title: Siemens Velaro

text: In 2019 Deutsche Bahn felt the need of further trains able to run at or more for national and international use. Siemens offered its Velaro Novo which was under development and an evolution of the Velaro D designed for operation at and equipped with multi-system (MS) capability and hence labelled Velaro MS. Demanding a proven model Deutsche Bahn ordered 30 Velaro MS for delivery starting in 2022. The first of the trains called "iCE 3neo" by Deutsche Bahn and classed as 408 was completed in late 2021 and presented to the public in February 2022. At the same time the order was increased by 43 trainsets, with all 73 trains supposed to be in service by early 2029.


title: Siemens Velaro

text: On 7 October 2010, it was reported that Eurostar had selected Siemens as preferred bidder to supply 10 Velaro e320 trainsets at a cost of €600 million (and a total investment of more than £700 million with the refurbishment of the existing fleet included) to operate an expanded route network, including services from London to Cologne and Amsterdam. These would be sixteen-car, long trainsets built to meet current Channel Tunnel regulations, and would not be the same as the Velaro D sets which Deutsche Bahn propose to operate services between Germany and London. The top speed will be and they will have 894-950 seats, unlike the current Eurostar fleet manufactured by the French Alstom, which has a top speed of and a seating capacity of 750. Total traction power will be rated at . On the British system they are classified as Class 374 units.


title: Siemens Velaro

text: The Velaro TR is a Velaro D derived 8-car standard gauge high-speed train for the Turkish State Railways (TCDD). The eight cars, totalling a length of , can accommodate 519 passengers and reach a top speed of . 25 kV 50 Hz AC power the train with a total of 8 MW.


title: Siemens Velaro

text: In 2013 TCDD concluded three contracts with Siemens for the acquisition of 17 units in total (1 unit for the first, 6 for the second and 10 for the last contract) with a combined value of €685 million. Furthermore, Siemens would provide 7 years of maintenance and cleaning, and also provide a simulator. The Velaros are to be deployed on the Turkish high-speed railway network. The first Siemens Velaro (the only Velaro D type train of TCDD, code numbered HT80001) entered service on 23 May 2015 between Ankara-Konya. The second Velaro of TCDD, which is the first Velaro TR type train, with the code number HT80101 (this type of train was involved an accident in Ankara) arrived in Ankara on 17 February 2016.


title: Siemens Velaro

text: Unlike the traditional "white - red - dark blue" color scheme used on the TCDD HT65000 high-speed trains, a "white - turquoise - grey" color scheme has been selected for the livery of TCDD's Velaro trains.


title: Siemens Velaro

text: In May 2022 it was announced that Egyptian National Railways had ordered 41 Velaro 8-car sets, amongst other railway equipment, for a railway development.


title: Siemens Velaro

text: The Velaro Novo is Siemens's concept for the next generation of high speed train. It was announced in June 2018, and the first sets could be in service in 2023. Velaro Novo would be lighter and more efficient than previous designs, with a top speed of .


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment (RSE) is an American New Age spiritual sect near the rural town of Yelm, Washington, U.S. The school was established in 1988 by J. Z. Knight, who claims to channel a 35,000-year-old being called Ramtha the Enlightened One. The school's teachings are based on channeling sessions. Critics consider the organisation to be a cult.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: In 1988, J. Z. Knight founded Ramtha's School of Enlightenment (RSE), then called Ramtha's School of Enlightenment: The American Gnostic School, on her estate in Yelm, Washington. A division of Knight's company JZK, Inc., the school had around 80 staff members . According to RSE's website, it is an "academy of the mind that offers retreats and workshops to people of all ages and cultures". RSE's private, fenced compounds are only open to staff members and students, not to the public.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: In 2004, various Ramtha school leaders joined community groups to strongly oppose a proposed 75,000-seat NASCAR racetrack in Yelm. The proposal was withdrawn. In 2007, Knight's profits from the school's activities and from sale of books, tapes, CDs and DVDs had reportedly been around $2.6 million. In 2008, lessons were given to the public in more than 20 countries, including the Czech Republic, Romania and Chile for the first time.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: In 2011, Knight stated (while at the RSE supposedly channeling Ramtha), "Fuck God’s chosen people! I think they have earned enough cash to have paid their way out of the goddamned gas chambers by now", and said that Mexican people "breed like rabbits" and are "poison," that all gay men used to be Catholic priests, and that organic farmers have bad hygiene. In 2012, videos of this were placed on the Internet by ex-students of Knight's and by the Freedom Foundation.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: The school teaches that human beings have the capacity to utilize their inner wisdom, focus their brains, and create their own reality. The school's curriculum is based on the channelings by Knight of the entity Ramtha. Although the school has been criticised for being a cult (see below), Knight and her followers deny such claims and say that the school is neither a religion nor a cult.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment teachings have been described as part of the New Age movement (the school itself claims to be outside it).


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: Lessons in the school's compounds sometimes include wine drinking, tobacco pipe smoking and dancing to rock ’n’ roll music. Allegedly, it is being taught that the nitric oxide in red wine (not the alcohol), also found in pipe tobacco (not the nicotine), can help to facilitate changes in the brain as a part of the process in which to achieve these means.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: Through various focus techniques, the students believe they are on their way to becoming as "enlightened" as other shamans who can alter their personal reality at will. The main activities towards that goal vary from specific focusing, meditation-like techniques, breathing techniques, blindfolded archery, energy healing (for one's self and for someone else), finding the heart of a maze, and many more. The students are taught that human beings can train themselves into such powers that will allow them to levitate, raise the dead, make gold appear in their hand and predict the future. Eventually this may lead to the "ascension" of the physical body into the "light body".


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: The dialogues, and a lot of transcripts from Knight's Ramtha talks, have been compiled and published over the course of many years. Videotapes of various dialogue sessions have also been released. While some major themes in the school's teachings are covered in these publications, more in-depth and systematic presentation of its philosophies and teachings is only accessible by attending a retreat in person.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: In February 1997, Knight hosted a conference of scholars who had been studying her, the students and the school for the previous year. During their research phase, they also observed Knight's Ramtha sessions and measured various physiological functions of her body. The researchers examined Ramtha's teachings and the school's practices from a variety of perspectives, including physics, feminism, parapsychology and religion. Melton organized the research. In addition to the conference presenters, Knight invited the media to attend. However, Knight said she did not sponsor the conference to gain publicity or to convince her skeptics.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: Knight paid the travel expenses and stipends for the conference presenters, which caused some of Knight's critics to suggest she had influenced their research. The researchers denied this contention to the press and, according to the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer", "were offended by a suggestion that the New Age spiritualist could have tried to buy their support".


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment is considered to be a cult by various people, including her former husband Jeff Knight, former personal bodyguard Glen Cunningham, former students of the school (such as David McCarthy or Joe Szimhart), and skeptic Michael Shermer. Melton's book, which denies the school's status as a cult, has been criticized for siding with the school and not providing a neutral description of what is going on within the school. He has also been called a "cult apologist" by various opposers of cults. His position was further criticized when he took the stand as a witness in the case of Knight v. Knight (1992–1995) against Jeff Knight (JZ Knight's husband at the time), by further supporting that the school is not a cult.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: Former students of the school have accused the RSE of practicing brain-washing and mind-control, as well as using intimidation and fear techniques to keep students in the school. David McCarthy, a student of the RSE between 1989 and 1996, calls Knight a "spiritual predator", and he mentions various parts of the teachings which had an intimidative character, such as the prophecy that unless students remain faithful to Ramtha, they will become prey of the "lizard people", and that the ancient figure of Jehovah would return to earth accompanied by lizard people, in a spaceship. The former students (including David McCarthy and Joe Szimhart) have formed an online community, Life After RSE (LARSE), to provide support for people who have quit the school and find themselves lost.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: A further controversial issue regarding the Ramtha teachings involve the so-called "days to come", which were prophesied earth changes. Instructions reputed as coming from Ramtha were given to the students, telling them to leave the cities, find a place in the country to grow their own food and become sovereign or self-sufficient. Another instruction was told to students to build underground shelters to protect themselves and their families.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: Various incidents within the school's grounds have been characterized as controversial. Glen Cunningham, in an interview with David McCarthy, describes how, one evening, Knight suggested that all students should stay there overnight because she said it would be "good for the energy". That was before the Great Arena (formerly used as horse stables) had been floored, and as a result there would be a lot of dust in the air. Cunningham says that there was a very old woman among the students, who begged him that she did not want to do this and she wanted to go home, but Ramtha said that she could stay under the protection of Ramtha and her bodyguard. Leaving the arena the following day, the old woman died of pneumonia (due to the dust in the air and humidity).


