title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: Coach Gregg Popovich of the San Antonio Spurs used the Hack-a-Shaq strategy successfully in Game 5 of the Spurs' 2008 first round series against O'Neal and the Phoenix Suns. O'Neal made only 9 of his 20 free throws, dropping the Suns to 20-of-37 total on free throws. The Suns were eliminated from the playoffs in a 92–87 Spurs win. In May 2008, ESPN.com columnist John Hollinger named the Spurs Hack-a-Shaq use as the "Best Tactic" of the first two rounds of the 2008 NBA playoffs. Hollinger wrote that Popovich was the "first to really master how to use this weapon to his advantage." He explained that Popovich used the tactic "to eliminate 3-point attempts" and with 25 seconds or less at the end of quarters to get the ball back for the Spurs to gain the last possession. Hollinger stated "This should be a Eureka! moment for other coaches, and I expect it will be the league's most widely copied tactic next year."


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: In subsequent seasons, fans and media remained displeased with the continued use of the strategy, particularly in high-profile playoff games. In 2008, the NBA Competition Committee again considered rule changes but did not achieve consensus. According to an ESPN study in 2016, offensive efficiency was higher than the Golden State Warriors when the Hack-a-Shaq strategy was used against a team. NBA commissioner Adam Silver announced that the competition committee would look into changing the rule before the start of the 2016–2017 season due to extended length of games. It takes only three or more Hack-a-Shaq fouls to add 11 minutes to the length of a game, and at the time such fouls were being committed at a rate of four times more often than the prior season.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: The Hack-a-Shaq strategy is most effective against a player who shoots free throws poorly, but who is so effective in other areas that the coach is reluctant to simply remove them from the game. Few players other than O'Neal meet those criteria.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: Ben Wallace shot only 42% free throws over his career, the worst percentage in the history of the NBA among players with 1000 attempts. Bruce Bowen was also among the game's best defenders but among its worst free throw shooters. Because of their struggles at the free throw line, each man has at times become a target of the Hack-a-Shaq strategy.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: On January 12, 2012, the Golden State Warriors hacked Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard intentionally throughout the game. The result was he attempted a record 39 free throws, breaking Wilt Chamberlain's record of 34 set in 1962. Howard entered the game making 42% of his free throws for the season and just below 60% for his career. He made 21 of the 39 attempts, and he finished with 45 points and 23 rebounds in the Magic's 117–109 victory. The following season, Howard was traded to the Lakers. In his first game back in Orlando on March 12, 2013, he made 25-of-39 free throws, setting Lakers records for free throws made and attempted while tying his NBA record for attempts. Howard made 16-of-20 free throws when he was fouled intentionally by the Magic.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: On May 29, 2012, the Oklahoma City Thunder used a so-called hack-a-Splitter strategy on Tiago Splitter during Game 2 of Western Conference Final of 2012 NBA Playoffs, who made 5 of 10 free throw attempts from these fouls.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: On April 10, 2015, the San Antonio Spurs was reported to use this strategy on Josh Smith to keep the basketball away from the super-hot James Harden and San Antonio Spurs won this season game by 104–103.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: During the 2015 NBA Playoffs, Howard, then with the Houston Rockets, was again targeted often by opponents, particularly during round 2 against the Los Angeles Clippers. During Game 2, Howard shot 21 (converting 8) out of the 64 free throws for the Rockets. In turn, the Rockets targeted DeAndre Jordan, who had been victim of "Hack-a-Jordan" or "Hack-a-DJ" since 2014, and in particular was fouled five times in two minutes during the previous playoff round against the San Antonio Spurs. In Game 4, Jordan broke O'Neal's record for most free throw attempts in a half game with 28.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: On January 20, 2016, the Houston Rockets (notably K.J. McDaniels) used Hack-a-Drummond against Detroit Pistons center Andre Drummond, and Drummond went 13 for 36 from the free throw line. Those 23 misses are an NBA record for most free throws missed by a player in a game. However, the Pistons would still win the game 123-114.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: In the 2016–17 playoffs, Oklahoma City Thunder forward André Roberson was a victim of this strategy against the Houston Rockets in the first round of the playoffs. Roberson shot 3/21 in the series.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: On November 29, 2017, the Washington Wizards used what a newspaper called a "hack-a-Ben Simmons strategy" when trailing the Philadelphia 76ers by 24 points in the third quarter. The Wizards repeatedly fouled 76ers point guard Ben Simmons, giving him 29 free throws, 24 of them in the fourth quarter. Simmons was a notoriously bad shooter and had entered the game with a 56% free throw rate. He shot free throws even worse in this game, making 15/29 (52%). However, the 76ers held on to win the game, 118-113. Simmons' 31 points were a career high for him at the time.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: On May 31, 2021, the Washington Wizards again used the same strategy in game four of the 2021 NBA playoffs, intentionally fouling Simmons three times late in the fourth quarter and sending Simmons to the foul line where he made only three-of-six attempts in the 114-122 loss to the Washington Wizards, and Simmons finished with five-of-eleven attempts made at the end of the game. On June 16, 2021, the Atlanta Hawks adopted the "hack-a-Ben strategy" in game five of the 2021 NBA playoffs, intentionally fouling Simmons in second and fourth quarters and sending Simmons to the foul line in the 106-109 loss to the Atlanta Hawks, Simmons finished with four-of-fourteen attempts made at the end of the game.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: Detractors argue that deliberate fouling makes the game unpleasant to watch, violates the spirit or disrupts the rhythm of the game, puts the fouling team too quickly into the penalty situation, and disparages the team's defensive abilities.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: "All that did was allow us to set our defense. I think that's disrespectful to their players. Basically, they were telling their players that they couldn't guard us."


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: Many coaches have heeded these criticisms and doubted the effectiveness of the strategy in minimizing scoring. One imponderable is the effect on the psychology of the player fouled deliberately on the belief that he will not make his free throws. Some believe that frequently sending O'Neal to the foul line risked putting him "into a rhythm" and temporarily making him a better shooter.


