title: Outing

text: "OutWeek", which had begun publishing in 1989, was home to activist and outing pioneer Michelangelo Signorile, who stirred the waters when he outed the recently deceased Malcolm Forbes in March 1990. His column "Gossip Watch" became a hot spot for outing the rich and famous. Both praised and lambasted for his behavior, he garnered responses to his actions as wide-ranging as "one of the greater contemporary gay heroes," to "revolting, infantile, cheap name-calling."


title: Outing

text: Other people who have been outed include Fannie Flagg, Pete Williams, Chaz Bono, and Richard Chamberlain.


title: Outing

text: In 2004, gay rights activist Michael Rogers outed Edward Schrock, a Republican Congressman from Virginia. Rogers posted a story on his website alleging that Schrock used an interactive phone sex service to meet other men for sex. Schrock did not deny this, and announced on August 30, 2004, that he would not seek re-election. Rogers said that he outed Schrock to punish him for his hypocrisy in voting for the Marriage Protection Act and signing on as a co-sponsor of the Federal Marriage Amendment.


title: Outing

text: New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey announced that he was a "gay American" in August 2004. McGreevey had become aware that he was about to be named in a sexual harassment suit by Golan Cipel, his former security advisor, with whom it was alleged McGreevey had a sexual relationship. McGreevey resigned, but unlike Schrock, McGreevey decided not to step out of public life. John McCain's Presidential Campaign removed images of Alabama Attorney General Troy King from its website after he was outed in 2008.


title: Outing

text: Often outing is used solely to damage the outed person's reputation, and has thus been controversial. Some activists argue that outing is appropriate and legitimate in some cases — for example, if the individual is actively working against LGBT rights. United States Congressman Barney Frank argued during the 2006 Mark Foley scandal, "I think there's a right to privacy. But the right to privacy should not be a right to hypocrisy. And people who want to demonize other people shouldn't then be able to go home and close the door and do it themselves."


title: Outing

text: In 2009, Kirby Dick's documentary "Outrage" argued that several American political figures have led closeted gay lives while supporting and endorsing legislation that is harmful to the gay community. The film was based on the work of Michael Rogers and BlogActive.com. The film focused particular attention on Idaho Senator Larry Craig, an outspoken opponent of gay rights who in 2007 pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct for soliciting sex from an undercover police officer in a public bathroom. "Outrage" featured interviews with several people who claim that Governor of Florida Charlie Crist has led a private gay life while publicly opposing gay marriage and gay adoption.


title: Outing

text: Other politicians discussed in the film include former Virginia Representative Ed Schrock, California Representative David Dreier, former New York City mayor Ed Koch, and former Louisiana Representative Jim McCrery.


title: Outing

text: The film argues that the mass media is reluctant to discuss issues involving gay politicians despite the many comparable news stories about heterosexual politicians and scandals. "Outrage" describes this behavior as a form of institutionalized homophobia that has resulted in a tacit policy of self-censorship when reporting on these issues.


title: Outing

text: Gabriel Rotello, once editor of "OutWeek", called outing "equalizing", explaining, "what we have called 'outing' is a primarily journalistic movement to treat homosexuality as equal to heterosexuality in the media...In 1990, many of us in the gay media announced that henceforth we would simply treat homosexuality and heterosexuality as equals. We were not going to wait for the perfect, utopian future to arrive before equalizing the two: We were going to do it now. That's what outing really is: equalizing homosexuality and heterosexuality in the media."


title: Outing

text: Their aim is not only to reveal the hypocrisy of those in what Branch termed the "closets of power" but also a gay person awareness of the presence of gay people and political issues, thus showing that being gay and lesbian is not "so utterly grotesque that it should never be discussed." (Signorile, p. 78) Richard Mohr noted, "some people have compared outing to McCarthyism...And vindictive outing is like McCarthyism: such outing feeds gays to the wolves, who thereby are made stronger...But the sort of outing I have advocated does not invoke, mobilize, or ritualistically confirm anti-gay values; rather it cuts against them, works to undo them. The point of outing, as I have defended it, is not to wreak vengeance, not to punish, and not to deflect attention from one's own debased state. Its point is to avoid degrading oneself." Thus outing is "both permissible and an expected consequence of living morally."


title: Outing

text: Further, outing is not the airing of private details. As Signorile asked, "How can being gay be private when being straight isn't? Sex is private. But by outing we do not discuss anyone's sex life. We only say they're gay." "Average people have been outed for decades. People have always outed the mailman and the milkman and the spinster who lives down the block. If anything, the goal behind outing is to show just how many gay people there are among the most visible people in our society so that when someone outs the milkman or the spinster, everyone will say, 'So what?'"


title: Outing

text: There is no widely agreed definition of fair outing nor even clear consensus in most organizations on when it can occur. Virtually all who take a position on outing have qualified the limits to which it is permissible for one to go — often quite idiosyncratic. The extremes are to out no one or to out everyone. In between, four intermediate positions have been discerned to justify so-called fair outing:


title: Outing

text: Assessing to which degree the outer goes allows insight into the goal striven towards. Most outers target those who support decisions and further policy, both religious and secular, which discriminate against gay people while they themselves live a clandestine gay existence. A "truism to people active in the gay movement [is] that the greatest impediments to homosexuals' progress often [are] not heterosexuals, but closeted homosexuals," said San Francisco journalist Randy Shilts.


title: Outing

text: The effectiveness of outing as a political tactic depends on the willingness of the media to report that a person has been outed. The advent of the internet has made outing public figures much easier. Twenty years ago Michael Rogers would have had to persuade a newspaper or other media outlet to risk legal action by reporting his allegations about Congressman Ed Schrock. Today he can publish them himself on his website and other media will then report that he has done so.


title: Outing

text: Signorile argues that the outing of journalist Pete Williams "and its aftermath did indeed make a big dent in the military's policy against gays. The publicity generated put the policy on the front burner in 1992, thrusting the issue into the presidential campaign," with every Democratic candidate and independent Ross Perot publicly promising to end the ban.


title: Outing

text: The military forces of the world have differing approaches to the enlistment of homosexual and bisexual individuals. Some have open policies, others prohibit, and some are ambiguous. The armed forces of most developed countries have now removed policies excluding non-heterosexual individuals (with strict policies on sexual harassment).


title: Outing

text: Nations that permit gay people to serve openly in the military include 3 of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council (United States, United Kingdom and France), the Republic of China (Taiwan), Australia, Israel, Argentina, and all NATO members except Turkey.


title: Outing

text: In the United Kingdom the Ministry of Defence policy since the year 2000 is to allow gay men, lesbians and transgender personnel to serve openly, and discrimination on a sexual orientation basis is forbidden. It is also forbidden for someone to pressure LGBT people to come out.


title: Outing

text: In the United States lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are allowed to serve openly in the United States military. As of 2021, transgender individuals are allowed to serve openly, and to transition during their service Military policy and legislation had previously entirely prohibited gay individuals from serving, and subsequently from serving openly, but these prohibitions were ended in September 2011 after the United States Congress voted to repeal the policy. The first time homosexuals were differentiated from non-homosexuals in the military literature was in revised army mobilization regulations in 1942. Additional policy revisions in 1944 and 1947 further codified the ban. Throughout the next few decades, homosexuals were routinely discharged, regardless of whether they had engaged in sexual conduct while serving. In response to the gay rights movements of the 1970s and 1980s, the Department of Defense issued a 1982 policy (DOD Directive 1332.14) stating that homosexuality was clearly incompatible with military service. Controversy over this policy created political pressure to amend the policy, with socially liberal efforts seeking a repeal of the ban and socially conservative groups wishing to reinforce it by statute.


title: Outing

text: Some gay rights activists defend outing as a tactic. The British activist Peter Tatchell says "The lesbian and gay community has a right to defend itself against public figures who abuse their power and influence to support policies which inflict suffering on homosexuals." In 1994 Tatchell's activist group OutRage! alleged that fourteen bishops of the Church of England were homosexual or bisexual and named them, accusing them of hypocrisy for upholding the Church's policy of regarding homosexual acts as sinful while not observing this prohibition in their personal lives.


title: Outing

text: "Outing is queer self-defence," Tatchell said in a 1995 speech to the Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement conference. "Lesbians and gay men have a right, and a duty, to expose hypocrites and homophobes. By not outing gay Bishops who support policies which harm homosexuals, we would be protecting those Bishops and thereby allowing them to continue to inflict suffering on members of our community. Collusion with hypocrisy and homophobia is not ethically defensible for Christians, or for anyone else."


title: Outing

text: Some gay activists, however, continue to disapprove of outing as a political tactic, arguing that even anti-gay conservatives have a right to personal privacy which should be respected. Steven Fisher, a spokesperson for the Human Rights Campaign, the largest advocacy group for gay and lesbian issues in the United States, commenting on the Schrock outing, said he opposed using "sexual orientation as a weapon." Christopher R. Barron, political director of the Log Cabin Republicans, a group representing gay and lesbian Republicans said: "We disagree strongly with the outing campaign, but we also strongly disagree with President Bush's sponsorship of the anti-family Federal Marriage Amendment."


title: Outing

text: Roger Rosenblatt argued in his January 1993 "New York Times Magazine" essay "Who Killed Privacy?" that, "The practice of 'outing' homosexuals implies contradictorily that homosexuals have a right to private choice but not to private lives." In March 2002, singer Will Young revealed he was gay, pre-empting a tabloid newspaper (reportedly "News of the World") that was preparing to out him.


title: Outing

text: Other criticism concerning outing centers upon the harm that outing individuals as homosexual, transgender, or transsexual does to them personally and professionally and upon the fact that some individuals have been erroneously outed or have been outed when there is no proof to substantiate the claim that they are gay or transgender.