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: Another incident which is mentioned by both Cunningham and Joe Szimhart is the practice of running blindfolded in a large fenced field. Szimhart mentions in particular an occasion around the year 1990, in which about 1,000 blindfolded students were directed to split up and run across the field, with their hands in the "Consciousness & Energy" position in front of them, and the exercise was meant to help the students overcome their fears. Szimhart recalls how many people crashed into each other, and that there were some injuries. A customer of his ended up with a deeply bruised shoulder and a big lump on his forehead. Aside from the minor injuries, a few people had to be treated at the hospital.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: In May 2022 near Spinello, a small city believed to be blessed by Knight, an Italian couple allegedly affiliated with the School committed suicide in their self-built bunker. The School noted that the couple had not attended any events in ten years and questioned the connection since suicide does not reflect the philosophy of the school which “celebrates life.” The Prosecutor’s Office in Forlì investigated the case and found no reason to suspect the suicides were linked to RSE.


title: Ramtha's School of Enlightenment

text: In 2004, three members of the RSE produced a controversial film that combined documentary interviews and a fictional narrative to posit a connection between science and spirituality, called "What the Bleep Do We Know!?". The film has been criticized by the scientific community due to its mis-representation of quantum physics, and an unnecessary connection to consciousness. The American Chemical Society's review criticizes the film as a "pseudoscientific docudrama", saying "Among the more outlandish assertions are that people can travel backward in time, and that matter is actually thought."


title: Cipher suite

text: A cipher suite is a set of algorithms that help secure a network connection. Suites typically use Transport Layer Security (TLS) or its now-deprecated predecessor Secure Socket Layer (SSL). The set of algorithms that cipher suites usually contain include: a key exchange algorithm, a bulk encryption algorithm, and a message authentication code (MAC) algorithm.


title: Cipher suite

text: The key exchange algorithm is used to exchange a key between two devices. This key is used to encrypt and decrypt the messages being sent between two machines. The bulk encryption algorithm is used to encrypt the data being sent. The MAC algorithm provides data integrity checks to ensure that the data sent does not change in transit. In addition, cipher suites can include signatures and an authentication algorithm to help authenticate the server and or client.


title: Cipher suite

text: Overall, there are hundreds of different cipher suites that contain different combinations of these algorithms. Some cipher suites offer better security than others.


title: Cipher suite

text: The structure and use of the cipher suite concept are defined in the TLS standard document. TLS 1.2 is the most prevalent version of TLS. The next version of TLS (TLS 1.3) includes additional requirements to cipher suites. TLS 1.3 was only recently standardised and is not yet widely used. Cipher suites defined for TLS 1.2 cannot be used in TLS 1.3, and vice versa, unless otherwise stated in their definition.


title: Cipher suite

text: The use of ciphers has been a part of the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) transit protocol since its creation. SSL has been succeeded by TLS for most uses. However, the name "Cipher Suite" was not used in the original draft of SSL. Instead the ability for a client and a server to choose from a small set of ciphers to secure their connection was called "Cipher-Choice." It was not until SSL v3 (the last version of SSL) that the name "Cipher Suite" was used. Every version of TLS since has used "Cipher Suite" in its standardization. The concept and purpose of a "Cipher Suite" has not changed since the term was first coined. It has and still is used as a structure describing the algorithms that a machine supports in order for two machines to decide which algorithms to use to secure their connection. What has changed is the versions of the algorithms that are supported in the cipher suites. Each version of TLS has added support for stronger versions of the algorithms and removed support for versions of the algorithms that have been identified as insecure.


title: Cipher suite

text: TLS 1.3 marks a change in how cipher suites are coordinated between machines. The cipher suite chosen for two communicating machines to use is determined by the handshake process. Modifications were done in TLS 1.3 to the handshake process to cut down on the number of messages needed to be sent. This allows for less processing, less packet traffic and more efficiency compared to previous versions of TLS.


title: Cipher suite

text: Each cipher suite has a unique name that is used to identify it and to describe the algorithmic contents of it. Each segment in a cipher suite name stands for a different algorithm or protocol. An example of a cipher suite name: TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256


title: Cipher suite

text: To use cipher suites, the client and the server must agree on the specific cipher suite that is going to be used in exchanging messages. Both the client and the server must support the agreed upon cipher suite. If the client and server do not agree on a cipher suite, no connection will be made. This selection process occurs during the TLS Handshake Protocol. TLS 1.3 includes a TLS Handshake Protocol that differs compared to past and the current version of TLS/SSL.


title: Cipher suite

text: After coordinating which cipher suite to use, the server and the client still have the ability to change the coordinated ciphers by using the "ChangeCipherSpec" protocol in the current handshake or in a new handshake.


title: Cipher suite

text: This client starts the process by sending a "clientHello" message to the server that includes the version of TLS being used and a list of cipher suites in the order of the client's preference. In response, the server sends a "serverHello message" that includes the chosen cipher suite and the session ID. Next the server sends a digital certificate to verify its identity to the client. The server may also request a client's digital certification if needed.


title: Cipher suite

text: If the client and server are not using pre-shared keys, the client then sends an encrypted message to the server that enables the client and the server to compute which secret key will be used during exchanges.


title: Cipher suite

text: After successfully verifying the authentication of the server and, if needed, exchanging the secret key, the client sends a "finished" message to signal that it is done with the handshake process. After receiving this message, the server sends a "finished" message that confirms that the handshake is complete. Now the client and the server are in agreement on which cipher suite to use to communicate with each other.


title: Cipher suite

text: If two machines are corresponding over TLS 1.3, they coordinate which cipher suite to use by using the TLS 1.3 Handshake Protocol. The handshake in TLS 1.3 was condensed to only one round trip compared to the two round trips required in previous versions of TLS/SSL.


title: Cipher suite

text: First the client sends a "clientHello" message to the server that contains a list of supported ciphers in order of the client's preference and makes a guess on what key algorithm is being used so that it can send a secret key to share if needed.


title: Cipher suite

text: By making a guess on what key algorithm that is being used it eliminates a round trip. After receiving the "clientHello", the server sends a "serverHello" with its key, a certificate, the chosen cipher suite and the "finished" message.


title: Cipher suite

text: After the client receives the server's "finished" message it now is coordinated with the server on which cipher suite to use.


title: Cipher suite

text: For more information about algorithms supported in TLS 1.0–1.2, see also: Transport Layer Security § Applications and adoption


title: Cipher suite

text: In TLS 1.3, many legacy algorithms that were supported in early versions of TLS have been dropped in an effort to make the protocol more secure. In addition, all encryption and authentication algorithms are combined in the authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) encryption algorithm. Also a hash algorithm must now be used in HMAC-based key derivation (HKDF). All non-AEAD ciphers have been removed due to possible weaknesses or vulnerabilities and ciphers must use an ephemeral key exchange algorithm so that new key pairs are generated for every exchange.


title: Cipher suite

text: Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is based on TLS, but is specifically used for UDP connections instead of TCP connections. Since DTLS is based on TLS it is able to use a majority of the cipher suites described for TLS. There are special cases that must be considered when using TLS cipher suites with DTLS. DTLS does not support the stream cipher RC4 which means that no TLS cipher using RC4 can be used with DTLS.


title: Cipher suite

text: To determine if a TLS cipher suite is compatible with DTLS looking at its name will not help. Each TLS cipher suite will still include the TLS identifier space in its name. e.g.: "TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256". Instead, all TLS parameter registries now include the flag "DTLS-OK" to signal if a cipher suite supports DTLS.


title: Cipher suite

text: A cipher suite is as secure as the algorithms that it contains. If the version of encryption or authentication algorithm in a cipher suite have known vulnerabilities the cipher suite and TLS connection may then vulnerable. Therefore, a common attack against TLS and cipher suites is known as a downgrade attack. A downgrade in TLS occurs when a modern client connects to legacy servers that are using older versions of TLS or SSL.


title: Cipher suite

text: When initiating a handshake, the modern client will offer the highest protocol that it supports. If the connection fails, it will automatically retry again with a lower protocol such as TLS 1.0 or SSL 3.0 until the handshake is successful with the server. The purpose of downgrading is so that new versions of TLS are compatible with older versions. However, it is possible for an adversary to take advantage of this feature and make it so that a client will automatically downgrade to a version of TLS or SSL that supports cipher suites with algorithms that are known for weak security and vulnerabilities. This has resulted in attacks such as POODLE.


title: Cipher suite

text: One way to avoid this security flaw is to disable the ability of a server or client to be able to downgrade to SSL 3.0. The shortcoming with this fix is that some legacy hardware cannot be accessed by newer hardware. If SSL 3.0 support is needed for legacy hardware, there is an approved TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV cipher suite which verifies that downgrades are not triggered for malicious intentions.


title: Cipher suite

text: Encryption, key exchange and authentication algorithms usually require a large amount of processing power and memory. To provide security to with limited processing power, memory, and battery life such as those powering the Internet of things there are specifically chosen cipher suites. Two examples include:


title: Cipher suite

text: Each of these cipher suites has been implemented to run on devices with constraints in processing power and memory. They are both implemented in the open-sourced project TinyDTLS. The reason that they are able to work on these constrained devices is because they can be implemented in a light-weight fashion. Implementations of the pre-shared key cipher suite used only 1889 bytes of RAM and 38266 of flash ROM which is very resource-conscious compared to most encryption and security algorithms. This low memory usage is due to these cipher suites using proven efficient algorithms that are secure, but maybe not as secure as more resource-required algorithms; exp: Using 128 bit encryption vs 256 bit encryption. In addition they use pre-shared key or raw public key which requires less memory space and processing power compared to using traditional public key infrastructure (PKIX).


title: Cipher suite

text: In programming, a cipher suite is referred to in both plural and non-plural forms. Each one has different definitions:


