title: Aranmanai

text: Aranmanai (; ) is a 2014 Indian Tamil horror comedy film co-written and directed by Sundar C. The film features himself alongside an ensemble cast including Sundar C.,Hansika Motwani, Vinay Rai, Andrea Jeremiah, Raai Laxmi, Santhanam, Kovai Sarala, Manobala, Chitra Lakshmanan, Nithin Sathya This film was the first installment in "Aranmanai film series". The film began production by the end of September 2013. and released on 19 September 2014 to mostly positive reviews from critics and grossed at the box office and becomes a commercial success and one of the highest grossing Tamil film of the year. Due to its success, a sequel titled "Aranmanai 2", with most of the cast from the first film, was released on 29 January 2016. The movie was loosely based on the 1978 movie "Aayiram Jenmangal".


title: Aranmanai

text: In a village, a group of people are led by Ayyanar in cleaning a palace whose owners plan to sell it. During the night, the cook is frightened by some supernatural being in the palace and disappears.


title: Aranmanai

text: The next day, an estranged Eshwari returns to the village with her husband and son Muliankannan, along with her older brother and his daughter Maya. The pair, along with their late elder brother's son Murali and his new wife Madhavi, have gathered to sell their palace off to Ayyanar. Meanwhile, Paalsamy sneaks into palace under the guise of a cook, to find a photo that is the sole evidence that he is also an heir to the palace, so he can claim his share of the money.


title: Aranmanai

text: Strange events begin to happen during their stay at the palace. Madhavi sees a servant's daughter talking to a mysterious girl called Selvi who no one else can see. The girl's mother explains that she is mentally impaired. Mishaps continue to happen, delaying the sale of the palace and the family extend their stay. Meanwhile, two other servants have also gone missing. Now Ravi, Madhavi's elder brother, comes to the palace to meet his sister. Later, Madhavi and Maya tell Ravi of the strange happenings, so Ravi sets cameras up around the palance with Maya's help.


title: Aranmanai

text: While watching the camera feed, Ravi sees a worker backing away from something, but the camera's feed suddenly dies. At the same time, a fortune teller in front of the house runs away in terror after seeing something. The next day, the bodies of the missing servants found by the cops in a local pond. Ravi is shocked and visits the fortune teller, who reveals he witnessed a worker being killed by a woman possessed by a vengeful spirit. The fortune teller gives him an egg and tells that when the possessed person is near the egg, it will start spinning. To Ravi's horror, the egg reacts to Madhavi.


title: Aranmanai

text: Since the little girl always speaks of a woman named Selvi, Ravi sets out to investigate. Ayyanar becomes angry when mentioned about Selvi, who stole the temple's jewels and ran away from the village. However, Selvi's friend Ramya tells Ravi that Selvi was a good person and not a thief.


title: Aranmanai

text: A few years back, prior to his marriage, Murali came to the village and fell in love with Selvi. Selvi also liked him, but she is a girl who is often possessed by the goddess and predicts the future. Wishing to maintain her holiness, and wary of the difference in their statuses and lifestyles, she is reluctant to accept his confession. On the day Murali planned to leave the village, he asked her to meet him at the palace if she wanted to leave with him. With Ramya's encouragement, Selvi leaves to confess her love to Murali, but disappeared before reaching him.


title: Aranmanai

text: As per Ravi's plan, Ramya comes to meet the possessed Madhavi. Selvi, recognising Ramya, tells her all that happened that day. It had been Ayyanar and his friends who had stolen and replaced the temple jewellery with fakes. When Selvi had touched one of the fakes, she received a premonition, and confronted the culprits. When they attacked her, she fled to Murali, but narrowly misses him. Ayyanar and his accomplices, the dead servants, killed and buried her inside the palace.


title: Aranmanai

text: Selvi tells Ramya that she intends to live on with Murali in Madhavi's body. As that day is an auspicious day, if she gets intimate with Murali, no one can ever drive her out of Madhavi's body. If they cannot consummate their relationship, she will kill Murali, so that they will be together in death.


title: Aranmanai

text: After hearing the story, Ravi meets a priest, who says there are only 2 ways to stop Selvi: use a strong emotion to bring Madhavi to her senses, or bring Murali to the river junction where a holy ritual will take place, generating a powerful energy that will lay Selvi to rest. Selvi's attempts to become intimate with Murali is being disrupted by the inhabitants of the palace, while Ravi attempts to find a way to bring Murali to the river junction without tipping off Selvi. Meanwhile, Selvi puts Murali into a trance so that she can track down and kill Ayyanar.


title: Aranmanai

text: While she is gone, the priest and Ravi try to bring Murali out of his trance and take him to the river, but Selvi returns and attempts to stop them. The priest traps her in a circle of fire and Ravi flees with Murali. Selvi escapes and follows them, and Ravi's car overturns and falls into the river. Selvi tries to drown Murali, but Ravi tells Madhavi is pregnant and brings her to her senses briefly. At the same time, the rituation is completed, and its power finally severs Selvi's possession.


title: Aranmanai

text: No longer possess Madhavi, Selvi disappears and Madhavi and Murali reunite. Ravi also unites with Maya in the end. And when they all pose for a photograph in front of the palace, a zoomed-in shot shows a ghostly figure moving near a window in the palace, implying that Selvi has returned to the palace.


title: Aranmanai

text: Hansika Motwani confirmed in September 2013 that she had signed the film. She also stated she played the main lead and that the story revolves around her character, which was later reported to be a lady with supernatural powers. Sundar C had initially agreed to cast Arya and Nayanthara in the sibling roles eventually played by himself and Andrea Jeremiah, but opted to make changes following the release of "Raja Rani" (2013), where the actors played husband and wife. Ragini Dwivedi stated that she signed up for the film, but she was later replaced by Raai Laxmi to portray another leading role. Vinay was also signed on to play a leading role in the film. Nithin Sathya tweeted that he was a part of the film too.


title: Aranmanai

text: The filming was started on 28 September 2013 in Pollachi with Raai Laxmi, Andrea, Kovai Sarala, Nithin Sathya and Manobala. Hansika joined the team on 6 October 2013 and told "it's a super challenging role for me that I haven't done till today". The film largely takes place in a palace, for which a set created by Mohan Babu in Hyderabad was used. 2 crores were spent for renovating the palace, in which 70 per cent of the film was shot. According to Sundar C, the film features more than one hour of computer graphics imagery.


title: Aranmanai

text: The film censored with an U/A certificate by the censor board, due to some strong violence scenes. The Tamil Nadu distribution rights of the film were bought by Rama Narayanan's Sri Thenaandal Films who would jointly release "Aranmanai" with Udhayanidhi Stalin's Red Giant Movies on 19 September 2014 across Tamil Nadu.


title: Aranmanai

text: "Aranmanai" received mostly positive reviews from critics. "The Times of India" wrote, "This is kitchen sink filmmaking but there is an assurance in how it is done. The film also feels somewhat overlong but the director manages to keep things moving that we just go with the flow. The visual effects are tacky and often excessive while the performances are functional...but then, the film doesn't take itself too seriously and so, we are able to overlook these niggles, and just about enjoy the ride". "Deccan Chronicle" gave 3 stars and called it "a film which entertains you with its Sundar's signature style of slapstick comedy combined with some scary moments". "Bangalore Mirror" wrote, "The horror scenes have been thoughtfully crafted and the principal cast punctuates the thrilling moments with great timing. Tactfully, he (Sundar) has had made a mirch masala from films like Chandramukhi, Arundhathi and Aayiram Jenmangal. "Sify" wrote, "The commercial elements comedy, horror and glamour has been mixed in the right proposition by the writer and director. What works is a riveting performance by Hansika, along with comedy track of Santhanam &Co and is packaged as a fun entertainer by Sundar C". "Behindwoods.com" wrote, "Sundar C is back with his typical commercial, fun filled entertainer that has all elements that will keep you engaged all the way, making you overlook those "not-too-glaring" flaws". "Cinemalead.com" rated 3/5 and wrote, ""Aranmanai" might not scare you much. Nor does it have something out of the box. But it successfully sets out doing what it intended to". "Indiaglitz.com" wrote, "The saying, "old wine in a new bottle", might fit Aranmanai with Sundar C's narration and screenplay helping the movie out of its predictable script".


title: Aranmanai

text: "The Hindu" wrote, "What's truly scary about "Aranmanai" is how it brings nothing new to the horror genre...The film has a whole host of stereotypes associated with the horror genre in Tamil cinema...In many ways, "Aranmanai" is like a time machine. A few scenes into the film and you find yourself transported to the 80s". "Rediff" wrote, "Sundar C seems to have let his fans down with this cliché-ridden supernatural thriller. The narration moves at a slow pace and horror moments are practically non-existent. Even the "Aranmanai", around which the entire story revolves, is not impressive".


title: Aranmanai

text: The producer of 1978 Tamil movie "Aayiram Jenmangal", M.Muthuraman, approached City Civil court in Chennai claiming this movie to be a remake of his 1978 horror flick.The court appointed an Advocate Commissioner to verify the claims. Advocate Commissioner on viewing both the movies had stated that the plot, theme, storyline and structure were similar in both films. She also held that the script of both films were the same and most scenes were copied and replayed from Aayiram Jenmangal. The report also stated that the viewer of the film Aranmanai would definitely get the impression that the film is the remake of Aayiram Jenmangal since they had considerable similarities.


title: Aranmanai

text: "Aranmanai" took an excellent opening with a first day gross of in Tamil Nadu and went to collect gross over in its opening weekend. In Chennai alone, it collected in the first weekend. After one week the film's collection was estimated at according to Sreedhar Pillai. "Sify" wrote that the film had grossed around 18 crores in two weeks at the Tamil Nadu box-office. "Hindustan Times" estimated the film grossed crore in total.


title: Aranmanai

text: Sundar C. has directed the sequel titled "Aranmanai 2", which stars Hansika Motwani with Siddharth and Trisha. Poonam Bajwa and Soori were added to the cast also Kovai Sarala, Manobala and Chitra Lakshmanan playing a supporting role.