title: Outing

text: Christine Jorgensen, Beth Elliott, Renée Richards, Sandy Stone, Billy Tipton, Alan L. Hart, April Ashley, Caroline Cossey ("Tula"), Jahna Steele, and Nancy Jean Burkholder were outed as transsexuals by European or American media or, in the case of Billy Tipton, by his coroner. In many cases, being outed had an adverse effect on their personal lives and their careers.


title: Outing

text: In some cases well-known celebrities have been outed as transgender or intersex when no proof to substantiate the claims was presented, e.g., Jamie Lee Curtis.


title: Ricci curvature

text: In differential geometry, the Ricci curvature tensor, named after Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, is a geometric object which is determined by a choice of Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian metric on a manifold. It can be considered, broadly, as a measure of the degree to which the geometry of a given metric tensor differs locally from that of ordinary Euclidean space or pseudo-Euclidean space.


title: Ricci curvature

text: The Ricci tensor can be characterized by measurement of how a shape is deformed as one moves along geodesics in the space. In general relativity, which involves the pseudo-Riemannian setting, this is reflected by the presence of the Ricci tensor in the Raychaudhuri equation. Partly for this reason, the Einstein field equations propose that spacetime can be described by a pseudo-Riemannian metric, with a strikingly simple relationship between the Ricci tensor and the matter content of the universe.


title: Ricci curvature

text: Like the metric tensor, the Ricci tensor assigns to each tangent space of the manifold a symmetric bilinear form . Broadly, one could analogize the role of the Ricci curvature in Riemannian geometry to that of the Laplacian in the analysis of functions; in this analogy, the Riemann curvature tensor, of which the Ricci curvature is a natural by-product, would correspond to the full matrix of second derivatives of a function. However, there are other ways to draw the same analogy.


title: Ricci curvature

text: In three-dimensional topology, the Ricci tensor contains all of the information which in higher dimensions is encoded by the more complicated Riemann curvature tensor. In part, this simplicity allows for the application of many geometric and analytic tools, which led to the solution of the Poincaré conjecture through the work of Richard S. Hamilton and Grigory Perelman.


title: Ricci curvature

text: In differential geometry, lower bounds on the Ricci tensor on a Riemannian manifold allow one to extract global geometric and topological information by comparison (cf. comparison theorem) with the geometry of a constant curvature space form. This is since lower bounds on the Ricci tensor can be successfully used in studying the length functional in Riemannian geometry, as first shown in 1941 via Myers's theorem.


title: Ricci curvature

text: One common source of the Ricci tensor is that it arises whenever one commutes the covariant derivative with the tensor Laplacian. This, for instance, explains its presence in the Bochner formula, which is used ubiquitously in Riemannian geometry. For example, this formula explains why the gradient estimates due to Shing-Tung Yau (and their developments such as the Cheng-Yau and Li-Yau inequalities) nearly always depend on a lower bound for the Ricci curvature.


title: Ricci curvature

text: In 2007, John Lott, Karl-Theodor Sturm, and Cedric Villani demonstrated decisively that lower bounds on Ricci curvature can be understood entirely in terms of the metric space structure of a Riemannian manifold, together with its volume form. This established a deep link between Ricci curvature and Wasserstein geometry and optimal transport, which is presently the subject of much research.


title: Ricci curvature

text: Let formula_67 be the functions computed as above via the chart formula_45 and let formula_69 be the functions computed as above via the chart formula_65.


title: Ricci curvature

text: The two above definitions are identical. The formulas defining formula_85 and formula_86 in the coordinate approach have an exact parallel in the formulas defining the Levi-Civita connection, and the Riemann curvature via the Levi-Civita connection. Arguably, the definitions directly using local coordinates are preferable, since the "crucial property" of the Riemann tensor mentioned above requires formula_4 to be Hausdorff in order to hold. By contrast, the local coordinate approach only requires a smooth atlas. It is also somewhat easier to connect the "invariance" philosophy underlying the local approach with the methods of constructing more exotic geometric objects, such as spinor fields.


title: Ricci curvature

text: The complicated formula defining formula_86 in the introductory section is the same as that in the following section. The only difference is that terms have been grouped so that it is easy to see that formula_89


title: Ricci curvature

text: where formula_101 is the scalar curvature, defined in local coordinates as formula_102 This is often called the contracted second Bianchi identity.


title: Ricci curvature

text: In fact, by taking the Taylor expansion of the metric applied to a Jacobi field along a radial geodesic in the normal coordinate system, one has


title: Ricci curvature

text: Here is a short list of global results concerning manifolds with positive Ricci curvature; see also classical theorems of Riemannian geometry. Briefly, positive Ricci curvature of a Riemannian manifold has strong topological consequences, while (for dimension at least 3), negative Ricci curvature has "no" topological implications. (The Ricci curvature is said to be positive if the Ricci curvature function formula_96 is positive on the set of non-zero tangent vectors formula_94.) Some results are also known for pseudo-Riemannian manifolds.


title: Ricci curvature

text: These results, particularly Myers' and Hamilton's, show that positive Ricci curvature has strong topological consequences. By contrast, excluding the case of surfaces, negative Ricci curvature is now known to have "no" topological implications; has shown that any manifold of dimension greater than two admits a complete Riemannian metric of negative Ricci curvature. In the case of two-dimensional manifolds, negativity of the Ricci curvature is synonymous with negativity of the Gaussian curvature, which has very clear topological implications. There are very few two-dimensional manifolds which fail to admit Riemannian metrics of negative Gaussian curvature.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Mitchell William Miller (July 4, 1911 – July 31, 2010) was an American choral conductor, record producer, record-industry executive, and professional oboist. He was involved in almost all aspects of the industry, particularly as a conductor and artists and repertoire (A&R) man. Miller was one of the most influential people in American popular music during the 1950s and early 1960s, both as the head of A&R at Columbia Records and as a best-selling recording artist with an NBC television series, "Sing Along with Mitch". A graduate of the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester in the early 1930s, Miller began his musical career as a player of the oboe and English horn, making numerous highly regarded classical and popular recordings.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Mitchell William Miller was born to a Jewish family in Rochester, New York, on July 4, 1911. His mother was Hinda (Rosenblum) Miller, a former seamstress, and his father, Abram Calmen Miller, a Russian-Jewish immigrant wrought-iron worker. Mitch had four siblings, two of whom, Leon and Joseph, survived him.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Miller took up the oboe at first as a teenager, because it was the only instrument available when he went to audition for his junior high school orchestra. After graduating from East High School he attended the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, where he met and became a lifelong friend of Goddard Lieberson, who became President of the CBS music group in 1956.


title: Mitch Miller

text: After graduating from Eastman, Miller played with the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra and then moved to New York City, where he was a member of the Alec Wilder Octet (1938–41 and occasionally later), as well as performing with David Mannes, Andre Kostelanetz, Percy Faith, George Gershwin, and Charlie Parker. He worked with Frank Sinatra on the 1946 recording of "The Music of Alec Wilder".


title: Mitch Miller

text: Miller played the English horn part in the Largo movement of Dvořák's "New World Symphony" in a 1947 recording conducted by Leopold Stokowski.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Miller gave the American premiere of Richard Strauss's Oboe Concerto in a 1948 radio broadcast. Strauss had originally assigned rights to the premiere to John de Lancie, who gave him the idea for the concerto while stationed near Strauss's villa in Garmisch. However, since meeting the composer, de Lancie had won a section oboist position with the Philadelphia Orchestra, and as a junior player to the orchestra's principal oboist Marcel Tabuteau was unable to fulfill Strauss's wishes. De Lancie then gave the rights for the premiere to Miller.


title: Mitch Miller

text: As part of the CBS Symphony, Miller participated in the musical accompaniment on the 1938 radio broadcast of Orson Welles's "Mercury Theater on the Air" production of "The War of the Worlds". He also performed Beethoven's Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C Minor.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Miller joined Mercury Records as a classical music producer and served as the head of Artists and Repertoire (A&R) at Mercury in the late 1940s, and then joined Columbia Records in the same capacity in 1950. This was a pivotal position in a recording company, because the A&R executive decided which musicians and songs would be recorded and promoted by that particular record label.


title: Mitch Miller

text: He defined the Columbia style through the early 1960s, signing and producing many important pop standards artists for Columbia, including Johnnie Ray, Percy Faith, Ray Conniff, Jimmy Boyd, Johnny Mathis, Tony Bennett, and Guy Mitchell (whose pseudonym was based on Miller's first name).


title: Mitch Miller

text: After arriving at Columbia, Miller enticed both Patti Page and Frankie Laine to join the label after their early successes at Mercury. Miller helped direct the careers of artists who were already signed to the label, such as Doris Day, Dinah Shore, and Jo Stafford. Miller also discovered Aretha Franklin and signed her to the first major recording contract of her career. She left Columbia after five years, when Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records promised Franklin artistic freedom to create records outside the pop mainstream in a more rhythm-and-blues-driven direction.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Mitch Miller disapproved of rock 'n' roll—one of his contemporaries described his denunciation of it as "The Gettysburg Address of Music"—and passed not only on Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly, who became stars on RCA and Coral, respectively, but on The Beatles as well, creating a fortune in revenue for rival Capitol. Previously, Miller had offered Presley a contract but balked at the amount Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, was asking. However, in 1958 he signed Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins, two of Presley's contemporaries at Sun Records.


title: Mitch Miller

text: According to former "Newsweek" music critic Karen Schoemer, Miller's refusal to record in the genre was also due to his fear that the label, and its corporate parent CBS, would be implicated in the scandal surrounding payola if he did so, remarking: I knew what was going on—everybody in the business knew what was going on. You had to pay to play.


title: Mitch Miller

text: In defense of his anti-rock stance, he once told "NME" in January 1958: "Rock 'n' roll is musical baby food: it is the worship of mediocrity, brought about by a passion for conformity."


