title: Kaye Adams

text: Adams started her media career as a graduate trainee at Central Television, concentrating on political and news journalism – her first coup was a one-hour interview with Margaret Thatcher. For the next few years, Adams remained focused on hard news when in early 1988 moved to Scottish Television's nightly news programme, "Scotland Today". She was one of the first journalists on the scene of the Lockerbie disaster in 1988. In 1992, a chance opportunity to host a discussion show for Scottish Television after its original anchor Sheena McDonald left, set her off on a different path. "Scottish Women" ran for six years under Adams chair (1993–99), and won a number of awards and marked the start of Adams' career as a talk show host.


title: Kaye Adams

text: Since her original success with "Scottish Women", Adams has presented "ITV Weekend Live", three series of "Central Weekend Live" with Nicky Campbell and John Stapleton; "Esther", latterly "Kaye" for BBC Two; and "Pride and Prejudice" for BBC Scotland. Adams co-presented the last ever "This Morning" before Richard and Judy left, while in 2002 she was "This Morning's" daily live anchor from Australia, reporting on the first series of "I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here!". She has also appeared on "Lily Savage's Blankety Blank".


title: Kaye Adams

text: Between 1999 and 2006, Adams anchored the ITV talk show, "Loose Women" where, combined with the rest of the female panel, she created a popular and engaging mix of topical issues and entertainment. On 5 November 2013, Adams returned to the panel in rotation with Carol Vorderman and Andrea McLean. In January 2014, former Loose Woman Ruth Langsford returned to co-anchor the programme with Adams, Vorderman and McLean in rotation. Vorderman left the show in July 2014.


title: Kaye Adams

text: Adams has also presented a daytime show called "The People Versus". as well as appearing as a panellist and latterly as chair of "Have I Got News for You".


title: Kaye Adams

text: Between 2007 and 2010, Adams regularly guest hosted and was a panellist on the Channel 5 panel show "The Wright Stuff".


title: Kaye Adams

text: On 26 May 2009, Adams returned to STV, more than 20 years after her first appearance on the station, as a guest co-host on the lifestyle programme "The Hour" with Stephen Jardine. Adams presented four shows. In August of that year, Adams joined a long team of reporters on "The One Show".


title: Kaye Adams

text: Having reported on the Lockerbie bombing in 1988 for STV, Adams narrated a special documentary, "The Lockerbie Bomber: Sent Home to Die" for the Scottish television channel which aired on 9 August 2010. The programme examined the Lockerbie bomber's conviction and the renewed controversy over the Scottish Government's decision to send him home to Libya on compassionate grounds a year earlier.


title: Kaye Adams

text: Both Nadia Sawalha and Kaye Adams are represented by Nicola Ibison of Ibison Talent Group who acts as both their agent and management. Adams and Nadia Sawalha released a cookery book in 2018 called "Nadia & Kaye: Disaster Chef".


title: Kaye Adams

text: In March 2010, Adams joined BBC Radio Scotland to become the host of daily phone-in programme, "Call Kaye". The show ended in 2015, and was then replaced by the launch of "The Kaye Adams Show", which runs every weekday from 9am to 12pm. Kaye is often covered for by a guest host, particularly on a Friday, due to her work on "Loose Women".


title: Kaye Adams

text: In 2022, Adams was a contestant on the twentieth series of "Strictly Come Dancing". She was paired with Kai Widdrington and was first to be eliminated.


title: Kaye Adams

text: Adams is in a relationship with her long-term partner, tennis coach Ian Campbell, with whom she shares two daughters. They live together in Glasgow. She is good friends with fellow "Loose Women" panellist Nadia Sawalha.


title: Kaye Adams

text: Adams is a Scottish origin co-patron of Kindred, a Scottish-based charity supporting families of young people with disabilities and mental health issues.


title: Chenille fabric

text: Chenille is a type of yarn, or fabric made from it. "Chenille" is the French word for caterpillar whose fur the yarn is supposed to resemble.


title: Chenille fabric

text: According to textile historians, chenille-type yarn is a recent invention, dating to the 18th century and believed to have originated in France. The original technique involved weaving a "leno" fabric and then cutting the fabric into strips to make the chenille yarn.


title: Chenille fabric

text: Alexander Buchanan, a foreman in a Paisley fabric mill, is credited with introducing chenille fabric to Scotland in the 1830s. Here he developed a way to weave fuzzy shawls. Tufts of coloured wool were woven together into a blanket that was then cut into strips. They were treated by heating rollers in order to create the frizz. This resulted in a very soft, fuzzy fabric named chenille. Another Paisley shawl manufacturer went on to further develop the technique. James Templeton and William Quiglay worked to refine this process while working on imitation oriental rugs. The intricate patterns used to be difficult to reproduce by automation, but this technique solved that issue. These men patented the process but Quiglay soon sold out his interest. Templeton then went on to open a successful carpet company (James Templeton & Co) that became a leading carpet manufacturer throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.


title: Chenille fabric

text: In the 1920s and 1930s, Dalton in Northwest Georgia became the tufted bedspread capital of the US thanks to Catherine Evans (later adding Whitener) who initially revived the handcraft technique in the 1890s. Hand-tufted bedspreads with an embroidered appearance became increasingly popular and were referred to as "chenille" a term which stuck. With effective marketing, chenille bedspreads appeared in city department stores and tufting subsequently became important to the economic development of North Georgia, maintaining families even through the Depression era. Merchants organised "spread houses" where products tufted on farms were finished using heat washing to shrink and "set" the fabric. Trucks delivered pattern-stamped sheets and dyed chenille yarns to families for tufting before returning to pay the tufters and collect the spreads for finishing. By this time, tufters all over the state were creating not only bedspreads but pillow shams and mats and selling them by the highway. The first to make a million dollars in the bedspread business, was Dalton County native, B. J. Bandy with the help of his wife, Dicksie Bradley Bandy, by the late 1930s, to be followed by many others.


title: Chenille fabric

text: In the 1930s, usage for the tufted fabric became widely desirable for throws, mats, bedspreads, and carpets, but not as yet, apparel. Companies shifted handwork from the farms into factories for greater control and productivity, encouraged as they were to pursue centralized production by the wage and hour provisions of the National Recovery Administration's tufted bedspread code. With the trend towards mechanization, adapted sewing machines were used to insert raised yarn tufts.


title: Chenille fabric

text: Standards of industrial production were not introduced until the 1990s, when the Chenille International Manufacturers Association (CIMA) was formed with the mission to improve and develop the manufacturing processes. From the 1970s each machine head made two chenille yarns straight onto bobbins, a machine could have over 100 spindles (50 heads). Giesse was one of the first major machine manufacturers. Giesse acquired Iteco company in 2010 integrating the chenille yarn electronic quality control directly on their machine. Chenille fabrics are also often used in Letterman jackets also known as "varsity jackets", for the letter patches.


title: Chenille fabric

text: The chenille yarn is manufactured by placing short lengths of yarn, called the "pile", between two "core yarns" and then twisting the yarn together. The edges of these piles then stand at right angles to the yarn's core, giving chenille both its softness and its characteristic look. Chenille will look different in one direction compared to another, as the fibers catch the light differently. Chenille can appear iridescent without actually using Iridescence fibers. The yarn is commonly manufactured from cotton, but can also be made using acrylic, rayon and olefin.


title: Chenille fabric

text: One of the problems with chenille yarns is that the tufts can work loose and create bare fabric. This was resolved by using a low melt nylon in the core of the yarn and then autoclaving (steaming) the hanks of yarn to set the pile in place.


title: Chenille fabric

text: Since the late 1990s, chenille appeared in quilting in a number of yarns, yards or finishes. As a yarn, it is a soft, feathery synthetic that when stitched onto a backing fabric, gives a velvety appearance, also known as imitation or "faux chenille". Real chenille quilts are made using patches of chenille fabric in various patterns and colors, with or without "ragging" the seams.


title: Chenille fabric

text: The chenille effect by ragging the seams, has been adapted by quilters for a casual country look. A quilt with a so-called "chenille finish" is known as a "rag quilt" or, a "slash quilt" due to the frayed exposed seams of the patches and the method of achieving this. Layers of soft cotton are batted together in patches or blocks and sewn with wide, raw edges to the front. These edges are then cut, or slashed, to create a worn, soft, "chenille" effect.


title: Chenille fabric

text: Many chenille fabrics should be dry cleaned. If hand or machine-washed, they should be machine-dried using low heat, or as a heavy textile, dried flat to avoid stretching, never hung.


title: Puppy cat

text: Puppy cat (or puppy-like cat, canine-like cat, dog-like cat, etc.) is a term used to refer to specific breeds of domestic cats that have unusual behavioral tendencies that are reminiscent of young domestic dogs. These are within the scope of feline behavior, and may be enhanced through selective breeding. These behaviors, not specific to any breed, include following people around from room to room, the desire to receive frequent moments of physical affection such as being held and petted, a lack of aggression toward some fellow animals, and a placid nature. While these attributes are found desirable for owners interacting with their cats, problems can occur when the felines are exposed to dogs and people who wish to harm them, with the cats possibly being too trusting and too friendly for their own good. Breeds known for these canine behaviors include the Abyssinian, Burmese, Maine Coon, Manx, and Ragdoll, though dog behavior traits can appear regardless of breed.


title: Puppy cat

text: The cultural assumption that cats are distant from people and lack affection compared to dogs is not entirely correct. Animals have individual characteristics based on their environment, particularly their past interactions with people. The nature of selective breeding for both canines and felines varies dramatically across different human cultures as well, with highly distinctive traits (fertility, lifespan, speed, etc.) receiving emphasis depending on the historical context.


title: Puppy cat

text: The feline temperament is particularly malleable to a wide set of environmental factors, especially sudden stresses. For example, after dangerous floods in Canvey Island, cats showed behaviors of psychological shock akin to human struggles. Well-raised kittens frequently demonstrate affection towards humans and a pleasant, docile nature regardless of pedigree. These broad traits are not specific to any particular breed, as the upbringing of the animal is an important factor. Positive interaction with humans in the first few months of life is particularly vital.