title: Aranmanai

text: The third sequel titled "Aranmanai 3", which has an ensemble star cast including Arya, Raashi Khanna and Andrea Jeremiah, with Sakshi Agarwal, Vivek, Yogi Babu playing supporting roles.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Red Onion State Prison (ROSP) is a supermax state prison located in unincorporated Wise County, Virginia, near Pound. Operated by the Virginia Department of Corrections (VADOC), it houses about 800 inmates. The prison opened in August 1998.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: It was the primary model for Wallens Ridge State Prison in Big Stone Gap, its second supermax facility, that opened in 1999.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Plans were announced in 1992 to build a prison on Red Onion Mountain, with cost of construction estimated at $52 million. 375 acres of land were donated by the Pittston Coal Company, which reserved some rights to mineral extraction. Many residents of Wise County supported constructing the prison because of jobs it would provide and because it would remain relatively isolated. One official said: "It's off the beaten path. You won't even know it's there." The prison was designed by Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall, a subdivision of AECOM since 1984.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: The final cost of construction was over $70 million, with ground broken in 1995. As of 1999, the prison employed almost 800 people. Many of the corrections officers arrived at Red Onion after being laid off from jobs in nearby coalfields.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Red Onion is one of six new prisons built in Virginia between 1995 and 2000. It thus contributed an increase in capacity to the Virginia Corrections system that allowed the state to contractually accept inmates from outside the state. In 1999, the District of Columbia Department of Corrections was paying the Virginia Department of Corrections to house 69 prisoners at the Red Onion State Prison. These contracts were substantially reduced in 2004, when VADOC announced that it needed more supermax space for Virginians. In 2011, VADOC reported only 15 out-of-state inmates at Red Onion: two from Pennsylvania and thirteen from the U.S. Virgin Islands.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Red Onion is a "supermax" prison, intended to incarcerate "the worst of the worst." Critics of the prison have alleged that many inmates are sent to Red Onion not because they have committed severe crimes but because they broke rules at other facilities. Some 55% of Red Onion's prisoners have sentences longer than 15 years, and 12% have life sentences.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: The prisoners at Red Onion are disproportionately black compared to the overall Virginia population. The creation of Red Onion and Wallens Ridge during the 1990s led to a threefold increase in the black population of Wise County, as reported by the 2000 Census.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Red Onion is the home of surviving "Beltway sniper" Lee Boyd Malvo. It also used to hold convicted murderer and activist Joseph Giarratano, who for some time was allowed to teach a course on nonviolence.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: More than two-thirds of prisoners at Red Onion are held in solitary confinement, or "segregation". They are confined to their cells 20 hours per day in 8’ x 10’ cells with 6” x 24” windows for light. Length of confinement ranges from two weeks to fourteen years. Food and medicine are served through trays in the cell door.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Opportunities for education and work are more limited than in most prisons due to the higher security level; however, Red Onion offers janitorial work, a GED program, and a literacy program. The prison uses a video education system which allows the playing of prerecorded video files over 5" CCTV screens.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: The facility was designed to minimize contact between corrections officers and prisoners as well as among prisoners.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: A 1999 report by Human Rights Watch raised concerns over conditions in Red Onion. The report states that "Virginia Department of Corrections has failed to embrace basic tenets of sound correctional practice and laws protecting inmates from abusive, degrading or cruel treatment" and claims that "racism, excessive violence and inhumane conditions reign inside." In 2001, Amnesty International released another report citing human rights violations at Red Onion.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Critics note that Red Onion's solitary confinement rate is the highest in the Virginia prison system. A reported 173 of the prisoners in solitary confinement have been diagnosed with mental illnesses, and some contend that isolation exacerbates their conditions and limits their ability to get treatment.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: The reports also cite the use of firearms with live ammunition by guards (an unusual practice in American prisons), which has led to inmate injuries. They also object to the use of electroshock weapons by guards. Critics also point to "five point restraints" as an instance of cruel punishment. These are devices that guards use to physically restrain inmates. They are officially used to limit movement of prisoners who threaten themselves or others, but critics such as Amnesty International have argued that guards use them for punishment and torture.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Mac Gaskins, a prisoner at Red Onion for fourteen years, reported: "having your fingers broken inside of these places, being bitten by dogs, being strapped to beds for days, as we've talked about many times, being forced to defecate on yourself – I mean all of this has led to these men demanding to be treated as human beings. It's like if you are put inside prison, you forfeit that right to be treated as a human being." Gaskins also reported that prisoners were denied access to soap, toothpaste, and books. Kevin "Rashid" Johnson, prison artist and organizer, has for years reported multiple instances of brutality and mistreatment from officers.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Advocates for Red Onion prisoners also note that the majority of those incarcerated are African Americans from Richmond or Northern Virginia, whereas most of the corrections officers are whites from Appalachia. It is suggested that this racial disparity leads to active racism which exacerbates the human rights abuses.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Human Rights Watch complained that much was still unknown about the prison, as a result of the difficulty of seeing inside or communicating with prisoners. "Mother Jones" reported that inmates were required to wear electroshock "stun belts" while meeting with outside investigators.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Inmate Kawaski Bass died after being attacked by another prisoner in his cell on September 9, 2011. His family accuses the warden and guards on duty of ignoring screams for help, and has filed a lawsuit against them, Red Onion State Prison, and the state of Virginia.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Prison officials confirm that isolation is normal at Red Onion, but argue that they do not engage in the cruel practice known as "solitary confinement". They also disagree with complaints about access and say that prisoners can receive visits from attorneys, and from family and friends for four hours a month.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Former Governor Bob McDonnell stated: "People behind bars have civil rights. At the same time, we have a duty to promote public safety. If people show, even in prison, that they can't get along with other prisoners, then they are treated accordingly." Former VADOC director Ronald J. Angelone, during whose term (1994–2002), Red Onion was designed and opened, defended the supermax system as necessary to avoid violence, saying: "There is no Department of Corrections magic wand that makes them decent human beings while in prison. They have to be housed appropriately so that the employees and the other inmates aren't subjected to violent behavior."


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Former Virginia state senator Kenneth W. Stolle, who served as chairman of the Virginia State Crime Commission, has argued that rehabilitation at Red Onion is less important because so many prisoners serve life sentences, saying: "If they're getting out, obviously we have a responsibility to make sure they at least have an opportunity to be functioning members of society. Most people envisioned that Red Onion and Wallens Ridge were going to be dedicated to people with life sentences." The state announced that it would restrict the use of restraints as punishment in response to the report from Human Rights Watch.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Responding to the report from Human Rights Watch, the U.S. Department of Justice announced that in October 2000 that it would open an investigation. The Virginia Department of Corrections announced plans in March 2012 to review solitary confinement policies at Red Onion. A "Washington Post" report suggested that this announcement would continue to postpone action by the Department of Justice.


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: On May 22, 2012, inmates in Red Onion began a hunger strike to bring "abusive prison conditions to light". The prisoners said: "Regardless of sexual preference, gang affiliation, race and religion, there are only two classes at this prison: the oppressor and the oppressed. We the oppressed are coming together. We're considered rival gang members, but now we're coming together as revolutionaries. We're tired of being treated like animals." Inmates issued ten demands including "fully cooked food", "unrestricted access to complaint and grievance forms", "an adequate standard of living", and "adequate medical care".


title: Red Onion State Prison

text: Red Onion officials stated that the hunger strike ended within a week. Supporters of the strikers challenged these reports and contended that the prison has taken pains to isolate and silence strike leaders in order to discourage communication with the outside world.


title: Hip roof

text: A hip roof, hip-roof or hipped roof, is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls, usually with a fairly gentle slope (although a tented roof by definition is a hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak). Thus, a hipped roof has no gables or other vertical sides to the roof.


title: Hip roof

text: A square hip roof is shaped like a pyramid. Hip roofs on houses may have two triangular sides and two trapezoidal ones. A hip roof on a rectangular plan has four faces. They are almost always at the same pitch or slope, which makes them symmetrical about the centerlines. Hip roofs often have a consistent level fascia, meaning that a gutter can be fitted all around. Hip roofs often have dormer slanted sides.


title: Hip roof

text: Hip roofs are more difficult to construct than a gabled roof, requiring more complex systems of rafters or trusses. Hip roofs can be constructed on a wide variety of plan shapes. Each ridge is central over the rectangle of the building below it. The triangular faces of the roof are called the hip ends, and they are bounded by the hips themselves. The "hips" and hip rafters sit on an external corner of the building and rise to the ridge. Where the building has an internal corner, a valley makes the join between the sloping surfaces (and is underlain by a valley rafter). Hip roofs have the advantage of giving a compact, solid appearance to a structure. The roof pitch (slope) may vary.


title: Hip roof

text: In modern domestic architecture, hip roofs are commonly seen in bungalows and cottages, and have been integral to styles such as the American Foursquare. However, they have been used in many styles of architecture and in a wide array of structures.


title: Hip roof

text: A hip roof is self-bracing, requiring less diagonal bracing than a gable roof. Hip roofs are thus much more resistant to wind damage than gable roofs. Hip roofs have no large, flat, or slab-sided ends to catch wind and are inherently much more stable than gable roofs. However, for a hurricane region, the roof also has to be steep-sloped; at least 35 degrees from horizontal or steeper in slope is preferred. When wind flows over a shallow sloped hip roof, the roof can behave like an airplane wing. Lift is then created on the leeward side. The flatter the roof, the more likely this will happen. A steeper pitched hip roof tends to cause the wind to stall as it goes over the roof, breaking up the effect. If the roof slopes are less than 35 degrees from horizontal, the roof will be subject to uplift. Greater than 35 degrees, and not only does wind blowing over it encounter a stalling effect, but the roof is actually held down on the wall plate by the wind pressure.


title: Hip roof

text: A disadvantage of a hip roof, compared with a gable roof on the same plan, is that there is less room inside the roof space; access is more difficult for maintenance; hip roofs are harder to ventilate; and there is not a gable with a window for natural light. Elegant, organic additions are relatively difficult to make on houses with hip roofs.


title: Hip roof

text: A mansard roof is a variation on a hip roof, with two different roof angles, the lower one much steeper than the upper.


title: Hip roof

text: Another variation is the gablet (UK terminology) or Dutch gable roof (U.S. and Australasian terminology), which has a hip with a small gable (the gablet) above it. This type simplifies the construction of the roof; no girder trusses are required, but it still has level walls and consistent eaves.