title: Mitch Miller

text: Despite his distaste for rock 'n' roll, Miller emphasized emotional expression over vocal perfection and often produced records for Columbia artists that were rockish in nature. Two examples are "A White Sport Coat (and a Pink Carnation)" by Marty Robbins and "Rock-a-Billy" by Guy Mitchell.


title: Mitch Miller

text: As a record producer, Miller gained a reputation for both innovation and gimmickry. Although he oversaw dozens of chart hits, his relentlessly cheery arrangements and his penchant for novelty material—for example, "Come On-a My House" (Rosemary Clooney), "Mama Will Bark" (Frank Sinatra and Dagmar)—have drawn criticism from some admirers of traditional pop music. Music historian Will Friedwald wrote in his book "Jazz Singing" (Da Capo Press, 1996) thatMiller exemplified the worst in American pop. He first aroused the ire of intelligent listeners by trying to turn—and darn near succeeding in turning—great artists like Sinatra, Clooney, and Tony Bennett into hacks. Miller chose the worst songs and put together the worst backings imaginable—not with the hit-or-miss attitude that bad musicians traditionally used, but with insight, forethought, careful planning, and perverted brilliance.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Miller established the primacy of the producer, proving that even more than the artist, the accompaniment, or the material, it was the responsibility of the man in the recording booth whether a record flew or flopped. Miller also conceived the idea of the pop record "sound" per se: not so much an arrangement or a tune, but an aural texture (usually replete with extramusical gimmicks) that could be created in the studio and then replicated in live performance, instead of the other way around. Miller was hardly a rock 'n' roller, yet without these ideas there could never have been rock 'n' roll. "Mule Train", Miller's first major hit (for Frankie Laine) and the foundation of his career, set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock. The similarities between it and, say, "Leader of the Pack", need hardly be outlined here.


title: Mitch Miller

text: While some of Columbia's performers, including Harry James, Frank Sinatra, and Rosemary Clooney, resented Miller's methods, the label maintained a high release-to-hit ratio during the 1950s. Sinatra particularly blamed his temporary fall from popularity while at Columbia on Miller; the crooner felt that he was forced by Miller to record material like "Mama Will Bark" and "The Hucklebuck". Miller countered that Sinatra's contract gave him the right to refuse any song.


title: Mitch Miller

text: In the early 1950s, Miller recorded with Columbia's house band as "Mitchell Miller and His Orchestra." He also recorded a string of successful albums and singles, featuring a male chorale and his own arrangements, under the name "Mitch Miller and the Gang" beginning in 1950. The ensemble's hits included "The Children's Marching Song" (more commonly known as "This Old Man"), "Tzena, Tzena, Tzena", and "The Yellow Rose of Texas", which topped the U.S. "Billboard" chart, sold over one million copies in the United States alone, and reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart. Miller's medley of the two marches from "The Bridge on the River Kwai", "The River Kwai March" and "Colonel Bogey March", lasted 29 weeks on the Billboard pop charts in 1958, longer than any other record completely within that year.


title: Mitch Miller

text: In 1957, Miller's orchestra and chorus recorded "", a United States Air Force recruiting song. He and his orchestra also recorded children's music for the Golden Records label. A choral group called The Sandpiper Singers provided the vocals for these recordings, including an album of Mother Goose nursery rhymes.


title: Mitch Miller

text: In 1961, Miller also provided two choral tracks set to Dimitri Tiomkin's title music on the soundtrack to "The Guns of Navarone". Followed by the theme of "The Longest Day" over the end credits in 1962 and the "Major Dundee March", the theme song to Sam Peckinpah's 1965 "Major Dundee". Though the film was a boxoffice bomb, the song remained popular for years.


title: Mitch Miller

text: In 1987, Miller conducted the London Symphony Orchestra with pianist David Golub in a well-received recording of Gershwin's "An American in Paris", "Concerto in F" and "Rhapsody in Blue". What made this recording special was that it was produced using the original sheet music that was handed out by Gershwin to his band for an early U.S. tour, along with Gershwin's performance directions as noted by then band member Miller.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Initially airing as a one-shot episode of the NBC television show "Startime" (season 1, episode 32) on May 24, 1960, "Sing Along with Mitch" went on to become a weekly series in 1961 as a community sing-along program hosted by Mitch Miller and featuring a male chorus. The program, videotaped in New York, was basically an extension of Miller's series of Columbia "Sing Along with Mitch" record albums. In keeping with the show's title, viewers were presented with lyrics at the bottom of the television screen at the beginning and ending of each episode. While many insist there was a bouncing ball to keep time, Miller correctly said this was something they remembered from movie theater Screen Songs and Song Cartunes sing-along cartoons.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Singer Leslie Uggams, pianist Dick Hyman, accordionist Dominic Cortese, and the singing Quinto Sisters were regularly featured on "Sing Along with Mitch". One of the tenors in Miller's chorale, Bob McGrath, later went on to a long and successful career on the PBS children's show "Sesame Street" (he was a founding member of the "human" cast in 1969 and McGrath became its longest-serving cast member until his enforced retirement in 2016).


title: Mitch Miller

text: "Sing Along with Mitch" occasionally featured celebrity guests who would appear throughout the hour, and whose repertoire would be worked into the episode's list of songs: George Burns, Milton Berle, and Shirley Temple among them. The show also offered cameos by uncredited celebrities not necessarily known for their singing ability, who were either visiting or working in New York. These surprise guests were dressed like the male chorus members and hidden among them for the closing sing-along, including Johnny Carson, Jerry Lewis, Wally Cox, Buddy Hackett, and Joe E. Ross (in his police uniform from the "Car 54, Where Are You?" sitcom).


title: Mitch Miller

text: As the popularity of the TV show rose, Miller continued to produce and record several "Sing Along with Mitch" record albums, complete with tear-out lyric sheets. The album series ultimately comprised 20 titles, released from 1958 to 1963.


title: Mitch Miller

text: "Sing Along with Mitch" ran on television from 1961 until the network canceled it in 1964, a victim of changing musical tastes. Selected repeats aired briefly on NBC during the spring of 1966. The show's primary audience was over the age of 40 and it did not gain the favor of advertisers targeting the youth market.


title: Mitch Miller

text: Miller left Columbia Records in 1965 and joined MCA Inc. as a consultant, signing the same year with MCA's Decca Records subsidiary.


title: Mitch Miller

text: In later years, Miller would carry on the sing-along tradition, leading crowds in song in personal appearances. For several years, Miller was featured in a popular series of Christmas festivities in New Bedford, Massachusetts, leading large crowds singing carols. Miller hosted a 1981 TV reunion of the Sing Along Gang for NBC (featuring veterans from the original gang, including Bob McGrath, Andy Love, Paul Friesen, Victor Griffin, and Dominic Cortese). Miller also appeared as host of two PBS television specials, "Keep America Singing" (1994) and "Voices In Harmony" (1996), featuring champion quartets and choruses of SPEBSQSA and Sweet Adelines International. He also appeared conducting regional orchestras and filled in many times as guest conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra.


title: Mitch Miller

text: At his first rehearsal for television, Miller took his position in front of the chorus and began conducting in the usual choirmaster manner: arms outstretched with hands gesturing, so the singers could see his signals. The TV director stopped him, objecting that Miller's arms were out of the camera's range and could not be seen on the television screen. Miller pulled his arms closer to his body, but the director stopped him once more. It was not until Miller's elbows were almost touching his body, and his arms extremely restricted, that the director was satisfied. Miller dutifully adopted the jerky, confined style of conducting and kept it for the duration of the series.


title: Mitch Miller

text: The rigid format of "Sing Along with Mitch" lent itself to parodies. Steve Allen once performed a pointed satire, with the comedian made up as Miller and robotically bending his arms "à la" Miller while conducting. The sketch spoofed the show's production values, including cameras panning among the vocalists, going out of control and knocking them over, then chasing Allen out of the studio and onto the roof. Ross Bagdasarian produced an animated spoof in a segment of "The Alvin Show", with the David Seville character conducting Alvin and the Chipmunks in Miller's herky-jerky style, singing "Down in the Valley" while scrambled lyrics appeared on-screen. Stan Freberg, who had previously recorded "Wunnerful! Wunnerful!", a scathing satire of "The Lawrence Welk Show", presented an equally brutal satire of the show, "Sing Along with Freeb", on his February 1962 ABC special, "The Chun King Chow Mein Hour". Jonathan and Darlene Edwards (Paul Weston and Jo Stafford) produced an entire album ("Sing Along with Jonathan and Darlene Edwards," 1962) of sing-along in the Miller style but deliberately off-key, which supposedly greatly angered Miller. On the cartoon series "The Flintstones", Fred and Barney appeared on the "Hum Along with Herman" show (for people who do not know the words), another satire of Miller's show. Bigtop Records in 1963 released a record by The Dellwoods and under the aegis of "Mad", titled "Fink Along with Mad".


title: Mitch Miller

text: Miller was married for 65 years to the former Frances Alexander, who died in 2000. They had two daughters, a son, two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Miller lived in New York City for many years, where he died on July 31, 2010, after a short illness, four weeks after his 99th birthday.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Colin Ireland (16 March 1954 – 21 February 2012) was a British serial killer known as the Gay Slayer because his victims were gay. Criminologist David Wilson believes that Ireland was a psychopath.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland suffered a severely dysfunctional upbringing. He committed various crimes from the age of 16 and had served time in borstals and prisons. While living in Southend, he started frequenting the Coleherne, a gay pub in Earl's Court, London. Ireland sought men who liked the passive role and sado-masochism, so he could readily restrain them as they initially believed it was a sexual game.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland said he was heterosexual: he had been twice married to women and that he pretended to be gay only to befriend potential victims. Ireland claimed that his murders were not sexually motivated. He was highly organised, and carried a full murder kit of rope, handcuffs and a full change of clothes to each murder. After killing his victim he cleaned the flat of any forensic evidence linking him to the scene and stayed in the flat until morning in order to avoid arousing suspicion from leaving in the middle of the night.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland was jailed for life for the murders in December 1993 and remained imprisoned until his death in February 2012, at the age of 57.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland was born in 1954 in Dartford, Kent, to an unmarried teenage couple. Shortly after his birth, his father left him and his 17-year-old mother. His father is not named on his birth certificate, and Ireland did not know his identity. He was raised in poverty by his mother; they moved many times. In the early 1960s, she married. When she became pregnant, she put Ireland into care; he later returned to her. In 1966 she married another man. During the 1960s in Sheerness, Kent, Ireland was propositioned on three occasions and spied on once by men who were paedophiles. In his mid-teens, he was sent to borstal for theft, and whilst there, deliberately set fire to another resident's belongings. At age 17, Ireland was convicted of robbery. He escaped and was returned to borstal.


