title: Maps (Yeah Yeah Yeahs song)

text: "Maps" and "Since U Been Gone" share similar introductions, post-chorus guitar breaks, middle eights, and are both in the key of G major. Karen O said noticing the similarity was "like getting bitten by a poisonous varmint."


title: Maps (Yeah Yeah Yeahs song)

text: "Hold Up," a song recorded by Beyoncé for her 2016 album, "Lemonade", contains an interpolation of the "Maps" lyric, "Wait, they don't love you like I love you." Beyoncé sings the line as "Hold up, they don't love you like I love you," which was based on a 2011 tweet from Vampire Weekend frontman Ezra Koenig paraphrasing "Maps." Koenig and Diplo recorded a demo version of "Hold Up" in 2014 including the interpolated line, and when Beyoncé released the song on "Lemonade", the three members of Yeah Yeah Yeahs shared in the songwriting credits.


title: Lauren Hemp

text: Lauren May Hemp (born 7 August 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for FA WSL club Manchester City. She was named England Young Player of the Year in September 2016, 2017 and PFA Women's Young Player of the Year in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2022. In 2022 she helped the Lionesses win the Euros.


title: Lauren Hemp

text: Hemp grew up in North Walsham, Norfolk, where she attended Millfield Primary School and North Walsham High School. She took an interest in football at a young age and started playing for local club North Walsham Youth FC. Her youth career started in 2008 at Norwich City where her sister Amy also played. She played her final game for Norwich in 2015 but continued her association with the club for the 2015–16 season.


title: Lauren Hemp

text: In 2016, after leaving Norwich City, Hemp joined Bristol City. On 10 September 2016, she made her senior debut for the Vixens and scored the team's third goal in a 4–1 win over Watford. On 19 March 2017, she made her first FA Women's Cup appearance, scoring two goals in a 5–0 win over Millwall Lionesses. In the 2017 Spring Series, Hemp made a total of 4 appearances, scoring one goal. In April 2018, she was named PFA Women's Young Player of the Year. She finished the 2017–18 season with 9 goals in 24 appearances in all competitions. On 31 May 2018, Hemp signed with Manchester City.


title: Lauren Hemp

text: In February 2015, Hemp received her first call-up to the under-15 squad. In May 2017, she captained England at the UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship, scoring a goal in a 5–0 win over the Republic of Ireland. In September 2017, she was named Vauxhall England Young Player of the Year. In August 2018, she helped England under-20 finish third at the 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.


title: Lauren Hemp

text: Hemp made her senior England debut on 8 October 2019, coming on as an 86th-minute substitute for Beth Mead in a 1–0 friendly win against Portugal. On 27 May 2021, it was announced that she had been selected in the Great Britain women's Olympic football team for the 2020 Olympics.


title: Lauren Hemp

text: In January 2020, Hemp was named by UEFA as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe. On 30 November 2021, she scored her first four goals for England, in a national record 20–0 win over Latvia. In June Hemp was included in the England squad which won the UEFA Women's Euro 2022. During the final it was Hemp's corner that was pressed home by teammate Chloe Kelly to create the winning second goal in front of over 87,000 spectators.


title: Chuck Edwards

text: Charles Marion Edwards (born September 13, 1960) is an American politician who has served in the North Carolina Senate from the 48th district since 2016. A member of the Republican Party, he is the U.S. representative-elect for North Carolina's 11th congressional district, having won the 2022 election after defeating incumbent Madison Cawthorn in the 2022 Republican primary.


title: Chuck Edwards

text: Edwards was born in Waynesville, North Carolina. He graduated from West Henderson High School in 1978 and studied business, accounting, and marketing at Blue Ridge Community College.


title: Chuck Edwards

text: Edwards joined McDonald's in 1989, working as an operations manager until 1991, senior business consultant from 1991 to 1996, and development coordinator from 1996 to 1998. Edwards also worked as the vice president of Henderson County Partners for Economic Progress. In 2013, he became a director of Entegra Financial Corporation. In 2020, Entegra merged with First Citizens Bank.


title: Chuck Edwards

text: Edwards was appointed to the North Carolina Senate in August 2016 after the resignation of Tom Apodaca. He defeated Democrat Norman Bossert in November 2016. He was re-elected in 2018 and 2020.


title: Chuck Edwards

text: On November 30, 2021, Edwards declared his candidacy for North Carolina's 11th congressional district in the 2022 election. On May 17, 2022, Edwards defeated the incumbent Madison Cawthorn in the Republican primary with 33.4% of the vote. Although Edwards lost 12 of the 15 counties in the district, he carried Buncombe, the district's most populous, by over 2000 votes, exceeding his overall margin of 1338. Edwards also defeated Cawthorn in Henderson County by 3,191 votes. Henderson is home to both Edwards and Cawthorn.


title: The Hole, New York City

text: The Hole is a small neighborhood in New York City on the border between Brooklyn and Queens. It is a low-lying area, with a ground level that is lower than the surrounding area. The area is run-down, and suffers from frequent flooding. It has been described as a "lost neighborhood," and as resembling a border town from the Wild West. It is generally bordered by Eldert Lane, 78th (Sapphire) Street, South Conduit Avenue, and Linden Boulevard. Nearby neighborhoods include East New York, Lindenwood, and Ozone Park.


title: The Hole, New York City

text: In the 1960s, the level of some streets within The Hole were raised and the streets paved, facilitating passage between South Conduit Avenue and Linden Boulevard. This required homes adjacent to the raised streets to build retaining walls with the first level of their houses now below grade. In 2004, the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) made plans to connect the neighborhood to the city's sewer system to combat the flooding by raising the land.


title: The Hole, New York City

text: In 2010, filmmakers Courtney Fathom Sell and Billy Feldman made a short documentary about the neighborhood. The film includes interviews with some of the residents as well as members of the Federation of Black Cowboys. The film premiered at Rooftop Films in 2011 and has since been archived at the Brooklyn Historical Society & Anthology Film Archives.


title: The Hole, New York City

text: The Hole is the site of an old Mafia graveyard, located in a vacant lot off of 78th (Sapphire) Street between Blake and Dumont Avenues. In 1981, children playing in the lot found the body of Bonanno crime family capo Alphonse "Al" Indelicato, who, along with fellow Bonanno capos Philip "Philly Lucky" Giaccone and Dominick "Big Trin" Trinchera, had been killed several weeks before in a Brooklyn night club store room by rival Bonanno capo Joseph Massino and his associates. In 2004, the bodies of Giaccone and Trinchera were dug up in the lot by FBI agents and New York City police detectives. The bodies were disposed of in the lot as a favor by the crew of John Gotti, who had grown up with Massino. Although not all of their bodies have been found, as many as six Mafia murder victims are believed by authorities to have been buried in the lot in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These include John Favara, a Queens furniture store manager killed because he accidentally ran over the 12-year-old son of John Gotti, and Lucchese crime family members Joseph Spione and Thomas DeSimone, on whom Joe Pesci's character Tommy DeVito in "Goodfellas" was based.


title: Baryte

text: Baryte, barite or barytes ( or ) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate (BaSO). Baryte is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of the element barium. The "baryte group" consists of baryte, celestine (strontium sulfate), anglesite (lead sulfate), and anhydrite (calcium sulfate). Baryte and celestine form a solid solution (Ba,Sr)SO.


title: Baryte

text: The radiating form, sometimes referred to as "Bologna Stone", attained some notoriety among alchemists for specimens found in the 17th century near Bologna by Vincenzo Casciarolo. These became phosphorescent upon being calcined.


title: Baryte

text: Carl Scheele determined that baryte contained a new element in 1774, but could not isolate barium, only barium oxide. Johan Gottlieb Gahn also isolated barium oxide two years later in similar studies. Barium was first isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy in England.


title: Baryte

text: The American Petroleum Institute specification API 13/ISO 13500, which governs "baryte" for drilling purposes, does not refer to any specific mineral, but rather a material that meets that specification. In practice, however, this is usually the mineral baryte.


title: Baryte

text: The term "primary barytes" refers to the first marketable product, which includes crude baryte (run of mine) and the products of simple beneficiation methods, such as washing, jigging, heavy media separation, tabling, flotation. Most crude baryte requires some upgrading to minimum purity or density. Baryte that is used as an aggregate in a "heavy" cement is crushed and screened to a uniform size. Most baryte is ground to a small, uniform size before it is used as a filler or extender, an addition to industrial products, in the production of barium chemicals or a weighting agent in petroleum well drilling mud.


title: Baryte

text: The name baryte is derived from the , 'heavy'. The American spelling is "barite". The International Mineralogical Association initially adopted "barite" as the official spelling, but recommended adopting the older "baryte" spelling later. This move was controversial and was notably ignored by American mineralogists.


title: Baryte

text: Other names have been used for baryte, including "barytine", "barytite", "barytes", "heavy spar", "tiff", and "blanc fixe".


title: Baryte

text: Baryte occurs in many depositional environments, and is deposited through many processes including biogenic, hydrothermal, and evaporation, among others. Baryte commonly occurs in lead-zinc veins in limestones, in hot spring deposits, and with hematite ore. It is often associated with the minerals anglesite and celestine. It has also been identified in meteorites.


title: Baryte

text: Baryte has been found at locations in Australia, Brazil, Nigeria, Canada, Chile, China, India, Pakistan, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Iran, Ireland (where it was mined on Benbulben), Liberia, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Romania (Baia Sprie), Turkey, South Africa (Barberton Mountain Land), Thailand, United Kingdom (Cornwall, Cumbria, Dartmoor/Devon, Derbyshire, Durham, Perthshire, Argyllshire, and Surrey) and in the US from Cheshire, Connecticut, De Kalb, New York, and Fort Wallace, New Mexico. It is mined in Arkansas, Connecticut, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Nevada, and Missouri.


title: Baryte

text: The global production of baryte in 2019 was estimated to be around 9.5 million metric tons, down from 9.8 million metric tons in 2012. The major barytes producers (in thousand tonnes, data for 2017) are as follows: China (3,600), India (1,600), Morocco (1,000), Mexico (400), United States (330), Iran (280), Turkey (250), Russia (210), Kazakhstan (160), Thailand (130) and Laos (120).