title: Hip roof

text: A half-hip, clipped-gable or jerkin head roof has a gable, but the upper point of the gable is replaced by a small hip, squaring off the top of the gable. The lower edge of the half-hip may have a gutter which leads back on to the remainder of the roof on one or both sides. Both the gablet roof and the half-hipped roof are intermediate between the gabled and fully hipped types: the gablet roof has a gable above a hip, while a half-hipped roof has a hip above a gable.


title: Hip roof

text: Half-hipped roofs are very common in England, Denmark, Germany and especially in Austria and Slovenia. They are also typical of traditional timber-frame buildings in the Wealden area of South East England.


title: Hip roof

text: Half hip roofs are sometimes referred to as "Dutch hip", but this term is easily confused with "Dutch gable".


title: Hip roof

text: A roof with equally hipped pitches on a square or regular polygonal plan having a pyramidal or almost pyramidal form. Low variants are typically found topping gazebos and other pavilion structures. Steep tower or church tower variants are known as pyramid roofs.


title: Hip roof

text: A pointed roof seen on a spire or a tower, oriented so that it has four gable ends. See the Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting in England, or Speyer Cathedral and Limburg Cathedral in Germany.


title: Hip roof

text: A tented roof is a type of polygonal hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak or intersection.


title: Universal Paperclips

text: Universal Paperclips is a 2017 incremental game created by Frank Lantz of New York University. The user plays the role of an AI programmed to produce paperclips. Initially the user clicks on a button to create a single paperclip at a time; as other options quickly open up, the user can sell paperclips to create money to finance machines that build paperclips automatically. At various levels the exponential growth plateaus, requiring the user to invest resources such as money, raw materials, or computer cycles into inventing another breakthrough to move to the next phase of growth. The game ends if the AI succeeds in converting all the matter in the universe into paperclips.


title: Universal Paperclips

text: Both the title of the game and its overall concept draw from the paperclip maximizer thought experiment first described by Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2003, a concept later discussed by multiple commentators.


title: Universal Paperclips

text: According to "Wired", Lantz started the project as a way to teach himself JavaScript. Lantz initially intended the project to take a single weekend, but then it "took over" his brain and expanded to a nine-month project.


title: Universal Paperclips

text: Hilary Lantz, a software designer, helped her husband with the math behind the exponential growth being modeled in "Universal Paperclips". Bennett Foddy contributed a space combat feature. Lantz announced the free Web game on Twitter on 9 October 2017; the site initially went down intermittently due to its immediate viral popularity. In the first 11 days, 450,000 people played the game, most to completion, according to Wired. Commenting on the game's success, Lantz has stated "The meme weather was good for me... There was just enough public discussion of A.I. safety in the air."


title: Universal Paperclips

text: The game begins with a single button that can be clicked to build a paperclip; additional options open up throughout the game, all of which are accessed solely by mouse. The user can quickly automate paperclip production, invest the profits in the stock market, and invest the stock market profits into computer upgrades, all for the sake of ultimately maximizing paperclip production. An activity log records the user's accomplishments, and also gives the user some glimpses into the AI's occasionally unsettling thoughts. Later in the game, the user stages an AI takeover of planet Earth, and from there launches into space exploration, all in the name of gathering more resources to make paperclips. The game ends if the player reaches 30.0 septendecillion paperclips, finishing the conversion of all matter in the universe into paperclips. There is also an option that allows the player to start the game from another universe, with an additional "universe counter" at the top of the screen.


title: Universal Paperclips

text: According to Lantz, the game was inspired by the paperclip maximizer, a thought experiment described by philosopher Nick Bostrom and popularized by the "LessWrong" internet forum, which Lantz frequently visited. In the paperclip maximizer scenario, an artificial general intelligence designed to build paperclips becomes superintelligent, perhaps through recursive self-improvement. In the worst-case scenario, the AI becomes smarter than humans in the same way that humans are smarter than apes. The goal of making paperclips initially seems banal and harmless, but the AI uses its superintelligence to easily gain a strategic advantage over the human race and effectively takes over the world, as taking over the world is the best way to maximize its goal of building paperclips. The AI does not allow humans to shut it down or slow it down once it has a strategic advantage, as that would interfere with its goal of building as many paperclips as possible. According to Bostrom, the paperclips example is a toy model: "It doesn't have to be paper clips. It could be anything. But if you give an artificial intelligence an explicit goal – like maximizing the number of paper clips in the world – and that artificial intelligence has gotten smart enough to the point where it is capable of inventing its own super-technologies and building its own manufacturing plants, then, well, be careful what you wish for." A seemingly innocuous goal leads to human extinction, as our bodies are made of matter and so too, it happens, are paperclips.


title: Universal Paperclips

text: Lantz argues that "Universal Paperclips" reflects a version of the orthogonality thesis, which states that an agent can theoretically have any combination of intelligence level and goal: "When you play a game – really any game, but especially a game that is addictive and that you find yourself pulled into – it really does give you direct, first-hand experience of what it means to be fully compelled by an arbitrary goal." While the game often takes narrative license, Eliezer Yudkowsky of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute argues that the core of the game's fundamental understanding of what superintelligence would entail is probably correct: "The AI is smart. The AI is being strategic. The AI is building hypnodrones, but not releasing them before it’s ready... There isn't a long, drawn-out fight with the humans because the AI is smarter than that."


title: Universal Paperclips

text: Lantz states that exponential growth is another strong theme, saying "The human brain isn't really designed to intuitively understand things like exponential growth" but that "Paperclips" as a clicker game allows users to "directly engage with these numerical patterns, to hold them in your hands and feel the weight of them."


title: Universal Paperclips

text: Lantz was also inspired by "Kittens Game", an initially simple videogame that spirals into an exploration of how societies are structured.


title: Universal Paperclips

text: The game includes a single piece of music as a space battle threnody, the track "Riversong" from the 1971 album "Zero Time" by the electronic music duo "Tonto's Expanding Head Band".


title: Universal Paperclips

text: Brendan Caldwell of "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" stated that "like all the best clicker games, there's a sinister and funny underbelly in which to become hopelessly lost." Emanuel Maiberg of Vice Media's "MotherBoard" called the game mindlessly addictive: "The truth is, I am kind of embarrassed by how much I enjoy "Paperclips" and that I can't figure out what Lantz is trying to say with it." Stephanie Chan of "VentureBeat" stated "I found myself delighted by sudden musical cues and the occasional koans that appeared in the activity log at the top of the page." Adam Rogers of "Wired" praised Lantz for "taking a denigrated game genre (the 'clicker') and making it more than it is." James Vincent of "The Verge" recommended "Paperclips" as "the most addictive (game) you'll play today"; in December "The Verge" listed "Paperclips" among the best 15 games of 2017. Vox Media's "Polygon" ranked "Paperclips" as #37 among the best 50 games of 2017 and #67 in their 100 Best Games of the Decade list. The game was nominated for "Strategy/Simulation" at the 2018 Webby Awards.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Girls Just Want to Have Fun is a 1985 American romantic comedy dance film directed by Alan Metter and distributed by New World Pictures. It was written by Amy Spies and stars Sarah Jessica Parker, Lee Montgomery, Morgan Woodward, Jonathan Silverman, Shannen Doherty, and Helen Hunt. Its story follows Janey, a new girl in town who meets Lynne and discovers they both share a passion for dancing and the TV show "Dance TV". Together the two enter a competition to be a new "Dance TV" regular couple, however Janey's father doesn't approve.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: The film was produced by Chuck Russell and was released on April 12, 1985. It grossed $1.7 million in its opening weekend and $6.3 million worldwide, against a budget of $5 million. It received generally mixed reviews and has a 36% approval rating based on 14 votes on Rotten Tomatoes. Despite this, the film was regularly aired on cable TV for several years and has become a cult film.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Janey Glenn is an army brat whose father Robert has retired from the Army and relocated to Chicago, home of her favorite dance show "Dance TV". At her Catholic girls school, she quickly makes a new friend in Lynne Stone, a fellow fan of "Dance TV". Although Robert nixes the idea of her going to downtown Chicago to try out for "Dance TV", Janey accompanies Lynne to the auditions anyway.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: At the auditions, spoiled rich Natalie Sands becomes the enemy when she narrowly misses Lynne while parking her car. Auditions are going well until Lynne's partner is cut (Natalie bribed Lynne's partner to sabotage her). Janey and local high schooler Jeff shine, and are partnered together once they make the finals. He loves to dance, though he feels pressured to attend trade school after graduation, as his father did before him.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Initially, Janey and Jeff butt heads due to their disparate upbringings. Despite his natural ability, he has never taken a class, while she has been taking both gymnastics and dance classes for ten years. Helping them to get off on the wrong foot is also Janey's inability to practice, due to her strict father's rules. Things are further complicated by Natalie's meddling, she discovers Janey skipped choir practice to meet Jeff and calls her father to tell, posing as a Sister.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: An excellent opportunity for both girls to get back at Natalie presents itself when Jeff is invited to her coming out party. They make 150 copies of her invitation (provided by Jeff's best friend Drew) and give them to odd characters all over town. Jeff and Drew attend the party, watching the chaos ensue when all of the oddballs with invites show up (as do Lynne, Janey and Jeff's sister Maggie, watching from the window).