title: Colin Ireland

text: In the attempt to make ends meet, Ireland had a series of manual jobs, then in December 1975, he was convicted of car theft, criminal damage and two burglaries, for which he was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. Ireland was released in November 1976 and moved to Swindon, Wiltshire. He lived with a woman and her children for a few months. In 1977, he was convicted of extortion, for which he was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. In 1980, he was convicted of robbery, for which he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment. In 1981, he was convicted of attempted deception.


title: Colin Ireland

text: In 1982, Ireland married Virginia Zammit; the couple and their daughter lived in the Holloway area of London. In 1985, he was convicted and sentenced to six months for "going equipped to cheat". He divorced in 1987, after his wife discovered he had committed adultery. In 1989, in Devon, he married Janet Young; he was violent towards her and stole from her. In the early 1990s, they separated; she and her children became homeless. He moved to Southend-on-Sea, where he became homeless and lived in a hostel. He later moved to his own flat. Whilst living there, he travelled to the Coleherne Arms, a gay pub in Earl's Court, London, where he first met his victims.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Peter Walker, a 45-year-old choreographer, took Ireland back to his flat in Battersea. There he was bound, and ultimately suffocated by a plastic bag being placed over his head. Ireland placed two teddy bears in a 69 position on the body. He left Walker's dogs locked in another room. The day after the murder, having heard no news reports of the crime, he called the Samaritans and a journalist from "The Sun" newspaper, advising them of the dogs, and that he had murdered their owner. He told them he wanted to become famous for being a serial killer. A former boyfriend of Peter was later interviewed and told the police that Peter did not like sadomasochism and was more than likely forced into it by Ireland.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Dunn was a 37-year-old librarian who lived in Wealdstone. He was found naked in a harness. His death was initially believed to be an accident that occurred during an erotic game. In addition, because he lived in a different area from Walker, a different set of investigators worked on the case. For these reasons the death was not initially linked to Walker's.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland met 35-year-old businessman Perry Bradley III at the Coleherne pub. Bradley lived in Kensington and was the son of Texas Democratic Party fundraiser Perry Bradley Jr.


title: Colin Ireland

text: The two men returned to Bradley's flat, where Ireland suggested that he tie Bradley up; Bradley expressed his displeasure at the idea. In order to get Bradley to comply, Ireland told him that he was unable to perform sexually without elements of bondage. Bradley hesitantly cooperated and was soon trussed up on his own bed, face down, with a noose around his neck. After Ireland had secured Bradley, he demanded money and a PIN under the threat of torture. Ireland assured Bradley that he was merely a thief and would leave after stealing Bradley's money. After Bradley gave Ireland his PIN, which Ireland later used to steal £200, along with £100 in cash stolen from Bradley's flat, Ireland told him that he should go to sleep, as he wouldn't be leaving his flat for hours. Bradley eventually did fall asleep and Ireland momentarily thought of leaving Bradley unharmed. Ireland then realised that Bradley could identify him and used the noose, which he had earlier attached around Bradley's neck, to strangle him. Before leaving Bradley's flat, he placed a doll on top of the dead man's body.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland, angered that he had received no publicity even after three murders, killed again within three days. He met and courted 33-year-old Andrew Collier, a housing warden, and the pair went to Collier's home in Dalston. After entering the flat there was a disturbance outside and both men went to the window to investigate. Ireland gripped a horizontal metal bar that ran across the window. He later forgot to wipe the bar for fingerprints during his usual cleanup phase. The police found these prints.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Once he had tied up his victim on the bed, Ireland again demanded his victim's bank details. This time his victim refused to comply. After killing Collier's cat, Ireland strangled Collier with a noose. He put a condom on Collier's penis and placed the dead cat's mouth over it, and placed the cat's tail into Collier's mouth. Ireland was angered at discovering Collier was HIV positive while rummaging through his personal effects looking for bank details. He then phoned the police, asking why they had not linked the four murders. He left the next morning with £70.


title: Colin Ireland

text: A suspected reason for his killing of the cat was that after Ireland killed Walker and had left this previous victim's dogs locked in a separate room, he later called anonymously to advise parties to the fact that these dogs were being or had been locked up. As a result, the media called the killer an animal lover. He strangled the cat to demonstrate that the "animal lover" assumption had been wrong.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland's fifth victim was a Maltese chef named Emanuel Spiteri, aged 41, whom he had met at the Coleherne pub. Spiteri was persuaded to be cuffed and bound on his bed. Once more, Ireland demanded his PIN but did not obtain it. He again used a noose to kill. After carrying out his post-murder ritual of cleaning and clearing the scene, Ireland set fire to the flat and left. He rang the police later to tell them to look for a body at the scene of a fire and added that he would probably not kill again.


title: Colin Ireland

text: There are suggestions that homophobia on the part of the police delayed the linking of all the murders and that they were initially not handled well, but police eventually connected all five killings. The crimes were publicised by the mass media and it quickly became known in the gay community that a serial killer was specifically targeting gay men.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Investigations revealed that Spiteri had left the Coleherne pub and travelled home with his killer by train, and a security video successfully captured the two of them on the railway platform at Charing Cross station. Ireland recognised himself and decided to tell police he was the man with Spiteri but not the killer—he claimed to have left Spiteri in the flat with another man. However, police had also found fingerprints in Collier's flat, which they linked to Ireland.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland was charged with the murders of Collier and Spiteri, and confessed to the other three while awaiting trial in prison. He told police that he had no vendetta against gay men, but picked on them because they were the easiest targets. Ireland pretended to be gay in order to lure his victims. He had robbed those he killed because he was unemployed at the time, and he needed funds to travel to and from London when hunting for victims.


title: Colin Ireland

text: When his case came to the Old Bailey on 20 December 1993, Ireland admitted all charges and was given life sentences for each. The judge, Mr Justice Sachs, said he was "exceptionally frightening and dangerous", adding: "To take one human life is an outrage; to take five is carnage."


title: Colin Ireland

text: On 22 December 2006, Ireland was one of 35 life sentence prisoners whose names appeared on the Home Office's list of prisoners who had been issued with whole life tariffs and were unlikely ever to be released.


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland's crimes received sensationalist coverage in the tabloid press. As well as the nickname "The Gay Slayer", he was headlined as "Jack The Gripper" by the "News of the World".


title: Colin Ireland

text: Ireland died on 21 February 2012, at Wakefield Prison. A spokeswoman for Her Majesty's Prison Service said: "He is presumed to have died from natural causes; a post-mortem will follow." Later, his death was ascribed to pulmonary fibrosis and a fractured hip he had suffered earlier in the month as preliminary causes of death.


title: Puducherry Legislative Assembly

text: The Puducherry Legislative Assembly is the unicameral legislature of the Indian union territory (UT) of Puducherry, which comprises four districts: Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahé and Yanam. Out of eight union territories of India, only three have legislatures and they are Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir. After delimitation shortly after its formation, the Puducherry legislative assembly has 33 seats, of which 5 are reserved for candidates from scheduled castes and 3 members are nominated by the Government of India. 30 out of 33 Members are elected directly by the people on the basis of universal adult franchise and the remaining three are nominated by the central government. These nominated members enjoy same powers as elected members of the assembly.


title: Puducherry Legislative Assembly

text: Geographically, the area under the Puducherry UT consists of three disjointed regions, with Puducherry and Karaikal districts surrounded by districts of Tamil Nadu, Yanam district an enclave of East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, and Mahé district bordered by districts of Kerala. The four districts were ruled by French before they were integrated into India in 1962. For ease of administration, during French rule, the area under these four districts was divided into 39 assembly constituencies. After becoming a UT of India, Puducherry was divided into 30 assembly constituencies, which were restructured in 2005 by the Delimitation Commission of India.


title: Puducherry Legislative Assembly

text: In 1946, French India ("Inde française") became Overseas territory ("Territoire d'outre-mer") of France.


title: Puducherry Legislative Assembly

text: Then a Representative Assembly ("Assemblée représentative") was created. Thus, in 1946, on 25 October, the representative assembly of 44 members has replaced the general council ("conseil général"). The Representative Assembly had 44 seats until merger of Chandernagore in 1951. Later, it reduced to 39 seats.


title: Puducherry Legislative Assembly

text: The French government transferred the four enclaves to the Indian Union under a de facto treaty on 1 November 1954. Later the territory was merged with India on 16 August 1962.


title: Puducherry Legislative Assembly

text: On 10 May 1963, the Indian Parliament enacted the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 that came into force on 1 July 1963. This introduced the same pattern of government that prevailed in the rest of the country, but subject to certain limitations. Under Article 239 of the Indian Constitution, the President of India appoints an Administrator LG with such designation as he may specify to head the administration of the territory. The President also appoints the Chief Minister. The President, on the advice of the Chief Minister, appoints the other Ministers. The Union Territories Act, 1963 limits the number of elected members of the assembly to 30 and allows the central government to appoint not more than 3 nominated MLAs. The same act ensures that seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes in the legislative assembly.