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: Martin Ronald Kelly (born 27 April 1990) is an English professional footballer who currently plays as a defender for Championship side West Bromwich Albion.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: Kelly began his career at hometown club Liverpool, making 62 appearances across all competitions from his debut in 2008, and winning the League Cup in 2012. In 2014, he transferred to Crystal Palace for a fee of £2 million. On the 1st September 2022 he signed for West Bromwich Albion on a free transfer.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: He played two minutes for England in a friendly against Norway on 26 May 2012, making him the England player with the shortest international career. He was an unused member of their squad for UEFA Euro 2012.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: Kelly was born in Whiston, Merseyside and raised in Newton-le-Willows by his parents where he attended St Mary's Primary and then St Aelred's Catholic Technology College. He joined Liverpool at the age of seven and came through Academy ranks.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: Kelly was promoted to Melwood from the club's academy in the summer of 2007. In an interview for Liverpool's official website he spoke about his delight at making the step up despite missing roughly two years of football for the youth team due to back problems. Kelly broke into Gary Ablett's title winning reserves team during 2007–08. He scored the second goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Tigres UANL in the 2008 Dallas Cup final on 23 March 2008.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: Ahead of the 2008–09 season he received a first-team squad number. He earned his first call up to the senior team in November 2008 when he was an unused substitute in Liverpool's UEFA Champions League group stage match against Marseille. Not long after, he debuted as a substitute for Jamie Carragher in the same competition against PSV Eindhoven on 9 December 2008.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: On 26 March 2009, as the loan transfer window closed, Kelly joined League One club Huddersfield Town on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut for the Terriers as a left-back in the 2–1 win over Bristol Rovers at the Memorial Stadium on 31 March 2009, and received praise for his composed performance. On 18 April, he scored his first goal in professional football, scoring the winner in Huddersfield's 3–2 win over Walsall at the Bescot Stadium.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: Rafael Benítez suggested that the departure of Sami Hyypiä from Liverpool could open a window for Kelly into the first team, with his progress expected to be monitored closely in pre-season. Kelly made his first competitive start for Liverpool as a right back against Lyon in the UEFA Champions League on 20 October 2009, in which he walked off injured in the 74th minute. He was named man of the match by Liverpool's official website. He made his return from a groin injury on 25 February 2010, coming on as a substitute against FC Unirea Urziceni in the UEFA Europa League. He then made his Premier League debut replacing Glen Johnson in the 4–1 win over Portsmouth at Anfield.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: Kelly made his first Premier League start of the season as an emergency replacement for Sotirios Kyrgiakos on 7 November 2010 against Chelsea in a match which Liverpool won 2–0. He subsequently started in the Merseyside derby on 16 January 2011, forcing Liverpool's first choice Glen Johnson to play left back. He won the Liverpoolfc.tv journalist's Man of the Match Award for his performance against Everton. Jamie Carragher complemented his talents by saying "I was in the stand against Everton and when he made that run past Leighton Baines, I thought it was Thierry Henry against me all those years ago. It was turbo charged."


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: On 20 August 2011, Kelly played for the whole match away to Arsenal and helped Liverpool keep a clean sheet in a 2–0 victory. He nearly scored in the second half, as his shot from 15 yards hit the outside of the post. England manager, Fabio Capello, was present at the match and applauded his performance. On 29 November 2011, he scored a header against Chelsea as Liverpool won 2–0 at Stamford Bridge, sending them through to the semi-finals of the League Cup.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: On 23 September 2012, he ruptured his anterior cruciate ligament against Manchester United and was ruled out of action for approximately six months. A year and three days later, he made his first competitive appearance since the injury, against the same opponents in the third round of the League Cup, replacing Lucas Leiva midway through the second half in a 1–0 win for the hosts. Brendan Rodgers insisted that the latter would get his chance fully as current first-choice right-back, as Glen Johnson was out for a month.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: On 14 August 2014, Kelly joined Crystal Palace on a three-year deal, moving for a reported fee of £2 million. He totalled 34 matches (31 in the league) in his first season at Selhurst Park, as Palace finished 10th.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: He scored his first goal for Palace, and first career goal since November 2011, on 21 February 2016, the only goal in the fifth round of the FA Cup against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. He was an unused substitute in the final on 21 May, a 2–1 loss to Manchester United.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: In February 2019 he signed a new contract with the club, until 2021. He was one of four players to sign a new contract on 21 August 2020.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: The club issued a statement in May 2022 that Kelly would leave on the expiry of his contract at the end of June.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: On 1 September 2022, Kelly signed for Championship side West Bromwich Albion on a two-year contract. On 5 October, Kelly made his first appearance for the Baggies in a 1-0 defeat to Preston North End.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: Kelly was called up in early 2009 for the England U-19 squad that played Spain U-19s on 10 February. Kelly went on to make 5 appearances for the Under-19s with his last coming in a 2–1 win over Scotland U-19s on 1 June 2009.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: In August 2009, Kelly was called up to the England under-20 team for the match against Serbia and made his debut in the 5–0 victory. He subsequently played all three matches for the team in the Under-20 World Cup finals in Egypt that year. Kelly made his debut for the England under-20 team in a 5–0 win over Montenegro U-20s in a pre 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup friendly. He also played at the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt as England finished bottom of Group D. Kelly made four appearances for the under-20 team.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: On 5 August 2010, Kelly received his first call-up to the England Under-21 squad, along with Aston Villa's Marc Albrighton and future club teammate Jordan Henderson. On 10 August 2010 he made his debut, coming on as a substitute and scoring England's second goal as they beat Uzbekistan at Ashton Gate. He scored again for England as they beat Iceland 5–0 on 11 November 2011. He scored his third under-21 goal in only his fifth appearance on 14 November away to Belgium.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: On 22 May 2012, Kelly received his first call-up to the senior England team, to face Norway four days later in an international friendly. He was called up by manager Roy Hodgson despite not making his UEFA Euro 2012 squad. He made his debut as a substitute in the 87th minute, replacing Phil Jones at right back. Having played two minutes and thirty-nine seconds, Kelly's international career is the shortest ever for an England player. While Nathaniel Chalobah came on in added time on his 2018 England debut and officially has zero minutes to his career, he played for one second more than Kelly when added time is included.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: On 3 June, Kelly was called up to the Euro 2012 squad to replace Gary Cahill, who had fractured his jaw during a 1–0 friendly win against Belgium. He suffered from a virus during the tournament in Ukraine and Poland. He was not used during the championship, in which England reached the quarter-finals.


title: Martin Kelly (footballer)

text: Kelly was in Paris on 13 November 2015, a night when it was hit by a series of terror attacks. After seeing his Instagram post of a restaurant believed to have been attacked, members of the public became concerned for his safety. Crystal Palace confirmed via Twitter that he was safe and well, having returned to his hotel before the attacks began.


title: Dane Scarlett

text: Dane Pharrell Scarlett (born 24 March 2004) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Portsmouth, on loan from Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur.


title: Dane Scarlett

text: Scarlett was part of the Tottenham Under-18s team in the 2019–20 season, however, the season ended prematurely for him after a knee injury. He started playing with the first team in the pre-season friendly matches in August 2020, but returned to the Under-18s at the start of the 2020–21 season. He scored ten goals and made three assists in eight games; four goals, three of them headers, were scored in the Under-18s game on 21 November 2020 against Southampton that ended in a 7–0 win.


title: Dane Scarlett

text: His performance led to an appearance on the bench in the Europa League game against Ludogorets Razgrad on 26 November, and he made his debut for Tottenham coming on as a substitute for Lucas Moura in this game. At the age of 16 years and 247 days, he became the youngest player to have appeared in a senior first team competitive game for Tottenham, beating the previous record held by John Bostock. The record lasted until 10 January 2021 when Alfie Devine made his debut at the age of 16 years 163 days. On 12 January 2021, he scored five goals for the U18 team in the 6–2 win against Newport County in the FA Youth Cup. Scarlett made his Premier League debut, coming off the bench during stoppage time against West Bromwich Albion, on 7 February 2021. Tottenham manager José Mourinho said, "I wanted to be the one to put him on in a Premier League match. Because I know that he will be somebody in a few years." On 24 February, he became the youngest player to make an assist in the Europa League since Kylian Mbappé in a 4–0 win against Wolfsberger AC, teeing up Carlos Vinicius for the goal. On 28 March 2021, Scarlett officially signed his first professional contract with Tottenham Hotspur. The contract for the young forward runs until 2023, having been triggered following his 17th birthday.


title: Dane Scarlett

text: Scarlett made his first start for Tottenham on 19 August 2021 in the inaugural UEFA Europa Conference League competition playing against F.C. Paços de Ferreira, which ended in a 1–0 defeat. After the 2021–22 season finished Scarlett signed a new contract with Tottenham until 2026.


title: Dane Scarlett

text: On 27 July 2022, Scarlett was loaned to League One side Portsmouth ahead of the 2022–23 League One season. He made his first appearance for the club on 5 August 2022 in a 2–0 win against Cheltenham, and scored his first professional goal in a 1–0 win against Port Vale on 27 August.


title: Dane Scarlett

text: Scarlett made one appearance for the England national under-16 football team in August 2019, playing against Denmark where he scored both goals in a 2–0 win.


title: Dane Scarlett

text: On 2 September 2021, Scarlett made his debut for the England U19s and scored during a 2–0 victory over Italy at St. George's Park. On 17 June 2022, Scarlett was included in the squad for the 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. He scored twice in a group stage match against Serbia. Scarlett started in the final as England won the tournament with a 3–1 extra time victory over Israel on 1 July 2022.