title: Baryte

text: The main users of barytes in 2017 were (in million tonnes) US (2.35), China (1.60), Middle East (1.55), the European Union and Norway (0.60), Russia and CIS (0.5), South America (0.35), Africa (0.25), and Canada (0.20). 70% of barytes was destined for oil and gas well drilling muds. 15% for barium chemicals, 14% for filler applications in automotive, construction, and paint industries, and 1% other applications.


title: Baryte

text: Natural baryte formed under hydrothermal conditions may be associated with quartz or silica. In hydrothermal vents, the baryte-silica mineralisation can also be accompanied by precious metals.


title: Baryte

text: Worldwide, 69–77% of baryte is used as a weighting agent for drilling fluids in oil and gas exploration to suppress high formation pressures and prevent blowouts. As a well is drilled, the bit passes through various formations, each with different characteristics. The deeper the hole, the more baryte is needed as a percentage of the total mud mix. An additional benefit of baryte is that it is non-magnetic and thus does not interfere with magnetic measurements taken in the borehole, either during logging-while-drilling or in separate drill hole logging. Baryte used for drilling petroleum wells can be black, blue, brown or gray depending on the ore body. The baryte is finely ground so that at least 97% of the material, by weight, can pass through a 200-mesh (75 μm) screen, and no more than 30%, by weight, can be less than 6 μm diameter. The ground baryte also must be dense enough so that its specific gravity is 4.2 or greater, soft enough to not damage the bearings of a tricone drill bit, chemically inert, and containing no more than 250 milligrams per kilogram of soluble alkaline salts. In August 2010, the American Petroleum Institute published specifications to modify the 4.2 drilling grade standards for baryte to include 4.1 SG materials.


title: Baryte

text: In the deep ocean, away from continental sources of sediment, pelagic baryte precipitates and forms a significant amount of the sediments. Since baryte has oxygen, systematics in the δO of these sediments have been used to help constrain paleotemperatures for oceanic crust.


title: Baryte

text: The variations in sulfur isotopes (S/S) are being examined in evaporite minerals containing sulfur (e.g. baryte) and carbonate associated sulfates (CAS) to determine past seawater sulfur concentrations which can help identify specific depositional periods such as anoxic or oxic conditions. The use of sulfur isotope reconstruction is often paired with oxygen when a molecule contains both elements.


title: Baryte

text: Dating the baryte in hydrothermal vents has been one of the major methods to know the ages of hydrothermal vents. Common methods to date hydrothermal baryte include radiometric dating and electron spin resonance dating.


title: Baryte

text: Baryte is used in added-value applications which include filler in paint and plastics, sound reduction in engine compartments, coat of automobile finishes for smoothness and corrosion resistance, friction products for automobiles and trucks, radiation shielding concrete, glass ceramics, and medical applications (for example, a barium meal before a contrast CT scan). Baryte is supplied in a variety of forms and the price depends on the amount of processing; filler applications commanding higher prices following intense physical processing by grinding and micronising, and there are further premiums for whiteness and brightness and color. It is also used to produce other barium chemicals, notably barium carbonate which is used for the manufacture of LED glass for television and computer screens (historically in cathode ray tubes); and for dielectrics.


title: Baryte

text: Historically, baryte was used for the production of barium hydroxide for sugar refining, and as a white pigment for textiles, paper, and paint.


title: Baryte

text: Although baryte contains the toxic alkaline earth metal barium, it is not detrimental for human health, animals, plants and the environment because barium sulfate is extremely insoluble in water.


title: Angie Best

text: Angela Best (née MacDonald-Janes; born 26 July 1952) is an English model and former Playboy Bunny, known as the first wife of footballer George Best.


title: Angie Best

text: Born in Westminster, London and raised in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, Angela MacDonald-Janes was the elder daughter of Marion (née MacDonald) and Robert William Brough Janes. She has a younger sister Lynne and two half-brothers: Michael, from her father's first marriage, and Noel Robert Janus (born Janes) (1949–2009), from a previous relationship of her father. Noel's daughter is actress Samantha Womack. She became a model, and then a "Bunnygirl" at the Playboy Club in London. She was invited to New York City to model and then went to Los Angeles as a model and physical fitness trainer.


title: Angie Best

text: She met George Best at a dinner party in Los Angeles in 1975 when he was signing to play for the Los Angeles Aztecs, and it was "love at first sight". They moved to London in 1976. When she returned to Los Angeles, George followed and persuaded her to marry him; she did on 24 January 1978. The marriage produced son Calum in 1981, but they separated the following year and divorced in 1986 due to Best's continual alcoholism and domestic violence.


title: Angie Best

text: After moving to Los Angeles, Best went back to her fitness career, producing and starring in her own workout videos, and starring on television in shows and series for Sky TV and others. She coached and trained celebrity clients, including Cher, Sharon Stone and Daryl Hannah. She has written a series of books for women over 40, including one regarding menopause called "A Change for the Best".


title: Angie Best

text: In 2000, a poorly reviewed biopic about George Best titled "Best" featured Patsy Kensit as Angie Best. Angie Best said of the film: "I haven't been consulted at all, even though it shows my life." In response, in 2002, Best wrote her autobiography "George and Me: My Autobiography", the hook line for which was: "I didn't realise that six years of marriage would last a lifetime." She detailed the marriage and life afterwards where she claimed to have tried to remain in contact with George, offering support and advice to help him conquer his alcoholism. Despite everything George put her through, she claimed in the book: "I remain good friends with George. He is the only man I ever loved."


title: Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)

text: "Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)" is a song by American rapper Pras, featuring rapper Ol' Dirty Bastard and R&B singer Mýa. It was released on June 6, 1998. The track interpolates Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton's 1983 single "Islands in the Stream" and was produced by Wyclef Jean and Jerry 'Wonda" Duplessis for Pras' debut solo studio album, "Ghetto Supastar". It was also featured on the soundtrack for the 1998 film "Bulworth".


title: Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)

text: The song's writers are Prakazrel Michel, Wyclef Jean, Russell Jones, Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, and Maurice Gibb.


title: Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)

text: The song was released on June 6, 1998 in the United States. The single was a commercial success; it peaked at number 15 for five consecutive weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number eight on "Billboard"s Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs. The single was certified platinum in the United States by Recording Industry Association of America. "Ghetto Supastar" was a critical and commercial success worldwide, peaking at number two in the UK, Sweden, and Australia, number four in Spain, number nine in Canada, as well as topping the charts in eight countries. In 1999, the song received a nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 41st Grammy Awards. There was a non-album remix version of the song that was performed live many times with Canibus.


title: Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)

text: According to Pras, the song was originally intended to be a collaboration only between himself and Mya. Ol' Dirty Bastard was in the same building, recording with Sunz of Man and mistakenly burst into the studio where Pras and Mya were setting up. Ol' Dirty Bastard heard the song and asked to be part of it, to which Pras agreed.


title: Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)

text: Francis Lawrence directed the video, which features actress Halle Berry and actors Warren Beatty, Oliver Platt, and Joshua Malina. In a play on the theme of the film, which is a prominent white politician acting like a Black American, Bulworth in the music video begins to stretch his mouth, revealing himself to be Pras in a mask, who has just become the first African-American U.S. president. Shortly after Pras gets pushed in an elevator, he takes off his suit and performs. Wyclef Jean also appears on the set playing the bass guitar riff at the end of the song. It was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video and Best Video from a Film. Another three nominations on the 1998 Billboard Video Music Awards for Best New Artist Clip (Pop), Best New Artist Clip (Rap), and Best New Artist Clip (R&B). It won an 8th Annual MVPA Award in 1999.


title: Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)

text: The Bee Gees recorded a version of "Islands in the Stream" with the chorus of "Ghetto Supastar" replacing the final chorus for their retrospective 2001 compilation "". It also appeared on their 2004 "Number Ones" and on the 2010 "Mythology" box set.


title: Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic included the song in his polka medley "Polka Power!" from his 1999 album "Running with Scissors".


title: Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)

text: In August 2011, Taylor Swift covered "Ghetto Supastar" during the North American leg of her Speak Now World Tour. In each city, she chose to pay tribute to a homegrown artist. In Washington, D.C., she performed an acoustic version of "Ghetto Supastar", given that Mýa is from Washington, D.C. Swift referred to the song as her "seventh grade anthem".


title: Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)

text: In 2017, singer/actress Vanessa Hudgens posted a video of herself singing "Ghetto Supastar" a capella on Instagram.


title: Northern Rescue

text: Northern Rescue is a Canadian drama television series produced by Don Carmody Television (DCTV), distributed by CBC Television in Canada and internationally on Netflix. The first season of 10 episodes debuted on March 1, 2019. It stars William Baldwin as a search and rescue commander who, after the death of his wife, relocates from Boston with his three children to live with his sister-in-law in the fictional small town of Turtle Island Bay, Ontario, where he grew up.


title: Northern Rescue

text: After his wife dies, search and rescue commander John West uproots his three children, moving from Boston to his rural hometown of Turtle Island Bay. The death affects each of their lives as John and his kids cope with their loss.


