text: Corporate income tax (CIT): The income tax for companies is set at 25%, although there are some exceptions. When companies invest in industries supported by the Chinese government tax rates are only 15%. Companies that are investing in these industries also get other advantages.


title: Economic history of China (1949–present)

text: In the online realm, China's e-commerce industry has grown more slowly than the EU and the US, with a significant period of development occurring from around 2009 on-wards. According to Credit Suisse, the total value of online transactions in China grew from an insignificant size in 2008 to around RMB 4 trillion (US$660 billion) in 2012. Alipay has the biggest market share in China with 300 million users and control of just under half of China's online payment market in February 2014, while Tenpay's share is around 20 percent, and China UnionPay's share is slightly greater than 10 percent.


text: According to the 2013 Corruption Perception Index, compiled by global coalition Transparency International, China is ranked 80 out of 177 countries, with a score of 40. The Index scores countries on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very low corruption) and over half of the nations in the Asia Pacific region emerged with a score lower than 40. Transparency International stated in its final assessment:


text: If genuine efforts are to be made, the present efforts of the Chinese government should go beyond observing the rule of law. They should embrace political reforms that would allow checks and balances, transparency and independent scrutiny together with acknowledging the role that the civil society can play in countering corruption.


text: Until the 1960s the economy was directed and coordinated by means of economic plans that were formulated at all levels of administration. The reform program significantly reduced the role of central planning by encouraging off-plan production by state-owned units and by promoting the growth of collective and individual enterprises that did not fall under the planning system. The government also endeavored to replace direct plan control with indirect guidance of the economy through economic levers, such as taxes and investment support. Despite these changes, overall direction of the economy was still carried out by the central plan, as was allocation of key goods, such as steel and energy.


text: When China's planning apparatus was first established in the early 1950s, it was patterned after the highly centralized Soviet system. That system basically depended on a central planning bureaucracy that calculated and balanced quantities of major goods demanded and supplied. This approach was substantially modified during the Great Leap Forward (1958–60), when economic management was extensively decentralized. During the 1960s and 1970s, the degree of centralization in the planning system fluctuated with the political currents, waxing in times of pragmatic growth and waning under the influence of the Cultural Revolution and the Gang of Four.


text: At the national level, planning began in the highest bodies of the central government. National economic goals and priorities were determined by the party's Central Committee, the State Council, and the National People's Congress. These decisions were then communicated to the ministries, commissions, and other agencies under the State Council to be put into effect through national economic plans.


text: The State Planning Commission worked with the State Economic Commission, State Statistical Bureau, the former State Capital Construction Commission, People's Bank of China, the economic ministries, and other organs subordinate to the State Council to formulate national plans of varying duration and import. Long-range plans as protracted as ten and twelve years also were announced at various times. These essentially were statements of future goals and the intended general direction of the economy, and they had little direct effect on economic activity. As of late 1987 the most recent such long-range plan was the draft plan for 1976–85, presented by Hua Guofeng in February 1978.


text: The primary form of medium-range plan was the five-year plan, another feature adopted from the Soviet system. The purpose of the five-year plan was to guide and integrate the annual plans to achieve balanced growth and progress toward national goals. In practice, this role was only fulfilled by the First Five-Year Plan (1953–57), which served effectively as a blueprint for industrialization. The second (1958–62), third (1966–70), fourth (1971–75), and fifth (1976–80) five-year plans were all interrupted by political upheavals and had little influence. The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1981–85) was drawn up during the planning period and was more a reflection of the results of the reform program than a guide for reform. The Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986–90) was intended to direct the course of the reforms through the second half of the 1980s, but by mid-1987 its future was already clouded by political struggle.


text: A second form of medium-range planning appeared in the readjustment and recovery periods of 1949–52, 1963–65, and 1979–81, each of which followed a period of chaos - the civil war, the Great Leap Forward, and the Gang of Four, respectively. In these instances, normal long- and medium-range planning was suspended while basic imbalances in the economy were targeted and corrected. In each case, objectives were more limited and clearly defined than in the five-year plans and were fairly successfully achieved.


text: The activities of economic units were controlled by annual plans. Formulation of the plans began in the autumn preceding the year being planned, so that agricultural output for the current year could be taken into account. The foundation of an annual plan was a "material balance table." At the national level, the first step in the preparation of a material balance table was to estimate - for each province, autonomous region, special municipality, and enterprise under direct central control - the demand and supply for each centrally controlled good. Transfers of goods between provincial-level units were planned so as to bring quantities supplied and demanded into balance. As a last resort, a serious overall deficit in a good could be made up by imports.


text: The initial targets were sent to the provincial-level administrations and the centrally controlled enterprises. The provincial-level counterparts of the state economic commissions and ministries broke the targets down for allocation among their subordinate counties, districts, cities, and enterprises under direct provincial-level control. Counties further distributed their assigned quantities among their subordinate towns, townships, and county-owned enterprises, and cities divided their targets into objectives for the enterprises under their jurisdiction. Finally, towns assigned goals to the state-owned enterprises they controlled. Agricultural targets were distributed by townships among their villages and ultimately were reduced to the quantities that villages contracted for with individual farm households.


text: At each level, individual units received their target input allocations and output quantities. Managers, engineers, and accountants compared the targets with their own projections, and if they concluded that the planned output quotas exceeded their capabilities, they consulted with representatives of the administrative body superior to them. Each administrative level adjusted its targets on the basis of discussions with subordinate units and sent the revised figures back up the planning ladder. The commissions and ministries evaluated the revised sums, repeated the material balance table procedure, and used the results as the final plan, which the State Council then officially approved.


text: Annual plans formulated at the provincial level provided the quantities for centrally controlled goods and established targets for goods that were not included in the national plan but were important to the province, autonomous region, or special municipality. These figures went through the same process of disaggregation, review, discussion, and reaggregation as the centrally planned targets and eventually became part of the provincial-level unit's annual plan. Many goods that were not included at the provincial level were similarly added to county and city plans.


text: The final stage of the planning process occurred in the individual producing units. Having received their output quotas and the figures for their allocations of capital, labor, and other supplies, enterprises generally organized their production schedules into ten-day, one-month, three-month, and six-month plans.


text: The Chinese planning system has encountered the same problems of inflexibility and inadequate responsiveness that have emerged in other centrally planned economies. The basic difficulty has been that it is impossible for planners to foresee all the needs of the economy and to specify adequately the characteristics of planned inputs and products. Beginning in 1979 and 1980, the first reforms were introduced on an experimental basis. Nearly all of these policies increased the autonomy and decision-making power of the various economic units and reduced the direct role of central planning. By the mid-1980s planning still was the government's main mechanism for guiding the economy and correcting imbalances, but its ability to predict and control the behavior of the economy had been greatly reduced.


text: Until the reform period of the late 1970s and 1980s, the prices of most commodities were set by government agencies and changed infrequently. Because prices did not change when production costs or demand for a commodity altered, they often failed to reflect the true values of goods, causing many kinds of goods to be misallocated and producing a price system that the Chinese government itself referred to as "irrational."


text: The best way to generate the accurate prices required for economic efficiency is through the process of supply and demand, and government policy in the 1980s increasingly advocated the use of prices that were "mutually agreed upon by buyer and seller"; that is, determined through the market.


text: The prices of products in the farm produce free markets were determined by supply and demand, and in the summer of 1985 the state store prices of all food items except grain also were allowed to float in response to market conditions. Prices of most goods produced by private and collectively owned enterprises in both rural and urban areas generally were free to float, as were the prices of many items that state-owned enterprises produced outside the plan. Prices of most major goods produced by state-owned enterprises, however, along with the grain purchased from farmers by state commercial departments for retail sales in the cities, still were set or restricted by government agencies and still were not sufficiently accurate.


text: In 1987 the price structure in China was chaotic. Some prices were determined in the market through the forces of supply and demand, others were set by government agencies, and still others were produced by procedures that were not clearly defined. In many cases, there was more than one price for the same commodity, depending on how it was exchanged, the kind of unit that produced it, or who the buyer was. While the government was not pleased with this situation, it was committed to continued price reform. It was reluctant, however, to release the remaining fixed prices because of potential political and economic disruption. Sudden unpredictable price changes would leave consumers unable to continue buying some goods; some previously profitable enterprises under the old price structure would begin to take losses, and others would abruptly become very wealthy.


text: As a result of the economic reform program and the increased importance of market exchange and profitability, in the 1980s prices played a central role in determining the production and distribution of goods in most sectors of the economy. Previously, in the strict centrally planned system, enterprises had been assigned output quotas and inputs in physical terms. Under the reform program, the incentive to show a positive profit caused even state-owned enterprises to choose inputs and products on the basis of prices whenever possible. State-owned enterprises could not alter the amounts or prices of goods they were required to produce by the plan, but they could try to increase their profits by purchasing inputs as inexpensively as possible, and their off-plan production decisions were based primarily on price considerations. Prices were the main economic determinant of production decisions in agriculture and in private and collectively owned industrial enterprises despite the fact that regulations, local government fees or harassment, or arrangements based on personal connections often prevented enterprises from carrying out those decisions.


text: Consumer goods were allocated to households by the price mechanism, except for rationed grain. Families decided what commodities to buy on the basis of the prices of the goods in relation to household income.


