title: Tintin in the Congo

text: In July 2007, British human rights lawyer David Enright complained to the United Kingdom's Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) that the book was sold in the children's section of Borders bookshop. The CRE called on bookshops to remove the comic; responding that it was committed to letting its "customers make the choice", Borders moved the book to an area reserved for adult graphic novels. UK bookseller Waterstone's followed suit. Another British retailer, WHSmith, said that the book was sold on its website, but with a label that recommended it for readers aged 16 and over. The CRE's attempt to ban the book was criticised by Conservative Party politician Ann Widdecombe, who remarked that the organisation had more important things to do than regulate the availability of historical children's books. The media controversy increased interest in the book, and Borders reported that its sales of "Tintin in the Congo" had been boosted 4,000%, while it also rose to eighth on the Amazon.com bestseller list. Publisher Egmont UK also responded to racism concerns by placing a protective band around the book with a warning about its content and writing an introduction describing its historical context.


title: Tintin in the Congo

text: "Tintin in the Congo" also came under criticism in the United States; in October 2007, in response to a complaint by a patron, the Brooklyn Public Library in New York City placed the graphic novel in a locked back room, only permitting access by appointment. "Tintin in the Congo" became part of a drawn-out media debate in Sweden after national newspaper "Dagens Nyheter" reported on the book's removal from a children's library in Kulturhuset in Stockholm in September 2011. The incident, nicknamed "Tintin-gate", led to heated discussions in mainstream and social media concerning accusations of racism and censorship. Complaints about the availability of the book in Sweden were also voiced by the Swedish-Belgian Jean-Dadaou Monyas, supported by Afrosvenskarna, an interest group for Swedes of African descent. The complaint to the Chancellor of Justice was turned down as violations of hate speech restrictions in the Swedish Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression must be filed within one year of publication, and the latest Swedish edition of "Tintin in the Congo" appeared in 2005.


title: Tintin in the Congo

text: "Tintin in the Congo" shows Tintin taking part in what Farr described as "the wholesale and gratuitous slaughter" of animals; over the course of the Adventure, Tintin shoots several antelope, kills an ape to wear its skin, rams a rifle vertically into a crocodile's open mouth, injures an elephant for ivory, stones a buffalo, and (in earlier editions) drills a hole into a rhinoceros before planting dynamite in its body, blowing it up from the inside. Such scenes reflect the popularity of big-game hunting among affluent visitors in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1930s. Hergé later felt guilty about his portrayal of animals in "Tintin in the Congo" and became an opponent of blood sports; when he wrote "Cigars of the Pharaoh" (1934), he had Tintin befriend a herd of elephants living in the Indian jungle.


title: Tintin in the Congo

text: Philippe Goddin stated that the scene in which Tintin shoots a herd of antelope was "enough to upset even the least ecological reader" in the 21st century. When India Book House first published the book in India in 2006, its national branch of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals issued a public criticism, and chief functionary Anuradha Sawhney stated that the book was "replete with instances that send a message to young minds that it is acceptable to be cruel to animals".


title: Motorways of Pakistan

text: Motorways of Pakistan () are a network of multiple-lane, high-speed, controlled-access highways in Pakistan which are owned, maintained, and operated federally by Pakistan's National Highway Authority. At present, 2816 km of motorways are operational, while an additional 1213  km are under construction or planned. Motorways are a part of Pakistan's “National Trade Corridor Project” and “China-Pakistan Belt Road Initiative,” from Khunjerab Pass near the Chinese border to Gwadar in Balochistan. There are a total of 16 motorways, 11 of which are operational, while some are under construction and others are planned.


title: Motorways of Pakistan

text: All motorways in Pakistan are prefixed with the letter 'M' (for "Motorway") followed by the unique numerical designation of the specific highway (with a hyphen in the middle), e.g. "M-1".


title: Motorways of Pakistan

text: Pakistan's motorways are an important part of Pakistan's "National Trade Corridor Project", which aims to link Pakistan's three Arabian Sea ports (Karachi Port, Port Bin Qasim and Gwadar Port) to the rest of the country through its national highways and motorways network and further north with Afghanistan, Central Asia and China. The project was planned in 1990. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor project aims to link Gwadar Port and Kashgar (China) using Pakistani motorways, national highways, and expressways.


title: Motorways of Pakistan

text: Pakistan's Motorways are patrolled by Pakistan's National Highways & Motorway Police (NH&MP), which is responsible for enforcement of traffic and safety laws, security and recovery on the Pakistan Motorway network. The NH&MP use SUVs, cars and heavy motorbikes for patrolling purposes and uses speed cameras for enforcing speed limits.


title: Motorways of Pakistan

text: In 2016, NHA implemented electronic toll collection on M2 motorway in partnership with One Network that uses a RFID-based tag called the "M-TAG". The tag is attached to the windscreen of vehicles and is automatically scanned at toll plazas on entry and exit, meanwhile debiting the calculated toll tax from a prepaid M-TAG account. The service has since been expanded to all motorways, except M-14 and M-8, and is also used on Lahore Ring Road.


title: Motorways of Pakistan

text: The M-1 motorway (Peshawar-Islamabad) and the M-2 motorway (Islamabad-Lahore) each include two emergency runway sections of length. The four emergency runway sections become operational by removing removable concrete medians using forklifts. The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has used the M-2 motorway as a runway on two occasions: the first time in 2000 when it landed an F-7P fighter, a Super Mushak trainer and a C-130 and, again, in 2010. On the last occasion, the PAF used a runway section on the M-2 motorway on 2 April 2010 to land, refuel and take-off two jet fighters, a Mirage III and an F-7P, during its Highmark 2010 exercise.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: Malik Deshawn Cox (born June 23, 1978), known by his stage name Memphis Bleek, is an American rapper who was a protégé of fellow New York rapper Jay-Z. Cox started his own labels: Get Low Records in 1998, and Warehouse Music Group in 2016. He has released four albums, the first two certified Gold.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: Memphis Bleek was one of the first artists signed to Roc-A-Fella, as a protégé of Jay-Z. He grew up in Brooklyn's Marcy Projects, located in Bedford–Stuyvesant, the same neighborhood as Jay-Z. He appears on the Jay-Z albums: "Reasonable Doubt", "Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life", "Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter", "", and "". Bleek's first official appearance was "Coming of Age" from "Reasonable Doubt". After the huge success of "Hard Knock Life" and the exposure of the Roc-A-Fella camp, (a Memphis Bleek track off the aforementioned Jay-Z album, "It's Alright", actually charted on Billboard), the label released Memphis Bleek's debut album, Coming of Age. The album was the week's Hot Shot Debut on the Billboard 200, peaking at #7 with 118,000 units sold in its first week.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: The name "Memphis", which the rapper explained paid homage to pimps, was an acronym for "Making Easy Money, Pimping Hoes In Style" while "Bleek" had been a childhood nickname, given to him by his younger sister.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: He has released three more albums since his debut, "The Understanding", "M.A.D.E.", and "534" (Out of the three, The Understanding was certified Gold by the RIAA). In between the release of "The Understanding" and "M.A.D.E.", he took a three-year hiatus, in which time he took care of his older brother, who was seriously injured in a motorcycle accident. There are three significant notes to take away from the album "534", which was named after the building number of the housing project, where he and Jay-Z grew up. First, it was the debut release from the "new" Roc-A-Fella, referring to Jay-Z becoming President of Def Jam. It also contains the first official Def Jam recording by label mate turned international star, Rihanna, who featured on the song "The One". And lastly, this album marks the time in which Jay-Z released his first song since beginning his brief "retirement" in late 2003. The song was called "Dear Summer", in reference to what Jay called the time of the year when he would drop a classic album or single every year for eight straight years, and how he had to metaphorically leave "her", Summer.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: Memphis Bleek's highest charting single was "Is That Yo Chick", featuring Missy Elliott and Jay-Z, which peaked at #7 on the Hot Rap Singles "Billboard" Chart, and only one of two songs by the artist to crack the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #68, and the only track to appear on one of his solo albums. The other single being "It's Alright", appearing on the Hard Knock Life album by Jay-Z, peaking at #61 on the Billboard Hot 100. He has had countless collaborations with fellow hip-hop artists such as DMX, Ja Rule, T.I., and Trick Daddy, with many of the features coming with other Roc-A-Fella artists, including Beanie Sigel, Freeway, Cam'ron, Amil, Young Gunz, and of course Jay-Z.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: In fall 2005, Memphis Bleek told MTV that he was recording an album called "The Process", that he would describe as a make or break album, saying "I want to do an album that's through the roof, I want to do a classic album. I feel that if this album I'm not recording is a classic, I'm not even gonna put it out. I have to do it bigger than anybody has ever done it. I have to make a good record this time, not just talking-junk records." The rapper has worked on the album since 2005 and during that time frame he would release the songs "Hustla", "Get Ya Money Off" and "Let It Off". During this time, he would also leave Roc-A-Fella after Jay-Z told him he could run his own company and had the proper distribution deals to do so. He found a new home in 2009 when he signed to Mass Appeal Entertainment.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: In the summer of 2010, he backed Jay-Z on stage, during a performance at the Swedish festival Peace&Love.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: On April 10, 2012, Memphis Bleek, working with The Liberty Music Group, re-released "The Movement". The release went on to garnish over 125,000 Downloads.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: On June 6, 2012, Memphis Bleek, working again with The Liberty Music Group, released "Kush Vol. 2". The release went on to garnish over 59,000 Downloads and get a 3/5 Review from XXL Writer Adam Fleischer.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: On December 13, 2014, Cox married longtime girlfriend, Ashley Coombs, in an evening ceremony at The Merion in Cinnaminson, New Jersey, in which Jay-Z was in attendance. In July 2018, Cox introduced the world to their first child, a daughter. Cox also has a son, born in June 2002. Cox is the cousin of fellow Brooklyn rapper Sean Price.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: Getting the approval of Jay-Z in 2015, Memphis Bleek started his own label, as CEO and founder of Warehouse Music Group. The debut release from the label was Memphis Bleek's single "So Different" featuring Manolo Rose, which created a big buzz for the label. On July 28, 2016, Memphis Bleek made the announcement of signing Manolo Rose and Casanova. In 2017, Manolo Rose released "Ball Drop" and "Pink Fur". That same year, Casanova released three big singles: "Don't Run", "Go Best Friend" and "Left, Right" featuring Chris Brown and Fabolous.