title: Northern Rescue

text: The show is produced in Ontario by Don Carmody Television (DCTV). It is streamed in Canada on CBC Television's CBC Gem service and distributed internationally on Netflix. The first season of 10 episodes debuted on both services on March 1, 2019. Northern Rescue was filmed in Parry Sound, a town in Ontario, and in Toronto, Canada.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: The Program is a 1993 American drama film starring James Caan, Halle Berry, Omar Epps, Craig Sheffer, Kristy Swanson, and Joey Lauren Adams. The film was directed by David S. Ward who has directed and written other Hollywood films such as the "Major League" series.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: The film touches on the season of the fictional Division I FBS (then IA) college football team, the Eastern State University (ESU) Timberwolves as they deal with the pressure to make a bowl game, alcohol and anabolic steroid abuse, receipt of improper benefits, and overall college life. It follows the trials of Coach Sam Winters (Caan), the Heisman Trophy candidate Joe Kane (Sheffer), the freshman running back Darnell Jefferson (Epps), their love interests (Berry and Swanson), and other team members.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: The film was released by Touchstone Pictures in September 1993. The film went on to gross over $20 million at the box office. The film was shot on location at several American universities, including: Boston College, Duke University, the University of Michigan, the University of Iowa, and the University of South Carolina. While the college that is the main setting of the film is fictional, the team's opponents are real programs. The film includes a cameo appearance from Michigan coaching legend Bo Schembechler.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: The ESU Timberwolves start optimistically, although Coach Sam Winters must win this season or be fired. Sophomore quarterback Joe Kane spends Christmas with his alcoholic family while junior Alvin Mack gives his mother a door knocker for the house he will buy when he turns pro. Running back Darnell Jefferson is recruited to ESU. Autumn (Berry), an ESU student, gives him a tour; they bond and kiss.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Kane introduces Jefferson to Mack, backup quarterback Bobby Collins (dating Winters' daughter Louanne) and senior Steve Lattimer, (35 pounds heavier since last fall), hopeful starter in his senior year. Fumbling at practice, Jefferson must carry a football with him at all times. Coach Winters tells him if anyone but Jefferson returns the ball to him "...[you'll wish you were never born.]" Jefferson discovers Autumn is back with starting tailback Ray Griffen (his competition for starting running back). Later, worried about entrance exams and asking for advice, Lattimer passes on his fourth try. Mack gets test copies beforehand.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Illiterate, Mack tells Jefferson he will stay eligible if he's talented; he only needs to know how to sign an NFL contract. Jefferson is neither surprised nor worried when he fails the test; he convinces Autumn to tutor him. "Sports Illustrated" declares Kane a Heisman Trophy candidate; the pressure and stress cause him to drink. Meeting tennis player Camille (Swanson) after riding on his motorcycle, they start dating.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Mack, a junior, is waiting for April's NFL Draft, clearly indifferent to academics. His strong ability to understand strategy during film study shows his commitment to football. Meanwhile, the offensive coordinator fears Lattimer is on steroids, but Winters trusts him. If he is, NCAA testing will catch him.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: When Lattimer is named starting defensive end, he shatters car windows with his head, screaming, "STARTING DEFENSE!! PLACE AT THE TABLE!!" Witnessed by the coordinators, they do not tell Winters, but warn Lattimer the NCAA will be drug-testing at the start of the season. The Heisman campaign for Kane picks up speed and the players' individual motivation is revealed: Kane plays because it distracts him from the stressors of his life (his alcoholic father), Jefferson is escaping the ghetto, Mack enjoys the physicality & Lattimer genuinely loves the game.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Lattimer substitutes clean urine for his own during the NCAA drug tests. They have a stream of victories initially. Meanwhile, Griffen isn't being effective as tailback, and Jefferson is doing well. Uncomfortable with monetary donations from wealthy alumni as he improves, Mack tells him to take it. Jefferson and Autumn begin a relationship, but she is ashamed to tell her well-read father, another former ESU football player. She goes back with Griffen, who plans to attend medical school.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Winters' daughter is expelled for cheating for Collins; he is kicked off the team and expelled. When Kane and ESU lose a close game to Michigan, with another Heisman candidate, he is put in doubt. Lattimer assaults a girl who won't put out, but her dad gets her to drop the charges. When Winters sees Lattimer is juicing, he wants to suspend him for the season, but his defensive coordinator warns him it could jeopardize his draft status. Lattimer is suspended for three games after confessing to Winters, but they keep the doping secret. When Mack criticizes him, Lattimer says, "You do what you have to do to play."


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: After the Michigan game, Kane gets drunk, fights someone and sends the other man to the hospital. Taking another player's truck, he is charged with a DWI. Coach Winters negotiates a plea with the DA: all charges dropped if Kane completes a 28-day program (missing four games and ending his Heisman candidacy). They must win three more games in the next five weeks to win the conference championship and secure a major bowl game, so need a capable quarterback.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: School officials pressure Winters into reinstating Collins for Kane. He reluctantly agrees, vouching for him. (Despite his daughter being expelled for cheating for him.) Collins and the team go 2-1 in the first three games. Lattimer passes his drug test after the three weeks, returning for the penultimate game of the season against Iowa.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: The game is close, but Mack has a career-ending knee injury and Lattimer is run over at the goal line. Kane finishes his 28-days, reaching out to Camille, whom he didn't speak to in rehab, and also to his father. He buys him a plane ticket to the final game against Georgia Tech. Meanwhile, Lattimer continues to take steroids, having an associate replace his tainted urine with clean to pass his next drug test.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: ESU's final game is against Georgia Tech for the Eastern Athletic Conference (EAC) and to secure a major bowl game. Jefferson is the starting tailback and Griffen is fullback. Despite Mack's absence the defense keeps them in the game, but GT leads 10-0 at the half. Kane starts in the 2nd half. Realizing his dad is not there, he accepts it. Winter realizes Lattimer has continued taking steroids without failing a drug test. Lattimer looks guilty although Winters seems to understand. Kane rallies the team to victory in the fourth quarter, securing a major bowl game and saving Winters' job. They both realize Kane will likely make another run at the Heisman as a senior. Lattimer sits on the bench crying instead of celebrating, realizing he won't be able to play professionally without steroids.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: After the game, Autumn presents Jefferson to her father as her boyfriend. Kane reunites with Camille, offering her another ride (this time with Sprite, not beer) and the coaches go recruit for next year.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Principal photography took place in and around Columbia, South Carolina, with the University of South Carolina doubling as ESU and Williams-Brice Stadium serving as the Timberwolves' home stadium. A significant amount of filming also took place on the campus of Duke University.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Last names of the crew members were used on the back of jerseys for the extras who stood in as football players.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 43% of 21 reviewers gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.1/10. James Berardinelli said, "prepare to be inundated by a load of feeble, unimaginative material that's almost impossible to take seriously." Norman Chad of "The Washington Post" referred to the film as "one big cliche".


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Roger Ebert rated the film three stars out of four, putting particular emphasis on the amount of time spent on the relative ease in passing an NCAA drug test, saying "[a]nd the movie seems expert on how a lineman could pump himself full of steroids and still pass the NCAA drug tests." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" called it "routine" but praised the performance of Andrew Bryniarski, saying, "[w]hen high on steroids, he turns into a competition-crazed monster, but the film manages to make him likable anyhow." Reviewing it on video, "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B− and wrote that it is better than its reputation.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: The film originally included a scene in which Kane lies down in the middle of a road on the lane divider, cars barely missing him as they move at highway speeds. Reading aloud from a "Sports Illustrated" college football preview issue with him on the front cover, he comically remarks, "They're talking about how good I am under pressure." Several team members who are at first trying to stop Kane decide that it is a test of their bravery and team unity and join him.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: Influenced by the scene, in October 1993, teenagers imitated it in two separate real-life incidents, resulting in one death and two injuries. This resulted in the scene being removed from the film after its release. A brief clip of the scene in question showing team members lying in the street had already been aired repeatedly in the television commercials for the film and therefore captured on VCRs. Later versions of the trailer had the clip removed.


title: The Program (1993 film)