text: The grain market was a typical example of a situation in which the government was confronted with major problems whether it allowed the irrational price structure to persist or carried out price reform. State commercial agencies paid farmers a higher price for grain than the state received from the urban residents to whom they sold it. In 1985 state commercial agencies paid farmers an average price of ¥416.4 per ton of grain and then sold it in the cities at an average price of ¥383.3 a ton, for a loss of ¥33.1 per ton. Ninety million tons were sold under this arrangement, causing the government to lose nearly ¥3 billion. If the state reduced the procurement price, farmers would reduce their grain production. Because grain was the staple Chinese diet, this result was unacceptable. If the state increased the urban retail price to equal the procurement price, the cost of the main food item for Chinese families would rise 9 percent, generating enormous resentment. But even this alternative would probably not entirely resolve the problem, as the average free-market price of grain - ¥510.5 a ton in 1987 - indicated that its true value was well above the state procurement price.


text: There was no clear solution to the price policy dilemma. The approach of the government was to encourage the growth of non-planned economic activity and thereby expand the proportion of prices determined by market forces. These market prices could then serve as a guide for more accurate pricing of planned items. It was likely that the Chinese economy would continue to operate with a dual price system for some years to come.


text: One of the most striking manifestations of economic instability in China in the 1930s and 1940s was runaway inflation. Inflation peaked during the Chinese civil war of the late 1940s, when wholesale prices in Shanghai increased 7.5 million times in the space of 3 years. In the early 1950s, stopping inflation was a major government objective, accomplished through currency reform, unification and nationalization of the banks, and tight control over prices and the money supply. These measures were continued until 1979, and China achieved a remarkable record of price stability. Price increases from the 1950s to the 1970s were generally minimal, although the periods of the Great Leap Forward and the Great Famine were notable exceptions. For example, between 1952 and 1978, retail prices for consumer goods grew at an average rate of only 0.6 percent a year. During the Mao era, "China had one of the most stable fiat currencies in modern times."


text: During the reform period, higher levels of inflation appeared when government controls were reduced. The first serious jump in the cost of living for urban residents occurred in 1980, when consumer prices rose by 7.5 percent. In 1985 the increase was 11.9 percent, and in 1986 it was 7.6 percent. There were several basic reasons for this burst of inflation after thirty years of steady prices. First, the years before the reform saw a generally high rate of investment and concentration on the manufacture of producer goods. The resultant shortage of consumer commodities caused a gradual accumulation of excess demand: personal savings were relatively large, and, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a booming market for such expensive consumer durables as watches and television sets. Second, the real value of many items changed as some resources became more scarce and as technology altered both manufacturing processes and products. The real cost of producing agricultural products rose with the increased use of modern inputs. Manufactured consumer goods that were more technologically advanced and more expensive than those previously on the market - such as washing machines and color television sets - became available.


text: During the early 1980s, both consumer incomes and the amount of money in circulation increased fairly rapidly and, at times, unexpectedly. Consumer incomes grew because of the reform program's emphasis on material incentives and because of the overall expansion in productivity and income-earning possibilities. The higher profits earned and retained by enterprises were passed on to workers, in many cases, in the form of wage hikes, bonuses, and higher subsidies. At the same time, the expanded and diversified role of the banking system caused the amounts of loans and deposits to increase at times beyond officially sanctioned levels, injecting unplanned new quantities of currency into the economy.


text: By 1987, under the stimulus of the reform program, the Chinese economy had made major strides toward achieving modernization and improved living standards. The potential for further improvements in efficiency and productivity was greatly increased by the revival of the education system, the opening of the economy to broader trade and cooperation with other countries, the expanded use of the market to enliven commerce and production, and the increased decision-making power of individual economic units.


Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes is a 2015 horror mystery novel written by Scott Cawthon and Kira Breed-Wrisley. It is based on Cawthon's bestselling horror video-game series "Five Nights at Freddy's", and is considered by Cawthon to be separate (albeit similar) from the events that occurred in the game series, as well as his and her debut novel.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes

text: Two sequels to "The Silver Eyes", entitled "Five Nights at Freddy's: The Twisted Ones" and "Five Nights at Freddy's: The Fourth Closet" were released on June 27, 2017, and June 26, 2018, respectively.


text: In 1995, 17-year-old Charlotte Emily (known as "Charlie") returns to her hometown, Hurricane, Utah, to attend the launch of a scholarship dedicated to her childhood friend Michael Brooks. Michael and four other children were murdered at a local family restaurant, Freddy Fazbear's Pizza, 10 years ago. Charlie's father, Henry, designer of the restaurant's animatronic mascots, was suspected of murder, and consequently died by suicide by allowing an unknown animatronic to kill him. Charlie reunites with her friends, Carlton Burke, John, and Jessica, to revisit the restaurant. They discover that it has been surrounded by a partially-built mall and locate a back route into the pizzeria, finding all the animatronics still in place.


text: Following the ceremony to honor Michael, John tells Charlie that he remembers seeing a person in a yellow Freddy Fazbear costume on the day of Michael's death, suspecting that this stranger was the murderer. That night, Charlie and her friends return to the restaurant, further accompanied by friends Marla, Lamar, and Marla's younger half-brother Jason, who was only one at the time of Michael's murder. While playing an impulsive game of hide-and-seek with John, Charlie encounters one of the animatronics, Foxy the Pirate, who she was terrified of as a child. Recalling suppressed details of her childhood, Charlie remembers that Henry used to own another restaurant in New Harmony, named Fredbear's Family Diner, featuring two animatronics: yellow versions of Freddy and Bonnie.


text: Charlie and John drive to New Harmony, where Charlie recalls the day her twin brother, Sammy, was kidnapped by someone wearing a distinct yellow Bonnie costume. This led to her parents divorcing and leaving the original restaurant. Charlie suspects Sammy's abduction and Michael's murder are connected. Later, the teenagers return to Freddy's once again, only to encounter the mall's lone security guard Dave. He had blocked their entrance and in their eagerness to see Freddy's again, they asked him to join them. Upon entering however, Dave unexpectedly retrieves a Spring Bonnie costume and kidnaps Carlton, witnessed by Jason. The group flee, informing Carlton's father, police chief Clay Burke, who suspects it is just another of his son's pranks. He invites the group to stay the night in his home until his son returns from his prank in the morning. In the meanwhile, police officer Dunn, is sent to investigate the abandoned restaurant alone but is murdered by Dave in the Spring Bonnie suit.


text: Meanwhile, John and Charlie research Fredbear's history in the library, discovering a newspaper article on Sammy's kidnapping. A background check that Clay discovers reveals "Dave Miller", whose true name is identified as William Afton, was co-owner of both restaurants. Separate scenes with Clay reveal that Afton was the primary suspect in the murders, but no direct evidence could be found against him. Back at the restaurant, Afton has placed Carlton in a costume, which can be worn by both humans and animatronics through a series of spring-loaded mechanisms called "spring locks". These locks could be lethal if triggered whilst a human is wearing the suit. When Carlton asks Afton how he knows about this, Afton deliberately reveals unnaturally symmetrical pairs of half-moon cuts, first noticed by Charlie when they met "Dave". William Afton was the true creator of these horrible reminders of hell.


text: Jason returns to the restaurant to save Carlton, followed by Charlie and her friends. They rescue Carlton - Charlie using her memories with her dad to release him from the spring lock suit - and promptly knock out and tie up "Dave". They force him awake with a water bucket and question him about the murders. He coldly refuses to speak until Charlie notices he's staring at the yellow Bonnie head. Annoyed, she places it over his head, where he begins to speak fluidly. He claims the suits are haunted by the souls of the dead children, and that they don't remember who killed them. He also claims that he will "walk over their corpses in the morning" - referring to the group - because the dead children see him as "one of them" while in his suit. Shaken by his answer, they attempt to leave the place, only to swiftly find that the animatronics – Freddy, Bonnie, Chica, and Foxy – are aggressive towards them. This becomes obvious as Charlie is chased by Bonnie, Jason is taken by Foxy, and is later hunted by Freddy, along with Marla and Lamar, all are chased by Chica, and an unknown animatronic nearly breaks down the security room door that protected both John and Jessica. The group eventually gets surrounded by the animatronics all at once, fully expecting they will be killed by them, but are saved when a fifth animatronic, the yellow Freddy suit (Golden Freddy) shows up. All the animatronics freeze on place. They all hear whispers from the empty suit; Michael's gentle spirit revealing itself. Clay then bursts through the brick walls with a sledgehammer, finding the group standing together and the animatronics frozen in place nearby. He begins to lead the group out to safety, but in a last attempt to do harm, Afton attacks Charlie in the Spring Bonnie suit. Charlie then activates the costume's spring locks, apparently killing Afton, and his body is dragged away by the animatronics, allowing the group to leave safely with Clay. The Golden Freddy suit disappears.


text: The group quietly goes their separate ways, the book leaving off with Charlie going to a cemetery to visit two unknown graves, recalling happier times with her father.


text: On December 11, 2015, Scott Cawthon posted a teaser on his website for an upcoming untitled novel. According to him, the novel was written "alongside a professional writer for the last ten months" and "expands the mythos", revealing "a human element never before seen in the games". On December 15, 2015, Cawthon revealed the title of the book. The book was originally called "Five Nights at Freddy's: The Untold Story", but was renamed shortly after. It was supposed to be available for Amazon Kindle on December 22, 2015, but because of an error in Amazon's system, it was released slightly earlier on December 17, 2015. The paperback edition of the book was published by Scholastic on September 27, 2016.


text: Although it was released to resounding success, "Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes" drew criticism from fans, as they did not see connections between the novel and the video game franchise. Therefore, as fans had claims of the book's lore conflicting with that of the games' lore, Cawthon replied that: "The games and the books should be considered to be separate continuities, even if they do share many familiar elements. So yes, the book is canon, just as the games are. That doesn't mean that they are intended to fit together like two puzzle pieces. [...] The book is a re-imagining of the "Five Nights at Freddy's" story, and if you go into it with that mindset, I think you will really enjoy it."