title: Dane Scarlett

text: On 21 September 2022, Scarlett made his England U20 debut as a substitute during a 3-0 victory over Chile at the Pinatar Arena.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: The Triple Crown refers to winning the three most prestigious and historic tournaments in professional snooker: the World Championship, the UK Championship and the invitational Masters. Players who win all three tournaments over the course of their career are said to have won the Triple Crown. In January 2020, these tournaments were formally named the Triple Crown Series, with any player who has won all three gaining the right to wear an embroidered crown on their waistcoat reflecting their achievement.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: As of 2022, eleven professional players in snooker's modern era have won a career Triple Crown: Steve Davis, Terry Griffiths, Alex Higgins, Stephen Hendry, John Higgins, Mark Williams, Ronnie O'Sullivan, Neil Robertson, Mark Selby, Shaun Murphy and Judd Trump. O'Sullivan has won the most Triple Crown titles, with 21, while Hendry has won 18 and Davis 15.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: Only Davis, Hendry and Williams have won all three Triple Crown events in a single season, with Hendry the only player to accomplish this feat twice.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: In 1969, the World Snooker Championship became a single elimination tournament, replacing the previous challenge format; this marks the start of the professional game's "modern era". Six years later, a non-ranking invitational event, the Masters, was introduced; there were 10 competitors in the inaugural Masters in 1975, which later increased to 16 players. John Spencer won the 1975 Masters tournament, becoming the first person to win two Triple Crown events, having won the world championships in 1969 and 1971. The following year, Ray Reardon won both the Masters and World Championship in the same season.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: In 1977, the UK Championship was created. Originally restricted to British residents and passport holders, the tournament was opened to all professionals in 1984 and also became a ranking event. Patsy Fagan won the 1977 UK Championship, in his only Triple Crown final. In the 1980–81 season, Steve Davis won both the 1980 UK Championship and the 1981 World Snooker Championship, and was the first player to complete the career Triple Crown when he won the 1982 Masters the following season. Davis was also the first player to complete the season Triple Crown, winning all three events in the 1987–88 season.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: The Triple Crown events are sometimes referred to as the "big three BBC events", due to them having been broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation since inception. They are also sometimes called "snooker's majors", or the "big three" events. However, some have questioned the status of the Triple Crown events, arguing the World Championship is snooker's only major tournament, with John Higgins describing the Tour Championship, first held in 2019, as "far bigger than the UK [Championship]".


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: Triple Crown events are considered the most prestigious snooker titles, and have historically offered the most prize money. However, in recent years, prize money for other events, such as the China Open has exceeded that of these events. From the 2020 Masters onward, players who have completed the Triple Crown have a gold crown embroidered on their playing waistcoats in recognition of their achievement.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: Eleven players have completed a career Triple Crown: Steve Davis, Terry Griffiths, Alex Higgins, Stephen Hendry, John Higgins, Mark Williams, Ronnie O'Sullivan, Neil Robertson, Mark Selby, Shaun Murphy, and Judd Trump. Only Davis, Hendry and Williams have won all three Triple Crown events in the same season. Hendry is the only player to achieve the feat twice, in the 1989–90 and 1995–96 seasons.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: After winning the 1999 Masters, John Higgins held all three Triple Crown titles at the same time but his victories spanned two seasons. Only O'Sullivan and Hendry have managed to successfully defend all three Triple Crown events. In 2013, Robertson became the first player from outside the United Kingdom to complete the career Triple Crown. Following his win in the 2018 UK Championship, O'Sullivan surpassed Hendry's previous record of 18 and now has won 21 Triple Crown titles. Trump is the most recent player to have achieved a career Triple Crown, winning the Masters and World Championship in the 2018–19 snooker season.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: Of those still active on the tour as of the 2022–23 season, five players have won two of the three events, leaving them one away from completing the career Triple Crown. Jimmy White, Matthew Stevens, Ding Junhui and Mark Allen all of whom have won the Masters and UK Championship at least once, need to win the World Championship to complete their Triple Crown. Stuart Bingham is yet to win the UK Championship, but does have a World Championship title and a Masters title to his name.


title: Triple Crown (snooker)

text: Former professional players Peter Ebdon, John Parrott, Ray Reardon, John Spencer, Dennis Taylor, Doug Mountjoy and Cliff Thorburn won two of the three events before retiring. Ebdon and Parrott won both the UK and World championships, with Parrott reaching the final of the Masters on three occasions between 1989 and 1992. Reardon, Spencer, Thorburn and Taylor won the World Championship and Masters titles during their careers, but not the UK Championship. Mountjoy was close to winning the World Championship in 1981, only to lose to Steve Davis in the final.


title: Islamic music

text: Islamic music may refer to religious music, as performed in Islamic public services or private devotions, or more generally to musical traditions of the Muslim world. The heartland of Islam is the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa,


title: Islamic music

text: Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia. Due to Islam being a multi-ethnic religion, the musical expression of its adherents is vastly diverse. Indigenous traditions of various part have influenced the musical styles popular among Muslims today. The word "music" in Arabic, the language of Islam, ("mūsīqā" ) is defined more narrowly than in English or some other languages, and "its concept" was at least originally "reserved for secular art music; separate names and concepts belonged to folk songs and to religious chants".)


title: Islamic music

text: At least one scholar (Jacob M. Landau) makes the generalization about Islamic music that it "is characterized by a highly subtle organization of melody and rhythm", that "the vocal component predominates over the instrumental", and that the individual musician "is permitted, and indeed encouraged, to improvise".


title: Islamic music

text: According to scholar Jacob M. Landau, "a fusion of musical styles" was able to develop between "pre-Islamic Arabian music" and the music of Persians, Byzantines, Turks, Imazighen (Berbers), and Moors, because of "strong affinities between Arabian music and the music of the nations occupied by the expanding Arabic peoples". The core area were this "new art" of classical Islamic music succeeded stretched "from the Nile valley to Persia".


title: Islamic music

text: However, many parts of the Muslim world did not adopt the "new art" of classical Islamic music, or adopted it but also kept native music forms which were "alien" to classical Islamic music. In general, the farther from the area between the Nile and Persia one travels, "the less one finds undiluted Islamic music."


title: Islamic music

text: All of these regions were connected by trade long before the Islamic conquests of the 7th century, and it is likely that musical styles travelled the same routes as trade goods. However, lacking recordings, we can only speculate as to the pre-Islamic music of these areas. Islam must have had a great influence on music, as it united vast areas under the first caliphs, and facilitated trade between distant lands. Certainly, the Sufis, brotherhoods of Muslim mystics, spread their music far and wide.


title: Islamic music

text: The Berber and Arabic speaking countries of Central and Western North Africa, such as Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia, share some musical traditions with Egypt and the Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East. Popular modern styles of music such as Raï and Chaabi originated in Berber countries. In addition, West African influences can be heard in the popular music of Gnawa.


title: Islamic music

text: Most Somali music is based on the pentatonic scale. That is, the songs only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale such as the major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or Eritrea, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists ("midho"), songwriters ("lahan"), and singers ("'odka" or "voice"). Instruments prominently featured in Somali music include the "kaban" (oud).


title: Islamic music

text: Islam is the largest and oldest organized religion in this region, although indigenous Sahelian and Saharan styles and genres are more prominent than those influenced by Middle-Eastern theory.


title: Islamic music

text: West African musical genres are more varied, and tend to incorporate both native and Berber influences, rather than those of Arab origin. A long history of court griot music based on historical accounts and praise-singing exists in the region. Wind and string instruments, such as the Kora harp, xalam lute, or Tambin flute (similar to the ney) are generally preferred to percussion, although percussion instruments such as the talking drum and djembe are also widely played among Muslim populations


title: Islamic music

text: Many of the countries in Central Asia such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have been heavily influenced by Turkic and Persian culture. Bowed instruments are common, as is bardic singing.


title: Islamic music

text: The music of the Muslim countries of South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives and Pakistan) as well as countries with sizeable Muslim minorities (India, Nepal and Sri Lanka) merged Middle Eastern genres with indigenous classical musical modes, and is generally distinct in style and orchestration, yet due to the strong links encountered between the Middle-East, Central Asia, and South Asia, it is closer to Middle-Eastern styles than those of the periphery of the Islamic world, which tend to be purely indigenous.


title: Islamic music

text: Muslim-majority Indonesia has been significantly less influenced by Middle Eastern traditions than South Asia. As a result, many local musical styles predate the coming of Islam, although exceptions include Malay Zapin and "Joget", and the Indonesian "Gambus" (derived from Qanbus), all of which show strong Middle Eastern influence.


title: Islamic music

text: There are also local music genres in Muslim-majority regions in Southeast Asia that are influenced by Arabian traditions, such as the "tagonian" of the Sundanese people and "glipang" of the people of Probolinggo


title: Islamic music

text: The music of South East Asia's Muslim-majority regions is more closely related to the musical genres of South East and East Asia. Gong chime ensembles such as Gamelan and Kulintang existed in the region before the arrival of Islam, and musical theory and method owe more to heavy Chinese influence, as well as Hindu–Buddhist principles, than to Arabic musical philosophy. Variations of one of two main scales prevail in the region among different ensembles: "slendro" and "pelog" (both of which originated in Java).


title: Islamic music

text: In Java, use of the gamelan for Islamic devotional music was encouraged by the Muslim saint Sunan Kalijogo.


title: Islamic music

text: Nasheeds are moral, religious recitations recited in various melodies by some Muslims of today without any musical instruments. However, some nasheed groups use percussion instruments, such as the daff. Singing moral songs of this type without instrumentation is considered permissible (halal) by many Muslims.


