title: Chevening

text: Chevening is the name of the UK government's international awards scheme, founded in 1983 to develop global leaders. While the programme takes its name from the house, the Chevening Secretariat administers the awards on behalf of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Secretariat is based at Woburn House in London and is part of the Association of Commonwealth Universities.


title: Shoulder dystocia

text: Shoulder dystocia is when, after vaginal delivery of the head, the baby's anterior shoulder gets caught above the mother's pubic bone. Signs include retraction of the baby's head back into the vagina, known as "turtle sign". Complications for the baby may include brachial plexus injury, or clavicle fracture. Complications for the mother may include vaginal or perineal tears, postpartum bleeding, or uterine rupture.


title: Shoulder dystocia

text: Risk factors include gestational diabetes, previous history of the condition, operative vaginal delivery, obesity in the mother, an overly large baby, and epidural anesthesia. It is diagnosed when the body fails to deliver within one minute of delivery of the baby's head. It is a type of obstructed labour.


title: Shoulder dystocia

text: Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency. Initial efforts to release a shoulder typically include: with a woman on her back pushing the legs outward and upward, pushing on the abdomen above the pubic bone, and making a cut in the vagina. If these are not effective, efforts to manually rotate the baby's shoulders or placing the woman on all fours may be tried. Shoulder dystocia occurs in approximately 0.4% to 1.4% of vaginal births. Death as a result of shoulder dystocia is very uncommon.


title: Shoulder dystocia

text: One characteristic of a minority of shoulder dystocia deliveries is the turtle sign, which involves the appearance and retraction of the baby's head (analogous to a turtle withdrawing into its shell), and a red, puffy face. This occurs when the baby's shoulder is obstructed by the maternal pelvis.


title: Shoulder dystocia

text: One complication of shoulder dystocia is damage to the upper brachial plexus nerves. These supply the sensory and motor components of the shoulder, arm, and hands. The ventral roots (motor pathway) are most prone to injury. The cause of injury to the baby is debated, but a probable mechanism is manual stretching of the nerves, which in itself can cause injury. Excess tension may physically tear the nerve roots out from the neonatal spinal column, resulting in total dysfunction.


title: Shoulder dystocia

text: About 16% of deliveries where shoulder dystocia occurs have conventional risk factors. These include diabetes, fetal macrosomia, and maternal obesity.


title: Shoulder dystocia

text: Typically the procedures are performed in the order listed and the sequence ends whenever a technique is successful. Intentional fracturing of the clavicle is another possibility at non-operative vaginal delivery prior to Zavanelli's maneuver or symphysiotomy, both of which are considered extraordinary treatment measures. Pushing on the fundus is not recommended.


title: Shoulder dystocia

text: Simulation training of health care providers to prevent delays in delivery when a shoulder dystocia presents is useful.


title: Shoulder dystocia

text: A number of labor positions and maneuvers are sequentially performed in attempt to facilitate delivery. These include:


title: Greater Israel

text: Greater Israel (; "Eretz Yisrael Hashlema") is an expression, with several different biblical and political meanings over time. It is often used, in an irredentist fashion, to refer to the historic or desired borders of Israel.


title: Greater Israel

text: Currently, the most common definition of the land encompassed by the term is the territory of the State of Israel together with the Palestinian territories. An earlier definition, favored by Revisionist Zionism, included the territory of the former Emirate of Transjordan.


title: Greater Israel

text: The Bible contains three geographical definitions of the Land of Israel. The first, found in , seems to define the land that was given to all of the children of Abraham, including Ishmael, Zimran, Jokshan, Midian, etc. It describes a large territory, "from the brook of Egypt to the Euphrates".


title: Greater Israel

text: The other definitions are found in the Book of Deuteronomy, , , the Book of Numbers, , and the Book of Ezekiel, . The definition in Numbers and Ezekiel refers to the land that was divided between the original Twelve tribes of Israel after they were delivered from Egypt, and finally, the borders defined in the book of Deuteronomy are those that will be given to the children of Israel slowly throughout the years, & ).


title: Greater Israel

text: Early Revisionist Zionist groups such as Betar and Irgun Zvai-Leumi regarded the territory of the Mandate for Palestine, including Transjordan, as Greater Israel.


title: Greater Israel

text: In 1937, the Peel Commission recommended partition of Mandatory Palestine. In a letter to his son later that year, David Ben-Gurion stated that partition would be acceptable but as a first step. Ben-Gurion wrote that


title: Greater Israel

text: Joel Greenberg writing in "The New York Times" notes: "At Israel's founding in 1948, the Labor Zionist leadership, which went on to govern Israel in its first three decades of independence, accepted a pragmatic partition of what had been British Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states. The opposition Revisionist Zionists, who evolved into today's Likud party, sought "Eretz Yisrael Ha-Shlema"—Greater Israel, or literally, the Whole Land of Israel (shalem, meaning complete)." The capture of the West Bank and Gaza Strip from Jordan and Egypt during the Six-Day War in 1967 led to the growth of the non-parliamentary Movement for Greater Israel and the construction of Israeli settlements. The 1977 elections, which brought Likud to power also had considerable impact on acceptance and rejection of the term. Greenberg notes: THE seed was sown in 1977, when Menachem Begin of Likud brought his party to power for the first time in a stunning election victory over Labor. A decade before, in the 1967 war, Israeli troops had in effect undone the partition accepted in 1948 by overrunning the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Ever since, Mr. Begin had preached undying loyalty to what he called Judea and Samaria (the West Bank lands) and promoted Jewish settlement there. But he did not annex the West Bank and Gaza to Israel after he took office, reflecting a recognition that absorbing the Palestinians could turn Israel into a bi-national state instead of a Jewish one.


title: Greater Israel

text: Yitzhak Shamir was a dedicated proponent of Greater Israel and as Israeli Prime Minister gave the settler movement funding and Israeli governmental legitimisation.


title: Greater Israel

text: In a May 1998 interview with ABC's John Miller, Osama bin Laden noted what he saw as "Zionist plans for expansion of what is called the Great Israel ... to achieve full control over the Arab Peninsula which they intend to make an important part of the so called Greater Israel." While not his main reason, Bin Laden included what he saw as American and Western support for such a scheme as an additional motivation for his call to wage war against America and its allies.


title: Greater Israel

text: Annexation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip was part of the platform of the Israeli Likud party, and of some other Israeli political parties. On September 14, 2008, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert remarked that "Greater Israel is over. There is no such thing. Anyone who talks that way is deluding themselves".


title: Greater Israel

text: Meir Kahane, an ultra-nationalist Knesset member, who founded the American Jewish Defense League and the banned Israeli Kach party, worked towards Greater Israel and other Religious Zionist goals.


title: Greater Israel

text: Currently in Israel, in the debate relating to the borders of Israel, "Greater Israel" is generally used to refer to the territory of the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories, the combined territory of the former Mandatory Palestine. However, because of the controversial nature of the term, the term Land of Israel is often used instead.


title: Greater Israel

text: Zionists, and the State of Israel, have been accused of plotting to expand Israel from the Nile to the Euphrates. This so-called 10 agorot controversy is named after the Israeli coin brandished by PLO chairman Yasser Arafat in 1988 as evidence for this accusation. The Bank of Israel denies this conspiracy theory since the coin is a replica of a historical coin dating from 37 to 40 BCE and the alleged "map" is actually the irregular shape of the ancient coin.


title: Greater Israel

text: Conspiracy theorists have suggested the blue strips of the Israeli flag represent the Nile and Euphrates as the boundaries of Eretz Isra'el as promised to the Jews by God according to religious scripture. This claim was at a time made by Yasser Arafat, Iran and Hamas. However, both Zionists and Anti-Zionists have debunked this. Danny Rubinstein points out that "Arafat ... added, in interviews that he gave in the past, that the two blue stripes on the Israeli flag represent the Nile and the Euphrates. ... No Israeli, even those who demonstrate understanding for Palestinian distress, will accept the ... nonsense about the blue stripes on the flag, which was designed according to the colours of the traditional tallit (prayer shawl) ..."


title: Greater Israel

text: Hillel Weiss, a professor at Bar-Ilan University, has promoted the "necessity" of rebuilding the Temple and of Jewish rule over Greater Israel.