title: Memphis Bleek

text: In 2002, Memphis Bleek starred in "State Property" as "Blizz". That same year, he was also in "Paper Soldiers". He's had cameos in "Backstage" and "Fade to Black" as well.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Alan Jay Lerner (August 31, 1918 – June 14, 1986) was an American lyricist and librettist. In collaboration with Frederick Loewe, and later Burton Lane, he created some of the world's most popular and enduring works of musical theatre both for the stage and on film. Lerner won three Tony Awards and three Academy Awards, among other honors.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Born in New York City, he was the son of Edith Adelson Lerner and Joseph Jay Lerner, whose brother, Samuel Alexander Lerner, was founder and owner of the Lerner Stores, a chain of dress shops. One of Lerner's cousins was the radio comedian and television game show panelist Henry Morgan. Lerner was educated at Bedales School in England, The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, (where he wrote "The Choate Marching Song") and Harvard. He attended both Camp Androscoggin and Camp Greylock. At both Choate and Harvard, Lerner was a classmate of John F. Kennedy; at Choate they had worked together on the yearbook staff. Like Cole Porter at Yale and Richard Rodgers at Columbia, his career in musical theater began with his collegiate contributions, in Lerner's case to the annual Harvard Hasty Pudding musicals. During the summers of 1936 and 1937, Lerner studied music composition at Juilliard. While attending Harvard, he lost his sight in his left eye due to an accident in the boxing ring. In 1957, Lerner and Leonard Bernstein, another of Lerner's college classmates, collaborated on "Lonely Men of Harvard", a tongue-in-cheek salute to their alma mater.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Owing to his eye injury, Lerner could not serve in World War II. Instead he wrote radio scripts, including "Your Hit Parade", until he was introduced to Austrian composer Frederick Loewe, who needed a partner, in 1942 at the Lamb's Club. While at the Lamb's, he also met Lorenz Hart, with whom he would also collaborate.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Lerner and Loewe's first collaboration was a musical adaptation of Barry Conners's farce "The Patsy" called "Life of the Party" for a Detroit stock company. The lyrics were mostly written by Earle Crooker, but he had left the project, with the score needing vast improvement. It enjoyed a nine-week run and encouraged the duo to join forces with Arthur Pierson for "What's Up?", which opened on Broadway in 1943. It ran for 63 performances and was followed two years later by "The Day Before Spring".


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Their first hit was "Brigadoon" (1947), a romantic fantasy set in a mystical Scottish village, directed by Robert Lewis. It was followed in 1951 by the Gold Rush story "Paint Your Wagon". While the show ran for nearly a year and included songs that later became pop standards, it was less successful than Lerner's previous work. He later said of "Paint Your Wagon", it was "a success but not a hit."


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Lerner worked with Kurt Weill on the stage musical "Love Life" (1948) and Burton Lane on the movie musical "Royal Wedding" (1951). In that same year Lerner also wrote the Oscar-winning original screenplay for "An American in Paris", produced by Arthur Freed and directed by Vincente Minnelli. This was the same team who would later join with Lerner and Loewe to create "Gigi".


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: In 1956, Lerner and Loewe unveiled "My Fair Lady". By this time, too, Lerner and Burton Lane were already working on a musical about Li'l Abner. Gabriel Pascal owned the rights to "Pygmalion", which had been unsuccessful with other composers who tried to adapt it into a musical. Arthur Schwartz and Howard Dietz first tried, and then Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II attempted, but gave up and Hammerstein told Lerner, ""Pygmalion" had no subplot". Lerner and Loewe's adaptation of George Bernard Shaw's "Pygmalion" retained his social commentary and added appropriate songs for the characters of Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle, played originally by Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews. It set box-office records in New York and London. When brought to the screen in 1964, the movie version won eight Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Actor for Rex Harrison.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Lerner and Loewe's run of success continued with their next project, a film adaptation of stories from Colette, the Academy Award-winning film musical "Gigi", starring Leslie Caron, Louis Jourdan and Maurice Chevalier. The film won all of its nine Oscar nominations, a record at that time, and a special Oscar for co-star Maurice Chevalier.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: The Lerner-Loewe partnership cracked under the stress of producing the Arthurian "Camelot" in 1960, with Loewe resisting Lerner's desire to direct as well as write when original director Moss Hart experienced a heart attack in the last few months of rehearsals and died shortly after the show's premiere. Lerner was hospitalized with bleeding ulcers while Loewe continued to have heart troubles. "Camelot" was a hit nonetheless, and immediately following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, his widow told reporter Theodore H. White that JFK's administration reminded her of the "one brief shining moment" of Lerner and Loewe's "Camelot". As of the early 21st century, "Camelot" was still invoked to describe the idealism, romance, and tragedy of the Kennedy years.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Loewe retired to Palm Springs, California, while Lerner went through a series of musicals—some successful, some not—with such composers as André Previn ("Coco"), John Barry ("Lolita, My Love"), Leonard Bernstein ("1600 Pennsylvania Avenue"), Burton Lane ("Carmelina") and Charles Strouse ("Dance a Little Closer", based on the film, "Idiot's Delight", nicknamed "Close A Little Faster" by Broadway humorists because it closed on opening night). Most biographers blame Lerner's professional decline on the lack of a strong director with whom Lerner could collaborate, as Neil Simon did with Mike Nichols or Stephen Sondheim with Harold Prince. (Moss Hart, who had directed "My Fair Lady," died shortly after "Camelot" opened). In 1965 Lerner collaborated again with Burton Lane on the musical "On a Clear Day You Can See Forever", which was adapted for film in 1970. At this time, Lerner was hired by film producer Arthur P. Jacobs to write a treatment for an upcoming film project, "Doctor Dolittle", but Lerner abrogated his contract after several non-productive months of non-communicative procrastination and was replaced with Leslie Bricusse. Lerner was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1971.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: In 1973, Lerner coaxed Loewe out of retirement to augment the "Gigi" score for a musical stage adaptation. The following year they collaborated on a musical film version of "The Little Prince", based on the classic children's tale by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. This film was a critical and box office failure, but it has gained a modern following.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Lerner's autobiography, "The Street Where I Live" (1978), was an account of three of his and Loewe's successful collaborations, "My Fair Lady", "Gigi", and "Camelot", along with personal information. In the last year of his life, he published "The Musical Theatre: A Celebration", a well-reviewed history of the theatre, with personal anecdotes and humor. The "Los Angeles Times" reviewer wrote: "There are several reasons why this book makes a fine introduction to musical theater. One is that Lerner knows exactly what was new, and when and why...In "The Musical Theatre," one is privy to the judgment of a man... who expresses his opinions in a forthright, warm and personal manner." A book of Lerner's lyrics entitled "A Hymn To Him", edited by a British writer Benny Green, was published in 1987.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: At the time of Lerner's death, he had been working with Gerard Kenny and Kristi Kane in London on a musical version of the film "My Man Godfrey". He had also received an urgent call from Andrew Lloyd Webber, asking him to write the lyrics to "The Phantom of the Opera". He wrote "Masquerade", but he then informed Webber that he wanted to leave the project because he was losing his memory (he had developed metastatic lung cancer) and Charles Hart replaced him. He had turned down an invitation to write the English-language lyrics for the musical version of "Les Misérables".


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: After Lerner's death, Paul Blake made a musical revue based on Lerner's lyrics and life entitled "Almost Like Being In Love", which featured music by Loewe, Lane, Previn, Strouse, and Weill. The show ran for 10 days at the Herbst Theatre in San Francisco.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Lerner often struggled with writing his lyrics. He was uncharacteristically able to complete "I Could Have Danced All Night" from "My Fair Lady" in one 24-hour period. He usually spent months on each song and was constantly rewriting them. Lerner was said to have insecurity about his talent. He would sometimes write songs with someone in mind, for instance, "I've Grown Accustomed To Her Face" from "My Fair Lady" was written with Rex Harrison in mind to complement his very limited vocal range.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: In a 1979 interview on NPR's "All Things Considered", Lerner went into some depth about his lyrics for "My Fair Lady". Professor Henry Higgins sings, "Look at her, a prisoner of the gutters / Condemned by every syllable she utters / By right she should be taken out and hung / For the cold-blooded murder of the English tongue." Lerner said he knew the lyric used incorrect grammar for the sake of a rhyme. He was later approached about it by another lyricist:


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Alan Jay Lerner was an advocate for writers' rights in theatre. He was a member of the Dramatists Guild of America. In 1960, he was elected as the twelfth president of the non-profit organization. He continued to serve as the Guild's president until 1964.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: For nearly twenty years, Lerner was addicted to amphetamines; during the 1960s he was a patient of Max Jacobson, known as "Dr. Feelgood", who administered injections of "vitamins with enzymes" that were in fact laced with amphetamines. Lerner's addiction is believed to have been the result of Jacobson's practice.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Lerner married eight times: Ruth Boyd (1940–1947), singer Marion Bell (1947–1949), actress Nancy Olson (1950–1957), lawyer Micheline Muselli Pozzo di Borgo (1957–1965), editor Karen Gundersen (1966–1974), Sandra Payne (1974–1976), Nina Bushkin (1977–1981) and Liz Robertson (1981–1986 [his death]). Four of his eight wives — Olson, Payne, Bushkin, and Robertson — were actresses. His seventh wife, Nina Bushkin, whom he married on May 30, 1977, was the director of development at Mannes College of Music and the daughter of composer and musician Joey Bushkin. After their divorce in 1981, Lerner was ordered to pay her a settlement of $50,000. Lerner wrote in his autobiography (as quoted by "The New York Times"): "All I can say is that if I had no flair for marriage, I also had no flair for bachelorhood."


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Lerner had four children — three daughters, Susan (by Boyd), Liza and Jennifer (by Olson), and one son, screenwriter and journalist Michael Alan Lerner (by di Borgo).