text: The only known home video releases with this scene intact are the Hong Kong laserdisc published by Taishan International and the Australian DVD release. The Hong Kong release is three minutes longer than the theatrical cut and clocks in at a 115-minute run time.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: Kaaviya Thalaivan () is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language historical drama film written and directed by Vasanthabalan and produced by S. Sashikanth and Varun Manian under their production companies YNOT Studios and Radiance Media Group. It stars Siddharth, Prithviraj, Vedhika and Anaika Soti while Nassar, Thambi Ramaiah, Ponvannan, Mansoor Ali Khan and others appear in supporting roles. Music composed by A. R. Rahman. Set in the early 20th century, the film is about the lives of two theatre artistes and the competition that exists between them in a small drama troupe.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: The project was announced by YNOT Studios in September 2012, and principal photography of the film was commenced on early June 2013. The soundtrack and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman; while cinematography was handled by Nirav Shah and editing by Praveen K. L. The costume designs were done by Perumal Selvam and Niranjani Ahathian, and Pattanam Rasheed was the make up artist.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: The film was released on 28 November 2014, and won positive reviews from critics. It received awards from three categories at the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, including Best Actor (Siddharth), Best Villain (Prithviraj), Best Music Director (A. R. Rahman). At the 2015 Vijay Awards, the film was nominated into eight categories, with receiving a win in two of them – Best Costume Designer and Best Make Up. The film was dubbed into Malayalam as "Pradhi Nayagan", which was released in 2014 and into Telugu as "Premaalayam", which released in 2016.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: Thavathiru Sivadas Swamigal (Nassar) runs a drama troupe in which Thalaivankottai Kaliappa " Kali " Bhagavathar (Siddharth) and Melachivilberi Gomathi Nayagam " Gomathi " Pillai (Prithviraj) are his direct disciples. Gomathi is left by his father in Swami's troupe. Kali is found by Swami during a train trip where the boy is singing and begging alms. Impressed by his singing talents, Swami takes the boy with him. Gomathi and Kaliappa have a relationship like brothers. They grow up together and stage many plays where Gomathi often plays the "sthripart" (female role), and Kali plays the "sidepart" (supporting characters). Vadivambal (Vedhicka) joins as the female member in the group and soon falls in love with Kali. Meanwhile, Gomathi falls for Vadivu; however, Kali loves Rangamma (Anaika Soti), the princess of the zameen. S. V. Bhairava Sundaram (Ponvannan), who is another student of Swami, is a popular "Rajapart" (performing main title characters of a stage play). He becomes headstrong over his acting capabilities and does not attend the rehearsals, for which he gets scoldings from Swami. After a quarrel, he leaves the troupe as he could not bear Swami's torture. Swami does not give up and conducts an audition for the main character role of Soorapadman, in which Kali and Gomathi perform. Kali gets selected, which leaves Gomathi angry. The reason behind Swami's bias towards Kali is never answered clearly to Gomathi, which leaves him more frustrated.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: After following Kali secretly, Gomathi informs to Swami about Kali's love to take revenge on him. Swami scolds Kali and curses him that he will never play any characters in stage, but Kali wants Swami to pardon him and keep him with the troupe as a servant. Swami agrees and asks him to forget the princess if he wants to continue in the troupe. Kali promises, but Swami agrees to keep him with the troupe like a servant but does not take back the curse. The following day, the entire troupe leaves the village and heads to another place. Kali cannot forget Rangamma, and she is also shown to be searching Kali, and one night, a man from the village comes to Kali to inform that Rangamma has committed suicide due to the forcing of her parents to get married. The man also says that she was pregnant when she died. Kali, fully drunk, comes to the troupe and curses Swami that he is the reason for Rangamma's and his unborn child's death. Swami gets ill suddenly and dies, but before dying he blesses Kali, who pardons to forgive him, which drives Gomathi in more anger and jealousy. After Swami's death, Gomathi takes charge of the troupe and wants Kali to be out of it. Kali fights with Gomathi and leaves.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: It is shown that the troupe travels to Ceylon, Malaysia, and Singapore in five years time and becomes popular. Now, Gomathi is a famous "Rajapart" as he wished to be, and Vadivu is known to be the famous "Ganakokilam" Vadivambal. They return to Madurai and join hands with a famous stage play producer named Contract Kannaiah (Mansoor Ali Khan), who produces the plays. When they are getting ready to stage the play "Karnamotcham", Gomathi falls severely ill. He asks the people from his troupe to go in search of other drama actors to perform his role. A man goes and brings Kali, who is a drunkard now. Feeling delighted to see his troupe members, he agrees to play the role of "Karnan", though he is given the role of "Arjuna" by Gomathi, who says that it has been long since they performed together. Gomathi performed well, but surpassed by Kali as he sings a song and drives the attention of the audience to himself, Gomathi still feels ill and could not perform in any plays. Meanwhile, Kali fills the gap and earns a good reputation as "Rajapart", which makes Gomathi even more jealous. He knows the interest of Kali towards freedom movement stage plays and arranges a person to get Kali arrested for performing in plays, which is against the British. Gomathi visits him in jail on pretext of taking him in bail.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: Inside the jail, Kali meets other people involved in the freedom movement and encouraged by them, he agrees to do stage plays on that topic. Meanwhile, Gomathi falls in love with Vadivu and pesters her to marry him. Meanwhile, her mother (Kuyili) makes arrangements to make her the mistress of a Jamin king. Distressed Vadivu leaves the troupe and waits for a call from Kali to join his "Bharatha Gana Sabha", in which he stages plays based on the freedom movement, due to which he frequently goes to jail. Meanwhile, the audience becomes interested in Kali's plays rather than Gomathi's epic plays. Vadivu gets a call after so much persuasion for which she was waiting and joins there eagerly. She expresses her love, and it is lately accepted by Kali. Gomathi's life changes, and he turns from a rich man to a poor man. Kali is informed about Gomathi's situation. Therefore, he approaches Gomathi and asks him to join his troupe and offers him the "Rajapart" role with fondness, for which Gomathi agrees. They get ready to stage a play on Bhagat Singh, for which the British announce a shooting warrant. However, a brave Kali performs on stage, but when the play ends, police comes and chaos starts. The troupe people asks Gomathi, Kali, and Vadivu to escape. Police follow them, Kali goes alone, and Vadivu and Gomathi escape together inside a forest. A gun sound is heard, and Gomathi leaves back Vadivu to go and see what it was. He meets Kali, who is safe. Kali tells a plan to meet tomorrow morning. While he leaves, he is shot by none other than Gomathi.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: Kali is shocked and asks why he did this to his brother. Gomathi vents out his anger for the first time to Kali saying that Kali snatched the "Rajapart" role of Soorapadman, his love interest Vadivu, regained his "Rajapart" status when he fell ill, and states that he is now poor because of the increased popularity of Kali's plays. Kali says that he knows it was Gomathi who told Swami about his frequent visits to Rangamma's place, and he also says that he knows the person who made him sent to jail was Gomathi's arrangement, but he took all these as good deeds that his elder brother did for him for positive changes in his life and forgave Gomathi each and every time. Gomathi now feels guilty, but Kali asks Gomathi to shoot him to death and fights with Gomathi. During the quarrel, the trigger is accidentally pressed, and Kali dies. In the last rites ceremony, when everyone is mourning, Vadivu informs that she is pregnant with Kali's child and says that he will be reborn again. Gomathi takes the ashes to Varanasi, and while dipping in the Ganges, it is shown that he never comes out of the water.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: Through one of the discussions between director Vasanthabalan and script writer Jeyamohan about old drama schools of Madurai, Jeyamohan introduced Vasanthabalan to a book called "Enathu Naadaga Vazhkai", an autobiography of theatre doyen Avvai Shanmugham which helped him script the film. Vasanthabalan was inspired by the musical drama based 1979 film "Sankarabharanam" and the 1983 film "Salangai Oli" by director K. Viswanath.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: "Kaaviya Thalaivan" was announced in September 2012 as a venture by the production house YNOT Studios teaming with Vasanthabalan and Siddharth, the latter as the lead actor of the film. The team signed A. R. Rahman to compose the music for the film in December 2012. Research work for the final script was carried out for nearly a year wherein facts, references and whereabouts were collected from veteran theatre artists belonging to different theatre clubs existing in Madurai, Dindigul, Karur and Pudukottai. As the film portrays the lives of theatre artists, the facial looks of characters were given prime importance for which make-up artist Pattanam Rasheed was signed. Perumal Selvam and Niranjani Ahathian have designed the costumes for the characters. In May 2013, convinced by the script, Prithviraj Sukumaran was signed to play a parallel leading role alongside Siddharth. In a press release of June 2013, the team revealed that actresses Vedhicka and Anaika Soti were also added to the cast thereafter, as were supporting actors Nassar and Thambi Ramaiah. Lakshmi Rai was also linked to play a role in the film but her inclusion remained unconfirmed. Pre-production works had begun by May 2013. Niranjani Ahathian did additional make-up for the film.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: Principal photography for the film started in early June 2013, wherein reports suggested that the film would be based on the based on the lives of yesteryear singers K. B. Sundarambal and S. G. Kittappa. However, only Vedhika's role is inspired by Sundarambal's life and the film is a musical drama of theatre artistes. Prithviraj revealed, "It is ("Kaaviya Thalaivan") based on the popular theatre tradition that existed in Tamil Nadu during the 1920s and 1930s before movies took over." First and second filming schedules were completed in July and August 2013. In October 2013, the film entered its third schedule and shooting took place in Kothamangalam, Kerala. In December 2013, filming continued for an 18-day schedule in Chennai and 90% of the shooting was completed. Vasanthabalan stated there were hardly any technical challenges involved while filming, comparing the situation of cues to his previous outing "Aravaan". In an interview to "The Hindu", Vedhika said that each of the cast members had to sport 20-25 different looks in the film to get the feel of their characters. Jeyamohan also said the settings used for shooting the play sequences in the film provided ample space to explore the past. Vedhika prepared for her role by watching the 1966 Tamil fim "Saraswathi Sabatham" and drama videos. However, all the actors were asked to 'add their personal touch to their respective characters to make everything look authentic'. Being trained in Bharata Natyam, late choreographer Raghuram master choreographed her for the song "Thiruppugazh" sung by Vani Jairam. In May 2014, actor Siddharth confirmed that filming had been completed and the post-production had begun. Siddharth would reportedly be seen in 25 get-ups in the film.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: In an interview with "The Times of India", director Vasanthabalan stated that the characters of Nassar and Vedhika were inspired by real-life legends. Nassar's character Thavathiru Sivadas Swamigal, from the film, is modeled on Thavathiru Sankaradas Swamigal, whom he is considered as the father of Tamil theatre, while Vedhika's character Ganakokilam Vadivambal, has been inspired by the stage artist and singer K. B. Sundarambal.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: The original songs and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman. Rahman underwent six months of research for the music of the film to relate it with the era of 1920s. The soundtrack has seven original songs and fourteen bit songs that form the score of the film. The first single "Vanga Makka Vaanga" was released on 1 September 2014, and the second single "Yaarumilla" was released exactly a month later, on 1 October 2014. The second single made its debut on eight position on iTunes–India single tracks. The third single titled "Aye! Mr. Minor" was released on 17 October. The album was digitally released on 31 October 2014, and was aired through Suryan FM. The album for the Malayalam version "Pradhi Nayagan" was released on 2 November 2014.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: The film was initially planned to release in August 2014, later pushed to release on September, then it was finally announced that the film would be released on 14 November 2014, but the release was postponed again to 28 November 2014. Dream Factory was selected to distribute the film in other countries, including India.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: "Kaaviya Thalaivan" was declared as tax-free all over Tamil Nadu. The film was dubbed in Malayalam as "Pradhi Nayagan" and released on 28 November 2014, along with the Tamil version. A Telugu dubbed version titled "Premaalayam" was released on 1 April 2016.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: The official Twitter handle of the film was launched on 23 February 2014, followed by the title logo which was released on 24 February 2014. The first look poster was released on 27 February 2014. Further, on 28 February 2014, separate posters; one featuring actor Prithviraj Sukumaran and the other featuring actor Siddharth were released. Another still featuring Prithviraj's women role was unveiled by the team on 3 March 2014. The first teaser of the film was released on 18 July 2014. The official trailer was launched on 22 October 2014, coinciding with Diwali. The second trailer of the film was released on 17 November 2014, days before its release.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: The satellite rights of the film were sold to Star Vijay, and the television premiere took place on 14 April 2015, coinciding with Tamil New Year's Day.


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: According to "International Business Times India", the film opened to positive reviews; Vasanthabalan was appreciated for his efforts in making a historic fiction drama, though the film's script was criticised. "Sify" called the film "Good" and remarked "Vasantabalan’s Kaaviya Thalaivan is a class act. A big reason the film never feels contrived is its remarkable cast and their pitch-perfect performances, authentic production designs of the period, and great camerawork" and added "Vasanthabalan deserves a pat on his back for coming out with a brave and unflinching film that oozes the kind of sincerity that you long for in most Tamil films these days." R. S. Prakash of "Bangalore Mirror" called the film as a "well-made fictional film crafted with a touch of class rich in aesthetics and artistry" and stated "The film's technical crew -cinematographer Nirav Shah, art designer Santhanam - have immensely contributed to the making of this extravaganza. It may have had its drawbacks, but Vasanthabalan has delivered a telling film." A reviewer from "Deccan Chronicle" stated "Some aspects of the script could have had a makeover, but these short coming are adequately made up by Siddharth's excellent performance. Similarly, Prithiviraj as the villain balances things out really well. This is an excellent movie straight from Balan’s heart. Although conflict may be painful; a painless solution doesn't exist in most cases. All said and done, the movie is worth a watch" and gave the rating "Good". Avinash Gopinath of "Oneindia Entertainment" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and stated "Kaaviya Thalaivan is a classic from Vasanthabalan which is simply brilliant except for the song placement of 'Yaarumilla' song which disturbs the pace of the movie. But that shouldn't stop anyone from witnessing Kaaviya Thalaivan's magic in theaters. Watch out for the dialogue between Siddharth and Nassar before the interval and the conversation between Siddharth and Prithviraj in the climax which are the highlights of this extraordinary film."