title: Hack-a-Shaq

text: These factors, and the fact that there are only handful of players who satisfy the criteria for Hack-a-Shaq, mean that the strategy is uncommon in the NBA. A rule change starting in the 2016–17 NBA season put an additional constraint on deliberate fouling: Away-from-the-ball fouls now award the fouled team a free throw and possession of the ball in the final 2 minutes of "each" quarter, extended from the prior rule affecting only the final 2 minutes of the 4th quarter. The rule change sought to eliminate cases where teams would intentionally foul off-the-ball in order to gain the final possession of a quarter.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The 2002 King of the Ring was the 10th annual King of the Ring professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) that featured the 16th King of the Ring tournament. It took place on June 23, 2002, at the Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio. It was the first King of the Ring PPV and tournament held under the WWE name after the promotion had been renamed from World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to WWE the previous month. It was also the final King of the Ring pay-per-view event and the only King of the Ring pay-per-view to feature the Raw and SmackDown! brand divisions following the introduction of the brand extension in March. It was also the final King of the Ring event to be produced as a pay-per-view, although the King of the Ring tournament has continued to be held periodically. The King of the Ring's June PPV slot was replaced by Bad Blood in 2003. One further King of the Ring event was held in 2015, but not on PPV.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The main match from SmackDown! was a singles match for the WWE Undisputed Championship in which champion The Undertaker defeated Triple H to retain the title. The main match from Raw was a singles match in which Brock Lesnar defeated Rob Van Dam in the King of the Ring tournament final to win the 2002 tournament and earn a match for the WWE Undisputed Championship at SummerSlam—it has thus far been the only King of the Ring tournament to award a reward other than the title of "King of the Ring." The predominant match on the undercard was Kurt Angle versus Hollywood Hulk Hogan; the other matches on the undercard were Ric Flair versus Eddie Guerrero, a Women's Championship match between champion Trish Stratus and challenger Molly Holly, and a Cruiserweight Championship match between champion The Hurricane and challenger Jamie Noble.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: King of the Ring was a pay-per-view (PPV) event held annually in June by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) since 1993. The PPV featured the King of the Ring tournament, a single-elimination tournament that was established in 1985 and held annually until 1991, with the exception of 1990; these early tournaments were held as special non-televised house shows and were held when the promotion was still called the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The winner of the tournament was crowned "King of the Ring." Unlike the non-televised events, the PPV did not feature all of the tournament's matches. Instead, several of the qualifying matches preceded the event with the final few matches then taking place at the pay-per-view. There were also other matches that took place at the event as it was a traditional three-hour pay-per-view. Considered as one of WWE's "Big Five" PPVs, along with the Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, the company's five biggest shows of the year, the 2002 event was the 10th King of the Ring PPV and 16th tournament overall. It was held on June 23, 2002, at the Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio. The 2002 tournament has thus far been the only tournament to award the winner a prize other than the title of "King of the Ring;" the winner also earned a match for the WWE Undisputed Championship at that year's SummerSlam.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The 2002 event was the first King of the Ring tournament and PPV held under the WWE name after the promotion was renamed from WWF to WWE the previous month. It was also the first tournament and PPV held after the promotion introduced the brand extension in March, in which the roster was divided between the Raw and SmackDown! brands where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. The 2002 tournament and PPV in turn featured wrestlers from both brands.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: King of the Ring featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds, plots, and storylines that were played out on "Raw" and "SmackDown!" – WWE's television programs. Wrestlers portrayed a hero or villain as they followed a series of events that built tension, and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. All wrestlers were from WWE's Raw and SmackDown! brands – a storyline division in which WWE employees are assigned to a television program of the same name.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The main rivalry heading into the event was between The Undertaker and Triple H for the WWE Undisputed Championship. On the May 30 episode of "SmackDown!", the storyline began when The Undertaker defeated Randy Orton to retain the WWE Undisputed Championship. Afterwards, Triple H assaulted The Undertaker, claiming that if The Undertaker would give him a title shot, he would not retain the title. Later that night, The Undertaker distracted Triple H and cost him a match against Test. After the match, The Undertaker nailed Triple H with multiple chair shots targeting his arm with it. On the June 6 episode of "SmackDown!", Triple H and Hollywood Hulk Hogan co-won a battle royal to determine the number one contender for the WWE Undisputed Championship at King of the Ring. The SmackDown! owner Mr. McMahon booked Triple H and Hogan for a singles match, which was also a rematch from Backlash between the two. In that match, Triple H defeated Hogan to become the number one contender for the WWE Undisputed Championship at King of the Ring.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The predominant feud from the SmackDown! brand was between Kurt Angle and Hollywood Hulk Hogan. At Judgment Day, Angle got his head shaved bald after losing to Edge in a Hair vs. Hair match. Later that night, Hogan lost the WWE Undisputed Championship to The Undertaker due to interference from SmackDown! owner Mr. McMahon. On the May 23 episode of "SmackDown!", Angle started wearing a hairpiece with a piece of amateur wrestling headgear after being shaven bald. On the May 30 episode of "SmackDown!", Angle interrupted a staredown between Hogan and Mr. McMahon when he nailed Hogan with a steel pipe to the back of the head. Later that night, Hogan cost Angle a steel cage match against Edge. On the June 13 episode of "SmackDown!", Hogan challenged Angle to a match at King of the Ring, which Angle accepted. Later that night, Angle and The Undertaker attacked Hogan before their tag team match against Hogan and Triple H. After Angle and The Undertaker defeated Triple H by disqualification, Hogan went after Angle and eventually stripped Angle's wig from his head.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The predominant feud from the Raw brand was between Ric Flair and Eddie Guerrero. For the previous two months, Flair had feuded with Stone Cold Steve Austin ever since the start of the brand extension where Austin was a free agent and signed with the Raw brand on the April 1 episode of "Raw", following advice from Mr. McMahon and Flair. On the May 27 episode of "Raw", Chris Benoit returned to the WWE from a neck injury that he suffered the previous year at the King of the Ring event. Later that night, after Guerrero lost the Intercontinental Championship to Rob Van Dam in a ladder match, Guerrero knocked Van Dam over the top rope with the ladder. Moments later, Austin charged to the ring and attacked Guerrero along with Flair and Arn Anderson until Benoit got to the ring and assaulted Austin, enabling Guerrero to perform a frog splash on him. On the June 3 episode of "Raw", Austin defeated Flair in a match where Flair became Austin's servant. If Flair would have won, Austin would have forever been on the bench. However, the feud ended abruptly with Austin's unexpected departure from the company on June 10 for his refusal to lose a hotshotted match to Brock Lesnar. That same night, Flair lost his half of the WWE ownership to McMahon and returned to active wrestling. On the June 17 episode of "Raw", Flair gave a speech over losing the position of Raw owner to McMahon. The speech was interrupted by Guerrero and Benoit. Flair challenged Guerrero to a match at King of the Ring, which Guerrero accepted. Afterword, both Guerrero and Benoit assaulted Flair, ending with Guerrero strapping Flair in Flair's own Figure-four leglock submission hold.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: A secondary feud from the SmackDown! brand was between The Hurricane and Jamie Noble for the Cruiserweight Championship. On the June 6 episode of "SmackDown!", Noble and his valet Nidia made their WWE debut by attacking Hurricane in his locker room. The following week on "SmackDown!", after Hurricane lost to Test in a King of the Ring Qualifying match, Noble and Nidia made their way to the ring and took turns finishing Hurricane off with a series of slaps before taking his mask. On the June 20 episode of "SmackDown!", Noble defeated Billy Kidman to become the number one contender for Hurricane's Cruiserweight Championship at King of the Ring. After the match, Hurricane got his mask back after nailing Noble with a chokeslam.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: A secondary feud from the Raw brand was between Trish Stratus and Molly Holly for the Women's Championship. On the April 1 episode of "Raw", after Stratus defeated Terri Runnels in a Paddle on a Pole match, Holly returned in a drastic attitude change and new look by nailing Stratus in the head with a paddle, breaking it into two. On the May 27 episode of "Raw", Stratus and Spike Dudley defeated Holly and William Regal in a mixed tag team match. After the match, Holly attacked Stratus with Regal's brass knuckles. Holly would sneak attack Stratus on many occasions, leading to a title match between the two for Stratus' Women's Championship at King of the Ring.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: Before the event aired live on pay-per-view, The Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) wrestled Raven and Steven Richards in a match that aired live on "Sunday Night Heat". The Hardy Boyz won when Jeff pinned Richards after Raven turned on his partner.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The event began with the semifinal round of the King of the Ring tournament involving Rob Van Dam and Chris Jericho. The match went back and forth and both men earned momentum against each other. In the end, Jericho applied the "Walls of Jericho" on Van Dam, but the latter reached the ropes and executed a "Five Star Frog Splash" to advance to the final.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The second match of the semifinal was between Brock Lesnar and Test. Lesnar dominated most of the match until Test got control and attempted a pumphandle slam on Lesnar but Lesnar ducked the move. Test attempted a big boot, but Lesnar countered with the "F-5" for the victory.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: In the third match of the event, The Hurricane defended the Cruiserweight Championship against Jamie Noble. Hurricane dominated earlier part of the match until Noble got control. Hurricane regained momentum and finished Noble and went for the pin, but Noble's valet Nidia distracted the referee. Noble took advantage and executed a powerbomb and attempted a pin. Hurricane put his feet on the ropes, but Nidia knocked his feet and Noble won the title.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The fourth match pitted Eddie Guerrero against Ric Flair. Flair dominated the earlier part of the match until Guerrero attacked Flair's knee and kayfabe injured it. Guerrero worked on Flair's leg. During the match, Guerrero applied the Figure-four leglock on Flair. Guerrero continued to damage Flair's knee until Flair applied a figure-four leglock on Guerrero. Chris Benoit interfered in the match on Guerrero's behalf and distracted the referee. Guerrero began distracting the referee and Benoit applied a "Crippler Crossface" on Flair outside the ring. The referee noticed Benoit and ejected him from ringside. Bubba Ray Dudley interfered in the match and executed a "Bubba Bomb" on Guerrero. Flair pinned Guerrero to win the match.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: In the fifth match, Trish Stratus defended the Women's Championship against Molly Holly. Holly dominated most of the match, but Stratus got control and began using some of her signature moves on Holly. Holly regained the momentum and delivered a belly to belly suplex. Holly went on to pin Stratus while grabbing Stratus' tights to win the title.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The sixth match pitted Kurt Angle against Hollywood Hulk Hogan. Angle dominated most of the match by using his amateur wrestling style. Hogan used his power moves on Angle, but Angle countered with a series of suplexes. Angle delivered an "Angle Slam" for a near-fall. Hogan began dominating Angle and took off his wig to reveal Angle's bald head. Angle applied an ankle lock on Hogan and forced Hogan to submit to win the match.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The seventh match was the final round match of the King of the Ring tournament between Brock Lesnar and Rob Van Dam. Lesnar dominated Van Dam for most of the match with his power moves. Van Dam got control of Lesnar and used a series of kicks and a "Rolling Thunder" on Lesnar. Van Dam flew off the ropes, but Lesnar caught him on his shoulders and delivered an "F-5" to win the King of the Ring tournament and earned a WWE Undisputed Championship match at SummerSlam.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The main event match was for the WWE Undisputed Championship. The Undertaker defended the title against Triple H. The match went back and forth until Triple H dominated The Undertaker. The Undertaker earned the momentum over Triple H until Triple H tried a "Pedigree" but The Undertaker countered the move and pushed Triple H into the referee. The referee was knocked out, and The Undertaker and Triple H knocked out each other. The Rock entered the arena and replaced Paul Heyman for commentary. The Undertaker attacked The Rock, causing The Rock to interfere in the match and attack The Undertaker. The Rock tried to hit The Undertaker with a chair but The Undertaker ducked and Triple H was hit with the chair. The Undertaker executed a "Last Ride" for a near-fall. The Rock executed a "Rock Bottom" on The Undertaker and Triple H performed a "Pedigree" on The Undertaker and tried to pin The Undertaker, but the referee was still groggy. The Undertaker hit Triple H with a low blow and pinned Triple H with a roll-up to retain the title. After the match, The Rock performed the "People's Elbow" on The Undertaker but Triple H performed a "Pedigree" on The Rock and The Undertaker performed a chokeslam on Triple H, ending the show.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The Rock's involvement in the WWE Undisputed Championship match at King of the Ring made him the number one contender for the WWE Undisputed Championship at Vengeance. On the July 4 episode of "SmackDown!", The Undertaker retained the title against Kurt Angle in a controversial fashion as The Undertaker pinned Angle and Angle made The Undertaker tap out at the same time. As a result, Angle was added to the title match, making it a triple threat match. At Vengeance, The Rock defeated Angle and The Undertaker in a triple threat match for his seventh WWE Undisputed Championship.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: Due to defeating the Intercontinental Champion Rob Van Dam in the final of the King of the Ring tournament, Brock Lesnar feuded with Van Dam over the Intercontinental Championship. At Vengeance, Van Dam defeated Lesnar by disqualification to retain the title. After Vengeance, Lesnar joined the SmackDown! brand and began feuding with the WWE Undisputed Champion The Rock as he had won the King of the Ring tournament and earned the right to challenge for the WWE Undisputed Championship at SummerSlam becoming the first winner of the King of the Ring tournament to have done so since Mabel in 1995. At SummerSlam, Lesnar defeated The Rock for the WWE Undisputed Championship, and became the youngest champion in the title's history.