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: Lerner's multiple divorces cost him much of his wealth, but he was primarily responsible for his own financial ups and downs and was apparently less than truthful about his financial fecklessness. It was claimed that his divorce settlement from Micheline Muselli Pozzo di Borgo (his fourth wife) cost him an estimated $1 million in 1965. This was untrue. Lerner's pattern of financial mismanagement continued until his death from cancer in 1986, when he reportedly owed the U.S. Internal Revenue Service over US$1,000,000 in back taxes and was unable to pay for his final medical expenses.


title: Alan Jay Lerner

text: On June 14, 1986, Lerner died of lung cancer in Manhattan at the age of 67. At the time of his death he was married to actress Liz Robertson, who was 36 years his junior. He lived in Center Island, New York. He has a memorial plaque in St Paul's Church, the Actors' Church in Covent Garden in London.


title: Korban

text: In Judaism, the korban ( "qorbān"), also spelled qorban or corban, is any of a variety of sacrificial offerings described and commanded in the Torah. The plural form is korbanot, korbanoth or korbans.


title: Korban

text: The term Korban primarily refers to sacrificial offerings given from humans to God for the purpose of doing homage, winning favor, or securing pardon. The object sacrificed was usually an animal that was ritually slaughtered and then transferred from the human to the divine realm by being burned on an altar.


title: Korban

text: After the destruction of the Second Temple, sacrifices were prohibited because there was no longer a Temple, the only place allowed by halakha for sacrifices. Offering of sacrifices was briefly reinstated during the Jewish–Roman wars of the second century AD and was continued in certain communities thereafter.


title: Korban

text: When sacrifices were offered in ancient times, they were offered as a fulfillment of Biblical commandments. Since there is no longer a Temple, modern religious Jews instead pray or give tzedakah to atone for their sins as the korban would have accomplished. According to Orthodox Judaism, the coming of the messiah will not remove the requirement to keep the 613 commandments, and when the Temple is rebuilt, sacrifices will be offered again.


title: Korban

text: The Semitic root () means "be near" and is found in a number of related languages in addition to Hebrew, e.g. in the Akkadian language noun "aqribtu" "act of offering". In Hebrew it is found in a number of words, such as "qarov" "close", "qerovim" "relatives" and the "hifʕil" verb form "hiqriv" "he brought near; offered a sacrifice". The feminine noun "korban" (plural ‘’korbanot’’ ) first occurs in the Bible in Leviticus and occurs 80 times in the Masoretic Text; 40 times in Leviticus, 38 in Numbers and 2 in Ezekiel. The related form "qurban" appears only in the Book of Nehemiah and "wood offering". The etymology of the "offer" sense is traditionally understood as deriving from the verbal sense of "bringing near", viz. bringing the offering near to the deity, but some theological explanations see it rather as bringing "man back to God".


title: Korban

text: The Septuagint generally translates the term in Koine Greek as "δῶρον" "gift", "θυσία" "sacrifice", or "προσφορά" "offering up". By the Second Temple period, Hellenistic Jewish texts use korban specifically to mean a vow. The New Testament preserves korban once as a transliterated loan-word for a vow, once also a related noun, "κορβανάς" "temple treasury", otherwise using "δῶρον", "θυσία" or "προσφορά" and other terms drawn from the Septuagint. Josephus also generally uses other words for "offering" but uses "korban" for the vow of the Nazirites (Antiquities of the Jews 4:73 / 4,4,4) and cites Theophrastus as having cited a korban vow among the Tyrians ("Against Apion" 1.167 / 1,22,4).


title: Korban

text: Contrary to the view that korbanot in the Torah were for sins, their use was far more complex—only some korbanot were used to atone for unintentional sins, and these sacrifices only accompanied the important required core means of atonement to be ever considered legitimate. Besides this one exception, there were the overwhelming majority of other purposes for bringing korbanot, and the expiatory effect is often incidental, and is subject to significant limitations. Korbanot are brought purely for the purpose of communing with God and becoming closer to him. Also, they were brought for the purpose of expressing thanks, gratitude, and love to God.


title: Korban

text: Further, the use of korbanot was circumscribed for certain types of sins. Sins in Judaism consist of different grades of severity:


title: Korban

text: These three terms are mentioned in the Book of Psalms: "We have sinned ["ḥatanu"], . . . we have committed iniquity ["he'evinu"], we have done wickedly ["hirshanu]"".


title: Korban

text: With few exceptions, korbanot could only be used as a means of atoning for the first type of sin, that is sins committed in ignorance that the thing was a sin. In addition, korbanot have no expiating effect unless the person making the offering sincerely repents his or her actions before making the offering, and makes restitution to any person who was harmed by the violation.


title: Korban

text: Offerings are mentioned in the Book of Genesis, but further outlined in the later four books of the Torah, including aspects of their origins and history.


title: Korban

text: The Hebrew Bible says that God commanded the Israelites to offer offerings and sacrifices on various altars. The sacrifices were only to be offered by the hands of the Kohanim. Before building the Temple in Jerusalem, when the Israelites were in the desert, sacrifices were only to be offered in the Tabernacle. After the invasion of Canaan, the main sacrificial centre was at Shiloh, though sacrifice also took place at Beit Shemesh, Mizpah, Ramah, and Gilgal, while family and clan sacrifices were commonplace Under Saul the main center of sacrifice was Nob, though private offerings continued to be made at Shiloh. David created a new sacrificial center in Jerusalem at the threshing floor of Araunaḥ, to which he moved the Ark. According to the Hebrew Bible, after the building of Solomon's Temple, sacrifices were only to be carried out there. After Solomon's Temple was destroyed, sacrifices were resumed when the Second Temple was built until it was also destroyed in 70 CE.


title: Korban

text: The priests performed the offerings first in the ancient tabernacle and then in the Temple. The Hebrew Bible describes the kohanim (hereditary priesthood) as descendants of Aaron who meet certain marital and ritual purity requirements. The High Priest of Israel played a crucial role in this regard on Yom Kippur, a day when multiple offerings were offered.


title: Korban

text: Women could also voluntarily participate in a number of other offerings and rituals for which they were not obligated, including:


title: Korban

text: Many books of the Nevi'im section of the Hebrew Bible such as the Book of Isaiah and Book of Jeremiah spoke out against those Israelites who brought forth sacrifices but did not act in accord with the precepts of the Law. The Prophets disparaged sacrifices that were offered without a regeneration of the heart, i.e., a determined turning from sin and returning to God by striving after righteousness (Book of Hosea 14:1-2, Joel 2:13, Micah 6:6-8). At the same time, prophets stressed the importance of offerings combined with justice and good even as they taught that offerings were unacceptable unless combined with heartfelt repentance and good deeds. Malachi, the last prophet in the Hebrew Bible, emphasized that the goal of repentance is not to end sacrifices, but to make the offerings fit for acceptance once again (Book of Malachi, 3:3-4). Similarly, the Book of Isaiah despite disparagement of sacrifices without justice, portrays sacrifice as having a role complementary with prayer in a universalistic eschatology (Isaiah 56:1; 6–7).


title: Korban

text: According to Maimonides, about one hundred of the permanent 613 commandments based on the Torah, by rabbinical enumeration, directly concern sacrifices, excluding those commandments that concern the actual Temple and the priests themselves of which there are about another fifty.


title: Korban

text: The Mishnah and Talmud devote a very large section, known as a "seder", to the study and analysis of this subject known as "Qodashim", whereby all the detailed varieties of korbanot are enumerated and analyzed in great logical depth, such as "qodshim kalim" ("of minor degree of sanctity") and "qodashei qodashim" ("of major degree of sanctity"). In addition, large parts of every other book of the Talmud discuss various kinds of sacrifices. "Pesachim" is largely devoted to a discussion of how to offer the Passover sacrifice. "Yoma" contains a detailed discussion of the offerings and Temple ritual on Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), and there are sections in "seder Moed" (Festivals) for the special offerings and Temple ritual for other major Jewish holidays. "Sheqalim" discusses the annual half-shekel offering for Temple maintenance and Temple governance and management, "Nashim" discusses the offerings made by Nazirites and the suspected adultress, etc.


title: Korban

text: The Talmud provides extensive details not only on how to perform sacrifices but how to adjudicate difficult cases, such what to do if a mistake was made and whether improperly performing one of the required ritual elements invalidates it or not. The Talmud explains how to roast the Passover offering, how to dash blood from different kinds of sacrifices upon the altar, how to prepare the incense, the regulatory code for the system of taxation that financed the priesthood and public sacrifices, and numerous other details.


title: Korban

text: Maimonides, a medieval Jewish scholar, drew on the early critiques of the need for sacrifice, taking the view that God always held sacrifice inferior to prayer and philosophical meditation. However, God understood that the Israelites were used to the animal sacrifices that the surrounding pagan tribes used as the primary way to commune with their gods. As such, in Maimonides' view, it was only natural that Israelites would believe that sacrifice would be a necessary part of the relationship between God and man. This view is controversial since the Torah also forbids worship of foreign idols and practices of pagan religions as "detestable" before God including their sacrifices. Maimonides concludes that God's decision to allow sacrifices was a concession to human psychological limitations. It would have been too much to have expected the Israelites to leap from pagan worship to prayer and meditation in one step. In "The Guide for the Perplexed", he writes:


title: Korban

text: In contrast, many others such as Nahmanides (in his commentary on Leviticus 1:9) disagreed. Nahmanides cites the fact that the Torah records the practices of animal and other sacrifices from the times of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob and earlier. Indeed, the purpose of recounting the near sacrifice of Isaac was to illustrate the sublime significance and need of animal sacrifices as supplanting the abomination of human sacrifices.


title: Korban

text: Abraham built a number of altars; the text does not mention that he sacrificed animals on them but only that he "called out in the name of God". This has been interpreted as a theological statement that God does not need animal sacrifices.


title: Korban

text: The korban also has a spiritual meaning and refers to some part of an individual's ego, which is given up as a sacrifice to God in honouring the mortality of the worshipper. In keeping with the root of the word, meaning to draw close, and to the common usage as the sacrifice of an animal, so can the worshipper sacrifice something of this world to become closer to God.