text: Quoting on how "The Silver Eyes" could be improved, "Latin Post" stated, "Perhaps, it is better if Cawthon will give in to the request of the fans and reveal some clues in the book. "Five Nights at Freddy's" is a game that one won't be able to finish easily. Filled with challenges and puzzles, it tests one's strategy to play hard and survive. Its difficulty level is something one should not undermine. That is why many are hoping to find the answers between the book's pages. Cawthon will be doing his gamers a favor if the book will explain some of the mysteries of the game. If he does, for sure his fans will love it."


text: On the positive side, Kevin Anderson & Associates complimented Cawthon and their very own associate, Breed-Wrisley on writing the novel. They commented that it had a "rousing narrative and animated pace" that "brings you


text: into the main character, Charlie's world as she returns to her home on the tenth anniversary of Hurricane, Utah's most gruesome homicide." Ending the quote, they said, "The first in a three-book series, "Five Night's at Freddy’s: The Silver Eyes" has fans hungry for more. We are so proud of Scott and Kira's amazing accomplishment and look forward to celebrating many more in the near future."


text: "Five Nights at Freddy's: The Twisted Ones" is the second novel written by Cawthon and Breed-Wrisley and is the direct sequel to "The Silver Eyes". It was first discovered on Amazon in early 2017, sparking controversy on the legitimacy of the product. Later, Cawthon confirmed that the novel was in fact official. The book was released early in some bookstores, but was released publicly on June 27, 2017. It portrays the main character, Charlie, who "had a new fresh start", but finds herself "drawn back into the world of her father's frightening creations" as she tries to move on from the events of "The Silver Eyes", which takes place a year earlier.


text: The third and final book in the trilogy, "Five Nights at Freddy's: The Fourth Closet", was released on June 26, 2018. The novel takes a focus on Charlie's friends, who discover the truth behind Charlie's fate in "The Twisted Ones", while mysterious events unfold after the opening of a new Freddy-themed restaurant.


text: Both of the sequels to "The Silver Eyes" received praise from "Kevin Anderson and Associates" for being listed as number one Amazon bestsellers during their respective releases.


title: Candidates of the 2022 Ontario general election

text: A Liberal candidate in Parry Sound—Muskoka was deregistered from the party before May 12, 2022, due to allegations of homophobic comments. A Liberal candidate in Chatham-Kent—Leamington was deregistered from the party for past homophobic comments on social media. A replacement candidate for the Liberals in Chatham-Kent—Leamington later withdrew from the race, citing personal attacks after the NDP alleged that the candidate had been registered using the previous candidate's signatures. Additionally, the Liberals did not field a candidate in Timmins due to "a technical issue".


text: $ = represents that the incumbent was announced as nominated by their party but later chose to retire


text: <nowiki>#</nowiki> = represents that the incumbent was announced as nominated by their party but later lost that party's nomination through departure or expulsion from caucus


title: Attack on Titan: Junior High

text: The manga has been adapted into an anime television series which began airing in October 2015. A rebroadcast was aired during January 2016.


title: Attack on Titan: Junior High

text: The story is a parody of the "Attack on Titan" manga, featuring younger, chibi versions of the characters as they attend the "Class 1-04" at the . The story focuses on their adventures during the first year at school.


title: Attack on Titan: Junior High

text: Saki Nakagawa began publishing "Attack on Titan: Junior High" in the May issue of Kodansha's monthly "shōnen" manga magazine "Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine" on April 9, 2012. A special chapter was published in the May issue of the "Monthly Shōnen Sirius" magazine on March 25, 2014. In the June 2016 issue, published on May 9, Nakagawa commented that the manga would be ending soon; the final chapter was published in the magazine's August issue, on July 9, 2016.


title: Attack on Titan: Junior High

text: The series was published in "tankōbon" form by Kodansha. It has been licensed for publication in North America by Kodansha USA. The series has been collected into eleven "tankōbon" volumes, published as five volumes in English. The additional chapters were published in a single volume in August 2018.


title: Attack on Titan: Junior High

text: A sequel, , known by its subtitle, was published in six chapters between June and August 2018 and collected into one volume.


title: Attack on Titan: Junior High

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced in July 2015. The series is directed by Yoshihide Ibata and written by Midori Gotou, with animation by animation studio Production I.G. Yuuko Yahiro provides character designs for the series, and Asami Tachibana composes the show's music although most of the music comes from the first season of the main anime. Kazuhiro Arai from Studio Homare is the series' art director, and Tetsuya Takahashi serves as director of photography. Taeko Hamauzu is the anime's editor and Masafumi Mima serves as sound director. Linked Horizon performs the series' opening theme, . The ending theme, , is performed by the voice actors for Eren, Mikasa, and Jean. All cast members from the main anime reprise their roles for "Attack on Titan: Junior High". The series premiered on October 4, 2015, and aired on MBS, Tokyo MX, BS11, RKK, and SBS. The anime portion is followed by a live-action segment composed of two parts, "Shingeki! Treasure Hunt" and "Sasha Tries ?? By Herself!!"; the former features the voice actors for Eren, Mikasa, Armin, and Bertholdt, and the latter features the voice actress for Sasha alongside a mascot called Titan-kun. The series was licensed in North America by Funimation, and is simulcast on their website. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. The anime was distributed in the United Kingdom by Anime Limited.


title: Attack on Titan: Junior High

text: Volume one made it onto "The New York Times" Manga Best Sellers list for three weeks, debuting at number eight before rising to number five.


title: Eighth note

text: An eighth note (American) or a quaver (British) is a musical note played for one eighth the duration of a whole note (semibreve). Its length relative to other rhythmic values is as expected—e.g., half the duration of a quarter note (crotchet), one quarter the duration of a half note (minim), and twice the value of a sixteenth note. It is the equivalent of the "fusa" in mensural notation.


title: Eighth note

text: Eighth notes are notated with an oval, filled-in note head and a straight note stem with one note flag (see Figure 1).


title: Eighth note

text: The stem is on the right of the notehead extending upwards or on the left extending downwards, depending primarily on where the notehead lies relative to the middle line of the staff. A related symbol is the eighth rest (or quaver rest), which denotes a silence for the same duration.


title: Eighth note

text: Eighth notes may be beamed together in groups (Figure 2). In , , , and they are typically beamed in groups of three. A single eighth note is always stemmed with a flag, while two or more are usually beamed in groups in instrumental music.


title: Eighth note

text: In Unicode, the symbol U+266A (♪) is a single eighth note and U+266B (♫) is a beamed pair of eighth notes. These symbols are inherited from the early 1980s code page 437, where they occupied codes 13 and 14 respectively. Additions to the Unicode standard incorporated eighth note depictions from Japanese emoji sets: ascending eighth notes (U+1F39C, 🎜), descending eighth notes (U+1F39D, 🎝), a graphical generic musical note generally depicted as an eighth note (U+1F3B5, 🎵), and three unconnected eighth notes in sequence (U+1F3B6, 🎶). All of these are graphical dingbats. In contrast, Unicode's Musical Symbols block includes eighth note symbols designed to be used in computerized musical notation.


title: Mark Feygin

text: Mark Zakharovich Feygin (; born 3 June 1971) is a former Russian lawyer and human rights activist who represented Pussy Riot, Nadiya Savchenko and Leonid Razvozzhayev in Russian courts. He also served from January 1994 to December 1995 as a deputy of the State Duma and was the vice mayor of Samara. In 2011 and 2012, Feygin was active in opposition to President Vladimir Putin, and announced that he was forming an opposition party. Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, he has gained a following on YouTube, hosting daily discussions with Ukrainian presidential advisor Oleksiy Arestovych on his channel.


title: Mark Feygin

text: In 1995 he graduated from the Law Faculty of the Samara State University. He was one of the leaders of the democratic movement in Samara, co-chairman of the regional organization of the movement Democratic Russia.


title: Mark Feygin

text: In 1993-1996 Feygin served as the Deputy of the State Duma from the fraction of Vybor Rossii, one of the authors and developers of the first edition of the Federal Law About General Principles of Local Government in Russian Federation. In 1995 he took a part in parliamentary groups participated in humanitarian missions during the combat operations in the North Caucasus. In 1996 he was also the editor in chief of the daily newspaper "CHISLA" published in Samara.


title: Mark Feygin

text: In 2000 he graduated from the Institute of Business Administration, Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow), faculty of "Strategic Management". In 2002 - the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry.


title: Mark Feygin

text: Feygin is the author of more than 20 scientific publications in the theme of municipal law and a number of monographs.


title: Mark Feygin

text: In 2012, Feygin served as one of three lawyers for Pussy Riot, a punk band arrested for an unauthorized performance in Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The band's trial became an international "cause célèbre" during their trial on charges of hooliganism. On 1 October 2012, an appellate hearing was postponed in the Moscow City Court after band member Yekaterina Samutsevich informed a panel of three judges that she wished to terminate the representation of her defense attorneys, stating, "My position in the criminal case does not coincide with their position." Samutsevich's new lawyer, Irina Khrunova, argued that her client had not in fact committed the acts of hooliganism in the church as she was prevented from accessing the soleas by church security. The court appeared to accept this argument, and released Samutsevich on two years probation. However, the judges rejected the appeals of Nadezhda Tolokonnikova and Maria Alyokhina, upholding their convictions and sentences.


