title: Ischemic colitis

text: There are devices which test the sufficiency of oxygen delivery to the colon. The first device approved by the U.S. FDA in 2004 uses visible light spectroscopy to analyze capillary oxygen levels. Use during Aortic Aneurysm repair detected when colon oxygen levels fell below sustainable levels, allowing real-time repair. In several studies, Specificity has been 90% or higher for acute colonic ischemia, and 83% for chronic mesenteric ischemia, with a sensitivity of 71%-92%. This device must be placed using endoscopy, however.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: There is a recent optical test, but it requires endoscopy (see Diagnosis). There are no specific blood tests for ischemic colitis. The sensitivity of tests among 73 patients were:


title: Ischemic colitis

text: Plain X-rays are often normal or show non-specific findings. In a series of 73 patients, plain abdominal radiography (56%) showing colic distension in 53% or a pneumoperitoneum in 3%.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: CT scans are often used in the evaluation of abdominal pain and rectal bleeding, and may suggest the diagnosis of ischemic colitis, pick up complications, or suggest an alternate diagnosis.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: Endoscopic evaluation, via colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy, is the procedure of choice if the diagnosis remains unclear. Ischemic colitis has a distinctive endoscopic appearance; endoscopy can also facilitate alternate diagnoses such as infection or inflammatory bowel disease. Biopsies can be taken via endoscopy to provide more information. Visible light spectroscopy, performed using catheters placed through the 5 mm channel of the endoscope, is diagnostic (see Diagnosis).


title: Ischemic colitis

text: Except in the most severe cases, ischemic colitis is treated with supportive care. IV fluids are given to treat dehydration, and the patient is placed on bowel rest (meaning nothing to eat or drink) until the symptoms resolve. If possible, cardiac function and oxygenation should be optimized to improve oxygen delivery to the ischemic bowel. A nasogastric tube may be inserted if an ileus is present.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: Antibiotics are sometimes given in moderate to severe cases; the data supporting this practice date to the 1950s, although there is more recent animal data suggesting that antibiotics may increase survival and prevent bacteria from crossing the damaged lining of the colon into the bloodstream. The use of prophylactic antibiotics in ischemic colitis has not been prospectively evaluated in humans, but many authorities recommend their use based on the animal data.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: Patients being treated supportively are carefully monitored. If they develop worsening symptoms and signs such as high white blood cell count, fever, worsened abdominal pain, or increased bleeding, then they may require surgical intervention; this usually consists of laparotomy and bowel resection.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: Most patients with ischemic colitis recover fully, although the prognosis depends on the severity of the ischemia. Patients with pre-existing peripheral vascular disease or ischemia of the ascending (right) colon may be at increased risk for complications or death.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: Non-gangrenous ischemic colitis, which comprises the vast majority of cases, is associated with a mortality rate of approximately 6%. However, the minority of patients who develop gangrene as a result of colonic ischemia have a mortality rate of 50–75% with surgical treatment; the mortality rate is almost 100% without surgical intervention.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: About 20% of patients with acute ischemic colitis may develop a long-term complication known as "chronic ischemic colitis". Symptoms can include recurrent infections, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, and chronic abdominal pain. Chronic ischemic colitis is often treated with surgical removal of the chronically diseased portion of the bowel.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: A "colonic stricture" is a band of scar tissue which forms as a result of the ischemic injury and narrows the lumen of the colon. Strictures are often treated observantly; they may heal spontaneously over 12–24 months. If a bowel obstruction develops as a result of the stricture, surgical resection is the usual treatment, although endoscopic dilatation and stenting have also been employed.


title: Ischemic colitis

text: The exact incidence of ischemic colitis is difficult to estimate, as many patients with mild ischemia may not seek medical attention. Ischemic colitis is responsible for about 1 in 2000 hospital admissions and is seen on about 1 in 100 endoscopies. Men and women are affected equally; ischemic colitis is a disease of the elderly, with more than 90% of cases occurring in people over the age of 60.


title: Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14

text: The ZZR1400 or Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14 and ZX-14R (2006–2022), is a motorcycle in the Ninja sport bike series from the Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki that was their most powerful sport bike as of 2006. It was introduced at the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show and released for the 2006 model year as a replacement for the Kawasaki ZZ-R1200 (2002-2005). The ZZR1400 is capable of accelerating from 0–60 mph in 2.5 seconds. The top speed is electronically limited to as a result of an agreement between the major Japanese and European motorcycle manufacturers.


title: Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14

text: "Motorcycle USA" road tested the bike in its October 10, 2006 issue and posted the following stock results:


title: Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14

text: 2008 saw a minor update. The launch of the 2012 ZX-14R saw a second-generation revision with the R designation. This included a displacement increase to produce more horsepower along with two variable power modes, Kawasaki traction control, and an ignition-management system that was lifted from the ZX-10R. It received cosmetic updates, incremental chassis upgrades, and suspension revised internals and a slipper clutch added for the first time. The new motor had cylinder heads with polished ports and cams with more lift and longer duration. Pistons made were lighter with added compression, cooled by a new oil jet system. Connecting rods and crankshaft were strengthened, as were the tensioner and cam chain, while the transmission got heat-treated surface gears. In an effort to make the motorcycle run cooler, and therefore be more durable, they added a second radiator fan. Larger head pipes and larger mufflers with a less restrictive air filter improved response. "Motorcyclist" recorded Rickey Gadson's quarter mile time of 9.64 seconds at 149.83 mph from a bone-stock bike, on a 50-degree morning, at an altitude of 2100 feet. "Cycle World" recorded a quarter-mile time of a record 9.47-seconds (corrected) at 152.83 mph, and also hit 60 mph in just 2.6 sec.


title: Steal This Book

text: Steal This Book is a book written by Abbie Hoffman. Written in 1970 and published in 1971, the book exemplified the counterculture of the sixties. The book sold more than a quarter of a million copies between April and November 1971. The number of copies that were stolen is unknown.


title: Steal This Book

text: The book is, in the style of the counterculture, mainly focused on ways to fight against the government and against corporations in any way possible. The book is written in the form of a guide to the youth. Hoffman, a political and social activist himself, used many of his own activities as the inspiration for some of his advice in "Steal This Book".


title: Steal This Book

text: The main author of the book, Abbie Hoffman, was one of the most influential and recognizable North American activists of the late 1960s and early 1970s, gaining fame with his leadership in anti-Vietnam War protests. In the introduction, Hoffman writes that 50 people were involved in the creation of "Steal This Book". Izak Haber and Bert Cohen are credited on the title page as "co-conspirator" and "accessory after the fact", respectively. "Steal This Book" was written in the climate of the counterculture, in which opposition to tradition and government was rampant, and experimentation with new forms of living was encouraged. When the book was published, it took hold among the new left, especially among students on college campuses, such as Brandeis University, where Hoffman had been a student.


title: Steal This Book

text: "Steal This Book" is divided into three sections, "Survive!", "Fight!" and "Liberate!". There is also an introduction and appendix that lists "approved" organizations and other books worth stealing.


title: Steal This Book

text: "Survive!" gives information and methods for obtaining goods and services for free or at discounted rates. A wide range of things are covered, including food, clothing, furniture, transportation, land, livestock, housing, education, medical care, communication, entertainment, money, and drugs. There is further advice on slug coins, panhandling, welfare, shoplifting, growing cannabis, and establishing a commune.


title: Steal This Book

text: "Fight!" includes chapters on starting an underground press, broadcasting through guerrilla radio or guerrilla television, non-violent demonstrations and how to protect oneself if they become violent, how to make an assortment of home-made bombs, first aid for street fighters, legal advice, how to seek political asylum, guerrilla warfare, gun laws, and identification papers.


title: Steal This Book

text: The final section, "Liberate!", contains information particular to four major cities: New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.


title: Steal This Book

text: Hoffman has an idiosyncratic writing style, and incorporates slang specific to his subculture—e.g., referring to his country as "Amerika." In the book, Hoffman calls America the "Pig Empire" and contends that it is not immoral to steal from it—in fact, Hoffman wrote, it is immoral "not" to do so. The term was picked up by the Yippies, and was widely used by what became known as the "Woodstock Nation." Some of the information in the book has since become obsolete for technological or regulatory reasons, but the book iconically reflects the hippie zeitgeist.


title: Steal This Book

text: "Steal This Book" was rejected by at least 30 publishers before it was able to get into print, and Hoffman was eventually forced to make a publishing company of his own, Pirate Editions, to publish the book at his own expense, with Grove Press as the distributor. Some of the publishers rejected the book out of moral opposition to its content, while others were afraid of the government. Some editors feared a negative reaction from booksellers, to the title as well as the content. This fear proved to be well-founded; in the United States, many regional distributors and book stores were unwilling to carry the book. In Canada, it was banned by the government.


title: Steal This Book

text: Once it got into print, "Steal This Book" had many readers and became a bestseller mainly through word of mouth. Dotson Rader in "The New York Times" described it as a "necessary" work "of warning and practical knowledge" that had been written with "gentleness and affection." He wrote that the book had received no reviews and that only one paper had permitted an advertisement, though the book had sold 100,000 copies. Rader felt that the "remarkable" suppression of the book constituted a form of "fearsome censorship." Hoffman was quoted saying, "It's embarrassing when you try to overthrow the government and you wind up on the Best Seller's List."