title: Korban

text: With the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans, the Jewish practice of offering korbanot stopped for all intents and purposes. Despite subsequent intermittent periods of small Jewish groups offering the traditional sacrifices on the Temple Mount, the practice effectively ended.


title: Korban

text: Rabbinic Judaism was forced to undergo a significant development in response to this change; no longer could Judaism revolve around the Temple services. The destruction of the Temple led to a development of Judaism in the direction of text study, prayer, and personal observance. Orthodox Judaism regards this as being largely an alternative way of fulfilling the obligations of the Temple. Other branches of Judaism (Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist) regard the korbanot as an ancient ritual that will not return. A range of responses is recorded in classical rabbinic literature, describing this subject.


title: Korban

text: In the Babylonian Talmud, a number of sages opined that following Jewish law, doing charitable deeds, and studying Jewish texts is greater than performing animal sacrifices.


title: Korban

text: Nonetheless, numerous texts of the Talmud stress the importance of and hope for eventual re-introduction of sacrifices and regard their loss as a tragedy. Partaking of sacrificial offerings was compared to eating directly at one's Father's table, whose loss synagogue worship does not entirely replace. One example is in "Berachot":


title: Korban

text: Numerous details of the daily religious practice of an ordinary Jew are connected to keeping memory of the rhythm of the life of the Temple and its sacrifices. For example, the Mishna begins with a statement that the Shema Yisrael prayer is to be recited in the evening at the time when Kohanim who were "tamei" (ritually impure) are permitted to enter to eat their heave offering (a food-tithe given to priests) following purification. A detailed discussion of the obligations of tithing, ritual purity, and other elements central to the Temple and priesthood is required in order to determine the meaning of this contemporary daily Jewish obligation.


title: Korban

text: Jewish services for Shabbat, Jewish holidays and other occasions include special prayers for the restoration of sacrifices. For example, the traditional Yom Kippur liturgy contains repeated prayers for the restoration of sacrifices and every High Holiday Amidah contains Isaiah 56:7:


title: Korban

text: The prevailing belief among rabbinic Jews is that in the messianic era, the Messiah will come, and a Third Temple will be built. It is believed that the korbanot will be reinstituted, but to what extent and for how long is unknown. Some biblical and classical rabbinic sources hold that most or all sacrifices will not need to be offered.


title: Korban

text: The majority view of classical rabbis is that the Torah's commandments will still be applicable and in force during the messianic era. However, a significant minority of rabbis held that most of the commandments would be nullified in the messianic age, thus keeping that sacrifices will not be reinstated. Examples of such rabbinic views include:


title: Korban

text: Orthodox Judaism holds that in the messianic era, most or all of the korbanot will be reinstituted, at least for a time. Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism, hold that no animal sacrifices will be offered in a rebuilt Temple at all, following the position of Tanchuma Emor 14 and Vayikra Rabbah 9:7.


title: Korban

text: In the 1800s a number of Orthodox rabbis studied the idea of reinstating korbanot on the Temple Mount, even though the messianic era had not yet arrived and the Temple was not rebuilt. A number of responsa concluded that within certain parameters, it is permissible according to Jewish law to offer such sacrifices.


title: Korban

text: During the early 20th century, Israel Meir Kagan advised some followers to set up special "yeshivas" for married students known as "Qodshim Kolelim" that would specialize in the study of the korbanot and study with greater intensity the "qodshim" sections of the Talmud in order to prepare for the arrival of the Jewish Messiah who would oversee the rebuilding of the original Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem that would be known as the Third Temple. His advice was taken seriously and today there are a number of well-established Haredi institutions in Israel that focus solely on the subject of the korbanot, "qodshim", and the needs of the future Jewish Temple, such as the Brisk tradition and Soloveitchik dynasty.


title: Korban

text: A few groups, notably the Temple Institute and the Temple Mount Faithful, have petitioned the Israeli government to rebuild a Third Temple on the Temple Mount and restore sacrificial worship. The Israeli government has not responded favorably. Most Orthodox Jews regard rebuilding a Temple as an activity for a Jewish Messiah as part of a future Jewish eschatology, and most non-Orthodox Jews do not believe in the restoration of sacrificial worship at all. The Temple Institute has been constructing ritual objects in preparation for a resumption of sacrifices.


title: Korban

text: Today Orthodox Judaism includes mention of each korban on either a daily basis in the "siddur" (daily prayer book) or in the "machzor" (holiday prayerbook) as part of the prayers for the relevant days concerned. They are also referred to in the prayerbooks of Conservative Judaism, in an abbreviated fashion.


title: Korban

text: Conservative Judaism disavows the resumption of qorbanot. Consistent with this view, it has deleted prayers for the resumption of sacrifices from the Conservative "siddur", including the morning study section from the sacrifices and prayers for the restoration of qorbanot in the Amidah, and various mentions elsewhere. Consistent with its view that priesthood and sacrificial system will not be restored, Conservative Judaism has also lifted certain restrictions on "kohanim", including limitations on marriage prohibiting marrying a divorced woman or a convert. Conservative Judaism does, however, believe in the restoration of a Temple in some form, and in the continuation of kohanim and Levites under relaxed requirements, and has retained references to both in its prayer books. Consistent with its stress on the continuity of tradition, many Conservative synagogues have also retained references to Shabbat and Festival qorbanot, changing all references to sacrifices into the past tense (e.g. the Orthodox "and there we will sacrifice" is changed to "and there they sacrificed"). Some more liberal Conservative synagogues, however, have removed all references to sacrifices, past or present, from the prayer service. The most recent official Conservative prayer book, Sim Shalom, provides both service alternatives.


title: Korban

text: Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism disavow all belief in a restoration of a Temple, the resumption of qorbanot, or the continuation of identified Cohens or Levites. These branches of Judaism believe that all such practices represent ancient practices inconsistent with the requirements of modernity, and have removed all or virtually all references to qorbanot from their prayer books.


title: Korban

text: A section of the morning daily "Shacharit" prayer is called "Korbanot", and is mostly devoted to recitation of legal passages relating to the sacrifices.


title: Rhona Bennett

text: Rhona Lynn Bennett (born May 10, 1976), also known as Miss R&B, is an American singer and actress best known for her recurring role as Nicole on "The Jamie Foxx Show". She is currently a member of contemporary R&B female group En Vogue. Bennett began her career doing voiceovers and industrial films before moving into professional theatre and television. Before joining the cast of "The Jamie Foxx Show", Rhona was a castmember of the Disney Channel's variety show "The All-New Mickey Mouse Club". She is a member of Zeta Phi Beta sorority. She also appeared as Loquatia on the short-lived UPN television sitcom "Homeboys in Outer Space" during the 1996–97 season.


title: Rhona Bennett

text: Bennett started in music at 11 years of age with ETA Creative Arts Theater, and sang "Christmas Melody" in Goodman Theater. In 1991, she became a Mouseketeer on the '90s revival of "The Mickey Mouse Club". She was also part of a spin-off dramedy titled "Emerald Cove" on the Disney Channel. After the show was cancelled in 1994, Bennett moved to California to continue her career as an actress, landing appearances on several shows, including "Living Single" and "Martin". She also garnered a regular role in the mid-1990s, playing Loquatia on the sitcom "Homeboys in Outer Space".


title: Rhona Bennett

text: In early 2000, casting director Dee Dee Bradley asked Bennett to join the fourth season of the WB sitcom "The Jamie Foxx Show", in which she played Nicole, Jamie's co-worker and singing partner.


title: Rhona Bennett

text: Shortly after, in late 2000, Bennett signed with Sony Music under producer Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins' newfly founded boutique imprint Darkchild Records, where she was given the title "First Lady of Darkchild." Jerkins recruited most of his regular collaborators to work alongside Bennett and him on her self-titled debut album, including Robert "Big Bert" Smith, LaShawn Daniels and his brother Fred Jerkins III. The album's first single, "Satisfied," released in March 2001, became a top five hit on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart the following month, but failed to chart or sell noticeably elsewhere. Following a promotional world trip, further plans to release "Rhona" were put on hold after a fallout between Sony Music and Darkchild Records. Consequently, the album received a limited Japan-wide release only and Bennett was soon dropped from the label.


title: Rhona Bennett

text: In 2002, Bennett landed a leading role opposite Allen Payne in the stage play "Men Cry in the Dark" (2003), based on the same-titled 1999 novel by Michael Baisden. The following year, Bennett joined En Vogue for a five-year tenure during which she released the album "Soul Flower" (2004) along with original band members Terry Ellis and Cindy Herron. In 2008, following several years of touring, Bennett left the band amid their 20th Anniversary World Tour due to the return of original member Dawn Robinson. Bennett also performed solo at the American Airlines Center on July 27, 2008, under the Miss R&B moniker, where she helped to raise funds for a new charity for the homeless. Bennett reunited with the members of En Vogue to perform at the American Music Festival on August 29, 2008.


title: Rhona Bennett

text: Following her departure from En Vogue, Bennett began work on her second solo album "The Anticipation of R&B" under her own label Tone'n'Rhone Productions. The singer worked with a variety of musicians on the project, including producers J.Y. Park and J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, as well as guest vocalists such as Brandy, 40 Glocc and her former En Vogue colleagues Ellis and Herron. Preceded by the singles "Range" and "Letting You Go," however, the album was shelved in 2010 due to internal conflicts and insufficient promotion. Bennett later released several songs from "The Anticipation of R&B" to her SoundCloud account.


title: Rhona Bennett

text: In 2012, Bennett rejoined En Vogue after new material by all four original members had failed to materialize again and both Robinson and Jones once more had left the band.


title: Rhona Bennett

text: In July 2014, Bennett, Ellis, and Herron signed a new contract with Pyramid Records and began work on the album "Electric Café" with mentors Denzil Foster and Thomas McElroy. In November, the trio appeared on the Lifetime holiday film "An En Vogue Christmas" in which they played fictional versions of themselves, reuniting to perform a benefit concert to save the nightclub where they got their start. The original movie featured En Vogue's hit singles as well as two new tracks and a rendition of "O Holy Night", later released digitally through Ellis and Herron's own label En Vogue Records.