title: Puppy cat

text: Most feline pets in the United States are considered to be domestic short-haired cats, a catch-all term for those with mixed or otherwise unclear ancestries but having related appearances. Several of those cats, or those of the standardized American Shorthair breed, will respond differently to others despite looking very similar, displaying dog-like or otherwise unexpected tendencies. Besides breed-based generalizations, a particular cat's behavior can be assessed by its restraint in using claws during play, its tendency to follow people, and its appreciation of close, frequent human contact.


title: Puppy cat

text: Abyssinian cats are known for demanding attention and showing depression if left alone too often. The closeness to their owners causes some of them to respond positively to feline leash-training. Unlike most cats, Abyssinians often show interest in water rather than a fear of it. A frequently active breed, Abyssinians will often climb upon their owners and perch upon their bodies to see. They also tend to welcome the company of friendly-minded dogs.


title: Puppy cat

text: Veterinarian Joan O. Joshua has said the "dog-like attachment to the owners" of Abyssinians causes "greater dependence on human contacts". This stands in contrast to the mere "tolerant acceptance of human company" based on "comforts" that multiple other breeds display. With their interest in playing with their owners combined with their curious intelligence, Abyssinians are nicknamed the "Clowns of the Cat Kingdom."


title: Puppy cat

text: The Burmese breed typically displays the dog-like attachment seen in Abyssinians. They both also share the combination of high intelligence and tendency to stay close that makes training them to be on a leash practical. The Burmese are persistently more vocal than other breeds, this leading VCA Animal Hospitals to state that the typical one "enjoys engaging in conversation". Their energetic nature also encourages play to an extent far more commonly associated with dogs.


title: Puppy cat

text: American and British breeders have developed distinctly different standards for the Burmese, a situation that's unusual among pedigreed cats, and the British type has attracted the colloquial title of 'European Burmese'. Many modern cat registries, however, don't recognize the difference between subtypes given the high degree of similarity between the cats' behaviors. However, their physical appearance can vary widely between those groups.


title: Puppy cat

text: Maine Coons are, according to Academy of Veterinary Nutrition Technicians President Kara Burns and Dr. Lori Renda-Francis, "often referred to as 'dog like'." This description is not only due to their large size and stature but also because of the cats' usually pleasant mannerisms plus their tendency to closely follow their owners and obey them. Maine Coon cats additionally are often trainable given their intelligence and affectionate nature. The felines have large and silky coats yet grooming is made easier given their desire to be frequently handled. According to the Cat Fanciers' Association, Maine Coons offer "hours of enjoyment with their antics", though they are "intrusive" since "[w]ithout question" the cats "want to be [a] part of everything".


title: Puppy cat

text: The Manx breed displays behaviors akin to puppies, such as coming when their owners whistle or call their names. They are known for jumping and climbing about obstacles as well as burying things, even collecting and burying toys at times. Manx felines will also display strong affection generally. Dr. David Taylor, writer and founder of the International Zoo Veterinary Group, has said they are "positively dog-like".


title: Puppy cat

text: Ragdolls are named for an earlier tendency of the breed to go limp when picked up, and their tendencies to rest in a doll-like, bent position. They usually display a calm, relaxed temperament, with the animals often seeking physical affection from owners and following owners around. They sometime play games such as fetch.


title: Deewangee

text: Deewangee () is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language psychological thriller film directed by Anees Bazmee and produced by Nitin Manmohan. The film stars Ajay Devgn, Akshaye Khanna and Urmila Matondkar. The music was composed by Ismail Darbar, with lyrics by Salim Bijnori and Nusrat Badr. This was Devgn's first antagonist role and he won the Filmfare Best Villain Award.


title: Deewangee

text: It is an adaptation of "Primal Fear" (1996) by Gregory Hoblit which was based on William Diehl's novel of the same name. Released on the eve of Diwali the film was a commercial success.It was remade in Tamil as "Kadhal Kirukkan" in 2003.


title: Deewangee

text: Raj Goyal (Akshaye Khanna), a young and successful criminal lawyer, famous for never having lost a case, is introduced to popular singer Sargam (Urmila Matondkar) by music magnate Ashwin Mehta (Vijayendra Ghatge). The following day, Ashwin is brutally murdered in his own house. The murderer, Tarang Bharadwaj (Ajay Devgn), who is Sargam's childhood friend and music mentor, is caught red-handed at the crime scene. He claims he is innocent and Sargam, who believes in Tarang's innocence, approaches Raj to defend him, which he accepts after meeting Tarang.


title: Deewangee

text: Realising him to have a mental illness, he hires a psychiatrist (Seema Biswas). To study his case. The psychiatrist finds out that Tarang has split personality disorder (Now Dissociative identity disorder) and his other personality goes by the name of Ranjeet.


title: Deewangee

text: Raj speaks to Ranjeet, who is a complete opposite of the innocent and simple Tarang, and he admits to killing Ashwin because, on the night of the party, Ashwin had tried to molest Sargam. Ranjeet sees Tarang as his younger brother who in turn considers Sargam his wife. Bringing his split personality in front of the court, Raj is able to win the case and free Tarang. But right after he is acquitted, Raj finds out that the split personality disorder was an act put up by Tarang to get out of jail. Tarang then tells him to stay away from Sargam. Raj tries to reopen the case in order to protect Sargam but fails, and Tarang is moved to the mental hospital for a few days for his treatment. Raj elongates his stay in the mental hospital by proving that he is still sick and needs more treatment. Tarang is able to wriggle out of Raj's attempt and is released. Raj appoints personal security for Sargam to ensure her safety, while Tarang relentlessly tries to reach her, during which he seriously injures Yana, Sargam's assistant.


title: Deewangee

text: Raj says that they can trap Tarang with Sargam performing a show and Tarang coming there. But Tarang successfully kidnaps Sargam and takes her to an old fort where he had booked a vehicle to go abroad. Sargam gives her location secretly to Raj. Sargam while trying to escape tells Tarang that she loves Raj to which Tarang responds saying that then he has to kill Raj. Soon raj arrives and a fight ensues which ends with Sargam overpowering Tarang and pushing him into a nearby river.


title: Deewangee

text: The movie ends with Sargam and Raj enjoying a vacation and they hear someone sing one of Tarang's songs. Raj believes it cannot be Tarang and because the song is so popular, anyone who can sing it.


title: Deewangee

text: The soundtrack of the film contains nine songs. The music is conducted by composer Ismail Darbar. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 12,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's ninth highest-selling.


title: Deewangee

text: "Deewangee" received mixed reviews from critics. Bollywood Hungama rated the film 2.5/5, stating, "In an enterprise that boasts of two powerful performers-Ajay and Akshaye, comparisons are inevitable. But, to be honest, it's difficult to gauge who's better. Ajay Devgan essays a complex role with utmost ease, alternating between a simpleton and the shrewd (as part of the split personality!). Akshaye Khanna enacts a suave character with terrific understanding, proving yet again that he's amongst the best in the business today. Urmila Matondkar makes her presence felt in a male-dominated film. Her performance towards the end is praiseworthy. Amongst character artistes, Seema Biswas, Suresh Oberoi and Tanaz Currim are adequate. On the whole, DEEWANGEE has a novel story with several poignant moments as its USP. A well-made film with a few loose ends nonetheless, it has much to offer as compared to the vendetta fares and mushy love stories being dished out in the garb of entertainment. At the box-office, the impressive cast and the aggressive promotion have resulted in tremendous hype for the film, which in turn should translate into good business, keeping its investors smiling."


title: Catscratch

text: Catscratch is an American animated television series created by Doug TenNapel (also known for creating the "Earthworm Jim" series). It aired on Nickelodeon from July 9, 2005, to February 10, 2007. It was a loose adaptation of TenNapel's comic book series, "Gear", which in the series is also the name of the cats' monster truck. The series features music composed by longtime TenNapel collaborator, Terry Scott Taylor.


title: Catscratch

text: The series revolves around a trio of anthropomorphic feline brothers. After their wealthy owner Edna Cramdilly died, she left her riches to them, along with a menacing, oversized monster truck named Gear and a dignified butler named Hovis. The program commonly chronicles their wealthy lifestyles and action-packed, sometimes paranormal experiences. Other characters include the sweet young neighbor girl, Kimberly, with whom Gordon is obsessed, and the cats' competitive rivals the Chumpy Chump Brothers.


title: Catscratch

text: "Catscratch" went into production in early 2005. The series aired on Nickelodeon and premiered in the United States on July 9, 2005. The final episode entitled "Spindango Fundulation/Duck and Cover" aired on February 10, 2007, ending the series.


title: Catscratch

text: Sarah Wenk of Common Sense Media gave the series 3 out of 5 stars; saying that, “"Catscratch" is a generic cartoon show that involves oddly drawn characters who don't really look like anything, very loud voices, very bright colors, and many instances of people and creatures and things being bashed, broken, and bonked. The show is a by-the-book program, but that doesn't mean it's not sometimes funny or even touching. Many kids will get a kick out of it, although you may not be as tolerant. There's nothing terribly wrong with it, but nothing terribly right, either.”


title: Catscratch

text: Confirmed by an e-mail from Doug TenNapel, there were a few 2-page "Catscratch" comics in the works for Nickelodeon Magazine. The first one came out in the December/January 2005 issue. The second one came out in the March 2006 issue. The third and last one was in the February 2007 issue.


title: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (season 14)

text: The fourteenth season of the American comedy television series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" premiered on FXX on September 25, 2019. The season consists of 10 episodes and concluded on November 20, 2019.


text: On April 1, 2016, the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season, which tied it with "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet" as the longest-running (in number of seasons) live-action sitcom in American television history. Filming for the season began on June 13, 2019. Glenn Howerton made his directorial debut, directing the first two produced episodes of the season.