title: Greater Israel

text: The Knesset Land of Israel Caucus, one of the largest lobby groups in the Knesset, has its main goal to strengthen Israel's hold on the West Bank.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: Mr. Peanut is the advertising logo and mascot of Planters, an American snack-food company owned by Hormel. He is depicted as an anthropomorphic peanut in its shell, wearing the formal clothing of an old-fashioned gentleman, with a top hat, monocle, white gloves, spats, and cane. He is reportedly of British heritage and has the proper name of Bartholomew Richard Fitzgerald-Smythe.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: Planters Peanut Company was founded in 1906 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania by Amedeo Obici, and incorporated two years later as the Planters Nut and Chocolate Company. In 1916, a young schoolboy, Antonio Gentile submitted drawings of an anthropomorphic peanut to a design contest. When his design was chosen, commercial artist Andrew S. Wallach added the monocle, top hat and cane to create the iconic image. Gentile's family originally received five dollars for winning the contest. Obici befriended them and paid Antonio’s, and four of his siblings', way through college. After Obici paid Antonio's way through medical school as well, Antonio became a doctor in Newport News, where he died of a heart attack in 1939.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: There is a disputed claim that Frank P. Krize Sr., a Wilkes-Barre artist and head of the Suffolk plant, made the additions of the monocle, top hat and cane. Wallach's daughter, Virginia, maintains that Krize joined the project after Mr. Peanut was created. However, neither Planters' history nor other sources still in circulation positively identify the artist.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: By the mid-1930s, the raffish figure had come to symbolise the entire peanut industry. Mr. Peanut has appeared on almost every Planters package and advertisement, and is one of the best-known icons in advertising history.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: He has appeared in many TV commercials as an animated cartoon character. More recent commercials have shown him stop-motion animated in a real-world setting.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: In 2006, Planters held an online contest to determine whether to add a bow tie, cufflinks or pocketwatch to Mr. Peanut. The public voted for no changes.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: While the character's television commercials were often accompanied by an accented narrator, Mr. Peanut never had dialogue. On November 8, 2010, Planters announced that actor Robert Downey Jr. would become Mr. Peanut's first-ever voice actor.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: In 2011, Mr. Peanut's "stunt double", Peanut Butter Doug, was introduced to tie in with the Planter's Peanut Butter launch. The character is voiced by Kevin Dillon.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: On July 1, 2013, Planters cast comedian and "Saturday Night Live" alumnus Bill Hader as the voice for a campaign focusing on its Planters Nut-rition product line.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: In 2018, Mr. Peanut was once again revamped, albeit for the first time since 2009, and became silent again.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: On January 22, 2020, Planters released a teaser for its Super Bowl LIV commercial featuring Mr. Peanut, Wesley Snipes and Matt Walsh. The trio were shown hanging onto a branch after accidentally driving the Nutmobile off a cliff to avoid an armadillo, with Mr. Peanut electing to let go and fall to his death onto the Nutmobile, which then explodes. The company's social media outlets stated that his funeral would be the subject of Planters' Super Bowl ad.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: Planters suspended the campaign shortly after the Calabasas helicopter crash on January 26, which killed all passengers including former NBA player Kobe Bryant. They eventually resumed the campaign with the Super Bowl commercial, which showed Snipes and Walsh presiding over the funeral of Mr. Peanut, also attended by fellow mascots Kool-Aid Man and Mr. Clean. Kool-Aid Man's tears combined with sunlight cause a new, younger incarnation of Mr. Peanut, dubbed "Baby Nut", to grow from the soil.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: After the premiere of the commercial, the Planters Twitter account was used to make posts in-character as Baby Nut. It also retweeted posts from several Baby Nut meme accounts created before the ad aired, prompting Twitter to suspend them under the presumption that they were created by the company's agency to manipulate the platform in violation of its terms of use.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: The campaign faced a mixed reaction from viewers, while comparisons were drawn between the character and other juvenile incarnations of characters seen in media, such as Grogu and Groot. Explaining the intent of the campaign, a spokesman for Planters's advertising agency cited the examples of superhero deaths in the Marvel Cinematic Universe for how such a death could connect with viewers and potential customers.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: In August 2020, a continuation of the campaign launched, where Baby Nut is revealed to have aged into a 21 year-old young adult, "Peanut Jr." This decision resulted in much more volatile reactions than Baby Nut's campaign, with a tweet encouraging others to block Peanut Jr.'s account becoming viral.


title: Mr. Peanut

text: The Baby Nut campaign ended in February 2021, with Mr. Peanut returning to adulthood; Planters announced it would not "spend $5 million dropping (the character) off a cliff"; the company introduced a new campaign, "A Nut Above", and announced that it would highlight people "who made the world a little less nutty" in 2020. In preparation for the sale of Planters by Kraft to Hormel, Planters relaunched the Mr. Peanut character in May 2021 with new commercials depicting a two-dimensional, animated version of the mascot, and focusing on the nutritional qualities of its products.


title: Fiber bundle

text: In mathematics, and particularly topology, a fiber bundle (or, in Commonwealth English: fibre bundle) is a space that is a product space, but may have a different topological structure. Specifically, the similarity between a space formula_1 and a product space formula_2 is defined using a continuous surjective map, formula_3 that in small regions of formula_1 behaves just like a projection from corresponding regions of formula_2 to formula_6 The map formula_7 called the projection or submersion of the bundle, is regarded as part of the structure of the bundle. The space formula_1 is known as the total space of the fiber bundle, formula_9 as the base space, and formula_10 the fiber.


title: Fiber bundle

text: In the "trivial" case, formula_1 is just formula_12 and the map formula_13 is just the projection from the product space to the first factor. This is called a trivial bundle. Examples of non-trivial fiber bundles include the Möbius strip and Klein bottle, as well as nontrivial covering spaces. Fiber bundles, such as the tangent bundle of a manifold and other more general vector bundles, play an important role in differential geometry and differential topology, as do principal bundles.


title: Fiber bundle

text: Mappings between total spaces of fiber bundles that "commute" with the projection maps are known as bundle maps, and the class of fiber bundles forms a category with respect to such mappings. A bundle map from the base space itself (with the identity mapping as projection) to formula_1 is called a section of formula_15 Fiber bundles can be specialized in a number of ways, the most common of which is requiring that the transition maps between the local trivial patches lie in a certain topological group, known as the structure group, acting on the fiber formula_10.


title: Fiber bundle

text: In topology, the terms fiber (German: "Faser") and fiber space ("gefaserter Raum") appeared for the first time in a paper by Herbert Seifert in 1933, but his definitions are limited to a very special case. The main difference from the present day conception of a fiber space, however, was that for Seifert what is now called the base space (topological space) of a fiber (topological) space "E" was not part of the structure, but derived from it as a quotient space of "E". The first definition of fiber space was given by Hassler Whitney in 1935 under the name sphere space, but in 1940 Whitney changed the name to sphere bundle.


title: Fiber bundle

text: The theory of fibered spaces, of which vector bundles, principal bundles, topological fibrations and fibered manifolds are a special case, is attributed to Seifert, Heinz Hopf, Jacques Feldbau, Whitney, Norman Steenrod, Charles Ehresmann, Jean-Pierre Serre, and others.


title: Fiber bundle

text: Fiber bundles became their own object of study in the period 1935–1940. The first general definition appeared in the works of Whitney.


title: Fiber bundle

text: Whitney came to the general definition of a fiber bundle from his study of a more particular notion of a sphere bundle, that is a fiber bundle whose fiber is a sphere of arbitrary dimension.


title: Fiber bundle

text: A fiber bundle is a structure formula_17 where formula_18 and formula_10 are topological spaces and formula_20 is a continuous surjection satisfying a "local triviality" condition outlined below. The space formula_9 is called the ' of the bundle, formula_1 the ', and formula_10 the '. The map formula_13 is called the ' (or ). We shall assume in what follows that the base space formula_9 is connected.


title: Fiber bundle

text: We require that for every formula_26, there is an open neighborhood formula_27 of formula_28 (which will be called a trivializing neighborhood) such that there is a homeomorphism formula_29 (where formula_30 is given the subspace topology, and formula_31 is the product space) in such a way that formula_13 agrees with the projection onto the first factor. That is, the following diagram should commute:


title: Fiber bundle

text: where formula_33 is the natural projection and formula_29 is a homeomorphism. The set of all formula_35 is called a of the bundle.


title: Fiber bundle

text: Thus for any formula_36, the preimage formula_37 is homeomorphic to formula_10 (since this is true of formula_39) and is called the fiber over formula_40 Every fiber bundle formula_20 is an open map, since projections of products are open maps. Therefore formula_9 carries the quotient topology determined by the map formula_43


title: Fiber bundle

text: A is a fiber bundle in the category of smooth manifolds. That is, formula_18 and formula_10 are required to be smooth manifolds and all the functions above are required to be smooth maps.


title: Fiber bundle

text: Let formula_47 and let formula_20 be the projection onto the first factor. Then formula_13 is a fiber bundle (of formula_10) over formula_6 Here formula_1 is not just locally a product but "globally" one. Any such fiber bundle is called a . Any fiber bundle over a contractible CW-complex is trivial.


title: Fiber bundle

text: Perhaps the simplest example of a nontrivial bundle formula_1 is the Möbius strip. It has the circle that runs lengthwise along the center of the strip as a base formula_9 and a line segment for the fiber formula_10, so the Möbius strip is a bundle of the line segment over the circle. A neighborhood formula_56 of formula_57 (where formula_58) is an arc; in the picture, this is the length of one of the squares. The preimage formula_30 in the picture is a (somewhat twisted) slice of the strip four squares wide and one long (i.e. all the points that project to formula_56).


title: Fiber bundle

text: A homeomorphism (formula_61 in ) exists that maps the preimage of formula_56 (the trivializing neighborhood) to a slice of a cylinder: curved, but not twisted. This pair locally trivializes the strip. The corresponding trivial bundle formula_63 would be a cylinder, but the Möbius strip has an overall "twist". This twist is visible only globally; locally the Möbius strip and the cylinder are identical (making a single vertical cut in either gives the same space).


title: Fiber bundle

text: A similar nontrivial bundle is the Klein bottle, which can be viewed as a "twisted" circle bundle over another circle. The corresponding non-twisted (trivial) bundle is the 2-torus, formula_64.


title: Fiber bundle

text: A covering space is a fiber bundle such that the bundle projection is a local homeomorphism. It follows that the fiber is a discrete space.


title: Fiber bundle

text: A special class of fiber bundles, called vector bundles, are those whose fibers are vector spaces (to qualify as a vector bundle the structure group of the bundle — see below — must be a linear group). Important examples of vector bundles include the tangent bundle and cotangent bundle of a smooth manifold. From any vector bundle, one can construct the frame bundle of bases, which is a principal bundle (see below).


title: Fiber bundle

text: Another special class of fiber bundles, called principal bundles, are bundles on whose fibers a free and transitive action by a group formula_65 is given, so that each fiber is a principal homogeneous space. The bundle is often specified along with the group by referring to it as a principal formula_65-bundle. The group formula_65 is also the structure group of the bundle. Given a representation formula_68 of formula_65 on a vector space formula_70, a vector bundle with formula_71 as a structure group may be constructed, known as the associated bundle.


title: Fiber bundle

text: A sphere bundle is a fiber bundle whose fiber is an "n"-sphere. Given a vector bundle formula_1 with a metric (such as the tangent bundle to a Riemannian manifold) one can construct the associated unit sphere bundle, for which the fiber over a point formula_28 is the set of all unit vectors in formula_74. When the vector bundle in question is the tangent bundle formula_75, the unit sphere bundle is known as the unit tangent bundle.


title: Fiber bundle

text: A sphere bundle is partially characterized by its Euler class, which is a degree formula_76 cohomology class in the total space of the bundle. In the case formula_77 the sphere bundle is called a circle bundle and the Euler class is equal to the first Chern class, which characterizes the topology of the bundle completely. For any formula_78, given the Euler class of a bundle, one can calculate its cohomology using a long exact sequence called the Gysin sequence.