title: King of the Ring (2002)

text: The 2002 King of the Ring would be the final King of the Ring produced as a PPV; Bad Blood replaced the event as the June PPV in 2003. WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Survivor Series, and Royal Rumble in turn reverted to being referred to as the "Big Four" until October 2021 when Money in the Bank was elevated to "Big Five" status. Although the promotion ceased producing King of the Ring as a PPV after the 2002 event, WWE has continued to periodically hold the tournament across their weekly television programs, "Raw" and "SmackDown", with the finals instead taking place on an episode of "Raw" or at another PPV, such as Judgment Day for the 2006 tournament. Although the 2002 King of the Ring was the final to be held as a PPV event, one further King of the Ring event was held in 2015. The semifinals and finals of the 2015 tournament aired exclusively as an event on WWE's online streaming service, the WWE Network, which launched in February 2014.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: The Last Tycoon is an unfinished novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. In 1941, it was published posthumously under this title, as prepared by his friend Edmund Wilson, a critic and writer. According to "Publishers Weekly," the novel is "generally considered a roman a clef," with its lead character, Monroe Stahr, modeled after film producer Irving Thalberg. The story follows Stahr's rise to power in Hollywood, and his conflicts with rival Pat Brady, a character based on MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: It was adapted as a TV play in 1957 and a film in 1976 of the same name, with a screenplay for the motion picture by British dramatist Harold Pinter. Elia Kazan directed the film adaptation; Robert De Niro and Theresa Russell starred.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: In 1993, a new version of the novel was published under the title The Love of the Last Tycoon, edited by Matthew Bruccoli, a Fitzgerald scholar. This version was adapted for a stage production that premiered in Los Angeles, California in 1998. In 2013, HBO announced plans to produce an adaptation. HBO cancelled the project and gave the rights to Sony Pictures, which produced and released the television series on Amazon Studios in 2016.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: Set in the 1930s, "The Last Tycoon" traces the life of Hollywood studio manager Monroe Stahr, clearly based on Irving Thalberg (in charge of production at MGM), whom Fitzgerald had encountered several times.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: The novel begins with young NYC college student Cecilia Brady (first-person narrator), the daughter of influential Hollywood producer Pat Brady, preparing to fly home to Los Angeles. At the airport, she is surprised to meet an old friend of her father, author Wylie White. White is accompanied by a failed producer introduced as Mr. Schwartz. Due to complications during the flight, they make a forced landing in Nashville, Tennessee. The threesome decide on a spontaneous trip to the historic estate of former President Andrew Jackson, but on arrival the attraction is closed. Wylie then proceeds to flirt shamelessly with Cecilia while Mr. Schwartz is fast asleep. When Schwartz awakens, he informs them that he has changed his mind and will not travel to Los Angeles with them. He asks Wylie to deliver a message to a friend, which he gladly accepts. The next day, Wylie and Cecilia learn that Schwartz committed suicide right after they left Nashville.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: Cecilia realizes that the message Schwarz gave to Wylie was in fact for Monroe Stahr, her father's business partner. She has had a crush on Monroe for many years. Cecilia arrives at her father's film studio to pick him up for a birthday party. Due to an unexpected minor earthquake, Cecilia, her father, and his companions all end up in Stahr's office. A water pipe bursts and floods the set. Stahr beholds two women desperately clinging to the head of a statue – finding one of them to be the spitting image of his late wife. The day after, Stahr asks his secretary to identify the girls for him. She presents him with a phone number which he immediately uses to arrange a meeting with one of the girls. Unfortunately, it is not the girl he wished to see; she does not resemble his wife at all. Stahr gives her a ride home, where she insists that he come in and meet her friend (the young Irish-born Kathleen Moore). As soon as Moore opens the front door, Stahr recognizes her to be the woman he had seen the other night.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: Kathleen withstands his advances to her and even refuses to tell him her name. It is only when Stahr happens to meet her again at a party that he can convince her to go out and have a cup of coffee with him. He drives her to the building site of his new house in Santa Monica. Kathleen seems reluctant to be with Stahr, but she still ends up having sex with him. A short time afterwards, Stahr receives a letter in which Kathleen confesses to have been engaged to another man for quite some time. She has now decided to marry him despite having fallen in love with Stahr.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: Stahr asks Cecilia to arrange for a meeting with a suspected communist who wants to organize a labor union within the film studio. Stahr and Cecilia meet the man over supper where Stahr gets drunk and gets involved in a violent confrontation. Cecilia takes care of him and they grow closer. Cecilia's father, however, becomes more and more unhappy with Stahr as a business partner and has wanted to get rid of him for a long while. He could not approve less of his daughter's fancying him. Brady knows of Stahr's continued affair with the now-married Kathleen and tries to blackmail him into leaving the company. As he fails to achieve his goal via blackmail, he does not even shy away from hiring a professional killer. Stahr survives, and, in retaliation, also appoints a hit man to have Brady killed. Unlike Brady's, Stahr's conscience starts to trouble him. But, just as he contemplates calling the execution off, his plane crashes on its way back to New York City. The contract killer finishes his job unhindered and leaves Cecilia both without a father and without a lover – the two men who meant the world to her.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: The novel was unfinished and in rough form at the time of Fitzgerald's death at age 44. The literary critic and writer Edmund Wilson, a close friend of Fitzgerald, collected the notes for the novel and edited it for publication. The unfinished novel was published in 1941 as "The Last Tycoon," by which name it is best known.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: In 1993, another version of the novel was published under the title "The Love of the Last Tycoon," as part of the Cambridge edition of the "Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald," edited by Matthew J. Bruccoli, a Fitzgerald scholar. Bruccoli reworked the extant seventeen chapters of the thirty-one planned according to his interpretation of the author's notes. At least one reviewer considered Bruccoli's work to be a "remarkable feat of scholarship" and notes that it "restored Fitzgerald's original version and has also restored the narrative's ostensible working title, one that implies that Hollywood is the last American frontier where immigrants and their progeny remake themselves."


title: The Last Tycoon

text: Fitzgerald wrote the novel in a blend of first person and third person narrations. While the story is ostensibly told by Cecilia, many scenes are narrated in which she is not present. Occasionally a scene will be presented twice, once through Cecilia and once through a third party.


title: The Last Tycoon

text: The revised edition of "The Love of The Last Tycoon" won the Choice Outstanding Academic Books award of 1995.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso, FNSE, FNIQS (born 21 October 1956) is a Nigerian politician who was the Governor of Kano state from 1999 to 2003 and 2011 to 2015. After he lost his re-election in 2003, he was appointed the first Minister of Defence of the Fourth Republic with no prior military background from 2003 to 2007, under the administration of former president Olusegun Obasanjo. He was later elected to the Senate in 2015, serving one term under the platform of the All Progressives Congress (APC) representing Kano Central Senatorial District.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: He is currently the national leader of the New Nigeria Peoples Party. Kwankwaso enjoys widespread support in Kano and north-western Nigeria; he has been viewed as a charismatic populist. In 2011, he was re-elected governor of the state and went on to join the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014. In 2015, Kwankwaso unsuccessfully contested the presidential primaries nomination under the opposition All Progressive Congress, but lost to Muhammad Buhari. In 2018, he returned to People's Democratic Party (PDP) and contested the presidential primaries losing out to Atiku Abubakar.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso, has been confirmed as the presidential candidate of the New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP) for the 2023 general elections.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso was born on 21 October 1956 in Kano, to a Sunni Fulani Family of the Genawa Fulani Clan. His father held the position of the village head of Kwankwaso with the title of Sarkin Fulani Dagacin Kwankwaso before being elevated to the position of the District Head of Madobi with the title of Majidadin Kano, Hakimin Madobi by the Kano Emirate Council under the leadership of the 13th Fulani Emir of Kano Alhaji Ado Bayero CFR, LLD, JP.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: He attended Kwankwaso Primary School, Gwarzo Boarding Senior Primary School, Wudil Craft School and Kano Technical College before proceeding to Kaduna Polytechnic where he did both his National Diploma, and Higher National Diploma. Kwankwaso was an active student leader during his school days and was an elected official of the Kano State Students Association. He also attended postgraduate studies in the United Kingdom from 1982 to 1983 at the Middlesex Polytechnic; and Loughborough University of Technology where he received a master's degree in water engineering in 1985. He also bags his PhD in water engineering at Sharda University India, in 2022.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Kwankwaso joined the Kano State Water Resources and Engineering Construction Agency of the Government of Kano State in 1975. He served there for seventeen years in various capacities and rose through the ranks to become the principal water engineer.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: In 1992, Kwankwaso made his entry into politics on the platform of the Social Democratic Party (SDP). He was a member of the People's Front faction of the SDP led by General Shehu Yar'adua and other popular politicians such as his former boss Senator Magaji Abdullahi, Babagana Kingibe, Atiku Abubakar, Bola Tinubu, Tony Anenih, Chuba Okadigbo, Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, Abubakar Koko and Lamidi Adedibu amongst others.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: In 1992, Kwankwaso was elected as a member of the House of Representatives representing Madobi Federal Constituency. His subsequent election as deputy speaker in the House brought him to the limelight of national politics. During the 1995 Constitutional Conference, Kwankwaso was elected as one of the delegates from Kano, as a member of the People's Democratic Movement led by Yar'adua. He later joined the Democratic Party of Nigeria (DPN) in the political transition program of General Sani Abacha.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Kwankwaso joined the PDP in 1998 under the platform of People's Democratic Movement in Kano led by Mallam Musa Gwadabe, Senator Hamisu Musa and Alhaji Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila. In 1999, he contested the PDP primaries alongside Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, Mukthari Zimit, Alhaji Kabiru Rabiu. The Santsi/P.S.P. were behind the candidature of Abdullahi Umar Ganduje but they lost to Kwankwaso in the primaries.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Kwankwaso was elected for his first term as the governor of Kano State from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2003. His first tenure as the governor of Kano State was very eventful because of several other groups who were opposed to his high-handed governorship and his attempt at supporting Yoruba President Olusegun Obasanjo. In 2003, he lost re-election to his rival Malam Ibrahim Shekarau.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Kwankwaso was re-elected for a second term in office as governor of Kano State from 29 May 2011 to 29 May 2015. During this time, he set out to rejig the political structure of Kwankwassiya: building roads, hospitals and schools and sending residents to study abroad. In August 2013, Kwankwaso was amongst seven serving governors who formed the G-7 faction within the Peoples Democratic Party. In November 2013, Kwankwaso, alongside five members of the G-7, defected to the new opposition party, the All Progressives Congress (APC).