title: Steal This Book

text: Subsequent to publication, two contributors to the book, Tom Forcade and Izak Haber, had a dispute with Hoffman. Forcade accused him of failing to pay sufficient royalties, contravening the contract Hoffman had made. Hoffman responded that Forcade had done an "inadequate job" of editing the book. Haber threatened to sue Hoffman for breaking his contract; he claimed that he was due 22 percent of the royalties for having compiled and written the book, but received only $1,000.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: Joseph Kim Mitchell (born July 10, 1952) is a Canadian rock musician. He was the lead singer and guitarist for the band Max Webster before going on to a solo career. His 1984 single, "Go for Soda", was his only charted song on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, reaching number 86. Several other singles such as "Patio Lanterns", "Rock and Roll Duty", and "Rockland Wonderland", reached the top 20 in Canada.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: Mitchell attended St. Clair Secondary School in Sarnia. During the 1970s, Mitchell began playing with local bands in Sarnia. After going through a few name changes with essentially the same band, Mitchell and "Zooom" headed for Toronto, Ontario. Zooom eventually dissolved, with Mitchell travelling to the Greek islands.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: On his return to Canada, he formed the band Max Webster with fellow Sarnia native Pye Dubois. Max Webster toured extensively and built a string of hits. Mitchell's solo career began after his departure from Max Webster in 1982, with session work and a succession of solo albums.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: A new sound was tested on the club circuit and recorded on his 1982 self-titled mini-album. Songs such as "Chain of Events" featured Mitchell's lead vocal and guitar and Dubois' suburban storytelling, anchored by the visceral drum/bass combination of Paul DeLong and Robert Sinclair Wilson. Peter Fredette added a vocal and guitar counterpoint.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: In early 1985, the song "Go for Soda" from the "Akimbo Alogo" album became an international hit and remains his best known song outside of his native Canada. His most successful Canadian album was the follow-up, 1986's "Shakin' Like a Human Being", featuring the hits "Alana Loves Me", "Easy to Tame", and the biggest hit of his career, "Patio Lanterns". His 1989 album, "Rockland", achieved critical acclaim and was the highest placing chart album of his career.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: In 1992, Mitchell played guitar on the track "Brave and Crazy" from Tom Cochrane's album "Mad Mad World". In that same year he also made a cameo appearance (as himself) on the third-season finale of the Canadian sketch program "The Kids in the Hall". In 1995, Mitchell participated in the Kumbaya Festival to raise money for AIDS research.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: Mitchell entered the radio broadcasting industry, becoming an afternoon drivetime host on Toronto classic rock radio station Q107 (CILQ-FM) from April 2004 until August 2015.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: On November 15, 2004, Mitchell was awarded the National Achievement Award by SOCAN at the 2004 SOCAN Awards in Toronto.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: In 2006, Mitchell provided a guitar solo on the song "Wind It Up" from the Barenaked Ladies' album "Barenaked Ladies Are Me".


title: Kim Mitchell

text: Mitchell opened for Def Leppard at the Molson Amphitheatre in Toronto on July 16, 2007. His eighth studio album, "Ain't Life Amazing", was released on July 17, 2007.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: Mitchell has been on the same live bill with many acts over the course of his solo career including Sammy Hagar, Def Leppard, Aerosmith, and Van Halen.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: On May 21, 2020, Mitchell was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame, although due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada the honour was not formally presented to him until 2021.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: On Oct 02, 2021, Mitchell performed a sold-out show at the "Sarnia OktBorderFest" in Point Edward, Ontario, followed by the Barenaked Ladies. It is estimated that over 6,000 people were in attendance over the two-night event. Audience members were required to show proof of full vaccination or results of a COVID-19 test. Organizers arranged for a test provider to be set up outside the concert fences for ticket buyers without full vaccinations.


title: Kim Mitchell

text: Kim Mitchell has two sons, Josh and Jesse. Jesse works for his father as a drum tech and road manager.


title: Sarayu

text: The Sarayu is a river that originates at a ridge south of Nanda Kot mountain in Bageshwar district in Uttarakhand, India. It flows through Kapkot, Bageshwar, and Seraghat towns before discharging into the Sharda River at Pancheshwar at the India—Nepal border. Sharda river (also known as Kali river) then flows into Ghaghara river in Sitapur District, Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Sarayu

text: Lower Ghaghara is also popularly known as Sarayu in India. Especially while it flows through the city of Ayodhya, the birth place of the Hindu deity Rama. The river is mentioned various times in the ancient Indian epic of Ramayana.


title: Sarayu

text: The Sarayu rises at Sarmul (or Sarmool), which is located in the extreme north of the district Bageshwar of Uttarakhand on the southern slope of a ridge of the Nanda Kot. It flows through the Kumaon Himalayas, passes by the towns of Kapkot, Bageshwar and Seraghat before flowing into the Sharda River at Pancheshwar.


title: Sarayu

text: The name is the feminine derivative of the Sanskrit root सर् "sar" "to flow"; as a masculine stem, "" means "air, wind", that is, "that which is streaming".


title: Sarayu

text: In the epic Ramayana, Sri Rama along with the residents of Ayodhya went to vaikunth lok from this river and became deities in heaven afterwards.


title: Sarayu

text: Sarayu is also the name of the river that flows by the fictional town of Malgudi created by the Indian writer R. K. Narayan.


title: Sarayu

text: Sarayu is the name given to the personification of the Holy Spirit in "The Shack" created by American Novelist William P. Young.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the county had a population of 620,443. The county seat is Conroe. The county was created by an act of the Congress of the Republic of Texas on December 14, 1837, and is named for the town of Montgomery. Between 2000 and 2010, its population grew by 55%, the 24th-fastest rate of growth of any county in the United States. Between 2010 and 2020, its population grew by 36%. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the July 1, 2021, estimated population is 648,886.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which are land and (3.3%) are covered by water.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: As of the 2010 census, there were 455,746 people, 162,530 households, and 121,472 families residing in the county. The population density was 423 people per square mile (163/km). There were 177,647 housing units at an average density of 165 per square mile (64/km). >


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: In 2010, the racial makeup of the county was 83.5% White, 4.3% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 7.0% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. 20.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. At the 2020 census, the racial and ethnic makeup was 59.86% non-Hispanic white, 5.51% African American or Black, 0.30% Native American, 3.45% Asian alone, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.41% some other race, 3.92% multiracial, and 26.45% Hispanic or Latino American of any race.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: At the 2010 census there were 162,530 households, out of which 36.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.50% were married couples living together, 10.60% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.70% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.30% were non-families. 20.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.22.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: In the county, 27.60% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 27.40% from 25 to 44, 26.60% from 45 to 64, and 10.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.29 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.94 males.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $50,864, and the median income for a family was $58,983. Males had a median income of $42,400 versus $28,270 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,544. About 7.10% of families and 9.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.90% of those under age 18 and 10.10% of those age 65 or over.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: From 2010 to 2016, 54% of all vehicle-related fatalities in the county were related to the use of controlled substances, including alcohol, marijuana, methamphetamine and synthetic drugs. According to Tyler Dunman, former Montgomery County assistant district attorney, approximately 60-70% of all crime in the county is connected to substance abuse.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: Since the late 20th century, when many white conservative voters shifted from the Democratic to the Republican party, Montgomery County has become one of the most strongly Republican counties in Texas. In 1948, “States’ Rights” candidate Strom Thurmond, previously a Democrat, won more than 29 percent of the vote; Montgomery gave him his fourth-strongest showing in Texas. The county has not been won by a Democratic presidential candidate since 1964, when native Texan and favorite son Lyndon Johnson won 60.9% of the county's vote. In and after the late 1960s, many southern white Democrats became disaffected with the national party by social and cultural changes, and shifted to the Republican Party. In 1968 Alabama governor George Wallace, a longtime Democrat, ran as a third-party candidate and won Montgomery County. He had announced supporting segregation in 1963, as the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: As a measure of how Republican the county has become, it rejected Southerner Jimmy Carter in 1976 even as Carter carried Texas. To date, Carter is the last Democrat to win even 40 percent of the county's vote. In 1992, Ross Perot, another third-party candidate, received more votes here than did Democratic candidate Bill Clinton, a Southerner and native of Arkansas. In 2004, county voters gave 78.1 percent of their vote to Republican candidate George W. Bush; whites comprised a large majority of voters at the time. In 2008, 75.8% of the voters supported the Republican ticket of John McCain and Sarah Palin.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: In 2016, this was the only county in the United States where Republican nominee Donald Trump won against Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton by a margin of greater than 100,000 votes. Since the late 20th century, Texas's suburbs, especially those of Houston, Dallas and Austin, have supported Democratic candidates in greater proportion. However, Montgomery County has largely bucked this trend; it has given GOP candidates 70 percent or more of the vote since 2000.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: The closest Catholic high school is Frassati Catholic High School in north Harris County; the planners of the school intended for it to serve The Woodlands.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: The county is also home to two campuses of the Lone Star College System (formerly North Harris-Montgomery Community College District): Montgomery and The University Center.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: Lone Star College's service area under Texas law includes, in Montgomery County: Conroe, Magnolia, Montgomery, New Caney, Splendora, Tomball, and Willis ISDs. The portion in Richards ISD is zoned to Blinn Junior College District.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: In 1938, the Montgomery County Hospital, a public institution, opened, the first public hospital in the county. It had 25 beds. The Montgomery County Hospital District opened in the 1970s, and the purpose of the district was making a new hospital, which opened in 1982 and replaced the former hospital.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: The Houston Airport System stated that Montgomery County is within the primary service area of George Bush Intercontinental Airport, an international airport in Houston in Harris County.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: Montgomery County has several toll roads within its borders, most of which are operated as "pass-through toll roads" or shadow toll roads.


title: Montgomery County, Texas

text: There are two "true" toll roads within Montgomery County. One toll road consists of a section of mainlanes of State Highway 249 between the Harris County line at Spring Creek to FM 1774 in Pinehurst and is signed as MCTRA 249 Tollway (maintained by the Montgomery County Toll Road Authority). North of Pinehurst, the toll road continues as the TxDOT maintained Aggie Expressway (SH 249 Toll) up north to FM 1774 near Todd Mission then as a two-lane freeway up to State Highway 105 near Navasota. The other toll road within Montgomery County (also maintained by TxDOT) is Grand Parkway (State Highway 99) between the Harris County line at Spring Creek, with a interchange at I-69/US 59 near New Caney, and reentering Harris County before continuing into Liberty and Chambers Counties.


