title: AFI Life Achievement Award

text: Actor Tom Hanks was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2002, aged 46, becoming the youngest recipient of the prize, whilst Meryl Streep was the youngest female, awarded aged 54 in 2004.


title: AFI Life Achievement Award

text: Out of the 48 honorees eleven have been women: Bette Davis (the first female recipient), Lillian Gish, Barbara Stanwyck, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Meryl Streep, Shirley MacLaine, Jane Fonda, Diane Keaton, Julie Andrews, and Nicole Kidman.


title: AFI Life Achievement Award

text: Composer John Williams was the first recipient of the award to have not come predominantly from the acting or directing fields.


title: AFI Life Achievement Award

text: Three sets of family members have received the award: father and son Kirk and Michael Douglas, father and daughter Henry and Jane Fonda, and siblings Warren Beatty and Shirley MacLaine.


title: AFI Life Achievement Award

text: Julie Andrews' award event was originally scheduled for April 25, 2020, with a broadcast on May 7 on TNT, but the event was postponed for 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This marks the first time an AFI Life Achievement Award event was delayed. The event was rescheduled for November 11th, 2021, before it was postponed a second time on October 5th, 2021.


title: AFI Life Achievement Award

text: All Life Achievement Award ceremonies have been televised on major TV networks and cable channels: CBS, NBC, ABC, Fox, USA, TV Land, TNT and TBS. Agreeing to appear at the televised ceremony apparently is part of the AFI's criteria for selecting the award. The televised ceremony generates income for the AFI, which is no longer funded by the US government.


title: AFI Life Achievement Award

text: The American Film Institute has awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award to one person each year since 1973. The 49th Award will be presented to Nicole Kidman in Los Angeles on June 10th, 2023.


title: Disney Fairies

text: Disney Fairies is a Disney franchise created in 2005. The franchise is built around the character of Tinker Bell from Disney's 1953 animated film "Peter Pan", subsequently adopted as a mascot for the company. In addition to the fictional fairy character created by J. M. Barrie, the franchise introduces many new characters and expands substantially upon the limited information the author gave about the fairies and their home of Never Land. The characters are referred to within stories as "Never Land fairies." The franchise includes children's books and other merchandise, a website and the computer-animated" Tinker Bell" film series, featuring the character and several of the Disney fairies as supporting and recurring characters.


title: Disney Fairies

text: In Barrie's 1902 novel "The Little White Bird", in which he introduced the mythos of Peter Pan and the fairies, he wrote: "When the first baby laughed for the first time, his laugh broke into a million pieces, and they all went skipping about. That was the beginning of fairies." The "Disney Fairies" are based on a similar idea: every time a newborn baby laughs for the first time, that laugh travels out into the world and those that make their way to Never Land turn into a Never fairy.


title: Disney Fairies

text: The fairies generally reside in the Home Tree, a towering, massive tree located in the very heart of Pixie Hollow in Never Land. Various groups of fairies work and live nearby as well. Most of the fairy characters are young and female, but older, taller and male fairy characters are also included. The males are sometimes referred to as "sparrow men," though the term "fairies" is used to refer to both female and male fairy characters.


title: Disney Fairies

text: Fawn, Iridessa, Queen Clarion, Rosetta, Silvermist, Sweetpea, Terence, Tinker Bell, Vidia and many others are the only fairies from the books to appear in the films. Sweetpea only appears in "The Pirate Fairy", as well as a small cameo in "Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast".


title: Disney Fairies

text: Some of Tink's book-only best friends also may appear in a crossover special with the Fairies in the movies and with other shows:


title: Disney Fairies

text: Disney Publishing Worldwide transferred the "Disney Fairies" franchise's main publishing license to Little, Brown Books for Young Readers in January 2014 except for the "Never Girls" series starting in February. This rollout will include nine titles including: leveled readers, storybooks, a Passport to the Reading title, a sticker book and a board book. Brown planned to introduce a new character, Croc, in the board book to allow the line to appeal to younger readers, including some boys. Additionally, Brown's plan includes a greater connection to the Peter Pan story, pirates and Never Land. Five of the books tie into the home video release of "The Pirate Fairy".


title: Disney Fairies

text: At the opening of the 2005 Bologna International Children's Book Fair, the Walt Disney Company revealed its plan to introduce a children's illustrated novel for girls 6–10 years of age. "Disney Fairies" debuted September 2005, when Disney Publishing Worldwide unveiled the novel Fairy Dust and the Quest for the Egg, written by Newbery Honor-winning author Gail Carson Levine with a $1 million marketing and publicity campaign and a virtual world. It was released in 45 countries and 32 languages and became a New York Times bestseller and has already sold over 1 million copies worldwide.