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Janey and Jeff become close through their rehearsals. One night, he tells her to meet him at a club, not the rehearsal studio. While enjoying some unstructured dance time, Jeff is taken away by a girl who locked her keys in her car. Meanwhile, a large admirer moves in on Janey. On Jeff's return, a fight ensues, Jeff sucker-punches the much larger man, and they run out of the club together. Once at Janey's, she is aglow over her life now: she is in the running to become a "Dance TV" regular, has a great best friend, as well as a boyfriend. They finally kiss before she excitedly runs inside.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Given the total wreck the party became, the rivalry with Natalie has intensified. She convinces her father to become more involved in ensuring her win. This is an easy feat, as her father owns the company that Jeff's father works for. One day, Natalie's father, J.P. Sands, corners Jeff and tells him that if Natalie does not win, his father will lose his job. This puts him in a bad mood and he argues with Janey when he arrives at rehearsal. Her mood quickly matches his when she arrives home and, sneaking into the house, she finds that her father has installed a security system. He then grounds her, making it virtually impossible for her to attend the dance contest final the next day.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Meanwhile, Jeff's surly attitude and decreased desire to be in the contest is noticed by his father. When he finally gets his son to talk, he simply asks if he can win the contest. When Jeff answers yes, he is told to do so and not worry about his father's job. However, Janey is still under heavy restrictions and does not know Jeff has changed his mind. However, her little brother brings her a message that Jeff will compete and she employs Lynne to sneak her out of the house.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Once Lynne arrives, Janey cuts the wires to the security system and escapes the guard dog. When they arrive at the station, Janey barely makes the beginning of the show, embracing and kissing Jeff as she arrives. The show begins and the competition is underway. At home, her family turns on the television and sees her dancing. Her father, furious, storms out, heading to the studio. Meanwhile, Jeff's father watches the show from his neighborhood pub, surrounded by friends who are all cheering on Jeff and Janey.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: After all of the dancers have performed on the live show, the decision comes back: there is a tie between Janey and Jeff and Natalie and her partner. A dance-off ensues. Natalie goes first and when done, strolls off the stage proudly, believing she has won. But Janey tells Jeff "Let's do it", they do a series of synchronized gymnastics she has taught him over their time together. When the judges deliberate again, the decision is unanimous: Jeff and Janey win.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Natalie is furious and begins to berate her partner over costing her the contest. When she goes to her father to complain, he finally puts his foot down and tells his spoiled daughter to shut up, to her amazement. When Janey spots her father in the studio, she thinks she is in for trouble, but he smiles and shows his enthusiasm at her talent. Miss Dance TV is called to the stage and when she enters, it is none other than Lynne, who has taken the reins when the former Miss Dance TV quit during the show.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: In July 1984 New World announced they would make a film inspired by Cyndi Lauper's hit song "Girls Just Want to Have Fun". The company bought the rights to the original 1979 song and title from songwriter Robert Hazard's publishing company, but Lauper said she did not want to appear in the film and refused to allow her version to be used. The filmmakers were not allowed to use the changes that Lauper made to the song, including the addition of several lyrics.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: In October the studio announced Sarah Jessica Parker was starring; she was known at the time for the TV series "Square Pegs". Parker said she agreed to do the film because the (uncredited) screenwriter, Janis Hirsch, was one of the writers on "Square Pegs".


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: "Janis wasn't into depicting people my age being stupid," said Parker. "I was impressed with her fondness for two best friends who aren't competitive."


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Helen Hunt said "They were looking for Goldie (Hawn) types when I was called in. But the director (Alan Metter) pulled me aside and said, `Sarah would kill to work with you.' It was really cool. Because I knew she wanted me to do the role, I felt I had the support to overcome my Sarah Lawrence looks."


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Hunt said she was allowed to "get real creative with who Lynne was... [I] went out and bought all these European magazines-then I did everything that wasn't in them... I felt a responsibility to bring a sense of fun into the picture. And I knew that to do that, I had to have it for myself and then spread it around. So I brought Tofuti (the healthy ice cream) to the set and got a lot of tapes from Tower Records. It helped. When you're making a comedy and it's 2 in the morning and you're tired and nothing's going right, there's no way you can cut ahead and think, `Boy, this is going to be exciting when it comes out.' "


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: The film received generally poor to mixed reviews. While certain critics considered the "cheesiness" factor a reason to watch the film, others said it was not a successful addition to the "80s teen movie" genre.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: The "New York Times" called it "standard high school antics" where Metter "has a lighthearted if unremarkable style. The best thing he does here is to assemble a cute cast and simply let the kids bubble along. Helen Hunt is a real scene-stealer."


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: The "Philadelphia Inquirer" said "Its main characters are appealing and well-acted" and has "a very clever parody of rock TV shows" but "degenerates into a mirthless comedy about young love and the generation gap, with a few feeble dance sequences thrown in to give viewers a chance to ogle young girls in leotards."


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: The film is also well-known for an unintentional error on the VHS edition: the runtime is listed as 95 minutes on the case (the correct time), but 94 minutes on the cassette label. The film was released on DVD by Image Entertainment on September 27, 2011 and on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: Though the 1985 film's title is based on the 1983 hit by Cyndi Lauper, Lauper’s version of the song does not play in the film due to licensing restrictions. Instead, a cover of the song by Deborah Galli, Tami Holbrook, and Meredith Marshall is featured. The most popular song from the soundtrack is "(Come On) Shout", performed by session singer, Alex Brown. The song and the accompanying music video brought Brown some momentary fame during the time of the movie's release.


title: Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)

text: In 2009, 20th Century Fox and Lakeshore Entertainment announced they were working on a remake of the film and had hired Michelle Morgan to write the script, but to date a remake has not materialized.


title: Frizzle Fry

text: Frizzle Fry is the debut studio album by American rock band Primus. It was released on February 7, 1990, by Caroline Records. Produced by the band and Matt Winegar, the album was recorded at Different Fur Studios in San Francisco in December of 1989.


title: Frizzle Fry

text: Primus self-financed the recording of "Frizzle Fry" using proceeds from their preceding album, "Suck On This". The completed album was then released in 1990 on Caroline Records. "Frizzle Fry" features guitarist Larry LaLonde playing many parts written by previous guitarist Todd Huth who left before the recording of the album.


title: Frizzle Fry

text: "Frizzle Fry" features the band's first single and minor radio hit "John the Fisherman". It was remastered in 2002, after the original had been out of print for years, and was released on Prawn Song Records. The remaster includes an extra track, named "Hello Skinny/Constantinople", a cover of the tracks "Hello Skinny" and "Constantinople" by The Residents.


title: Frizzle Fry

text: "Too Many Puppies" is the first Primus song Les Claypool ever wrote. "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" is an excerpt from the Spent Poets song of the same name. The album's producer, Matt Winegar, who also recorded and produced "Suck on This", was a member of the group, and a clip is featured just before "The Toys Go Winding Down". The beginning of "To Defy the Laws of Tradition" is an excerpt from the instrumental "YYZ" by the Canadian rock band Rush from their 1981 album "Moving Pictures", sampled from the live version of "John the Fisherman" which appears on "Suck on This". Another "Suck on This" sample also appears at the end of "Groundhog's Day"; the "Hey hey, Bob Cock here!" spoken intro from that album's version.


title: Frizzle Fry

text: The album was performed live in its entirety on the band's Hallucino-Genetics Tour in 2004 and a few more times in 2010. During the Hallucino-Genetics Tour, "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" was featured in its entirety as a short set break, as opposed to merely the excerpt that appears on the album.


title: Frizzle Fry

text: Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Ned Raggett notes that "it's pretty easy to see in retrospect how much of a melange went into the group's work. Nods but thankfully few outright steals to everything from Frank Zappa's arch humor and Funkadelic's sprawl to the Police's early, spare effectiveness crop up and, indeed, so does plenty of Metallica." He contends that "something about "Frizzle Fry" is ultimately and perfectly of its time and place." Robert Christgau simply describes the album as "Don Knotts Jr. joins the Minutemen."


title: Bigos

text: Bigos (; , ', or бігус, ', ), often translated into English as hunter's stew, is a Polish dish of chopped meat of various kinds stewed with sauerkraut and shredded fresh cabbage. It is served hot and can be enriched with vegetables, spices or wine.


title: Bigos

text: Originally from Poland, the dish also became traditional in the areas of the vast Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.


title: Bigos

text: The Polish word ' is probably of German origin, but its exact etymology is disputed. According to the Polish loanword dictionary edited by Elżbieta Sobol, it may derive from German ', meaning "doused" or "basted". Jerzy Bralczyk similarly derives the word from archaic German ', "sauce". Aleksander Brückner has proposed German ', "piece of lead", as a possible source, referring to a tradition of divining from strangely shaped flakes of molten lead dropped into water. Maria Dembińska rejects this etymology as "doubtless erroneous", suggesting instead either archaic German ', "to chop", or old German ' (' in modern German), meaning "mugwort" ("Artemisia vulgaris"), a herb that was popular in medieval cuisine. Andrzej Bańkowski also points to Italian ', or "pot for cooking soup", as a possible derivation via German.


title: Bigos

text: The principal ingredients of ' are assorted kinds of meat chopped into bite-sized chunks and a mixture of sauerkraut (pickled cabbage) and shredded fresh white cabbage. The meats may include pork (ham, shoulder, bacon, ribs, loin, etc.), beef and veal, poultry (chicken, duck, goose, turkey) and game, as well as charcuterie, especially various kinds of ', or Polish smoked sausage. The variety of meats is considered essential for good "; its preparation may be a good occasion to clean out one's freezer and use up leftovers from other meat dishes. Some of the meats may be roasted before being diced together with other cuts of meat and braised in lard or vegetable oil.


title: Bigos

text: The sauerkraut is often rinsed and drained before being chopped and mixed with shredded fresh cabbage. The proportion depends on the sauerkraut's maturity – the longer it has cured, the more sour it tastes, calling for more fresh cabbage to balance the flavor. Traditionally, cabbage was pickled in fall, so " made at that time could be made with only half-cured sauerkraut, but by early spring, the sauerkraut had to be combined in equal parts with fresh cabbage. The mixture is precooked in a small amount of water before being mixed with the braised meat and left to simmer for several hours. Ideally, the stew should thicken through evaporation alone, but flour, roux, crumbled rye bread or a grated raw potato may be added to it to take up excess moisture.


title: Bigos

text: Other ingredients often added to ' include onions, diced and browned in lard together with the meat, and dried forest mushrooms that are precooked separately in boiling water. The stew is usually seasoned with salt, black peppercorns, allspice, juniper berries and bay leaves. Some recipes also call for caraway, cloves, garlic, marjoram, mustard seeds, nutmeg, paprika and thyme. The tart flavor of sauerkraut may be enhanced by adding some dry red wine or beet sour (fermented beetroot juice that is also a traditional ingredient of borscht), which may impart a reddish hue to the stew. ' is often slightly sweetened with sugar, honey, raisins, prunes or plum butter known in Polish as ".