title: Top of the World (The Carpenters song)

text: "Top of the World" is a 1972 song written and composed by Richard Carpenter and John Bettis and first recorded by American pop duo Carpenters. It was a Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hit for the duo for two consecutive weeks in 1973.


title: Top of the World (The Carpenters song)

text: Carpenters originally intended the song to be only an album cut. However, after country singer Lynn Anderson covered the song and it became a number two hit on the country charts, they reconsidered.


title: Top of the World (The Carpenters song)

text: Originally recorded for and released on the duo's 1972 studio album "A Song for You", the song topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart in late 1973, becoming the duo's second of three No. 1 singles, following "(They Long to Be) Close to You" and preceding "Please Mr. Postman." Karen Carpenter re-recorded it for the band's first compilation as she was not quite satisfied with the original.


title: Top of the World (The Carpenters song)

text: In Japan, it was used as the opening theme song for the 1995 Japanese drama Miseinen. In 2003, another drama, Beginner, had it as its ending theme song. It is heard in "Shrek Forever After" as Shrek enjoys being a "real ogre" and terrifying the villagers, as well as in a prominent scene of the 2012 film "Dark Shadows", where a performance by the Carpenters is seen on a television screen. It has been used as the opening song of the Season 2, Episode 1 of Netflix series "After Life".


title: Top of the World (The Carpenters song)

text: Country music singer Lynn Anderson covered the song in 1973 for her studio album "Top of the World", released on Columbia Records. It was the first single released from her album and her version became the first hit. Anderson's cover reached No. 2 on the US country singles chart and No. 74 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in mid-1973. The success of Anderson's version prompted the Carpenters to release a new version as a single, where it topped the US pop singles chart for two weeks in December 1973. Anderson's recording was produced by her husband Glenn Sutton and Clive Davis. She later re-recorded the song for her 2004 album, "The Bluegrass Sessions".


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Wisaksil Wangek (; born 8 December 1986), better known by his ring name Srisaket Sor Rungvisai (ศรีสะเกษ ศ.รุ่งวิสัย), is a Thai professional boxer. He has held multiple super-flyweight world championships, including the WBC title twice between 2013 and 2019, and "The" "Ring" magazine and lineal titles from 2018 to 2019. As of November 2020, he is ranked as the world's best active super-flyweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, third by BoxRec and first by "The Ring" magazine.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Sor Rungvisai came from a very poor family in Sisaket Province in Thailand. He moved to Bangkok to escape from poverty when he was 13 years old. When he arrived in Bangkok, he had to walk more than 60 miles to apply for a job as a refuse collector at a department store. Life was so difficult for him that he sometimes ate leftovers he collected from the refuse.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: He signed with Nakornloung Promotion, Thailand as a professional boxer in 2009. Two years later, Sor Rungvisai won the WBC-ABC super-flyweight title and went on to defend it 4 times between June 2011 and December 2012. In January 2019, he signed a multi-fight deal with Eddie Hearn of Matchroom Boxing. They plan to have his fights scheduled in the US and appear on the streaming service DAZN. His previous promoter was Thainchai Pisitwuttinan of Nakornloung Promotion.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: In an intense fight, Sor Rungvisai became the new WBC super-flyweight champion by knocking out Yota Sato in May 2013 in his native Sisaket. From the beginning of the fight, Sor Rungvisai harassed Sato, who tried to use his jab to keep Sor Rungvisai at bay, but the latter never relented on his pressure. The end came in round eight. Sor Rungvisai unleashed a flurry of punches on the defending champion until Italian referee Guido Cavalleri halted the fight after 1:23, giving Sor Rungvisai a technical knockout (TKO) victory. "What a fight! It was a war between two honorable fighters. Sato did not want to lose. Each round was toe-to-toe action until Sor Rungvisai overpowered Sato in the eighth" commented promoter Pisitwuttinan Thainchai.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Sor Rungvisai's first defense came against Hirofumi Mukai in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Mukai was overpowered from the early stages and his corner threw in the towel in the ninth round of the bout. Mukai was previously knocked down once in round two. "It was a total defeat", said the 27-year-old Mukai, who dropped to a record of 9–3–1. "I can’t remember how I fought at all."


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Sor Rungvisai's first reign came to an end against Carlos Cuadras in May 2014. Referee Jay Nady stopped the fight after Cuadras was cut over his left eye due to an accidental clash of heads in round eight. According to WBC rules, Sor Rungvisai was deducted a point on all three scorecards. Cuadras won a unanimous technical decision (TD) (78–73, 77–74, 77–75) to dethrone Sor Rungvisai.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Following his defeat against Cuadras, Sor Rungvisai reclaimed the WBC-ABC title and made one successful defense of it before earning a shot at the WBC Silver title.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Sor Rungvisai scored a fourth-round knockout (KO) of prospect José Salgado Fernández in May 2015. A series of left hands left Salgado defenseless, with a final right hook from Sor Rungvisai producing the knockdown and prompting the referee to immediately halt the contest. The fight between Sor Rungvisai and Salgado aired live on Channel 7 in Thailand, and also streamed live on the network's website. With the victory, Sor Rungvisai claimed the WBC Silver title and became the mandatory challenger to the WBC super-flyweight champion, Carlos Cuadras. Sor Rungvisai's handlers sought to host the rematch against Cuadras in Thailand. Negotiations between Cuadras and Sor Rungvisai stalled, with Cuadras going on to lose his title against Román González in September 2016. Sor Rungvisai kept busy fighting in Thailand, scoring eight knockouts in 18 months following his win over Salgado.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: The WBC ordered González to make his first defense against Sor Rungvisai. The fight was scheduled for the undercard of Gennady Golovkin vs. Daniel Jacobs in March 2017. On fight night, Sor Rungvisai put González down with a body shot in the first round. González came back and won several rounds, despite two cuts over his eyes. Sor Runvisai lost a point due to repeated head butting. According to CompuBox, González outlanded Sor Rungvisai 441 (of 1,014) to 284 (of 940) overall. González also had an edge in power punches, 372 to 277. Sor Rungvisai ended up winning a majority decision (MD) (113–113, 114–112, 114–112). After the fight, González stated "I thought I won the fight. I want an immediate rematch. I want to get my title back." González earned a career high purse $500,000 whilst Rungvisai earned $75,000.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Following his upset win over González, Sor Rungvisai was appointed a police officer in Sisaket Province, and enrolled in the Faculty of Political Science, Chalermkarnchana University.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: On 4 April 2017 the WBC ordered a direct rematch to take place between González and Sor Rungvisai. Sor Rungvisai was due to fight mandatory challenger Carlos Cuadras. However, due to the direct rematch clause on the contract for the original fight, the WBC ordered Cuadras to fight the next available contender, former unified flyweight champion Juan Francisco Estrada for the WBC interim title. The winners of both fights would then fight each other. On 6 June promoter Tom Loeffler said the rematch would take place on 9 September on HBO at a location in California, US. Japanese super-flyweight Naoya Inoue was in line to make his US TV debut on the same card. Mexican promoter Osvaldo Küchle revealed that Cuadras and Estrada would fight on the undercard for the WBC interim title. On 6 July, Loeffler announced the event would take place at the StubHub Center in Carson, California. The fight was also to be shown live on Sky Sports in the UK.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: At the seven-day weigh in on 3 September, González weighed 119.8 lbs and Rungvisai weighed in at 119 lbs. As per WBC rules, both boxers were required to weigh no more than 121 lbs. At the official weigh-in one day before the fight, González tipped the scales at 114.8 lbs, while Sor Rungvisai weighed 115 lbs. González would be paid a career high $600,000 purse, while Sor Rungvisai made $170,000.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: On fight night, in front of a pro-González sell-out crowd of 7,418, González suffered his second consecutive defeat and failed to regain the WBC title, after being knocked out by Sor Rungvisai in the fourth round of their rematch. The opening round started with both fighters throwing heavy shots. Sor Rungvisai began to work the body straight away. In round four, González was knocked down hard from a left to the head. González beat the referee's count of ten, but on unsteady legs. Rungvisai then finished the badly hurt González with a right to the head that put him down flat on his back. Referee Tom Taylor didn't bother with a count, waiving the fight off at 1:18 of the round. González was taken to the hospital after the fight for precaution. Like the first fight, an accidental clash of heads occurred in round one. When González complained and the crowd booed, the referee warned Rungvisai.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: After the fight, Sor Rungvisai stated that he had prepared for four months in order to knock González out, "I trained very hard for four months. I fought for Thailand, and this is what I dedicate this fight to, Thailand. For the first fight I only trained for two months. I knew I was going to knock him out." González was humble in defeat, "We were both trading punches, but his were harder, and they landed harder. I was very hurt the second time when I was knocked down, but I think I'll be OK." Loeffler also spoke to HBO about González' future, "I don't think he's done. When you fight a guy like Srisaket, he took the opportunity of winning the lottery. He beat the No. 1 pound-for-pound fighter and beat him in New York, and then he beat him more convincingly the second time. Now he has to be considered one of the best in the world. You saw Roman really packed the house, and Srisaket came into a hostile environment and proved he is a true champion. He has tremendous punching power." CompuBox stats showed that Rungvisai landed 80 of his 291 punches thrown (27%) and González landed 58 of 212 (27%). All 80 of Rungvisai's landed punches were power shots. After the fight, Sor Rungvisai stated that he was willing to fight anyone at super-flyweight, whether it was his new mandatory challenger Juan Francisco Estrada, who defeated Carlos Cuadras earlier that evening, or WBO champion Naoya Inoue.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Sor Rungvisai faced Juan Francisco Estrada on 24 February 2018. For Sor Rungvisai, the bout served as his second defense in his second reign. He entered the bout on a 17-fight winning streak, featuring 15 stoppages. Estrada, a former unified flyweight champion, fought in his first super-flyweight world title fight.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Sor Rungvisai outpointed the Mexican challenger over twelve rounds via Majority Decision (114-114, 115-113, 117-111) to retain his title.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Rungvisai's next fight was a stay-busy affair against Young Gil Bae. Rungvisai was aggressive from the opening bell, dropping and stopping his opponent already near the end of the opening round.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: On the 6th of October 2018, Sor Rungvisai defended his title against game Super Flyweight contender Hiram Irak Diaz, Diaz was coming off of a 3-round technical draw against Adolfo Castillo as well as wins against former champions Hernán Márquez and Luis Concepción. Rungvisai beat Diaz by Unanimous Decision, Rungvisai controlled the action well throughout with frequent, hard shots to both the body and head.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: On April 26, 2019, Srisaket Sor Rungvisai lost his title in a rematch with the highly-regarded Juan Francisco Estrada, Estrada won a Unanimous Decision with scores of 113-115 (x2) and 112-116 for Estrada.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Rungvisai came out in an orthodox stance at the start of the fight which helped Estrada get the upper hand in the early rounds. Estrada was dictating the pace early and won 5 of the first 6 rounds. Rungvisai switched back to southpaw in round 9 and managed to take 4 of the final 6 rounds on average.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: In a post-fight interview, Estrada stated “If he wants a third fight, we’ll do it. However I’d prefer to unify first.”