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: In June 2014, Kwankwaso was at loggerheads with long-time Emir of Kano Ado Bayero over his appointment of Waziri (Vizier) of the Kano Emirate Council. On 6 June 2014, Ado Bayero died and a succession crisis loomed amongst the royals. On 8 June 2014, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi suspended Central Bank governor and Dan Majen Kano (Son of Emir-Maje) emerged as the new Emir of Kano. His accession led to widespread protests from supporters of Sanusi Ado Bayero son of the late Emir and Chiroman Kano (Crown Prince), and allegations that Kwankwaso supported Sanusi because of the 2015 presidential election.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: In October 2014, Kwankwaso used his large political following in Kano to contest the APC presidential primaries. The presidential primaries results held in Lagos were: Muhammadu Buhari with 3,430 votes, Kwankwaso with 974 votes, Atiku Abubakar with 954 votes, Rochas Okorocha with 400 votes and Sam Nda-Isiah with 10 votes. Coming in second, Kwankwaso endorsed the winner Muhammadu Buhari.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: From 2003 to 2007, Kwankwaso was appointed as Minister of Defence by President Olusegun Obasanjo's second cabinet, replacing Theophilus Danjuma.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: In 2007, Kwankwaso resigned his ministerial position to contest the Kano State governorship election but he lost because he had been indicted by a Government White Paper. Alhaji Ahmed Garba Bichi later replaced him as the governorship candidate of the party. After losing the bid from his party to contest the 2007 elections, he was appointed as the Special Envoy to Somalia and Darfur by President Olusegun Obasanjo; and was later appointed by President Umaru Yar'Adua as a Board Member of the Niger Delta Development Commission, a position he resigned from in 2010.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Kwankwaso represented Kano Central Senatorial District at the Senate of Nigeria from May 2015 to May 2019.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: In July 2018, Kwankwaso alongside fourteen serving senators of the APC defected to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). In October 2018, Kwankwaso contested the PDP presidential primaries. At the presidential primaries held in Rivers, amongst twelve presidential aspirants Kwankwaso came in fourth behind Atiku Abubakar with 1,532 votes, Aminu Tambuwal with 693 votes, Bukola Saraki with 317 votes and Kwankwaso with 158 votes. Kwankwaso later endorsed the winner Atiku Abubakar and refused to seek re-election into the senate, with Ibrahim Shekarau replacing him. Kwankwaso campaigned heavily for his son-in-law Abba Kabir Yusuf to emerge as the governor in Kano State. The election was later declared inconclusive in favour of incumbent Abdullahi Umar Ganduje.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: On 22 February 2022, Kwankwaso set up the National Movement as a political movement against the staying power of the two major political parties the All Progressives Congress and the Peoples Democratic Party. He co-opted the New Nigeria Peoples Party as the political wing of the movement and became the national leader of the party on 30 March 2022.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Kwankwaso's time in office was characterised with a number of notable achievements. During his first tenure in office as governor (1999 to 2003), he established the Kano University of Science and Technology in Wudil, the first and only state university in Kano at the time. During his second tenure (2011 to 2015), Kwankwaso established the North West University, Kano, the second state University in Kano. He also established 26 academic and manpower development training institutes and through these institutes over 360,000 youth and women were trained and empowered. He is the first governor in Nigeria to introduce free school feeding and uniforms for primary school pupils. This exponentially increased the school enrolment figures from 1 million in 2011 to over 3 million in 2015 when he left office.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: His passion for education saw to the introduction of free education at all levels in the state and saw to the adequate provision of teaching and learning materials. He established 230 secondary schools of which there are 47 technical colleges, 44 schools of Islamic studies, a Chinese college, a French college, and the first boarding girls' college as well as a boys' college in Damagaran and Niamey jointly with the Government of Niger Republic. In his four years as the governor of Kano State, he has awarded over 2,600 postgraduate and undergraduate foreign scholarships in 14 countries across the world. This is in addition to the local private university scholarship in Nigeria.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: In the area of infrastructure for the first time in the history of Northern Nigeria, three flyover bridges were constructed, 5 km dual-carriage lighted roads were being constructed in each of the 44 Local Government Areas of Kano, and two underpass bridges were constructed. Kwankwaso also initiated the covering of drainages with interlocking tiles in the state, including the covering of the Jakara River which cuts across the city of Kano with a dualised road, which greatly improved the environmental and sanitary condition of the entire city of Kano.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Kwankwaso has also built many houses and estates in both his first and second tenure in office. Three modern cities, Kwankwasiyya, Amana and Bandirawo were built with about 3000 housing units of various capacities put up for sale to the general public. About 1500 houses have been constructed and donated free to rural poor communities and victims of flood disasters.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: After leaving office as governor, Engr Kwankwaso launched the Kwankwasiyya Development Foundation (KDF), an initiative designed to help the people of Kano state and across Nigeria. Through the foundation, Kwankwaso supported many young people to further their education with continued financial assistance. The first batch of 370 beneficiaries of the foundation’s overseas scholarship returned to Nigeria in 2021 after successfully completing their degrees. Upon completion of their studies, many of the scholars secured jobs with various national and international organisations such as Dangote and Bua, which was facilitated through the Kwankwasiyya Development Foundation.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: When asked why he launched the foundation, Kwankwaso stated that the reason was simply to promote literacy and alleviate extreme poverty in Kano state and Nigeria at large. To support the foundation, Kwankwaso sold his property and donated the money to the foundation.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Through the KDF, Kwankwaso also secured the release of 170 inmates in various prisons across Nigeria by paying their fines and providing transport to enable them to get to their destinations and reunite with their families. Kwankwaso has also donated sports kits and cash worth over 150 million naira to amateur football clubs across states in Nigeria. This is part of his effort to support the growth and development of local sports in Nigeria, an area that provides young people with opportunities across the globe. The foundation also donated cash and food items to the poor and needy, including widows, people with disabilities, and orphans, in an effort to alleviate poverty especially among women in Nigeria.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: On his 64th birthday in 2020, Kwankwaso inaugurated a 300-pupil capacity school which he built in Rano local government, Kano. The school is solar-powered and has a block housing six classrooms. The school was built through KDF in line with Kwankwaso's vision and mission to support education.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: On 9 March 2004, the chief judge of Kano state swore in the six-member commission of inquiry which was headed by Hon. Justice Ahmed Badamasi as chairman to inquire into the activities of Kwankwaso. The commission commenced sitting on 19 March 2004 and made its report available and for the government to issue the white paper by November 2004, when he was indicted.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: In 2015, the Concerned Kano State Workers and Pensioners group filed a petition to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission claiming that Kwankwaso had broken the Kano State Pension and Gratuity Law of 2007 right before leaving office earlier in 2015. According to the group, Kwankwaso had directed that pension remittances be used for housing development but supposedly intervened in a housing project to allocate houses to his associates. Ultimately, the housing allocations and alleged misappropriation of funds reached around 10 billion naira according to the Concerned Kano State Workers and Pensioners group.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: On 2 July 2015, Justice Mohammed Yahaya of the Kano High Court had restrained the EFCC from arresting or restraining Kwankwaso in its investigation for alleged misappropriation of N10 billion pension funds while serving as Kano State governor. But two weeks later on 16 July 2015, the same judge in the Kano High Court voided his earlier order and granted the EFCC a judgement to enable the commission to investigate, arrest and prosecute Kwankwaso. Justice Muhammed Yahaya also fined Kwankwaso N50,000 for "time-wasting."


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: Later in 2016, The EFCC denied and refuted claims of any pending corruption case and prosecution against Kwankwaso. Kwankwaso himself has strongly denied and rejected any corruption allegations against him, describing it as mere political blackmail, mischievous and untrue which is sponsored by his enemies and political rivals to tarnish his image and reputation. Kwankwaso filed suit in court through his lawyer seeking compensation for tarnishing his image.