title: Islamic music

text: The dhikr of South Asian Muslims is "quietist". The Sufi services best known in the West are the chanting and rhythmic dancing of the whirling dervishes or Mevlevi Sufis of Turkey.


title: Islamic music

text: However, Sufis may also perform devotional songs in public, for the enjoyment and edification of listeners. The mood is religious, but the gathering is not a worship service.


title: Islamic music

text: In Turkey, once the seat of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate, concerts of sacred song are called ""Mehfil-e-Sama<nowiki>'</nowiki>" " (or "gathering of "Sama<nowiki>'</nowiki>""). Song forms include ilahi and nefe.


title: Islamic music

text: In South Asia, especially Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, a widely known style of Sufi music is qawwali. A traditional qawwali programme would include:


title: Islamic music

text: and sometimes a marsiya, a lamentation over the death of much of Ali's family at the Battle of Karbala.


title: Islamic music

text: Another traditional South Asian genre of Sufi music is the Kafi, which is more meditative and involves solo singing as opposed to the ensemble form seen in qawwali. The most widely known exponent of the Kafi is the Pakistani singer Abida Parveen.


title: Islamic music

text: Sufi music has developed with the times. A Pakistani Sufi rock band, Junoon, was formed in the 1990s to bring a modern twist to suit the new younger generation. The band achieved wide popularity, in Pakistan as well as in the West.


title: Islamic music

text: According to scholar Jacob M. Landau, in Islamic music, "melodies are organized in terms of "maqāmāt" (singular "maqām"), or “modes,” characteristic melodic patterns with prescribed scales, preferential notes, typical melodic and rhythmic formulas, variety of intonations, and other conventional devices."


title: Islamic music

text: rhythmic modes are known as "īqāʿāt" (singular "īqāʿ"), and they have a "cyclical patterns of strong and weak beats".


title: Islamic music

text: Although there are a wide variety of opinions on the permissibility of musical instruments, those who produce Islamic music with instruments often feature the following instruments:


title: Islamic music

text: The question of permissibility of music in Islamic jurisprudence is historically disputed, and with the advent of a whole new generation of Muslim musicians who try to blend their work and faith, the issue "has taken on extra significance".


title: Rougned Odor

text: Rougned Roberto Odor () (born February 3, 1994), nicknamed "Rougie", is a Venezuelan professional baseball second baseman who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, New York Yankees and Baltimore Orioles. He played for Texas’s minor league affiliates from 2011 until he was called up to the MLB team in 2014. The Rangers traded Odor to the Yankees in 2021 and he was released on November 23, 2021. He was later signed by the Orioles.


title: Rougned Odor

text: Odor was born in Maracaibo, Venezuela, on February 3, 1994. His first name is a combination of his grandfather's name, Douglas, and his grandmother's name, Nedia; in keeping with the family custom of giving boys names that begin with the letter "R", the "D" in Douglas was changed to an "R," yielding Rougned.


title: Rougned Odor

text: His father, also named Rougned, played college baseball for the University of New Orleans. He has a sister and a younger brother, Rougned José Odor, who signed with the Texas Rangers organization on February 19, 2015. His uncle, Rouglas, played for eight seasons in Minor League Baseball for the Cleveland and Milwaukee Brewers organizations, and is now a manager with the Akron RubberDucks. Three of his uncles on his mother's side played baseball. All three played for the Aguilas de Zulia in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, while Eduardo Zambrano also played in MLB for the Chicago Cubs.


title: Rougned Odor

text: Though raised in Maracaibo, he also visited his mother's family in the country during weekends. He spent time around horses, and he enjoys toros coleados, a sport involving horses.


title: Rougned Odor

text: Odor began playing baseball at the age of two. He played in the 2009 World Youth Baseball Championship. He was named to the tournament's all-star team as a second baseman.


title: Rougned Odor

text: Odor signed with the Texas Rangers as an international free agent in 2011, receiving a $425,000 signing bonus. The Rangers aggressively assigned him to the Spokane Indians of the Class A-Short Season Northwest League. He was the youngest player in the Northwest League, and had a .262 batting average on the season. Odor was suspended for four games after starting a brawl during a game with the Vancouver Canadians. In 2012, Odor batted .259 with the Hickory Crawdads of the Class A South Atlantic League.


title: Rougned Odor

text: Odor began the 2013 season with the Myrtle Beach Pelicans of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, where he had a .303 batting average in 99 games played. In August 2013, Odor was promoted to the Frisco RoughRiders of the Class AA Texas League. Odor's emergence with the Rangers allowed them to trade utility infielder Leury Garcia to the Chicago White Sox for all-star right fielder Alex Rios that month. He finished the season with a .305 batting average with 41 doubles, six triples, 11 home runs, and 78 runs batted in in 130 games for Myrtle Beach and Frisco. The Rangers named Odor their minor league player of the year.


title: Rougned Odor

text: The Rangers promoted Odor to the major leagues on May 8, 2014. On May 9, against Boston Red Sox pitcher Clay Buchholz, Odor hit a single for his first major league hit. On May 12, against Houston Astros pitcher Brad Peacock, Odor hit his first major league home run. He hit his first grand slam on August 27, in a 12–4 decision against the Seattle Mariners. Odor was the youngest player in the MLB during his rookie season and helped the Rangers' second base problem even though they finished 67–95, the third-worst record in baseball that year.


title: Rougned Odor

text: Odor finished the year hitting a .259 batting average, 39 runs, 14 doubles, nine home runs, four stolen bases, and 48 RBIs in 386 at-bats over 110 games. He was the youngest player in the American League, was 8th in the league in triples (7), and was 10th in caught stealing (7).


title: Rougned Odor

text: Odor began 2015 as the Rangers' starting second baseman, but he struggled mightily, hitting .144 with one home run, nine RBIs, and 25 strikeouts to go with seven walks in 29 games. He was optioned to the Round Rock Express of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League on May 11. However, upon his demotion, Odor found his stroke, beating up Triple-A pitching to a .352/.426/.639 slash with five home runs, 19 RBIs, and only 10 strikeouts to 12 walks in roughly the same number of appearances. On June 15, following an injury to Delino DeShields Jr., Odor was recalled to the Rangers, and in his return, promptly went 3-for-3 with two RBI against the Dodgers. Rougned proceeded to hit very hot in the month of June, hitting .391 with two home runs and nine RBIs and hit .319 with five home runs and 16 RBI in July.


title: Rougned Odor

text: He ended the regular season hitting .261, with 16 home runs, 61 RBIs, and 54 runs scored. He led all AL second basemen in errors, with 17.


title: Rougned Odor

text: On May 15, 2016, Odor started an on-field brawl by punching Jose Bautista in the face during the eighth inning of a game against the Toronto Blue Jays after Bautista slid into Odor at second base during a double play. Odor first pushed and then swung at Bautista, hitting him squarely in the face. There was speculation that this incident spilled over from the bad blood that resulted from Game 5 of 2015's American League Division Series between the Rangers and the Blue Jays, a game that included Blue Jays fans throwing trash onto the field and Bautista flipping his bat emphatically after hitting the Blue Jays' go-ahead home run. Odor received an eight-game suspension from MLB two days later for his actions that resulted in the brawl. After an appeal, Odor's suspension was revised, eventually finalized at seven games.


title: Rougned Odor

text: In 150 games, Odor finished the year with a .271 batting average, 33 home runs, 33 doubles, and 88 RBI. He walked in 3.0% of his at-bats, the lowest percentage in the major leagues, and had the lowest walks-per-strikeout ratio in the majors (0.14). He saw the highest percentage of curveballs of all MLB hitters (16.0%). He led all AL second basemen in errors, with 22.


title: Rougned Odor

text: On October 9, Odor was charged with a throwing error which allowed the Toronto Blue Jays to score the winning run in the 10th inning of Game 3 of the ALDS, thus eliminating the Rangers despite holding the best record in the AL in 2016.


title: Rougned Odor

text: Before the 2017 season, Odor played for the Venezuelan national baseball team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic. On March 25, Odor signed a six-year extension worth $49.5 million. The deal was finalized on March 30. In the Rangers' season opener against the Cleveland Indians, Odor hit two home runs in his first two at-bats of the season.


title: Rougned Odor

text: For the 2017 season, he batted .204/.252/.397, had the lowest on base percentage of all qualified major league batters, and had the lowest batting average on balls in play (.224) of all major league players. For the third consecutive season he led all AL second basemen in errors, with 19.


title: Rougned Odor

text: In 2018, Odor batted .253/.326/.424 with 18 home runs and 63 RBI. He stole 12 bases, but led the American League in caught stealing, with 12. In 2019, he batted .205/.283/.439/.721 with 30 home runs and 93 RBIs. He led the American League with 178 strikeouts. In 2019, on defense he led all American League second basemen in errors, with 15. In 2020, Odor batted .167/209/.413 with 10 home runs and 30 RBI. Odor only played in 38 games on the year because of the shortened season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Rougned Odor

text: On March 29, 2021, Odor was informed that he had not made the Rangers' Opening Day roster. He was designated for assignment when the Rangers' set their Opening Day roster on April 1.


title: Rougned Odor

text: On April 6, 2021, the Rangers traded Odor to the New York Yankees for Josh Stowers and Antonio Cabello. In July and August, he moved to third base for 23 games to fill in for Gio Urshela.


title: Rougned Odor

text: The Yankees designated Odor for assignment on November 19. Odor was released by the Yankees on November 23.