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: On the 1st of August 2020, Sor Rungvisai faced former IBF Flyweight Champion Amnat Ruenroeng, Rungvisai beat Ruenroeng by 10 round Unanimous Decision (97-94, 96-93, 99-91.) He then beat Jomar Farjardo by TKO in round 2 of 8 on October 3.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Five months after his fight with Jomar Farjardo, Srisaket was scheduled to fight the former WBA Minimunweight champion Kwanthai Sithmorseng at the Workpoint Studio in Bang Phun, Thailand.


title: Srisaket Sor Rungvisai

text: Srisaket dominated the bout, managing to knock his opponent down in the third round. Kwanthai's corner decided to retire at the end of the third round, awarding Srisaket the TKO victory.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: The Toyota Camry (XV30) is a mid-size car produced by Toyota from June 2001 to January 2006. The XV30 series represented the fifth generation of the Toyota Camry in all markets outside Japan, which followed a different generational lineage. The XV30 range is split into different model codes indicative of the engine. Four-cylinder models utilize the ACV30 (front-wheel drive) and ACV35 (all-wheel drive) codes, with MCV30 (3.0-liter) and MCV31 (3.3-liter) designating the six-cylinder versions.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: On August 27, 2001, for the 2002 model year, the Toyota Camry was released as a larger sedan (taking styling cues from the successful Vitz, Corolla and Solara) only, but without a station wagon for the first time. Due to station wagons losing popularity to minivans and crossover SUVs, the Camry wagon was replaced by the Sienna minivan (in North America only) and the Highlander SUV, both vehicles utilizing the Camry's platform.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: Development of the XV30 began in 1997 after launch of the XV20 under chief engineer Kosaku Yamada. By 1999, 26 months ahead of scheduled production, a new design by Hiroyuki Metsugi was chosen and later frozen in July 1999 for June 2001 production. The production development process (which began in April 1999) was reduced by 10 months, from the prior XV20's 36 months to 26 months. Design patents were filed at the Japan Patent office on January 25, 2000 and registered under patent No. 1142401.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: The front end of the car was relatively short, leaving a great deal of the length to the cabin, a technique adopted by compact cars. In contrast to the fairly squat XV20 Camry, the XV30 generation was a decidedly tall vehicle. It was taller and had a longer wheelbase than the previous model. The coefficient of drag had been reduced to .


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: Two engines were available, an all-new 2.4-liter "2AZ-FE" VVT-i I4 engine and a carry over 3.0-liter "1MZ-FE" V6 engine. Both engines in the United States were ULEV certified. Any model could be equipped with a V6 or a 4-speed automatic transmission, although the manual transmission was not available on V6 models outside of Australia and New Zealand. The Camry's front suspension used MacPherson struts mounted to a front sub-frame while the rear suspension used a dual link setup also mounted to its own rear sub-frame.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: For safety ABS, Vehicle Stability Control, front and rear head side curtain airbags, and front seat-mounted torso side airbags were optional. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rated the Camry "Good" overall in their frontal offset crash test. In their side impact test a "Good" overall rating was given to models equipped with side airbags, while models without side airbags were given a "Poor" overall rating.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: Until the 2003 model year, the Camry Solara remained on the previous XV20 chassis, and received only minor styling upgrades to the front and rear ends. However, the Solara did receive the same 2.4-liter "2AZ-FE" I4 engine that was available on the Camry sedan.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: The second generation Camry Solara was introduced in 2003 as a 2004 model. Again, styling from the Camry was radically different, taking design cues from the Lexus SC 430.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: A high-performance concept of the Toyota Camry, named the Toyota Camry TS-01 was shown at the 2005 Melbourne International Motor Show. This concept vehicle had significant performance and visual upgrades from the production Toyota Camry and hinted at the TRD Aurion.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: XV30 Camrys were manufactured in at the Tsutsumi plant in Toyota City, Japan; Toyota Australia's facility in Altona, Victoria; Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky manufacturing plant in Georgetown, Kentucky, United States; and at the Toyota Gateway Plant in Chachoengsao, Thailand. Other manufacturing facilities for their respective regional markets include locations in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Taiwan.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: The XV30 Camry was launched in Japan in September 2001. Daihatsu continued with its twin Altis model for the Japanese market. The second generation Altis was introduced in the same month as the Camry, and was available with the "2AZ-FE" 2.4-litre four-cylinder engine. Visually, the Altis is very similar to the Japanese market Camry with the 4-cylinder engine. The Verossa was also sold during this model timeframe, offering Japanese buyers a well-equipped sedan with similar dimensions to the Camry, with a rear-wheel drive powertrain setup, or an optional all-wheel drive that the Camry did not offer. The Verossa was not a strong seller, and replaced by the Mark X in 2004, continuing to offer a rear-wheel drive powertrain.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: US production started on July 23, 2001. In the United States, the basic CE model was dropped and the SE sport model was reintroduced. Both the LE and SE models were available with a manual transmission when equipped with the four-cylinder engine. Some of this generation Camry sold in the US are being produced at TMMK as well as at Tsutsumi Plant in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. A Camry manufactured in Japan is denoted with a VIN starting with "JTD", as well as a small hatch on the passenger's side of the front bumper containing equipment that is compatible with Japanese towing systems; US-made models are denoted with a VIN starting with "4T1". In addition to the LE and SE trims, the top-of-the-line XLE came standard with alloy wheels, JBL premium audio system, and leather, as well as optional side airbags and Vehicle Stability Control (VSC).


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: The Canadian version of this Camry is slightly different from the versions sold in the United States due to the additional Child Restraint System.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: In 2002, for the 2003 model year, a few new features were added including the optional, power-adjustable pedals and pedal-type parking brake for the XLE trim. The 3.0-liter "1MZ-FE" engine was now equipped with VVT-i, increasing horsepower from .


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: For 2004 models, the Standard and Limited Edition trims were included for the US market. In SE models a 3.3-liter "3MZ-FE" V6 replaced the smaller 3.0-liter "1MZ-FE". The passenger airbag disable feature was also added for this model year to prevent or reduce injuries to infants.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: For 2005 models, Toyota introduced its refreshed Camry with new upgrades such as a chrome grille, with the SE having a unique, blackout grille. Other exterior changes are new headlight and taillight designs, redesigned front bumper, and new wheels. Interior upgrades to the Camry included a rear center head restraint, a storage bin in the door, "Optitron" electroluminescent gauges, steering wheel-mounted audio controls standard for all trim levels, chrome interior door handles and shift gear button, and standard leather seating on V6-powered XLE trims. A 5-speed automatic transmission also replaced the previous 4-speed automatic and ABS became standard on all trims.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: Toyota launched in Mexico in 2002. Trim levels were LE and XLE. The LE models had the 2.4 L "2AZ-FE" whilst LE and XLE models were available with the I4, 157 hp3.0 L "1MZ-FE" V6. The previous-generation Camry was not available in Mexico; such vehicles there were often illegal imports from the United States. All vehicles had automatic transmissions.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: In Brazil, the Camry was launched there in 2002. However, this version did not offer a 4-cylinder version; all models had a 3.0-liter V6 initially, before upgrading to the 3.3 V6 as of 2006. XLE was the sole trim level.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: In China, the XV30 Camry was imported from Japan and launched there in 2004. The 2.4 litre "2AZ-FE" was the only engine available, paired to the 4 speed automatic gearbox. Pricing for the Camry was 336.800 yuan ($US53,270 - January 2022 exchange rate).


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: In Australia and New Zealand, the 2002 to 2006 Camry is available in five different trims: the "Altise", "Ateva", "Sportivo", "Grande" (2004 onwards) and "Azura". The Altise, Ateva and Sportivo are available with either the 2.4 L four-cylinder or the 3.0 L V6 engine, whilst the Grande and Azura were only available with the V6. Only the Altise and Sportivo models could be fitted with a manual transmission — all other models are equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission. In 2003, the V6-powered "Altise Sport" model was introduced, which is basically the Altise model with the sports suspension that was fitted on the "Sportivo" and "Azura" models and was available in manual and automatic transmission. The Australian and New Zealand "Camry Sportivo" corresponds roughly to the American "Camry SE".