title: Puducherry Legislative Assembly

text: The Representative Assembly was converted into the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry on 1 July 1963 as per Section 54(3) of The Union Territories Act, 1963 and its members were deemed to have been elected to the Assembly. Thus, the "First Legislative Assembly" was formed without an election. Elections for the assembly have been held since 1964.


title: Puducherry Legislative Assembly

text: Very few state/U.T. legislative assemblies have nominated MLAs and their voting powers are limited with Puducherry being the only exception. In 2021, the honourable Supreme Court of India has clarified two important aspects related to the nominated MLAs.. The first one is about their nomination. The honorable court held that as per the 1963 act the central government is empowered to nominate the MLAs even without consulting the Government of Puducherry. The second one is about the power of vote of the nominated MLAs. The honourable court also held that the nominated MLAs enjoys voting powers at par with elected MLAs as the 1963 law per se did not differentiate between the nominated MLAs from the elected ones.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: Princess Ubol Ratana (, , ; born 5 April 1951) is a member of the Thai royal family. She is the eldest child of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit and elder sister of King Vajiralongkorn.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: In 1972, she married American citizen Peter Ladd Jensen and settled in the United States, losing her royal title in the process. The couple divorced in 1998, whereupon she resumed her royal duties and position within the Thai court. She is styled in English as "Princess Ubol Ratana", without the style "Her Royal Highness".


title: Ubol Ratana

text: In 2001, she permanently returned to Thailand after a series of visits in the years following her divorce. Almost immediately, she began to fulfill her royal duties by taking part in many ceremonies. She started many charitable foundations that focused on improving the quality of life for the disadvantaged.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: In February 2019, in an "unprecedented" move, Ubol Ratana announced her candidacy for Prime Minister of Thailand in the 2019 general election, running as a candidate of the Thai Raksa Chart Party. Later that same day, her younger brother King Vajiralongkorn issued a statement, stating that her candidacy is "inappropriate" and "unconstitutional". Thailand’s election commission then disqualified her from running for prime minister, formally putting an end to her candidacy.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: Princess Ubol Ratana Rajakanya is the eldest child of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit. She was born on 5 April 1951, at Clinique de Montchoisi in Lausanne, Switzerland. She is the only child born outside of Thailand from the four children of former King Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: "Ubol Ratana", part of her royal name, means "glass lotus", a reference to her maternal grandmother, Bua ("lotus") Kitiyakara. Her parents nicknamed her "Pay", short for "poupee" (French for "doll"). To her family she is known as "Phi Ying". In the media and by Thai people in general, she is called "Thun Kramom", a title identifying the daughter of a reigning queen.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: She returned to Thailand and stayed at Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, Dusit Palace. She was styled "Her Royal Highness" by her father at the royal celebration of the first month birthday ceremony (Phra Ratchaphithi Somphot Duean Lae Khuen Phra U; พระราชพิธีสมโภชเดือนและขึ้นพระอู่) King Bhumibol Adulyadej gave her full name and title "Her Royal Highness Princess Ubol Ratana Rajakanya Sirivadhana Barnavadi".


title: Ubol Ratana

text: Ubol Ratana was Bhumibol's favorite child because she was attractive and excelled at academics and sports, where her brother, Vajiralongkorn did not. The king greatly enjoyed playing tennis and badminton with her. This was partly due to his suspicion that others were not trying their hardest when playing sports with him and he admired Ubol Ratana for always trying her best.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: In the 1967 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (today called the "Southeast Asian Games") held in Bangkok, the king and the princess competed in the OK Dinghy sailing class and won gold medals for Thailand.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: Their participation was conceived by Air Chief Marshal Dawee Chullasapya who wanted Bhumibol to be seen excelling in sports, much like a Norwegian king who won a gold Olympics medal. During the race, Ubol Ratana was ahead and the king was trailing behind. Davee feared that this would tarnish the king's prestige, but ultimately the king won the race and the father and daughter shared the medal.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: Ubol Ratana attended primary to secondary levels at Chitralada School. She went to the United States for her tertiary education. She studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics in 1973. She later obtained a master's degree in public health at University of California, Los Angeles.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: While studying at university, Ubol Ratana dated an American, Peter Ladd Jensen. The palace discovered this, and her parents strongly opposed their relationship. The princess refused to conform to their wishes; on 25 July 1972, she married Jensen.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: According to Paul M. Handley's biography of Bhumibol, the king became furious at Ubol Ratana and stripped her of her royal title. Ubol Ratana made many attempts to ask her father to reinstate her royal title before and after her permanent return to Thailand, but the king never relented.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: The princess lived in the United States with her husband for over 26 years and took the name "Mrs. Julie Jensen". After years of rumoured marital problems, they divorced in 1998. Ubol Ratana and her children continued to reside in San Diego until 2001, when they returned to Thailand.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: While Ubol Ratana remained in the US, her mother (Queen Sirikit) and other members of the royal family often flew there for visits. Ubol Ratana likewise flew to Thailand along with her husband to visit her parents and the other members of the royal family, while joining them in royal ceremonies when she visited Thailand. She visited in 1980, 1982, 1987, 1992 and 1996, taking part in several family events, before her permanent return in 2001.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: Ubol Ratana launched the "To Be Number One" Foundation in 2002 to combat drug use by young people. the foundation has more than 31 million members throughout Thailand. She hosts the television show, "Talk to the Princess" on TVT11 NBT where she promotes the aims of her anti-drug work.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: In 2003, Ubol Ratana starred in a Thai soap opera, "Kasattiya". In 2006 she had a role in "Anantalai", a drama series she wrote under the pen name "Ploykampetch". In 2011, the princess and her daughter Ploypailin Jensen starred in "Dao Long Fah, Pupha Si-ngen".


title: Ubol Ratana

text: Ubol Ratana acted in the Thai movie "Where The Miracle Happens" ("Neung Jai Diaokan") "()", released on 7 August 2008 (in this film she also participated as a screenwriter). She plays a "lonely-at-the-top" CEO who begins a life of philanthropy after the death of her only daughter.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: In 2010, she appeared in the action film "My Best Bodyguard" "()", released on 21 October 2010. In 2012, she appeared in the romantic film "Together" ("Wan Tee Rak") "(ร่วมกัน)", released on 20 December 2012.


title: Ubol Ratana

text: In 2019, it was announced Ubol Ratana would run as the prime ministerial candidate for the Thaksin-affiliated Thai Raksa Chart Party in the 2019 general election, called an "astonishing" move without precedent, as the royal family has never been directly involved in electoral politics. Her candidacy was quickly quashed by her brother, King Rama X, on the grounds that members of the royal family may not overtly participate in politics. After his statement, the Thai Raksa Chart Party withdrew their support for her run. The Election Commission, citing the king's statement, disqualified her.


title: Congressional caucus

text: A congressional caucus is a group of members of the United States Congress that meet to pursue common legislative objectives. Formally, caucuses are formed as congressional member organizations (CMOs) through the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate and governed under the rules of these chambers. In addition to the term "caucus", they are sometimes called conferences (especially Republican ones), coalitions, study groups, task forces, or working groups. Many other countries use the term parliamentary group; the Parliament of the United Kingdom has many all-party parliamentary groups.


title: Congressional caucus

text: The largest caucuses are the party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress, which are the partisan caucuses comprising all members of one house from one party (either the Democrats or the Republicans) in addition to any independent members who may caucus with either party. These are the House Democratic Caucus, House Republican Conference, Senate Democratic Caucus and Senate Republican Conference. The caucuses meet regularly in closed sessions for both the House of Representatives and the Senate to set legislative agendas, select committee members and chairs and hold elections to choose various floor leaders. They also oversee the four Hill committees, political party committees that work to elect members of their own party to Congress.


title: Congressional caucus

text: Ideological congressional caucuses can represent a political party within a political party. In the United States two-party dominant political system, these congressional caucuses help congregate and advance the ideals of a more focused ideology within the two major relatively big tent political parties. Some caucuses are organized political factions with a common ideological orientation. Most ideological caucuses are confined to the House of Representatives:


title: Congressional caucus

text: Among the most visible caucuses are those composed of members sharing the same race or ethnic group. The most high profile of these represent people of color. The Congressional Black Caucus, Congressional Hispanic Caucus, and the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus also form the Congressional Tri Caucus when they sit together.


title: Congressional caucus

text: The formation of the Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus was announced on June 4, 2008, by openly gay representatives Tammy Baldwin and Barney Frank. The mission of the caucus is to work for LGBT rights, the repeal of laws discriminatory against LGBT persons, the elimination of hate-motivated violence, and improved health and well-being for all persons, regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. The caucus serves as a resource for Members of Congress, their staffs, and the public on LGBT issues.


title: Congressional caucus

text: The LGBT Equality Caucus admits any member who is willing to advance LGBT rights, regardless of their sexual identity or orientation; it has historically been co-chaired by every openly-LGBT member of the House. The caucus had 165 members (164 Democrats and 1 Republican) in the 116th United States Congress.


title: Congressional caucus

text: The most common caucuses consist of members united as an interest group. These are often bipartisan (comprising both Democrats and Republicans) and bicameral (comprising both Representatives and Senators). Examples like the Congressional Bike Caucus works to promote cycling and the Senate Taiwan Caucus promotes strong relationships with Taiwan.


title: Congressional caucus

text: The House Committee on House Administration (HCHA) prescribes certain rules for Congressional Member Organizations (CMOs). Each Congress, CMOs must electronically register with the Committee on House Administration, providing the name of the caucus, a statement of purpose, the CMO officers and the employee designated to work on issues related to the CMO. The HCHA rules include the following:


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Rosetta was a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with "Philae", its lander module, "Rosetta" performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet, the spacecraft performed flybys of Earth, Mars, and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867 Šteins. It was launched as the third cornerstone mission of the ESA's Horizon 2000 programme, after "SOHO""Cluster" and "XMM-Newton".