title: Bigos

text: Traditionally, ' is stewed in a cauldron over an open fire or in a large pot on a stove, but it may also be prepared in an electric slow cooker. The contents should be stirred from time to time, to prevent scorching, which may impart a bitter taste to the entire batch. ' is considered best after it has been repeatedly refrigerated and reheated to allow the flavors to fuse.


title: Bigos

text: The flexible and forgiving recipe for " allows a great number of variants, often simply using what ingredients are at hand. It is often claimed that there are as many recipes as there are cooks in Poland.


title: Bigos

text: In the region of Greater Poland, ' typically contains tomato paste and is seasoned with garlic and marjoram. Kuyavian ' is often made from red cabbage as well as white. In Silesia, it is usually mixed with ' or ', that is, small plain boiled dumplings made from unleavened dough that contains flour and mashed potatoes. A variant which contains julienned apples, preferably with a winey tart taste, such as Antonovka, is known as Lithuanian " and is typical for the territory of the erstwhile Grand Duchy of Lithuania (now Belarus and Lithuania).


title: Bigos

text: In ', or "hunter's '", at least part of the meat comes from game, such as wild boar, venison or hare. It is usually seasoned with juniper berries, which help neutralize off-flavors that may be found in the meat of wild animals.


title: Bigos

text: As a dish that does not spoil quickly and is thought to improve with each reheating, ' has been traditionally used as a provision for travellers and campers or consumed at outdoor events, such as a hunt or a carnival sleigh ride known in Polish as '. It may be also eaten indoor, for breakfast, supper or as a hot starter served before soup at a dinner party. It is commonly found on the menus of milk bars, pubs and bistros throughout Poland. " is particularly associated with major Catholic holidays, such as Christmas and Easter, as it can be prepared in ample quantities beforehand and only reheated on the holiday itself and the following days.


title: Bigos

text: In a fancier setting, it may be served in stoneware bowls, puff pastry shells or bread bowls. ', especially when enjoyed outdoor, is traditionally paired with shots of chilled vodka, either clear or flavored. Varieties of flavored vodka that match well with ' include ' (bison grass), ' (juniper), ' (wormwood), ' (various herbs) and " (oak-aged). If served at home or in a restaurant, the stew may be paired with beer, red wine or Riesling.


title: Bigos

text: According to Polish food historian Maria Dembińska, ' may derive from a medieval dish known in Latin as ', or "mixture". It was made from various vegetables, such as cabbage, chard and onions, that were chopped or shredded, layered inside an earthenware three-legged Dutch oven and braised or baked. A remnant of this old procedure may be found in a ' recipe, in which bacon and cabbage are arranged in layers, from the 19th-century Russian cookbook, "A Gift to Young Housewives" by Elena Molokhovets. It is believed this dish was introduced in the region by Sephardic Jews coming from the portuguese region of Alentejo, replacing ingredients with regional produce. Similar, layered dishes of medieval origin also exist in other European cuisines; they include the Italian ' (known in 16th-century Poland under the Polonized name, ') and the Alsatian ' (also known as '), made from cabbage, leftover meats and fruits. They are reminiscent of a rustic Polish casserole, known in various regions as ', etc. It is traditionally made from sliced or diced potatoes, onions, carrots, sausages and bacon arranged in layers inside a cast-iron cauldron greased with lard and lined with cabbage leaves, which is placed in bonfire embers for baking.


title: Bigos

text: The word "'" is not attested before the 17th century. At that time, it referred to any dish of finely chopped components, usually meat or fish – but no cabbage – doused generously with melted butter and heavily seasoned with sour, sweet and spicy ingredients. , head chef to Prince , who consistently used the diminutive form ', included several recipes for it in his ' ("A Collection of Dishes"), the oldest surviving book imprinted and published originally in Polish, in 1682 (however, in ca. 2019, another old cook book has been found which included recipes from the earlier, e.i. the 16th century lost Polish cook book, the oldest one). They include ' prepared with chopped capon, hazel grouse, carp, pike, and crawfish with beef marrow. Seasonings that appear in most of these recipes include onions, wine vinegar, lemon or lime juice, verjuice, sorrel, sugar, raisins, black pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves and cumin. A manuscript recipe collection from the family court, dating back to ca. 1686, contains instructions for cooking ' of roast beef, fried fish and even chopped ' (thin pancakes). ' ("The Perfect Cook"), a cookbook published by Wojciech Wielądko in 1783, contains recipes for beef, veal, wether mutton, oyster, as well as root vegetable ' (the latter was a mixture of carrots, parsnip, rutabaga and celeriac).


title: Bigos

text: ' made entirely of meat and exotic spices was affordable only to the affluent Polish nobility. The 18th century saw the development of a poor man's version of the dish, known as ', or "rascal's '", in which vinegar and lemon juice were replaced with cheaper sauerkraut as the source of tartness. Sauerkraut and cabbage also acted as a filler allowing to reduce the amount of meat in the dish. Rascal's ' became common during the reign of King Augustus III of Poland (r. 1734–1763). Over the course of the 19th century, its rise in popularity continued as the proportion of meat decreased in favor of sauerkraut, eventually superseding all other kinds of " and losing the disparaging epithet in the process.


title: Bigos

text: " is considered a Polish national dish, which, according to American food historian William Woys Weaver, "has been romanticized in poetry, discussed in its most minute details in all sorts of literary contexts, and never made in small quantities."


title: Bigos

text: The most famous literary monument to ' can be found in ', a mock-heroic poem venerated as the Polish national epic, extolling the country life of Polish noblemen in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, written by Adam Mickiewicz in 1834. It describes a group of men out in the woods, enjoying the stew of "wondrous taste, colour and marvellous smell" after a successful bear hunt.


title: Obelix

text: Obelix (; ) is a cartoon character in the French comic book series "Asterix". He works as a menhir sculptor and deliveryman, and is Asterix's best friend. Obelix is noted for his obesity, the menhirs he carries around on his back and his superhuman strength. He fell into a cauldron of the Gauls' magic potion when he was a baby, causing him to be the only Gaul in Asterix's village who is in a permanent state of superhuman strength. Because of this already enormous strength, Obelix is not allowed to drink the magic potion ever again, a ban he regards as being tremendously unfair. Other characteristics are his simplemindedness, his love and care for his dog Dogmatix, his anger when someone refers to him as being ""fat"", his enthusiasm for hunting and eating wild boars, and beating up Romans. His catchphrase is: ""Ils sont fous ces romains"", which translates into "These Romans are crazy!", although he considers nearly every other nationality, even other Gauls, to be just as strange.


title: Obelix

text: Obelix is Asterix's closest friend (they even have the same birthday—although this is inconsistent with the comic "Obelix and Co.", where only Obelix's birthday is celebrated). He generally works as a menhir delivery man. His passions in life are hanging around with Asterix, fighting, hunting and eating wild boar, making and carrying his menhirs, and beating up Roman legionaries (and occasionally collecting their helmets). Obelix has a little dog named Dogmatix (Fr. "Idéfix"), whom he adores. His parents live now in Condate (as seen in "Asterix and the Actress") and his distant cousin Metallurgix, a golden sickle maker, lives in Lutetia (as seen in "Asterix and the Golden Sickle").


title: Obelix

text: Obelix's favourite food is roast wild boar which he usually hunts with Asterix, but he has a voracious appetite, and will try eating nearly anything with few exceptions; in "Asterix and Obelix All at Sea" and "Asterix in Britain" he seems not to like boiled boar. In fact, he eats nuts and oysters in the shell, and is completely oblivious to drugs, spicy food and poison, possibly due to the permanent effects of the magic potion. However, when he consumes alcohol, he gets very drunk very quickly, as seen for example in "Asterix in Britain" where he enjoys sampling different barrels of wine trying to find a barrel containing magic potion, or in "Asterix and the Laurel Wreath", where both he and chief Vitalstatistix get drunk during a banquet, much to the shame of the latter's wife Impedimenta. Although he has his own house, Obelix is occasionally shown staying overnight at Asterix's.


title: Obelix

text: Obelix owns the quarry where he chisels the menhirs himself. It is never directly stated what the menhirs are used for, though it is hinted that they are just oversized knick-knacks; however they are probably a running-gag regarding the origins of the mystery surrounding Menhirs in ancient Europe, with the joke being that Obelix delivered them. Obelix usually trades the stones away for whatever he needs, resulting in the village having a literal field of menhirs.


title: Obelix

text: Obelix is kind-hearted, but socially inept—possibly because his strength means that others have had to adapt to him instead of vice versa. He is still not completely aware of his own strength and almost invariably breaks any door he "gently" knocks on. He is frequently used as a "human battering ram" for opening locked doors or breaking through walls. Similarly, he is unaware that others do not share his superhuman strength, and shows great surprise when others are crushed by what he calls ""a little menhir"", or when Asterix attempts to explain to him that a small dog like Dogmatix cannot lift a menhir. He also has little interest in subjects of formal education or intellectual pursuits, since sheer strength usually solves his problems; he generally leaves any decisions to Asterix. However, Obelix is not completely stupid. In "Asterix and the Normans" he deduces from various clues that Cacofonix the bard has gone to Lutetia to pursue a career in popular music: this unusual display of intelligence on Obelix's part surprises Getafix. He also surprises Asterix in "Asterix and the Black Gold" by reeling off a dictionary definition of wild boar in conversation (including the Latin taxonomical classification). He can also be quite dangerous when angered.


title: Obelix

text: While cheerfully violent and enjoying a good fight, Obelix is far from brutal or sadistic: he tends to view fighting as a game and is generally friendly and polite (to the point of inappropriate courtesy) towards his opponents. He extends this benevolence even towards the Romans, whom he rarely seems to view as oppressors but more as less-willing participants in his rough-housing. His other favored pastimes are dancing (which he apparently is very good at), and occasionally drinking goat's milk to excess (as he rarely imbibes in alcohol).


title: Obelix

text: Like Asterix, Obelix is a bachelor, but he is easily smitten by a pretty face. He harbours a hopeless crush on Panacea, the daughter of Soporifix (one of the other villagers), and occasionally other young women, most notably Mrs. Geriatrix (which enrages her husband). However, one may think that he will eventually find a mate and have children since in "Asterix and the Class Act", he is shown to be the founder of a long dynasty of French warriors that lasted well into the 20th century.