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: S. Saraswati of "Rediff.com" felt that the film is worth a watch, giving it a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "This is a role of a lifetime for Siddharth, a truly memorable performance. He sports innumerable looks in the film and is perfect in every one of them, totally at ease with the character and the body language. Equally adept are Prithviraj, Vedhika, Nassar and Thambi Ramaiah. On the downside, the spotlight seems to be focused a little longer than necessary on Siddharth, strengthening his character. Prithviraj and Vedhika are left holding the short end of the stick." "Behindwoods" rated the film 3 out of 5 and stated "Technically very sound, Kaaviya Thalaivan is marked by excellent performances and production values. Balan has brought alive in front of us the stage, the makeup, the color and the myriad other things that go into a drama production of those days. Credits are definitely due to Vasanthabalan for his efforts to showcase the tradition of performing arts in a bygone era to the WhatsApp generation. Kaaviya Thalaivan sure is a different viewing experience, give it your time and patience." At "Behindwoods", Dilani Rabindran wrote "Kaaviyathalaivan deserves to be seen widely and appreciated internationally, not just because it is richly made – but because it is differently made, and the results are reverentially entertaining. It is truly sad that we don’t see more ambitious films like this in South Indian cinema, but perhaps that is what makes it such a gem. I highly suggest you do not miss seeing this rare commodity on the big screen."


title: Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)

text: However, Baradwaj Rangan of "The Hindu" remarked that the film had a great premise which doesn't fulfill its potential. He felt that Siddharth and Prithviraj struggled with ill-defined parts and extremely predictable events and after criticizing the film for the modernization of sequences and dialogues, selection of singers and lack of proper confrontation scenes between the protagonists, he concluded "There is no denying Vasanthabalan’s desire to make good cinema, but like his other films, Kaaviya Thalaivan makes us give him an A for effort, even as we rummage down the alphabet when it comes to aspects of the execution." Haricharan Pudipeddi of "IANS" stated "At the end of Kaaviya Thalaivan, there's a side in you that wants to laud the effort of auteur G. Vasanthabalan, who has always strived to give us good cinema, especially for recreating a bygone era in grand style on screen. Then, there's another side that will ask why all his films with great potential don't get their due treatment. You would salute the effort that has gone into its making, but never the final product" and rated the film 3 out of 5 and praised Vasanthabalan for extracting good performances from the principal cast and the film's offbeat theme. However, he felt that the film had a heavy reference from Mahabharata and compared the characters of Nassar, Prithviraj and Siddharth with Drona, Arjuna and Ekalavya respectively; though he felt that Arjuna and Ekalavya are pitted against each other in this film. Cinemalead rated a 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "A classic from Vasantha Balan!"


title: Boot

text: A boot is a type of footwear. Most boots mainly cover the foot and the ankle, while some also cover some part of the lower calf. Some boots extend up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee or even the hip. Most boots have a heel that is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the sole, even if the two are made of one piece. Traditionally made of leather or rubber, modern boots are made from a variety of materials.


title: Boot

text: Boots are worn both for their functionality and for reasons of style and fashion. Functional concerns include: protection of the foot and leg from water, mud, pestilence (infectious disease, insect bites and stings, snake bites), extreme temperatures, sharp or blunt hazards (e.g. work boots may provide steel toes), physical abrasion, corrosive agents, or damaging radiation; ankle support and traction for strenuous activities such as hiking; and durability in harsh conditions (e.g. the underside of combat boots may be reinforced with hobnails).


title: Boot

text: In some cases, the wearing of boots may be required by laws or regulations, such as the regulations in some jurisdictions requiring workers on construction sites to wear steel-toed safety boots. Some uniforms include boots as the regulated footwear. Boots are recommended as well for motorcycle riders. High-top athletic shoes are generally not considered boots, even though they do cover the ankle, primarily due to the absence of a distinct heel. In Britain football (soccer) cleats are also called boots.


title: Boot

text: Early boots consisted of separate leggings, soles, and uppers worn together to provide greater ankle protection than shoes or sandals. Around 1000 BC, these components were more permanently joined to form a single unit that covered the feet and lower leg, often up to the knee. A type of soft leather ankle boots were worn by nomads in eastern Asia and carried to China to India and Russia around AD 1200 to 1500 by Mongol invaders. The Inuit and Aleut natives of Alaska developed traditional winter boots of caribou skin or sealskin featuring decorative touches of seal intestine, dog hair and suchlike. 17th century European boots were influenced by military styles, featuring thick soles and turnover tops that were originally designed to protect horse mounted soldiers. In the 1700s, distinctive, thigh-high boots worn by Hessian soldiers fighting in the American Revolutionary War influenced the development of the iconic heeled cowboy boots worn by cattlemen in the American west.


title: Boot

text: Boots which are designed for walking through snow, shallow water and mud may be made of a single closely stitched design (using leather, rubber, canvas, or similar material) to prevent the entry of water, snow, mud or dirt through gaps between the laces and tongue found in other types of shoes. Waterproof gumboots are made in different lengths of uppers. In extreme cases, thigh-boots called waders, worn by anglers, extend to the hip. Such boots may also be insulated for warmth. With the exception of gum boots, boots sold in general retail stores may be considered "water resistant," as they are not usually fully waterproof, compared to advanced material boots, such as Gore-Tex, used regularly by fishers or hikers.


title: Boot

text: Speciality boots have been made to protect steelworkers' feet and calves if they accidentally step in puddles of molten metal, to protect workers from a variety of chemical exposure, to protect workers from construction site hazards and to protect feet from extreme cold (e.g., with insulated or inflatable boots for use in Antarctica). Most work boots are "lace ups" made from leather. Formerly they were usually shod with hobnails and heel- and toe-plates, but now can usually be seen with a thick rubber sole, and often with steel toecaps. While gumboots are often used in workplaces, such as underground mines, studies have shown that workers prefer "lace up" boots mainly due to their support and better fit.


title: Boot

text: Boots are normally worn with socks to prevent chafes and blisters, to absorb sweat, to improve the foot's grip inside the boot, or to insulate the foot from the cold. Before socks became widely available, footwraps were worn instead.


title: Boot

text: Specialty boots have been designed for many different types of sports, particularly riding, skiing, snowboarding, ice-skating, and sporting in wet/damp conditions.


title: Boot

text: Bovver boots, Doc Martens boots and army boots were adopted by skinheads and punks as part of their typical dress and have migrated to more mainstream fashion, including women's wear. As a more rugged alternative to dress shoes, dress boots may be worn (though these can be more formal than shoes). Fashionable boots for women may exhibit all the variations seen in other fashion footwear: tapered or spike heels, platform soles, pointed toes, zipper closures and the like. The popularity of boots as fashion footwear ebbs and flows. Singer Nancy Sinatra popularized the fad of women wearing boots in the late 1960s with her song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'". They were popular in the 1960s and 1970s (particularly knee-high boots), but diminished in popularity towards the end of the 20th century. In the 2010s, they experienced a resurgence in popularity, especially designs with a long bootleg. Boot bolos, boot bracelets, boot straps, boot chains, and boot harnesses are used to decorate boots. Sandal boots also exist.


title: Boot

text: Boots have become the object of sexual attraction for some people and they have become a standard accessory in the BDSM scene (where leather, latex and PVC boots are favoured) and a fashion accessory in music videos. Knee- or thigh-high leather boots are worn by some strippers and pornography models and actresses. Boots have even become a sexual fetish for devotees known as boot fetishists and foot fetishists.


title: Boot

text: Cowboy boots originated in the 1800s in the plains and desert of the midwest and far Western United States, however they were inspired by the vaquero-style boot bought from Spain to the Americas in the 1600s. Cowboy boots are traditionally tall and his the calf, which is meant to help keep the foot firmly in the stirrup to keep it firmly anchored. Furthermore, they have angled heels, which help to anchor the foot into the stirrup to prevent it from slipping. The stitching on the leather exterior of the boots also serve a utilitarian purpose, to prevent the shaft of the boot from folding over.


title: Boot

text: The boots become popular in post-Civil War America, when the country saw a switch from military boots to cowboy boots. Hollywood also saw a further rise in popularity of the boots due to the increase of mid-Western cowboy films on the big screen.


title: Boot

text: In the summer of 2022, cowboy boots were seen making a comeback into mainstream fashion, with, as of 8 August 2022, there being over 379.7 million views on the hashtag #CowboyBoots on TikTok. Cowboy boots were seen on many in the fields of festivals such as Coachella, and being worn by many mainstream celebrities such as Dua Lipa, Emily Ratajkowski and Bella Hadid. Variations of the classic cowboy boot were also being sold in many high-street stores such as Mango, ASOS and Urban Outfitters, and were seen on the runways for high fashion brands such as Miu Miu and Bottega.


title: Boot

text: As boots have been used by riders for millennia, they were used by knights. As a consequence, albeit not common, boots came to be used as charges in heraldry.


title: Boot

text: Because of the origin of heraldry as insignia used by mounted warriors like the medieval knights, when boots are used in heraldry, they are often displayed as riding boots, even if the blazon might not specify it as such. They are sometimes adorned with spurs, which may or may not have another tincture (colour) than the boot and the background field.


title: Kolli Hills

text: Kolli Hills or Kolli Malai is a small mountain range located in central Tamil Nadu and spread over the Namakkal district and Tiruchirapalli district of India. The mountains rise to 1300 m in height and cover an area of approximately 280 km. It is situated at a distance of 43 km from Namakkal and 120 km from Trichy. They are part of the Eastern Ghats, a mountain range that runs mostly parallel to the east coast of southern India. Home to the Arapaleeswarar temple, the mountain is a site of pilgrimage, but the area is also popular with motorcycle enthusiasts because of the high-altitude motorable terrain with 70 hairpin bends.