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: On 6 August 2014, the spacecraft reached the comet and performed a series of manoeuvers to eventually orbit the comet at distances of . On 12 November, its lander module "Philae" performed the first successful landing on a comet, though its battery power ran out two days later. Communications with "Philae" were briefly restored in June and July 2015, but due to diminishing solar power, "Rosetta" communications module with the lander was turned off on 27 July 2016. On 30 September 2016, the "Rosetta" spacecraft ended its mission by hard-landing on the comet in its Ma'at region.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The probe was named after the Rosetta Stone, a stele of Egyptian origin featuring a decree in three scripts. The lander was named after the Philae obelisk, which bears a bilingual Greek and Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: "Rosetta" was launched on 2 March 2004 from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, on an Ariane 5 rocket and reached Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 7 May 2014. It performed a series of manoeuvres to enter orbit between then and 6 August 2014, when it became the first spacecraft to orbit a comet. (Previous missions had conducted successful flybys of seven other comets.) It was one of ESA's Horizon 2000 cornerstone missions. The spacecraft consisted of the "Rosetta" orbiter, which featured 12 instruments, and the "Philae" lander, with nine additional instruments. The "Rosetta" mission orbited Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko for 17 months and was designed to complete the most detailed study of a comet ever attempted. The spacecraft was controlled from the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), in Darmstadt, Germany. The planning for the operation of the scientific payload, together with the data retrieval, calibration, archiving and distribution, was performed from the European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), in Villanueva de la Cañada, near Madrid, Spain. It has been estimated that in the decade preceding 2014, some 2,000 people assisted in the mission in some capacity.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: In 2007, "Rosetta" made a Mars gravity assist (flyby) on its way to Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The spacecraft also performed two asteroid flybys. The craft completed its flyby of asteroid 2867 Šteins in September 2008 and of 21 Lutetia in July 2010. Later, on 20 January 2014, "Rosetta" was taken out of a 31-month hibernation mode as it approached Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: "Rosetta" "Philae" lander successfully made the first soft landing on a comet nucleus when it touched down on Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014. On 5 September 2016, ESA announced that the lander was discovered by the narrow-angle camera aboard "Rosetta" as the orbiter made a low, pass over the comet. The lander sits on its side wedged into a dark crevice of the comet, explaining the lack of electrical power to establish proper communication with the orbiter.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: During the 1986 approach of Halley's Comet, international space probes were sent to explore the comet, most prominent among them being ESA's "Giotto". After the probes returned valuable scientific information, it became obvious that follow-ons were needed that would shed more light on cometary composition and answer new questions.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Both ESA and NASA started cooperatively developing new probes. The NASA project was the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission. The ESA project was the follow-on Comet Nucleus Sample Return (CNSR) mission. Both missions were to share the Mariner Mark II spacecraft design, thus minimising costs. In 1992, after NASA cancelled CRAF due to budgetary limitations, ESA decided to develop a CRAF-style project on its own. By 1993 it was evident that the ambitious sample return mission was infeasible with the existing ESA budget, so the mission was redesigned and subsequently approved by the ESA, with the final flight plan resembling the cancelled CRAF mission: an asteroid flyby followed by a comet rendezvous with in-situ examination, including a lander. After the spacecraft launch, Gerhard Schwehm was named mission manager; he retired in March 2014.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The "Rosetta" mission included generational team management; this allowed mission continuity over the long period of the mission and for special knowledge to be maintained and passed on to future team members. In particular, several younger scientists were brought on as principal science investigators, and regular training sessions were conducted.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The probe was named after the Rosetta Stone, a stele of Egyptian origin featuring a decree in three scripts. The lander was named after the Philae obelisk, which bears a bilingual Greek and Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription. A comparison of its hieroglyphs with those on the Rosetta Stone catalysed the deciphering of the Egyptian writing system. Similarly, it was hoped that these spacecraft would result in better understanding of comets and the early Solar System. In a more direct analogy to its namesake, the "Rosetta" spacecraft also carried a micro-etched pure nickel prototype of the Rosetta disc donated by the Long Now Foundation. The disc was inscribed with 6,500 pages of language translations.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: On its way to comet 67P, "Rosetta" passed through the main asteroid belt, and made the first European close encounter with several of these primitive objects. "Rosetta" was the first spacecraft to fly close to Jupiter's orbit using solar cells as its main power source.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: "Rosetta" was the first spacecraft to orbit a comet nucleus, and was the first spacecraft to fly alongside a comet as it headed towards the inner Solar System. It became the first spacecraft to examine at close proximity the activity of a frozen comet as it is warmed by the Sun. Shortly after its arrival at 67P, the "Rosetta" orbiter dispatched the "Philae" lander for the first controlled touchdown on a comet nucleus. The robotic lander's instruments obtained the first images from a comet's surface and made the first "in situ" analysis of its composition.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The "Rosetta" bus was a central frame and aluminium honeycomb platform. Its total mass was approximately , which included the "Philae" lander and of science instruments. The Payload Support Module was mounted on top of the spacecraft and housed the scientific instruments, while the Bus Support Module was on the bottom and contained spacecraft support subsystems. Heaters placed around the spacecraft kept its systems warm while it was distant from the Sun. "Rosetta" communications suite included a steerable high-gain parabolic dish antenna, a fixed-position medium-gain antenna, and two omnidirectional low-gain antennas.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Electrical power for the spacecraft came from two solar arrays totalling . Each solar array was subdivided into five solar panels, with each panel being . The individual solar cells were made of silicon, 200 μm thick, and . The solar arrays generated a maximum of approximately 1,500 watts at perihelion, a minimum of 400 watts in hibernation mode at 5.2 AU, and 850 watts when comet operations begin at 3.4 AU. Spacecraft power was controlled by a redundant Terma power module also used in the "Mars Express" spacecraft, and was stored in four 10-A·h [Li-ion] batteries supplying 28 volts to the bus.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Main propulsion comprised 24 paired bipropellant 10 N thrusters, with four pairs of thrusters being used for delta-"v" burns. The spacecraft carried of propellant at launch: of monomethylhydrazine fuel and of dinitrogen tetroxide oxidiser, contained in two grade 5 titanium alloy tanks and providing delta-"v" of at least over the course of the mission. Propellant pressurisation was provided by two high-pressure helium tanks.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: "Rosetta" was built in a clean room according to COSPAR rules, but "sterilisation generally not crucial since comets are usually regarded as objects where you can find prebiotic molecules, that is, molecules that are precursors of life, but not living microorganisms", according to Gerhard Schwehm, "Rosetta" project scientist. The total cost of the mission was about €1.3 billion (US$1.8 billion).


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: "Rosetta" was set to be launched on 12 January 2003 to rendezvous with the comet 46P/Wirtanen in 2011. This plan was abandoned after the failure of an Ariane 5 ECA carrier rocket during Hot Bird 7's launch on 11 December 2002, grounding it until the cause of the failure could be determined. In May 2003, a new plan was formed to target the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with a revised launch date of 26 February 2004 and comet rendezvous in 2014. The larger mass and the resulting increased impact velocity made modification of the landing gear necessary.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: After two scrubbed launch attempts, "Rosetta" was launched on 2 March 2004 at 07:17 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana, using Ariane 5 G+ carrier rocket. Aside from the changes made to launch time and target, the mission profile remained almost identical. Both co-discoverers of the comet, Klim Churyumov and Svetlana Gerasimenko, were present at the spaceport during the launch.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: To achieve the required velocity to rendezvous with 67P, "Rosetta" used gravity assist manoeuvres to accelerate throughout the inner Solar System. The comet's orbit was known before "Rosetta" launch, from ground-based measurements, to an accuracy of approximately . Information gathered by the onboard cameras beginning at a distance of were processed at ESA's Operation Centre to refine the position of the comet in its orbit to a few kilometres.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: On 25 February 2007, the craft was scheduled for a low-altitude flyby of Mars, to correct the trajectory. This was not without risk, as the estimated altitude of the flyby was a mere . During that encounter, the solar panels could not be used since the craft was in the planet's shadow, where it would not receive any solar light for 15 minutes, causing a dangerous shortage of power. The craft was therefore put into standby mode, with no possibility to communicate, flying on batteries that were originally not designed for this task. This Mars manoeuvre was therefore nicknamed "The Billion Euro Gamble". The flyby was successful, with "Rosetta" even returning detailed images of the surface and atmosphere of the planet, and the mission continued as planned.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The second Earth flyby was on 13 November 2007 at a distance of . In observations made on 7 and 8 November, "Rosetta" was briefly mistaken for a near-Earth asteroid about in diameter by an astronomer of the Catalina Sky Survey and was given the provisional designation . Calculations showed that it would pass very close to Earth, which led to speculation that it could impact Earth. However, astronomer Denis Denisenko recognised that the trajectory matched that of "Rosetta", which the Minor Planet Center confirmed in an editorial release on 9 November.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The spacecraft performed a close flyby of asteroid 2867 Šteins on 5 September 2008. Its onboard cameras were used to fine-tune the trajectory, achieving a minimum separation of less than . Onboard instruments measured the asteroid from 4 August to 10 September. Maximum relative speed between the two objects during the flyby was .


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: On 10 July 2010, "Rosetta" flew by 21 Lutetia, a large main-belt asteroid, at a minimum distance of  km ( mi) at a velocity of . The flyby provided images of up to per pixel resolution and covered about 50% of the surface, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The 462 images were obtained in 21 narrow- and broad-band filters extending from 0.24 to 1 μm. Lutetia was also observed by the visible–near-infrared imaging spectrometer VIRTIS, and measurements of the magnetic field and plasma environment were taken as well.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: After leaving its hibernation mode in January 2014 and getting closer to the comet, "Rosetta" began a series of eight burns in May 2014. These reduced the relative velocity between the spacecraft and 67P from to .