title: Rabiu Kwankwaso

text: In September 2021, the Premium Times found that the EFCC had invited Kwankwaso for questioning earlier that month on the alleged pension fund misappropriation from 2015; Kwankwaso initially ignored the commission before turning himself in on 16 October for questioning.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Local elections were held at Quezon City on May 9, 2022, as part of the Philippine general election. Held concurrently with the national elections, the electorate voted to elect a mayor, a vice mayor, thirty-six city council members and six district representatives to congress. Those elected took their respective offices on June 30, 2022, for a three-year-long term. 1,138,511 of 1,403,895 registered voters voted in this election.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Joy Belmonte and Gian Sotto were re-elected to the mayoralty and vice mayoralty respectively. The Serbisyo sa Bayan Party with its coalition with PDP-Laban and the Nacionalista Party won a combined 28 seats in the city council, effectively securing the coalition an outright majority in the legislative body. Meanwhile, the UniTeam backed opposition coalition, Malayang Quezon City won 6 seats in the city council.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Arjo Atayde, Raffy Tulfo Jr., Franz Pumaren, Marvin Rillo, PM Vargas and Marivic Co-Pilar were elected to represent the city's first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth legislative districts respectively in the 19th Congress.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Incumbent Mayor Joy Belmonte is running for her second term against Anakalugusan party-list representative Mike Defensor.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Vice Mayor Gian Sotto is running for his second term against incumbent second district Councilor Winnie Castelo.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: In the congressional race, four incumbent representatives, Anthony Peter Crisologo, Precious Hipolito-Castelo, Allan Benedict Reyes and Bong Suntay are running for reelection in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th districts respectively. 5th District Representative Alfred Vargas and 6th District Representative Kit Belmonte are term-limited.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: The incumbent mayor is Joy Belmonte, who was elected in 2019 with 54.09% of the vote. She ran for re-election to a second term under the Serbisyo sa Bayan Party.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Belmonte faced a challenge from eight other candidates; including representative Mike Defensor of the Malayang Quezon City coalition. Defensor was endorsed by UniTeam senatorial candidate Herbert Bautista and presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Belmonte handily defeated Defensor, winning with a greater margin compared with her neophyte campaign.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Incumbent Gian Sotto is running for his second term, facing his distant relative, former 2nd district representative and councilor Winnie Castelo and two other candidates.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Incumbent Anthony Peter "Onyx" Crisologo was defeated by actor Arjo Atayde in his reelection bid. The third placer was MSME entrepreneur Marcus Aurelius Dee.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Among the three running, Crisologo (has lived in Heroes Hills, Brgy. Santa Cruz his whole life) and Dee of Del Monte are the only natives of District 1.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Another Lakas-CMD-affiliated incumbent, Precious Hipolito-Castelo, lost in her reelection bid at the hands of independent Ralph Tulfo, son of broadcaster and Senator Raffy Tulfo. Four other independents also ran.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Incumbent Allan Benedict Reyes lost his seat to his former ally, incumbent councilor Franz Pumaren. The third placer was independent candidate Jessie Dignadice.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Incumbent Bong Suntay was running for reelection against former councilor Marvin Rillo. Rillo defeated Suntay in a close race with a 1.18% difference of 1,948 votes.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: It was the only congressional race won by Lakas-CMD in Quezon City in this election. (The former lost its reelection bids in the first two districts, both at the hands of independent candidates.)


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Alfred Vargas is on his third term as representative and is barred to seek reelection. Instead, he ran for councilor in the same district. His party nominated his brother, incumbent councilor PM Vargas.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: PM Vargas won the seat against six other candidates, including the second placer, businesswoman Rose Lin; former 2nd District representative Mary Ann Susano; and four independent candidates. Lin was originally nominated by Lakas–CMD but she later resigned from the party on November 19, 2021 after her name was embroiled in the Pharmally Pharmaceutical scandal. (Her husband, Allan Lin Weixiong, was the financial manager of Pharmally.)


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Incumbent Jose Christopher "Kit" Belmonte, a Liberal Party member and a close relative of Mayor Joy Belmonte, is on his final term as representative and is barred to seek reelection.


title: 2022 Quezon City local elections

text: Running for the vacant position were former representatives Bingbong Crisologo and Tricia Nicole Velasco-Catera of Ang Mata'y Alagaan (MATA) partylist, and incumbent councilor Marivic Co-Pilar, an ally of Joy Belmonte. Co-Pilar won the election after getting 60% of votes cast.


title: Spousal privilege

text: In the common law, spousal privilege (also called marital privilege or husband-wife privilege) is a term used in the law of evidence to describe two separate privileges that apply to spouses: the spousal communications privilege and the spousal testimonial privilege.


title: Spousal privilege

text: Both types of privilege are based on the policy of encouraging spousal harmony and preventing spouses from having to condemn, or be condemned by, their spouses: the spousal communications privilege or confidences privilege is a form of privileged communication that protects the contents of confidential communications between spouses during their marriage from testimonial disclosure, while spousal testimonial privilege (also called spousal incompetency and spousal immunity) protects the individual holding the privilege from being called to testify in proceedings relating to their spouse. However, in some countries, the spousal privileges have their roots in the legal fiction that a husband and wife were one person.


title: Spousal privilege

text: In the United States, federal case law dictates the privileges permissible and prohibited in federal trials, while state case law governs their scope in state courts. A common rule for both the communications privilege and the testimonial privilege is that, "absent a lawful marriage, civil union, or domestic partnership, there is no privilege." Both rules may be suspended depending on the jurisdiction in the case of divorce proceedings or child custody disputes, but are suspended in cases where one spouse is accused of a crime against the other spouse or the spouse's child. Courts generally do not permit an adverse spouse to invoke either privilege during a trial initiated by the other spouse, or in the case of domestic abuse. The privileges may also be suspended where both spouses are joint participants in a crime, depending on the law of the jurisdiction.


title: Spousal privilege

text: In all federal and state courts, a spousal communications privilege applies in both civil and criminal cases. It is far less controversial than the testimonial privilege as it does not originate from the legal fiction that a husband and wife were one person. Instead, it is rooted in the idea that those who are married should feel safe openly communicating with each other without fear of future litigation or criminal proceedings.


title: Spousal privilege

text: In most jurisdictions including in federal courts, both the witness-spouse and the accused-spouse have the spousal communications privilege, so either may invoke it to prevent the witness-spouse from testifying about a confidential communication made during the marriage even if neither spouse are a party in the trial. It covers all communications made during marriage, and cannot be invoked to protect confidential communications between currently married spouses which occurred prior to their marriage. Unlike testimonial privilege, the communications privilege survives the end of a marriage, and may be asserted by a spouse to protect confidential communications that were made during the marriage—even after divorce or death.


title: Spousal privilege

text: The spousal communications privilege may not be invoked if the spouses are suing each other or each other's estates in a civil case; nor if one of the spouses has initiated a criminal proceeding against the other; nor in a competency proceeding regarding one of the spouses. These three scenarios are identical to the limitations which also apply to limit the spousal testimonial privilege. Two further scenarios defeat the spousal communications privilege: if the confidential communication was made in order to plan or commit a crime or fraud, or if a defendant-spouse wishes, in a criminal trial, to testify in their own defense, about a confidential marital communication. In these five situations, a court will not allow either spouse to assert the privilege to block the testimony.


title: Spousal privilege

text: The privilege may not be invoked if the statements were not intended to be confidential. Statements are not confidential if they were made in front of a third party or with the expectation that they would be shared with others. However, the presence of a young child does not negate the confidentiality of the communication. The opposing party must rebuke the presumption that confidentiality was intended.


title: Spousal privilege

text: Under U.S. federal common law, the spousal testimonial privilege is held by the witness-spouse, not the party-spouse, and therefore does not prevent a spouse who wishes to testify from doing so. The rationale of this rule is that if a witness-spouse desires to testify against the party-spouse, there is no marital harmony left to protect through the obstruction of such testimony. This common law principle is the view in a minority of U.S. states. A majority of U.S. jurisdictions, however, do not follow U.S. federal common law; in most states, the party-spouse, and not the witness-spouse, is the holder of spousal testimonial privilege.


title: Spousal privilege

text: Spousal testimonial privilege covers observations, such as the color of the clothing the party-spouse was wearing on a certain day, as well as communications, such as the content of a telephone conversation with the party-spouse.


title: Spousal privilege

text: The holder of the privilege may invoke it regarding events which occurred (1) during the marriage, if the spouses are still married; and (2) prior to the marriage if they are married to their spouse in court proceedings at the time of trial. If, by the time the trial occurs, the spouses are no longer married, the privilege holder may testify freely about any events which occurred prior to, after, or even during the marriage. Spousal testimonial privilege may not be invoked if the spouses are suing each other or each other's estates in a civil case; if one of the spouses has initiated a criminal proceeding against the other; or in a competency proceeding regarding one of the spouses. Spousal testimonial privilege, in other words, only lasts as long as the marriage does.


title: Spousal privilege

text: A minority of states apply testimonial privilege in both criminal and civil cases. For example, under California Evidence Code ("CEC") §970, California permits the application of testimonial privilege to both civil and criminal cases, and includes both the privilege not to testify as well as the privilege not to be called as a witness by the party adverse to the interests of the spouse in the trial.


title: Spousal privilege

text: This privilege is one aspect of a long-established rule of evidence, in its origin a common law rule, that a party to legal proceedings shall not be required to testify against himself. Deriving from the legal fiction that a husband and wife are one person, it extends the defendant's protection against self-incrimination to his wife also.


title: Spousal privilege

text: At common law, accordingly, prior to 1853 the wife of a party in a case was not "competent" to give evidence for or against him (so could not do so even voluntarily).


title: Spousal privilege

text: In civil cases, the common law rule was abolished by the Evidence Amendment Act 1853, section 1 of which provided that one spouse was generally "competent" to give evidence against the other (i.e. in a civil suit could do so voluntarily) and could be "compelled" to do so (i.e. by the other party, not being the other spouse). This was extended by the Evidence Further Amendment Act 1869 to proceedings actually brought by the other spouse, in consequence of adultery (i.e. relating to the marriage), the position on compulsion being clarified in "Tilley v Tilley" (1949).


title: Spousal privilege

text: In criminal cases, however, the common law long held that wives were not "competent" to give evidence against their husband (i.e. for the prosecution), subject to the one exception that a wife "could" give such evidence where her husband was accused of personal violence against her.


title: Spousal privilege

text: Section 4(1) of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 made spouses "competent" to give evidence against one another in many more circumstances, including giving evidence for the defence. It was initially assumed that the Act also meant spouses could be "compelled" to give such evidence, but the House of Lords ruled otherwise in "Leach v R" (1912).


title: Spousal privilege

text: Distinguishing "Leach", the Court of Criminal Appeal held in "R v Lapworth" (1930) that a wife was nevertheless a compellable witness for the prosecution in cases of personal violence against her, on the basis that the common law position prior to the 1898 Act had not been affected by the Act. However, in "Hoskyn v Metropolitan Police Commissioner" (1978) the House of Lords overruled "Lapworth", ending the personal violence exception, ruling that spouses are competent but "not" compellable witnesses for the prosecution in all cases, thus restoring the 1912 decision in "Leach". In reaching this view, judges were swayed by the special status of marriage, and the "natural repugnance" that the public would feel at seeing a wife give evidence against her husband in a wide range of scenarios.