title: Rhona Bennett

text: In 2016, Bennett released the single "Take Me There" which was expected to precede a solo EP entitled "R&B Gumbo". As with "The Anticipation of R&B", the EP failed to materialize.


title: 1977 in music

text: This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1977. This year was the peak of vinyl sales in the United States, with sales declining year on year since then.


title: 1977 in music

text: 1977 marks the beginning of the punk rock movement. Several albums associated with the development of punk music were released, including "Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols" by the Sex Pistols, "The Clash" by The Clash, "Damned Damned Damned" by The Damned, the Dead Boys' "Young, Loud and Snotty", Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers' "L.A.M.F.", the Ramones' "Rocket to Russia", Richard Hell and the Voidoids' "Blank Generation", and Wire's "Pink Flag".


title: 1977 in music

text: The year saw the release of debut albums by bands associated with punk rock, though also with other new music genres, such as the mod revival and new wave music, including "In the City" by The Jam, "My Aim Is True" by Elvis Costello, "Suicide" by Suicide, "Marquee Moon" by Television, and "" by Talking Heads. It also saw the release of Iggy Pop's "Lust for Life", his second record as a solo artist.


title: Ng (name)

text: Ng (pronounced ; English approximation often or ) is a Cantonese transliteration of the Chinese surnames 吳/吴 (Mandarin "Wú") and 伍 (Mandarin "Wǔ"). Alternately, it is a common Hokkien transcription of the name 黃/黄 (, Mandarin Huáng).


title: Ng (name)

text: The surname is sometimes romanized as "Ang", "Eng", "Ing" and "Ong" in the United States and "Ung" in Australia. The Mandarin version of Ng is sometimes romanized as "Woo" or "Wu", such as John Woo. In Vietnam, the corresponding surname is Ngô. In Cambodia, the corresponding surname is Oeng.


title: Ng (name)

text: A variant pronunciation for 黃/黄 in the Zhangzhou dialect of Hokkien is () and has various transliterations, such as Oei, Oey, and Uy.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Consumption is the act of using resources to satisfy current needs and wants. It is seen in contrast to investing, which is spending for acquisition of "future" income. Consumption is a major concept in economics and is also studied in many other social sciences.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Different schools of economists define consumption differently. According to mainstream economists, only the final purchase of newly produced goods and services by individuals for immediate use constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure — in particular, fixed investment, intermediate consumption, and government spending — are placed in separate categories (see consumer choice). Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and marketing of goods and services (e.g. the selection, adoption, use, disposal and recycling of goods and services).


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Economists are particularly interested in the relationship between consumption and income, as modelled with the consumption function. A similar realist structural view can be found in consumption theory, which views the Fisherian intertemporal choice framework as the real structure of the consumption function. Unlike the passive strategy of structure embodied in inductive structural realism, economists define structure in terms of its invariance under intervention.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: The Keynesian consumption function is also known as the absolute income hypothesis, as it only bases consumption on current income and ignores potential future income (or lack of). Criticism of this assumption led to the development of Milton Friedman's permanent income hypothesis and Franco Modigliani's life cycle hypothesis.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: More recent theoretical approaches are based on behavioural economics and suggest that a number of behavioural principles can be taken as microeconomic foundations for a behaviourally-based aggregate consumption function.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Behavioural economics also adopts and explains several human behavioural traits within the constraint of the standard economic model. These can range from: bounded rationality bounded willpower, and bounded selfishness.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Bounded rationality was first proposed by Herbert Simon. This means that people sometimes respond rationally to their own cognitive limits, which aimed to minimize the sum of the costs of decision making and the costs of error. In addition, Bounded willpower refers to the fact that people often take actions that they know are in conflict with their long-term interests. For example, most smokers would rather not smoke, and many smokers willing to pay for a drug or a program to help them quit. Finally, bounded self-interest refers to an essential fact about the utility function of a large part of people: under certain circumstances, they care about others or act as if they care about others, even strangers.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: In the tradition of the Columbia School of Household Economics, also known as the New Home Economics, commercial consumption has to be analyzed in the context of household production. The opportunity cost of time affects the cost of home-produced substitutes and therefore demand for commercial goods and services. The elasticity of demand for consumption goods is also a function of who performs chores in households and how their spouses compensate them for opportunity costs of home production.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Different schools of economists define production and consumption differently. According to mainstream economists, only the final purchase of goods and services by individuals constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure — in particular, fixed investment, intermediate consumption, and government spending — are placed in separate categories (See consumer choice). Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and marketing of goods and services (e.g. the selection, adoption, use, disposal and recycling of goods and services).


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Consumption can also be measured in a variety of different ways such as energy in energy economics metrics.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: In most countries consumption is the most important part of GDP it ranges usually ranges from 45% from GDP to 85% of GDP.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: In microeconomics, consumer choice is a theory that assumes that people are rational consumers. And they decide on what combinations of goods to buy based on their utility function (which goods provide them with more use/happiness) and their budget constraint (which combinations of goods they can afford to buy). Consumers try to maximize utility while staying within the limits of their budget constrain. Or to minimalize cost while getting the target level of utility. A special case of this is the consumption-leisure model where a consumer chooses between a combination of leisure and working time, which is represented by income.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: But based on behavioural economics consumers do not behave rationally and they are influenced by other factors than their utility from the given good. Those factors can be the popularity of given good or its position in a supermarket.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: In macroeconomics in the theory of national accounts consumption is not only the amount of money that is spent by households on goods and services from companies. But also the expenditures of government that are meant to provide things for citizens they would have to buy themselves otherwise. This means things like healthcare. Where consumption is equal to income minus savings. Consumption can be calculated via this formula:


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Where formula_7 stands for autonomous consumption which is minimal consumption of household that is achieved always, by either reducing the savings of household or by borrowing money.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: formula_8 is marginal propensity to consume where formula_9 and it reveals how much of household income is spent on consumption.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Consumption of electric energy is positively correlated with economical growth. As electric energy is one of the most important inputs of the economy. Electric energy is needed to produce goods and to provide services to consumers. There is a statistically significant effect of electrical energy consumption and economic growth that is positive. Electricity consumption reflects economic growth. With the gradual rise of people's material level, electric energy consumption is also gradually increasing. In Iran, for example, electricity consumption has increased along with economic growth since 1970. But as countries continue to develop this effect is decreasing as they optimize their production, by getting more energy-efficient equipment. Or by transferring parts of their production to foreign nations where the cost of electrical energy is smaller.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Income: Economists consider the income level to be the most crucial factor affecting consumption. Therefore, the offered consumption functions often emphasize this variable. Keynes considers absolute income, Dosnbery considers relative income, and Friedman considers permanent income as factors that determine one's consumption.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Consumer expectations: Changes in the prices would change the real income and purchasing power of the consumer. If the consumer's expectations about future prices change, it can change his consumption decisions in the present period.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Consumer assets and wealth: These refer to assets in the form of cash, bank deposits, securities, as well as physical assets such as stocks of durable goods or real estate such as houses, land, etc. These factors can affect consumption; if the mentioned assets are sufficiently liquid, they will remain in reserve and can be used in emergencies.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Consumer credits: The increase in the consumer's credit and his credit transactions can allow the consumer to use his future income at present. As a result, it can lead to more consumption expenditure compared to the case that the only purchasing power is current income.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Interest rate: Fluctuations in interest rates can affect household consumption decisions. An increase in interest rates increases people's savings and, as a result, reduces their consumption expenditures.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Household size: Households' absolute consumption costs increase as the number of family members increases. Although for some goods, as the number of households increases, the consumption of such goods would increase relatively less than the number of households. This happens due to the phenomena of the economy of scale.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Social groups: Household consumption varies in different social groups. For example, the consumption pattern of employers is different from the consumption pattern of workers. The smaller the gap between groups in a society, the more homogeneous consumption pattern within the society.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Consumer taste: One of the important factors in shaping the consumption pattern is consumer taste. This factor, to some extent, can affect other factors such as income and price levels. On the other hand, society's culture has a significant impact on shaping the tastes of consumers.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Area: Consumption patterns are different in different geographical regions. For example, this pattern differs from urban and rural areas, crowded and sparsely populated areas, economically active and inactive areas, etc.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Consumption theories began with John Maynard Keynes in 1936 and were developed by economists such as Friedman, Dusenbery, and Modigliani. The relationship between consumption and income was a crucial concept in macroeconomic analysis for a long time.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: In his 1936 General Theory, Keynes introduced the consumption function. He believed that various factors influence consumption decisions; But in the short run, the most important factor is real income. According to the Absolute Income Hypothesis, consumer spending on consumption goods and services is a linear function of his current disposable income.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: 1- People's consumption behavior is not independent of each other. In other words, two people with the same income that live in two different positions within the income distribution will have different consumptions. In fact, one compares oneself with other people, and what has a significant impact on one's consumption is one's position among individuals and groups in society; Therefore, a person only feels an improvement in his situation in terms of consumption if his average consumption increases relative to the average level of society. This phenomenon is called the Demonstration Effect.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: 2- Consumer behavior over time is irreversible. This means that when income declines, consumer spending is sticky to the former level. After getting used to a level of consumption, a person shows resistance to reducing it and is unwilling to reduce that level of consumption. This phenomenon is called the ratchet effect.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: The model of intertemporal consumption was first thought of by John Rae in 1830s and it was later expanded by Irving Fisher in 1930s in the book "Theory of interest". This model describes how consumption is distributed over periods of life. In the basic model with 2 periods for example young and old age.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Is an economical theory developed by Milton Friedman in 1950s in his book "A theory of Consumption Function". This theory divides income into two components formula_17 is transitory income and formula_18is permanent income. Whereformula_19 holds.