title: Mark Feygin

text: On 19 November, Feygin and the two other lawyers for Pussy Riot withdrew from the case prior to Tolokonnikova's appeal, stating that they felt the court would be more likely to grant it if they were no longer a part of the defense. Samutsevich criticized the original legal team for allegedly using the trial for personal publicity rather than securing the release of the defendants. On 21 November, Samutsevich's lawyer told the press that Samutsevich was considering requesting that Feygin and the other original lawyers be disbarred for failing to return her passport and other belongings. Feygin responded via Twitter that Samutsevich was part of a "defamation campaign organized by the authorities", while another member of the legal team, Violeta Volkova, responded that the claims were "part of an agreement that allowed her to break free of the case". On 21 January 2013, Feygin, Volkova, and Nikolay Polozov filed suit against Khrunova and "Kommersant" for defamation. This suit was rejected by the Tverskoi District Court on 20 August 2013.


title: Mark Feygin

text: Feygin also defended Leonid Razvozzhayev, an opposition political aide who accused Russian authorities of having kidnapped him from Kyiv, Ukraine to face terrorism charges.


title: Mark Feygin

text: Since 11 June 2014 Feygin also defended Nadiya Savchenko, a Ukrainian air-force pilot who was captured by pro-Russian insurgents during the 2014 insurgency in Donbass (in eastern Ukraine) and who was detained in Russia and charged with the killing of two Russian journalists.


title: Mark Feygin

text: On 24 April 2018 the Moscow Chamber of Lawyers stripped Mark Feygin of his attorney status for his comments on Twitter about Anatoly Shariy's lawyer Stalina Gurevich and Shariy himself.


title: Substance P

text: Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) and a member of the tachykinin neuropeptide family. It is a neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. Substance P and its closely related neurokinin A (NKA) are produced from a polyprotein precursor after differential splicing of the preprotachykinin A gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of substance P is as follows:


title: Substance P

text: Substance P is released from the terminals of specific sensory nerves. It is found in the brain and spinal cord and is associated with inflammatory processes and pain.


title: Substance P

text: The original discovery of Substance P (SP) was in 1931 by Ulf von Euler and John H. Gaddum as a tissue extract that caused intestinal contraction "in vitro". Its tissue distribution and biologic actions were further investigated over the following decades. The eleven-amino-acid structure of the peptide was determined by Chang, et. al in 1971.


title: Substance P

text: In 1983, NKA (previously known as substance K or neuromedin L) was isolated from porcine spinal cord and was also found to stimulate intestinal contraction.


title: Substance P

text: The endogenous receptor for substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R). It belongs to the tachykinin receptor sub-family of GPCRs. Other neurokinin subtypes and neurokinin receptors that interact with SP have been reported as well. Amino acid residues that are responsible for the binding of SP and its antagonists are present in the extracellular loops and transmembrane regions of NK-1. Binding of SP to NK-1R results in internalization by the clathrin-dependent mechanism to the acidified endosomes where the complex disassociates. Subsequently, SP is degraded and NK-1R is re-expressed on the cell surface.


title: Substance P

text: Substance P and the NK1-receptor are widely distributed in the brain and are found in brain regions that are specific to regulating emotion (hypothalamus, amygdala, and the periaqueductal gray). They are found in close association with serotonin (5-HT) and neurons containing norepinephrine that are targeted by the currently used antidepressant drugs. The SP receptor promoter contains regions that are sensitive to cAMP, AP-1, AP-4, CEBPB, and epidermal growth factor. Because these regions are related to complexed signal transduction pathways mediated by cytokines, it has been proposed that cytokines and neurotropic factors can induce NK-1. Also, SP can induce the cytokines that are capable of inducing NK-1 transcription factors.


title: Substance P

text: Substance P ("P" standing for "Preparation" or "Powder") is a neuropeptide – but only nominally so, as it is ubiquitous. Its receptor – the neurokinin type 1 – is distributed over cytoplasmic membranes of many cell types (neurons, glia, endothelia of capillaries and lymphatics, fibroblasts, stem cells, white blood cells) in many tissues and organs. SP amplifies or excites most cellular processes.


title: Substance P

text: Substance P is a key first responder to most noxious/extreme stimuli (stressors), i.e., those with a potential to compromise biological integrity. SP is thus regarded as an immediate defense, stress, repair, survival system. The molecule, which is rapidly inactivated (or at times further activated by peptidases) is rapidly released – repetitively and chronically, as warranted, in the presence of a stressor. Unique among biological processes, SP release (and expression of its NK1 Receptor (through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine-like processes)) may not naturally subside in diseases marked by chronic inflammation (including cancer). The SP or its NK1R, as well as similar neuropeptides, appear to be vital targets capable of satisfying many unmet medical needs. The failure of clinical proof of concept studies, designed to confirm various preclinical predictions of efficacy, is currently a source of frustration and confusion among biomedical researchers.


title: Substance P

text: Substance P is a potent vasodilator. Substance P-induced vasodilation is dependent on nitric oxide release. Substance P is involved in the axon reflex-mediated vasodilation to local heating and wheal and flare reaction. It has been shown that vasodilation to substance P is dependent on the NK1 receptor located on the endothelium. In contrast to other neuropeptides studied in human skin, substance P-induced vasodilation has been found to decline during continuous infusion. This possibly suggests an internalization of neurokinin-1 (NK1). As is typical with many vasodilators, it also has bronchoconstrictive properties, administered through the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nervous system (branch of the vagal system).


title: Substance P

text: SP initiates expression of almost all known immunological chemical messengers (cytokines). Also, most of the cytokines, in turn, induce SP and the NK1 receptor. SP is particularly excitatory to cell growth and multiplication, via usual, as well as oncogenic drivers.


title: Substance P

text: Preclinical data support the notion that Substance P is an important element in pain perception. The sensory function of substance P is thought to be related to the transmission of pain information into the central nervous system. Substance P coexists with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in primary afferents that respond to painful stimulation. Substance P and other sensory neuropeptides can be released from the peripheral terminals of sensory nerve fibers in the skin, muscle, and joints. It is proposed that this release is involved in neurogenic inflammation, which is a local inflammatory response to certain types of infection or injury. Unfortunately, the reasons why NK1RAs have failed as efficacious analgesics in well-conducted clinical proof of concept studies have not yet been persuasively elucidated.


title: Substance P

text: Substance P has been associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, reinforcement, neurogenesis, respiratory rhythm, neurotoxicity, pain, and nociception. In 2014, it was found that substance P played a role in male fruit fly aggression.


title: Substance P

text: The vomiting center in the medulla, called the Area Postrema, contains high concentrations of substance P and its receptor, in addition to other neurotransmitters such as choline, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, and opioids. Their activation stimulates the vomiting reflex. Different emetic pathways exist, and substance P/NK1R appears to be within the final common pathway to regulate vomiting.


title: Substance P

text: The above processes are part and parcel to tissue integrity and repair. Substance P has been known to stimulate cell growth in normal and cancer cell line cultures, and it was shown that substance P could promote wound healing of non-healing ulcers in humans. SP and its induced cytokines promote multiplication of cells required for repair or replacement, growth of new blood vessels, and "leg-like pods" on cells (including cancer cells) bestowing upon them mobility, and metastasis. It has been suggested that cancer exploits the SP-NK1R to progress and metastasize, and that NK1RAs may be useful in the treatment of several cancer types.


title: Substance P

text: Elevation of serum, plasma, or tissue SP and/or its receptor (NK1R) has been associated with many diseases: sickle cell crisis; inflammatory bowel disease; major depression and related disorders; fibromyalgia; rheumatological; and infections such as HIV/AIDS and respiratory syncytial virus, as well as in cancer.


title: Substance P

text: When assayed in the human, the observed variability of the SP concentrations are large, and in some cases the assay methodology is questionable. SP concentrations cannot yet be used to diagnose disease clinically or gauge disease severity. It is not yet known whether changes in concentration of SP or density of its receptors is the cause of any given disease, or an effect.


title: Substance P

text: As increasingly documented, the SP-NK1R system induces or modulates many aspects of the immune response, including WBC production and activation, and cytokine expression, Reciprocally, cytokines may induce expression of SP and its NK1R. In this sense, for diseases in which a pro-inflammatory component has been identified or strongly suspected, and for which current treatments are absent or in need of improvement, abrogation of the SP-NK1 system continues to receive focus as a treatment strategy. Currently, the only completely developed method available in that regard is antagonism (blockade, inhibition) of the SP preferring receptor, i.e., by drugs known as neurokinin type 1 antagonists (also termed: SP antagonists, or tachykinin antagonists.) One such drug is aprepitant to prevent the nausea and vomiting that accompanies chemotherapy, typically for cancer.


title: Substance P

text: With the exception of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, the patho-physiological basis of many of the disease groups listed below, for which NK1RAs have been studied as a therapeutic intervention, are to varying extents hypothesized to be initiated or advanced by a chronic non-homeostatic inflammatory response.


title: Substance P

text: The role of SP in HIV-AIDS has been well-documented. Doses of aprepitant greater than those tested to date are required for demonstration of full efficacy. Respiratory syncytial and related viruses appear to upregulate SP receptors, and rat studies suggest that NK1RAs may be useful in treating or limiting long term sequelae from such infections.


title: Substance P

text: "Entamoeba histolytica" is a unicellular parasitic protozoan that infects the lower gastrointestinal tract of humans. The symptoms of infection are diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain. This protozoan was found to secrete serotonin as well as substance P and neurotensin.


title: Substance P

text: Despite strong preclinical rationale, efforts to demonstrate efficacy of SP antagonists in inflammatory disease have been unproductive. A study in women with IBS confirmed that an NK1RAs antagonist was anxiolytic.