title: Fiber bundle

text: If formula_79 is a topological space and formula_80 is a homeomorphism then the mapping torus formula_81 has a natural structure of a fiber bundle over the circle with fiber formula_82 Mapping tori of homeomorphisms of surfaces are of particular importance in 3-manifold topology.


title: Fiber bundle

text: If formula_65 is a topological group and formula_84 is a closed subgroup, then under some circumstances, the quotient space formula_85 together with the quotient map formula_86 is a fiber bundle, whose fiber is the topological space formula_84. A necessary and sufficient condition for (formula_88) to form a fiber bundle is that the mapping formula_13 admits local cross-sections .


title: Fiber bundle

text: The most general conditions under which the quotient map will admit local cross-sections are not known, although if formula_65 is a Lie group and formula_84 a closed subgroup (and thus a Lie subgroup by Cartan's theorem), then the quotient map is a fiber bundle. One example of this is the Hopf fibration, formula_92, which is a fiber bundle over the sphere formula_93 whose total space is formula_94. From the perspective of Lie groups, formula_94 can be identified with the special unitary group formula_96. The abelian subgroup of diagonal matrices is isomorphic to the circle group formula_97, and the quotient formula_98 is diffeomorphic to the sphere.


title: Fiber bundle

text: More generally, if formula_65 is any topological group and formula_84 a closed subgroup that also happens to be a Lie group, then formula_101 is a fiber bundle.


title: Fiber bundle

text: A (or cross section) of a fiber bundle formula_13 is a continuous map formula_103 such that formula_104 for all "x" in "B". Since bundles do not in general have globally defined sections, one of the purposes of the theory is to account for their existence. The obstruction to the existence of a section can often be measured by a cohomology class, which leads to the theory of characteristic classes in algebraic topology.


title: Fiber bundle

text: The most well-known example is the hairy ball theorem, where the Euler class is the obstruction to the tangent bundle of the 2-sphere having a nowhere vanishing section.


title: Fiber bundle

text: Often one would like to define sections only locally (especially when global sections do not exist). A local section of a fiber bundle is a continuous map formula_105 where "U" is an open set in "B" and formula_104 for all "x" in "U". If formula_107 is a local trivialization chart then local sections always exist over "U". Such sections are in 1-1 correspondence with continuous maps formula_108. Sections form a sheaf.


title: Fiber bundle

text: Fiber bundles often come with a group of symmetries that describe the matching conditions between overlapping local trivialization charts. Specifically, let "G" be a topological group that acts continuously on the fiber space "F" on the left. We lose nothing if we require "G" to act faithfully on "F" so that it may be thought of as a group of homeomorphisms of "F". A "G"-atlas for the bundle formula_109 is a set of local trivialization charts formula_110 such that for any formula_111 for the overlapping charts formula_112 and formula_113 the function


title: Fiber bundle

text: where formula_116 is a continuous map called a '. Two "G"-atlases are equivalent if their union is also a "G"-atlas. A G"-bundle is a fiber bundle with an equivalence class of "G"-atlases. The group "G" is called the "' of the bundle; the analogous term in physics is gauge group.


title: Fiber bundle

text: In the smooth category, a "G"-bundle is a smooth fiber bundle where "G" is a Lie group and the corresponding action on "F" is smooth and the transition functions are all smooth maps.


title: Fiber bundle

text: The third condition applies on triple overlaps "U" ∩ "U" ∩ "U" and is called the cocycle condition (see Čech cohomology). The importance of this is that the transition functions determine the fiber bundle (if one assumes the Čech cocycle condition).


title: Fiber bundle

text: A principal "G"-bundle is a "G"-bundle where the fiber "F" is a principal homogeneous space for the left action of "G" itself (equivalently, one can specify that the action of "G" on the fiber "F" is free and transitive, i.e. regular). In this case, it is often a matter of convenience to identify "F" with "G" and so obtain a (right) action of "G" on the principal bundle.


title: Fiber bundle

text: It is useful to have notions of a mapping between two fiber bundles. Suppose that "M" and "N" are base spaces, and formula_121 and formula_122 are fiber bundles over "M" and "N", respectively. A ' or ' consists of a pair of continuous functions


title: Fiber bundle

text: For fiber bundles with structure group "G" and whose total spaces are (right) "G"-spaces (such as a principal bundle), bundle morphisms are also required to be "G"-equivariant on the fibers. This means that formula_125 is also "G"-morphism from one "G"-space to another, that is, formula_126 for all formula_58 and formula_128


title: Fiber bundle

text: In case the base spaces "M" and "N" coincide, then a bundle morphism over "M" from the fiber bundle formula_121 to formula_130 is a map formula_125 such that formula_132 This means that the bundle map formula_125 covers the identity of "M". That is, formula_134 and the following diagram commutes:


title: Fiber bundle

text: Assume that both formula_121 and formula_130 are defined over the same base space "M". A bundle isomorphism is a bundle map formula_137 between formula_121 and formula_130 such that formula_140 and such that formula_61 is also a homeomorphism.


title: Fiber bundle

text: In the category of differentiable manifolds, fiber bundles arise naturally as submersions of one manifold to another. Not every (differentiable) submersion formula_142 from a differentiable manifold "M" to another differentiable manifold "N" gives rise to a differentiable fiber bundle. For one thing, the map must be surjective, and formula_143 is called a fibered manifold. However, this necessary condition is not quite sufficient, and there are a variety of sufficient conditions in common use.


title: Fiber bundle

text: If "M" and "N" are compact and connected, then any submersion formula_142 gives rise to a fiber bundle in the sense that there is a fiber space "F" diffeomorphic to each of the fibers such that formula_145 is a fiber bundle. (Surjectivity of formula_146 follows by the assumptions already given in this case.) More generally, the assumption of compactness can be relaxed if the submersion formula_142 is assumed to be a surjective proper map, meaning that formula_148 is compact for every compact subset "K" of "N". Another sufficient condition, due to , is that if formula_142 is a surjective submersion with "M" and "N" differentiable manifolds such that the preimage formula_150 is compact and connected for all formula_151 then formula_146 admits a compatible fiber bundle structure .


title: Aspect ratio

text: The aspect ratio of a geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions. For example, the aspect ratio of a rectangle is the ratio of its longer side to its shorter side—the ratio of width to height, when the rectangle is oriented as a "landscape".


title: Aspect ratio

text: The aspect ratio is most often expressed as two integer numbers separated by a colon (x:y), less commonly as a simple or decimal fraction. The values x and y do not represent actual widths and heights but, rather, the proportion between width and height. As an example, 8:5, 16:10, 1.6:1, and 1.6 are all ways of representing the same aspect ratio.


title: Aspect ratio

text: In objects of more than two dimensions, such as hyperrectangles, the aspect ratio can still be defined as the ratio of the longest side to the shortest side.


title: Aspect ratio

text: For a rectangle, the aspect ratio denotes the ratio of the width to the height of the rectangle. A square has the smallest possible aspect ratio of 1:1.


title: Aspect ratio

text: For an ellipse, the aspect ratio denotes the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis. An ellipse with an aspect ratio of 1:1 is a circle.


title: Aspect ratio

text: In geometry, there are several alternative definitions to aspect ratios of general compact sets in a d-dimensional space:


title: Aspect ratio

text: If the dimension "d" is fixed, then all reasonable definitions of aspect ratio are equivalent to within constant factors.


title: Aspect ratio

text: Cinematographic aspect ratios are usually denoted as a (rounded) decimal multiple of width vs unit height, while photographic and videographic aspect ratios are usually defined and denoted by whole number ratios of width to height. In digital images there is a subtle distinction between the "display" aspect ratio (the image as displayed) and the "storage" aspect ratio (the ratio of pixel dimensions); see Distinctions.


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: Purity Ring is a Canadian electronic pop band from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, formed in 2010. The band consists of multi-instrumentalist/producer Corin Roddick and vocalist Megan James. They released their debut album "Shrines" in 2012 to critical acclaim, followed by "Another Eternity" in 2015 and "Womb" in 2020. The band released an EP, "Graves", on June 3, 2022.


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: The band were originally members of the band Gobble Gobble. While on tour with them, Roddick began experimenting with electronic production and beat-making. James was asked to sing on a track called "Ungirthed", thus forming Purity Ring. The song was released in January 2011.


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: On April 3, 2012, it was announced that Purity Ring was signed by record company 4AD worldwide and Last Gang Records in Canada. Later the same month the band released their first official single "Obedear", along with the announcement of their debut album, "Shrines", which was released on July 24, 2012. The album peaked at 32 on the Billboard 200, selling 90,000 copies in the US as of February 2015. It was ranked 24th on "Pitchfork"s staff lists top 50 albums of 2012 and became short listed for the 2013 Polaris Music Prize the following year. Later that year, they released a collaboration titled "Belispeak II" with rapper Danny Brown.


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: In February, 2013, the band released a cover of Soulja Boy's "Grammy" as a free download in celebration of the opening of their official online store. Fan reaction to the release was so strong that it crashed the website servers due to too many requests to download. Later that year they released a remix of Lady Gaga's "Applause" for the song's digital remix EP.


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: In February 2014, the duo announced it was working on a second studio album. The band collaborated again with Danny Brown on his third studio album "Old". On December 3, 2014, the group released the lead single from the album, "Push Pull". On February 26, "Another Eternity" became fully available to stream online via NPR Music's First Listen. The album was released in March 2015. It charted at number 25 on the Canadian Albums Chart, becoming the band's first album to chart there, and number 26 on the Billboard 200. On January 19, 2016, the band performed live on "Conan". In April 2016, they also performed at Coachella in Indio, California.


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: On April 30, 2017, while performing at Fortress Festival, it was announced that the band would be taking a break from touring to record new material. The band co-wrote and produced three songs on Katy Perry's 2017 album "Witness."


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: On July 24, 2017, on the 5th anniversary of their debut album "Shrines", the group released a new single titled "Asido". According to Purity Ring, this song is "a standalone offering", suggesting that it would not be featured on its possible new record.