title: Rougned Odor

text: Odor signed a one-year contract with the Baltimore Orioles on November 30, 2021. He struggled with the team in 2022, ending with a negative WAR.


title: Rougned Odor

text: As part of the contract Odor signed in 2017, Rangers owner Ray Davis included a pair of quarter horses. Odor plans to build a ranch in the North Texas area, so that his family can move from Venezuela. These are the seventh and eighth horses Odor owns.


title: Poets' Corner

text: Poets' Corner is the name traditionally given to a section of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey in the City of Westminster, London because of the high number of poets, playwrights, and writers buried and commemorated there.


title: Poets' Corner

text: The first poet interred in Poets' Corner was Geoffrey Chaucer in 1400. William Shakespeare was commemorated with a monument in 1740, over a century after his death. Over the centuries, a tradition has grown up of interring or memorialising people there in recognition of their contribution to British culture. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the honour is awarded to writers.


title: Poets' Corner

text: In 2009, the founders of the Royal Ballet were commemorated in a memorial floor stone and on 25 September 2010, the writer Elizabeth Gaskell was celebrated with the dedication of a panel in the memorial window. On 6 December 2011, former Poet Laureate Ted Hughes was commemorated with a floor stone. On 22 November 2013, the fiftieth anniversary of his death, writer C. S. Lewis was commemorated with a memorial floor stone. The poet Philip Larkin was commemorated with a floor stone dedicated on 2 December 2016.


title: Poets' Corner

text: The first poet interred in Poets' Corner, Geoffrey Chaucer, owed his 1400 burial in the Abbey (in front of St. Benedict's Chapel) more to his position as Clerk of Works of the Palace of Westminster than to his fame as a writer. The erection of his magnificent tomb by Nicholas Brigham in 1556 (to where Chaucer's remains were then transferred) and the nearby burial of Edmund Spenser in 1599 began a tradition that still continues. The area also houses the tombs of several Canons and Deans of the Abbey, as well as the grave of Thomas Parr who, it is said, died at the age of 152 in 1635 after having seen ten sovereigns on the throne.


title: Poets' Corner

text: Burial or commemoration in the Abbey does not always occur at or soon after the time of death. Lord Byron, for example, whose poetry was admired but who maintained a scandalous lifestyle, died in 1824 but was not given a memorial until 1969. Even William Shakespeare, buried at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1616, was not honoured with a monument until 1740 when one designed by William Kent was constructed in Poets' Corner (though shortly after Shakespeare's death William Basse had suggested Shakespeare should be buried there). Samuel Horsley, Dean of Westminster in 1796, was said to have tartly refused the request for actress Kitty Clive to be buried in the Abbey:


title: Poets' Corner

text: if we do not draw some line in this "theatrical" ambition to "mortuary fame", we shall soon make "Westminster Abbey" little better than a "Gothic Green Room"!


title: Poets' Corner

text: Not all poets appreciated memorialisation and Samuel Wesley's epitaph for Samuel Butler, who supposedly died in poverty, continued Butler's satiric tone:


title: Poets' Corner

text: Some of those buried in Poets' Corner also had memorials erected to them over or near their grave, either around the time of their death or later. In some cases, such as Joseph Addison, the burial took place elsewhere in Westminster Abbey, with a memorial later erected in Poets' Corner. In some cases a full burial of a body took place, in other cases the body was cremated and the ashes buried. There are also cases where there was support for a particular individual to be buried in Poets' Corner, but the decision was made to bury them elsewhere in the Abbey, such as Edward Bulwer-Lytton. Other notable poets and writers, such as Aphra Behn, are buried elsewhere in the Abbey. At least two of the memorials (both to individuals buried in Poets' Corner – Rowe and Gay) were later moved to a location elsewhere in the Abbey due to the discovery of old paintings on the wall behind them.


title: Poets' Corner

text: The memorials can take several forms. Some are stone slabs set in the floor with a name and inscription carved on them, while others are more elaborate and carved stone monuments, or hanging stone tablets, or memorial busts. Some are commemorated in groups, such as the joint memorial for the Brontë sisters (commissioned in 1939, but not unveiled until 1947 due to the war), the sixteen First World War poets inscribed on a stone floor slab and unveiled in 1985, and the four founders of the Royal Ballet, commemorated together in 2009.


title: Poets' Corner

text: The grave of Ben Jonson is not in Poets' Corner, but is in the north aisle of the nave. It has the inscription "O Rare Ben Johnson" "(perhaps the original spelling)" on the slab above it. It has been suggested that this could be read "Orare Ben Johnson" (pray for Ben Johnson), which would indicate a deathbed return to Catholicism, but the carving shows a distinct space between "O" and "rare". The fact that he was buried in an upright grave could be an indication of his reduced circumstances at the time of his death but it has also been suggested that Jonson asked for a grave exactly 18 inches square from the monarch and received an upright grave to fit in the requested space. As well as the gravestone in the north aisle of the nave, a wall tablet commemorating Jonson was later erected in Poets' Corner.


title: Poets' Corner

text: As floor and wall space began to run out, the decision was taken to install a stained glass memorial window (unveiled in 1994 in memory of Edward Horton Hubbard), and it is here that new names are added in the form of inscribed panes of glass. There is room for 20 names, and currently there are six names on this window, with the latest entry (Elizabeth Gaskell) unveiled on 25 September 2010. The memorial ceremonies often include guest speakers. In 1995, Oscar Wilde was commemorated in the window and those in attendance included Sir John Gielgud and Dame Judi Dench who both read extracts from his work.


title: Poets' Corner

text: The memorial in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, to 16 Great War poets is a slate stone slab with the names of the poets inscribed on it. It was unveiled on 11 November 1985, the 67th anniversary of the Armistice. An additional inscription quotes Owen's "Preface":


title: Poets' Corner

text: The stone slab floor memorial to the four founders of the Royal Ballet was dedicated on 17 November 2009.


title: Poets' Corner

text: "Poets' Corner" is also the title of a play by James Huntrods, and "The Poets' Corner" was a book of caricatures of famous poets by Max Beerbohm published in 1904.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: In Roman religion, the genius (; plural "geniī") is the individual instance of a general divine nature that is present in every individual person, place, or thing. Much like a guardian angel, the genius would follow each man from the hour of his birth until the day he died. For women, it was the Juno spirit that would accompany each of them.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: Each individual place had a genius ("genius loci") and so did powerful objects, such as volcanoes. The concept extended to some specifics: the genius of the theatre, of vineyards, and of festivals, which made performances successful, grapes grow, and celebrations succeed, respectively. It was extremely important in the Roman mind to propitiate the appropriate genii for the major undertakings and events of their lives.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: The Christian theologian Augustine equated the Christian soul with the Roman genius, citing Varro as attributing the rational powers and abilities of every human being to their genius.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: Although the term "genius" might apply to any divinity whatsoever, most of the higher-level and state "genii" had their own well-established names. Genius applied most often to individual places or people not generally known; that is, to the smallest units of society and settlements, families and their homes. Houses, doors, gates, streets, districts, tribes, each one had its own genius. The supreme hierarchy of the Roman gods, like that of the Greeks, was modelled after a human family. It featured a father, Jupiter, who was also the supreme divine unity, and a mother, Juno, queen of the gods. These supreme unities were subdivided into genii for each individual family; hence, the genius of each female, representing the female reproductive power, was a Juno. The male power was a Jupiter.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: "Genii" were often viewed as protective spirits, as one would propitiate them for protection. For example, to protect infants one propitiated a number of deities concerned with birth and childrearing: "Cuba" ("lying down to sleep"), "Cunina" ("of the cradle") and "Rumina" ("of breast-feeding"). Certainly, if those "genii" did not perform their proper function well, the infant would be in danger.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: Hundreds of "lararia", or family shrines, have been discovered at Pompeii, typically off the "atrium", kitchen or garden, where the smoke of burnt offerings could vent through the opening in the roof. Each "lararium" features a panel fresco containing the same theme: two peripheral figures ("Lares") attend on a central figure (family genius) or two figures (genius and juno) who may or may not be at an altar. In the foreground is one or two serpents crawling toward the genius through a meadow motif. Campania and Calabria preserved an ancient practice of keeping a propitious house snake, here linked with the genius. In another, unrelated fresco (House of the Centenary) the snake-in-meadow appears below a depiction of Mount Vesuvius and is labelled "Agathodaimon", "good daimon", where "daimon" must be regarded as the Greek equivalent of genius.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: The English term is borrowed from Lat. "genius" m. "household guardian spirit"; earlier, "innate male power of a race or clan", deriving from the Indo-European root *g̑enh₁-, "give birth, produce", which is also reflected in Lat. "gignō" "give birth" and "gēns, gentis" f. "tribe, people".


title: Genius (mythology)

text: The genius appears explicitly in Roman literature as early as Plautus, where one character jests that the father of another is so avaricious that he uses cheap Samian ware in sacrifices to his own genius, so as not to tempt the genius to steal it. In this passage, the genius is not identical to the person, as to propitiate oneself would be absurd, and yet the genius also has the avarice of the person; that is, the same character, the implication being, like person, like genius.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: Horace, writing when the first emperor was introducing the cult of his own genius, describes the genius as "the companion which controls the natal star; the god of human nature, in that he is mortal for each person, with a changing expression, white or black".