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: The Australian and New Zealand models were significantly different from the other Camry models around the world and had around 77% locally developed components to suit Australian and New Zealand roads and driving conditions. The brakes, body panels (which would only fit on the Australian made body and chassis), headlights, seats, radio antenna and suspension were all locally developed after 10,000 km of extensive testing in New Zealand under the supervision of Toyota engineers. Power output on the Altise Sport, V6 Sportivo and Azura models was compared with the of the standard V6 models due to a high-flow rear muffler.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: When the revised range was launched in Australia and New Zealand in September 2004, the "Grande" model was reintroduced which, together with the Azura model, were the top-of-the-range models. The Grande however was fitted with the standard suspension rather than the sports suspension as fitted on the Azura model. The Grande and Azura models have Satellite Navigation (GPS) as standard equipment, and were the first Toyota models in Australia to be fitted with the new "Toyota Link" system. The Toyota Link system is a state-of-the-art satellite and mobile SMS GSM communications system that gives the driver access to roadside assistance and emergency help via the electrochromatic rear view mirror. In August 2005, the "Altise Sport" model was reintroduced (V6 auto only) together with "Altise Limited" (four-cylinder and V6) that has additional features. The Ateva model had an interior upgrade to leather trim and rear passenger air conditioning vents. The Altise was repositioned as a fleet model and the manual transmission was no longer available on V6 Sportivo models from January 2006 production. Automatic Camrys in Australia still used the dated four-speed because it retained the 3.0 V6 engine.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: A number of milestones were achieved with this generation's Camry in Australia. The one millionth Camry (Black Azura) built in Australia and 10 millionth Camry worldwide rolled off the production line at Altona in September 2004. In May 2006, Toyota Australia exported the 500,000th Camry to New Zealand, in recognition of the relationship between Toyota Australia and Toyota New Zealand. More than 90% of Australian Camry exports are left-hand drive vehicles to Middle East countries including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. The overseas demand for the Australian-made Camry is still running at record levels, despite the release of an all-new model in August 2006.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: In the Middle East, the fifth generation Camry is available in 4 variants: XLi, GLi, Touring and Grande V6. The XLi trim comes reasonably equipped and is a common choice for taxis and is the volume seller. The Camry weathers extreme heat well and is often preferred by fleet buyers looking for reliability. The GLi trim adds alloy wheels, wooden panel interior and foglamps. The Touring and Grande trims come with a 3.0 LT V6 engine. The current Australian-made Camry remains one of the top-selling passenger vehicles in the Middle Eastern region.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: Additionally, in recent years, fifth generation Camrys have become very popular in the Middle East for "Tafheet" or Arab Drifting. The main objective is to drift the Camry sideways along the road (usually a long stretch of road or freeway), while sometimes even being in the flow of traffic. This is highly dangerous, as there have been instances


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: The Camry in Taiwan and Southeast Asia of this generation looked very similar to other versions, but the front end had a "thicker" grille and larger, all-white, differently shaped headlights. The reverse lights were moved onto the trunk above the added rear fog lights and were somewhat similar to the lights on a second generation Avalon's trunk. The older models from 2002 to 2003 had tail lights with a white streak across them, while models 2004 and later did not.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: In Indonesia, the fifth generation Camry was launched in July 2002 in two trim levels: 2.4 G with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed manual transmission and 3.0 V with 4-speed automatic transmission. The facelifted version was released in June 2004.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: In the Philippines, the fifth generation Camry was initially introduced in 2002 with 2.0- and 2.4-liter engines, with 4-speed automatic and no manual transmission. Compared to the US version, this had a different front end design (grille and headlights), as well as inner taillight garnishes. The facelifted version, which came out in around November 2004 saw off the 2.0-liter and introduced the 3.0-liter V6 with 5-speed automatic along with new colors and wheel design.


title: Toyota Camry (XV30)

text: In Vietnam, the fifth generation Camry was launched in August 2002 with two versions 2.4G and 3.0V. The 3.0V version has equipment such as wood and leather interior materials, automatic air conditioning, electrically adjustable rear seats, individual lights, cup holders and electric rear window blinds (automatically open when reverse gear). In addition, in the standard equipment list, there are remote control and anti-theft central door locks, ceiling storage boxes, rear glass antennas... Vehicle safety includes: System Brakes with large discs on all 4 wheels are supported by ABS anti-lock mechanism, EBD electronic brake force distribution function and BA emergency brake support. The wide field of vision at both front and rear also increases the effectiveness of the active safety system. The list of passive safety devices includes: 2 airbags, seat belts, front seats designed to prevent head and neck injuries, and pedals that automatically retract in the event of a collision. In addition, the GOA body style will absorb kinetic energy in an accident, limiting injury to the driver and passengers. The facelifted Camry was introduced in July 2004 and is powered by a 212 hp (3.0 V6) VVT-i engine. The headlights can automatically change the projection angle when entering uneven terrain.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: Kimberly Nicole Klacik ("née" Bray; born January 19, 1982) is an American businesswoman and former political candidate. She was the Republican nominee for in both the April 2020 special election, held following the death of incumbent Elijah Cummings, and the subsequent November 2020 election. In both elections, she lost to Democrat Kweisi Mfume by more than 40 points.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: Klacik was born Kimberly Bray on January 19, 1982. Klacik grew up in Accokeek, Maryland. She attended Bowie State University, but did not receive a degree. She moved to the Baltimore area in 2010.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: Klacik worked for some time as a stripper. In 2013, she founded Potential Me, a nonprofit that assists women with workforce development. Courthouse News reported that Klacik's non-profit filed only one tax return since 2013, reporting a revenue of under $7,000 and expenditures under $3,000 for providing clothing to 10 women rather than the 200 women claimed by Klacik.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: In April 2022, Klacik became a full-time midday host at Baltimore's WBAL NewsRadio, Monday-Friday from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Klacik had worked part-time for WBAL since June 2021, making regular weekly appearances on afternoon host Torrey Snow’s show. She left the station in November 2022.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: Klacik was elected to the Baltimore County Republican Central Committee in 2018. Fox News in 2019 called her a "Republican strategist" and noted her critiques of Congressman Elijah Cummings and the living standards and safety issues in his district.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: In a July 2019 interview on "Fox & Friends", Klacik talked about Cummings's Baltimore district being overrun by trash and dilapidation. An hour later, President Donald Trump echoed the segment by beginning to disparage both the city of Baltimore and Cummings on Twitter in a series of 19 tweets over two days. Klacik responded to Trump's Twitter comments by tweeting, "This just made my day."


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: Klacik ran in the special election for Maryland's 7th Congressional District to replace Cummings, who had died in October 2019. After winning the Republican primary, she faced Kweisi Mfume, a former Democratic holder of the seat. In the general election Klacik received 25.1 percent of the votes, losing to Mfume, who received 73.8 percent.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: Maryland's 7th District, which included parts of Baltimore County, the majority of Howard County, and more than half of Baltimore City, has been represented by Democrats for decades. No Republican has ever held the seat. Klacik, who did not live in the district, promised to move there if elected. She won the Republican primary on June 2, 2020.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: On August 18, 2020, Klacik's campaign released a viral video, titled "Black Lives Don't Matter To Democrats", which was filmed in a dilapidated area of Baltimore. The video shows her asking three residents whether they wanted to defund the police, and they said that they did not. Klacik also criticized the Democratic leaders of Maryland's 7th congressional district, citing Baltimore's alleged notoriety as being among the most dangerous cities in America. The video, posted on Twitter, garnered 4.4 million views its first day, reaching 10 million views by August 22, 2020. Fact-checking website Snopes called the video "misleading". It presented an area of Baltimore, one with a higher poverty rate and more homicides than the 7th District overall, as representative of the district. The video was conceived of and directed and produced by Benny Johnson, chief creative officer of Turning Point USA. According to Snopes, Klacik's campaign had "framed the video as one, long walk through a Baltimore neighborhood" but it was actually filmed from different angles along both sides of a section of Whitelock Street that can be walked in two minutes, and Klacik was shown on a roof of a building at two different points in the video.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: President Donald Trump retweeted her ad, stating that "Kimberly will work with the Trump Administration and we will bring Baltimore back, and fast. Don't blow it Baltimore, the Democrats have destroyed your city!" Klacik was one of the speakers on the first day of the 2020 Republican National Convention, where she gave a two-minute speech.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: After Klacik accused Mfume in a Twitter post of avoiding debating her, Mfume responded with a post saying that Klacik lacked familiarity with Baltimore, does not live in the city, and that a widely-viewed campaign advertisement of Klacik's had misspelled the city's name.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: Klacik lost the election with 28 percent of the vote to Mfume's 71.6 percent. She conceded the race to Mfume. On November 8, Klacik claimed that she had won in-person voting and that she had raised enough donations to investigate alleged "irregularities." According to the results published by the State Board of Elections, Mfume received more votes in in-person early and election-day voting as well as in mail-in and provisional voting.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: By the end of her 2020 House election campaign, Klacik had raised $8.3 million from small donors, most of them not from Maryland. A 2021 "Washington Post" article on Klacik's campaign finance filings showed that the campaign paid $4.2 million to two consulting firms. One of them, Arsenal Media Group, who had contracted with Benny Johnson to script and direct the August 2020 campaign video, received over $500,000. The other one, Olympic Media, was paid almost $3.7 million. Klacik's campaign initially reported part of it to the Federal Election Commission as payments to Republican fundraising platform WinRed.