text: The fourteenth season received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 83% with an average score of 7.6/10 based on 12 reviews. The website's critical consensus is, ""Always Sunny"s provocative humor has lost some bite, but the patrons of Paddy's Pub ought to be pleased by the Gang's inability to cope with modernity – and each other.


title: Joe Adonis

text: Joseph Anthony Doto (born Giuseppe Antonio Doto, ; November 22, 1902 – November 26, 1971), known as Joe Adonis, was an Italian-American mobster who was an important participant in the formation of the modern Cosa Nostra crime families in New York City and the National Crime Syndicate Doto became a powerful caporegime in the Luciano crime family.


title: Joe Adonis

text: Adonis was born Giuseppe Antonio Doto on November 22, 1902, in the small town of Montemarano, Province of Avellino, Italy, to Michele Doto and Maria De Vito. He had three brothers, Antonio, Ettore and Genesio Doto.


title: Joe Adonis

text: In 1909, Adonis and his family immigrated to the United States, in New York City. As a young man, Adonis supported himself by stealing and picking pockets. While working on the streets, Adonis became friends with future mob boss Charles "Lucky" Luciano and mobster Settimo Accardi, who were involved in illegal gambling. Adonis developed a loyalty to Luciano that lasted for decades.


title: Joe Adonis

text: At the beginning of Prohibition, Luciano, Adonis, Meyer Lansky and Bugsy Siegel started a bootlegging operation in Brooklyn. This operation soon began supplying large amounts of alcohol to the show business community along Broadway in Manhattan. Doto soon assumed the role of a gentleman bootlegger, socializing with the theater elite.


title: Joe Adonis

text: In the early 1920s, Doto started calling himself "Joe Adonis" (Adonis was the Greek god of beauty and desire). It is uncertain as to what inspired his nickname. One story states that Adonis received this nickname from a Ziegfeld Follies chorus girl who was dating him. Another story says that Adonis adopted the name after reading a magazine article on Greek mythology.


title: Joe Adonis

text: Extremely vain, Adonis spent a great deal of time in personal grooming. On one occasion, Lucky Luciano saw Adonis combing his thick, dark hair in front of a mirror and asked him, "Who do you think you are, Rudolph Valentino?" Adonis replied, "For looks, that guy's a bum!". Adonis was a cousin of Luciano crime family capo Alan Bono, who supervised Adonis's operations in Greenwich Village, Manhattan.


title: Joe Adonis

text: Adonis married Jean Montemorano, and he had four children; Joseph Michael Doto, Jr., Maria Dolores Olmo, Ann Marie Arietta, and Elizabeth Doto. His son Joseph Doto, Jr., became a made member of the Genovese family and operated criminal rackets in Bergen county, New Jersey.


title: Joe Adonis

text: In the 1920s, Adonis became an enforcer for Frankie Yale, the boss of some rackets in Brooklyn. While working for Yale, Adonis briefly met future Chicago Outfit boss Al Capone, who was also working for Yale. Meanwhile, Luciano became an enforcer for Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria.


title: Joe Adonis

text: Masseria soon became embroiled in the vicious Castellammarese War with his archrival, Salvatore Maranzano. Maranzano represented the Sicilian clans, most of which came from Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily. As the war progressed, both bosses started recruiting more soldiers. By 1930, Adonis had joined the Masseria faction. As the war turned against Masseria, Luciano secretly contacted Maranzano about switching sides. When Masseria heard about Luciano's betrayal, he approached Adonis about killing Luciano. However, Adonis instead warned Luciano about the murder plot.


title: Joe Adonis

text: On April 15, 1931, Adonis allegedly participated in Masseria's murder. Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting at a Coney Island, Brooklyn, restaurant. During the meal, Luciano excused himself to go to the restroom. As soon as Luciano was gone, Adonis, Vito Genovese, Albert Anastasia, and Bugsy Siegel rushed into the dining room and shot Masseria to death. No one was ever indicted in the Masseria murder.


title: Joe Adonis

text: With the death of Masseria, the war ended, and Maranzano was the victor. To avoid any future wars, Maranzano reorganized all the Italian American gangs into the Five Families and anointed himself as "capo di tutti capi" ("boss of all bosses"). Luciano and his loyalists quickly became dissatisfied with Maranzano's power grab. When Luciano discovered that the suspicious Maranzano had ordered his murder, Luciano struck first. On September 10, 1931, several gunmen attacked and killed Maranzano in his Manhattan office.


title: Joe Adonis

text: Adonis and Luciano soon controlled bootlegging in Broadway and Midtown Manhattan. At its height, the operation grossed $12 million in one year and employed 100 workers. Adonis also bought car dealerships in New Jersey. When customers bought cars from his dealerships, the salesmen would intimidate them into buying "protection insurance" for the vehicle. Adonis soon moved into cigarette distribution, buying up vending machines by the hundreds and stocking them with stolen cigarettes. Adonis ran his criminal empire from Joe's Italian Kitchen, a restaurant that he owned in Brooklyn. By 1932, Adonis was also a major criminal power in Brooklyn. Despite his wealth, Adonis still participated in jewelry robberies, a throwback to his early criminal career on the streets.


title: Joe Adonis

text: In 1932, Adonis allegedly participated in the kidnapping and brutal beating in Brooklyn of Isidore Juffe and Issac Wapinsky. In 1931, Adonis had lent the two men money for investment and kidnapped them in 1932 after deciding that he should be receiving a higher profit. Two days after the kidnappings, Adonis released Juffe and Wapinsky after receiving a $5,000 ransom payment. A month later, Wapinsky died of internal injuries from being assaulted.


title: Joe Adonis

text: Adonis placed many politicians and high-ranking police officers on his payroll. Adonis used his political influence to assist members of the Luciano crime family, such as Luciano and Genovese, and mob associates such as Meyer Lansky and Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, the head of Murder, Inc.


title: Joe Adonis

text: As a syndicate board member, Adonis, along with Buchalter, may have been responsible for assigning some murder contracts to Murder Inc.


title: Joe Adonis

text: In 1936, prosecutors convicted Luciano on pandering charges and sent him to state prison for 30 years. Underboss Vito Genovese remained in charge of the family until he fled to Italy in 1937 to avoid a murder prosecution. Luciano now left Frank Costello, an Adonis ally, in charge of the Luciano family and Adonis in charge of the Syndicate.


title: Joe Adonis

text: On April 27, 1940, Adonis was indicted in Brooklyn on charges of kidnapping, extortion, and assault in the 1932 Juffe/Wapinsky case. However, on February 24, 1941, the prosecutor requested a dismissal for lack of evidence.


title: Joe Adonis

text: In the 1940s, Adonis moved his gambling rackets to New Jersey. New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia's campaign against illegal gambling had made it too difficult to do business in New York. Adonis also moved his family to a luxurious house in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Adonis set up a casino in Lodi, New Jersey, and provided limousine service there from New York City. During the same period, Adonis became partners with Meyer Lansky in an illegal casino in Hallandale Beach, Florida.


title: Joe Adonis

text: On February 10, 1946, after being escorted from prison to a ship in Brooklyn harbor, Luciano was deported to Italy. In December 1946, Adonis and Luciano met at the famous Havana Conference of US organized crime bosses in Cuba. It was Luciano's goal at the conference to regain his mob influence, using Cuba as a base. Being a loyal supporter, Adonis willingly agreed to turn over his power in the syndicate to Luciano. However, the US government soon discovered Luciano's presence in Havana and pressured the Cuban government to expel him. On February 24, 1947, Luciano was placed on a ship by Cuban authorities for deportation back to Italy.


title: Joe Adonis

text: On December 12, 1950, Adonis was summoned before the US Senate Kefauver Commission on organized crime. Adonis repeatedly refused to testify, citing his right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Although Adonis escaped contempt charges, he suffered undesirable national exposure as a mobster.


title: Joe Adonis

text: In late May 1951, Adonis and several associates pleaded no contest to charges of operating three gambling rooms in Lodi, New Jersey, and Fort Lee, New Jersey. On May 28, 1951, Adonis was sentenced in Hackensack, New Jersey, to two to three years in state prison.


title: Joe Adonis

text: On August 6, 1953, at a hearing in Adonis's prison, the US Department of Justice ordered Adonis's deportation to Italy. The government claimed that Adonis was an illegal alien. Adonis fought deportation, claiming that he was a native-born American citizen. On August 9, 1953, Adonis was released from prison in New Jersey.


title: Joe Adonis

text: On January 3, 1956, Adonis voluntarily left New York City on an ocean liner for Naples, Italy. His wife and children stayed behind in New Jersey.


title: Joe Adonis

text: Once in Italy, Adonis moved into a luxurious apartment in the center of Milan. Adonis may have met with Luciano in Naples, but there is no proof of it. Over time, the financially struggling Luciano grew angry at the wealthy Adonis for not helping him. On January 26, 1962, Luciano died of a heart attack in Naples at age 64. Adonis attended the funeral service in Naples, bringing a huge floral wreath with the words, "So Long, Pal".


title: Joe Adonis

text: In June 1971, the Italian government forced Adonis to leave his Milan residence and move to Serra de' Conti, a small town near the Adriatic Sea. Adonis was one of 115 suspected mobsters relocated to Serra de' Conti after the assassination in May of Pietro Scaglione, the public prosecutor of Palermo, Sicily. In late November 1971, Italian police forces transported Adonis to a small hillside shack near Ancona, Italy, for interrogation. During the lengthy questioning and some abusive treatment, Adonis suffered a heart attack. He was taken to a regional hospital in Ancona, where he died several days later on November 26, 1971.


title: Joe Adonis

text: The U.S. government allowed Adonis's family to bring his body back to the United States for burial. Adonis' funeral Mass was held at the Roman Catholic Church of the Epiphany in Cliffside Park, New Jersey, attended only by his immediate family. He is buried in Madonna Cemetery in Fort Lee, New Jersey under his family name of Joseph Antonio Doto.


title: Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

text: The Qing dynasty (1636–1912) of China developed a complicated peerage system for royal and noble ranks.