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: In August 2018, an unreleased Purity Ring song was featured in the trailer for Netflix's television series "The Innocents", speculated to be titled "Bitter Rhymes".


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: In February 2020, the band posted a link to an interactive puzzle/website that rewarded fans with a song called "Pink Lightning". The duo's third album, "Womb", was released on April 3, 2020. It was announced alongside the release of the lead single, titled "Stardew". In March 2020, the band released "Pink Lightning" as a single, as well as another single called "Peacefall", which features backing vocals from Mew vocalist Jonas Bjerre.


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: Purity Ring's music is known for its combination of pop and hip-hop styles and James' "childlike" vocals and "macabre", "gory" lyrics, that she takes from "books and books full of things she's written" in the past. Their music utilizes down-pitched, distorted vocals and percussive and vocal loops. A creative key to their sound is a sometimes aggressive use of a volume regulating technique called “sidechaining,” in which the rhythm of one instrument affects the volume of another. Genres that have been used to label the band include synth-pop, dream pop, trip hop, and witch house, while the band describes themselves as "future pop". While their debut album was recorded separately with Roddick sending instrumentals to James over email to record vocals over, "Another Eternity" was the first time they recorded entirely in the studio together. During live shows, both wear clothes custom designed and sewn by James, and Roddick uses a custom-built, tree-shaped instrument to drive both live sound and lighting.


title: Purity Ring (band)

text: "Pitchfork" described "Shrines" as "a definitive time capsule for the sound of 2012 (and 2013)". "Grandloves", off "Shrines", was sampled on Playboi Carti's song "Fell In Luv", while "Fineshrine" was featured in an advertisement for UK online retailer Very and a sixth season episode of "Letterkenny". "Obedear" is the theme song for the American television series "Search Party". "Sea Castle", off "Another Eternity", was used in the trailer for Marvel's "Runaways" television series.


title: Harriet Cains

text: Cains is from Nottingham. She took acting classes at a drama club called Circle Up for three years before going on to train at the Television Workshop.


title: Harriet Cains

text: During her time with the Television Workshop, Cains was cast in short films roles as well as "Hollyoaks Later". She became aware of auditions in Manchester for the series "In the Flesh" and she was cast as Jem Walker. To prepare for the role, Cains watched documentaries about post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety while also talking to people with experience to portray them in a realistic manner.


title: Harriet Cains

text: In 2015, Cains was cast as Louisa Blackwell in "Safe House". Since 2016, she has appeared in various supporting roles, including Lizzie Hallum for the crime series "Vera" and Jade Hopkirk in "Line of Duty" in early 2017.


title: Harriet Cains

text: At the beginning of July 2017, it was announced that Cains would become a series regular in the second season of the ITV/Netflix series "Marcella", as single mum Gail Donovan. The second series began airing in February 2018, with Cains appearing in six episodes.


title: Harriet Cains

text: In 2019, Cains was as cast as Philippa Featherington in the 2020 Shondaland and Netflix period drama "Bridgerton", based on the books by Julia Quinn.


title: Thunder (band)

text: Thunder are an English hard rock band from London. Formed in 1989, the group was founded by former Terraplane members Danny Bowes (lead vocals), Luke Morley (guitar, backing vocals) and Gary "Harry" James (drums), along with second guitarist and keyboardist Ben Matthews and bassist Mark "Snake" Luckhurst. Originally signed to EMI Records in the UK, the band released their debut album "Backstreet Symphony" in 1990, which reached number 21 on the UK Albums Chart and number 114 on the US "Billboard" 200. The 1992 follow-up "Laughing on Judgement Day" reached number 2, while both albums were certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). All nine singles released from the two albums reached the UK Singles Chart top 40.


title: Thunder (band)

text: Luckhurst left the band in late 1992, and was replaced the following February by former Great King Rat bassist Mikael Höglund. The new lineup recorded only one studio album, "Behind Closed Doors", which peaked at number 5 in the UK and spawned three UK top 40 singles. The 1995 compilation "Their Finest Hour (And a Bit)" reached number 22 in the UK and was certified silver by the BPI. Höglund left in 1996 and was replaced by Chris Childs, after Morley performed bass on fourth album "The Thrill of It All", which reached the UK top 20. Thunder's 1998 live album "Live" reached number 35 on the UK Albums Chart, while the following year's fifth studio album "Giving the Game Away" reached number 49. The band broke up in early 2000 due to "outside business forces".


title: Thunder (band)

text: After a brief hiatus, Thunder returned in 2002 and formed their own record label, STC Recordings. The band's sixth studio album "Shooting at the Sun" was released the following year, supported by the UK top 50 single "Loser". After three more new studio albums – 2005's "The Magnificent Seventh", 2006's "Robert Johnson's Tombstone" and 2008's "Bang!" – Thunder decided to break up in 2009. Two years later, however, the group returned for a third active spell, scheduling a number of sporadic live shows over the following years. A tenth studio album, "Wonder Days", was released on the earMusic label in 2015, giving the band their first UK top ten since 1995 when it peaked at number 9. "Rip It Up" followed in 2017, reaching a peak UK Albums Chart position of number 3.


title: Thunder (band)

text: On 1 January 1989, at the group's annual New Year's Day meeting, Terraplane was disbanded by vocalist Danny Bowes and guitarist Luke Morley, who decided to form a new band under the name Thunder. Later in the month, the pair recorded a number of demos at Great Linford Manor Studios in Milton Keynes with producer Andy Taylor and engineer Ben Matthews, as well as Terraplane drummer Gary "Harry" James, who was brought in after the initially planned drummer failed to attend. According to Morley, the band name was chosen as a combination of two elements: a song he had written called "Distant Thunder", and Taylor's debut solo album. Enlisting Bad Company's Steve Price to play bass temporarily (Morley played bass as well as guitar on the Linford Manor demos), the group invited a number of record labels to their rehearsals in London, and later signed with EMI in April. Mark "Snake" Luckhurst joined Thunder as the group's original bassist on 2 May 1989, having been recommended by James after the two had performed together in Hellfire Corner. The band's lineup was completed with the addition of Matthews, who had earlier played keyboards for Terraplane's last two shows and engineered Thunder's January demos.


title: Thunder (band)

text: Thunder played their first live show on 13 July 1989 at the Reid's Club in Southend-on-Sea, the first date in a short run of seven UK dates dubbed "The Toilet Tour". In August the band returned to the Great Linford Manor to record their debut studio album, again working with Taylor as producer. The album was mixed at London's AIR Studios by Mike Fraser, who also engineered the record. "She's So Fine" was released as the first single from the upcoming album on 30 October, after which the band embarked on a 27-date tour of the UK and Ireland dubbed the "Static Discharge Tour", which included two shows supporting Aerosmith at the NEC Arena in Birmingham. "Dirty Love" was released in February 1990 and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 40, before peaking the following week at number 32. The band's debut album "Backstreet Symphony" was released on 5 March and entered the UK Albums Chart at its peak position of number 21. By 1991, it had been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Four more tracks from "Backstreet Symphony" were later issued as singles –


title: Thunder (band)

text: the title track, "Gimme Some Lovin'", a reissue of "She's So Fine", and "Love Walked In" – all of which reached the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. Writing for "Classic Rock" magazine in 2002, journalist Dave Ling claimed that the album was "greeted with critical rapture", calling it "one of the all-time great hard rock debuts". AllMusic's Alex Henderson, however, proposed that while the record "wasn't lacking when it came to spirit and enthusiasm", it displayed Thunder as "[not] the most original or groundbreaking band in the world". "Backstreet Symphony" was featured at number 7 on the "Kerrang!" "Albums of the Year" feature for 1990, and in 2008 was voted by the magazine's readers to be the 84th best British rock album of all-time.


title: Thunder (band)

text: "Backstreet Symphony" was promoted on a UK tour running from late February through until the end of March, after which Thunder travelled to the United States to perform a pair of shows for American media and meet with EMI's sister label Capitol Records, who had originally released the album in the US. According to journalist Mick Wall, who had been travelling with Thunder for a number of months, "Capitol in America were notorious at the time for not supporting acts signed to EMI in the UK", which resulted in the band splitting with the label shortly after their meeting. Thunder continued touring in support of their debut album, including a stint supporting Heart in April and May, and another supporting Love/Hate in July, both in Europe. On 18 August they performed for the first time at Monsters of Rock, which was headlined by Whitesnake. After splitting with Capitol earlier in the year, the band signed a US deal with Geffen Records in September, who reissued "Backstreet Symphony" with a new cover the following April. In June 1991, the album peaked at number 114 on the "Billboard" 200. Singles "Dirty Love" and "Love Walked In" reached number 10 and number 31, respectively, on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock chart.


title: Thunder (band)

text: After continuing to promote their debut album "Backstreet Symphony" in various regions around the world throughout 1991, Thunder began recording their second studio album on 3 February 1992 at Outside Studios, which was later mixed at AIR Studios in June. The band worked with producer Andy Taylor again, although the album was co-produced by Luke Morley. In July 1992, the band supported Iron Maiden on a tour of South America which visited Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, before they performed at Monsters of Rock for the second time the following month, which was also headlined by Iron Maiden. Also in August, "Low Life in High Places" was released as the first single from the band's second album, reaching number 22 on the UK Singles Chart, before "Laughing on Judgement Day" itself was released and debuted at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart – the band's highest album chart position to date. The album was Thunder's second release to receive a gold certification from the BPI, which it did in January 1993. Later singles "Everybody Wants Her", "A Better Man" and "Like a Satellite" all registered on the UK Singles Chart top 40 ("A Better Man" peaked at number 18, the highest UK Singles Chart position for the band to date).


title: Thunder (band)

text: Thunder embarked on their Laughing All Over the World Tour on 1 October 1992, beginning with a run of 19 headline shows in the UK supported by Australian band The Screaming Jets. The band saw the year out supporting Extreme on a European tour in November, followed by a short run of dates in Japan in December. By the end of the year, Luckhurst had left the band. Morley has revealed that Luckhurst was sacked from the group, due to an incident in which the bassist threw a birthday cake at photographer Ross Halfin, after he requested for photos of only Morley and Bowes together. He was replaced the following February by Swedish bassist Mikael "Micke" Höglund, who was selected from a number of auditionees for the role including former Terraplane member Nick Linden, who claims he "got down to the last two candidates". The band continued touring throughout the rest of 1993, including a number of festival appearances in the summer, and later toured as their alter egos "Danny & the Doo Wops".