title: Genius (mythology)

text: Octavius Caesar on return to Rome after the final victory of the Roman Civil War at the Battle of Actium appeared to the Senate to be a man of great power and success, clearly a mark of divinity. In recognition of the prodigy they voted that all banquets should include a libation to his genius. In concession to this sentiment he chose the name Augustus, capturing the numinous meaning of English "august." The household cult of the "Genius Augusti" dates from this period. It was propitiated at every meal along with the other household "numina". Thus began the tradition of the Roman imperial cult, in which Romans worshipped the genius of the emperor rather than the person.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: If the genius of the "imperator", or commander of all troops, was to be propitiated, so was that of all the units under his command. The provincial troops expanded the idea of the "genii" of state; for example, from Roman Britain have been found altars to the "genii" of "Roma", "Roma aeterna", "Britannia", and to every "legion", "cohors", "ala" and "centuria" in Britain, as well as to the "praetorium" of every "castra" and even to the "vexillae". Inscriptional dedications to genius were not confined to the military. From Gallia Cisalpina under the empire are numerous dedications to the genii of persons of authority and respect; in addition to the emperor's "genius principis", were the geniuses of patrons of freedmen, owners of slaves, patrons of guilds, philanthropists, officials, villages, other divinities, relatives and friends. Sometimes the dedication is combined with other words, such as "to the genius and honor" or in the case of couples, "to the genius and Juno."


title: Genius (mythology)

text: Surviving from the time of the empire hundreds of dedicatory, votive and sepulchral inscriptions ranging over the entire territory testify to a floruit of genius worship as an official cult. Stock phrases were abbreviated: GPR, "genio populi Romani" ("to the genius of the Roman people"); GHL, "genio huius loci" ("to the genius of this place"); GDN, "genio domini nostri" ("to the genius of our master"), and so on. In 392 AD with the final victory of Christianity Theodosius I declared the worship of the Genii, Lares and Penates to be treason, ending their official terms. The concept, however, continued in representation and speech under different names or with accepted modifications.


title: Genius (mythology)

text: The genius of a corporate social body is often a cameo theme on ancient coins: a denarius from Spain, 76–75 BC, featuring a bust of the "GPR" ("Genius Populi Romani", "Genius of the Roman People") on the obverse; an aureus of Siscia in Croatia, 270–275 AD, featuring a standing image of the "GENIUS ILLVR" ("Genius Exercitus Illyriciani", "Genius of the Illyrian Army") on the reverse; an aureus of Rome, 134–138 AD, with an image of a youth holding a cornucopia and patera (sacrificial dish) and the inscription GENIOPR, "genio populi Romani", "to the genius of the Roman people," on the reverse.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Climate change adaptation is the process of adjusting to current or expected effects of climate change. For humans, adaptation aims to moderate or avoid harm, and exploit opportunities; for natural systems, humans may intervene to help adjustment. Adaptation actions can be either incremental (actions where the central aim is to maintain the essence and integrity of a system) or transformative (actions that change the fundamental attributes of a system in response to climate change and its impacts). The need for adaptation varies from place to place, depending on the risk to human or ecological systems.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Adaptation actions can be grouped into three categories: Structural and physical adaptation (this can be grouped into engineering and built environment, technological, ecosystem-based, services); Social adaptation (educational, informational, behavioral); and Institutional adaptation (economic organizations, laws and regulation, government policies and programs).


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are most vulnerable to climate change and are bearing the brunt of the effects of climate change. Human adaptive capacity is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt. Adaptive capacity is closely linked to social and economic development.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: In general higher levels of development mean higher adaptive capacity, but some development locks people in to certain patterns or behaviors. And the most developed areas may have low adaptation capacity to new types of natural hazards, not previously experienced, relative to more familiar natural hazards. The economic costs of adaptation to climate change are likely to cost billions of dollars annually for the next several decades.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Because climate change is one contributor to disaster risk, climate change adaptation is sometimes seen as one of many processes within disaster risk reduction. In turn, disaster risk reduction should sit within sustainable development to avoid isolation from topics wider than disaster risk.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Disasters are often triggered by natural hazards but are always linked to human action (or inaction) or rooted in anthropogenic processes. Disasters, economic loss and the underlying vulnerabilities that drive risk are increasing, and global risks like climate change are having major impacts in every locality. As climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of extreme weather events and disasters, adaptation may also include measures towards increased preparedness and relevant disaster response capacities.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Many expert bodies agree that while climate change mitigation is important, adaptation to the effects of global warming will still be necessary. These expert bodies include for example the IPCC Working Group II ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability,") the United States National Academy of Sciences, the United Nations Disaster Risk Reduction Office,


title: Climate change adaptation

text: There are some synergies and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation. Adaptation measures often offer short-term benefits, whereas mitigation has longer-term benefits. Sometimes climate-relevant actions may point in different directions. For instance, compact urban development may lead to reduced transport and building greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, it may increase the urban heat island effect, leading to higher temperatures and increasing exposure, making adaptation more challenging.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Synergies include the benefits of public transport for both mitigation and adaptation. Public transport has lower greenhouse gas emissions per kilometer travelled than cars. A good public transport network also increases resilience in case of disasters: evacuation and emergency access becomes easier. Reduced air pollution from public transport improves health, which in turn may lead to improved economic resilience, as healthy workers perform better.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: The Paris Agreement of 2015 requires countries to keep global temperature rise this century to less than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C. Even if greenhouse gas emissions are stopped relatively soon, global warming and its effects will last many years due to the inertia of the climate system, so both carbon neutrality ("net zero") and adaptation are necessary.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: The current level of warming is 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) as of 2022, and is on track to increase to 2.5 to 2.9 °C (4.5 to 5.2 °F) by the end of the century. This is causing a variety of secondary effects.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Many adverse effects of climate change are not changes in the average conditions, but changes in the variation or the extremes of conditions. For example, the average sea level in a port might not be as important as the height of water during a storm surge (which causes flooding); the average rainfall in an area might not be as important as how frequent and severe droughts and extreme precipitation events become.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Adaptation can help decrease climate risk via the three interacting risk factors: hazards, vulnerability and exposure. It is not possible to directly reduce hazards (hazards are affected by current and future changes in climate). Instead, adaptation addresses risks of climate impacts from the interactions among climate-related hazards, and the exposure and vulnerability of affected human and ecological systems. Exposure refers to the presence of people, livelihoods, ecosystems, other assets etc. in places that could be negatively affected. Exposure can be decreased by retreating from areas with high climate risks, such as floodplains and by improving systems for early warnings and evacuations. Vulnerability is 'the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected'. Vulnerability includes the ideas of sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt. Vulnerability can be decreased in urban settings through using green garden spaces to reduce heat stress and food insecurity for low-income neighbourhoods.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: The adverse impacts of climate hazards (typically natural hazards) may be reduced with the help of ecosystem-based adaptation. For instance, flooding may be prevented if mangroves have the ability to dampen storm energy. As such, protection of the mangrove ecosystem can be a form of adaptation. Insurance and livelihood diversification increase resilience and decrease vulnerability. Further actions to decrease vulnerability include strengthening social protection and building infrastructure more resistant to hazards.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Adaptive capacity in the context of climate change is the ability of a system (human, natural or managed) to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with consequences. As a property, adaptive capacity is distinct from adaptation itself. In practical terms, adaptive capacity is the ability to design and implement effective adaptation strategies, or to react to evolving hazards and stresses so as to reduce the likelihood of negative impacts of climate-related hazards.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Those societies that can respond to change quickly and successfully have a high adaptive capacity. Conversely, high adaptive capacity does not necessarily translate into successful adaptation action or succeed in goals of equity and enhancing well-being. For example, adaptive capacity in Western Europe is generally considered to be high, and the risks of warmer winters increasing the range of livestock diseases is well documented, but many parts of Europe were still badly affected by outbreaks of the Bluetongue virus in livestock in 2007. Adaptive capacity may include the capacity to produce, widely deploy and develop efficient and sustainable cooling technologies to protect populations against elevated temperatures.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: By some indices such as ND-GAIN high-income countries tend to have higher adaptive capacity. However, there is strong variation within countries.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: In many instances, measures to promote sustainable development overlap with those for adaptive capacity, and both types of activity can reduce climate risk while also yielding development benefits. These activities can include: Improving access to resources, reducing poverty, lowering inequities of resources and wealth among groups, improving education and information, improving infrastructure, improving institutional capacity and efficiency, promoting local indigenous practices, knowledge, and experiences.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Many adaptation responses (also known as adaptation measures, strategies or solutions) exist and are used to help manage impacts and risks to people and nature.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Current adaptation tends to focus on near-term climate risks and is focused on particular sectors, such as water and agriculture, and regions, such as Africa and Asia. It is important to close existing gaps between actually implemented adaptation and the current needs (relative to today's climate) for reducing risks to a tolerable level. However, future adaptation also has to anticipate future risks of climate change. The effectiveness of some options may decrease with increasing global warming or they may become entirely unfeasible.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Adaptation responses can be grouped into four categories that all directly aim at reducing risks and exploiting opportunities:


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Social adaptation processes (educational, informational and behavioural) that do not directly reduce risks are also sometimes considered as types of options.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Options that fall into the group of "built environment" include for example installing or upgrading infrastructure to protect against flooding, sea level rise, heatwaves and extreme heat, as well as infrastructure to respond to changed rainfall patterns in agriculture (e.g. irrigation infrastructure). These are explained further in the section below "by type of climate change impact".