text: Occasionally, a peer could be granted the privilege of "shixi wangti" (; "perpetual heritability"), which allowed the title to be passed down without downgrading. Throughout the Qing dynasty, there were 12 imperial princely families that had this privilege. They were known as the "iron-cap princes".


text: The noble titles were inherited through a system of loose primogeniture: The eldest son from the peer's first wife was usually the heir apparent, but inheritance by a younger son, a son of a concubine, or brother of the peer was not uncommon. According to their birth (by the chief consort, secondary consort or concubines) and their father's rank, non-heir sons of imperial princes were also entitled to petition for a lower title than the one they would have received had they been the heir. Non-heir sons of other peers were also occasionally granted a lower title.


text: Whether imperial or not, the inheritance or bestowal was never automatic, and had to be approved by the Emperor, the Ministry of Personnel, or the Imperial Clan Court. Imperial princes, upon reaching adulthood at the age of 20, had to pass tests in horse-riding, archery and the Manchu language before they were eligible for titles. Imperial princesses, other than the Emperor's daughters, were usually granted titles upon marriage, regardless of age. Princesses' titles were also usually fixed after they were granted, and were not affected by changes in their fathers' nobility ranks.


text: "Yunjiwei" ("sub-commander of the cloud cavalry") was originally a military rank created in the Sui dynasty, but it was later turned into a military honour in the Tang dynasty as part of the "xun guan" () system. The Qing dynasty abolished the separate military honour system and merged it into the nobility rank system, using "yunjiwei" as the lowest grantable rank of nobility, and the basic unit of rank progression.


text: For example, a "yunjiwei" who received another grant of "yunjiwei" became a "jiduwei". A "first-class duke plus yunjiwei" was the equivalent of 23 grants of "yunjiwei".


text: The Qing dynasty, much like previous dynasties, used an "official rank" system (). This system had nine numbered ranks, each subdivided into upper and lower levels, in addition to the lowest "unranked" rank: from upper first "pin" (), to lower ninth "pin" (), to the unranked (), for a total of 19 ranks. All government personnel, from the highest chancellors to the lowest clerk, held an official rank "ex officio", which determined their salary, uniform, privileges and order of precedence.


text: This "pin" system existed in parallel to the noble ranks detailed in this article. Many higher noble titles ranked above this system (). And while some titles corresponded to a "pin", they were considered equivalents of convenience rather than actual official ranks.


text: Historically, Chinese noble titles were usually created with a "shiyi" (; fief) each, although the fief could be only nominal. The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty enfeoffed cadet branch princes and other nobles in different regions of China. The Qing dynasty ended this tradition; with only a few exceptions, no fief was ever named. No Qing prince was enfeoffed with territory. Instead, noble titles were created without a name, or were bestowed a "meihao" (; titular name). These names were usually descriptive of the peer's merit, virtue, or the circumstances leading to his ennoblement. The Dukes Yansheng kept their traditional fief in Shandong under Qing rule.


text: Titular names were unique for imperial princes, while non-imperial peers' titular names may overlap. Following Ming dynasty tradition, single-character names were reserved for "qinwang"s, while "junwang"s used two-character names. All other peers normally had two-character names, but could receive up to four characters.


text: Since noble titles were primarily awarded for military service, the titular names predominantly described martial virtues, e.g., "zhongyong gong" (; "loyal and brave duke"). However, a particularly common titular name was "cheng'en gong" (; "duke who receives grace"), which was frequently granted to the Empress's family members.


text: At the top of the imperial hierarchy, the highest six ranks enjoyed the "Eight Privileges" (; "jakūn ubu"). These privileges were:


text: Peacock feathers, however, were prohibited for princes above the rank of "beizi" and direct imperial clansmen. The "Eight Privileges" entitled the prince to participate in state councils and share the spoils of war. However, the prince was also bound to reside in the capital and render service to the imperial court.


text: In 1816, the princes were forbidden from reporting matters via eunuchs. Thus, most of the princes employed officials as managers of domestic affairs. The range of tasks of those officials included conveyance of memorials on behalf of the prince. The supervisor of princely manor held lower 4 rank in 9-pin system.


text: The four ranks above were granted solely to direct male-line descendants of the Emperor. These titles below were granted to cadet lines of the imperial clan.


text: The above six ranks are titles that enjoy the "Eight Privileges". The titles below do not enjoy the "Eight Privileges" and have no imperial duties.


text: All of the above titles are "chaopin" (), outranking official ranks. The ranks below are ranked first to fourth "pin" respectively. The first three "jiangjun" ranks are each further subdivided into four classes: "first class plus yunjiwei", "first class", "second class", and "third class".


text: Regardless of title and rank, an imperial prince was addressed as ""A-ge"" (; "age"; ), which means "lord" or "commander" in Manchu.


text: "Efu" ( ), also known "Fuma" (), translated as "Prince Consort". Its original meaning was "emperor's charioteer". It was usually granted to the spouse of a princess above the rank of "zongnü". The "efu"s were separated into seven ranks corresponding to the rank of the princesses the "efu" married. "Efu"s who married "gulun gongzhu"s and "heshuo gongzhu"s held ranks equivalent to the "beizi"s and dukes respectively. The remaining "efu"s had equivalent official rank from the first to fifth "pin".


text: An "efu" retained his title and privileges as long as the princess remained his primary spouse – even after her death. However, if an "efu" remarried or promoted a consort to be his primary spouse, he lost all rights obtained from his marriage to the princess.


text: If the princess consort divorced a prince or died, the second princess consort held the title of "step consort" (继福晋, pinyin: jì fújìn). Divorced princess consorts were stripped of their privileges and returned to their maiden manors. Dead primary consorts of the emperor could be posthumously honoured as empress, ex. Lady Niohuru, primary consort of Minning, Prince Zhi of the First Rank was honoured as Empress Xiaomucheng, Lady Sakda, primary consort of Yizhu was honoured as Empress Xiaodexian. The same rule was for primary consort of the imperial prince who died before the marriage, e.g. Lady Nara, primary consort of Yongkui, Prince Li of the First Rank.


text: Palace maids from prince's residence could be promoted in case of princess consort's death or in case when they had children with a prince, ex. Wang Yuying, Yongxuan's servant was promoted to secondary consort. Remaining spouses could be promoted to higher positions in special circumstances, ex. lady Wanyan, Yongcheng's unranked spouse was given a title of secondary consort.


text: If imperial prince ascended the throne, his primary consort was named as empress, secondary consorts were named as noble consorts, consorts or concubines and mistresses were granted titles from first class female attendant to concubine or consort and given honorific names.


text: Princess consorts held titles according to their husbands. If the prince was demoted, princess consort could be treated appropriately. After the demotion of prince, princess consort returned her regalias to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. If the prince was born in a non-iron cap cadet line, his future title depended on the position of his consort. Nevertheless, they addressed themselves as "qie". On the other hand, princess consort was mainly addressed as "fujin" or "furen" according to the title of her husband. All princess consorts regardless of rank were listed in imperial genealogy (Jade Tables).


text: Princess consorts could wear chaofu befitting imperial consorts on solemn ceremonies, but were prohibited from wearing yellow-grounded robes. The crown of princess consort had peacocks instead of phoenixes and no tiers on the finial. Princess consort wore jifu with roundels of dragons matching patterns on the surcoat of her husband and tiara with phoenixes. Imperial duchesses wore jifu with medallions of flowers like imperial consorts below the rank of noble lady.


text: At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, before the rank system was formalised, non-standard titles were also used, such as:


text: The following are the nine ranks of the peerage awarded for valour, achievement, distinction, other imperial favour, and to imperial consort clans.


text: The above three ranks are "chaopin" (), outranking official ranks. The four following ranks were all evolved from leadership ranks in the Manchu banner army, originally called "ejen" (額真; "lord" or "master" in Manchu) and later "janggin" (章京; "general" in Manchu).


text: All of the above ranks are sub-divided into four classes; in order: "first class plus yunqiwei", "first class", "second class", and "third class".


text: At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, during Nurhaci's and Huangtaiji's reigns, the noble ranks were not yet standardised. Several titles were created that did not fit into the above system, mostly for defectors from the Ming dynasty. These titles were similar to the titles used in the Ming dynasty, and lack the Manchu nomenclature and the noble rank system introduced later.


text: Additionally, there were banner offices that later evolved into hereditary noble titles. Despite being used as noble titles, these offices continued to exist and function in the banner hierarchy. To distinguish the noble titles from the offices, they were sometimes called "hereditary office" () or "hereditary rank" ().


text: Mingfu (命妇, Mìngfù; "noblewoman") was granted to wives of officials, non-imperial aristocrates and collateral clanswomen. Also, mothers of imperial consorts were granted a title of "mingfu" according to the rank held by her daughter as well as sisters of imperial consorts and "fujins". Noblewomen were divided into 7 ranks according to the rank of her husband and her daughter, if her daughter was an imperial consort. If the title held by mingfus' husbands was divided into subclasses, they could be treated equally. Mingfus holding rank equivalent to wives of imperial generals conducted court ceremonies, ex. promotions of imperial consort, weddings of princes and princesses (if they married into Manchu or Han family) and rites, while lower rank ladies attended to them.


text: Mingfu, whose husband was granted a title above the rank system (Duke, Marquis or Count), was treated similarly to imperial duchess, but enjoyed less privileges than imperial clanswoman. Collateral Gioro ladies were treated as mingfu from 1st to 3rd rank. Noblewomen were addressed as "furen" ("Madam") regardless of rank.


text: Differently to imperial clanswomen, mingfus wore crowns with three bejeweled plaques and finial consisting of one coral, silk bandeaus with embroidered golden dragons chasing after a flaming pearl and blue-grounded chaofu on solemn ceremonies. Lower- ranking ladies could not wear surcoats with roundels of flowers and auspicious symbols unlike imperial duchesses and clanswomen. Collateral clanswomen could wear surcoats with rampant four-clawed dragons above the magnificent sea-waves pattern (lishui) and white caishui (pointed kerchief fastened to the robe like a pendant). Wives of officials wore sleeveless vest matching Mandarin square of her husband and Ming Dynasty style tiaras, as depicted on ancestral portraits.