title: Substance P

text: In line with its role as a first line defense system, SP is released when toxicants or poisons come into contact with a range of receptors on cellular elements in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, located in the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain (area postrema). Presumably, SP is released in or around the nucleus of the solitary tract upon integrated activity of dopamine, serotonin, opioid, and/or acetylcholine receptor signaling. NK1Rs are stimulated. In turn, a fairly complex reflex is triggered involving cranial nerves responsible for respiration, retroperistalsis, and general autonomic discharge. The actions of aprepitant are said to be entirely central, thus requiring passage of the drug into the central nervous system. However, given that NK1Rs are unprotected by a blood brain barrier in the area postrema just adjacent to neuronal structures in the medulla, and the activity of sendide (the peptide based NK1RA) against cisplatin-induced emesis in the ferret, it is likely that some peripheral exposure contributes to antiemetic effects, even if through vagal terminals in the clinical setting.


title: Substance P

text: When the innervation to substance P nerve terminals is lost, post-synaptic cells compensate for the loss of adequate neurotransmitter by increasing the expression of post-synaptic receptors. This, ultimately, leads to a condition known as denervation supersensitivity as the post-synaptic nerves will become hypersensitive to any release of substance P into the synaptic cleft.


title: Substance P

text: Tachykinin / Substance P plays an evolutionarily conserved role in inducing aggressive behaviors. In rodents and cats, activation of hypothalamic neurons which release Substance P induces aggressive behaviors (defensive biting and predatory attack). Similarly, in fruit flies, tachykinin-releasing neurons have been implicated in aggressive behaviors (lunging). In this context, male-specific tachykinin neurons control lunging behaviors that can be modulated by the amount of tachykinin release.


title: Freya Ridings

text: Freya Ridings (born 19 April 1994) is an English singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Ridings rose to prominence in 2017 with her ballad, "Lost Without You", which became a top ten hit on the UK Singles Chart. She followed this with the release of her debut extended play, "You Mean the World to Me" (2019). Her self-titled debut album was supported by the single "Castles", which would become her international breakthrough.


title: Freya Ridings

text: Ridings was raised in North London and grew up in Palmers Green. She is the daughter of British actor and musician Richard Ridings, and learned guitar from watching him play. She attended St Christopher School in Letchworth, followed by the BRIT School from the age of 16.


title: Freya Ridings

text: Ridings released her debut single, "Blackout", on 5 May 2017. She released the single "Maps" on 30 June 2017. On 22 September 2017 she released her debut live album "Live at St Pancras Old Church". After releasing the album she went on to her first full headline tour in the UK. She spent most of 2017 supporting the likes of Tears for Fears, Tash Sultana and Lewis Capaldi. She released "Lost Without You" on 3 November 2017. The song peaked at number 9 in the UK Singles Chart, after being featured on the reality show "Love Island" in July 2018. It was subsequently chosen by Scott Mills' as his 'Tune of the Week' on his Radio 1 show in August 2018. She released her second live album, "Live at Omeara", on 30 March 2018. She released the single "Ultraviolet" on 15 June 2018.


title: Freya Ridings

text: In 2019, she released the single "You Mean the World to Me", which was re-produced by Greg Kurstin, followed by an extended play of the same name. She also announced her self-titled debut album, with an original release date of 31 May 2019, but it was pushed back to 19 July 2019.


title: Freya Ridings

text: On June 29 2019, Ridings played a set on the Glastonbury John Peel stage, after the festival founder Michael Eavis personally attended one of her concerts in Bristol.


title: SimCity 4

text: SimCity 4 is a city-building simulation computer game developed by Maxis, a subsidiary of Electronic Arts. It was released on January 14, 2003. It is the fourth major installment in the "SimCity" series. "SimCity 4" has a single expansion pack called which adds features to the game. "SimCity 4: Deluxe Edition" contained the original game and "Rush Hour" combined as a single product.


title: SimCity 4

text: The game allows players to create a region of land by terraforming, and then to design and build a settlement which can grow into a city. Players can zone different areas of land as commercial, industrial, or residential development, as well as build and maintain public services, transport and utilities. For the success of a city, players must manage its finances, environment, and quality of life for its residents. "SimCity 4" introduces night and day cycles and other special effects for the first time in the "SimCity" series. External tools such as the Building Architect Tool (BAT) allow custom third-party buildings and content to be added to the gameplay.


title: SimCity 4

text: "SimCity 4" was praised for being the first game in the main "SimCity" series to primarily use a 3D engine to render its graphics, following the implementation of 3D graphics in "SimCity 64" for the Nintendo 64DD. It received widespread acclaim, won several awards, and was one of the top ten selling PC games of 2003. However, it was criticized for its difficulty and its demands on computer performance.


title: SimCity 4

text: As with previous "SimCity" titles, "SimCity 4" places players in the role of a mayor, tasked with populating and developing tracts of lands into cities, while fulfilling the needs of fellow Sims that live in the cities. Cities are now located in regions that are divided into segments, each of which can be developed. The player has the option of starting the city in a segment of any of three area sizes. In real measurements, the smallest has a length of one kilometer on a side, and the largest has a length of four kilometers on a side. The size of a region and its layout of segments can be changed in a bitmap file provided for each region.


title: SimCity 4

text: Neighbor cities play a larger role than in the previous versions of the game. For example, neighbor deals can be established, where a city can exchange resources such as water, electricity and garbage disposal with other cities for money. Players may develop several inter-dependent cities at the same time, eventually populating the entire region.


title: SimCity 4

text: Upon selecting a specific segment in a region, the gameplay is divided into three "modes": god mode, mayor mode, and MySim mode. Mayor and MySim modes become available after establishing a city. God mode is available before establishing a city and afterwards, albeit with fewer functions. By obliterating the city, which resets the map, all functions in God mode are reactivated.


title: SimCity 4

text: God mode allows players to design or terraform a selected tract of land where the city will be built. God mode also allows players to trigger disasters, including tornadoes and earthquakes among several others. Players can select an area where a disaster will occur and even control the direction of certain disasters. Most terraforming tools are disabled after the city is named and founded. The player still has some terraforming tools made available in mayor mode, although they become very limited and expensive, and they can still trigger disasters at will.


title: SimCity 4

text: In addition to these abilities, god mode also gives the player tools to reconcile the borders of the cities, so as to fix any discrepancies created during the terraforming process, and a day/night cycle adjustment, so that one can make it always day, always night, or alternate between day or night in accordance with the in-universe game clock. Both the ability to reconcile the city edges and the ability to modify the day/night cycle are available even once the city has been established.


title: SimCity 4

text: In mayor mode, city building is conducted. Several advisors may give advice to the player on how to best manage a city. Players can build transportation networks, which include roads, streets, avenues, highways, railways, subway lines, and bus stations, draw out building zones, construct civic buildings, and adjust city funding and tax rates. Players can also terraform and plant trees in this mode, but in a much smaller scale than in god mode and costing money.


title: SimCity 4

text: Zones are planned building plots that are empty at first but then populated by buildings depending on the type and density of the zone. Areas of land can be zoned as residential, commercial or industrial areas in various densities where the city will begin to grow. Agriculture is a separate industrial zone-type, unlike previous versions of "SimCity", enabling farms to grow regardless of high land value, so long as demand exists for agriculture and agricultural zones have been provided. Zones are now automatically aligned towards roads and most buildings must be adjacent to a road in order to function properly; streets are automatically created when zoning on large tracts of land.


title: SimCity 4

text: Buildings are classified into several wealth levels, zone types, and building size stages, which are affected by the region's population and the city's condition. The game simulates urban decay and gentrification with buildings deteriorating and refurbished accordingly. Buildings originally constructed for occupation by higher wealth tenants can now support lower wealth tenants in the event surrounding factors forces the current tenants to vacate the building; this allows certain buildings to remain in use despite lacking its initial occupants. Buildings and lots can be constructed on slopes.


title: SimCity 4

text: Civic buildings can be constructed that need constant funding to work properly, such as schools, hospitals, parks, police stations, jails, and fire stations. These buildings come in two or more sizes compared to the single, universal types that were used in previous games. Settlements also need public utilities such as electricity with more or less polluting and more or less expensive types of power stations, water pumps, water purification plants, and waste management services. Facilities that had previously provided citywide coverage, such as educational facilities and medical facilities, have been modified to provide more limited coverage, as it has been with police stations and fire stations in previous "SimCity" titles.


title: SimCity 4

text: Funding can be adjusted for individual buildings rather than having to change the funding to all buildings, allowing users to specify how much money should be spent to supply a service in accordance to the local population. Maintenance expenses for public utility facilities will increase as they age. The maximum output of facilities also decreases as they get older, with the rate dependent on the facility's percentage of its capacity being used and level of funding.


title: SimCity 4

text: MySim mode enables players to create user-defined Sims, who will live and work in the city the player has created. When moving a Sim into a city, the player can choose from a selection of characters or import others from "The Sims". Sims can be killed by certain disasters or catastrophic events, leave the city if conditions are unfavorable, or die of old age. After they die, their "child" sometimes takes over for them by taking their name, house, and job.


title: SimCity 4

text: Buildings in "SimCity 4" are based on four distinct architectural styles, which can be selected simultaneously or only on one era to be built. The earliest era is based on early office towers from Chicago, Illinois, in the 1890s, an Art Deco-based set from New York City based on the 1940s, a modernist/international style based on buildings from Houston, Texas, in the 1990s and modern European architecture based mostly around Germany. There are a number of buildings based on those found in San Francisco, including the Shell Building (appearing as "Wren Insurance"), 450 Sutter Street (appearing as "Vu Financial"), and the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Building also known as 140 New Montgomery Street (as "The Galvin Corp"). The May Company store (now LACMA West) in Los Angeles appears as "Dennis Department Store." The game also includes famous landmarks from various cities, such as the Empire State Building from New York City.