title: Consumption (economics)

text: Based on changes of income consumption changes as well, but in this theory, it meters which component of income changes. If formula_18 changes then consumption changes accordingly by formula_21. Where formula_22 is marginal propensity to consume. (If we expect part of income to be saved or invested otherwise formula_23). On the other hand, if formula_17 changes (for example winning lottery). Then this increase in income is distributed over the remaining life span. For example, winning $1000 with the expectation of living for 10 more years. Will result in yearly increase of consumption by $100


title: Consumption (economics)

text: The life-cycle hypothesis was published by Franco Modigliani in 1966. It describes how people make consumption decisions based on their current and future and past income, as they tend to distribute their consumption over their lifetime. It is, in its basic form:


title: Consumption (economics)

text: "Spending the Kids' Inheritance" (originally the title of a book on the subject by Annie Hulley) and the acronyms SKI and SKI'ing refer to the growing number of older people in Western society spending their money on travel, cars and property, in contrast to previous generations who tended to leave that money to their children. "According to a study from 2017 that was conducted in the USA 20% of married people consider leaving inheritance a priority, while 34% do not consider it as a priority. And about one in ten unmarried Americans (14 percent) plan to spend their retirement money to improve their lives, rather than saving it to leave an inheritance to their children. In addition, three in ten married Americans (28 percent) have downsized or plan to downsize their home after retirement."


title: Consumption (economics)

text: "Die Broke" (from the book "Die Broke: A Radical Four-Part Financial Plan" by Stephen Pollan and Mark Levine) is a similar idea.


title: Grace Meng

text: Grace Meng (born October 1, 1975) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for New York's 6th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, her district is in the New York City borough of Queens; it includes Bayside, Flushing, Forest Hills, Fresh Meadows, Glendale, Kew Gardens, Maspeth, Middle Village and Rego Park. Meng represented the 22nd district in the New York State Assembly from 2009 until 2012. She is the first Asian American elected to Congress from New York.


title: Grace Meng

text: Grace Meng was born on October 1, 1975, in Queens, New York, and was raised in the Bayside and Flushing sections of that borough. She is of Taiwanese descent, and is the daughter of Jimmy Meng, an Assemblyman, and Shiao-Mei Meng. She attended Nathaniel Hawthorne Middle School and Stuyvesant High School and intended to become a teacher, according to a classmate. She received a B.A. degree from the University of Michigan and a Juris Doctor from the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University. One of her early mentors was Susan Wu Rathbone, founder of the Queens Chinese Women's Association.


title: Grace Meng

text: Meng's father, Jimmy Meng, was elected in 2004 to New York's 22nd assembly district, becoming the first Asian American to be elected to the legislature in New York State history. He was subsequently arrested for wire fraud during an FBI sting investigation. He served one term and decided against seeking reelection in 2006.


title: Grace Meng

text: Meng ran for Assembly to succeed her father, but was taken off the ballot when Democrat Ellen Young challenged her residency status. Subsequently, her district residency issues were resolved. Young succeeded Jimmy Meng, taking office in January 2007. Jimmy Meng later pleaded guilty to wire fraud in connection with a bribery scheme.


title: Grace Meng

text: Grace Meng challenged Young again in 2008. On September 9, she defeated Young in the Democratic primary, 59%-41%. She went on to win the November election, defeating Young again, this time as an Independence Party nominee, 88%-12%. In 2010, she was reelected unopposed.


title: Grace Meng

text: Meng was the author of the Reverse Mortgage Act of 2009 that prohibited proceeds received from reverse mortgages from being considered as income, so senior citizens can get their partial property tax exemption. Seven other of her pieces of legislation were signed into law.


title: Grace Meng

text: In June 2012, Meng faced fellow Assembly member Rory Lancman and New York City Council member Elizabeth Crowley in a primary election for New York's 6th congressional district and won. She received the endorsement of the Queens County Democratic Party, and a "New York Times" reporter wrote that she was "poised to become the biggest political star from New York City's fastest-growing demographic group." Meng said her focus would be to create jobs, improve transportation, and grow tourism opportunities in her borough. On November 6, 2012, she won the race for New York's 6th congressional district against Republican member of the New York City Council Dan Halloran, making her the first Asian American elected to Congress from New York.


title: Grace Meng

text: Inaugurated on January 3, 2013, Meng helped form the Bipartisan Freshman Caucus, asserting that "the American people are just sick and tired of blaming each other without getting anything done."


title: Grace Meng

text: Her district includes the Queens neighborhoods of Auburndale, Bayside, Briarwood, Elmhurst, Flushing, Forest Hills, Fresh Meadows, Glendale, Kew Gardens, Kew Gardens Hills, Maspeth, Middle Village, and Rego Park.


title: Grace Meng

text: On February 10, 2014, Meng introduced the bill To amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to include the desecration of cemeteries among the many forms of violations of the right to religious freedom (H.R. 4028; 113th Congress) into the House. The bill would amend the findings of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 by including the desecration of cemeteries among the various violations of the right to religious freedom. Meng said that "this legislation would be a new and important tool in our fight against the desecration of cemeteries" because it would "combat religiously-motivated vandalism of cemeteries and also prevent developers from building over cemeteries, a new and emerging threat in places where there are no Jewish communities left to protect burial grounds."


title: Grace Meng

text: In 2015, Meng strongly opposed the Iran Nuclear Deal, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action supported by President Obama and Secretary of State John Kerry. Two years later, she boycotted Donald Trump's inauguration. In February 2017 she became Vice Chair of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in Atlanta.


title: Grace Meng

text: In July 2019, Meng reintroduced the Community College Student Success Act to improve graduation rates at under-resourced public community colleges to have the necessary funding to develop and implement support services for their low-income and minority students. It replicates nationwide the success of the CUNY Accelerated Study in Associate Programs which helps students earn associate degrees within 3 years by offering a range of financial, academic, and personal assistance. The program has been found to double the graduation rates of participants.


title: Grace Meng

text: On February 23, 2021, Meng introduced House Resolution 151, "Condemning all forms of anti-Asian sentiment as related to COVID-19," responding to the growth of hate crimes against Asian-Americans, in the wake of Trump's repeated characterization of COVID-19 as "Kung Flu" and the "Chinese virus". It urged education and reporting about harassment. It drew initial support from 140 co-sponsors, and by March 3, 46 more, all Democrats.


title: Grace Meng

text: Meng married Wayne Kye (), a Korean American dentist and assistant professor at NYU, in June 2005. The couple resides in Queens with their two sons, Tyler Kye () the elder, and Brandon Kye () the younger. They attend a Protestant church in Forest Hills, Queens.


title: Grace Meng

text: In November 2013, Meng was robbed and assaulted by a purse-snatcher in the Eastern Market area of Washington, D.C. She suffered injuries to her head, left knee, hand, and face, and was treated at George Washington University hospital.


title: Savo Milošević

text: Savo Milošević (, ; born 2 September 1973) is a Serbian professional football manager and former player.


title: Savo Milošević

text: A former forward, he signed for English club Aston Villa after making a name for himself at Partizan. He would go on to spend the vast majority of his career in Spain, where he amassed La Liga totals of 91 goals in 241 games for Zaragoza, Espanyol, Celta and Osasuna. Over the course of his 16-year professional career, Milošević played for eight clubs and scored over 220 goals in nearly 600 official appearances.


title: Savo Milošević

text: At the international level, Milošević played for the national team of FR Yugoslavia (later renamed Serbia and Montenegro) and Serbia, winning over 100 caps for both teams combined. Milošević appeared in two World Cups and one European Championship, at which he earned the Golden Boot at Euro 2000.


title: Savo Milošević

text: Milošević started playing football at the age of six and spent his youth in the Drina Valley, until at 14 he was spotted by FK Partizan scouts, who convinced the club to secure his transfer for 5,000 Deutsche Mark.


title: Savo Milošević

text: In 1992, Milošević made his senior debut for Partizan, scoring 14 goals in 31 games during his first season at the club. Milošević went on to score an impressive 21 and 30 league goals in his next two seasons respectively – competition-bests in both years – as the Belgrade club won back-to-back national championships, including the double in 1993–94.


title: Savo Milošević

text: In the summer of 1995, then Aston Villa manager Brian Little bought Milošević from Partizan for £3.5 million, a club record at the time. His spell in England lasted three seasons, during which time he earned the tabloid nickname "Miss-a-lot-ević" owing to his frequent goalscoring dry spells.


title: Savo Milošević

text: However, Milošević did score 33 goals in 117 games for Villa (29 in the Premier League), including one in the 1995–96 Football League Cup final, a 3–0 win against Leeds United.


title: Savo Milošević

text: Milošević signed for La Liga club Real Zaragoza in 1998 for 8.5 million pounds, again recording some impressive goalscoring performances, notably netting 21 in the 1999–2000 season as the team secured fourth position.


title: Savo Milošević

text: After rediscovering his form in Spain, Milošević joined Parma A.C. in the summer of 2000 for €25 million. He was a regular starter in his first season in Italy, playing in 21 out of 34 Serie A matches and scoring 8 goals; in the next season, however, he was sparingly used.


title: Savo Milošević

text: Milošević was loaned back to Spain in January 2002, re-joining his former club Zaragoza to replace Blackburn Rovers-bound Yordi. He scored six times during his second spell, finishing as the club's joint top scorer – alongside Yordi and Roberto Acuña. His second spell at Zaragoza ended unsuccessfully, with the club eventually relegated.


title: Savo Milošević

text: In the 2002–03 campaign, Milošević played for RCD Espanyol, again finishing as his team's top scorer but narrowly escaping relegation, a fate that would befall him the following year with Celta de Vigo. Milošević was able to help Celta reach the round-of-16 in their first ever appearance in the UEFA Champions League, with his one goal in seven appearances in the competition coming in a 3–2 group stage home win against AFC Ajax.


title: Savo Milošević

text: In mid-July 2004, aged 30, Milošević signed a three-year contract with another Spanish top flight club, CA Osasuna. In his second season with the Navarrese, he scored 11 goals in 32 games to help the team qualify for the Champions League. Though Milošević failed to score in ten appearances in the subsequent UEFA Cup semifinal run, he did provide two assists in a 3–0 away win against Bayer 04 Leverkusen in the first leg of the quarterfinal (which Osasuna won 4–0 on aggregate).


title: Savo Milošević

text: In the summer of 2007, Milošević's contract expired and he left Osasuna after 3 seasons at the club. He took a six-month break from competitive football, during which time he had a trial with Major League Soccer's Toronto FC with a view of signing with them for the 2008 season. The deal fell through and, on 8 March 2008, he agreed terms with FC Rubin Kazan prior to the start of the Russian Premier League campaign.