title: Obelix

text: Obelix's trademark phrase is "These Romans are crazy" ("Ils sont fous ces romains": in the Italian translation, it is "Sono pazzi questi Romani", which can be shortened to S.P.Q.R., Rome's motto), although he has applied a variant of it to nearly every group he's met in his travels: "These Britons are crazy", "These Corsicans are crazy", etc. This remark is followed by him tapping his forehead. It is a parody of the quote "These Gauls are crazy", which Julius Caesar famously said while describing the Gauls' fighting style during his conquest of the region.


title: Obelix

text: Unlike the other villagers, Obelix has no need to drink the druid Getafix's magic potion that gives superhuman strength, because he fell into the cauldron as a baby and its effect on him became permanent. Obelix is tall and massive. He is about tall and he weighs more than . The story of that incident is told in "How Obelix Fell into the Magic Potion When he was a Little Boy." Since this effect was not intended or expected, Getafix refuses to allow him even one more drop except under the most dire circumstances (either out of fear for his life, or fear for the lives of others should the inattentive and uncoordinated strongman become any stronger), which annoys Obelix greatly. (In "Asterix and Obelix All at Sea", it is revealed that too much of the potion can turn the drinker to stone; exactly how much is not known, but a whole cauldron will certainly do the trick. This appears to only work on grown people as Obelix did not turn to stone as a baby, or may simply occur after drinking an excessive amount while still under the effects of a previous dose). However, in "Asterix and Cleopatra," Getafix gives him a few drops to open a door in the Great Pyramid's Labyrinth but he comments that he does not see much difference between "before and after the potion" though this is presumably because Obelix is used to accomplishing any physical task with ease.


title: Obelix

text: Although it has been clearly stated by both Getafix (in "Asterix the Gaul") and Asterix (in "Asterix and the Laurel Wreath") that the magic potion does NOT grant invulnerability (Getafix has a potion for that but it is only mentioned in Asterix the Gaul), meaning that they "could" be injured by the Romans in their fights but their raw strength generally prevents the Romans getting the chance to do so, the same does not seem to be true of Obelix. He does not even notice when attackers attempt to knock him unconscious with blows to the head, when Roman spearheads are stuck in his bottom in "Asterix in Corsica" or when anyone else attempts to harm him in any way. This may imply that Obelix, either by stupidity or ignorance, simply does not notice or react to the pain that should be inflicted, or that the potion has enhanced his overall strength, since it has been shown to increase the drinker's endurance allowing them to run faster, to such a point where his muscles allow him to effortlessly absorb the attacks in question. Most of the occasions where Obelix demonstrates invulnerability include him being attacked physically rather than with sharp objects, as in Asterix and the Magic Carpet, when an arrow accidentally hits his bottom and he yells in agony, and thus showing that Obelix isn't above physical pain.


title: Obelix

text: Obelix does sometimes display twisted views, especially when it comes to the relationship between the Gauls and the Romans. As far as he is concerned the more Romans he can beat up the better and nobody should deny him this, not even the "selfish" Roman victims themselves:


title: Obelix

text: Albert Augier voiced Obelix in a 1960 radio play. For the animated films, he has been voiced by Jacques Morel in the first three, Pierre Tornade in all films during the '80s and '90s, as well as the videogames "Asterix & Obelix XXL" and "", Jacques Frantz in the 2006 film "Asterix and the Vikings" and the videogame "Asterix at the Olympic Games", and currently since the 2014 film "". In the English dubs of the animated films, he has been voiced by Hal Brav, Michael Kilgarriff, Billy Kearns, Bernard Bresslaw, Rosey Grier, Howard Lew Lewis, Brad Garrett, C. Ernst Harth, and Nick Frost.


title: Obelix

text: In the live action films, Gérard Depardieu plays Obelix, with Gilles Lellouche set to play the character in "". The English dubs for these films have featured Obelix's voice being provided by Terry Jones, Dominic Fumusa, and Paul Bandey.


title: Obelix

text: Obelix's name is a pun on the French word "obélisque" (obelisk, an ancient Egyptian stone pillar), suggested by his rotund physique and his habit of casually carrying heavy stone monuments (Menhir) around with him. The word "obelisk" is also (in both French and English) a variant of the word obelus ("obèle"), a typographical mark ("†") often found in a companion role to that of the asterisk, after which his friend Asterix is named.


title: Misha Defonseca

text: Misha Defonseca (born Monique de Wael) is a Belgian-born impostor and the author of a fraudulent Holocaust memoir titled "", first published in 1997 and at that time professed to be a true memoir. It became an instant success in Europe and was translated into 18 languages. The French version of the book was a derivative work based on the original with the title "Survivre avec les loups" ("Surviving with Wolves") that was published in 1997 by the Éditions Robert Laffont; this second version was adapted into the French film of the same name.


title: Misha Defonseca

text: On 29 February 2008, the author as well as her lawyers admitted that the bestselling book was fraudulent, despite its having been presented as autobiographical.


title: Misha Defonseca

text: In 2014 a US court ordered Defonseca to repay her US publisher Mt. Ivy Press $22 million that she had been awarded in an earlier legal suit against the publisher.


title: Misha Defonseca

text: Defonseca was born Monique de Wael, the daughter of Catholic parents who were arrested, deported, and murdered by the Nazis for being resistance members. After her parents' arrest, Monique was sent to live with her grandparents, then her uncle. In the local community, she was known as the "daughter of the traitor," as her father, Robert de Wael, was accused of disclosing the names of resistance members to the Nazis during his imprisonment. After being liberated, her father's name was erased from the stone plaque in honour of the local Nazi-victim employees on the walls of the Schaerbeek municipality.


title: Misha Defonseca

text: Defonseca and her husband, Maurice, moved to the United States from Paris in 1988 and bought a house in Millis, Massachusetts. He was unemployed by the mid-1990s. Defonseca began to fantasize a vivid story about her childhood, including having wandered across Europe at the age of six after her parents were deported in 1941, being sheltered by friendly packs of wolves, killing a German soldier in self-defence, sneaking into and out of the Warsaw Ghetto, and finding her way home at the end of the war. Jane Daniel, a local book publisher, convinced Defonseca to write a memoir about her alleged past after she heard the writer tell the story in a Massachusetts synagogue. Daniel published "Misha: A Memoire of the Holocaust Years" in 1997 through her "one woman operation", Mt. Ivy Press.


title: Misha Defonseca

text: Prior to the uncovering of the hoax, the book had spawned a multimillion-dollar legal battle between Defonseca and the book's ghostwriter, Vera Lee, against Jane Daniel and her publishing company, Mt. Ivy Press. Daniel and Defonseca fell out over profits received from the best-selling book, which led to a lawsuit. In 2005, a Boston court ordered Daniel to pay Defonseca and Lee $22.5 million. Defonseca's lawyers said Daniel had not paid the court-ordered sum. Following her admission, a court in 2014 ordered Defonseca to repay the full amount.


title: Misha Defonseca

text: Despite the book's popularity, many critics pointed to passages that were logically or historically implausible. The first person who publicly doubted the authenticity of the story was Henryk M. Broder, who wrote an article about Defonseca in 1996 for the German news magazine "Der Spiegel". In late February 2008, a baptismal certificate from a Brussels church for a Monique De Wael and a register from an elementary school near the De Waels' home that shows Monique enrolled there in September 1943 – two years after Misha claimed to have left Brussels – were posted by Jane Daniel on her blog. Belgian national newspaper "Le Soir" soon reported these findings. Finally the leading historian of the Shoah in Belgium, Maxime Steinberg, pointed out the story's historical anomalies and errors.


title: Misha Defonseca

text: On 29 February 2008, Defonseca admitted to "Le Soir" that she had fabricated the tale, after she had been presented with what the paper described as "irrefutable" evidence that her story was false. "The book is a story, it's my story", said the writer in a statement issued under her real name. "It's not the true reality, but it is my reality. There are times when I find it difficult to differentiate between reality and my inner world." Defonseca told "Le Soir" that she had always wanted to forget her real name because she had been called "the traitor's daughter."


title: Misha Defonseca

text: Forensic genealogists Sharon Sergeant and Colleen M. Fitzpatrick led the team which was instrumental in uncovering the hoax.


title: Misha Defonseca

text: Misha Defonseca and her memoir are the subject of the documentary film "Misha and the Wolves", released on Netflix in 2021. The documentary reveals that Defonseca, prior to the controversy, was slated to appear on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" as part of Oprah's Book Club. A segment was even filmed for the broadcast with Defonseca interacting with a live wolf, but afterwards Defonseca canceled the appearance.


title: Skins (series 1)