title: SimCity 4

text: Unlike its predecessors, which used an engine based on 2D isometric graphics and sprites, "SimCity 4" primarily uses a 3D engine to render its graphics. The landscape and moving props such as vehicles are modeled as fully polygonal and rotatable 3D objects. Small buildings and props are drawn as flat images, which are pasted onto billboards; polygons with their surface normal facing into the camera. Larger buildings are modeled using a hybrid approach; a simple polygonal model defines the shape of the building, then textures are added to create detail such as doors, windows and rooftop clutter.


title: SimCity 4

text: Although a 3D engine is used, the camera in "SimCity 4" is restricted to a fixed trimetric orthographic projection for performance reasons. Additionally, a simulated city can now be seen at nighttime as well as during daytime. The time of the day does not affect the gameplay.


title: SimCity 4

text: The game includes over three hours of background music in MP3 format, ranging from three to eight minutes in length. The music is divided between that used in region mode and god mode, and that used in the city view in mayor mode and MySim mode. In addition, the game has a facility for players to use their own music in the game, also divided between the two views. The music, largely composed by Jerry Martin, was also released separately as a soundtrack.


title: SimCity 4

text: Following "SimCity 4" release, several add-ons and development kits were made available on its official site.


title: SimCity 4

text: New landmarks, including Rockefeller Center, the Brandenburg Gate, and Stonehenge were made available online. Later, landmarks were primarily used to demonstrate the capability of Gmax and the Building Architect Tool (BAT) around the time of the BAT's release.


title: SimCity 4

text: The Terrain Generator tool allowed users to create maps based on any of the 48 contiguous United States. The maps are based on data collected by the United States Geological Survey.


title: SimCity 4

text: The Building Architect Tool (BAT) is a suite of tools developed for producing custom buildings. The suite consists of three applications: The Building Architect game pack for Gmax, which enabled users to render Gmax models into "SimCity 4" sprites or props to be imported into the LE; an updated version of the LE; and the standalone Plug-in Manager, which enables users to modify simulation properties for new lots. Several modified versions have been released that have, in effect, served as bug fixes for various problems that had not been discovered before the initial release. First released in February 2004, it enabled the modding community to produce custom buildings and props for "SC4". "SimCity 4" Building Architect Tool is similar in function to "SimCity 3000" Building Architect Tool and "SimCity 2000" Urban Renewal Kit; however, previous programs of this kind were created from scratch by Maxis and used completely different interfaces. The "SC4" BAT required a third-party application (Gmax) to function and was never bundled with "SC4" or the "Rush Hour" expansion pack, as "SimCity 3000 Unlimited" had with its own BAT.


title: SimCity 4

text: The Lot Editor (LE) is a tool which allows users to edit or design lots for "SimCity 4" using available props. Because it was released several months before the BAT as a stand-alone version, users at the time were only capable of producing lots that consisted of built-in props from "SC4". The BAT provided users with an updated version of the LE, which rendered the original LE utility obsolete. However, the old version is still made available in the official site.


title: SimCity 4

text: In addition to official tools, third-party programs were released for further accessibility in editing "SimCity 4" contents, potentially allowing users to change the nature of the game itself. Following the release of the Lot Editor and the "BAT" (Building Architect Tool), the majority of add-ons in circulation consist of user-created content; most are buildings and lots, including real-life landmarks, chain stores, extra houses, etc., while others include cosmetic changes for terrain, flora, custom vehicles and modifications in the game's behavior. Some even fundamentally change the mechanics of the game (for instance, by introducing multi-function transportation networks and stations, or by modifying the distance Sims are willing to walk in order to reach transit or their jobs). In some cases, both the skills of lot building and modding are combined, producing lots that are capable of affecting a city in a variety of ways. Some third-party content is only available to those with expansion packs or another mod.


title: SimCity 4

text: In the United Kingdom, "SimCity 4" sold over 100,000 units during the first half of 2003. This made it the United Kingdom's third-best-selling computer game for the period, or eighth across all platforms. At the time, Kristan Reed of GamesIndustry.biz wrote that its performance proved "you can still have big hits on PC". By the end of the year, British sales of the game had reached 105,000 units, which made it 79th-biggest seller across all platforms that year. The game later received a "Gold" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom. Its "Deluxe" edition earned a "Silver" award from ELSPA, for at least 100,000 sales.


title: SimCity 4

text: Shortly after its release, the PC version of "SimCity 4" garnered mainly positive reviews, gaining 84/100 from Metacritic, and an 85.09% overall score from GameRankings.


title: SimCity 4

text: The game got a 9.2/10 rating at IGN, calling it a "major evolutionary step in the series". The review commented that the addition of the region view mode adds more depth to "SimCity 4" and that the gameplay has a "more accurate representation of city planning and maintenance" than of previous titles in the "SimCity" series.


title: SimCity 4

text: The game scored an 8.1/10 rating at GameSpot, stating that the game had a "sleek, attractive interface" and "great audio"; it added however that "SimCity 4" was "rather rushed" and that the MySim mode "seems like an afterthought." The review concluded that it was a "complex and detailed strategy game," "though not as polished as it could have been." The publication later named it the best computer game of January 2003.


title: SimCity 4

text: GameSpy gave the game a score of 75/100, commenting that "SimCity 4" is "graphically stunning"; the review also criticized the game for having issues "that will likely kill the game for casual players" including performance and difficulty.


title: SimCity 4

text: 1UP.com rated the game at B+ and praised the region view feature as well as the detail of the graphics which create a "deeper sense of simulation." The review however criticizes "SimCity 4" for suffering crashes and performance issues.


title: SimCity 4

text: "SimCity 4" received further reviews after the release of the Macintosh version. The game received a rating of 7.25/10 from InsideMacGames. The review commented that the regional gameplay was a "new and welcome addition" and that it had detailed and realistic graphics; it was also said however that the game was not "revolutionary," had "horrendous bugs," and that the tutorial and manual lacked information.


title: SimCity 4

text: Urban planner Jeff Speck said that "SimCity 4"s traffic model is "more advanced than what most traffic engineers use in real life".


title: SimCity 4

text: "SimCity 4" was chosen as one of IGN's "Editors' Choice" games for January 2003. It was also given the Parents' Choice Award by the Parents' Choice Foundation.


title: SimCity 4

text: On September 22, 2003, Maxis released an expansion pack for "SimCity 4" dubbed "Rush Hour". The expansion pack enhances the range of transportation facilities available to the player, such as being able to build four-lane avenues and elevated rail networks, as well as allowing them to trace traffic flow, while also allowing them to construct larger civic facilities; some such facilities have greater capacities, but all have increased maintenance costs. Additional features with the expansion also included the ability to control vehicles, take on missions that can unlock reward buildings much faster, affect their rating with the city and sometimes acquire a cash bonus, and introduced the ability to change between four architectural styles - three of these focus on architectural styles of American cities of differing eras, while the fourth introduces a new range of contemporary European-inspired architecture.


title: SimCity 4

text: On the same day that the expansion pack "Rush Hour" was released, a bundle pack combining both the main game and the expansion pack was released, entitled "SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition". On August 25, 2004, Aspyr Media released "SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition" for Mac OS X.


title: SimCity 4

text: On July 20, 2010, Electronic Arts released the Deluxe Edition ("SimCity 4" and its "Rush Hour" expansion) for digital download on Steam, a digital distribution service by Valve. The game is also available on GOG.com, Direct2Drive and Impulse as well as EA's own Origin service. On April 10, 2014, Aspyr released an updated version of their port of the Deluxe Edition on the Mac App Store. The updated version includes bug fixes and performance enhancements, native resolution support, and support for the latest versions of Mac OS X.


title: SimCity 4

text: Around 2014 it was found out that the copy of SimCity 4 sold on EA's Origin was distributing an outdated "digital version" that had a different checksum which made the game unpatchable even by Maxis' own update utilities. This version of the game lacked the stability and modding support compared to those sold on other platforms. Following a small outcry from the SimCity 4 community on August 27, 2014, EA pushed an update that replaced the SimCity executable with those being disturbed on other platforms. However, on February 5, 2017, SimCity community members reported that their copy was downgraded back to the unpatchable "digital version" and EA provided no explanation. And as of August 28, 2022 Origin is still distributing the outdated "digital version" while displaying modded versions of the game on its store page.


title: SimCity 4

text: Will Wright stated in an interview on May 16, 2003, that there would probably be more expansion packs after "Rush Hour", but none were ever released. In another interview on May 22, 2004, Wright stated that Maxis was attempting to work out a "new direction" for "SimCity" after new versions had become "steadily more complex".


title: SimCity 4

text: Two "SimCity" games for PC have followed "SimCity 4". The first was "SimCity Societies", which was developed by Tilted Mill Entertainment and released on November 13, 2007. The second was "SimCity", which was announced in March 2012 and was released in March 2013.


title: SimCity 4

text: During the Republican presidential primaries of 2012, candidate Herman Cain's 9-9-9 taxation proposal was widely attributed to a similar tax structure presented in "SimCity 4"; the CNBC cable networks relayed the story of the linkage of the "SimCity" "ideal parameters" as a possible origin of the taxation proposal (the story itself may have originated in the technical press), but Cain denied any link to the game.


title: Creatonotos gangis

text: Creatonotos gangis is a species of arctiine moth in South East Asia and Australia. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 "Centuria Insectorum".


title: Creatonotos gangis

text: Adults have white hindwings and brown forewings, each with a dark streak, and a wingspan of 4 cm. The abdomen is red or, more rarely, yellow. Males have four large eversible coremata (scent-extruding organs), which can exceed the length of the abdomen when inflated.


title: Creatonotos gangis

text: The eggs are yellow and round, and are laid in rows on the leaves of food plants. The caterpillars are brown hairy animals with a yellow stripe along the back, with a polyphagous diet, known as a minor pest which feeds on groundnuts, rice, ragi, sorghum, "Pennisetum americanum", coffee, sweet potato, and lucerne crops.