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: In 2006, "Rosetta" suffered a leak in its reaction control system (RCS). The system, which consists of 24 bipropellant 10-newton thrusters, was responsible for fine tuning the trajectory of "Rosetta" throughout its journey. The RCS operated at a lower pressure than designed due to the leak. While this may have caused the propellants to mix incompletely and burn 'dirtier' and less efficiently, ESA engineers were confident that the spacecraft would have sufficient fuel reserves to allow for the successful completion of the mission.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Prior to "Rosetta" deep space hibernation period, two of the spacecraft's four reaction wheels began exhibiting increased levels of "bearing friction noise". Increased friction levels in Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA) B were noted after its September 2008 encounter with asteroid Šteins. Two attempts were made to relubricate the RWA using an on-board oil reservoir, but in each case noise levels were only temporarily lowered, and the RWA was turned off in mid-2010 after the flyby of asteroid Lutetia to avoid possible failure. Shortly after this, RWA C also began showing evidence of elevated friction. Relubrication was also performed on this RWA, and methods were found to temporarily increase its operating temperature to better improve the transfer of oil from its reservoir. In addition, the reaction wheel's speed range was decreased to limit lifetime accumulated rotations. These changes resulted in RWA C performance stabilising.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: During the spacecraft's Deep Space Hibernation flight phase, engineers performed ground testing on a flight spare RWA at the European Space Operations Centre. After "Rosetta" exited hibernation in January 2014, lessons learned from the ground testing were applied to all four RWAs, such as increasing their operating temperatures and limiting their wheel speeds to below 1000 rpm. After these fixes, the RWAs showed nearly identical performance data. Three RWAs were kept operational, while one of the malfunctioning RWAs was held in reserve. Additionally, new on-board software was developed to allow "Rosetta" to operate with only two active RWAs if necessary. These changes allowed the four RWAs to operate throughout "Rosetta" mission at 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko despite occasional anomalies in their friction plots and a heavy workload imposed by numerous orbital changes.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: In August 2014, "Rosetta" rendezvoused with the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) and commenced a series of manoeuvres that took it on two successive triangular paths, averaging from the nucleus, whose segments are hyperbolic escape trajectories alternating with thruster burns. After closing to within about from the comet on 10 September, the spacecraft entered actual orbit about it.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The surface layout of 67P was unknown before "Rosetta" arrival. The orbiter mapped the comet in anticipation of detaching its lander. By 25 August 2014, five potential landing sites had been determined. On 15 September 2014, ESA announced Site J, named "Agilkia" in honour of Agilkia Island by an ESA public contest and located on the "head" of the comet, as the lander's destination.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: "Philae" detached from "Rosetta" on 12 November 2014 at 08:35 UTC, and approached 67P at a relative speed of about . It initially landed on 67P at 15:33 UTC, but bounced twice, coming to rest at 17:33 UTC. Confirmation of contact with 67P reached Earth at 16:03 UTC.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: On contact with the surface, two harpoons were to be fired into the comet to prevent the lander from bouncing off, as the comet's escape velocity is only around . Analysis of telemetry indicated that the surface at the initial touchdown site is relatively soft, covered with a layer of granular material about 0.82 feet (0.25 meters) deep, and that the harpoons had not fired upon landing. After landing on the comet, "Philae" had been scheduled to commence its science mission, which included:


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: After bouncing, "Philae" settled in the shadow of a cliff, canted at an angle of around 30 degrees. This made it unable to adequately collect solar power, and it lost contact with "Rosetta" when its batteries ran out after three days, well before much of the planned science objectives could be attempted. Contact was briefly and intermittently reestablished several months later at various times between 13 June and 9 July, before contact was lost once again. There was no communication afterwards, and the transmitter to communicate with "Philae" was switched off in July 2016 to reduce power consumption of the probe. The precise location of the lander was discovered in September 2016 when "Rosetta" came closer to the comet and took high-resolution pictures of its surface. Knowing its exact location provides information needed to put Philae's two days of science into proper context.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Researchers expect the study of data gathered will continue for decades to come. One of the first discoveries was that the magnetic field of 67P oscillated at 40–50 millihertz. A German composer and sound designer created an artistic rendition from the measured data to make it audible. Although it is a natural phenomenon, it has been described as a "song" and has been compared to "Continuum" for harpsichord by György Ligeti. However, results from "Philae" landing show that the comet's nucleus has no magnetic field, and that the field originally detected by "Rosetta" is likely caused by the solar wind.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The isotopic signature of water vapour from comet 67P, as determined by the "Rosetta" spacecraft, is substantially different from that found on Earth. That is, the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water from the comet was determined to be three times that found for terrestrial water. This makes it very unlikely that water found on Earth came from comets such as comet 67P, according to the scientists. On 22 January 2015, NASA reported that, between June and August 2014, the rate at which water vapour was released by the comet increased up to tenfold.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: On 2 June 2015, NASA reported that the Alice spectrograph on "Rosetta" determined that electrons within above the comet nucleus — produced from photoionization of water molecules, and not direct photons from the Sun as thought earlier — are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: As the orbit of comet 67P took it farther from the Sun, the amount of sunlight reaching "Rosetta" solar panels decreased. While it would have been possible to put "Rosetta" into a second hibernation phase during the comet's aphelion, there was no assurance that enough power would be available to run the spacecraft's heaters to keep it from freezing. To guarantee a maximum science return, mission managers made the decision to instead guide "Rosetta" down to the comet's surface and end the mission on impact, gathering photographs and instrument readings along the way. On 23 June 2015, at the same time as a mission extension was confirmed, ESA announced that end of mission would occur at the end of September 2016 after two years of operations at the comet.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: "Rosetta" began a descent with a 208-second thruster burn executed on 29 September 2016 at approximately 20:50 UTC. Its trajectory targeted a site in the Ma'at region near an area of dust- and gas-producing active pits.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Impact on the comet's surface occurred 14.5 hours after its descent manoeuvre; the final data packet from "Rosetta" was transmitted at 10:39:28.895 UTC (SCET) by the OSIRIS instrument and was received at the European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany, at 11:19:36.541 UTC. The spacecraft's estimated speed at the time of impact was , and its touchdown location, named "Sais" by the operations team after the Rosetta Stone's original temple home, is believed to be only off-target. The final complete image transmitted by the spacecraft of the comet was taken by its OSIRIS instrument at an altitude of about 10 seconds before impact, showing an area across. "Rosetta" computer included commands to send it into safe mode upon detecting that it had hit the comet's surface, turning off its radio transmitter and rendering it inert in accordance with International Telecommunication Union rules.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: On 28 September 2017, a previously unrecovered image taken by the spacecraft was reported. This image was recovered from three data packets discovered on a server after completion of the mission. While blurry due to data loss, it shows an area of the comet's surface approximately one square meter in size taken from an altitude of , and represents "Rosetta" closest image of the surface.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The investigation of the nucleus was done by three optical spectrometers, one microwave radio antenna and one radar:


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Previous observations have shown that comets contain complex organic compounds. These are the elements that make up nucleic acids and amino acids, essential ingredients for life as we know it. Comets are thought to have delivered a vast quantity of water to Earth, and they may have also seeded Earth with organic molecules. "Rosetta" and "Philae" also searched for organic molecules, nucleic acids (the building blocks of DNA and RNA) and amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) by sampling and analysing the comet's nucleus and coma cloud of gas and dust, helping assess the contribution comets made to the beginnings of life on Earth. Before succumbing to falling power levels, "Philae" COSAC instrument was able to detect organic molecules in the comet's atmosphere.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Upon landing on the comet, "Philae" should have also tested some hypotheses as to why essential amino acids are almost all "left-handed", which refers to how the atoms arrange in orientation in relation to the carbon core of the molecule. Most asymmetrical molecules are oriented in approximately equal numbers of left- and right-handed configurations (chirality), and the primarily left-handed structure of essential amino acids used by living organisms is unique. One hypothesis that will be tested was proposed in 1983 by William A. Bonner and Edward Rubenstein, Stanford University professors emeritus of chemistry and medicine respectively. They conjectured that when spiralling radiation is generated from a supernova, the circular polarisation of that radiation could then destroy one type of "handed" molecules. The supernova could wipe out one type of molecules while also flinging the other surviving molecules into space, where they could eventually end up on a planet.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The mission has yielded a significant science return, collecting a wealth of data from the nucleus and its environment at various levels of cometary activity. The VIRTIS spectrometer on board the "Rosetta" spacecraft has provided evidence of nonvolatile organic macromolecular compounds everywhere on the surface of comet 67P with little to no water ice visible. Preliminary analyses strongly suggest the carbon is present as polyaromatic organic solids mixed with sulfides and iron-nickel alloys.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Solid organic compounds were also found in the dust particles emitted by the comet; the carbon in this organic material is bound in "very large macromolecular compounds", analogous to those found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. However, no hydrated minerals were detected, suggesting no link with carbonaceous chondrites.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: In turn, the "Philae" lander's COSAC instrument detected organic molecules in the comet's atmosphere as it descended to its surface. Measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments on the "Philae" lander revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde. The only amino acid detected thus far on the comet is glycine, along with the precursor molecules methylamine and ethylamine.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: One of the most outstanding discoveries of the mission was the detection of large amounts of free molecular oxygen () gas surrounding the comet. A local abundance of oxygen was reported to be in range from 1% to 10% relative to HO.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: As part of the European Space Agency's media campaign in support of the "Rosetta" mission, both the "Rosetta" and "Philae" spacecraft were given anthropomorphic personalities in an animated web series titled "Once upon a time...". The series depicts various stages in the "Rosetta" mission, involving the personified "Rosetta" and "Philae" on "a classic road trip story into the depths of our universe", complemented with various visual gags presented in an educational context. Produced by animation studio Design & Data GmbH, the series was initially conceived by the ESA as a four-part fantasy-like series with a "Sleeping Beauty" theme that promoted community involvement in "Rosetta"s wake up from hibernation in January 2014. After the success of the series, however, the ESA commissioned the studio to continue producing new episodes in the series throughout the course of the mission. A total of twelve videos in the series were produced from 2013 to 2016, with a 25-minute compilation of the series released in December 2016, after the end of the mission. In 2019, Design & Data adapted the series into a 26-minute planetarium show that was commissioned by the Swiss Museum of Transport, and solicited to eighteen planetariums across Europe, with an aim "to inspire the young generation to explore the universe."