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Climate services are systems for the delivery of the best available climate information to end-users in the most usable and accessible formats. Their objective is to support adaptation, mitigation and risk management decisions. A vast diversity of practices and products have been developed for the interpretation, analysis, and communication of climate data. They often combine different sources and different types of knowledge. Their aim is to fulfill a well-specified need. These climate services mark a shift from supply-driven (i.e. science-driven) information products to a demand-driven (i.e. decision-driven) production system that takes greater account of users’ needs. To do so they require different types of user–producer engagement, or co-design, depending on what the service aims to deliver.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Climate services are varied in their structure and objectives. They are set up to help users cope with current climate variability and limit the damage caused by climate-related disasters or be an important measure to reduce risks in a particular sector. Examples include: Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) which provides free and open access to climate data, tools and information which are used for a variety of purposes. Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture (PICSA) which is a participatory approach which combines historical climate data and forecasts with farmers’ local contextual knowledge.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Institutional responses include zoning regulations, new building codes, new insurance schemes, and coordination mechanisms.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Policies have been identified as important tools for integrating issues of climate change adaptation. At national levels, adaptation strategies may be found in National Action Plans (NAPS ) and National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA, in developing countries), and/or in national policies and strategies on climate change. These are at different levels of development in different countries and in cities (progress is discussed in the section below "implementation").


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Cities, states, and provinces often have considerable responsibility in land use planning, public health, and disaster management. Some have begun to take steps to adapt to threats intensified by climate change, such as flooding, bushfires, heatwaves, and rising sea levels.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Managing the codes or regulations that buildings must conform to is important for keeping people healthy and comfortable during extremes of hot and cold as well as protecting them from floods. There are many examples for achieving this, such as increasing the insulation values, adding solar shading, increasing natural ventilation or passive cooling, codes for green roofs to reduce urban heat island effects or requiring waterfront properties to have higher foundations. Land use zoning controls are also central to investment in urban development and reducing risks related to the areas threatened by floods and landslides.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Insurance spreads the financial impact of flooding and other extreme weather events. There is an increasing availability of such options. For example, index-based insurance is a relatively new product which triggers payment when weather indices, such as precipitation or temperature, cross a threshold. It aims to help customers such as farmers deal with production risks. Access to reinsurance may be a form of increasing the resiliency of cities. Where there are failures in the private insurance market, the public sector can subsidize premiums. A study identified key equity issues for policy considerations:


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Government-subsidized insurance, such as the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program, is criticized for providing a perverse incentive to develop properties in hazardous areas, thereby increasing overall risk. It is also suggested that insurance can undermine other efforts to increase adaptation, for instance through property level protection and resilience. This behavioral effect may be countered with appropriate land-use policies that limit new construction where current or future climate risks are perceived and/or encourage the adoption of resilient building codes to mitigate potential damages.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Individuals and households play a central role in adaptation globally, with many examples documented particularly in the global south. Behavioural adaptation is change in the strategies, practices and actions that help to reduce risk, such as protecting homes from flooding, protecting crops from drought, and adopting different income earning activities.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Food waste spoilage is increased from exposure to higher temperatures and humidity, or from extreme events such as flooding and contamination. This can happen at different points in the food supply chain and can be a risk to food security and nutrition. Adaptation measures can review the production, processing and other handling practices of suppliers. Examples include further sorting to separate damaged products, drying the product for better storage or improved packaging. Other behaviour change options for retailers and consumers include acceptance of less-than-perfect fruit and vegetable appearance, redistribution of food surplus and lowered prices on nearly expired food.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Dietary change options (in regions with excess consumption of calories) include replacing meat and dairy foods with a higher share of plant-based foods. These have both mitigation and adaptation benefits. Plant-based options have much lower energy and water requirements. Adaptation options can investigate those dietary patterns that are better adjusted to the regional, socioeconomic and cultural context. People's preferences for foods are strongly shaped by social–cultural norms. Supporting policies such as subsidies, taxes, and marketing can also be important for dietary choice.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: There is increasing understanding of agricultural adaptation options including changing planting time, or changing to crops and livestock that are more adapted to climate conditions and presence of pests, breeding more resilient crops and selecting genetically modified crops (given new technological options). These aim at improving food security and nutrition.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Ecosystems adapt to global warming depending on their resilience to climatic changes. Humans can help adaptation in ecosystems for biodiversity. Possible responses include increasing connectivity between ecosystems so that species can migrate on their own to more favorable climate conditions and assisting their migration through human transport of plants or animals. Protection and restoration of natural and semi-natural areas also helps build resilience, making it easier for ecosystems to adapt.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Many of the actions that promote adaptation in ecosystems, also help humans adapt via ecosystem-based adaptation and nature-based solutions. For instance, restoration of natural fire regimes makes catastrophic fires less likely, and reduces the human exposure to this hazard. Giving rivers more space allows for storage of more water in the natural system, making floods in inhabited areas less likely. The provision of green spaces and tree planting creates shade for livestock. There is a trade-off between agricultural production and the restoration of ecosystems in some areas.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Furthermore, humans can help ecosystems adapt to and become more resilient against climate change and its impacts. For instance, scientific research and development could be used to help coral reefs survive climate change.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Flooding can be in the form of urban flooding or coastal flooding which is exacerbated by sea level rise. In some areas there are also risks of glacial lake outburst floods.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Dealing with more frequent drenching rains may required increasing the capacity of stormwater systems, and separating stormwater from blackwater, so that overflows in peak periods do not contaminate rivers. One example is the SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: New York City produced a comprehensive report for its Rebuilding and Resiliency initiative after Hurricane Sandy. Its efforts include not only making buildings less prone to flooding, but taking steps to reduce the recurrence of specific problems encountered during and after the storm: weeks-long fuel shortages even in unaffected areas due to legal and transportation problems, flooded health care facilities, insurance premium increases, damage to electricity and steam generation in addition to distribution networks, and flooding of subway and roadway tunnels.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: A 2020 study projects that regions inhabited by a third of the human population could become as hot as the hottest parts of the Sahara within 50 years without a change in patterns of population growth and without migration, unless greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to a limit of 1.5 °C of warming. The most affected regions have little adaptive capacity as of 2020.<ref name="10.1073/pnas.1910114117"></ref>


title: Climate change adaptation

text: A significant effect of global climate change is the altering of global rainfall patterns, with certain effects on agriculture. Rainfed agriculture constitutes 80% of global agriculture. Many of the 852 million poor people in the world live in parts of Asia and Africa that depend on rainfall to cultivate food crops. Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and soil moisture storage. Extended drought can cause the failure of small and marginal farms with resultant economic, political and social disruption, more so than this currently occurs.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Agriculture of any kind is strongly influenced by the availability of water. Changes in total seasonal precipitation or in its pattern of variability are both important. The occurrence of moisture stress during flowering, pollination, and grain-filling is harmful to most crops and particularly so to corn, soybeans, and wheat. Increased evaporation from the soil and accelerated transpiration in the plants themselves will cause moisture stress.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Climate change can threaten food security and water security. Food systems can be adapted to enhance food security and to prevent future negative impacts from climate change.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: The demand for water for irrigation is projected to rise in a warmer climate, bringing increased competition between agriculture—already the largest consumer of water resources in semi-arid regions—and urban as well as industrial users. Falling water tables and the resulting increase in the energy needed to pump water will make the practice of irrigation more expensive, particularly when with drier conditions more water will be required per acre. Other strategies will be needed to make the most efficient use of water resources. For example, the International Water Management Institute has suggested five strategies that could help Asia feed its growing population in light of climate change. These are: Modernizing existing irrigation schemes to suit modern methods of farming; supporting farmers' efforts to find their own water supplies, by tapping into groundwater in a sustainable way; Looking beyond conventional "Participatory Irrigation Management" schemes, by engaging the private sector; Expanding capacity and knowledge; Investing outside the irrigation sector.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Reforestation is one of the ways to stop desertification fueled by anthropogenic climate change and non sustainable land use. One of the most important projects is the Great Green Wall that should stop the expansion of Sahara desert to the south. By 2018 only 15% of it is accomplished, but there are already many positive effects, which include: "Over 12 million acres (5 million hectares) of degraded land has been restored in Nigeria; roughly 30 million acres of drought-resistant trees have been planted across Senegal; and a whopping 37 million acres of land has been restored in Ethiopia – just to name a few of the states involved." "Many groundwater wells [were] refilled with drinking water, rural towns with additional food supplies, and new sources of work and income for villagers, thanks to the need for tree maintenance."


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Migration can be seen as adaptation: people may be able to generate more income, diversify livelihoods, and spread climate risk. This contrasts with two other frames around migration and environmental change: migration as a human rights issue and migration as a security issue. In the human right's frame, normative implications include developing protection frameworks for migrants, whereas increased border security may be an implication of framing migration as a national security issue. Sometimes these approaches are combined for the development of solutions (laws and policies) that aim to be both viable, taking national concerns into account, and in accordance with human rights. Furthermore, there may also be economic aspects of migration – high levels of migration and emigration of skilled workers – that decision-makers in both the – distant or nearby – host country and the country of origin may consider. Vice versa, climate change could also exacerbate economic insecurity or political instability as causes for migration beyond temperatures and extreme weather events.


title: Climate change adaptation

text: Would-be migrants often need access to social and financial capital, such as support networks in the chosen destination and the funds or physical resources to be able to move. Migration is frequently the last adaptive response households will take when confronted with environmental factors that threaten their livelihoods, and mostly resorted to when other mechanisms to cope have proven unsuccessful.