title: Creatonotos gangis

text: In, "The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume I", the species is described as follows:


title: Creatonotos gangis

text: "Creatonotos gangis" lives in South East Asia and parts of Australia. Its Asian distribution includes eastern Indonesia, India, Iran, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Thailand and New Guinea. In Australia, it is restricted to northern parts of Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland, extending as far south as Mackay.


title: Creatonotos gangis

text: Adult males secrete the pheromone hydroxydanaidal in order to attract mates. The amount produced, and the size of the coremata which produce it, are however dependent on the diet that the moth experienced as a caterpillar. If the larval diet contained pyrrolizidine alkaloids, then the coremata become large and the male will release up to 400 micrograms (0.4 milligrams) of Hydroxydanaidal, but if it does not, then the coremata do not grow large and no scent is produced.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: "Ain't I a Woman?" is a speech, delivered extemporaneously, by Sojourner Truth (1797–1883), born into slavery in New York State. Some time after gaining her freedom in 1827, she became a well known anti-slavery speaker. Her speech was delivered at the Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851, and did not originally have a title.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: The speech was briefly reported in two contemporary newspapers, and a transcript of the speech was published in the "Anti-Slavery Bugle" on June 21, 1851. It received wider publicity in 1863 during the American Civil War when Frances Dana Barker Gage published a different version, one which became known as Ain't I a Woman? because of its oft-repeated question. This later, better known and more widely available version was the one commonly referenced in popular culture and, until historian Nell Irvin Painter's 1996 biography of Truth, by historians as well.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: Sojourner Truth was born Isabella Baumfree in 1797 in New York State. Truth ran from her master in 1827 after he went back on his promise of her freedom. She became a priest and an activist throughout the 1840s-1850s. She delivered her speech, "Ain't I a Woman?", at the Women's Rights Convention in 1851. Truth questions the treatment of white women compared to Black women. Seemingly pointing out a man in the room, Truth says, "That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere." In the Gage version, she exclaims that no one ever does any of these things for her, repeating the question, "And ain't I a woman?" several times. She says that she has worked and birthed many children, making her as much a woman as anyone else. There is no official published version of her speech; many rewritings of it were published anywhere from one month to 12 years after it was spoken.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: The phrase "Am I not a man and a brother?" had been used by British abolitionists since the late 18th century to decry the inhumanity of slavery. This male motto was first turned female in the 1820s by British abolitionists, then in 1830 the American abolitionist newspaper "Genius of Universal Emancipation" carried an image of a slave woman asking "Am I not a woman and a sister?" This image was widely republished in the 1830s, and struck into a copper coin or token, but without the question mark, to give the question a positive answer. In 1833, African American activist Maria W. Stewart used the words of this motto to argue for the rights of women of every race.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: The first reports of the speech were published by the "New York Tribune" on June 6, 1851, and by "The Liberator" five days later. Both of these accounts were brief, lacking a full transcription. The first complete transcription was published on June 21 in the "Anti-Slavery Bugle" by Marcus Robinson, an abolitionist and newspaper editor who acted as the convention's recording secretary. The question "Ain't I a Woman?" does not appear in his account.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: Twelve years later, in May 1863, Frances Dana Barker Gage published a very different transcription. In it, she gave Truth many of the speech characteristics of Southern slaves, and she included new material that Robinson had not reported. Gage's version of the speech was republished in 1875, 1881, and 1889, and became the historic standard. This version is known as "Ain't I a Woman?" after its oft-repeated refrain. Truth's style of speech was not like that of Southern slaves; she was born and raised in New York, and spoke only Dutch until she was nine years old.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: Additions that Gage made to Truth's speech include the ideas that she could bear the lash as well as a man, that no one ever offered her the traditional gentlemanly deference due a woman, and that most of her 13 children were sold away from her into slavery. Truth is widely believed to have had five children, with one sold away, and was never known to claim more children. Further inaccuracies in Gage's 1863 account conflict with her own contemporary report: Gage wrote in 1851 that Akron in general and the press in particular were largely friendly to the woman's rights convention, but in 1863 she wrote that the convention leaders were fearful of the "mobbish" opponents. Other eyewitness reports of Truth's speech told a different story, one where all faces were "beaming with joyous gladness" at the session where Truth spoke; that not "one discordant note" interrupted the harmony of the proceedings. In contrast to Gage's later version, Truth was warmly received by the convention-goers, the majority of whom were long-standing abolitionists, friendly to progressive ideas of race and civil rights.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: In 1972, Miriam Schneir published a version of Truth's speech in her anthology "." This is a reprint of Gage's version without the heavy dialect or her interjected comments. In her introduction to the work, she includes that the speech has survived because it was written by Gage.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: The version known as "Ain't I a Woman" remained the most widely circulated version until the work of historian Nell Irvin Painter, followed up by the Sojourner Truth Project, found strong historical evidence that the Gage speech was likely very inaccurate, and the Robinson speech was the likely the most accurate version.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: Truth delivered the speech on May 29, 1851 at the Woman’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. Marcus Robinson, who attended the convention and worked with Truth, printed the speech as he transcribed it in the June 21, 1851, issue of the "Anti-Slavery Bugle".


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: The speech was recalled 12 years after the fact by Gage, an activist in the woman's rights and abolition movements. Gage, who presided at the meeting, described the event:


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: The following is the speech as Gage recalled it in "History of Woman Suffrage" which was, according to her, in the original dialect as it was presented by Sojourner Truth:


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: Amid roars of applause, she returned to her corner, leaving more than one of us with streaming eyes, and hearts beating with gratitude. She had taken us up in her strong arms and carried us safely over the slough of difficulty turning the whole tide in our favor. I have never in my life seen anything like the magical influence that subdued the mobbish spirit of the day, and turned the sneers and jeers of an excited crowd into notes of respect and admiration. Hundreds rushed up to shake hands with her, and congratulate the glorious old mother, and bid her God-speed on her mission of 'testifyin' agin concerning the wickedness of this 'ere people.'


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: There is no single, undisputed official version of Truth's speech. Robinson and Truth were friends who had worked together concerning both abolition of slavery and women's rights, and his report is strictly his recollection with no added commentary. Since Robinson's version was published in the "Anti-Slavery Bugle", the audience is largely concerned with the rights of African Americans rather than women; it is possible Robinson's version is framed for his audience. Although Truth collaborated with Robinson on the transcription of her speech, Truth did not dictate his writing word for word.


title: Ain't I a Woman?

text: The most widely circulated version of the speech was written by Gage years after the fact, but there are no reports of Gage working with Truth on the transcription. Gage portrays Truth as using a Southern dialect, which the earliest reports of the speech do not mention. Truth is said to have prided herself on her spoken English, and she was born and raised in New York state, speaking only Jersey Dutch until the age of 9. The dialect in Gage's 1863 version is less severe than in her later version of the speech that she published in 1881. In addition, the crowd Truth addressed that day consisted of mainly white, privileged women. In Gage's recollection, she describes that the crowd did not want Truth to speak because they did not want people to confuse the cause of suffrage with abolition, despite many reports that Truth was welcomed with respect. Although Gage's version provides further context, it is written as a narrative: she adds her own commentary, creating an entire scene of the event, including the audience reactions. Because Gage's version is built primarily on her interpretation and the way she chose to portray it, it cannot be considered a pure representation of the event.


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: A thousandth of an inch is a derived unit of length in a system of units using inches. Equal to of an inch, a thousandth is commonly called a thou (used for both singular and plural) or particularly in North America a mil (plural mils).


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: The words are shortened forms of the English and Latin words for "thousand" ( in Latin). In international engineering contexts, confusion can arise because "mil" is a formal unit name in North America but "mil" or "mill" is also a common colloquial clipped form of millimetre. The units are considerably different: a millimetre is approximately 39 mils.


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: The thou, or mil, is most commonly used in engineering and manufacturing in non-metric countries. For example, in specifying:


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: A related measurement for area known as the circular mil, is based on a circle having a diameter of one mil.


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: In machining, where the thou is often treated as a basic unit, can be referred to as "one tenth", meaning "one tenth of a thou" or "one ten thousandth". (The metric comparison is discussed below.) Machining "to within a few tenths" is often considered very accurate, and at or near the extreme limit of tolerance capability in most contexts. Greater accuracy (tolerance ranges inside one tenth) apply in only a few contexts: in plug gauge and gauge block manufacturing or calibration, they are typically expressed in millionths of an inch or, alternatively, in micrometres; in nanotechnology, nanometres or picometres are used.


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: In the United States, "mil" was once the more common term, but as use of the metric system has become more common, "thou" has replaced "mil" among most technical users to . Today both terms are used, but in specific contexts one is traditionally preferred over the other.


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: The introduction of the thousandth of an inch as a base unit in engineering and machining is generally attributed to Joseph Whitworth who wrote in 1857:


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: ... instead of our engineers and machinists thinking in eighths, sixteenths and thirty-seconds of an inch, it is desirable that they should think and speak in tenths, hundredths, and thousandths ...


