his hands on a successor. After the death of Perez, Soriano outlined the topics being taught to the members, in order for them not to lose hope. The members thought Perez prepared those topics before he died but other workers in the church knew, however, that it was written by Soriano.


title: Members Church of God International

text: On July 11, 1975, members of the Board of Trustees, including Soriano, allowed Levita Gugulan, the Secretary General, to act as "temporary" presiding officer until such time a new presiding officer is elected, in compliance to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). However, Gugulan led the church permanently.


title: Members Church of God International

text: Soriano and other members believe women are not allowed to rule over the church according to the Bible. In their belief that the group formerly led by Perez already went astray in the teachings of God, Soriano left the group led by Gugulan, together with some members who testified that they have heard Perez preach that it is strictly prohibited in the Bible for a woman to rule over the Church of God.


title: Members Church of God International

text: Soriano registered ""Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus Haligi at Saligan ng Katotohanan"" (Members of the Church of God in Christ Jesus, the Pillar and Ground of Truth) with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Soriano used the word ""saligan"" (ground or foundation) in reference to the Greek word "ἑδραίωμα" (hedraióma), and not ""suhay"" (brace), which is used by Gugulan's group.


title: Members Church of God International

text: Gugulan's group filed a petition with the SEC to compel Soriano to change the registered name of his group. During the pendency of the case, Soriano registered ""Ang Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios Kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi at Saligan ng Katotohanan sa Bansang Pilipinas"" to comply with the SEC. In 1996, the SEC En Banc favored Gugulan's petition and it was affirmed by the Court of Appeals in 1999. In December 2001, the Supreme Court First Division denied Soriano's appeal with finality. Pending Supreme Court's decision, Soriano reserved a new corporate name in 1996 containing transliterated Hebrew words and have it finalized in 2004 with the current name.


title: Members Church of God International

text: In the 1970s, missionary works started and were first in the towns of Pampanga and then, the neighboring provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, and Metro Manila. In the last quarter of 1980, the church launched the radio program Ang Dating Daan. Through the local radio station DWWA 1206 kHz, the radio program was heard in many parts of the Philippines. The program became popular in the Philippines because of its live question-and-answer portion. In 1983, the program kicked off its national television appearance through IBC Channel 13. "Ang Dating Daan" as a program in radio made its stint in television through RJTV 29, PTV 4, SBN 21, and now UNTV.


title: Members Church of God International

text: On January 13, 2004, the church registered "Members Church of God International" as its corporate name in the SEC. In the same year, the church tapped GlobeCast for The Old Path (TOP) Channel satellite broadcast in the United States of America and Canada.


title: Members Church of God International

text: On January 7, 2006, the first live Bible exposition in the United States was held in Los Angeles, California. In 2008, Bible Expositions were conducted in the continent of Oceania bringing forth the first congregation in Papua New Guinea. In the same year, congregations were established in Ghana, West Africa as a result of a series of Bible studies in Africa. The early months of 2009 saw the Church introduced in Latin America.


title: Members Church of God International

text: The Members Church of God International as an organization is managed by its Central Administration under the Workers Ministry. It is composed of the Overall Servants (Tagalog: "Mga Lingkod Pangkalahatan"), council of Helpers of the Ministry (Tagalog: "Mga Katulong ng Pangangasiwa" abbreviated as ""KNP"") and Church Workers (Tagalog: "Mga Manggagawa").


title: Members Church of God International

text: Bro. Eli Soriano was the Overall Servant (Tagalog: "Lingkod Pangkalahatan") to the church (formerly called as presiding minister or "Tagapangasiwang Pangkalahatan" in Tagalog) until February 2021. His deputy, Bro. Daniel Razon is the Assistant Overall Servant (Tagalog: "Pangalawang Lingkod Pangkalahatan", formerly called as vice presiding minister or "Pangalawang Tagapangasiwang Pangkalahatan" in Tagalog).


title: Members Church of God International

text: They supervise the entire organization, implement policies and projects, teach the helpers of the ministry (formerly called as assistants to the administration, ministers-in-charge, abbreviated as "MIC" and officers-in-charge, abbreviated as "OIC") and church workers all the doctrines of Christ and oversee rightful execution of duties and responsibilities assigned to them, including other officials in various church ministries and organizations.


title: Members Church of God International

text: The overall servant prepares the outline of biblical topics (Tagalog: "paksa") and preach sermons. A part of it will be delivered and discussed by his deputy. Preaching of biblical topic is done by the Overall Servants, either live or recorded, which is being aired in all locale church congregations. They also personally take time to resolve spiritual and personal problems of members every Thanksgiving gathering, during the consultation period.