title: Spousal privilege

text: This absolute immunity lasted only until the entry into force of section 80 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, which restored in limited cases the ability of the prosecution to compel the testimony of the spouse of the accused (later amended to include civil partners), namely where the defendant has been charged with "assault on, or injury or a threat of injury to" the spouse or a child under 16, or a sexual offence toward a child under 16. In addition, under the 1984 Act, the defence can almost always compel the spouse to testify, and as set out in section 53 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 a spouse will generally be competent to offer testimony voluntarily. However, a spouse (or civil partner) who is an active co-defendant to the charge can only testify for the defence (and cannot be compelled to do so by either side), part of her own right to the privilege against self-incrimination. No privilege extends to couples who are co-habiting but are neither married nor in a civil partnership, a source of major criticism.


title: Spousal privilege

text: The 1984 Act also repealed section 43(1) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1965, in a further extension of the wife's protection from violence directed against her (which had protected the husband from the wife giving evidence on a charge of marital rape).


title: Spousal privilege

text: It may be prudent to be cautious about seeking to compel a spouse to give evidence against her will, as it may tend to bring the law into disrepute. According to the Crown Prosecution Service, it is questionable whether she will tell the truth under those circumstances, and she may become a hostile witness, circumstances which must tend to reduce the credibility of her evidence.


title: Spousal privilege

text: This form of privilege, restricting the admissibility into evidence of communications between spouses during a marriage, existed in English law from 1853 until it was abolished in 1968 (for civil cases) and in 1984 (for criminal cases).


title: Spousal privilege

text: The existence of a communications privilege in the common law (i.e. in case law) is disputed. Its existence was assumed by late nineteenth century writers, but in 1939 Sir Wilfred Greene, MR, noted in the Court of Appeal in "Shenton v Tyler" that having researched the subject he found no evidence to support this view and that, rather, any such privilege was solely the result of statute.


title: Spousal privilege

text: In particular Sir Wilfred cited, as the sole origin of the privilege, section 3 of the Evidence Amendment Act 1853 which provided that, in civil cases, "no husband shall be compellable to disclose any communication made to him by his wife "during" the marriage, and no wife shall be compellable to disclose any communication made to her by her husband "during" the marriage". This provision was based on the Second Report of the "Commissioners on Common Law Procedure", who referenced the "inviolability of domestic confidence". It was repeated in section 1 of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898, which extended its applicability to the criminal law.


title: Spousal privilege

text: The provision made in the 1853 Act was limited – it did not extend to third-party disclosure, nor prevent voluntary disclosure – and was asymmetric, as it did not prevent the utterer from being compelled to disclose communications, only the listener (i.e. it acted only as a modified form of the rule against hearsay). As a result, in the "Report on Privilege in Civil Proceedings" published in December 1967 (partly influenced by the reasoning in "Shenton v Tyler", where the Court of Appeal had refused to apply it) the English Law Reform Committee recommended its abolition in civil cases, which was done in the Civil Evidence Act 1968, and in criminal cases, which was eventually done in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.


title: Spousal privilege

text: As of the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 spouses and civil partners are compellable witnesses.


title: Spousal privilege

text: In Australian law, both the common law privilege of confidentiality between married people and the privilege of spouses not to testify against each other were assumed to have continued with the "reception" of English law.


title: Spousal privilege

text: On 30 November 2011, the High Court of Australia decided that neither privilege existed in common law – seemingly influenced (in regard to marital communications) by the English decision to that effect in 1939 in the case of "Shenton v Tyler", and (in regard to privilege against testimony) the fact that by 1898 the old common law rule had been abolished in English law (i.e. whilst Australia was still a set of British colonies).


title: Spousal privilege

text: For legal purposes, the colony of New South Wales had formally adopted English common law in 1828, and each of the other Australian colonies adopted the common law of New South Wales upon its founding.


title: Spousal privilege

text: However, a form of spousal privilege in criminal trials was for a long time preserved in Australian statute law, by the Evidence Acts.


title: Stradivarius (clothing brand)

text: Stradivarius (, Catalan: []) is a women's clothing fast fashion retailer from Barcelona owned by the Inditex group. As of 31 January 2022, Stradivarius is present with 915 stores in 62 countries.


title: Stradivarius (clothing brand)

text: Stradivarius was developed in 1994 by the Catalan Triquell family with an innovative concept for fashion in Barcelona, Spain. In 1999 Inditex purchased 90% of Stradivarius shares for €108 million and the remaining 10% in 2005, keeping Jordi Triquell, son of the founder, Francisco Triquell, as director.


title: Stradivarius (clothing brand)

text: One of the most characteristic symbols of the company is the treble clef which in the former logo is standing out for the substitution of the first "S" of the name for a treble clef, while for recent logos it is in front of the name.


title: Stradivarius (clothing brand)

text: On 1 February 2017, it launched the first fashion line for men under "Stradivarius Man" label, although in 2018 they decided to close it due to low sales.


title: Cairo University

text: Cairo University (), also known as the Egyptian University from 1908 to 1940, and King Fuad I University and Fu'ād al-Awwal University from 1940 to 1952, is Egypt's premier public university. Its main campus is in Giza, immediately across the Nile from Cairo. It was founded on 21 December 1908; however, after being housed in various parts of Cairo, its faculties, beginning with the Faculty of Arts, were established on its current main campus in Giza in October 1929. It is the second oldest institution of higher education in Egypt after Al Azhar University, notwithstanding the pre-existing higher professional schools that later became constituent colleges of the university. It was founded and funded as the Egyptian University by a committee of private citizens with royal patronage in 1908 and became a state institution under King Fuad I in 1925. In 1940, four years following his death, the university was renamed King Fuad I University in his honor. It was renamed a second time after the Egyptian revolution of 1952.


title: Cairo University

text: The university currently enrolls approximately 155,000 students in 20 faculties and 3 institutions. It counts three Nobel Laureates among its graduates and is one of the 50 largest institutions of higher education in the world by enrollment.


title: Cairo University

text: Before he retired in 1907, the British representative in Egypt, Lord Cromer, remained opposed to the establishment of higher education in the country for fear that it would foment unrest. The university opened as a small private institution in 1908. Its early founding and location made it a model for later universities throughout the Arab world. It was taken over as a state university in 1925, and became Cairo University in 1954.


title: Cairo University

text: The university was founded on 21 December 1908, as the result of an effort to establish a national center for higher education. Several constituent colleges preceded the establishment of the university including the College of Engineering () in 1816, which was shut down by the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, Sa'id Pasha, in 1854. Cairo University was founded as a European-inspired civil university, in contrast to the religious university of Al Azhar, and became the prime indigenous model for other state universities. In 1928, the first group of female students enrolled at the university.


title: Cairo University

text: On 27 January 2020, Egypt's High Administrative Court approved Cairo University's decision to ban its professors from wearing the niqab or face veil which was introduced in 2015.


title: Cairo University

text: At the turn of the century, Egyptian intellectuals and public figures began making calls to establish an Egyptian institute of higher education to provide a modern, professional education to Egyptians. Armenian bureaucrat Yaqub Artin made the first known published reference to establishing an Egyptian university in 1894. In a report, he suggested "the existing higher professional schools could well provide the basis for a university." These higher schools included the School of Management and Languages, established in 1868 (which became the School of Law in 1886), the School of Irrigation and Construction (known as the School of Engineering) in 1866, Dar al-Ulum in 1872, the School of Agriculture in 1867 and the School of Antiquities 1869.


title: Cairo University

text: Syrian journalist Jurji Zaydan called for an "Egyptian college school" (madrasa ) in 1900 in his monthly magazine Al-Hilal. He provided two models for this institute of higher education: the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh, India, which delivered a Western-style education in the English language, or the Syrian Protestant College (now the American University of Beirut) in Beirut, run by American missionaries. The new school would provide an alternative to the student missions to Europe begun under Muhammad Ali. Controversy surrounding Zaydan's publications would later prevent him from taking a teaching post at the university. A number of other prominent Egyptians played a role in the university's foundation. A collection of large landowners, bureaucrats, members of the royal family, and journalists, lawyers, and school teachers including Mustafa Kamil, disciples of Muhammad Abduh such as Qasim Amin and Saad Zaghlul, and eventually Khedive Abbas II and Prince Ahmad Fu’ad I became involved. As Donald M. Reid writes, "Royalist partisans stressed Fu'ad's founding role, Watanists pointed out Mustafa Kamil's call for a university, and Wafdists emphasized the contributions of Saad Zaghlul, Muhammad Abduh, and Qasim Amin."


title: Cairo University

text: Wealthy Egyptians began to independently pledge funds to the establishment of a university as early as 1905. Significant contributions were made by Princess Fatma Ismail. In the early 1900s, she donated land to the university as a part of her fundraising campaign for the establishment of Egypt's first formal university. Following the Dinshaway incident, Mustafa Kamil al-Ghamrawi, a wealthy notable from Beni Suef, pledged 500 Egyptian pounds towards a university in September 1906. Mustafa Kamil published a call for supplementary funds, while Saad Zaghlul and Qasim Amin arranged a meeting attended by Muhammad Farid and 23 other prominent Egyptians. The members of the meeting founded a committee with Zaghlul as vice-president and Amin as secretary, and all but three pledged at least 100 Egyptian pounds towards the university. However, splinters quickly emerged between the Watanists, the disciples of Abduh and the Royalists, leaving the project in the hands of the Palace. By the time of its establishment in 1908, Prince Fuad I was the rector and only one of the men who had met in 1906 remained in the committee.


title: Cairo University

text: Concerning the faculty of engineering In 2006, the college began implementing the credit hour system by launching the following programs: construction engineering, Computer and telecommunications engineering.


title: Cairo University

text: In 2007 programs that were developed: mechanical design engineering, architecture engineering and construction technology and petrochemical engineering.