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The "Rosetta" and "Philae" characters featured in "Once upon a time...", designed by ESA employee and cartoonist Carlo Palazzari, became a central part of public image of the "Rosetta" mission, appearing in promotional material for the mission such as posters and merchandise, and often credited as a major factor in the popularity of the mission among the public. ESA employees also role-played as the characters on Twitter throughout the course of the mission. The characters were inspired by the JAXA's "kawaii" characters, whom portrayed a number of their spacecraft, such as "Hayabusa2" and "Akatsuki", with distinct anime-like personalities. The script for each episode of the series is written by science communicators at the European Space Research and Technology Centre, who kept close with mission operators and the producers at Design & Data. Canonically, "Rosetta" and "Philae" are depicted as siblings, with "Rosetta" being the older sister, inspired by the spacecraft's feminine name, of "Philae", her younger brother. The "Giotto" spacecraft is also depicted as the duo's grandfather, whereas others in the Halley Armada as well as NASA's "Deep Impact" and "Stardust" spacecraft are depicted as their cousins.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: To promote the spacecraft's arrival at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko and the landing of "Philae" in 2014, a short film was produced by the European Space Agency with Polish visual effects production company Platige Image. Titled "Ambition", the film, shot in Iceland, stars Irish actor Aidan Gillen, known for his roles in "Game of Thrones" and "The Wire", and Irish actress Aisling Franciosi, also of "Game of Thrones" fame, and was directed by Oscar-nominated Polish director Tomasz Bagiński. Set in the far future, "Ambition" centers around a discussion between a master, played by Gillen, discussing the importance of with his apprentice, played by Franciosi, using the "Rosetta" mission as an example of such. "Ambition" was premiered at the British Film Institute's "Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder" film festival in London on 24 October 2014, three weeks before the landing of "Philae" on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. British science fiction author and former ESA employee Alastair Reynolds spoke about the film's message at the premiere, stating to the audience that "our distant descendants may look back to Rosetta with the same sense of admiration that we reserve for, say, Columbus or Magellan." The film's conception was the result of the BFI's inquiry to the ESA for a contribution to their celebration of science fiction, with the ESA taking the opportunity to promote the "Rosetta" mission through the festival.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: Critical reception of the film upon its premiere was mostly positive. Tim Reyes of "Universe Today" complimented the titular theme of ambition in the film, stating that it "shows us the forces at work in and around ESA", and that it "might accomplish more in 7 minutes than "Gravity" did in 90." Ryan Wallace of "The Science Times" also gave praise to the film, writing, "whether you're a sci-fi fanatic, or simply an interested humble astronomer, the short clip will undoubtedly give you a new view of our solar system, and the research out there in space today."


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

text: The entire mission was featured heavily in social media, with a Facebook account for the mission and both the satellite and the lander having an official Twitter account portraying a personification of both spacecraft. The hashtag "#CometLanding" gained widespread traction. A Livestream of the control centres was set up, as were multiple official and unofficial events around the world to follow "Philae" landing on 67P. On 23 September 2016, Vangelis released the studio album "Rosetta" in honour of the mission, which was used on 30 September in the "Rosetta's final hour" streaming video of the ESA Livestream event "Rosetta Grand Finale".


title: Mohamed Daramy

text: Mohamed Daramy (born 7 January 2002) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as forward for Danish Superliga club Copenhagen, on loan from Eredivisie club Ajax, and the Denmark national team.


title: Mohamed Daramy

text: Daramy joined Copenhagen from Hvidovre as a U14 player. He had the opportunity to join both Copenhagen and Brøndby, but ended up choosing Copenhagen. At the age of 15, Daramy was already the topscorer of the U17 squad at F.C. Copenhagen, which earned him a contract extension in October 2017 until 2020. He ended up scoring 18 goals in 26 games in the 2017–18 season, making him the fifth highest scoring player in that season's U17 league.


title: Mohamed Daramy

text: At the age of 16 years and 263 days, Daramy became the youngest ever player to score for Copenhagen. The goal came in his official debut for the club in a Danish Cup game against Viby IF. Afterwards, there were rumors about several clubs that were scouting Daramy, but especially RB Leipzig were rumored to be interested in the player. But Copenhagen didn't seem to want to let him go and put his price tag at €5 million. Daramy went out and said, that he didn't know yet whether he would stay or not.


title: Mohamed Daramy

text: Ultimately he decided to stay at the club and in March 2019 it was rumored, that he was about to sign a contract extension with a much higher salary, although there was a bid ready from an unknown club of about €5 million. He got his Danish Superliga debut on 2 December 2018 against AC Horsens. Daramy replaced Dame N'Doye in the 77th minute. On 31 March 2019, Daramy scored his first goal in the Danish Superliga. Daramy got the chance from start in the absence of Robert Skov who was out with an injury, and scored the game's only goal.


title: Mohamed Daramy

text: On 3 April 2019, Daramy officially signed his first professional contract with Copenhagen until the end of 2021. Beside that, he was also permanently promoted to the first team squad.


title: Mohamed Daramy

text: On 22 August 2021, AFC Ajax announced that they had closed a €12 million deal, which can increase to €13 million with bonuses, with Copenhagen for the transfer of Daramy. On 3 August 2022, Daramy returned to Copenhagen on a season-long loan.


title: Mohamed Daramy

text: Daramy made his debut for Denmark national team on 1 September 2021 in a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Scotland, replacing Andreas Skov Olsen in the 85th minute.


title: Mohamed Daramy

text: Former Schalke 04 striker and Denmark international Ebbe Sand, described Daramy as a player who is fast, strong in "one-on-one situations" and as "extremely talented".


title: Mohamed Daramy

text: Daramy has a Sierra Leonean passport though he is born and raised in Denmark, because both his parents are from Sierra Leone. In December 2018 Daramy revealed, that he had applied for a Danish passport and would like to play for the Danish national team.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: Bronze Tiger is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Dennis O'Neil, Leopoldo Dirampma, and Jim Berry, he first appeared in "Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter" #1 (May 1975). The character's real name is Benjamin "Ben" Turner and is depicted as an African-American who is considered among the most premiere martial artists, assassins, and spies in the DC Universe. He is most notably depicted as a freelance vigilante, a member of the League of Assassins, and an operative of the Suicide Squad, characterized either as a villain or an antihero due to brainwashing and manipulation from the League of Assassins.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: Bronze Tiger has been adapted several times, notably appearing as a recurring The CW Arrowverse show "Arrow", portrayed by actor Michael Jai White. In the series, he eventually becomes an ally to Oliver Queen and is the father of the show's version of Connor Hawke.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: Bronze Tiger first appeared in "Dragon's Fists", a novel by Dennis O'Neil and Jim Berry which starred Richard Dragon.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: Bronze Tiger's first DC Comics appearance was in "Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter" #1 (April/May 1975).


title: Bronze Tiger

text: Born as Benjamin Turner, Ben comes from an upper-middle-class black neighborhood in Central City. When he was only 10 years old, he saw a burglar attacking his parents, and he proceeded to kill the man with a kitchen knife. In an effort to control the rage inside him, Turner turns to martial arts (and eventually, crime). After some time, Turner decides to travel to the far East to finally come to terms with his demons. There, he meets the O-Sensei, and studies under him, together with later recruit Richard Dragon. The meeting between Turner and Dragon starts the series "Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter". Sometime after, they are approached by Barney Ling, from the organization known as G.O.O.D. (Global Organization of Organized Defense), and their (reluctant) working for Ling served as the basis for the "Kung Fu Fighter" series.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: A flashback in "DC Comics Presents" #39 (1981) shows Richard Dragon discovering that Turner has been brainwashed into becoming the Bronze Tiger by Professor Ojo, then used by Barney Ling (who turns out to be a traitor). Dragon and Turner prove to be equals in the fight, which only ends when Ling is accidentally knocked out a window.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: Later, in "Suicide Squad" #38, Turner's further career is shown, wherein he and Dragon are hired by King Faraday to work for the C.B.I. (Central Bureau of Intelligence). Assigned to take down the League of Assassins, Dragon and Turner are discovered by the League, who kill Turner's fiancée, Myoshi, and proceed to brainwash Turner. Turner was rid of his demons by channeling them into the identity of the Bronze Tiger, a masked assassin working for the League.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: During this time, he also trains the assassin David Cain's daughter, Cassandra, together with other members of the League. As the Bronze Tiger, Turner developed a fearsome reputation in the world, his identity remaining a secret to everyone but the League.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: As the Bronze Tiger, Ben was feared worldwide, and the Sensei was smart enough to ensure that Ben hardly ever took off the mask, sending him on a new mission as soon as he finished another. For a time, his identity was secret, and he became one of the most wanted criminals, the Bronze Tiger being a professional assassin, killing on three continents.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: Learning of Bronze Tiger's true identity, King Faraday set up a rescue squad of Rick Flag and Nightshade. They retrieved the Tiger, and he was deprogrammed by Amanda Waller, who would later run the Suicide Squad.


title: Bronze Tiger

text: Waller recruits Turner for the Suicide Squad, setting him up to become the team's leader. Still, he ends up the team's second-in-command under Rick Flag. On the team's first mission, the Tiger faces Ravan, whom he cripples but refuses to kill. Turner develops a relationship with Vixen while a member of the Squad's support crew, Flo Crawley, nurses a crush on him. Meeting Ravan again later, Turner convinces him to join the Squad, and the two become an effective fighting duo.