text: With a few exceptions, the above titles were, in principle, created for only military merits. There were also titles for civil officials.


text: While there were a few Manchu civil titles, the most important civil titles followed the Han Chinese Confucian tradition, derived from high bureaucratic offices or imperial household offices that evolved into honorary sinecures. These were sometimes granted as special privileges, but also often as a practical means of conferring official rank promotion without giving specific responsibilities. Examples of such titles were "taibao" (太保; "Grand Protector"), "shaoshi" (少師; "Junior Preceptor"), "taizi taifu" (太子太傅; "Grand Tutor of the Crown Prince"), furen (夫人, "Madam"/“Lady") and "dafu" (大夫; "Gentleman"). These titles were non-heritable.


text: In addition, there were also honorary and hereditary titles granted to religious and cultural leaders, such as:


text: The Qing imperial court also granted titles to princes of its protectorates and tributary states, mainly in Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet. The vassal titles were generally inherited in perpetuity without downgrading.


text: The "taiji" and "tabunang" are equal in rank, and both subdivided into five classes: "jasagh", "first class", "second class", "third class", and "fourth class". "Jasagh" is "chaopin", above official ranks, while the rest were equivalent to the first to fourth "pin".


text: Under the "tusi" system, the Qing Empire also recognised various local tribal chieftainships of ethnic minority tribes. This was mainly applied in the mountain regions of Yunnan, but also in western and northern borderlands. They were the Chiefdom of Bathang, Chiefdom of Chuchen, Chiefdom of Lijiang, Chiefdom of Lithang, Chiefdom of Mangshi, Chiefdom of Tsanlha, Chiefdom of Yao'an, Chiefdom of Yongning, Mu'ege Chiefdom of Muli and Chiefdom of Langqu.


text: In addition to systematized rank titles listed above, there were also other honorific titles and privileges, mostly non-heritable:


text: Robes from the Qing emperors are also preserved there. The Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and Mongols in the Yuan dynasty continued to patronize and support the Confucian Duke Yansheng.


title: Grace and favour

text: A grace-and-favour home is a residential property owned by a monarch by virtue of his or her position as head of state and leased, often rent-free, to persons as part of an employment package or in gratitude for past services rendered.


title: Grace and favour

text: In the United Kingdom, these homes are owned by the Crown or a charity and, in modern times, are often within the gift of the prime minister. Most of these properties are taxed as a "benefit in kind", although this status does not apply to 10 Downing Street or any home granted for security purposes, such as the residence of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. They are at times granted to senior politicians.


title: Grace and favour

text: It is possible that the term crept into English through the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli, who wrote of advisers who are ministers "per grazia e concessione", which has been translated as "through grace and favour".


title: Grace and favour

text: In 1986, there were 120 apartments total, the most splendid being at Kensington Palace where the Prince of Wales, Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent lived. There are also some at Windsor Castle, and Buckingham Palace. St James's Palace had 20 apartments. Lord Kitchener once lived there, as did the Duke of Windsor. Most apartments are modest, some two rooms, inhabited mostly by retired members of the household staff. Hampton Court apartments were generally occupied by retired soldiers and diplomats or (more usually) by their widows. Grace and favour apartments have been discontinued at Hampton Court. There were once 69. In 1986, this had dwindled to 15.


title: Grace and favour

text: In the latter part of Queen Victoria's reign, Frogmore Cottage in the Home Park, Windsor, was the grace and favour residence of her Indian attendant, Abdul Karim (the Munshi). In 2018, it was renovated for the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, who moved into it in the spring of 2019.


title: Grace and favour

text: Mary Treadgold's novel for children, "The Winter Princess" (1962) concerns a child who comes to stay in a grace and favour apartment at Hampton Court.


title: Maithili Thakur

text: Maithili Thakur (born 25 July 2000) is an Indian playback singer trained in Indian classical music and Folk Music. She has sung original songs, covers, and traditional folk music prominently in Hindi, Bengali, Maithili, Urdu, Marathi, Bhojpuri, Punjabi, Tamil, English and more Indic languages.


title: Maithili Thakur

text: Thakur was born in Benipatti, Madhubani district, Bihar to a Maithil musician and music teacher working in Delhi Pandit Ramesh Thakur and Bharti Thakur. She is named after goddess Sita as well as her mothertongue. Maithili, along with her two brothers, Rishav and Ayachi were trained by their grandfather and father in Maithili Folk, Hindustani classical music, Harmonium and Tabla. Realising his daughter's potential around the age of 6, her father relocated themselves to Dwarka in New Delhi for better opportunities. Maithili and her brothers studied at Bal Bhavan International School where they won for the school at various State and National Level Competitions.


title: Maithili Thakur

text: She was interested in learning singing since her childhood age. She started learning music from her grandfather when she was only 4 years old. Maithili's first music master is her grandfather. At the age of 10, she started singing at jagrans and other musical functions.


title: Maithili Thakur

text: In 2011, Thakur appeared in Little Champs, a singing competition television series telecast in Zee TV. Four years later, she contested in "Indian Idol Junior", telecast in Sony TV. She won the "I Genius Young Singing Star" competition in 2016, following which she launched her album, Ya Rabba (Universal Music).


title: Maithili Thakur

text: In 2017, Thakur was a contestant in the season 1 of Rising Star, a television singing competition. Maithili was the first finalist of the show, singing Om Namah Shivaya which gained her direct entry into the final. She was runner up, losing out by just two votes. Following the show, her internet popularity rose significantly.


title: Maithili Thakur

text: After a huge success from videos on Facebook and YouTube the trio has been performing at various National and International Events, Literature Fests. Maithili has been awarded Atal Mithila Samman by the Government of India.


title: Maithili Thakur

text: In 2019 Maithili and her two brothers, Rishav and Ayachi, were made the brand ambassadors of Madhubani by the Election Commission. Rishav is on the tabla and Ayachi is a singer and performs often on percussion as well.


title: Maithili Thakur

text: Maithali Thakur on her YouTube channel along with her two younger brother Rishav and Ayachi sings famous Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas. This Manaspath gives a huge success to Maithali as well as to her brothers. Currently they are on 268th episode and couplet (doha) no. 168 of Ayodhya kanda as of 13th August 2022.


title: Diacetyl

text: Diacetyl (IUPAC systematic name: butanedione or butane-2,3-dione) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CHCO). It is a yellow liquid with an intensely buttery flavor. It is a vicinal diketone (two C=O groups, side-by-side). Diacetyl occurs naturally in alcoholic beverages and is added as a flavoring to some foods to impart its buttery flavor.


title: Diacetyl

text: A distinctive feature of diacetyl (and other vicinal diketones) is the long C–C bond linking the carbonyl centers. This bond distance is about 1.54 Å, compared to 1.45 Å for the corresponding C–C bond in 1,3-butadiene. The elongation is attributed to repulsion between the polarized carbonyl carbon centers.


title: Diacetyl

text: Diacetyl arises naturally as a byproduct of fermentation. In some fermentative bacteria, it is formed via the thiamine pyrophosphate-mediated condensation of pyruvate and acetyl CoA. Sour (cultured) cream, cultured buttermilk, and cultured butter are produced by inoculating pasteurized cream or milk with a lactic starter culture, churning (agitating) and holding the milk until a desired pH drop (or increase in acidity) is attained. Cultured cream, cultured butter, and cultured buttermilk owe their tart flavour to lactic acid bacteria and their buttery aroma and taste to diacetyl. Malic acid can be converted to lactic acid to make diacetyl.


title: Diacetyl

text: Diacetyl and acetoin are two compounds that give butter its characteristic taste. Because of this, manufacturers of artificial butter flavoring, margarines or similar oil-based products typically add diacetyl and acetoin (along with beta-carotene for the yellow color) to make the final product butter-flavored, because it would otherwise be relatively tasteless.


title: Diacetyl

text: Diacetyl is used as a flavoring agent in some liquids used in electronic cigarettes. People nearby may be exposed to it in the exhaled aerosol at levels near the limit set for occupational exposure.


title: Diacetyl

text: In some styles of beer (e.g. in many beer styles produced in the United Kingdom, such as stouts, English bitters, and Scottish ales), the presence of diacetyl can be acceptable or desirable at low or, in some cases, moderate levels. In other styles, its presence is considered a flaw or undesirable.


title: Diacetyl

text: Diacetyl is produced during fermentation as a byproduct of valine synthesis, when yeast produces α-acetolactate, which escapes the cell and is spontaneously decarboxylated into diacetyl. The yeast then absorbs the diacetyl, and reduces the ketone groups to form acetoin and 2,3-butanediol.


title: Diacetyl

text: Beer sometimes undergoes a "diacetyl rest", in which its temperature is raised slightly for two or three days after fermentation is complete, to allow the yeast to absorb the diacetyl it produced earlier in the fermentation cycle. The makers of some wines, such as chardonnay, deliberately promote the production of diacetyl because of the feel and flavor it imparts. Diacetyl is present in some chardonnays known as "butter bombs", although there is a trend back toward the more traditional French styles.


title: Diacetyl

text: Concentrations from 0.005 mg/L to 1.7 mg/L were measured in chardonnay wines, and the amount needed for the flavor to be noticed is at least 0.2 mg/L.


title: Diacetyl

text: Chronic industrial exposure to diacetyl fumes, such as in the microwave popcorn production industry, has been associated with bronchiolitis obliterans, a rare and life-threatening form of non-reversible obstructive lung disease in which the bronchioles (small airway branches) are compressed and narrowed by fibrosis (scar tissue) and/or inflammation.


title: Diacetyl

text: The European Commission has declared diacetyl is legal for use as a flavouring substance in all EU states. As a diketone, diacetyl is included in the EU's flavouring classification Flavouring Group Evaluation 11 (FGE.11). A Scientific Panel of the EU Commission evaluated six flavouring substances (not including diacetyl) from FGE.11 in 2004. As part of this study, the panel reviewed available studies on several other flavourings in FGE.11, including diacetyl. Based on the available data, the panel reiterated the finding that there were no safety concerns for diacetyl's use as a flavouring.