title: Kimberly Klacik

text: Commentator Candace Owens accused Klacik of being a strip club “madame” who spent campaign funds on cocaine. Klacik responded by filing a $20M defamation lawsuit in August 2021. The suit was dismissed with prejudice in December 2022.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The Arecibo Telescope was a spherical reflector radio telescope built into a natural sinkhole at the Arecibo Observatory located near Arecibo, Puerto Rico. A cable-mount steerable receiver and several radar transmitters for emitting signals were mounted above the dish. Completed in November 1963, the Arecibo Telescope was the world's largest single-aperture telescope for 53 years, until it was surpassed in July 2016 by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in Guizhou, China.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The Arecibo Telescope was primarily used for research in radio astronomy, atmospheric science, and radar astronomy, as well as for programs that search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Scientists wanting to use the observatory submitted proposals that were evaluated by independent scientific referees. NASA also used the telescope for near-Earth object detection programs. The observatory, funded primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF) with partial support from NASA, was managed by Cornell University from its completion in 1963 until 2011, after which it was transferred to a partnership led by SRI International. In 2018, a consortium led by the University of Central Florida assumed operation of the facility.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The telescope's unique and futuristic design led to several appearances in film, gaming and television productions, such as for the climactic fight scene in the James Bond film "GoldenEye" (1995). It is one of the 116 pictures included in the Voyager Golden Record. It has been listed on the US National Register of Historic Places since 2008. The center was named an IEEE Milestone in 2001.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Since 2006, the NSF has reduced its funding commitment to the observatory, leading academics to push for additional funding support to continue its programs. The telescope was damaged by Hurricane Maria in 2017 and was affected by earthquakes in 2019 and 2020. Two cable breaks, one in August 2020 and a second in November 2020, threatened the structural integrity of the support structure for the suspended platform and damaged the dish. Due to uncertainty over the remaining strength of the other cables supporting the suspended structure, and the risk of collapse owing to further failures making repairs dangerous, the NSF announced on November 19, 2020, that the telescope would be decommissioned and dismantled, with the radio telescope and LIDAR facility remaining operational. Before it could be decommissioned, several of the remaining support cables suffered a critical failure and the support structure, antenna, and dome assembly all fell into the dish at 7:55 a.m. local time on December 1, 2020, destroying the telescope. The NSF determined that it would not rebuild the telescope or similar Observatory at the site in October 2022.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The telescope's main collecting dish had the shape of a spherical cap in diameter with an radius of curvature, and was constructed inside a karst sinkhole. The dish surface was made of 38,778 perforated aluminum panels, each about , supported by a mesh of steel cables. The ground beneath supported shade-tolerant vegetation.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The telescope had three radar transmitters, with effective isotropic radiated powers (EIRPs) of 22 TW (continuous) at 2380 MHz, 3.2 TW (pulse peak) at 430 MHz, and 200 MW at 47 MHz, as well as an ionospheric modification facility operating at 5.1 and 8.175 MHz.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The dish remained stationary, while receivers and transmitters were moved to the proper focal point of the telescope to aim at the desired target. As a spherical mirror, the reflector's focus is along a line rather than at one point. As a result, complex line feeds were implemented to carry out observations, with each line feed covering a narrow frequency band measuring 10–45 MHz. A limited number of line feeds could be used at any one time, limiting the telescope's flexibility.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The receiver was on an platform suspended above the dish by 18 main cables running from three reinforced concrete towers (six cables per tower), one high and the other two high, placing their tops at the same elevation. Each main cable was a bundle of 160 diameter wires, with the bundle painted over and dry air continuously blown through to prevent corrosion due to the humid tropic climate. The platform had a rotating, bow-shaped track long, called the azimuth arm, carrying the receiving antennas and secondary and tertiary reflectors. This allowed the telescope to observe any region of the sky in a forty-degree cone of visibility about the local zenith (between −1 and 38 degrees of declination). Puerto Rico's location near the Northern Tropic allowed the Arecibo telescope to view the planets in the Solar System over the northern half of their orbit. The round trip light time to objects beyond Saturn is longer than the 2.6-hour time that the telescope could track a celestial position, preventing radar observations of more distant objects.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The origins of the observatory trace to late 1950s efforts to develop anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defenses as part of the newly formed United States Department of Defense (DoD) Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ABM umbrella-effort, Project Defender. Even at this early stage it was clear that the use of radar decoys would be a serious problem at the long ranges needed to successfully attack a warhead, ranges on the order of .


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Among the many Defender projects were several studies based on the concept that a re-entering nuclear warhead would cause unique physical signatures while still in the upper atmosphere. It was known that hot, high-speed objects caused ionization of the atmosphere that reflects radar waves, and it appeared that a warhead's signature would be different enough from decoys that a detector could pick out the warhead directly, or alternately, provide added information that would allow operators to focus a conventional tracking radar on the single return from the warhead.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Although the concept appeared to offer a solution to the tracking problem, there was almost no information on either the physics of re-entry or a strong understanding of the normal composition of the upper layers of the ionosphere. ARPA began to address both simultaneously. To better understand the radar returns from a warhead, several radars were built on Kwajalein Atoll, while Arecibo started with the dual purpose of understanding the ionosphere's F-layer while also producing a general-purpose scientific radio observatory.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The observatory was built between mid-1960 and November 1963. William E. Gordon and George Peter of Cornell University oversaw its design for study of the Earth's ionosphere. He was attracted to the sinkholes in the karst regions of Puerto Rico that offered perfect cavities for a very large dish. Originally, a fixed parabolic reflector was envisioned, pointing in a fixed direction with a tower to hold equipment at the focus. This design would have limited its use in other research areas, such as radar astronomy, radio astronomy and atmospheric science, which require the ability to point at different positions in the sky and track those positions for an extended time as the Earth rotates.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Ward Low of the ARPA pointed out this flaw and put Gordon in touch with the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory (AFCRL) in Boston, Massachusetts, where one group headed by Phil Blacksmith was working on spherical reflectors and another group was studying the propagation of radio waves in and through the upper atmosphere. Cornell University proposed the project to ARPA in mid-1958 and a contract was signed between the AFCRL and the University in November 1959. Cornell University and Zachary Sears published a request for proposals (RFP) asking for a design to support a feed moving along a spherical surface above the stationary reflector. The RFP suggested a tripod or a tower in the center to support the feed. On the day the project for the design and construction of the antenna was announced at Cornell University, Gordon had also envisioned a tower centered in the reflector to support the feed.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The suspended structure was designed by Dr. Thomas C. Kavanagh, Fred Severud, and Dr. Hans Bandel, who were selected after the 1959 RFP issued by Cornell University. A proposal by General Bronze Corporation was not selected as it did not meet specifications, according to an editorial response by Donald Cooke (Cornell’s spokesperson) to Helias Doundoulakis in a newsletter of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ("IEEE"). Cooke stated that Doundoulakis used an incorrect feed/paraxial surface measurement. However, the measurement Cooke used was from Doundoulakis’ patent issued in 1966, and not from the 1959 RFP meetings which predated the patent by seven years. Furthermore, proposal measurements presented by George Doundoulakis and Helias Doundoulakis at the RFP meeting on December 10, 1959, were not referenced in Cooke’s editorial response. The originators of this proposal subsequently filed a dispute, originally for $1.2 million but was settled for $10,000 because "the defense in a court trial would cost far more than the $10,000 for which the case was settled," and accordingly, on April 11, 1975, Doundoulakis v. U.S. (Case 412-72) had been ruled in plaintiff's favor by the United States Court of Federal Claims, that “(a) a judgment has been entered in favor of the plaintiffs (Helias Doundoulakis, William J. Casey, and Constantine Michalos) against the United States and (b) in consideration of the sum of $10,000 to be paid by the United States Government to the plaintiff, the plaintiffs grants to the United States Government an irrevocable, fully-paid, non-exclusive license under the aforesaid U.S. Patent No. 3, 273, 156 to Cornell University.”


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: George Doundoulakis, who directed research at General Bronze Corporation in Garden City, New York, along with Zachary Sears, who directed Internal Design at Digital B & E Corporation, New York, received the RFP from Cornell University for the antenna design and studied the idea of suspending the feed with his brother, Helias Doundoulakis, a civil engineer. George Doundoulakis identified the problem that a tower or tripod would have presented around the center, (the most important area of the reflector), and devised a better design by suspending the feed. He presented his proposal to Cornell University for a doughnut or torus-type truss suspended by four cables from four towers above the reflector, having along its edge a rail track for the azimuthal truss positioning. This second truss, in the form of an arc, or arch, was to be suspended below, which would rotate on the rails through 360 degrees. The arc also had rails on which the unit supporting the feed would move for the feed's elevational positioning. A counterweight would move symmetrically opposite to the feed for stability and, if a hurricane struck, the whole feed could be raised and lowered. Helias Doundoulakis designed the cable suspension system which was finally adopted. The present configuration is substantially the same as in the original drawings by George and Helias Doundoulakis, although with three towers, instead of the four drawn in the patent, which was granted to Helias Doundoulakis by the U.S. Patent office. The idea of a spherical reflecting mirror with a steerable secondary has since been used in optical telescopes, in particular, the Hobby–Eberly Telescope