title: Cairo University

text: The British colonial government, particularly Lord Cromer, had long opposed the establishment of such a university. Only a year after his departure from Egypt, under Sir Eldon Gorst, was the Egyptian University finally established. The Egyptian educational system remained neglected by the colonial government under the direction of Lord Cromer. Two decades after the establishment of British rule, education received less than 1 percent of the state budget. Cromer publicly stated that free public education was not an appropriate policy for a nation such as Egypt, although the funds were found to refurbish the law school in Cairo so Egyptians didn't have to go abroad to obtain legal degrees during Sir John Scott's time as Judicial Advisor to the Khedive. Donald M. Reid speculates that this was due to fear that European-style education would foment political unrest or nationalistic sentiments. Cromer also opposed providing financial aid to the university after the private committee began to pursue the matter independently of the colonial government.


title: Cairo University

text: In its early years, the university did not have a campus but rather advertised lectures in the press. Lectures would be held in various palaces and conference halls. After a grand opening ceremony in 1908, it remained on financial insecure footing for a number of years, nearly collapsing during World War I. Upon its founding in 1908, the Egyptian University had a women's section but this was closed in 1912. Women were first readmitted to the arts faculty in 1928.


title: Cairo University

text: Problems during this period also included a lack of professional faculty to fulfill the founders’ educational vision. There were simply no Egyptians with doctoral degrees, the ability to teach in Arabic and a familiarity with Western literature in their fields with whom to fill professorial posts. Thus European Orientalists who lectured in classical Arabic filled many posts until the 1930s. The university also sent its own students on educational missions to obtain the necessary training. First, the university hired Italians Carlo Nallino, David Santillana and Ignazio Guidi, due to King Fuad I's connections with Italy. Following the departure of the Italians after the invasion of Libya, French orientalists Gaston Wiet and Louis Massignon took up posts on the faculty. The Germans and British were less represented.


title: Cairo University

text: In 1925, the university was re-founded and expanded as a state institution under Fuad I. The liberal arts college (kulliyat al-adab) of 1908 was joined with the schools of law and medicine, and a new faculty of science was added. Ahmed Lutfi al-Sayyid became the first president.


title: Cairo University

text: Cairo University is usually ranked among the top universities in Egypt, and one of the top universities in Africa.


title: Cairo University

text: In QS ranking 2021, Cairo University was ranked the 2nd in Egypt and the 6th across Africa, and it was rated 561-570 worldwide.


title: Cairo University

text: According to the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) 2020–21, the university was ranked 1st in Egypt, and the 558th worldwide.


title: Cairo University

text: Cairo University includes a School of Law and a School of Medicine. The Medical School, also known as "Kasr Alaini" (, Qasr-el-'Ayni), was one of the first medical schools in Africa and the Middle East. Its first building was donated by Alaini Pasha. It has since undergone extensive expansion. The first president of Cairo University, then known as the Egyptian University, was Professor Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, who served from 1925 to 1941.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Mariah Cheyenne Bell (born April 18, 1996) is an American former figure skater. She is the 2022 U.S. national champion, 2020 U.S. national silver medalist, and two-time U.S. national bronze medalist (2017, 2019). She is also the 2020 Skate America gold medalist, 2016 Skate America silver medalist, the 2019 Internationaux de France bronze medalist, the 2019 Rostelecom Cup bronze medalist, the 2019 CS Nebelhorn Trophy champion, and the 2016 CS U.S. International Classic silver medalist.


title: Mariah Bell

text: She has finished within the top six at four ISU Championships with her best result being fourth place at the 2022 World Figure Skating Championships and represented the United States at the 2022 Winter Olympics.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Mariah Bell was born on April 18, 1996, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She is the second child of Kendra and Andy Bell. Her older sister, Morgan, has skated with Disney on Ice.


title: Mariah Bell

text: At age 12, Bell moved with her mother and sister from Houston to Westminster, Colorado. She graduated from Ralston Valley High School in 2014, and was named the school's Super Senior.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell began skating at the age of four because of her sister. Early in her career, she was coached by Megan Faulkner, Billy Schneider, and Candy Brown. At age 12, she joined Cindy Sullivan in Westminster, Colorado.


title: Mariah Bell

text: At the 2012 U.S. Championships, Bell finished fifth in the junior division. She was assigned to the 2012 Gardena Spring Trophy and won the junior silver medal.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell won the silver medal in the junior division of the 2013 U.S. Championships, behind Polina Edmunds.


title: Mariah Bell

text: During the 2013–14 season, Bell was coached by Cindy Sullivan in Westminster, Colorado. Making her ISU Junior Grand Prix debut, she won a bronze medal in Mexico and finished seventh in Poland. At the 2014 U.S. Championships, Bell finished thirteenth. Soon after her high school graduation in 2014, she moved to Monument, Colorado, so that she could train under Kori Ade.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell's senior international debut came in the 2014–15 season. She competed at two ISU Challenger Series events, the 2014 Nebelhorn Trophy where she finished fifth, and the 2014 Golden Spin of Zagreb where she placed eighth. She finished sixth at the 2015 U.S. Championships, having ranked twelfth in the short program and 6th in the free skate.


title: Mariah Bell

text: In 2015–16, Bell started her season on the ISU Challenger Series (CS), placing sixth at the 2015 U.S. International Classic and 13th at the 2015 Ondrej Nepela Trophy.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Making her Grand Prix debut, Bell finished 8th at 2015 Skate America, scoring personal bests in the free skate and combined total score. She placed eleventh at the 2016 U.S. Championships.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell changed coaches in August 2016, joining Rafael Arutyunyan in Lakewood, California. She landed on the podium at two of her 2016–17 ISU Challenger Series assignments. Ranked second in both segments, she took silver at the 2016 CS U.S. International Classic, behind Satoko Miyahara. At the 2016 CS Ondrej Nepela Memorial, she placed fifth in the short, fourth in the free, and third overall behind Maria Sotskova and Yulia Lipnitskaya. She was invited to the 2016 Skate America to replace the injured Angela Wang. She won the silver medal behind Ashley Wagner after placing sixth in the short program and first in the free skate.


title: Mariah Bell

text: In January 2017, Bell received the bronze medal at the U.S. Championships, earning her a spot on the Four Continents and World teams. In February, she placed sixth at the 2017 Four Continents Championships in Gangneung, South Korea. She later placed twelfth at her first trip to the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell began her season placing fifth at the U.S. International Figure Skating Classic behind teammates Mirai Nagasu and Karen Chen, and was assigned to the Rostelecom Cup and the NHK Trophy on the 2017–18 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating circuit.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell was named as the second alternate to the 2018 Winter Olympics team after placing fifth at the 2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships in San Jose. On the withdrawal of Karen Chen she was named to the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships team, and placed twelfth.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell began the season at 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, where she placed fourth overall with a score of 188.97. She was invited to 2018 Skate Canada International, where she placed fourth with a score of 190.25. In November, at 2018 NHK Trophy, she placed fifth overall with a score of 198.96, the highest in her career. She won the bronze medal at the 2018 CS Golden Spin, after placing fourth in the short program and third in the free program, earning 196.60 points.


title: Mariah Bell

text: At the 2019 U.S. Championships, Bell underrotated the second part of her combination and placed third in the short program, behind Bradie Tennell and Alysa Liu. She placed second in the free skate, behind Liu, winning the bronze medal overall, the second of her career. Because the 13-year-old Liu was ineligible for senior (or even junior) international competition, Bell joined silver medalist Tennell on the American team for the 2019 World Championships, as well as the 2019 Four Continents Championships.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell placed third in the short program at Four Continents, setting a new personal best and winning a bronze small medal. The free skate proved to be less successful, with a fall on a triple loop jump and a doubled Lutz, and she fell to sixth overall.


title: Mariah Bell

text: At the 2019 World Figure Skating Championships, Bell finished ninth with a career-best total score of 208.07. Bell's attendance at the World Championships became enmeshed in controversy when she was accused of deliberately causing an on-ice incident in which the blade of her free leg hit South Korean skater Lim Eun-soo during a practice session, causing a cut on Lim's calf. Lim's agency, All That Sports, stated to Agence-France Presse that the incident had been intentional and part of a pattern of bullying by Bell. Upon request from the Korean Skating Federation, the International Skating Union conducted an investigation. On March 21, the ISU stated that it found no evidence that Bell had sought to intentionally injure Lim. Rafael Arutyunyan, who coached both Bell and Lim, denied the allegations: "The thing is that Mariah’s program includes an element where she lays her leg back and stretches it. This is how it happened that she touched Lim’s leg with her blade. Of course it was not deliberately! There has never been any confrontation between them at training sessions." Bell later said: "The whole experience was really bizarre and it just felt like I was drowning in this nightmare of completely false information that was put out there that I couldn't do anything about."


title: Mariah Bell

text: Having already had Adam Rippon collaborate as a choreographer the previous season, Bell added Rippon as part of her coaching team in addition to having him again choreograph her short program, this time to Britney Spears music on Rippon's recommendation. Starting her season on the Challenger series at the 2019 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, Bell placed first in both segments to win the event, her first international gold medal.