title: Kolli Hills

text: The Mountain is named Kolli Malai after the name of Goddess Etukkai Amman (also known as Kollipavai) guarding the hills with her divine protection.


title: Kolli Hills

text: The Kolli Hills are featured in several works of classical Tamil literature such as "Silappathigaram", "Manimekalai", "Purananuru" and "Akananuru". Mahavidwan R. Raghava Iyengar in the research monograph Araichi Katturaigal has given exhaustive references to Kollipavai from early Sangam literature, concluding that the image is in Kolli Hills. The region was ruled by Valvil Ori around 200 CE, who is praised as one of the seven great philanthropists of ancient Tamil Nadu. His valor and marksmanship are sung by several poets, and his exploits are a popular part of folklore. Ori is said to have killed a lion, bear, deer and a boar with a single arrow.


title: Kolli Hills

text: The hills are said to be guarded by "Kollipavai" also called as "Ettukkai Amman", the local deity. According to legend, the sages chose Kolli hills when they were looking for a peaceful place to do their penance. However, the demons invaded the hills to disrupt the penance when the sages began their rituals. The sages prayed to Kollipavai, who according to the myth, chased away the demons with her enchanting smile. The Kollipavai hills is still worshipped by the people here and her smile is revered. The mountains have several mythological legends associated with them, and often come across as an eerie place in contemporary tales due to the unexplored and less traveled terrain. This mountain is full of herbs which retains health and vigour. E. D. Israel Oliver King of MS Swaminathan Research Foundation has documented over 250 sacred forests in Kolli Hills in the year 2005.


title: Kolli Hills

text: The Kolli hills became taluk and forms a part of Namakkal district. Semmedu village is the headquarters for the Kolli Hills block and Semmedu is connected by road from Namakkal and Salem. Nowadays the Bus service is provided up to Arappaleeswarar Temple. BSNL (earlier DOT) established the first Telecommunication networks (LDPCO) in 1977 and afterwards the Telecom facilities are continuously expanded depending upon the requirements at Kolli hills.


title: Kolli Hills

text: Apart from its historical significance, the mountains are covered with Tropical Moist Mixed evergreen forests, but increasing areas of forests have been cleared for farming. Farm products of the mountain ranges include black pepper, jackfruit, banana, pineapple, Oranges, Tapioca, and other spices. Rice and other minor millets (Foxtail, Finger Millet and Little Millet) form the staple food of the tribal people who inhabit these mountains. The jackfruit grown on these mountains is well known for its taste and fragrance and is often soaked in wild honey that is also harvested from these mountains.


title: Kolli Hills

text: The mountains are covered by green vegetation in the spring and monsoon, and are streaked with streams. There are three reserve forests that are controlled by the Government of Tamil Nadu, namely Ariyur Solai, Kundur Nadu, Pulianjolai.


title: Kolli Hills

text: The mountain is a site of pilgrimage, because of the Arapaleeswarar temple, which is believed to have a secret path to the Shiva temple in Rasipuram. This Shiva temple is said to have been built by Valvil Ori in the 1st or 2nd century when he ruled this area. "Arappaleeswara sathakam" is a poem which praises Lord Arappaleeswarar. It is believed that this temple existed during the Sangam period itself.


title: Kolli Hills

text: According to legend, the Shiva linga in the temple was found when a farmer was ploughing his land. It is said that the farmer accidentally hit the Shiva linga while ploughing, and that led blood to ooze out of the statue. The small wound is said to be visible on the Shiva linga even today.


title: Kolli Hills

text: There is also a temple for Ettukai Amman or Kolli Pavai which is one of the oldest in the town and the place itself derives its name.


title: Kolli Hills

text: Kolli Hills is visited by nature lovers, hikers, trekking clubs, tourists and meditation practitioners among hill stations in Tamil Nadu. Agaya Gangai is the waterfall situated near the Arappaleeswarar temple.


title: Kolli Hills

text: Under the foothills of the Kolli Hills many small and big towns exist. From these places the Kolli Hills is visible in a panoramic view and the climatic conditions of these places is influenced by the climatic conditions of the Kolli Hills. Following are the few Towns surrounding the Kolli Hills: Namakkal, Kalappanaickenpatti, Belukurichi, SingalandaPuram, Rasipuram, Namagiripettai, Thammampatti, Mullukurichi, Koppampatty, Thuraiyur, Puliancholai, Thathaiyangarpet, B Mettur and all these places are well connected by bus services.


title: Kolli Hills

text: People of Kolli Hills come down by foot with their produces to the foothills of Kolli Hills and they sell their produces and go back after buying their required materials. This type of activities take place in few places like, Karavalli, Belukurichi, Pavithram, Thammampatti, and Puliancholai. People from various surrounding places of Tamil Nadu come to Belukurichi to buy the products of Kolli Malai.


title: Kolli Hills

text: Forests here are rich and diverse. Higher up the slopes, patches of tropical evergreen forests occur and the "Ariyur Shola" is one such. These forests are home to several species of endemic trees and plants. Kolli hills is said to have the largest expanse of evergreen or "shola" forest cover anywhere in the entire Southern part of the Eastern Ghats. Several coffee plantations, fruit orchards and silver-oak estates occur in this region.


title: Kolli Hills

text: Wildlife such as Sloth bear, barking deer, slender loris, Indian pangolin, jackals, mongoose, palm civet and many reptiles including endemic species like the lizards "Draco dussumieri", "Varanus bengalensis", "Calotes calotes", and rare, non venomous snake of the family Uropeltidae including the recently discovered "Uropeltis rajendrani", "Rhinophis goweri", the endangered "Python molurus" and a number of birds such as Crested Serpent Eagle, Indian Grey Hornbill, laughing thrush are found in Kolli Hills. Among these lizards such as "Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis" and "Hemidactylus kolliensis" are endemic only to Kolli Hills.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Gorgosaurus ( ; ) is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in western North America during the Late Cretaceous Period (Campanian), between about 76.6 and 75.1 million years ago. Fossil remains have been found in the Canadian province of Alberta and the U.S. state of Montana. Paleontologists recognize only the type species, "G. libratus", although other species have been erroneously referred to the genus.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Like most known tyrannosaurids, "Gorgosaurus" was a large bipedal predator, measuring in length and in body mass. Dozens of large, sharp teeth lined its jaws, while its two-fingered forelimbs were comparatively small. "Gorgosaurus" was most closely related to "Albertosaurus", and more distantly related to the larger "Tyrannosaurus". "Gorgosaurus" and "Albertosaurus" are extremely similar, distinguished mainly by subtle differences in the teeth and skull bones. Some experts consider "G. libratus" to be a species of "Albertosaurus"; this would make "Gorgosaurus" a junior synonym of that genus.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: "Gorgosaurus" lived in a lush floodplain environment along the edge of an inland sea. It was an apex predator, preying upon abundant ceratopsids and hadrosaurs. In some areas, "Gorgosaurus" coexisted with another tyrannosaurid, "Daspletosaurus torosus". Although these animals were roughly the same size, there is some evidence of niche differentiation between the two. "Gorgosaurus" is the best-represented tyrannosaurid in the fossil record, known from dozens of specimens. These plentiful remains have allowed scientists to investigate its ontogeny, life history and other aspects of its biology.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: "Gorgosaurus libratus" was first described by Lawrence Lambe in 1914. Its name is derived from the Greek ("gorgos" – "fierce" or "terrible") and ("saurus" – "lizard"). The type species is "G. libratus"; the specific epithet "balanced" is the past participle of the Latin verb "librare", meaning "to balance".


title: Gorgosaurus

text: The holotype of "Gorgosaurus libratus" (NMC 2120) is a nearly complete skeleton associated with a skull, discovered in 1913 by Charles M. Sternberg. This specimen was the first tyrannosaurid found with a complete hand. It was found in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta and is housed in the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa. Prospectors from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City were active along the Red Deer River in Alberta at the same time, collecting hundreds of spectacular dinosaur specimens, including four complete "G. libratus" skulls, three of which were associated with skeletons. Matthew and Brown described four of these specimens in 1923.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Matthew and Brown also described a fifth skeleton (AMNH 5664), which Charles H. Sternberg had collected in 1917 and sold to their museum. It was smaller than other "Gorgosaurus" specimens, with a lower, lighter skull and more elongate limb proportions. Many sutures between bones were unfused in this specimen as well. Matthew and Brown noted that these features were characteristic of juvenile tyrannosaurids, but still described it as the holotype of a new species, "G. sternbergi". Today's paleontologists regard this specimen as a juvenile "G. libratus". Dozens of other specimens have been excavated from the Dinosaur Park Formation and are housed in museums across the United States and Canada. "G. libratus" is the best-represented tyrannosaurid in the fossil record, known from a virtually complete growth series.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: In 1856, Joseph Leidy described two tyrannosaurid premaxillary teeth from Montana. Although there was no indication of what the animal looked like, the teeth were large and robust, and Leidy gave them the name "Deinodon". Matthew and Brown commented in 1922 that these teeth were indistinguishable from those of "Gorgosaurus", but in the absence of skeletal remains of "Deinodon", opted not to unequivocally synonymize the two genera, provisionally naming a "?Deinodon libratus". Although "Deinodon" teeth are very similar to those of "Gorgosaurus", tyrannosaurid teeth are extremely uniform, so it cannot be said for certain which animal they belonged to. "Deinodon" is usually regarded as a "nomen dubium" today. Additional likely synonyms of "G. libratus" and/or "D. horridus" include "Laelaps falculus", "Laelaps hazenianus", "Laelaps incrassatus", and "Dryptosaurus kenabekides".