title: Thunder (band)

text: For their third studio album (and first with Höglund), Thunder primarily recorded at Southern Tracks in Atlanta and Rumbo Recorders in Los Angeles, with additional sessions taking place at Jacobs Studios in Farnham, Surrey, Armoury Studios in the Canadian city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and the Record Plant in Los Angeles, where the album was also mixed. Mike Fraser, who had previously engineered and mixed "Backstreet Symphony", produced the album alongside Morley. "Stand Up" was released as the album's lead single in December 1994, peaking at number 23 on the UK Singles Chart. "Behind Closed Doors" followed on 23 January 1995, reaching a peak position of number 5 on the UK Albums Chart and receiving a silver certification from the BPI. "River of Pain" was issued as the album's second single in February, reaching number 31 in the UK, followed by "Castles in the Sand" in April which reached number 30. In June 1995, the band won the Kerrang! Award for Best British Live Act.


title: Thunder (band)

text: The Behind Closed Doors Tour commenced in Germany on 5 April 1995 and included shows in Europe, the UK and Japan, wrapping up on 1 September in Tokyo. Later that month, the band released their first compilation album, "The Best of Thunder: Their Finest Hour (And a Bit)", promoted by the new song "In a Broken Dream" which reached number 26 on the UK Singles Chart and topped the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart. The album reached number 22 on the UK Albums Chart, number 3 on the UK Rock & Metal Albums Chart (behind AC/DC's "Ballbreaker" and "One Hot Minute" by Red Hot Chili Peppers), and was certified silver by the BPI. The compilation was promoted on the Their Finest Set (And a Bit) Tour, which included five shows in five UK cities between 27 September and 2 October.


title: Thunder (band)

text: Morley, Matthews and James began writing new material with producer Taylor in January 1996, before entering the studio to record their fourth studio album in April. The album would be the band's first on their own B Lucky label, distributed by Castle Communications, with whom they signed in February that year. Recording took place at Rockfield Studios in Monmouthshire, Wales and saw Morley handling bass duties in addition to guitar due to the absence of Höglund as a result of "family commitments". The album was completed by the end of May, after which Höglund announced that he was to leave Thunder permanently; he was replaced in the autumn by Chris Childs, formerly of Then Jericho. "The Thrill of It All" was released in Japan on 1 September 1996 through JVC, but was delayed elsewhere due to Matthews's diagnosis of tendinitis, which prevented him from playing guitar. The album was eventually released outside of Japan in February 1997, reaching number 14 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Thunder (band)

text: After a Japanese run in January, the Thrill of It All UK Tour started in February and was followed by European dates in March; additional UK shows postponed due to Matthews's injury were rescheduled for April. Some UK dates were pushed back due to Bowes suffering pneumonia and laryngitis, and in July he underwent surgery on his knee which signalled a short break for the group, during which time Childs and James featured in the rock musical "Carnaby Street", while Morley toured with Taylor's band The Power Station. Thunder signed with Eagle Records in November 1997, who would release the band's first live album, simply titled "Live", the following February. The album reached number 35 on the UK Albums Chart and spawned the top 40 single "The Only One". "Live" was recorded over the course of four shows in Wolverhampton and London between 12 and 16 November 1997, and were promoted on European and UK tours (in addition to a run supporting Status Quo) in the spring of 1998.


title: Thunder (band)

text: The band also returned to the studio in April 1998 to record their fifth studio album "Giving the Game Away". The first preview of the album was released in the form of the single "Play That Funky Music" in June, which reached the UK Singles Chart top 40. "Just Another Suicide" (renamed "You Wanna Know" for the UK release) was issued as the second single from the album in March 1999, reaching number 49 on the UK Singles Chart, followed a week later by the album which reached the same position on the UK Albums Chart. The band toured the UK in promotion of the album through May and early June, before announcing later in the year that they were due to break up, issuing a statement which outlined that "After a great deal of exploration, discussion and soul searching, we have decided to split up. The reasons are many and complex, but to cut a long story short, we feel we have no choice. We must stress that this decision is due to outside business forces and not down to any personal or musical differences within the band." Speaking about the decision to disband Thunder, Bowes explained that "It was a matter of simple economics. We were finding it increasingly hard to find a record company that would allow us to compete", while Morley added that "There was no way to expand".


title: Thunder (band)

text: The UK Farewell Tour ran through December 1999, followed by a run in Japan the following March. The final Thunder show took place on 4 May at Dingwalls in London, and featured an acoustic set followed by a regular "electric" set. The final show was recorded for the live album "They Think It's All Over... It Is Now", which was released in July 2000; the acoustic set was also later issued as "They Think It's All Acoustic... It Is Now" in May 2001. After Thunder's breakup, Morley released his debut solo album "El Gringo Retro" in March 2001, Bad Influence featuring James and Childs released their second studio album "One Way Love" in May 2001, James joined Magnum in February 2002, and Bowes and Morley released an album together entitled "Moving Swiftly Along" in May 2002, under the name "Bowes & Morley".


title: Thunder (band)

text: In July 2002, it was announced that Thunder would be reuniting for a series of shows in November marketed under the Monsters of Rock brand. In a post online, Bowes confirmed the news, which had been leaked without permission, but reiterated that it would be "a non permanent reformation" which the band agreed to "as it gives us the ability to play again without having to commit to anything long-term". The band also began recording a new studio album in October, and in December formed their own record label, STC Recordings. STC stands for "Straight Talk Company", as Bowes says "I give you the news the same way; whether it's good or bad, I give it to you straight". "Shooting at the Sun" received a limited release online in March, and was later released throughout Europe in August by Frontiers Records. The album did not register on the UK Albums Chart, but did spawn the UK Singles Chart top 50 single "Loser". The band toured in promotion of the album throughout much of the rest of 2003, and early 2004.


title: Thunder (band)

text: Thunder recorded their seventh studio album between June and August 2004, as well as playing a number of European festivals in July. The album was recorded at Chapel Studios in South Thoresby, produced by Morley and engineered and mixed by Rupert Coulson. In November the band supported Deep Purple alongside Peter Frampton on a tour of the UK, before "I Love You More Than Rock 'n' Roll" was released as a single and reached number 27 on the UK Singles Chart. "The Magnificent Seventh" was released in the UK on 21 February 2005 and a day later in Europe, debuting at number 70 on the UK Albums Chart and number 5 on the UK Rock & Metal Albums Chart. The album was released a month later in Japan, and in mid-April internationally on iTunes. The Magnificent Seventh Tour started in the UK in March, followed by European dates in April and June, a Japanese leg running into July, a second string of shows in Europe in December, and a return to the UK the following January.


title: Thunder (band)

text: The band's eighth studio album, "Robert Johnson's Tombstone", followed in October 2006, peaking at number 56 on the UK Albums Chart. The album's only single, "The Devil Made Me Do It", was the group's 18th (and to date, latest) single to reach the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. Touring for the album commenced in the UK in November, followed by European shows in March 2007, a number of festival appearances in the summer, and three dates in Japan in September. In October 2007, the band released the first in a series of extended plays (EPs) – "Six of One..." – which featured three previously unreleased studio tracks and three live recordings from the UK tour the previous November. The follow-up, "...Half a Dozen of the Other", was issued in April 2008 and also featured three studio tracks and three live recordings. The third and final EP of the trilogy, "The Joy of Six", was issued alongside the band's ninth studio album "Bang!" on 3 November 2008. The album reached number 62 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Thunder (band)

text: In January 2009, after a short UK tour promoting "Bang!", it was announced that Thunder were due to split up again. The band released a statement which explained that "we've found ourselves becoming increasingly busy with our various activities outside of the band, and we've come to the conclusion that there are simply not enough hours in the day to fit it all in", adding that they would complete scheduled tours in Europe in February and Japan in April, as well as adding a final run of UK shows in July. The final show of the UK tour, at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, was documented on the live video album "At the End of the Road: Live in London, 11th July 2009" released later in the year. The band's final shows took place at Rock of Ages and Sonisphere Festival on 31 July and 1 August, respectively.


title: Thunder (band)

text: After Thunder's breakup, Morley formed The Union with former Winterville frontman Peter Shoulder, while Childs also joined on bass. The band released their self-titled debut album in August 2010, which debuted at number 77 on the UK Albums Chart. Subsequent albums "Siren's Song" (2011) and "The World Is Yours" (2013) each charted in the UK top 100. Bowes and James featured on former Bad Company guitarist Dave "Bucket" Colwell's debut solo album "Guitars, Beers & Tears" (credited to "Bucket & Co.") – James performed drums on the whole album, while Bowes performed vocals on the song "Life". James also continued to record and tour with Magnum, who released the studio album "The Visitation" in 2011 which reached number 55 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Thunder (band)

text: In February 2011, it was announced that Thunder would reunite for a performance at the High Voltage Festival on 24 July, although Bowes made it clear that "there's no plan to do any other recording going forwards", while Morley reiterated that it was a "one-off reunion". Following the festival, however, the band announced that they would perform another show on 21 December at Rock City in Nottingham, while Bowes and Matthews would also perform a short run of six "intimate sit down shows" the following February. A second show at Rock City was later added the day after the first. Both shows were documented on the live albums "Rock City 12: The Baubles Are Back in Town" and "The Xmas Show 2011", released in 2012. Another pair of shows in December followed a year later, this time at the Manchester Academy, with the band committing to annual Christmas shows in the future. The band supported Journey and Whitesnake on tour in May 2013, as well as performing at a number of summer festivals.