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Construction began in mid-1960, with the telescope operational about three years later. The telescope's and the supporting observatory's official opening as the Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory (AIO) was held on November 1, 1963.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Since its construction, the telescope was upgraded several times, following the facility's oversight from the DoD to the National Science Foundation on October 1, 1969, and subsequent renaming of the AIO to the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) in September 1971. Initially, when the maximum expected operating frequency was about 500 MHz, the surface consisted of half-inch galvanized wire mesh laid directly on the support cables. In 1973, a high-precision surface consisting of 38,000 individually adjustable aluminum panels replaced the old wire mesh, and the highest usable frequency rose to about 5000 MHz. A Gregorian reflector system was installed in 1997, incorporating secondary and tertiary reflectors to focus radio waves at one point. This allowed installing a suite of receivers, covering the full 1–10 GHz range, that could be easily moved to the focal point, giving Arecibo more flexibility. The additional instrumentation added to the platform, so six additional support cables were added, two for each tower. A metal mesh screen was also installed around the perimeter to block the ground's thermal radiation from reaching the feed antennas. In 1997, a more powerful 2400 MHz transmitter was added. Finally, in 2013 with a grant of , work for adding the ionospheric modification HF facility began which was completed in 2015. The HF facility consisted on the sender side of six foldable 100 kW crossed dipoles inside the main dish and a hanging 100m wide subreflector mesh between the dish and platform.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The Astronomical Sciences and Atmospheric Sciences divisions of the NSF had financially supported Arecibo since its completion in the 1970s, with incremental support by NASA, for operating the planetary radar. Between 2001 and 2006, NASA decreased, then eliminated, its support of the planetary radar.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: A November 2006 report by the Astronomical Sciences division recommended substantially decreased astronomy funding for the Arecibo Observatory, from in 2007 to in 2011. The report further stated that if other sources of funding could not be found, closure of the Observatory was recommended.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Academics and researchers responded by organizing to protect and advocate for the observatory. They established the Arecibo Science Advocacy Partnership (ASAP) in 2008, to advance the scientific excellence of Arecibo Observatory research and to publicize its accomplishments in astronomy, aeronomy and planetary radar as to seek additional funding support for the observatory. An additional in bonds were secured from the government of Puerto Rico. Academics, media and influential politicians pressured the United States Congress on the importance of the work of the observatory. led to additional in funding to support Arecibo in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. This was used for basic maintenance and for a second, much smaller, antenna to be used for very long baseline interferometry, new Klystron amplifiers for the planetary radar system and student training.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Arecibo's budget from NSF continued to wane in the following years. Starting in FY2010, NASA restored its historical support by contributing $2.0 million per year for planetary science, particularly the study of near-Earth objects, at Arecibo. NASA implemented this funding through its Near Earth Object Observations program. NASA increased its support to $3.5 million per year in 2012.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: In 2011, NSF removed Cornell University, which had managed the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) since the 1970s, as the operator and transferred these responsibilities to SRI International, along with two other managing partners, Universities Space Research Association and Universidad Metropolitana de Puerto Rico, with a number of other collaborators. NSF also decertified NAIC as a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC), which the NSF said would give NAIC greater freedom to establish broader scientific partnerships and pursue funding opportunities for activities beyond the scope of those supported by NSF.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: While the Observatory continued to operate under the reduced NSF budget and NASA funds, NSF signaled in 2015 and 2016 that it was looking towards potential decommissioning of the Observatory by initiating environmental impact statements on the effect of deconstructing the unit. The NSF continued to indicate it would like to reduce funding to the Observatory in the near future. As in 2008, academics expressed their concern over the loss of scientific discoveries that could occur should the Observatory be shut down.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Several hurricanes and storms over the 2010s had raised the concerns of structural engineers over the stability of the observatory. On September 21, 2017, high winds associated with Hurricane Maria caused the 430 MHz line feed to break and fall onto the primary dish, damaging roughly 30 of the 38,000 aluminum panels. Most Arecibo observations did not use the line feed but instead relied on the feeds and receivers located in the dome. Overall, the damage inflicted by Maria was minimal, but it further clouded the observatory's future. Restoring all the previous capabilities required more than the observatory's already-threatened operating budget, and users feared the decision would be made to decommission it instead.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: A consortium consisting of the University of Central Florida (UCF), Yang Enterprises and UMET, came forward to supply funding in February 2018 to allow the NSF to reduce its contribution towards Arecibo's operating costs from $8 million to $2 million from the fiscal year 2022–2023, thus securing the observatory's future. With this, the UCF consortium were named the new operators of the observatory in 2018.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: On August 10, 2020, an auxiliary platform support cable separated from Tower 4, causing damage to the telescope, including a gash in the reflector dish. Damage included six to eight panels in the Gregorian dome, and to the platform used to access the dome. No one was reported to have been hurt by the partial collapse. The facility was closed as damage assessments were made.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The facility had recently reopened following the passing of Tropical Storm Isaias. It was unclear if the cable failure was caused by Isaias. Former Arecibo Observatory director Robert Kerr stated that prior to the 1997 installation of the Gregorian dome, the main support cables and support towers had been engineered with a safety factor of two, as to be able to sustain twice the weight of the platform. When the dome was added in 1997, the auxiliary cables were intended to retain the safety factor of two once all design factors were considered, but Kerr believed that that was never the case as evenly distributing the loads following that install would be difficult to do. Kerr also stated that there had been periods of neglect at the Observatory, during which the fans that were used to blow dry air along the wire bundles were not operating. The earlier storms would have brought seawater to the cables which could accelerate the rate of corrosion as well, according to Kerr. Engineering firms hired by UCF inspected the socket area where the cable had failed, and found a similar problem that had been observed in the 1980s during a routine cable replacement, in which the use of molten zinc to affix the cable to the socket mount at the tower was not complete, allowing moisture to get into the wire bundle and cause corrosion and leading to the cable slipping from its socket. The firms had developed models of the telescope that showed that the safety factor for Tower 4 had dropped to 1.67, believing that the structure was still safe while repairs could be effected, even if another cable collapsed. Plans were made to replace all six auxiliary cables since their socket welds were all considered suspect at a cost of .


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Before repairs could be started, on November 7, 2020, one of the two main support cables from Tower 4 snapped, shattering part of the dish itself as it fell. The UCF engineering staff, which had been monitoring the cables with support from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the engineering firms they had hired previously evaluated the remaining cables from Tower 4. One engineering firm proposed stabilization efforts, while another suggested that they try to sever parts of the instrument platform such as the Gregorian dome to reduce the load. The third firm made the determination that there was no way to safely repair the damage at this point, as the remaining cables could be suspect, and furthermore that a controlled decommissioning of the telescope was the only effective means to avoid catastrophic failure which would threaten the other buildings on campus. The NSF took this advice and made the announcement on November 19, 2020 that they would decommission Arecibo over the following few weeks after determining the safest route to do so with a safety exclusion zone immediately put in place. NSF's Sean Jones stated, "This decision is not an easy one for NSF to make, but safety of people is our number one priority." The lidar facility will remain operational.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: While waiting for NSF to make the decommissioning plans, steps had been taken to try to reduce the load that each of the towers were carrying, including reducing the strain on the backstay support cables for the individual towers. Other plans, such as having helicopters hoisting part of the load while hovering above the telescope, were proposed but deemed too risky. Engineers from UCF had been monitoring the telescope and observed that wires in the backstay cables for the support towers had been breaking at a rate of one or two a day, and estimated that the telescope would soon collapse. In the weekend prior to December 1, 2020, wire strands in the receiver's supporting cables had also been snapping apart at a rapid rate, according to Ángel Vázquez, the director of operations. This culminated in the collapse of the receiver platform at around 6:55 a.m. AST (10:55 UTC) on December 1, 2020, as the second main cable from Tower 4 failed with the other two remaining support cables failing moments later. The collapse of the receiver structure and cables onto the dish caused extensive additional damage. As the receiver fell, it also sheared the tips of the towers which the support cables ran through. Once the main cables from Tower 4 released, the backstay cables, which normally balanced the horizontal component of force from the main cables, pulled the tower outwards and broke off the top. The other two towers, once the force of supporting the platform was released, also had their tips sheared off due to the backstay cable tension. The top of Tower 12 caused some structural damage to other buildings on the observatory as it fell. No injuries from the collapse were reported.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: In the weeks following Arecibo's collapse, the administration of the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in China, which had drawn some design principles from Arecibo, stated that they would start taking applications for international researchers to use the telescope starting in 2021.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: In late December 2020, Wanda Vázquez Garced, then governor of Puerto Rico signed an executive order for $8 million for the removal of debris and for the design of a new observatory to be built in its place. The governor stated reconstruction of the observatory is a "matter of public policy". The executive order also designated the area as a history site.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: As required by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, the NSF sent a report to Congress in March 2022 "on the causes and extent of the damage, the plan to remove debris in a safe and environmentally sound way, the preservation of the associated [Arecibo Observatory] facilities and surrounding areas, and the process for determining whether to establish comparable technology at the site, along with any associated cost estimates". On March 25, 2022, a survey salvage committee formed by UCF and the NSF issued a final report, identifying materials from the site that may be salvaged for their "historic importance or scientific utility."