title: Savo Milošević

text: On 2 November 2008, Milošević scored the decisive goal for Rubin in a game against FC Saturn Ramenskoye, securing the team their first ever national championship. He retired shortly afterwards, aged 35.


title: Savo Milošević

text: Milošević earned 102 caps for Serbia, making his international debut for the nation (then named Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) on 23 December 1994, in a 2–0 friendly loss in Brazil. Milošević scored 37 goals for his country over the course of a 14-year international career.


title: Savo Milošević

text: After appearing in two games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Milošević scored five goals at UEFA Euro 2000, earning him the Golden Boot, an award he shared with Dutch forward Patrick Kluivert.


title: Savo Milošević

text: Milošević made his 100th international appearance on 16 June 2006 during the FIFA World Cup in Germany, in a 6–0 group stage loss against Argentina, and in doing so became the most capped player in Serbian history. As a formal farewell from international football, he was called up for a friendly with Bulgaria on 19 November 2008, scoring twice and missing two penalties in a 6–1 win before being replaced by Dragan Mrđa.


title: Savo Milošević

text: From 2011 to 2012, Milošević was an assistant manager to Branko Brnović at the Montenegro national team.


title: Savo Milošević

text: On 27 March 2019, Milošević was named by the board of directors at Partizan as the club's new manager, with his first win as Partizan's manager came on 3 April 2019, in a 3–2 home win against Čukarički.


title: Savo Milošević

text: In Milošević's first Eternal derby as manager of Partizan, his team suffered a 2–1 away loss to Red Star Belgrade, with Ricardo Gomes's 90th-minute strike proving only a consolation.


title: Savo Milošević

text: At the end of his first season in charge, Milošević succeeded in qualifying Partizan for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds, and on 23 May 2019, won his first managerial trophy as his Partizan side beat Red Star Belgrade 1–0 in the 2018–19 Serbian Cup Final, courtesy of a Bojan Ostojić goal.


title: Savo Milošević

text: In July and August 2019, Partizan secured their ninth participation in the group stages of UEFA Europa League. Under Milošević's leadership, Partizan knocked-out Connah's Quay Nomads (4–0 on aggregate), Yeni Malatyaspor (3–2 on aggregate) and Molde (3–2 on aggregate) in the qualifiers. On 30 August, Partizan was drawn in to Group L of the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League, alongside Manchester United, Astana and AZ Alkmaar.


title: Savo Milošević

text: On 16 June 2021, Milošević was named new manager of Slovenian PrvaLiga side Olimpija Ljubljana. He left the club less than four months later, on 10 October 2021.


title: Savo Milošević

text: Milošević was born into an ethnic Serb family in the Semberija city of Bijeljina and was raised in Johovac, both in the then-SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia, where he lived with a younger brother Andrija (1975–2013) and younger sister Cvijeta "Mira". Milošević's mother died in 2000 from cancer; he has paternal ancestry from the large Milošević brotherhood of the Vasojevići tribe in northeastern Montenegro, and was a relative of Slobodan Milošević.


title: Savo Milošević

text: Milošević was a political supporter of the Democratic Party led by Boris Tadić, having supported it since 1993 after meeting with Zoran Đinđić and officially becoming a member in 2003. He took part in the 1996–97 protests and the 5 October Overthrow.


title: Savo Milošević

text: Milošević is married to Vesna, with whom he had two sons, including Nikola, and a daughter. On 11 June 2011, his father Stevan "Stevo" (1953–2011) was shot in the chest and killed in the family house in Glavičice by his grandfather Savo (1928–2012), after a family row; the latter was later detained.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: A Bichon Frisé ( or ; from , , meaning 'curly haired dog') is a small breed of dog of the bichon type.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: The French word comes from Middle French ('small dog'), a diminutive of Old French ('female dog', cognate with English "bitch"), from Old English , and related to other Germanic words with the same meaning, including Old Norse , and German . Some speculate the origin of to be the result of the apheresis, or shortening, of the word ('small poodle'), a derivative of ('shaggy dog'); however, this is likely impossible, since the word (attested 1588) is older than (attested 1694). While the English name for the breed, "Bichon Frise", is derived from the French meaning 'curly haired small dog'.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: The Bichon Frisé is often depicted as a French dog. Although the Bichon breed type are originally Spanish, used as sailing dogs, also as herding dogs sometimes, the French developed them into a gentle lap-dog variety. The Bichon type arose from the water dogs, and is descended from the poodle-type dogs and either the Barbet or one of the water spaniel class of breeds. Modern Bichons have developed into four categories: the Bichon Frisé or Tenerife, the Maltese, the Bolognese, and the Havanese. These are often treated as separate breeds.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: Because of their merry disposition, the ancestral Bichons travelled much and were often used as barter by Italian sailors as they moved from continent to continent. The dogs found early success in Spain and it is generally believed that Spanish seamen introduced the early breed to Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Their association with European nobility began in the 13th century, entering the royal courts of Spain, Italy and France. In the 14th century, Italian sailors rediscovered the dogs on their voyages and are credited with returning them to continental Europe.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: The Tenerife, often simply called the Bichon, had success in France during the Renaissance under Francis I (1515–1547), but its popularity increased in the court of Henry III (1574–1589), when it had become popular amongst French nobility as both a court companion and lap dog.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: On 5 March 1933, the official standard of the breed was adopted by the Société Centrale Canine, the national kennel club for France. On 18 October 1934, the Bichon Frisé was admitted to the stud book of the Société Centrale Canine.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: The Bichon Frisé became eligible to enter the AKC's Miscellaneous Class on 1 September 1971. In October 1972, the breed was admitted to registration in the "American Kennel Club Stud Book". On 4 April 1973, the breed became eligible to show in the Non-Sporting Group at AKC dog shows. In 2001, a Bichon Frisé named J.R. won best-in-show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. In the United States, the Bichon Frisé was ranked the 40th most popular breed in 2013 according to the American Kennel Club.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: The Bichon was introduced into Australia in the 1970s and since its introduction has proved successful as both a show and companion dog. In 1973, two American breeders emigrated to the United Kingdom with two Bichons, who produced a litter of five pups, introducing the breed into the country.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: The Bichon Frisé is a small dog that weighs approximately and stands at the withers, but slightly larger dogs are not uncommon. The skull is slightly rounded and the muzzle is not pointy. The tail is groomed to be long and curly and is carried over the back. It has a black nose and dark round eyes; its white hair consists of a curly, dense coat with little shedding (much like a poodle in this respect), although many of the breeds do tend to have less curly hair than others. A small amount of buff, cream, or apricot colour may be seen around its ears, snout, paws or body, but normally these colours do not exceed 10% of its body. FCI/AKC Standard coat colour is pure white; other colours such as apricot or grey and brown are not recognised. A white coat is preferred in the show ring. The head and legs are proportionate in size to the body, and the ears and tail are natural (not "docked" or "cropped").


title: Bichon Frisé

text: The American Kennel Club refers to the Bichon Frisé as "merry" and "curious", and the breed standard calls for a dog that is "gentle mannered, sensitive, playful and affectionate." The dogs are generally very sociable and do well with an owner who takes them along on outings, and are affectionate and intelligent. If affiliated with a particular territory and encouraged by owners, they can become very territorial.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: Bichons Frisés in the UK, the United States, and Canada (according to surveys of their owners) have an average life span of about 12–15 years. This breed's longevity is similar to other breeds of its size, and somewhat longer than purebred dogs in general.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: The oldest Bichons Frisés for which there are reliable records in various North American surveys have died at 21 years.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the leading causes of Bichon Frisé death were old age (23.5%) and cancer (21%). In a 2007 US/Canadian breeders survey, the leading causes of death were cancer (22%), unknown causes (14%), hematologic (11%), and old age (10%). Hematologic causes of death were divided between autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP). AIHA and ITP were responsible for the greatest number of Bichon Frisé "years lost" (a measure of the extent to which a condition kills members of a breed prematurely). While cancer is a more common cause of death than AIHA and ITP, Bichons Frisés that died of cancer died at a median age of 12.5 years. Hematologic deaths occurred at a median age of only five years. Bichons Frisés in the UK survey had a lower rate of hematologic deaths (3%) than in the USA/Canada survey (11%).


title: Bichon Frisé

text: The Bichon Frisé is a relatively healthy breed. They may have cataracts, diabetes or allergies, which may lead to skin conditions and cause itching resulting in scratching and chewing their paws. Other health conditions that can be seen in Bichon Frisé are patellar luxation, heart disease, and liver disease.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: For Bichon Frisé breeders, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) recommends screenings for the following health conditions to receive CHIC certification: Hip Displasia, Patellar Luxation, CERF (eye health), cardiac evaluation, and Legg-Calves-Perthes.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: Bichons Frisés are considered to be hypoallergenic as they do not readily shed (moult) and are thus generally suitable for people with allergies.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA, also called immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, or IMHA) and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) are responsible for many premature Bichon Frisé deaths. These diseases can strike with little or no warning and kill very quickly. In AIHA, the dog's immune system attacks its own red blood cells, leading to severe, life-threatening anemia. Symptoms include weakness, loss of energy, lack of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, dark urine, and pale or yellow gums.