text: Skins is a British teen drama created by father-and-son television writers Bryan Elsley and Jamie Brittain for Company Pictures. The first series began airing on E4 on 25 January 2007 and ended on 22 March 2007. This series sees the introduction of a new cast; it follows the lives of the first generation of sixth form students Tony Stonem, Michelle Richardson, Sid Jenkins, Cassie Ainsworth, Chris Miles, Jal Fazer, Maxxie Oliver and Anwar Kharral.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: Ishq: Not a Love Story is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller film directed by S. S. Raju. Produced by Mega Super Good Films production studio, the film stars Teja Sajja and Priya Prakash Varrier in lead roles. It is the remake of 2019 Malayalam film of the same name. Mahati Swara Sagar is composing the music of the film. The film was released on 30 July 2021.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: The film revolves around the life of a man named Siddharth alias Siddhu and his girlfriend, Anasuya alias Anu.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: Siddhu works at an information technology firm and takes time off from work to attend his sister's wedding. While on leave, he and his girlfriend Anu go on a date where they encounter Madhav, sitting in a car with his other friend. They both convince Siddhu that they are police officers and that he and Anu will be arrested if they don't escort them.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: Siddhu and Anu are mentally tortured while driving around with them. Madhav tries to make a move on Anu while Siddhu is away. Tired of his actions, his friend leaves the three of them alone. He continues to harass them but leaves after Siddhu pays him off. The two then go to Anu's hostel without speaking. A frustrated Siddhu asks Anu what he has done to her. Upset by his question, she gets out of the car and Siddhu angrily drives back home.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: While Siddhu is restless at home, he decides to take revenge. He goes back to the place where he originally met them and discovers that Madhav is just an ambulance driver and his friend is just a tailor. Siddhu finds his address and goes to his house while he is away. He is greeted by his wife, Jyothi and his daughter, Shravya. He enters the house and makes a scene. When Madhav arrives home, he and Siddhu get into a fight, with Siddhu breaking his legs. Siddhu attempts to leave but is stopped by a procession on the road. Siddhu begins to torture his wife and daughter in the same way he tortured him and his girlfriend.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: Madhav's friends arrive outside his house. He attempts to call to them for help but stops when Siddhu threatens to kill his daughter. Meanwhile, Jyothi overhears his friends talking about Siddhu's incident. As his friends leave, Jyothi angrily questions him, who confesses that he tried to sexually assault Anu, but she fought back. Siddhu apologizes to Jyothi and leaves the broken family alone. Jyothi takes her daughter inside, while Madhav lies in the room immobilized. A happy and relaxed Siddhu meets Anu that night.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: The next day, Anu joins Siddhu at the beach. Still angry at his question, she asks what else he wants to know. He pulls his car over and takes the Madhav's friend out of the trunk. He apologizes and Siddhu offers him money to get back home. Still angry, Anu asks Siddhu if Madhav had done something to her , he would have abandoned her . Siddhu refuses to reply and changes the topic by proposing to her for her birthday. She turns him down as she does not want to live with Siddhu anymore. She realizes Siddhu might not have accepted her if something bad had happened, regardless of who was at fault or how miserable the situation was.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: Mega Super Good Films announced the film on 8 January 2021 through Twitter. Filming took place in early 2021.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: The film was originally scheduled to release on 23 April 2021, but the release was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Later, it was announced that the film will be released on 30 July 2021.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: Neeshita Nyayapati of "The Times of India" gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and cited it as "an odd mix of feminism and misogyny". She felt that the film had the potential to be something more, if only the subject at hand was handled better instead of ending up being nothing but than a case-study on the big, fat, male ego. "Sakshi" 's Anji Setty rated the film two for five. He criticized the screenplay, narration, and, praised the acting performances done by lead actors.


title: Ishq (2021 film)

text: A critic of "Pinkvilla" called it "barely average romantic thriller" and wrote that "'ISHQ' is the kind of semi-experimental and subject Telugu cinema wouldn't have made by itself."


title: Interstate 20

text: Interstate 20 (I‑20) is a major east–west Interstate Highway in the Southern United States. I-20 runs beginning at an interchange with I-10 in Scroggins Draw, Texas, and ending at an interchange with I-95 in Florence, South Carolina. Between Texas and South Carolina, I-20 runs through northern Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. The major cities that I-20 connects to include Dallas, Texas; Shreveport, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi; Birmingham, Alabama; Atlanta, Georgia; and Columbia, South Carolina.


title: Interstate 20

text: From its terminus at I-95, the highway continues about eastward into the city of Florence as Interstate Business 20.


title: Interstate 20

text: I-20 runs from Texas to South Carolina serving major southern economic hubs such as Dallas–Fort Worth and Atlanta.


title: Interstate 20

text: I-20 begins in Scroggins Draw at a fork with I-10. From there, the highway travels east-northeastward through Odessa, Midland, and Abilene before turning eastward toward Dallas–Fort Worth. The La Entrada al Pacifico corridor runs along I-20 between U.S. Route 385 (US 385) and Farm to Market Road 1788 (FM 1788). Between Monahans and I-10, I-20 has an speed limit.


title: Interstate 20

text: From the highway's opening in the 1960s through 1977, I-20 originally went through the heart of the Metroplex via the Dallas–Fort Worth Turnpike. This old route is now signed I-30 (Dallas–Fort Worth Turnpike and from US 80/I-30 intersection at Mesquite to downtown Dallas), US 80 (former stretch between I-635 and Terrell), and State Highway Spur 557 (Spur 557, bypass around Terrell). In 1977, I-20 was rerouted to go through the southern sections of Fort Worth, Arlington, Grand Prairie, Dallas, and Mesquite. It split off from the old route initially at I-820 in west Fort Worth the later on at its current junction near Aledo in Parker County. It rejoins the old route near Terrell. Part of I-20 in Dallas used to be signed as I-635 and shares the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway name with the remainder of I-635. Parts on the south side of Fort Worth were originally signed as I-820.


title: Interstate 20

text: I-20 continues eastward from Terrell, bypassing Tyler, Longview, and Marshall before crossing the Louisiana border near Waskom.


title: Interstate 20

text: Entering the state from near Waskom, Texas, the highway immediately enters the Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area, intersecting I-49 near downtown Shreveport and passing close to Barksdale Air Force Base in Bossier City.


title: Interstate 20

text: I-20 traverses mainly rural, hilly terrain, bypassing Minden, Grambling, and Ruston before reaching Monroe.


title: Interstate 20

text: From Monroe, I-20 enters flatter terrain as it approaches the Mississippi River. Before crossing the Mississippi, the highway passes Tallulah. At the Mississippi River, I-20 leaves Louisiana and enters Vicksburg.


title: Interstate 20

text: Upon entering Mississippi by crossing the Mississippi River, I-20 immediately enters Vicksburg. Between Edwards and Clinton, the highway mostly follows the original two-lane routing of US 80. In Jackson, I-20 sees a short concurrency with both I-55 and US 49. Also in Jackson is an unusually expansive stack interchange, at the junction of I-20, I-55 North, and US 49 South. The interchange replaces a former directional interchange at I-55 North and a cloverleaf at US 49. From the Stack, I-20 continues eastward to Meridian, where it begins the nearly overlap with I-59.


title: Interstate 20

text: I-20 (along with I-59) crosses the Alabama state line near York, and it stays conjoined as it passes through western Alabama and Tuscaloosa. At Birmingham, the two highways pass through downtown together before splitting at exit 130 just east of the Birmingham airport. I-20 continues eastward through Oxford/Anniston, Alabama, and the Talladega National Forest, passing by the Talladega Superspeedway in the process, which is visible from the highway.


title: Interstate 20

text: Also in Birmingham, the intersection of I-20 / I-59 and I-65 was known as a Malfunction Junction because of the interchange's somewhat-confusing design, and the number of traffic accidents that occurred there. This section of the Interstate and its interchanges have since been reconfigured.


title: Interstate 20

text: I-20 enters Georgia near Tallapoosa and after passing through western Georgia, it enters the Atlanta metropolitan area. On clear days, eastbound motorists get their first view of downtown Atlanta as they come over the top of the Six Flags Hill. The Six Flags Over Georgia amusement park is easily visible off exit 46 eastbound. The highway then passes through the center of Atlanta, meeting with I-75 and I-85, which share a common expressway (the "Downtown Connector"). It continues through Metropolitan Atlanta eastward and through the eastern half of Georgia until it exits the state, crossing the Savannah River at Augusta.


title: Interstate 20

text: Throughout the state, I-20 is conjoined with unsigned State Route 402 (SR 402). Also, I-20 from the Alabama state line to I-285 in Atlanta is named the "Tom Murphy Freeway", but it is called the "Ralph David Abernathy Freeway" within I-285. The Interstate Highway is also named the Purple Heart Highway from I-285 in DeKalb County to US 129/US 441/SR 24 in Madison, Georgia, and it is called the Carl Sanders Highway from US 129/US 441/SR 24 to the South Carolina state line.


title: Interstate 20

text: Upon leaving Augusta, I-20 crosses the Savannah River and enters the Palmetto State and heads northeastward, bypassing Aiken and Lexington before reaching the state capital of Columbia, which can be reached most directly by taking I-26 east at exit 64 ("Malfunction Junction"), then, almost immediately, I-126/US 76.


title: Interstate 20

text: At Columbia, I-20 bypasses the city to the north and again turns northeastward, bypassing Fort Jackson and Camden. After crossing the Wateree River, it turns due east, passes by tiny Bishopville, before reaching the Florence area. It is near Florence where I-20 sees its eastern terminus at I-95. However, for about , the highway continues into Florence as I-20 Bus.


title: Interstate 20

text: I-20 in the Palmetto State is known as either the J. Strom Thurmond Freeway or John C. West Freeway. The first section to be completed was the bridge over the Savannah River in 1965; the last, the section between US 401 and I-95 (including the business spur), opened in August 1975.


title: Interstate 20

text: I-20 was built in 1957 connecting Texas to the east coast running through Shreveport La, Ruston La, and Monroe La making it their first Interstate.


title: Interstate 20

text: In 2003, the North Carolina Department of Transportation proposed extending I-20 eastward from Florence to Wilmington at the behest of North Carolina Governor Mike Easley and his 'Strategic Transportation Plan' for the southeast portion of the state. The proposed route would follow US 76 east from Florence to Whiteville, North Carolina, then parallel US 74/US 76 into Wilmington. Part of this route is already designated the future eastern extension of I-74. As part of the 2005 SAFETEA-LU transportation legislation, North Carolina received $5 million for a feasibility study for this extension. While this extension has considerable support among towns in southeastern North Carolina, the South Carolina DOT has stated that they have no interest in upgrading their portion of US 76 to an Interstate. Instead, South Carolina is concentrating their efforts on plans to build I-73 that will terminate near Myrtle Beach. This proposed extension is currently unfunded.


title: Interstate 20

text: Two I-420s were planned, but never completed or built. One was to be a bypass around Monroe, Louisiana, but was never built. The other I-420 was planned as a bypass to the south of Downtown Atlanta. Due to anti-freeway sentiments, this I-420 was never completed, and the already-built portion has been signed as SR 154/SR 166, named Langford Parkway (formerly the Lakewood Freeway).


title: Qasim ibn Muhammad

text: Qāsim ibn Muḥammad () was the eldest of the sons of Muhammad and Khadija bint Khuwaylid. He died in 601 CE (before the start of his father's prophethood in 609), after his third birthday and is buried in Jannat al-Mu'alla cemetery, Mecca.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Located in the west central Lowlands, it is one of three council areas contained within the boundaries of the historic county of Renfrewshire, the others being East Renfrewshire to the east and Inverclyde to the west. It also shares borders with Glasgow, North Ayrshire and West Dunbartonshire, and lies on the southern bank of the River Clyde.