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: A team from the University of Texas at Austin was able to completely recover and back up the 3 petabytes of data that the telescope had captured since opening in the 1960s by May 2021 before further harm could come to the storage equipment. The data was relocated to the school's servers at the Texas Advanced Computing Center to be made available for continued research.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: An early plan developed by NSF scientists suggest one possible replacement called the Next Generation Arecibo Telescope, using 1000 closely-packed telescopes mounted on one or more flat plate(s) that would cover the width of the Arecibo sinkhole. While the telescopes themselves would be fixed, the plate(s) would be able to be rotated more than 45° off the horizontal in any direction. This would allow the new instrument to have 500 times the field of view compared to the original Arecibo Telescope, and be twice as sensitive with four times the radar power. It is expected this would cost roughly to build. This would enable better study of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way as a prime target.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: NSF determined in October 2022 that the Arecibo site will not be used for a new telescope, instead converting the site to be a STEM educational center.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The Arecibo Salvage Survey committee preserved some parts of the telescope, including parts of the zenith and azimuth tracks, a corner of the platform, the rotary joint, and the cable car.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Many scientific discoveries were made with the observatory. On April 7, 1964, soon after it began operating, Gordon Pettengill's team used it to determine that the rotation period of Mercury was not 88 days, as formerly thought, but only 59 days. In 1968, the discovery of the periodicity of the Crab Pulsar (33 milliseconds) by Richard V. E. Lovelace and others provided the first solid evidence that neutron stars exist. In 1974, Hulse and Taylor discovered the first binary pulsar PSR B1913+16, an accomplishment for which they later received the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1982, the first millisecond pulsar, PSR B1937+21, was discovered by Donald C. Backer, Shrinivas Kulkarni, Carl Heiles, Michael Davis, and Miller Goss. This object spins 642 times per second and, until the discovery of PSR J1748-2446ad in 2005, was identified as the fastest-spinning pulsar.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: In 1980, Arecibo made the first radar observation of a comet when it successfully detected Comet Encke. In August 1989, the observatory directly imaged an asteroid for the first time in history: 4769 Castalia. The following year, Polish astronomer Aleksander Wolszczan made the discovery of pulsar PSR B1257+12, which later led him to discover its three orbiting planets. These were the first extrasolar planets discovered. In 1994, John Harmon used the Arecibo Radio Telescope to map the distribution of ice in the polar regions of Mercury.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: In January 2008, detection of prebiotic molecules methanimine and hydrogen cyanide were reported from the observatory's radio spectroscopy measurements of the distant starburst galaxy Arp 220.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: From January 2010 to February 2011, astronomers Matthew Route and Aleksander Wolszczan detected bursts of radio emission from the T6.5 brown dwarf 2MASS J10475385+2124234. This was the first time that radio emission had been detected from a T dwarf, which has methane absorption lines in its atmosphere. It is also the coolest brown dwarf (at a temperature of ~900K) from which radio emission has been observed. The highly polarized and highly energetic radio bursts indicated that the object has a >1.7 kG-strength magnetic field and magnetic activity similar to both the planet Jupiter and the Sun.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: In 1974, the Arecibo message, an attempt to communicate with potential extraterrestrial life, was transmitted from the radio telescope toward the globular cluster Messier 13, about 25,000 light-years away. The 1,679 bit pattern of 1s and 0s defined a 23 by 73 pixel bitmap image that included numbers, stick figures, chemical formulas and a crude image of the telescope.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is the search for extraterrestrial life or advanced technologies. SETI aims to answer the question "Are we alone in the Universe?" by scanning the skies for transmissions from intelligent civilizations elsewhere in our galaxy.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: In comparison, METI (messaging to extraterrestrial intelligence) refers to the active search by transmitting messages.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Arecibo is the source of data for the SETI@home and Astropulse distributed computing projects put forward by the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, and was used for the SETI Institute's Project Phoenix observations. The Einstein@Home distributed computing project has found more than 20 pulsars in Arecibo data.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Terrestrial aeronomy experiments at Arecibo have included the Coqui 2 experiment, supported by NASA. The telescope also originally had military intelligence uses, including locating Soviet radar installations by detecting their signals bouncing off the Moon.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Limited amateur radio operations have occurred, using "moon bounce" or Earth–Moon–Earth communication, in which radio signals aimed at the Moon are reflected back to Earth. The first of these operations was on June 13–14, 1964, using the call KP4BPZ. A dozen or so two-way contacts were made on 144 and 432 MHz. On July 3 and 24, 1965, KP4BPZ was again activated on 432 MHz, making approximately 30 contacts on 432 MHz during the limited time slots available. For these tests, a very wide-band instrumentation recorder captured a large segment of the receiving bandwidth, enabling later verification of other amateur station callsigns. These were not two-way contacts. From April 16–18, 2010, again, the Arecibo Amateur Radio Club KP4AO conducted moon-bounce activity using the antenna. On November 10, 2013, the KP4AO Arecibo Amateur Radio Club conducted a Fifty-Year Commemoration Activation, lasting seven hours on 14.250 MHz SSB, without using the main dish antenna.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: Due to its unique shape and concept, the telescope had been featured in many contemporary works. It was used as a filming location in the films "GoldenEye" (1995), "Species" (1995), and "Contact" (1997) (based on Carl Sagan's novel of the same name, which also featured the observatory), "The Losers" (2010), and in "The X-Files" television episode "Little Green Men". One map in the 2013 video game "Battlefield 4", while set in China, is based on the distinctive layout of the Arecibo Telescope. In 2014, a video art installation piece titled "The Great Silence" by artists Jennifer Allora and Guillermo Calzadilla in collaboration with science fiction writer Ted Chiang featured the radio telescope at Arecibo Observatory to represent the search for extraterrestrial life. The juxtaposed text was later published as a short story with the same title in a special issue of the art journal "e-flux" in 2015 and was included in the author's short story collection "" in 2019.


title: Arecibo Telescope

text: The asteroid 4337 Arecibo is named after the observatory by Steven J. Ostro, in recognition of the observatory's contributions to the characterization of Solar System bodies.


title: LGBT History Month

text: LGBT History Month is an annual month-long observance of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender history, and the history of the gay rights and related civil rights movements. It was founded in 1994 by Missouri high-school history teacher Rodney Wilson. LGBT History Month provides role models, builds community, and represents a civil rights statement about the contributions of the LGBTQ+ community. As of 2022, LGBT History Month is a month-long celebration that is specific to Australia, Canada, Cuba, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, United Kingdom and the US.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In the United States, Canada, and Australia, it is celebrated in October to coincide with National Coming Out Day on 11 October and to commemorate the first and second marches on Washington in 1979 and 1987 for LGBT rights. In Hungary and the United Kingdom it is observed during February; in the UK this coincides with a major celebration of the 2003 abolition of Section 28. In Berlin, the capital of Germany, it is known as Queer History Month and is celebrated in May.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In October 2016, "Minus 18", Australian Queer Archives, and the Safe Schools Coalition Victoria organised the first Australian LGBTQ+ History Month.


title: LGBT History Month

text: LGBT History Month has been celebrated in February since 2013, and the planned 2020 event is the 8th. The program series is coordinated by Háttér Society and Labrisz Lesbian Association, events are organized in partnership with other LGBT organization, cultural and academic institutions, professional organizations etc. The majority of the events take place in Budapest, but a few events are also organized in larger cities all over the country, e.g. in Debrecen, Pécs, Miskolc and Szeged.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In 2013 there were nearly 30 events in the cities of Budapest, Miskolc and Szeged. In 2015 there were 37 events, with some held in Tahitótfalu and Csobánka. As of 2019 there were about 40 events for the celebration.


title: LGBT History Month

text: Schools OUT UK – The LGBT+ Education Charity (a registered charity since February 2015), is the founding organiser of LGBT+ History Month UK. The steering committee of around 10 – 15 people has a majority of current or former teachers. Schools OUT evolved from The Gay Teachers' Group, a socially-supportive network established in 1974 following the sacking of a London teacher who had been 'outed' to his managers by a student.


title: LGBT History Month

text: LGBT+ History Month was initiated in the UK by Sue Sanders and Paul Patrick, then co-chairs of Schools OUT UK, and first took place in February 2005. After Paul Patrick's death in 2008, Tony Fenwick became co-chair alongside Sanders, then later CEO. In 2016 he was awarded an MBE on behalf of the charity. He died in July 2020, aged 60. Sue Sanders was awarded an Emeritus Professorship by The Harvey Milk Institute in 2015.


title: LGBT History Month

text: LGBT+ History Month is an annual event in the United Kingdom taking place every February. The event came in the wake of the abolition of Section 28 in 2003, the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 as well as the government's proposals to bring in a single equality act and a public duty, although this, in fact, did not come to fruition until 2010. The Month is intended as a means to raise awareness of, and combat prejudice against the LGBT community while celebrating its achievement and diversity and making it more visible. History Month has three taglines -'Claiming our past. Celebrating our present. Creating our future', in addition to the 'Educate OUT Prejudice' motto of parent charity Schools OUT UK


title: LGBT History Month

text: The first celebration in February 2005 saw the organisation of over 150 events around the UK. For the second year a badge logo for the month was designed by Artist & typographer Tony Malone, and was reworked by him in 2007 when it then became the corporate logo for the national committee, of which he was a member for the first five years of History Month.


title: LGBT History Month

text: Until 2019, each yearly iteration of the Month received its own mark designed by students of the University of the Arts and later by design students at the University of Bedfordshire. The 2020 and 2021 logos were designed by students from Goldsmiths University. For 2022, the design was opened up as a competition for schools and colleges, universities and youth groups.


title: LGBT History Month

text: The initiative received UK Government backing from the deputy DfES and Equalities Minister Jacqui Smith, although some sections of the press argued against its political correctness, and pointed out that the sexuality of some historical figures is more a matter of speculation than fact. Supporters of the event countered that it is important to challenge heterosexist attitudes in society.


title: LGBT History Month

text: The DfES promised funding for LGBT History Month for the first two years to help get the event off the ground. It is now very well established and has garnered support from other sources. Long standing sponsors include the Metropolitan Police Service, the Metropolitan Police Authority, Amnesty International and the Crown Prosecution Service.


title: LGBT History Month

text: Patrons of the Month include Cyril Nri, Ian McKellen, Angela Eagle, Gareth Thomas, Aderonke Apata (founder of African Rainbow Family), Tom Robinson, Christine Burns, Peter Tatchell and Labi Siffre.


title: LGBT History Month

text: Each year, a "launch event" takes place in November, to build awareness for the following February. These events took place in the following locations:


title: LGBT History Month

text: Through the years many speakers have spoken at the events. These include Ian McKellen, Stella Duffy, Allan Horsfall, Linda Bellos, Baroness Scotland, Barbara Follett, Michael Cashman, Stuart Milk, Phyl Opoku-Gyimah, Tony Malone, and Rikki Beadle Blair among others.