title: Thunder (band)

text: In May 2014, Thunder announced that they were due to record their first studio album since 2008. A statement released by a spokesperson for the band stated that "after what has been a rather silly amount of knob-twiddling and string-pulling, I'm happy to report that they've decided to record a new studio album". Responding to the question over the band's "change of heart" regarding the possibility of new material, Bowes commented that they decided to record a new album after receiving an "overwhelming response" from fans when they supported Journey and Whitesnake the previous year. Sessions for the album took place at Rockfield Studios in Wales, with Morley producing the record. Much of the album was recorded without the involvement of Matthews, who was going through treatment for throat cancer at the time. "Wonder Days" was released in February 2015, and became the first Thunder album to reach the UK Albums Chart top ten since 1995's "Behind Closed Doors", when it peaked at number 9. The album was voted the 11th best of 2015 by "Classic Rock" magazine, while the publication ranked the title track as the fifth best song of the year. Thunder were also named Best British Band at Planet Rock's end-of-year awards.


title: Thunder (band)

text: The band toured extensively in promotion of "Wonder Days", including three UK arena shows in March alongside Reef and Tax the Heat, numerous festival appearances in the summer, a run of European shows in November (including one of the first in Paris, France following the November 2015 attacks), and five arena shows with Terrorvision and King King in February 2016.


title: Thunder (band)

text: Later in the year, the group released their first career-retrospective book "Giving the Game Away: The Thunder Story", written by Joel McIver. The book was launched at the Louder Than Words Festival in Manchester on 12 November 2016, where the band performed a short acoustic set and spoke with McIver live.


title: Thunder (band)

text: The follow-up to "Wonder Days" was announced in December to be "Rip It Up", which would be released the following February and supported by a UK tour starting in March. The album reached number 3 on the UK Albums Chart, marking the highest position achieved by the band since "Laughing on Judgement Day" reached number 2 in 1992. Thunder performed their first shows ever in Australia shortly after the album's release, before returning to Europe in April for a string of dates.


title: Thunder (band)

text: On 1 December 2017 the band released the single "Christmas Day", including a re-recorded version of "Love Walked In" and acoustic recordings of "Low Life in High Places" and "Heartbreak Hurricane".


title: Thunder (band)

text: In October 2018, the band announced a new album with UK tour dates scheduled for February. "Please Remain Seated" was released through new label BMG on 18 January 2019, with "twelve radically reworked re-recordings of songs from their 30 year career" and has been described as "a more quiet album, taking in influences from rock, blues, country, jazz and soul".


title: Thunder (band)

text: As of October 2022, the band's latest album is "Dopamine", which contains sixteen songs and constitutes the group's first double-album. The first single goes by the title "The Western Sky". Music website Blabbermouth.net praised the song as featuring Thunder sounding "as immediate as ever" while also labeling "The Western Sky" as a "razor-sharp, riff-driven track". The related music video, which focuses on motorcycle touring among various isolated landscapes, made its YouTube debut on 17 February 2022.


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: Kenneth MacDonald (20 November 1950 – 6 August 2001) was an English actor who was best known for the parts of Gunner Nobby Clark in "It Ain't Half Hot Mum" and Mike Fisher in "Only Fools and Horses".


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: MacDonald was born in Manchester, the son of Scottish heavyweight wrestling champion Bill MacDonald, who died of kidney failure at the age of 43 when Kenneth was 13.


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: He attended Xaverian College preparatory school in Fallowfield, Manchester, St Anthony's preparatory school in Stony Stratford, Buckinghamshire, and went on to St Bernardine's Franciscan College in Buckingham, where he took part in school productions, notably "The Business of Good Government", in which he played Herod, and "Arsenic and Old Lace". Ken left school at eighteen to help support his mother Emily. He took a job at a Kellogg's cornflakes factory. During night shifts he would perform "Hamlet" and other Shakespeare plays that he had learned at school, earning the nickname "Hamlet". MacDonald met his wife Sheila while he was appearing in panto in Crewe in 1976. She was the costume designer at the time. They had two children: William (born 1986) and Charlotte (born 1989).


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: MacDonald's first television role was Benny in "Softly, Softly" in 1972. In 1975, he made a guest appearance in series 2, episode 1, of "Last of the Summer Wine". A year later he moved to London and joined the National Youth Theatre. He appeared in a 1977 episode of "Dad's Army".


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: MacDonald featured regularly in the BBC sitcom "It Ain't Half Hot Mum", running from 3 January 1974 to 3 September 1981. It was set in the jungles of Burma and India during the Second World War and MacDonald played the character Gunner "Nobby" Clark, a member of a Royal Artillery Concert Party.


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: He also had a minor part as Jacko's brother in the comedy series "Brush Strokes" which ran from 1986 to 1991, in which he was married to the less than faithful Gloria.


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: When he landed the part of pub landlord Mike in the "Only Fools and Horses" episode "Who's a Pretty Boy?" in 1983, it was initially believed to be a one-episode role. However, the character became a series regular, appearing until Christmas 1996.


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: MacDonald also appeared in the Granada Television Rentals television adverts of the late 1970s and made a cameo appearance in one episode of "Goodnight Sweetheart", playing Mr Jones alongside his "Only Fools and Horses" co-star Nicholas Lyndhurst. He also appeared in an episode of "The Thin Blue Line" as a club owner. In 1996 he played DI McCluskey in "Crocodile Shoes II" alongside Jimmy Nail. In 1992, MacDonald had a brief appearance on the Channel 4 soap "Brookside" as George Webb, a racist owner of a petrol station.


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: His character Mike in "Only Fools and Horses" was not killed off. When the programme was revived for three episodes from 2001, after MacDonald's death, Mike was imprisoned for trying to embezzle the brewery.


title: Kenneth MacDonald (English actor)

text: MacDonald died suddenly on 6 August 2001 at the age of 50 after suffering a massive heart attack while on holiday with his family in Hawaii. Seven days after his death, MacDonald's guest appearance on BBC television drama "Merseybeat" was aired, with the episode dedicated to his memory. He was buried on 16 August 2001 at Teddington Cemetery in Teddington in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.


title: 1973 in film

text: The following table lists known worldwide gross revenue figures for several high-grossing films that originally released in 1973. Note that this list is incomplete and is therefore not representative of the highest-grossing films worldwide in 1973. The worldwide revenue for "The Sting", for example, is not known. This list also includes gross revenue from later re-releases.


title: 1973 in film

text: The year's highest-grossing actor worldwide was Hong Kong martial arts film star Bruce Lee, who died the same year.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: 11B-X-1371 is an early-2015 viral video sent to GadgetZZ.com, the Swedish tech blog that publicized it. The black-and-white segment is two minutes in length; its title came from the plaintext of a base64 string written on the DVD. It depicts a person wearing what appears to be a plague doctor costume walking and standing around in a dilapidated abandoned building, with a forest visible through former window openings in the wall behind it. Accompanied by a soundtrack of loud, discordant buzzing noise, the masked figure holds up a hand with an irregularly blinking light. The film did not have any credits or claims to authorship.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Messages, many in commonly used ciphers and encryption systems, have been found hidden in the video and its sound spectrogram, as well as images of tortured and mutilated people. Most of the messages have been decoded by participants in an ongoing Reddit thread, and the images sourced to notable murder investigations such as the Boston Strangler. They have been interpreted as implying a threat of bioterrorism against the United States, although it has also been speculated that the video is in reality a prank, a viral marketing stunt for an upcoming film or video game, or a student film.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: After it first came to light in October 2015, it was found that it had been posted to YouTube several months earlier, along with a similarly threatening message in binary code. The poster of that video, known as AETBX, has suggested to inquiring journalists that GadgetZZ is not telling the truth about how it came to possess the video. Internet investigators managed to establish that it was filmed in the former Zofiówka Sanatorium outside Otwock, Poland, sometime between November 2013 and the video's release.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Three months after the initial controversy, an individual going by the name of Parker Warner Wright claimed to have created the video. He told "The Daily Dot" that it was intended as an art project, and released a sequel video, ""11B-3-1369"". As a way of proving his identity, he challenged viewers to create an exact duplicate of his plague doctor mask.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: The video begins with shaky footage showing a figure mostly concealed in the shadow between two window-sized openings in a brick wall, through which leaves in trees can be seen blowing in the wind. These images are accompanied by indistinct electronic buzzing and hissing sounds. The figure holds their right hand to the window, signaling with three fingers, then one, and finally two.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: The figure remains in shadow, with an insert showing it with cloaked arms spread, as the camera moves farther away and slowly circles to the right. After a jump cut, the lighting around the figure improves, revealing that the figure is wearing an outfit that resembles a plague doctor costume, a long dark long-sleeved hooded cloak with its face masked by a long, downward-pointing dark leather beak and goggles. The figure holds up their right hand, palm facing outward at shoulder height, to reveal a blinking light in the center of the palm. Beeping noises appear on the soundtrack in coordination with the blinks.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: The figure eventually turns to its right to look at the hand. By this time, the leaves outside are still. The figure turns to look at the camera, now steady, again briefly, then back to its hand. After a series of jump cuts in which they turn rapidly back and forth between the two positions, the figure looks directly at the camera and points to it.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: A quick cut later, the costumed character is looking at the camera again with hands at its sides. After a few more jump cuts in which they turn to the right and back again, the figure stands still, then looks to its left slowly. The figure looks down to where a box with various triangular sections appears, then to their right as the image seems to fragment briefly. For the remainder of the video, the cloaked figure stands still with its back to the wall, with the camera apparently handheld again and occasional video effects briefly doubling the image.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: On October 12, 2015, John-Erik "Johny" Krahbichler, founding editor of the Swedish tech blog GadgetZZ, posted about a "creepy puzzle" that had been sent to him via the mail, perhaps in June. An envelope, postmarked in Warsaw and addressed to "Johny K.", care of the site's post office box in Helsingborg, with no return address, contained "a really weird CD" (actually a DVD). On it was written an alphanumeric string long enough to require two lines. At first he assumed it was a product key.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: He assumed it was some software someone had sent him to review. He tested it out in a spare laptop, and instead found the video. "I was unsure what to think of it, but I found it very odd", he told "The Washington Post". He said that he "later reexamined it and started noticing the 'codes' and letters hidden all around the video".


title: 11B-X-1371

text: After making a minimal effort to decode it himself, he gave up and posted about it to his blog, complete with images of the disc and envelope. A few days later Gizmodo ran a story on the discovery. Lily Hay Newman of "Slate" described the experience of watching it for the first time as "creepy" and "unsettling", likening it to the experience of watching the cursed videotape from the 2002 film "The Ring".