title: Diacetyl

text: In 2007, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the EU's food safety regulatory body, stated its scientific panel on food additives and flavourings (AFC) was evaluating diacetyl along with other flavourings as part of a larger study.


title: Diacetyl

text: In 2007, the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association recommended reducing diacetyl in butter flavorings. Manufacturers of butter flavored popcorn including Pop Weaver, Trail's End, and ConAgra Foods (maker of Orville Redenbacher's and Act II) began removing diacetyl as an ingredient from their products.


title: Diacetyl

text: A 2010 U.S. OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin and companion Worker Alert recommend employers use safety measures to minimize exposure to diacetyl or its substitutes.


title: Diacetyl

text: In 2016, diacetyl was banned in e-liquids/e-cigarettes in the EU under the EU Tobacco Products Directive.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Dark-field microscopy (also called dark-ground microscopy) describes microscopy methods, in both light and electron microscopy, which exclude the unscattered beam from the image. As a result, the field around the specimen (i.e., where there is no specimen to scatter the beam) is generally dark.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: In optical microscopes a darkfield condenser lens must be used, which directs a cone of light away from the objective lens. To maximize the scattered light-gathering power of the objective lens, oil immersion is used and the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens must be less than 1.0. Objective lenses with a higher NA can be used but only if they have an adjustable diaphragm, which reduces the NA. Often these objective lenses have a NA that is variable from 0.7 to 1.25.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: In optical microscopy, dark-field describes an illumination technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained samples. It works by illuminating the sample with light that will not be collected by the objective lens and thus will not form part of the image. This produces the classic appearance of a dark, almost black, background with bright objects on it.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Dark-field microscopy is a very simple yet effective technique and well suited for uses involving live and unstained biological samples, such as a smear from a tissue culture or individual, water-borne, single-celled organisms. Considering the simplicity of the setup, the quality of images obtained from this technique is impressive.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: One limitation of dark-field microscopy is the low light levels seen in the final image. This means that the sample must be very strongly illuminated, which can cause damage to the sample.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Dark-field microscopy techniques are almost entirely free of halo or relief-style artifacts typical of DIC and phase-contrast imaging. This comes at the expense of sensitivity to phase information.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: The interpretation of dark-field images must be done with great care, as common dark features of bright-field microscopy images may be invisible, and vice versa. In general the dark-field image lacks the low spatial frequencies associated with the bright-field image, making the image a high-passed version of the underlying structure.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: While the dark-field image may first appear to be a negative of the bright-field image, different effects are visible in each. In bright-field microscopy, features are visible where either a shadow is cast on the surface by the incident light or a part of the surface is less reflective, possibly by the presence of pits or scratches. Raised features that are too smooth to cast shadows will not appear in bright-field images, but the light that reflects off the sides of the feature will be visible in the dark-field images.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: <gallery caption="Comparison of transillumination techniques used to generate contrast in a sample of tissue paper (1.559 μm/pixel when viewed at full resolution)" align="center">


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Image:Paper_Micrograph_Dark.png|Dark-field illumination, sample contrast comes from light scattered by the sample


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Image:Paper_Micrograph_Bright.png|Bright-field illumination, sample contrast comes from attenuation of light in the sample


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Image:Paper_Micrograph_Cross-Polarised.png|Cross-polarized light illumination, sample contrast comes from rotation of polarized light through the sample


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Image:Paper_Micrograph_Phase.png|Phase-contrast illumination, sample contrast comes from interference of different path lengths of light through the sample


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Dark-field microscopy has recently been applied in computer mouse pointing devices to allow the mouse to work on transparent glass by imaging microscopic flaws and dust on the glass's surface.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: When coupled to hyperspectral imaging, dark-field microscopy becomes a powerful tool for the characterization of nanomaterials embedded in cells. In a recent publication, Patskovsky et al. used this technique to study the attachment of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) targeting CD44+ cancer cells.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Dark-field studies in transmission electron microscopy play a powerful role in the study of crystals and crystal defects, as well as in the imaging of individual atoms.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Briefly, imaging involves tilting the incident illumination until a diffracted, rather than the incident, beam passes through a small objective aperture in the objective lens back focal plane. Dark-field images, under these conditions, allow one to map the diffracted intensity coming from a single collection of diffracting planes as a function of projected position on the specimen and as a function of specimen tilt.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: In single-crystal specimens, single-reflection dark-field images of a specimen tilted just off the Bragg condition allow one to "light up" only those lattice defects, like dislocations or precipitates, that bend a single set of lattice planes in their neighborhood. Analysis of intensities in such images may then be used to estimate the amount of that bending. In polycrystalline specimens, on the other hand, dark-field images serve to light up only that subset of crystals that are Bragg-reflecting at a given orientation.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Weak-beam imaging involves optics similar to conventional dark-field, but uses a diffracted beam "harmonic" rather than the diffracted beam itself. In this way, much higher resolution of strained regions around defects can be obtained.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: Annular dark-field imaging requires one to form images with electrons diffracted into an annular aperture centered on, but not including, the unscattered beam. For large scattering angles in a scanning transmission electron microscope, this is sometimes called "Z"-contrast imaging because of the enhanced scattering from high-atomic-number atoms.


title: Dark-field microscopy

text: This a mathematical technique intermediate between direct and reciprocal (Fourier-transform) space for exploring images with well-defined periodicities, like electron microscope lattice-fringe images. As with analog dark-field imaging in a transmission electron microscope, it allows one to "light up" those objects in the field of view where periodicities of interest reside. Unlike analog dark-field imaging it may also allow one to map the "Fourier-phase" of periodicities, and hence phase gradients, which provide quantitative information on vector lattice strain.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: John Lee Ratcliffe (born October 20, 1965) is an American politician and attorney who served as the Director of National Intelligence from 2020 to 2021. He previously served as the U.S. representative for Texas's 4th district from 2015 to 2020. During his time in Congress, Ratcliffe was regarded as one of the most conservative members. Ratcliffe also served as Mayor of Heath, Texas, from 2004 to 2012 and as acting United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Texas from May 2007 to April 2008.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: President Donald Trump announced on July 28, 2019, that he intended to nominate Ratcliffe to replace Dan Coats as Director of National Intelligence. Ratcliffe withdrew after Republican senators raised concerns about him, former intelligence officials said he might politicize intelligence, and media revealed Ratcliffe's embellishments regarding his prosecutorial experience in terrorism and immigration cases.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: On February 28, 2020, President Trump announced that he would again nominate Ratcliffe to be Director of National Intelligence, and after Senate approval, he resigned from the House, and was sworn in on May 26. At his confirmation hearing, amid concerns that Ratcliffe would politicize the DNI, Ratcliffe pledged to be apolitical. However, during his tenure as DNI, Ratcliffe was regarded as using the DNI to score political points for Trump. Ratcliffe made public assertions that contradicted the intelligence community's own assessments, and sidelined career officials in the intelligence community.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Born in Mount Prospect, Illinois, northwest of Chicago, Ratcliffe was the youngest of six children; both of his parents were teachers. He graduated from Carbondale Community High School in Carbondale, Illinois; from the University of Notre Dame in 1987 with a Bachelor of Arts in Government and International Studies; and the Southern Methodist University School of Law (now Dedman School of Law) with a Juris Doctor in 1989.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe was elected to four consecutive two-year terms as mayor of Heath, Texas, a city of about 7,000 people, 25 miles east of downtown Dallas. He served in that position from June 2004 to May 2012.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In 2004, President George W. Bush appointed Ratcliffe to be the Chief of Anti-Terrorism and National Security for the Eastern District of Texas, within the U.S. Department of Justice. In May 2007, Ratcliffe was named interim U.S. Attorney for the district. Ratcliffe returned to private law practice when Rebecca Gregory was confirmed by the Senate as the permanent U.S. Attorney for the district in April 2008.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe's campaign website said that, as a federal prosecutor Ratcliffe "personally managed dozens of international and domestic terrorism investigations involving some of the nation’s most sensitive security matters" and "put terrorists in prison." There is, however, no evidence Ratcliffe ever prosecuted a terrorism case.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe also misrepresented his involvement in the U.S. v. Holy Land Foundation terrorism financing case, claiming “there are individuals that currently sit in prison because I prosecuted them for funneling money to terrorist groups." ABC News reported that there was no evidence in public court records that Ratcliffe was involved in the case, and that former officials and attorneys involved in the case could not recall that Ratcliffe was involved.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe's official House of Representatives biography says that while working as prosecutor for the Eastern District, he "arrested 300 illegal aliens in a single day". "The Washington Post" noted in a story about how Ratcliffe embellished his record that Ratcliffe played a supporting role in an effort to bust illegal immigrants and that his office arrested only 45 individuals suspected of being illegal immigrants (including two who turned out to be American citizens). Officials involved in the immigration enforcement dispute that Ratcliffe played a central role in the raid.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In 2009, Ratcliffe became a partner with former Attorney General John Ashcroft in the law firm Ashcroft, Sutton, Ratcliffe.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In 2012, Ratcliffe was part of a transition team, established before that year's general election by Republican candidate Mitt Romney, to vet potential Presidential appointees.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In late 2013, Ratcliffe announced that he would run in the Republican primary against 17-term incumbent Congressman Ralph Hall of the 4th district. At 91, Hall was the oldest member of Congress and the oldest person ever to serve in the House of Representatives. The "Dallas Morning News" said that Ratcliffe was Hall's "most serious political challenge in years." No Democrat even filed, meaning that whoever won the primary would be all but assured of victory in November.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In a primary campaign during which Hall had begun to look increasingly vulnerable, Ratcliffe received the endorsement of the "Dallas Morning News", which applauded Hall's long record of public service but cited Ratcliffe's "impressive credentials" and the need for "new ideas and fresh energy."