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Several tyrannosaurid skeletons from the Two Medicine Formation and Judith River Formation of Montana probably belong to "Gorgosaurus", although it remains uncertain whether they belong to "G. libratus" or a new species. One specimen from Montana (TCMI 2001.89.1), housed in the Children's Museum of Indianapolis, shows evidence of severe pathologies, including healed leg, rib, and vertebral fractures, osteomyelitis (infection) at the tip of the lower jaw resulting in permanent tooth loss, and possibly a brain tumor.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Several species were incorrectly assigned to "Gorgosaurus" in the 20th century. A complete skull of a small tyrannosaurid (CMNH 7541), found in the younger, late Maastrichtian-age Hell Creek Formation of Montana, was named "Gorgosaurus lancensis" by Charles Whitney Gilmore in 1946. This specimen was renamed "Nanotyrannus" by Bob Bakker and colleagues in 1988. Currently, many paleontologists regard "Nanotyrannus" as a juvenile "Tyrannosaurus rex". Similarly, Evgeny Maleev created the names "Gorgosaurus lancinator" and "Gorgosaurus novojilovi" for two small tyrannosaurid specimens (PIN 553-1 and PIN 552–2) from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia in 1955. Kenneth Carpenter renamed the smaller specimen "Maleevosaurus novojilovi" in 1992, but both are now considered juveniles of "Tarbosaurus bataar".


title: Gorgosaurus

text: "Gorgosaurus" was smaller than "Tyrannosaurus" or "Tarbosaurus", closer in size to "Albertosaurus" and "Daspletosaurus". Adults reached in length from snout to tail, and weighed in body mass. The largest known skull measures long, just slightly smaller than that of "Daspletosaurus". As in other tyrannosaurids, the skull was large compared to its body size, although chambers within the skull bones and large openings (fenestrae) between bones reduced its weight. "Albertosaurus" and "Gorgosaurus" share proportionally longer and lower skulls than "Daspletosaurus" and other tyrannosaurids. The end of the snout was blunt, and the nasal and parietal bones were fused along the midline of the skull, as in all other members of the family. The eye socket was circular rather than oval or keyhole-shaped as in other tyrannosaurid genera. A tall crest rose from the lacrimal bone in front of each eye, similar to "Albertosaurus" and "Daspletosaurus". Differences in the shape of bones surrounding the brain set "Gorgosaurus" apart from "Albertosaurus".


title: Gorgosaurus

text: "Gorgosaurus" teeth were typical of all known tyrannosaurids. The eight premaxillary teeth at the front of the snout were smaller than the rest, closely packed and "D"-shaped in cross section. In "Gorgosaurus", the first tooth in the maxilla was also shaped like the premaxillary teeth. The rest of the teeth were oval in cross section, rather than blade-like as in most other theropods. Along with the eight premaxillary teeth, "Gorgosaurus" had 26 to 30 maxillary teeth and 30 to 34 teeth in the dentary bones of the lower jaw. This number of teeth is similar to "Albertosaurus" and "Daspletosaurus" but is fewer than those of "Tarbosaurus" or "Tyrannosaurus".


title: Gorgosaurus

text: "Gorgosaurus" shared its general body plan with all other tyrannosaurids. Its massive head was perched on the end of an "S"-shaped neck. In contrast to its large head, its forelimbs were very small. The forelimbs had only two digits, although a third metacarpal is known in some specimens, the vestigial remains of the third digit seen in other theropods. "Gorgosaurus" had four digits on each hindlimb, including a small first toe (hallux) which did not contact the ground. Tyrannosaurid hindlimbs were long relative to overall body size compared with other theropods. The largest known "Gorgosaurus" femur measured long. In several smaller specimens of "Gorgosaurus", the tibia was longer than the femur, a proportion typical of fast-running animals. The two bones were of equal length in the largest specimens. The long, heavy tail served as a counterweight to the head and torso and placed the center of gravity over the hips.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: In 2001, paleontologist Phil Currie reported skin impressions from the holotype specimen of "G. libratus". He originally reported the skin as being essentially smooth and lacking the scales found in other dinosaurs, similar to the secondarily featherless skin found in large modern birds. Scales of some sort were present in this specimen, but they are reportedly widely dispersed from each other and very small. Other patches of isolated "Gorgosaurus" skin shows denser, and larger though still relatively fine scales (smaller than hadrosaurid scales and approximately as fine as a Gila monster's). Neither of these specimens was associated with any particular bone or specific body area. In the "Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs" Kenneth Carpenter pointed out that traces of skin impressions from the tail of "Gorgosaurus" showed similar small rounded or hexagonal scales.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: "Gorgosaurus" is classified in the theropod subfamily Albertosaurinae within the family Tyrannosauridae. It is most closely related to the slightly younger "Albertosaurus". These are the only two definite albertosaurine genera that have been described, although other undescribed species may exist. "Appalachiosaurus" was described as a basal tyrannosauroid just outside Tyrannosauridae, although American paleontologist Thomas Holtz published a phylogenetic analysis in 2004 which indicated it was an albertosaurine. More recent, unpublished work by Holtz agrees with the original assessment. All other tyrannosaurid genera, including "Daspletosaurus", "Tarbosaurus" and "Tyrannosaurus", are classified in the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae. Compared to the tyrannosaurines, albertosaurines had slender builds, with proportionately smaller, lower skulls and longer bones of the lower leg (tibia) and feet (metatarsals and phalanges).


title: Gorgosaurus

text: The close similarities between "Gorgosaurus libratus" and "Albertosaurus sarcophagus" have led many experts to combine them into one genus over the years. "Albertosaurus" was named first, so by convention it is given priority over the name "Gorgosaurus", which is sometimes considered its junior synonym. William Diller Matthew and Barnum Brown doubted the distinction of the two genera as early as 1922. "Gorgosaurus libratus" was formally reassigned to "Albertosaurus" (as "Albertosaurus libratus") by Dale Russell in 1970, and many subsequent authors followed his lead. Combining the two greatly expands the geographical and chronological range of the genus "Albertosaurus". Other experts maintain the two genera as separate. Canadian paleontologist Phil Currie claims there are as many anatomical differences between "Albertosaurus" and "Gorgosaurus" as there are between "Daspletosaurus" and "Tyrannosaurus", which are almost always kept separate. He also notes that undescribed tyrannosaurids discovered in Alaska, New Mexico and elsewhere in North America may help clarify the situation. Gregory S. Paul has suggested that "Gorgosaurus libratus" is ancestral to "Albertosaurus sarcophagus".


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Below is the cladogram of Tyrannosauridae based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Loewen "et al." in 2013.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Gregory Erickson and colleagues have studied the growth and life history of tyrannosaurids using bone histology, which can determine the age of a specimen when it died. A growth curve can be developed when the ages of various individuals are plotted against their sizes on a graph. Tyrannosaurids grew throughout their lives, but underwent tremendous growth spurts for about four years, after an extended juvenile phase. Sexual maturity may have ended this rapid growth phase, after which growth slowed down considerably in adult animals. Examining five "Gorgosaurus" specimens of various sizes, Erickson calculated a maximum growth rate of about per year during the rapid growth phase, slower than in tyrannosaurines like "Daspletosaurus" and "Tyrannosaurus", but comparable to "Albertosaurus".


title: Gorgosaurus

text: "Gorgosaurus" spent as much as half its life in the juvenile phase before ballooning up to near-maximum size in only a few years. This, along with the complete lack of predators intermediate in size between huge adult tyrannosaurids and other small theropods, suggests that these niches may have been filled by juvenile tyrannosaurids. This pattern is seen in modern Komodo dragons, whose hatchlings start off as tree-dwelling insectivores and slowly mature into massive apex predators capable of taking down large vertebrates. Other tyrannosaurids, including "Albertosaurus", have been found in aggregations that some have suggested to represent mixed-age packs, but there is no evidence of gregarious behavior in "Gorgosaurus".


title: Gorgosaurus

text: The discovery of two exceptionally preserved juvenile skulls from "Gorgosaurus" suggests that "Gorgosaurus" underwent the morphological shift from gracile juveniles to robust adults at an earlier age than "Tyrannosaurus", two which it was compared in a study published by Jared Voris "et al.," suggests that the ontogenetic changes occurred at roughly 5-7 years of age in "Gorgosaurus"; much earlier than its larger and later relative. However, both tyrannosaur genera underwent these ontogenetic transformations at a similar percent of skull length relative to the large known adult individuals. The study's results likewise indicate that there is a dissociation between body size and cranial development in tyrannosaurs, while simultaneously allowing better identification of juvenile remains that may have been misidentified in museum fossil collections.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Several pathologies have been documented in the "Gorgosaurus libratus" holotype, NMC 2120. These include the third right dorsal rib, as well as healed fractures on the 13th and 14th gastralia and left fibula. Its fourth left metatarsal bore roughened exostoses both in the middle and at the far end. The third phalanx of the third right toe is deformed, as the claw on that digit has been described as "quite small and amorphous". The three pathologies may have been received in a single encounter with another dinosaur.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Another specimen cataloged as TMP94.12.602 bears multiple pathologies. A longitudinal fracture is present in the middle of the right fibula's shaft. Multiple ribs bear healed fractures and the specimen had a pseudoarthortic gastralium. Lesions from a bite received to the face were present and showed evidence that the wounds were healing before the animal died.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: TMP91.36.500 is another "Gorgosaurus" with preserved face bite injuries but also has a thoroughly healed fracture in the right fibula. Also present was a healed fracture in the dentary and what the authors describing the specimen referred to as "a mushroom-like hyperostosis of a right pedal phalanx." Ralph Molnar has speculated that this may be the same kind of pathology afflicting an unidentified ornithomimid discovered with a similar mushroom shaped growth on a toe bone. TMP91.36.500 is also preserved in a characteristic death pose.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Another specimen has a poorly healed fracture of the right fibula, which left a large callus on the bone. In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists, 54 foot bones referred to "Gorgosaurus" were examined for signs of stress fracture, but none were found.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: According to a scientific paper published in 2012, "Gorgosaurus" could exert a bite force of around 42,000 newtons.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Most specimens of "Gorgosaurus libratus" have been recovered from the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta. This formation dates to the middle of the Campanian, between 76.5 and 74.8 million years ago, and "Gorgosaurus libratus" fossils are known specifically from the lower to middle section of the formation, between 76.6 and 75.1 million years ago. The Two Medicine Formation and Judith River Formation of Montana have also yielded possible "Gorgosaurus" remains. At this time, the area was a coastal plain along the western edge of the Western Interior Seaway, which divided North America in half. The Laramide Orogeny had begun uplifting the Rocky Mountains to the west, from which flowed great rivers that deposited eroded sediment in vast floodplains along the coast. The climate was subtropical with marked seasonality, and periodic droughts sometimes resulted in massive mortality among the great herds of dinosaurs, as represented in the numerous bonebed deposits preserved in the Dinosaur Park Formation. Conifers formed the forest canopy, while the understory plants consisted of ferns, tree ferns and angiosperms. Around 73 million years ago, the seaway began to expand, transgressing into areas formerly above sea level and drowning the Dinosaur Park ecosystem. This transgression, called the Bearpaw Sea, is recorded by the marine sediments of the massive Bearpaw Shale.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: The Dinosaur Park Formation preserves a great wealth of vertebrate fossils. A wide variety of fish swam the rivers and estuaries, including gars, sturgeons, sharks and rays, among others. Frogs, salamanders, turtles, crocodilians and champsosaurs also dwelled in the aquatic habitats. Azhdarchid pterosaurs and ornithuran birds like "Apatornis" flew overhead, while the enantiornithine bird "Avisaurus" lived on the ground alongside multituberculate, metatherian and eutherian mammals. A number of species of terrestrial lizards were also present, including whiptails, skinks, monitors and alligator lizards. Dinosaur fossils in particular are found with unrivaled abundance and diversity. Huge herds of ceratopsids roamed the floodplains alongside equally large groups of saurolophine and lambeosaurine hadrosaurs. Other herbivorous groups like ornithomimids, therizinosaurs, pachycephalosaurs, small ornithopods, nodosaurids and ankylosaurids were also represented. Small predatory dinosaurs like oviraptorosaurs, troodonts and dromaeosaurs hunted smaller prey than the huge tyrannosaurids; "Daspletosaurus" and "Gorgosaurus", which were two orders of magnitude larger in mass. Intervening predatory niches may have been filled by young tyrannosaurids. A "Saurornitholestes" dentary has been discovered in the Dinosaur Park Formation that bore tooth marks left by the bite of a young tyrannosaur, possibly "Gorgosaurus".