title: Bichon Frisé

text: ITP often accompanies AIHA. In ITP, blood platelets (which cause blood clotting) are destroyed. The most common clinical signs are haemorrhages of the skin and mucous membranes. Mortality rates of 20% to 80% are reported.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: MasterChef India is an Indian Hindi-language competitive cooking reality show based on "MasterChef Australia" and is part of "MasterChef India". Produced by Endemol Shine, it premiered on 16 October 2010 on Star Plus.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: "MasterChef India" initial rounds consist of many contestants from across India individually auditioning by presenting a dish before the three judges to gain one of 50 semi-final places.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: The semi-finalists then compete in several challenges which test their food knowledge and preparation skills. In Season 1 and 2, the top 50 competed until 12 were left, with the final 12 progressing to the main stage of the show. The winner competes for a prize that includes their own cookery show, the chance to have their own cookbook published, and 10,000,000 in cash.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: MasterChef India 1 aired from 16 October 2010 to 25 December 2010 on Star Plus. Hosted by Akshay Kumar, Kunal Kapur and Ajay Chopra, it was won by Pankaj Bhadouria.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: MasterChef India 2 aired from 22 October 2011 to 1 January 2012 on Star Plus. Hosted by Vikas Khanna, Kunal Kapur and Ajay Chopra, it was won by Shipra Khanna. Nita Mehta also participated in the program.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: MasterChef India 3 aired from 11 March 2013 to 9 June 2013 on Star Plus. While the previous seasons were on weekends, this season aired during weekdays. Hosted by Vikas Khanna, Kunal Kapur and Sanjeev Kapoor, Written by Gunjan Joshi, it was won by Ripudaman Handa.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: MasterChef India 4 aired from 26 January 2015 to 12 April 2015 on Star Plus. For the first time in the history of MasterChef, a pure vegetarian format was introduced. Hosted by Sanjeev Kapoor, Vikas Khanna and Ranveer Brar, Written by Gunjan Joshi, it was won by Nikita Gandhi.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: MasterChef India 5 aired from 1 October 2016 to 25 December 2016 on Star Plus. Hosted by Vikas Khanna, Kunal Kapur and Zorawar Kalra. Kirti Bhoutika won the competition, with Ashima Arora finishing in the second place.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: MasterChef India 6 aired from 7 December 2019 to 1 March 2020 on Star Plus. Hosted by Vikas Khanna, Ranveer Brar and Vineet Bhatia, Written by Gunjan Joshi. The winner was Abinas Nayak, with Oindrila Bala as the runner-up.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: The seventh season of the Hindi version of "MasterChef India" was announced on August 14, 2022. It will be hosted by chefs Vikas Khanna, Ranveer Brar and Garima Arora. It will air from 2 January 2023 on SET. Also air on Sony's OTT platform SonyLIV.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: Junior MasterChef India aired from 17 August 2013 to 2 November 2013 on Star Plus. Titled "Junior Masterchef Swaad Ke Ustaad", it was won by Sarthak Bhardwaj.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: Season 1 opened with an average ratings of 2.6 TVR. The following week, it garnered 2.5 TVR. Overall it ranged around over 2 and 3 TVR. The finale garnered the highest viewership rating of 4.2 TVR.


title: MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)

text: Season 3 opened with 2.2 TVR while the following weeks garnered a decent ratings between 2 and 2.3 TVR the finale became the most watched reality show of the week with 3.7 TVR.


title: Hymn to Liberty

text: The "Hymn to Liberty", or "Hymn to Freedom" (, also ), is a poem written by Dionysios Solomos in 1823 that consists of 158 stanzas and is used as the national anthem of Greece and Cyprus. It was set to music by Nikolaos Chalikiopoulos Mantzaros in 1865 and is the longest national anthem in the world by length of text. It officially became the national anthem of Greece in 1865 and Cyprus in 1966.


title: Hymn to Liberty

text: Dionysios Solomos wrote "Hymn to Liberty" in 1823 in Zakynthos, and one year later it was printed in Messolonghi. It was set to music in 1865 by the Corfiot operatic composer Nikolaos Chalikiopoulos Mantzaros, who composed two choral versions, a long one for the whole poem and a short one for the first two stanzas; the latter is the one adopted as the national anthem of Greece. "Hymn to Liberty" was adopted as the national anthem of Cyprus by order of the Council of Ministers in 1966.


title: Hymn to Liberty

text: Inspired by the Greek War of Independence, Solomos wrote the hymn to honour the struggle of Greeks for independence after centuries of Ottoman rule.


title: Hymn to Liberty

text: "Hymn to Liberty" recounts the misery of the Greeks under the Ottomans and their hope for freedom. He describes different events of the War, such as the execution of Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople, the reaction of the Great Powers, extensively the Siege of Tripolitsa and the Christian character of the struggle.


title: Hymn to Liberty

text: The following are the first eight verses of the poem. Only the first two constitute the national anthem of Greece.


title: Hymn to Liberty

text: An adapted version was used during the short-lived Cretan State as the Cretan Anthem. The "Hymn to Liberty" had been the Greek royal anthem after 1864.


title: Hymn to Liberty

text: "Hymn to Liberty" has been performed at every closing ceremony of the Olympic Games, to pay tribute to Greece as the birthplace of the Olympic Games.


title: Hymn to Liberty

text: The version commonly played by military bands is an arrangement composed by Lieutenant Colonel Margaritis Kastellis (1907–1979), former director of the Greek Music Corps.


title: Mishal Husain

text: Mishal Husain (born 11 February 1973) is a British newsreader and journalist for BBC Television and BBC Radio. She is the main Sunday presenter of the "BBC News at Ten" and "BBC Weekend News" and one of the main presenters of BBC Radio 4's "Today." She has hosted "The Andrew Marr Show," "HARDtalk", Impact and "BBC Breakfast". Husain is also a relief presenter of the "BBC News at Six", "BBC World News" and BBC News Channel.


title: Mishal Husain

text: Mishal Husain was born on 11 February 1973 in Northampton, England to Pakistani parents. Her mother was a teacher and former producer for Pakistan Television Corporation, while her father was a urologist.


title: Mishal Husain

text: She is the granddaughter of Syed Shahid Hamid, the first Director-General of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence.


title: Mishal Husain

text: Husain attended the British School in Abu Dhabi; the family were also based in Saudi Arabia for a period. Husain returned to England at the age of 12 to continue her education at Cobham Hall School, an independent school in Kent. She read law at New Hall, Cambridge (now Murray Edwards College, Cambridge) followed by a master's degree in International and Comparative Law at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy.


title: Mishal Husain

text: Husain gained her first experience of journalism at the age of 18, spending three months as a city reporter in Islamabad, Pakistan, at the English-language newspaper "The News". Then, while at university, she did several stints at the BBC as work experience.


title: Mishal Husain

text: Her first job was at Bloomberg Television in London from 1996, where she was a producer and sometime presenter. Two years later, in 1998, she joined the BBC as a junior producer in the newsroom and for the News 24 channel, and then in the Economics and Business Unit. Within a few months she moved in front of the camera and has since worked in a variety of roles: on the daily "Breakfast" programme, on "Asia Business Report" (based in Singapore), and as a presenter of business news on both BBC World News and the BBC News Channel. From September 2002 she was the corporation's Washington correspondent, serving as the main news anchor through the buildup to the invasion of Iraq and during the war. She has interviewed many high-profile figures including Paul Wolfowitz, Richard Armitage, Richard Perle, Paul Kagame and Emmerson Mnangagwa.


title: Mishal Husain

text: On 8 May 2010, she published an autobiographical essay in "The Independent" based on a nostalgia trip to the UAE. In 2011, Husain hosted "Impact" on BBC World News, but in spring and summer 2011 she was engaged on making a documentary on the Arab Spring, for airing in the autumn of 2011. She presents the Sunday evening editions of the "BBC Weekend News" on BBC One. On 2 December 2011, it was announced that Husain would be part of the BBC's Olympic Presenting team.


title: Mishal Husain

text: On 17 March 2013 she presented the last "News at Ten" to be broadcast from BBC Television Centre. On 16 July 2013, the BBC's Director-General Lord Hall announced that Husain was to become a presenter of BBC Radio 4's "Today" programme in the autumn. She continues to be the main presenter of the Sunday evening editions of the "BBC News at Ten" on BBC One and on occasions on BBC World News and the BBC News Channel. Husain presented her first edition of "Today" on 7 October 2013, when her co-presenter was John Humphrys. On 7 November 2013, it was announced that Husain would be part of the BBCs Commonwealth Games Presenting team. Husain is also a relief presenter of the "BBC News at Six" and the main Sunday presenter of the "BBC News at Ten". She has occasionally presented "Newsnight" on BBC Two.


title: Mishal Husain

text: In 2013, Husain interviewed the Burmese Leader Aung San Suu Kyi. During the intense cross examination, "Kyi lost her cool following a tense interview". It was claimed Suu Kyi was heard muttering "no one told me I was going to be interviewed by a Muslim".


title: Mishal Husain

text: When the first series of "Star Spell" – a spin-off from "Hard Spell" that had only appeared before as a one-off episode – aired, Husain appeared as word pronouncer, replacing Nina Hossain. She continued in this role throughout the second series of "Hard Spell". Husain appeared in a round of the BBC's "Celebrity Mastermind" in 2010, coming third out of four. Her specialised subject was the "Narnia" books of C. S. Lewis.


title: Mishal Husain

text: She is also one of the judges for the Amnesty International Media Awards. She featured on a show entitled "Gandhi" that was broadcast by the BBC in March 2012. She also featured as the morning anchor presenter on BBC One during the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.


title: Mishal Husain

text: Husain is an ambassador for the charity Mosaic, which helps young people from deprived communities to realise their talents and potential.


title: Mishal Husain

text: Husain has written a book, "The Skills", a guide for women on how to achieve their career goals. It was published in 2018, and was described as "the ultimate handbook for women."


title: Mishal Husain

text: Husain married Meekal Hashmi in July 2003. The couple have three boys, Rafael, Musa and Zaki and live in Camden, North London.


title: Mishal Husain

text: Amid widespread condemnation of the killing of ISIL hostages in 2014, Husain voiced support for the use of social media to denounce its extremism. In an interview with the "Radio Times", she urged Muslim scholars to use social media to condemn its attempt to use horrific videos to draw support in the West, from the leading British Islamic organisations.


title: Mishal Husain

text: Husain, who is the first Muslim presenter of BBC Radio 4's "Today" programme, said, "I think the "Not in My Name" campaign is a very positive development because outrage is shared by all right-thinking people. I would really like to see much more of the counterpoint from a theological perspective, with scholars taking to social media to refute the awful arguments we see put forward in those videos."


title: Hoops (TV series)

text: Hoops is an American animated sitcom created by Ben Hoffman for Netflix that premiered on August 21, 2020. In December 2020, Netflix cancelled the series after one season.


title: Hoops (TV series)

text: "Hoops" follows Ben Hopkins, "a hot-headed, foul-mouthed high school basketball coach who thinks turning around his God-awful team will take him to the 'big leagues' and turn his miserable life around."