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In the March 4 primary, Ratcliffe finished second with 29 percent of the vote, behind Hall's 45 percent. Because Hall came up short of a majority, a runoff election was required. For the May 27 runoff, Ratcliffe was endorsed by the Tea Party Express, the Senate Conservatives Fund, and the Club for Growth. Hall was endorsed by the National Rifle Association, former Congressman Ron Paul, former Congresswoman Michele Bachmann, and former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee. Ratcliffe defeated Hall with 53 percent of the vote, the first time in twenty years that a sitting Republican congressman in Texas had been ousted in a primary. Ratcliffe was one of four candidates to defeat a sitting incumbent U.S. representative in a primary election in 2014.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In the November 2014 general election, Ratcliffe ran unopposed. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+25, it is the fifth most Republican district in Texas and is tied for the 13th most Republican in the nation.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: On March 1, 2016, Ratcliffe easily defeated two challengers in the Republican primary, getting 68 percent of the vote, 47 percentage points ahead of the second-place finisher. Once again, no Democrat filed to run in the November general election. In the general election, Ratcliffe defeated a third-party candidate with 88% of the vote.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: On November 6, 2018, Ratcliffe won re-election to a third term with nearly 76 percent of the vote, defeating Democratic challenger Catherine Krantz and Libertarian challenger Ken Ashby.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: When Ratcliffe took office on January 3, 2015; he became only the fifth person to represent the 4th District since its creation in 1903. All but one of his predecessors had held the seat for at least 25 years.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: The "Dallas Morning News" said in April 2016 that "Ratcliffe's first term in Washington proves that freshman lawmakers can be players of consequence in Congress."


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In a September 2016 hearing of the House Judiciary Committee, Ratcliffe questioned then-FBI Director James Comey about whether the FBI's decision not to recommend criminal charges against Hillary Clinton in connection with the email controversy came before or after Clinton was interviewed by investigations; Comey responded that the final decision had been made after the interviews. Ratcliffe subsequently suggested that the FBI had "predetermined the result" of the investigation.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe was a member of the Republican Study Committee and the Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus. In late 2018, Ratcliffe was reportedly considered for the role of Attorney General by the Trump Administration.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In a March 2019 tweet, Ratcliffe asserted that former FBI attorney Lisa Page had confirmed to him under oath that the Obama Justice Department had ordered the FBI to not consider gross negligence charges against Hillary Clinton regarding her handling of classified material. However, the June 2018 DOJ inspector general report on the matter stated that the DOJ's analysis of the relevant statute found that the FBI evidence for such a charge was lacking, and that interpretation was consistent with "prior cases under different leadership including in the 2008 decision not to prosecute former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales for mishandling classified documents." Analysts also noted that the FBI does not charge individuals, rather the DOJ does, as Page clarified to Ratcliffe later in her testimony, but which Ratcliffe did not mention in his tweet. Fox News extensively reported Ratcliffe's account of the matter, which Trump tweeted about minutes later.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: During the 114th Congress (2015–2017), Ratcliffe sat on the Judiciary and Homeland Security committees, where he was a subcommittee chair on the House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies. During the 115th Congress (2017–19), Ratcliffe was a member of the Ethics, Judiciary, and Homeland Security committees. Within the Homeland Security Committee, he was a member of the subcommittee on Oversight and Management Efficiency and chaired the subcommittee on Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection. Within the Judiciary Committee, he was a member of the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security and Investigations and vice chairman of the Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: During the 116th Congress (2019), Ratcliffe sat on the Ethics, Judiciary and Intelligence Committees. Within the Judiciary Committee, Ratcliffe was the ranking member of the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security and a member of the Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Internet. Within the Intelligence Committee, Ratcliffe was a member of the Strategic Technologies and Advanced Research Subcommittee and Intelligence and Modernization Readiness Subcommittee.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: On January 20, 2020, prior to the Senate impeachment trial, the Trump administration announced Ratcliffe as one of the congressional members of his impeachment team. Upon the announcement, Ratcliffe said, "I took an oath to defend the Constitution. This impeachment is an assault on due process. It’s an assault on the separation of powers. It's unconstitutional. I'm grateful for the opportunity to make that clear to every American during the Senate trial." Ratcliffe worked with the White House for several weeks prior to the Senate trial to prepare oral arguments and legal briefs. He was tapped for the position based on his legal background and effectiveness during impeachment proceedings in the House Intelligence and Judiciary committees.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: President Donald Trump announced on July 28, 2019, that he intended to nominate Ratcliffe to replace Dan Coats as Director of National Intelligence. Trump expressed confidence Ratcliffe could "rein in" intelligence agencies which he asserted had "run amok."


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe has little experience in national security or national intelligence and is reported to have demonstrated little engagement on the matters as a congressman. Trump's intent to nominate Ratcliffe became controversial when he was found to have misrepresented his role in prosecuting terrorism and immigration cases.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe is well known for criticizing the FBI and the special counsel investigation as being biased against Trump. Ratcliffe has also alleged that Russian interference may have benefited Trump's 2016 rival candidate Hillary Clinton more than it benefited Trump. American intelligence agencies, the Senate Intelligence Committee and Robert Mueller have maintained that Russia interfered to help Trump. A week before Trump's announcement, Ratcliffe had argued that the special counsel investigation put Trump "below the law" because it declined to exonerate Trump. Later, Ratcliffe claimed on Fox News that the special counsel investigation's report was not written by special counsel Robert Mueller, but by "Hillary Clinton’s de facto legal team".


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Democrats asserted Ratcliffe was unqualified and too partisan to serve in such a role, which is historically considered relatively nonpartisan. Some Republicans also privately expressed discontent with his selection and concerns about his ability to be confirmed. However, Senate Intelligence Committee Chairman Richard Burr and Senator John Cornyn expressed confidence in him. Democratic senators including Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer and Ron Wyden, a member of the Intelligence Committee, said that Ratcliffe's only qualification for the office appeared to be "blind loyalty" to Trump, noting that he has promoted some of Trump's conspiracy theories about the Russia investigation and has called for prosecution of Trump's political enemies. Several former members of the intelligence community expressed concerns that Ratcliffe's appointment risked politicizing intelligence work. They expressed fear that with Ratcliffe as DNI, Trump would in effect be assuming personal control over the intelligence community, which would then be expected to tell him only what he wants to hear. They stressed the need for intelligence to be "candid, truthful and accurate even if it is unpleasant and does not confirm to the biases of the president".


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: On August 2, 2019, Trump said in a tweet that he was withdrawing Ratcliffe's name from nomination, claiming that mainstream media scrutiny of Ratcliffe (though using the "lamestream" pejorative in the actual message) was unfair, and would result in "months of slander and libel," while White House sources said that Trump had become concerned about Ratcliffe's chances for confirmation, following feedback from some Republican senators. Speaking to reporters later that day, Trump insisted the press had treated Ratcliffe unfairly, but he also stated that he liked the way the press vetted his nominees, saying "You vet for me." In his formal statement withdrawing from consideration, Ratcliffe said, "I do not wish for a national security and intelligence debate surrounding my confirmation, however untrue, to become a purely political and partisan issue. The country we all love deserves that it be treated as an American issue. Accordingly, I have asked the President to nominate someone other than me for this position."


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: On February 28, 2020, President Donald Trump publicly announced Ratcliffe to be his nominee for Director of National Intelligence. On February 29, 2020, Sen. Mark Warner, vicechair of the Senate Intelligence Committee warned Trump against re-nominating Ratcliffe. The nomination came to the U.S. Senate on March 3, 2020. The U.S. Select Senate Committee on Intelligence held hearings on May 5, 2020, which started with a letter from former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft in favor of the nomination. U.S. Senator John Cornyn introduced Ratcliffe and supported his nomination. The Committee later voted in favor of the nomination on May 19, 2020.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe was confirmed by the Senate on May 21, 2020, by a vote of 49 to 44. He was sworn in on May 26.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Thirty-five days before the November 2020 election, Ratcliffe declassifed 2016 Russian disinformation that asserted Hillary Clinton had personally approved a scheme to associate Trump with Vladimir Putin and Russian hacking of the Democratic National Committee. Ratcliffe provided the disinformation to Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Lindsey Graham, who publicly released it. The allegation had been previously rejected as baseless by the Republican-controlled Senate Intelligence Committee. Ratcliffe acknowledged in a letter to Graham that the intelligence community "does not know the accuracy of this allegation or the extent to which the Russian intelligence analysis may reflect exaggeration or fabrication." The intelligence community opposed the release of the information. According to the "New York Times", Ratcliffe's disclosure "appeared to be a bid to help Mr. Trump politically."


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe diverged from remarks prepared by the intelligence community regarding attempted election interference by Iran in the 2020 election. Ratcliffe said that the election interference was intended to "damage President Trump."


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In November 2020, Trump secretly offered the job of U.S. attorney general to Ratcliffe, who turned the job down.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe was considered one of the most conservative members of Congress. In 2016, The Heritage Foundation ranked Ratcliffe as the most conservative Texas legislator in Congress and second-most conservative legislator in the country.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe has called for China to be stripped of rights to hold the 2022 Winter Olympics because of what he says are "crimes of humanity against Uyghur Muslims" and alleging "a massive cover up of the (COVID-19) virus’s origins" and the "circumstances surrounding its initial outbreak".


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe supported President Donald Trump's 2017 executive order to prohibit immigration from seven predominantly Muslim countries, stating, "I applaud President Trump's actions to vamp up the vetting of refugees attempting to enter our country."