title: Mariah Bell

text: For her first Grand Prix assignment, Bell competed at the 2019 Internationaux de France, placing third in the short program with only an unclear edge warning on her triple flip. In the free skate, Bell underrotated a triple Lutz, but otherwise landed all jumps cleanly and placed second in the segment, edging out reigning World and Olympic champion Alina Zagitova. She was third overall, behind Alena Kostornaia and Zagitova, taking her second Grand Prix medal. Bell said she was "proud of how this competition went." Competing next at the 2019 Rostelecom Cup, Bell placed third in the short program despite falling on her jump combination. She was third in the free skate as well, winning another bronze medal.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell placed third in the short program at the 2020 U.S. Championships when, after landing her jumps successfully, she fell in her step sequence. She remarked after "today, maybe I felt a little too good." Placing second in the free skate with no errors other than an underrotated triple Lutz, Bell won the silver medal, and was the highest-finishing medalist eligible for senior international competition, the gold medal going again to Alysa Liu. Her free skate received a standing ovation, which she called "a very special feeling. I hadn’t had that before in my career." Bell subsequently eschewed attending the Four Continents Championships in Seoul, looking ahead to the 2020 World Championships in Montreal, but these events were cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Mariah Bell

text: After spending months off ice in the midst of the pandemic, Bell resumed training in June 2020, stating that she hoped to use the time to work on developing a triple Axel, which she described as having "always been something that I believe that I can do." She competed at the first opportunity of the ISP Points Challenge, a virtual U.S. domestic competition, winning both segments of the competition, despite only doing one jump combination in the free skate. It was announced that she would be a virtual guest skater at the Japan Open.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell was assigned to compete at the 2020 Skate America event on the Grand Prix circuit, the ISU having made assignments based on training location due to the pandemic. Bell won the short program with a clean skate, more than three points ahead of Bradie Tennell in second place. This would prove decisive, as she placed fourth in the free skate after falling on an underrotated triple Lutz and only attempting six triple jumps, but her short program score was sufficient to retain the overall lead and win her first Grand Prix gold medal.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell's success at Skate America and the prior season's national championships lead many to identify her as the favorite going into the 2021 U.S. Championships, particularly with defending champion Liu struggling with growth-related jumping limitations. She unexpectedly placed third in the short program after underrotating her triple Lutz, and called it a disappointment. Bell struggled in the free skate, falling on a triple flip and making several other jump errors, as a result of which she placed fifth in that segment and dropped to fifth place overall.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Heading into the Olympic season, Bell prepared new programs for the occasion. For the short program, she recruited "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestant Cordero Zuckerman to work with Adam Rippon on a stylistic homage to vogue set to the music of Lady Gaga. Her free skate to Joni Mitchell's "Both Sides Now", music Bell had considered using before, was meant to reflect the highs and lows of her career: "Skating to 'Hallelujah' at nationals was an incredible feeling — but I can still know what it was like the following year, to get off the ice and see myself in fifth." However, following her bronze medal showing at the Skating Club of Boston's Cranberry Cup international event and feedback from American officials, she subsequently dropped both programs, reviving her "Hallelujah" program and creating a new short program.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell's two Grand Prix assignments were the final two events of the series, starting with the 2021 Internationaux de France, where she placed sixth. She was tenth in the short program and fourth in the free skate. At her second event the following week, the 2021 Rostelecom Cup, Bell was third in the short program despite not landing a triple-triple combination, dropping to fourth after the free skate. She said "technical content is a little bit lower right now, but I plan to put the triple-triple back in later during the season."


title: Mariah Bell

text: Bell entered the 2022 U.S. Championships as a contender for both the title and the American Olympic team. Frequent rival Bradie Tennell withdrew in advance due to injury. Bell won the short program, narrowly ahead of Karen Chen, while Alysa Liu was further back in third, and withdrew before the free skate due to testing positive for COVID-19. Bell won the free skate as well, taking her first national title. The following day she was named to the Olympic team, along with Chen and Liu. At 25, Bell became the oldest U.S. women's champion since Beatrix Loughran in 1927, and also the oldest American women's singles skater sent to the Olympics since Loughran in 1928.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Competing at the 2022 Winter Olympics in the women's event, Bell fell on her opening triple-triple combination attempt, but nevertheless qualified for the free skate in eleventh position. She moved up one place in the free skate to finish tenth overall.


title: Mariah Bell

text: Days after the Olympics concluded, Vladimir Putin ordered an invasion of Ukraine, as a result of which the International Skating Union banned all Russian and Belarusian skaters from competing at the 2022 World Championships. This had a major impact on the women's field, dominated by Russians for most of the preceding eight years, and Bell entered the event as a podium contender. She finished third in the short program with a new personal best score of 72.55, taking a bronze small medal, the first for an American at the World Championships since Ashley Wagner in 2016. In the free skate, Bell struggled on both of her triple Lutzes in the second half of the program, underrotating one of them. She dropped from third to fourth overall, behind Liu.


title: Mariah Bell

text: On October 12, 2022, Bell announced on Instagram that she was retiring from competitive figure skating, and said that she would continue to perform at ice shows.


title: Mariah Bell

text: "Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only. ISU personal best scores highlighted in bold."


title: Moorcrest

text: Moorcrest is a house in Beachwood Canyon, Los Angeles, California, United States. It was built in 1921 for the utopian Krotona Colony in Beachwood Canyon and was designed by Marie Russak Hotchener, an architect who designed several buildings for the Theosophist community; Moorcrest is thought of as one of her most famous pieces.


title: Moorcrest

text: In the heart of the Hollywood Hills, Moorcrest was once the home of actor Charlie Chaplin, the first international star of the modern era. Later, Mary Astor, the star of "The Maltese Falcon" among many other films, sometimes lived at Moorcrest. Her parents, Otto and Helen Langhanke, owned the home for a time.


title: Protected designation of origin

text: The protected designation of origin (PDO) is a type of geographical indication of the European Union and the United Kingdom aimed at preserving the designations of origin of food-related products. The designation was created in 1992 and its main purpose is to designate products that have been produced, processed and developed in a specific geographical area, using the recognized know-how of local producers and ingredients from the region concerned.


title: Protected designation of origin

text: The characteristics of the products protected are essentially linked to their terroir. The European or UK PDO logo, of which the use is compulsory, documents this link. European Regulation 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 acknowledges a priority to establish a community protection system that ensures equal conditions of competition between producers. This European Regulation is intended to guarantee the reputation of regional products, adapt existing national protections to make them comply with the requirements of the World Trade Organization, and inform consumers that products bearing the protected designation of origin logo comply with the conditions of production and origin specified by the designation. The Regulation applies to certain agricultural products and foods for which there is a link between the characteristics of the product or the food and its geographical origin: they may be wines, cheeses, hams, sausages, olives, beers, fruits, vegetables, breads or animal feed.


title: Protected designation of origin

text: Foods such as Parmigiano-Reggiano, Gorgonzola, Asiago cheese, Camembert de Normandie, and Champagne can be labeled as such only if they come from the designated region. For example, to be marketed under the "Roquefort" designation of origin, a cheese must be processed from raw milk from a certain breed of sheep (Lacaune), the animals must be raised in a specific territory and the cheese obtained must be refined in one of the cellars at Roquefort-sur-Soulzon in the French department of Aveyron, where it must be seeded with mold spores ("Penicillium roqueforti") prepared from traditional strains endemic to these same cellars.


title: Protected designation of origin

text: The PDO logo is available in all languages of the European Union and companies are free to use the logo and abbreviation of any of the versions. Examples of different language versions are shown below:


title: Protected designation of origin

text: The protected names are entered in the European "Register of Protected Designations of Origin and Protected Geographical Indications", or "EU Quality Register" for short, which is maintained by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development. The applications, publications, registrations and any changes are recorded in the DOOR (Database of Origin and Registration) database and can be accessed online by anyone.


title: Protected designation of origin

text: Starting on 1 April 2019, the online database eAmbrosia was put into operation by the European Commission, which lists information about protected wines, spirits and food in the European Union and the previous three different databases: E-SPIRIT-DRINKS, DOOR and E -BACCHUS replaced on 31 December 2019.


title: 1922 (novella)

text: 1922 is a novella by American writer Stephen King, published in his collection "Full Dark, No Stars" (2010).


title: 1922 (novella)

text: In 1922, Wilfred James, a farmer in Hemingford Home, Nebraska, owns 80 acres of farmland that have been in his family for generations. His wife, Arlette, owns an adjoining 100 acres willed to her by her father. Wilfred scorns the thought of living in a city, but Arlette is discontented with farm life and wants to move to Omaha. She seeks to sell her land to a livestock company for use as a pig farm and slaughterhouse. If she does so, Wilfred's property will no longer be farmable and he'll be forced to sell as well. Wilfred resorts to manipulating his teenage son, Henry, into helping him murder Arlette.


title: 1922 (novella)

text: As part of their plot, Wilfred and a reluctant Henry get Arlette drunk. Arlette proceeds to make crude remarks about Henry's girlfriend, Shannon Cotterie, which angers the boy enough to commit to Wilfred's plot. After taking Arlette to bed, Wilfred brutally slashes her throat with a butcher knife. Wilfred and Henry then dump the body in a dry well behind the barn. Later, as Wilfred dumps her suitcase into the well with Arlette, he notices that her body has become infested with rats.


title: 1922 (novella)

text: Wilfred decides to fill in the well to hide the body, but knows that doing so will arouse suspicion. He purposefully has one of his aged cows fall into the well to provide a cover story for filling it in. Right afterwards, the local sheriff, acting on behalf of the livestock company, searches the farmhouse to look for Arlette, but finds nothing. Wilfred and Henry fill the well, but a rat crawls out of the soil. Henry kills it, believing that Arlette is now haunting them. Wilfred later encounters a rat when it attacks one of his other milk cows, severing one of her teats.


title: 1922 (novella)

text: A few months later, Henry, who has become emotionally troubled since the murder, impregnates Shannon. The pregnancy sours the friendship between Wilfred and Shannon's father, Harlan, a neighboring farmer. Shannon is sent to a Catholic school for pregnant girls in Omaha, but Henry helps her escape. They begin a highly publicized career as a pair of Bonnie and Clyde-style bank robbers, becoming wanted in several states.


title: 1922 (novella)

text: Wilfred is emotionally destitute in Henry's absence. He again encounters the rat from the barn, which bites his hand and causes it to become severely infected, necessitating its amputation. Soon after, Wilfred claims that Arlette's living corpse, which is accompanied by a large group of rats, leaves the confines of the well and enters the farmhouse, confronting him. Arlette gives him a detailed premonition of the demise of both Henry and the pregnant Shannon in Nevada. Soon afterwards, the roof of Wilfred's farmhouse caves in during a storm.