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Early investigations soon found that Krahblicher was not the first to make the video public. In May, a user account identified as "AETBX" had posted it to YouTube, the account's only post to the site. There, it had been identified and described in binary code, with a string of 0s and 1s. As other users began commenting on it, AETBX returned to ask why there was suddenly so much interest in his five-month-old posting. Some commenters speculated that he had, in fact, created it himself; he vigorously denied it.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: "The Washington Post" contacted him by email. He identified himself only as "Daniel from Spain" and said he had been sent the video in the mail as well. His version, he said, was also sent to him, via email from a girl he did not know, who told him she found it on a park bench. In an update to his original post, Krahblicher reported that someone found that even earlier than the YouTube posting, it had been posted to the paranormal board on 4chan. Later, in "The Daily Dot", he cast doubt on Krahblicher's account, saying "Anyone can fake a DVD".


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Two other leads on possible creators proved false. Around the time Krahblicher first posted about the video, the blog of Triton TV, a student film group at the University of California, San Diego, posted a screenshot of the video along with a title and description in binary. Reached for comment, the group said it no longer used that website and it had been hacked a few weeks earlier; "The Daily Dot" said the image appeared to have been one of many posted by the hacker at random. A man named Parker J. Wright replied to a reporter's query on Twitter by saying he was not the Parker Wright who had posted the video to YouTube on September 30 with the note "Are you listening?"


title: 11B-X-1371

text: While the identity of the video creator remained unknown, the location at which it was filmed has been identified. A Polish Internet user who was following the story went to the former Zofiówka Sanatorium, near Otwock, a short distance south of Warsaw. One of the rooms there had the same fenestration and graffiti seen in the video. The latter were not present in a photo of the room taken in November 2013, suggesting the video was made between then and April 2015.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: In late November, after most of the initial talk and speculation about the video, its creator and purpose had died down, a Twitter account was opened under the name Parker Warner Wright. Its owner claimed to have made the video; Wright was not the only person on the Internet actively claiming the same thing at the time and throughout the last months of 2015 others posted their own videos in attempt to authenticate themselves.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: At the end of the month, Wright announced that the next video would be released "in exactly 1.444 metric hours" on his YouTube channel. At the appointed time, a new video, titled "11B-3-1369", in black and white with occasional effects and inserts, was published, with "Their lies unlock our dissent", underneath in the description. In it, the figure in the plague doctor costume returned, shown outside the sanatorium in the forest at first, and later within. The soundtrack was quieter than that of the first video and included some electronic tinkling noises which were synchronized with the blinker on the figure's hand. Later in the video, the plague-doctor figure is joined by a woman in a white dress with her face covered in bandages.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Three weeks later, "The Daily Dot" published an interview with Wright. He told reporter Mike Wehner that he was a U.S. citizen who lives in Poland, and that the videos were meant as an art project. After finishing the video, in May 2015, he had left three copies, two on discs in a subway and park in Poland, and the last one posted to 4chan. Reporter Mike Wehner concluded thus that the YouTube user AETBX had no involvement in the video's creation. As a way of authenticating himself, Wright challenged visitors to his Facebook page to replicate the plague doctor mask, which he claimed to have designed and built himself.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Some commenters on Wright's Facebook page were skeptical of his claims, pointing to differences in the costume between the two videos; Wright explained the differences by saying he wanted, and made, a better cloak for the second video. Krahbichler accepted Wright's claims. "It would be too much of a hassle just to play along for this long, and making up stories that fit so well," he wrote shortly after the second video was posted. "I believe it is very safe to say that PWW is indeed the creator". In an early-December exchange on Facebook, Wright had told him he had chosen him as the recipient since he had "won the business card lottery ... you handed me your business card, at some point". Krahbichler speculated that Wright had probably attended at least one of the many tech shows where he had had a booth.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: The Reddit users who responded to Krahbichler's post found other coded messages hidden in the video. An encoded inscription on the disc's menu was found to be "11B-X-1371", which has been treated as the video's title. James Billington of the "International Business Times" wrote that "some reported [that the video's audio] sound[ed] like 'I would love to kill you' being repeated over and over". Another user created a spectrogram of the sound and found both text and images concealed within. The former had one in plaintext saying "You Are Already Dead"; the rest were enciphered. The images depicted women being mutilated and tortured; early fears that the creator of the video might be a serial killer were allayed when later research discovered that one of the stills was from the horror film "The Bunny Game", one was from the German film "Slasher"


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Most messages had a generally threatening tone. A sound spectrogram of the DVD's menu yielded a picture of a skull and more coded messages. The binary title of AETBX's YouTube posting was ""Muerte"", Spanish for "death", and the description similarly resolved to Spanish text—""Te queda 1 año menos"", rendered in English as "you have one less year". The triangle-and-square message near the end of the video was found to read ""Ad oppugnare homines"" in Pigpen cipher—Latin for "To attack or target men".


title: 11B-X-1371

text: The plague doctor costume led other readers to see the video's threats as related to bioterror. One message's plaintext read "The eagle=infected will spread his disease. We are the antivirus will protect the world body"; another read "Strike an arrow through the heart of the eagle". The year 1371, it was also suggested, was one in which the Black Death was ravaging Europe.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Single-frame inserts were found to have Morse code and other texts in common ciphers. The Morse's plaintext was the phrase "RED LIPS LIKE TENTH". A sequence of 20 pairs of two-digit characters was found to be the latitude and longitude of the White House in Washington; it was later noted that the "RED LIPS" phrase could be an intended anagram for "KILL THE PRESIDENT". These were seen as a threat against the United States in general and President Barack Obama in particular. Krahbichler reported that a cipher in the video could be decoded to reveal the message "STANDANDFIGHTWITHUSTAKEDOWNTHEBLACKBEASTKILLHISDISEASEORFALLWITHTHEREST", and that the "BLACKBEAST" of the message could be Obama, an African-American.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Krahbichler said that he believed that the video contained a political message, but was not a terrorist threat.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Shortly after the individual calling himself Parker Warner Wright revealed himself as the creator on Twitter at the end of November, he said to those who had been working to decode the texts "you are no closer to understanding the message". However, he allowed that it had been his intent that people work together to break the codes: "Not one individual could decipher the whole".


title: 11B-X-1371

text: While the video's metamessage was clearly threatening, it remained too vague to draw any definitive conclusions about what the makers' intent might have been. Since it was publicized a few weeks before Halloween, there was speculation that it could be an Internet prank related to the holiday. After initially being disturbed when the threatening messages were decoded, Krahbichler said, "I'm starting to think again it's just an elaborate joke". However, he did not think it was one aimed at him specifically, since if the sender "knew me personally, they would know I don't have the expertise to crack it, at least not the whole thing".


title: 11B-X-1371

text: The other theory to gain support was that it was viral marketing to promote an upcoming movie or video game. A Redditor noted that the film version of Dan Brown's novel "Inferno" was beginning production at that time for a late 2016 release. In the story, a rich villain makes a video warning of his plans to release a virus in order to reduce population growth. In it, he also wears a plague doctor costume, likens himself to death and claims at the same time to be the cure.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Moviepilot also reported on speculation that the video was intended to promote the upcoming season of the Syfy series "12 Monkeys", based on the Terry Gilliam film of the same name. Both concern a time traveler from the future who is attempting to prevent the outbreak of a devastating epidemic in the present. Another Redditor had observed that the line "You are already dead" is used frequently in the show, as is a plague doctor costume. He added that the "3-1-2" signaled by the figure's fingers at the beginning of the video could refer to the show's upcoming third season.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: The video's Polish origin further suggested a marketing gimmick, according to one Redditor from that country. "[O]ur fledgling [video game] studios don't have large budgets for 'standard' advertisement[s]", he wrote. There had been a similarly creepy viral video in Poland a few years ago, he recalled, that parodied a children's show. He did not think the same people were behind "11B-X-1371", however, as their clip's production values had been higher.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Ultimately, it seemed unlikely that any media company, particularly the major studios and television network making "Inferno" and "12 Monkeys", would risk the negative publicity that would come from using the images in the spectrograms and a suggested threat against a U.S. president.


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Another theory connected the video to popular electronic musician Skrillex. In May, when the video had first been posted to the Internet, he released a song called "Red Lips". Shortly after Krahbichler's original post, he tweeted "#REDLIPS #REDLIPS #REDLIPS". It was speculated that it could be viral marketing for his work—other musicians in that genre have been known to hide images in spectrograms—or from some CDs of unreleased work that he said had been stolen from his hotel room. But if it was the former possibility, Krahblicher noted, "the problem is that the hints towards the works being promoted are fairly weak".