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe was chairman of the House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection during the 115th Congress (2017–19), when Republicans controlled the House.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In March 2014, Ratcliffe oversaw a congressional hearing, "The Current State of DHS Private Sector Engagement for Cybersecurity", that studied ways to get the private sector and the Department of Homeland Security to better cooperate to prevent terrorist activity. He secured testimony from various organizations: the Hitrust Alliance, Intel Security Group, Symantec, Palo Alto Networks, and New America's Open Technology Institute.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: On December 16, 2016, Barack Obama signed Ratcliffe's H.R. 5877 "United States-Israel Advanced Research Partnership Act of 2016" into public law. On November 2, 2017, Donald Trump signed Ratcliffe's H.R. 1616 "Strengthening State and Local Cyber Crime Fighting Act of 2017" into public law.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: In December 2017, Ratcliffe signed a letter from Congress, along with 106 other members of Congress, to Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai, supporting Pai's plan to repeal net neutrality.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe has staunchly supported Trump's criticism of the investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, in particular the origins of the investigation, contending "it does appear that there were crimes committed during the Obama administration." Ratcliffe has stated that he has "seen no evidence" that Russian interference in the 2016 election helped get Trump elected. He has described court-approved surveillance of the Trump campaign as spying. He has claimed without evidence that the Russia probe may have been tainted by a criminal conspiracy.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Days before he was announced as Trump's choice to be Director of National Intelligence, Ratcliffe drew headlines for his questioning of Robert Mueller during Mueller's congressional testimony. Ratcliffe criticized Mueller for describing instances of obstruction of justice in his report on Russian interference in the 2016 election. Ratcliffe claimed that Mueller went beyond the rules for special counsels, by covering instances of potential obstruction when the report did not charge any crimes. The Associated Press and PolitiFact found Ratcliffe's claim false, noting that special prosecutors are required by federal regulations to explain decisions not to prosecute. Neal Katyal, who wrote the special counsel regulations in 1999, called Ratcliffe "dead wrong."


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe also falsely claimed that the Steele dossier, which he described as a "fake, phony dossier", was the trigger that started the Trump-Russia probe. The House Republican intelligence committee's own memo about the Russia probe had said that it was information about George Papadopoulos that set off an investigation by the FBI in July 2016. Ratcliffe also asserted that Democrats "accused Donald Trump of a crime and then tried to reverse engineer a process to justify that accusation." Trump was reportedly impressed by Ratcliffe's aggressive questioning of Mueller, which some sources described as Ratcliffe's "audition" to be named DNI.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Shortly before Trump announced he would be nominated as DNI, Ratcliffe asserted the Obama administration had committed a felony by leaking classified transcripts of 2016 phone calls between Michael Flynn and Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak to "The Washington Post". The gist of the conversations were conveyed to "Post" reporters, but not the transcripts themselves. He also asserted, "The Mueller report and its conclusions weren’t from Robert Mueller. They were written by what a lot of people believe was Hillary Clinton’s de facto legal team, people that had supported her, even represented some of her aides." Three days after becoming DNI in May 2020, Ratcliffe declassified and released the full transcripts, which may have made it more difficult for prosecutors to assert the earlier reporting about the gist of the calls had harmed national security.


title: John Ratcliffe (American politician)

text: Ratcliffe said that he had seen a text message between FBI employees Peter Strzok and Lisa Page that referenced a "secret society," adding, "We learned today about information that in the immediate aftermath of his election, there may have been a 'secret society' of folks within the Department of Justice and the FBI, to include Page and Strzok, working against [Trump]." His assertion briefly went viral on pro-Trump media, and the next day Republican senator Ron Johnson claimed that Republican investigators had learned from an "informant" of meetings of a "secret society." The text message did contain the expression "secret society," but it was soon learned to be a joke related to Strzok's purchase of "beefcake" calendars of Vladimir Putin for distribution to FBI employees who had worked on the Russian investigation.


title: David Remnick

text: David J. Remnick (born October 29, 1958) is an American journalist and writer. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1994 for his book "", and is also the author of "Resurrection" and "King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero". Remnick has been editor of "The New Yorker" magazine since 1998. He was named "Editor of the Year" by "Advertising Age" in 2000. Before joining "The New Yorker", Remnick was a reporter and the Moscow correspondent for "The Washington Post". He also has served on the New York Public Library board of trustees and is a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 2010, he published his sixth book, "".


title: David Remnick

text: Remnick was born to a Jewish family in Hackensack, New Jersey, the son of Barbara (Seigel), an art teacher, and Edward C. Remnick, a dentist. He was raised in Hillsdale, New Jersey, in a Jewish home with, he has said, "a lot of books around." He attended Yavneh Academy in Paramus. Remnick was also a childhood friend of comedian Bill Maher. He attended Pascack Valley High School in Hillsdale. At Pascack Valley High School he studied Russian and was thereby inspired to also study the politics and culture of the USSR.


title: David Remnick

text: He was graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1981 with an A.B. in comparative literature; there he met writer John McPhee, was a member of the University Press Club, and helped found "The Nassau Weekly". Remnick completed a 122-page long senior thesis titled "The Sympathetic Thread: 'Leaves of Grass' 1855-1865." Remnick has implied that after college he wanted to write novels, but due to the illnesses of his parents, he needed to get a job. Wanting to be a writer, he took a job at "The Washington Post".


title: David Remnick

text: Remnick began his reporting career at "The Washington Post" in 1982 shortly after his graduation from Princeton. His first assignment was to cover the United States Football League. After six years, in 1988, he became the newspaper's Moscow correspondent, which provided him with the material for . He also received the George Polk Award for excellence in journalism in 1993.


title: David Remnick

text: Remnick became a staff writer at "The New Yorker" in September 1992, after ten years at "The Washington Post".


title: David Remnick

text: Remnick's 1997 "New Yorker" article "Kid Dynamite Blows Up", about boxer Mike Tyson, was nominated for a National Magazine Award. In July 1998, he became editor, succeeding Tina Brown. Remnick promoted Hendrik Hertzberg, a former Jimmy Carter speechwriter and former editor of "The New Republic", to write the lead pieces in "Talk of the Town", the magazine's opening section. In 2005, Remnick earned $1 million for his work as the magazine's editor.


title: David Remnick

text: In 2003, Remnick penned an editorial in "The New Yorker" in the lead-up to the Iraq War saying "the United States has been wrong, politically and morally, about Iraq more than once in the past... but... a return to a hollow pursuit of containment will be the most dangerous option of all." In the months leading up to the war, the magazine also published several articles connecting Saddam Hussein to al-Qaida, often relying on unnamed sources, or simply the claims of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, as evidence. The magazine received some criticism for their journalism during this period. The claims that Hussein and al-Qaida had a close operational relationship were false, as confirmed by numerous sources including a U.S military study in 2008.


title: David Remnick

text: In 2004, for the first time in its 80-year history, "The New Yorker" endorsed a presidential candidate, John Kerry.


title: David Remnick

text: In May 2009, Remnick was the subject of an extended Twitter thread by former "New Yorker" staff writer Dan Baum, whose contract with the magazine was not renewed by Remnick. The tweets, written over the course of a week, described the difficult relationship between Baum and Remnick, his editor.


title: David Remnick

text: Remnick's biography of President Barack Obama, "", was released on April 6, 2010. It features hundreds of interviews with friends, colleagues, and other witnesses to Obama's rise to the presidency of the United States.


title: David Remnick

text: In 2010, Remnick lent his support to the campaign urging the release of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani, the Iranian woman sentenced to death by stoning after being convicted of adultery and ordering the murder of her husband by her lover.


title: David Remnick

text: Remnick provided guest commentary and contributed to NBC coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi Russia, including the opening ceremony and commentary for NBC News.


title: David Remnick

text: In May 2014, Remnick served as the commencement speaker at the 160th commencement of Syracuse University.


title: David Remnick

text: In 1987, Remnick married reporter Esther Fein in a Jewish ceremony at the Lincoln Square Synagogue in Manhattan. Fein has worked as a reporter for "The New York Times" and "The Washington Post". The couple has three children, Alex, Noah, and Natasha. Remnick is fluent in Russian.


title: The Legend of Zelda (TV series)

text: The Legend of Zelda is an American animated television series. The series is heavily based on the first game of Nintendo's "The Legend of Zelda" video game series, "The Legend of Zelda", but includes some references to "". It was exhibited during the Friday episodes of "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!".


title: The Legend of Zelda (TV series)

text: The plot follows the adventures of Link and Princess Zelda as they defend the kingdom of Hyrule from an evil wizard named Ganon.


title: The Legend of Zelda (TV series)

text: The show has thirteen episodes, which first aired in North America from September 8 to December 1, 1989.


title: The Legend of Zelda (TV series)

text: Each episode of "The Legend of Zelda" follows the adventures of the hero Link and Princess Zelda as they defend the kingdom of Hyrule from an evil wizard named Ganon, who somehow came into possession of the Triforce of Power. Most episodes consist of Ganon (or his minions) either attempting to capture the Triforce of Wisdom from Zelda, kidnap Zelda, or conquer Hyrule. In some episodes, Link and Zelda are assisted and accompanied by a fairy-princess named Spryte, who dislikes Zelda as she considers her to be a competitor for Link's affections. Throughout the series, Link is a moaning, self-centred teenager who repeatedly fails to convince Zelda that he deserves a kiss for his heroic deeds. Although Zelda is sometimes the damsel in distress, she is a headstrong, self-sufficient princess who is Link's equal. Link frequently meets Zelda's angry remarks with his sarcastic catchphrase, "Well, excuse me, Princess!"


title: The Legend of Zelda (TV series)

text: The show was produced by DIC Animation and premiered in 1989, which was just two years after the original "The Legend of Zelda" video game was released outside Japan. The television series was based heavily on the game and focused on its core characters, Link, Zelda and Ganon. The game concept was adapted into a Saturday morning children's television series in the genre style of a romantic comedy. Due to the lack of available "Zelda" lore at the time of production, the series diverges from traditional plot elements of the games in various ways, including placing Princess Zelda as a central protagonist and portraying Link with an exaggerated vocal personality. It also features only two pieces of the Triforce, with Zelda and Ganon each possessing a Triforce and Link's Triforce being completely absent. The episodes drew little inspiration from "Zelda" lore outside of the main characters' battle for possession of the Triforce, but feature numerous references to the games, including the names of monsters, weapons, and special items, as well as identical sound effects, a theme song based on the first game, and an underworld in the form of a massive labyrinth.