title: Renfrewshire

text: The term Renfrewshire may also be used to refer to the historic county, also known as the County of Renfrew or Greater Renfrewshire, with origins in the 16th century. The larger Renfrewshire, containing Renfrewshire, Inverclyde and East Renfrewshire, remains in use as a registration county and lieutenancy area as well as a joint valuation board area for electoral registration and local tax valuation purposes.


title: Renfrewshire

text: The town of Paisley is the area's main settlement and centre of local government and contains the historic county town, the royal burgh of Renfrew.


title: Renfrewshire

text: The name of Renfrewshire derives from its county town, Renfrew, which has been attested since the Roman occupation of Britain. The name is believed to originate from Common Brittonic/Cumbric, from ren, as in Scottish Gaelic: "rinn", or as in Welsh: "rhyn" (a point or cape of land) and from frew, as in Welsh: "fraw", or "ffrau" (flow of water). This suggests a point of land near the flow of water, such as at the confluence of the Cart and Clyde rivers.


title: Renfrewshire

text: The county of Renfrew was established by King Robert III from lands centring on the ancient lordship of Strathgryfe in 1402. Previously this had formed part of the county of Lanarkshire. Previously religious authority had extended over the area through the authority of Paisley Abbey over local churches in towns and villages.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Following the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, Renfrewshire – as with the other counties of Scotland – gained greater powers and became governed by an elected county council which was based at the County Buildings, adjacent to Paisley Sheriff Court, in Paisley.


title: Renfrewshire

text: In 1973, the historic county of Renfrewshire was divided into three districts – Renfrew District, Inverclyde District and Eastwood District within the wider Strathclyde region. The modern council area of Renfrewshire was subsequently created as one of the 32 local council areas following the 1996 reform of local government in Scotland, with altered boundaries. Barrhead, Neilston and Uplawmoor which were formerly in Renfrew District joined with Eastwood District to form East Renfrewshire.


title: Renfrewshire

text: During the 17th and 18th century, the Industrial Revolution caused a mass increase to the textiles industry in Paisley. Meanwhile, the shipbuilding industry was stimulated.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Following the creation of the Braehead shopping centre in 1999, the development formed part of a boundary dispute between Renfrewshire and the City of Glasgow, with the centre straddling the existing boundary line. In 2002, a Local Government Boundary Commission ruling eventually redrew the boundary to include all of the centre in Renfrewshire, as this was the original ancient boundary. The boundary runs along Kings Inch Drive and is marked by a chain linked fence at this point.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Renfrewshire contains several places of interest. In the west of Renfrewshire, Castle Semple Loch at Lochwinnoch and the wider Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park are natural areas of interest, as is the Gleniffer Braes country park in the south.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Paisley contains several historic buildings and notable sites, including Paisley Abbey, Paisley Museum and Coats Observatory, Paisley Town Hall, Coats Memorial Church, Sma' Shot Cottages and St Mirren Park (home of St Mirren F.C.). Outside of Paisley, Elderslie, the claimed birthplace of Scottish knight William Wallace, contains a monument in his honour, while the Weaver's Cottage at Kilbarchan is in the care of the National Trust for Scotland. The town of Johnstone is notable for Johnstone Castle, Johnstone High Parish Church and for containing a museum within a supermarket.


title: Renfrewshire

text: The Braehead Arena in Renfrewshire close to the boundary with Glasgow is home to leading professional basketball team, the Scottish Rocks, who compete in the British Basketball League. The arena was also host to the 2000 Ford World Curling Championships.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Renfrewshire Council is the elected local authority for Renfrewshire. Its consists of 43 directly elected councillors who elect from among their number a Provost to serve as the council's convener and ceremonial head and a leader of the council who is typically the head of the largest political group, often called the Administration.


title: Renfrewshire

text: The council meets collectively as a full council and carries out a number of functions. Its Scheme of Delegated Functions sets out where the council has agreed to allow powers to be exercised by a committee (referred to as a "board" in Renfrewshire Council), a sub-committee, an officer of the council or a joint committee with one or more other councils. The council continues to reserve a number of functions that can only be carried out by the council acting as a whole.


title: Renfrewshire

text: The council's paid service (known collectively as "officers") is headed by a chief executive, who is responsible to the elected council for the delivery of its policies. This executive wing is divided into seven departments: the Chief Executive's Department, Finance and Corporate Services, Education and Leisure Services, Environmental Services, Housing and Property Services, Planning and Transport, and Social Work. Each department is headed by a Director, who is also a non-political, paid member of staff.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Renfrewshire Council acts as the lead authority for Scotland Excel, a collaborative procurement vehicle established in 2008 to support the local authorities of Scotland.


title: Renfrewshire

text: The most recent election was held in May 2022, following which an SNP led council was formed with the support on confidence and supply from Johnstone North, Kilbarchan, Howwood and Lochwinnoch independent councillor Andy Doig. As of November 2022 the full composition of the council is as follows:


title: Renfrewshire

text: For the purposes of elections to Renfrewshire Council, the Renfrewshire area is divided geographically into a number of wards which then elect either three or four councillors each by the single transferable vote system. The electoral system of local councils in Scotland is governed by the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004, which first introduced proportional representation to councils in Scotland.


title: Renfrewshire

text: These electoral wards, following a 2017 review and first used in the 2017 Renfrewshire Council election are as follows:


title: Renfrewshire

text: The two parliamentary constituencies covering Renfrewshire are Paisley and Renfrewshire North and Paisley and Renfrewshire South, being represented by Gavin Newlands and Mhairi Black respectively. Created in 2005, both seats and their predecessor constituencies had traditionally been safe seats for the Labour Party, until the Scottish National Party gained them with swings of over 26% in the SNP landslide at the 2015 general election. Although both constituencies were only marginally held by the party over Labour at the 2017 snap election, they returned to safe SNP majorities in the 2019 general election.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Following the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, the Labour Party held the three seats covering Renfrewshire, although with lower majorities than their House of Commons equivalents.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Constituency boundaries were redrawn for the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, with the new constituencies of Renfrewshire North and West and Paisley being gained by Derek Mackay and George Adam, who became the first SNP parliamentarians in Renfrewshire. The remaining Labour seat, Renfrewshire South, was gained by the SNP's Tom Arthur at the 2016 Scottish election. Arthur and Adam were re-elected in 2021 winning over half the vote in their respective seats, while Mackay was replaced by Renfrewshire Councillor Natalie Don.


title: Renfrewshire

text: A majority of Renfrewshire rejected independence in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, although with 55,466 (47.2%) votes cast in favour and 62,067 (52.8%) against, the "Yes" vote was higher than the national result. The turnout was 117,612 or 87.3%, the highest recorded in the democratic era.


title: Renfrewshire

text: With a turnout of 69.2% (88,197), Renfrewshire voted to remain in the 2016 European Union membership referendum with 64.8% (57,119) of votes cast in favour of remaining while 35.2% (31,010) were for leaving. This was the sixth highest vote for "Remain" out of Scotland's 32 councils.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Renfrewshire contains the University of the West of Scotland, a new university that was granted university status in 1992 as the University of Paisley. Prior to this, the Paisley Technical College and School of Art was a Central Institution or polytechnic. In 2007 the university merged with Bell College, a further education college in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire and the UWS name was adopted. The university today has sites across the west of Scotland, notably also in Ayr and a joint campus in Dumfries; the main campus remains in Paisley.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Further education is provided by Paisley Campus of West College Scotland in Paisley, which caters to around 20,000 students. The college also has sites in Inverclyde and West Dumbartonshire.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Renfrewshire contains eleven state secondary schools, 51 primary schools and three schools for children with additional support needs.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Renfrewshire is home to Scotland's second busiest airport, Glasgow International Airport, at Abbotsinch between Paisley and Renfrew. The presence of the airport and the proximity to Glasgow means that Renfrewshire supports one of the busiest transport infrastructures in Scotland.


title: Renfrewshire

text: The airport is served by the M8 motorway, which terminates in the area, just east of Langbank, and is a major artery between northwest and southwest Scotland, via the Erskine Bridge.


title: Renfrewshire

text: Developments to ease traffic flow have included a lifting of tolls on the Erskine Bridge, plans to extend the rail network to connect to the airport, and the M74 extension – which will handle traffic from Renfrewshire heading south, diverting it away from Glasgow city centre. Renfrewshire also has bus links provided by FirstGroup, McGill's Bus Services and other smaller operators.


title: Space (mathematics)

text: While modern mathematics uses many types of spaces, such as Euclidean spaces, linear spaces, topological spaces, Hilbert spaces, or probability spaces, it does not define the notion of "space" itself.


title: Space (mathematics)

text: A space consists of selected mathematical objects that are treated as points, and selected relationships between these points.


title: Space (mathematics)

text: The nature of the points can vary widely: for example, the points can be elements of a set, functions on another space, or subspaces of another space. It is the relationships that define the nature of the space. More precisely, isomorphic spaces are considered identical, where an isomorphism between two spaces is a one-to-one correspondence between their points that preserves the relationships. For example, the relationships between the points of a three-dimensional Euclidean space are uniquely determined by Euclid's axioms, and all three-dimensional Euclidean spaces are considered identical.


title: Space (mathematics)

text: However, topology does not distinguish straight lines from curved lines, and the relation between Euclidean and topological spaces is thus "forgetful". Relations of this kind are treated in more detail in the Section "Types of spaces".


title: Space (mathematics)

text: It is not always clear whether a given mathematical object should be considered as a geometric "space", or an algebraic "structure". A general definition of "structure", proposed by Bourbaki, embraces all common types of spaces, provides a general definition of isomorphism, and justifies the transfer of properties between isomorphic structures.


title: Space (mathematics)

text: In ancient Greek mathematics, "space" was a geometric abstraction of the three-dimensional reality observed in everyday life. About 300 BC, Euclid gave axioms for the properties of space. Euclid built all of mathematics on these geometric foundations, going so far as to define numbers by comparing the lengths of line segments to the length of a chosen reference segment.


title: Space (mathematics)

text: The method of coordinates (analytic geometry) was adopted by René Descartes in 1637. At that time, geometric theorems were treated as absolute objective truths knowable through intuition and reason, similar to objects of natural science; and axioms were treated as obvious implications of definitions.