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Parker Warner Wright, whom both Krahblicher and "The Daily Dot" believed to be the creator of the video, said it and its sequel were the first in a series of art projects. He would not be specific on their themes or message. "I see my work as waves on the ocean", he told the latter. "Some people look for shells in it, some surf, others—dive". He had always intended for them to be a series, regardless of whether they went viral or not. "Currently, there is a call for more, and I aim to please", he admitted. "However, my art would move forward irrespective of external force. I have a call from within, I need to answer".


title: 11B-X-1371

text: Wright uploaded another video to his Facebook page entitled "110A30213" on November 5, 2016, three days prior to the 2016 United States presidential election. It features Wright addressing a crowd while dressed like a military officer or dictator. Krahbichler theorized that the video, which he deemed "very political", might have a message related to the election. He also felt that the date that Wright posted the video on his Facebook page could be a reference to Guy Fawkes' words "Remember, remember, the 5th of November".


title: Sketchfab

text: Sketchfab is a 3D modeling platform website to publish, share, discover, buy and sell 3D, VR and AR content. It provides a viewer based on the WebGL and WebXR technologies that allows users to display 3D models on the web, to be viewed on any mobile browser, desktop browser or Virtual Reality headset.


title: Sketchfab

text: The company behind it is today based in Paris and New York City. Sketchfab took part in the Spring 2013 TechStars New York City startup accelerator program, raised $2 million in December 2013 and $7 million in June 2015.


title: Sketchfab

text: The main product of Sketchfab is a 3D, Virtual reality (VR) and Augmented reality (AR) model viewer. It enables users to move freely around or inside the 3D scene using mouse, touch manipulation, VR or AR. In addition to static 3D models, the viewer is able to play and control 3D animations. Viewers can enable the VR mode to see the model in Virtual Reality headsets or the AR mode to insert the model within the real world via a mobile device.


title: Sketchfab

text: The 3D viewer is used on the Sketchfab website and mobile apps, but can also be embedded on external websites, notably on Facebook, Twitter or Wordpress.


title: Sketchfab

text: Sketchfab provides online and mobile community portals, where visitors can browse, rate, download or buy user generated 3D models.


title: Sketchfab

text: Users of Sketchfab have profile pages, premium users can customize and share their models privately. Sketchfab users can choose to make their 3D model files available for download under Creative Commons licenses or to sell them in the Sketchfab store. With content available for sale or download, Sketchfab is positioned as a 3D model marketplace and as a 3D printing marketplace since some models are compatible with 3D printing.


title: Sketchfab

text: Sketchfab offers to paying enterprise customers a dedicated platform to share, manage and collaborate on 3D assets.


title: Sketchfab

text: A selection of Sketchfab models are available within a native application for the following VR headsets: Google Cardboard, Samsung Gear VR, HTC Vive and Oculus Rift.


title: Sketchfab

text: The mobile application can be used to view the 3D models in Augmented Reality leveraging the ARKit APIs on iOS and ARCore on Android.


title: Sketchfab

text: 3D models can be uploaded to Sketchfab from its website or directly from various 3D software, using plugins (for example for 3ds Max or SketchUp) or natively (from Blender or Adobe Photoshop).


title: Sketchfab

text: Sketchfab offers an API allowing developers to integrate functionality for searching and downloading Sketchfab's Creative Commons licensed 3D models into their applications.


title: Sketchfab

text: Sketchfab relies on the WebGL JavaScript API to display 3D on web pages in all major modern web browsers. It does not rely on third-party plugins.


title: Sketchfab

text: Sketchfab implements the WebVR JavaScript API to provide a Virtual Reality mode of its viewer on compatible VR headsets.


title: Sketchfab

text: The 3D viewer uses the open-source OSG.JS JavaScript library, a library created and largely maintained by Sketchfab employees. Rendering is achieved using classic real-time rendering or physically based rendering.


title: Sketchfab

text: Sketchfab was initially created by entrepreneur and 3D developer Cédric Pinson under the domain name ShowWebGL in early 2011.


title: Sketchfab

text: He was joined in early 2012 by Alban Denoyel, and they relaunched the site under the name Sketchfab in March 2012. Pierre-Antoine Passet joined as CPO in September 2012.


title: Sketchfab

text: The startup was part of the third batch of the French startup accelerator Le Camping in June 2012. It was later selected into Mozilla's WebFWD accelerator program during that same year.


title: Sketchfab

text: Less than one year after, in December 2013, Sketchfab raised $2 million from Balderton Capital with Partech Ventures, Borealis Ventures, David Cohen and existing angel investors also participated in the funding. In June 2015, Sketchfab raised a $7 million Series A led by FirstMark Capital. In December 2018, Brendan Iribe, the original CEO and co-founder of Oculus invested in Sketchfab.


title: Sandakozhi

text: Sandakozhi () is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by N. Linguswamy and produced by Vikram Krishna under the banner of G K Film Corporation, which stars Vishal, Meera Jasmine, Rajkiran, and Lal in lead roles, whilst Raja, Suman Setty, and Ganja Karuppu as supporting roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The film released on 16 December 2005 to rave reviews and has become one of the huge hits in 2005, running for more than 200 days in theatres. It was declared a blockbuster at the box office and cult film for action film genre.


title: Sandakozhi

text: The Telugu dubbed version titled "Pandem Kodi" was released on 19 May 2006 and was commercially successful. The film was remade in Kannada as "Vayuputra". It was also remade in Odia as "Ganja Ladhei". A sequel titled "Sandakozhi 2" was released in 2018.


title: Sandakozhi

text: Balu is an engineering student, who visits his classmate and friend Karthik's home in Chidambaram after the final exams. He meets Karthik's sister Hema and they develop an affection which transforms into love. Kasi is the local gangster in Chidambaram who is feared by the entire town. On his way back to his place, Balu sees Kasi chasing a man with an aruval. When Kasi was about to kill the man he was chasing, Balu interferes and stops Kasi. An angered Kasi immediately tries to attack Balu, Balu smashes Kasi in front of everyone to save himself and leaves.


title: Sandakozhi

text: Kasi is furious and wants vengeance against Balu. Kasi's men trap Karthik/Hema's father and learns about Balu's native place. Kasi sets goons to kill Balu, but gets shocked when he learns that Balu's father is a powerful chieftan of Theni named Durai, and it will be difficult to attack them. Kasi leaves to Theni and waits for the right moment to kill Balu and his family. Balu meets Hema, Karthik and their family at a temple. Hema/Karthik's father is initially angered by seeing Balu as he was responsible to bring trouble by hitting Kasi, but Balu convinces him and both the families decide to get Balu and Hema married to each other.


title: Sandakozhi

text: One day, Kasi tries to kill Balu, but instead attacks Durai. Durai understands that Balu is being targeted and decides to protect him. A localite in Theni hates Durai and his family and decides to help Kasi kill Durai. Kasi utilize the opportunity to kill Balu and Durai, during a temple festival, but Balu saves Durai and fights Kasi. Durai asks Balu to fight with him and win. Balu thrashes Kasi and leaves, challenging him to return if he still has guts to finish him.


title: Sandakozhi

text: The story was originally narrated for Vijay with Jyothika as heroine, but both were replaced by Vishal & Meera Jasmine later. Vishal says that he worked hard for the role by taking courses in acting and dancing.


title: Sandakozhi

text: A fight scene involving Vishal and Lal was picturised in Dindigul for seven days. The songs have been shot at locations in Australia, New Zealand and Chennai. An introduction song for Rajkiran was shot at Theni.


title: Sandakozhi

text: The soundtrack, composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, teaming up for the first time with director N. Linguswamy and Vishal, was released on 25 November 2005. It features 5 tracks, the lyrics of which were written by Pa. Vijay, Na. Muthukumar, Yugabharathi and Thamarai. Both the film score as well as the songs were appreciated and praised as outstanding with the song "Dhavanipotta Deepavali" considered as the pick of the album.


title: Sandakozhi

text: "Chennai Online" wrote "'Sandakozhi' is an engaging entertainer, an action-flick with a difference". "Sify" wrote "It is well-packaged film without any big stars or unwanted sentiments. Technically, the film is slick with good music by Yuvan and outstanding camerawork by Jeeva and Nirav Shah".


title: Sandakozhi

text: In December 2015, Linguswamy announced that he would direct the sequel of "Sandakozhi" with Vishal again, which was shelved. However the project was revived in 2017 with Vishal confirming his presence in the sequel. Rajkiran from the original has been retained in the sequel with additional new cast involving Keerthi Suresh and Varalaxmi. The film was released in 2018 failed to replicate the success of its original film.


The United States District Court for the District of Columbia (in case citations, D.D.C.) is a federal district court in the District of Columbia. It also occasionally handles (jointly with the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii and the High Court of American Samoa) federal issues that arise in the territory of American Samoa, which has no local federal court or territorial court. Appeals from the District are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (except for patent claims, and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).


title: United States District Court for the District of Columbia

text: The court was established by Congress in 1863 as the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, replacing the abolished circuit and district courts of the District of Columbia that had been in place since 1801. The court consisted of four justices, including a chief justice, and was granted the same powers and jurisdiction as the earlier circuit court. Any of the justices could convene a United States circuit court or a local criminal court. In 1936, Congress renamed the court the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia. Its current name was adopted in 1948, and from then on justices were known as judges.


text: Originally housed in the former District of Columbia City Hall, the court now sits in the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse located at 333 Constitution Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C. The District has no local district attorney or equivalent, and so local prosecutorial matters also fall into the jurisdiction of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. Assistant United States Attorneys (AUSAs) are tasked with prosecution of not only federal crimes but also crimes that would normally be left to the state prosecutor's discretion. Because of this the District has the largest U.S. Attorney's Office in the nation, with around 250 AUSAs.


title: Arrival (company)

text: Arrival Ltd is a British electric vehicle manufacturer headquartered in London, UK, of primarily lightweight commercial vehicles. In June 2020, Arrival announced a new passenger bus designed for coronavirus-era social distancing.


title: Arrival (company)

text: R&D takes place at their facility in Banbury, Oxfordshire. In March 2020, Arrival acquired a new factory in Bicester with plans to be operational by 2021 and start production in 2022. In December 2020, Arrival established its North American headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Arrival claims that their electric vehicles are the first EVs that cost the same as petrol and diesel equivalents. The company has created an electric vehicle platform that can be scaled to make many variants in multiple vehicle categories.


title: Arrival (company)

text: Arrival raised $118 million from US funds manager BlackRock in October 2020, adding to previous investment from Korean automaker Hyundai Motor Co and sister company Kia Motors Corp of $111 million. In November 2020, it was announced that Arrival would list on NASDAQ by merging with special-purpose acquisition company CIIG Merger Corp.


title: Arrival (company)

text: In late May 2021, Arrival announced that it would be building electric cars for Uber ride-hailing drivers, with production expected in Q3 of 2023. In August 2021, Arrival President Avinash Rugoobur stated that the company would open a product development R&D center in India due to increasing interest from that market. In November 2021, the company announced that it would start production the following year.


title: Arrival (company)

text: According to Arrival, four electric vehicle types are being developed: a bus, a van, a large van, and a small vehicle platform. Start of production of the bus is planned for the last quarter of 2021.


title: Arrival (company)

text: The van will have a engine, giving a maximum speed of , and a payload of up to . Depending on the battery option specified, the van will have a range of from to on a single charge. U.S.-based United Parcel Service (UPS) has placed an order for 10,000 delivery vans from Arrival, with the option for an additional 10,000.