title: Gorgosaurus

text: In the middle stages of the Dinosaur Park Formation, "Gorgosaurus" lived alongside a rarer species of tyrannosaurid, "Daspletosaurus". This is one of the few examples of two tyrannosaur genera coexisting. Similar-sized predators in modern predator guilds are separated into different ecological niches by anatomical, behavioral or geographical differences that limit competition. Niche differentiation between the Dinosaur Park tyrannosaurids is not well understood. In 1970, Dale Russell hypothesized that the more common "Gorgosaurus" actively hunted fleet-footed hadrosaurs, while the rarer and more troublesome ceratopsians and ankylosaurians (horned and heavily armoured dinosaurs) were left to the more heavy built "Daspletosaurus". However, a specimen of "Daspletosaurus" (OTM 200) from the contemporaneous Two Medicine Formation of Montana preserves the digested remains of a juvenile hadrosaur in its gut region, and another bonebed contains the remains of three "Daspletosaurus" along with the remains of at least five hadrosaurs.


title: Gorgosaurus

text: Unlike some other groups of dinosaurs, neither genus was more common at higher or lower elevations than the other. However, "Gorgosaurus" appears more common in northern formations like Dinosaur Park, with species of "Daspletosaurus" being more abundant to the south. The same pattern is seen in other groups of dinosaurs. Chasmosaurine ceratopsians and saurolophine hadrosaurs are also more common in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana and in southwestern North America during the Campanian, while centrosaurines and lambeosaurines dominate in northern latitudes. Holtz has suggested this pattern indicates shared ecological preferences between tyrannosaurines, chasmosaurines and saurolophines. At the end of the later Maastrichtian stage, tyrannosaurines like "Tyrannosaurus rex", saurolophines like "Edmontosaurus" and "Kritosaurus" and chasmosaurines like "Triceratops" and "Torosaurus" were widespread throughout western North America, while lambeosaurines were rare, consisting of a few species like "Hypacrosaurus", and albertosaurines and centrosaurines had gone extinct. However, in the case of the centrosaurines, they had thrived in Asia with genera like "Sinoceratops". While albertosaurine remains have been found in the Hell Creek Formation, it is most likely these are indeterminate remains belonging to a species of "Tyrannosaurus".


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: Kahului () is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maui County in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It hosts the county's main airport (Kahului Airport), deep-draft harbor, light industrial areas, and commercial shopping centers. The population was 26,337 at the 2010 census. Kahului is part of the Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina Metropolitan Statistical Area which includes nearby Wailuku and the town and former whaling village of Lahaina.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: The retail center for Maui County residents, Kahului has several malls and major stores (including department stores in the Queen Kaahumanu Center); other significant groupings of stores are in Lahaina such as the Lahaina Cannery Mall, the Happy Valley area of Wailuku, Maui Market Place and Maui Mall, which are both also located in Kahului; and The Shops at Wailea in Wailea.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: Kahului is not generally considered a tourist destination. It does feature the Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum, Kanaha Pond State Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanaha Beach County Park, and the Maui Arts and Cultural Center.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it is water. The total area is 7.16% water.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: Kahului is directly adjacent to Wailuku located on the west side of town, and to Spreckelsville on the east.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: Kahului has a hot semi-arid climate zone (Köppen classification "BSh") with a dry summer season, due to its location on the leeward side of Maui, relative to the trade winds. The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from in February to . On average, there are 21 nights annually with a low below and 25 days with a high at or above ; readings of or higher are far rarer, occurring on average once every five years. Temperature records range from on January 20, 1969, up to on August 31, 1994, and August 22, 2015. The record cool daily maximum is on February 28, 1990, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is on October 8 and 17, 1979.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: Normal annual rainfall is spread over an average 95 days, but observed annual rainfall has ranged from in 1908 and 1998 to in 1989. The wettest month on record is January 1980 with , while the most rain to occur in a single calendar day is on December 21, 1955. The most recent month without measurable (≥) rain is October 2013 with trace amounts, and the last without any rain is June 1957. The town is also one of the windiest places in the U.S. averaging 13.7 mph per year.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: As of the 2000 Census, there were 20,146 people, 5,880 households, and 4,421 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 6,079 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 10.06% White, 0.24% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 53.62% Asian, 9.91% Pacific Islander, 1.47% from other races, and 24.42% from two or more races. 8.75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: There were 5,880 households, 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.9% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 20.3% of households were one person and 11.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.76.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: The age distribution was 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: The median household income was $46,656 and the median family income was $52,610. Males had a median income of $30,659 versus $26,282 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,049. 11.8% of the population and 9.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 14.8% of those under the age of 18 and 11.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: Major employers in Kahului include Walmart, Maui Electric Company, Macy's, Hale Makua Health Services, Aloha Air Cargo, Zippy's, Roberts Hawaii, and University of Hawaii Maui College.


title: Kahului, Hawaii

text: Public schools in Kahului include Maui High School, Maui Waena Intermediate School, Kahului Elementary School, Lihikai Elementary School, and Pomaika'i Elementary School.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: The WC-135 Constant Phoenix is a special-purpose aircraft derived from the Boeing C-135 Stratolifter and used by the United States Air Force. Its mission is to collect samples from the atmosphere for the purpose of detecting and identifying nuclear explosions. It is also informally referred to as the "weather bird" or "the sniffer" by workers on the program and international media respectively.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: The WC-135 was introduced in December 1965, replacing Boeing WB-50 aircraft in the weather-reconnaissance and air-sampling mission. Ten aircraft were initially converted from C-135B transport aircraft and were placed in service with the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at McClellan Air Force Base, California, with the Military Airlift Command (MAC). Detachments were located at various bases throughout the United States and worldwide. The aircraft occasionally took on other roles throughout their careers; several aircraft were temporarily assigned to the 10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron at RAF Mildenhall in the late 1980s and early 1990s as training aircraft so that the unit could slow the accumulation of flight hours on its EC-135Hs, while others served as staff transports on an as-needed basis.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: Upon retirement from frontline weather reconnaissance service in the early 1990s, five were retained for further use. Serial no. 61-2666 was converted to an NC-135 and remains in service as a testbed for RC-135 equipment upgrades. Serial no. 61-2667 was upgraded to a WC-135W, given the project name Constant Phoenix, and remains in service with the 45th Reconnaissance Squadron at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. Serial no. 61-2674 was converted to the first OC-135B Open Skies observation aircraft, reentering service in 1993. It was later stored in 1997 and replaced with two additional aircraft also converted from WC-135s.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: In 1998, a former EC-135C, serial no. 62-3582, was converted into a WC-135C, also designated Constant Phoenix.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: In April 2018 it was announced that three KC-135R tanker aircraft would be converted as WC-135R Constant Phoenix aircraft to replace the two aircraft operated by the 45th Reconnaissance Squadron. The first aircraft is scheduled to be converted by L3 Technologies at Greenville, Texas starting in September 2019.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: In November 2020, WC-135C, tail number 62-3582, was retired during a ceremony at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. During its 56 year career, it amassed 29,680 flight hours and 72,251 landings. During its retirement ceremony, the 55th Wing chaplain dubbed the aircraft "Lucifer's Chariot", although the aircraft was never referred to by that name during its operational life.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: In June 2022, the first of three planned aircraft (serial number 64-14836) completed its maiden test flight, and was delivered to the 55th Wing on 11 July.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: The WC-135B and WC-135W Constant Phoenix atmospheric-collection aircraft support national-level intelligence consumers by collecting particulate debris and gaseous effluents from accessible regions of the atmosphere in support of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: The Constant Phoenix's modifications are primarily related to the aircraft's on-board atmospheric collection suite, which allows the mission crew to detect radioactive debris "clouds" in real time. The aircraft is equipped with external flow-through devices to collect particulates on filter paper and a compressor system for whole air samples collected in high-pressure holding spheres. Despite the different designations, both the C- and W-models carry the same mission equipment (with a front-end avionics suite similar to the RC-135V and W aircraft).


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: The interior seats 33 people, including the cockpit crew, maintenance personnel, and special equipment operators from the Air Force Technical Applications Center. On operational sorties, the crew is minimized to just pilots, navigator, and special-equipment operators, to reduce radiation exposure to mission-essential personnel only.