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: Whitworth's main point was to advocate decimalization in place of fractions based on successive halving; but in mentioning thousandths, he was also broaching the idea of a finer division than had been used previously. Until then, workers such as millwrights, boilermakers, and machinists in the Anglosphere measured only in traditional fractions of an inch, divided via successive halving, usually only as far as 64ths (1, , , , , , ). Each 64th is about 16 thou. Communication about sizes smaller than a 64th of an inch was subjective and hampered by a degree of ineffability—while phrases such as "scant 64th" or "heavy 64th" were used, they were imprecise. Dimensions and geometry "could" be controlled to high accuracy, but this was done by comparative methods: comparison against templates or other gauges, feeling the degree of drag of calipers, or simply repeatably cutting, relying on the positioning consistency of jigs, fixtures, and machine slides. Such work could only be done in craft fashion: on-site, by feel, rather than at a distance working from drawings and written notes. Although measurement was certainly a part of the daily routine, the highest-precision aspects of the work were achieved by feel or by gauge, not by measuring (as in determining counts of units). This in turn limited the kinds of process designs that could work, because they limited the degree of separation of concerns that could occur.


title: Thousandth of an inch

text: The introduction of the thou as a base unit for machining work required the dissemination of vernier calipers and screw micrometers throughout the trade, as the unit is too small to be measured with practical repeatability using rules alone. (Most rule markings were far too wide to mark a single mil, and even if such dividing is accomplished, it is unclear to the naked eye, being discernible but not useful for measuring.) During the following half century, such measuring instruments, previously expensive rarities, became widespread, everyday tools among machinists. Bringing more metrology into machining made possible, for example, designing an assembly in the form of an engineering drawing, then having the mating parts made at different firms who did not have any contact with (or even awareness of) each other—yet still being sure that their products would have the desired fit.


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein (systematic name: propenal) is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde. It is a colorless liquid with a piercing, acrid smell. The smell of burnt fat (as when cooking oil is heated to its smoke point) is caused by glycerol in the burning fat breaking down into acrolein. It is produced industrially from propylene and mainly used as a biocide and a building block to other chemical compounds, such as the amino acid methionine.


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein was first named and characterized as an aldehyde by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1839. He had been working with it as a thermal degradation product of glycerol, a material used in the manufacture of soap. The name is a contraction of ‘acrid’ (referring to its pungent smell) and ‘oleum’ (referring to its oil-like consistency). In the 20th century, acrolein became an important intermediate for the industrial production of acrylic acid and acrylic plastics.


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein is prepared industrially by oxidation of propene. The process uses air as the source of oxygen and requires metal oxides as heterogeneous catalysts:


title: Acrolein

text: About 500,000 tons of acrolein are produced in this way annually in North America, Europe, and Japan. Additionally, all acrylic acid is produced via the transient formation of acrolein. The main challenge is in fact the competing overoxidation to this acid. Propane represents a promising but challenging feedstock for the synthesis of acrolein (and acrylic acid).


title: Acrolein

text: This route is attractive when glycerol is co-generated in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats. The dehydration of glycerol has been demonstrated but has not proven competitive with the route from petrochemicals.


title: Acrolein

text: The original industrial route to acrolein, developed by Degussa, involves condensation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde:


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein may also be produced on lab scale by the reaction of potassium bisulfate on glycerol (glycerine).


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein is a relatively electrophilic compound and a reactive one, hence its high toxicity. It is a good Michael acceptor, hence its useful reaction with thiols. It forms acetals readily, a prominent one being the spirocycle derived from pentaerythritol, diallylidene pentaerythritol. Acrolein participates in many Diels-Alder reactions, even with itself. Via Diels-Alder reactions, it is a precursor to some commercial fragrances, including lyral, norbornene-2-carboxaldehyde, and myrac aldehyde. The monomer 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3’,4’-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate is also produced from acrolein via the intermediacy of tetrahydrobenzaldehyde.


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein is mainly used as a contact herbicide to control submersed and floating weeds, as well as algae, in irrigation canals. It is used at a level of 10 ppm in irrigation and recirculating waters. In the oil and gas industry, it is used as a biocide in drilling waters, as well as a scavenger for hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans.


title: Acrolein

text: A number of useful compounds are made from acrolein, exploiting its bifunctionality. The amino acid methionine is produced by addition of methanethiol followed by the Strecker synthesis. Acrolein condenses with acetaldehyde and amines to give methylpyridines. It is also an intermediate in the Skraup synthesis of quinolines.


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein will polymerize in the presence of oxygen and in water at concentrations above 22%. The color and texture of the polymer depends on the conditions. The polymer is a clear, yellow solid. In water, it will form a hard, porous plastic.


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein is toxic and is a strong irritant for the skin, eyes, and nasal passages. The main metabolic pathway for acrolein is the alkylation of glutathione. The WHO suggests a "tolerable oral acrolein intake" of 7.5 μg per day per kg of body weight. Although acrolein occurs in French fries (and other fried foods), the levels are only a few μg per kg. In response to occupational exposures to acrolein, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit at 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m) at an eight-hour time-weighted average. Acrolein acts in an immunosuppressive manner and may promote regulatory cells, thereby preventing the generation of allergies on the one hand, but also increasing the risk of cancer.


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein was identified as one of the chemicals involved in the 2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution incident.


title: Acrolein

text: Connections exist between acrolein gas in the smoke from tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung cancer. Acrolein is one of seven toxicants in cigarette smoke that are most associated with respiratory tract carcinogenesis. The mechanism of action of acrolein appears to involve induction of increased reactive oxygen species and DNA damage related to oxidative stress.


title: Acrolein

text: In terms of the "noncarcinogenic health quotient" for components in cigarette smoke, acrolein dominates, contributing 40 times more than the next component, hydrogen cyanide. The acrolein content in cigarette smoke depends on the type of cigarette and added glycerin, making up to 220 µg acrolein per cigarette. Importantly, while the concentration of the constituents in mainstream smoke can be reduced by filters, this has no significant effect on the composition of the side-stream smoke where acrolein usually resides, and which is inhaled by passive smoking. E-cigarettes, used normally, only generate "negligible" levels of acrolein (less than 10 µg "per puff").


title: Acrolein

text: Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide treatment results in the production of acrolein. Acrolein produced during cyclophosphamide treatment collects in the urinary bladder and if untreated can cause hemorrhagic cystitis.


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein was used in warfare due to its irritant and blistering properties. The French used the chemical in their hand grenades and artillery shells during World War I under the name "Papite".


title: Acrolein

text: Acrolein is a component of reuterin. Reuterin can be produced by gut microbes when glycerol is present. Microbe-produced reuterin is a potential resource of acrolein.


title: Acrolein

text: The "acrolein test" is for the presence of glycerin or fats. A sample is heated with potassium bisulfate, and acrolein is released if the test is positive. When a fat is heated strongly in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as potassium bisulfate (), the glycerol portion of the molecule is dehydrated to form the unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein (CH=CH–CHO), which has the odor peculiar to burnt cooking grease. More modern methods exist.


title: Acrolein

text: In the US, EPA methods 603 and 624.1 are designed to measure acrolein in industrial and municipal wastewater streams.


title: Skylab (film)

text: Skylab is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language period comedy drama film written and directed by debutant Vishvak Khanderao. Produced by Byte Features in association with Nithya Menen Company, the film stars Nithya Menen, Satyadev Kancharana and Rahul Ramakrishna. The plot follows fictitious incidents in a Telangana village preceding the disintegration of the American space station Skylab in 1979. The film traces the fear looming among the villagers in a comical manner in light of these developments.


title: Skylab (film)

text: The film is set in 1979 amidst a remote village Bandalingampalli in Telangana. This is also the time when a US-based Skylab satellite fails and its debris is all set to fall to Earth. The information about the satellite falling is communicated to scientists working in India.


title: Skylab (film)

text: Dr. Anand and Subedar Ramarao become friends over the bus journey to Bandalingampalli. Gowri returns from Hyderabad after learning about her father's illness. Due to car's breakdown, she travels in the same bus Anand and Ramarao were traveling. On reaching the village, Gowri learns that her father was well and her mother along with the servant had sent wrong information. Being disappointed about return from the city, she decides to write and post it. Gowri's mother and Vishnu Oi decide to not tell Gowri about the newspaper dismissal. Meanwhile, Anand wants to earn Rs.5000 to re-establish his lost medical license. He decides to team with Ramarao to open the clinic which has been shut for 25 years. Ramarao's family has a lot of debts and his family is against doing menial jobs. Ramarao decides to pawn another of the family's antique jewellery to re-start the clinic. Despite the village panchayat asking him not to reopen the clinic, the duo decides to make it a big village event. Gowri starts looking into how she can get her big story for publication.


title: Skylab (film)

text: The possibility of Skylab falling in India is announced over radio and villagers begin talking about it. The clinic is opened with fanfare and this announcement is communicated. The villagers decide to close the clinic and ask Anand and Ramarao to pay a fine. Gowri meanwhile starts scaring the villagers about the real possibility of Skylab falling in the village. Immediately, the Panchayat chief falls and Anand is called for medication. He tells the villagers that the chief needs to be cared for in the clinic and all of them agree to re-opening. Over a span of 40 days, everyone begins to worry about the real possibility of Skylab crashing in the village and looking for alternate places for protection. Gowri gets an idea to write the story of life of villages from her school teacher and it gets published. Anand who wanted to leave the village after his grandfather paid the sum to get his final license decides against it. Anand and Ramarao successfully help with a childbirth and the entire village is content. Given the circumstances of the D-day, the untouchables entire the temple, the maids and servants use their owner's goods, and everyone attempts to fulfil their wishes. They eventually learn over the radio that Skylab has fallen into the Indian Ocean, and everyone is elated.


title: Skylab (film)

text: Debutant writer-director Vishvak Khanderao wrote "Skylab" from the stories he heard in his village in Karimnagar district of Telangana about the crashing American space station Skylab in 1979. In an interview with "The Hindu", Khanderao talked about the storyline. "The main characters are eccentric and the story not only explores what happens when the news of Skylab’s crash breaks out, but also the human psyche. The comedy is situational and in sync with the characters," he added.