title: Disney Fairies

text: The story begins in Fairy Haven/Pixie Hollow, located in the heart of Never Land. Prilla, who is a brand-new fairy, born of a baby's laugh, arrives in Never Land and discovers that she has no talent for any of the fairy avocations. Tinker Bell takes Prilla to see Mother Dove, but before the wise bird can advise Prilla, Never Land is shaken by a terrible hurricane. Mother Dove is thrown off her nest and her precious egg, which holds all the secrets of Never Land, is shattered. Immediately, all those who live in Never Land begin to age. The island's only hope is for some brave fairies to take the egg pieces to Kyto the dragon and ask him to restore it with his fiery breath.


title: Disney Fairies

text: The book was followed in 2007 by a sequel, entitled Fairy Haven and the Quest for the Wand'. "Another sequel", Fairies and the Quest for Never Land', was released in 2010.


title: Disney Fairies

text: In the Year of a Million Dreams celebration, book stores released a form submitting a fairy character. The winner is said to be put in his/her fairy book.


title: Disney Fairies

text: Random House has published a series of chapter books starting soon after the release of the first novel under the banner "Tales of Pixie Hollow".


title: Disney Fairies

text: In January 2013, PDW launched "Never Girls" chapter book series extension of the "Disney Fairies" franchise under publishing partner Random House's Stepping Stone imprint. The "Never Girls" chapter series reached the New York Times Best Seller List – Children's Series on the week of August 10. Random House retained publication of this line despite the move of the franchise's general move to Little, Brown in February 2014.


title: Disney Fairies

text: In June 2006, Egmont Magazines launched a new monthly magazine for girls 5–9 years old, produced by The Walt Disney Company Italia, S.p.A. and published in Italy a couple of months before the Egmont translations.


title: Disney Fairies

text: The magazine, entitled Fairies, began with an initial print of 110,000 copies and a cover price of £1.99. The magazine's content is centered on Tinker Bell, and her fairy friends from the Pixie Hollow. Each issue features: a collectable pull-out story, games, puzzles, posters and coloring pages. "Fairies" Magazine has been launched in: Italy, Malaysia, Singapore, Poland, Russia, Spain, the Nordic countries, Portugal, Germany and Benelux.


title: Disney Fairies

text: In May 2009, Papercutz publishing pickup a license to produce original graphic novels to hit the stands in April 2010 at the rate of four per year.


title: Disney Fairies

text: The 2007 manga and 2008 graphic novel "Disney Fairies: Petite's Little Diary", published by Kodansha and distributed by Tokyopop, follows the misadventures of Tinker Bell and her friends.


title: Disney Fairies

text: In addition to the published work, The Walt Disney Company provides support for "Disney Fairies" across all business units. The campaign includes the "Disney Fairies" Website, where visitors can explore and discover information about "Disney Fairies". The website allows users to: learn about the fairies, create a fairy, visit Pixie Hollow and explore related merchandise.


title: Disney Fairies

text: Disney Consumer Products have also produced a line of dolls and role-play assortments. The first "Disney Fairies" products were a series of 10-inch dolls, which were a Disney Store exclusive in January 2006. Since then, Playmates Toys teamed up with Disney in October 2005 to design and produce a line of toys for the Disney Fairies, which will include: 3.5" small dolls, 8" fashion dolls, playsets and activity sets with DVDs and collectible story cards. "Fairy Dust and the Quest for the Egg" was the inspiration for the line of toys. Disney Consumer Products launched a wide variety of "Disney Fairies" branded items, consisting of everything from apparel to stationery.


title: Disney Fairies

text: A series of ten postage stamps were issued by Japan Post in 2006. Each stamp has a face value of 80 JPY and they were distributed in a hardcover case including some information about the Fairies. The stamps could be ordered at some post offices in Japan and were for domestic addresses.


title: Disney Fairies

text: A long-running series of 3D computer-animated films featuring Tinker Bell had been released from 2008 until 2014. Produced by Disneytoon Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, the series consists of six direct-to-video films and two TV specials.


title: Disney Fairies

text: In October 2008, two "Pixie Hollow" locations opened at Disney Parks. One opened at Disneyland near the Matterhorn Bobsleds in the area where Ariel's Grotto was formerly located and the other at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom in Mickey's Toontown. Another version opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on January 21, 2011, as one of the festivities to celebrate the park's 5th anniversary. At these "Pixie Hollow" locations, guests have the opportunity to meet and greet Tinker Bell and her fairy friends Silvermist, Rosetta, Iridessa, Fawn, Terence and Vidia and her twin sister Periwinkle, from the franchise, as well as dine with them.


title: Disney Fairies

text: The Magic Kingdom location closed in February 2011 as part of the ongoing Fantasyland expansion. A larger "Pixie Hollow" area was included in the original plans for the expansion, but they have since been abandoned. On July 28, 2011, Tinker Bell and friends returned to the Magic Kingdom in "Tinker Bell's Magical Nook," located at the Adventureland Veranda. However, in 2014, it was closed and Tinker Bell moved to Town Square Theater where she can greet guests alone.


title: Disney Fairies

text: Pixie Hollow was an MMOG created by The Walt Disney Company and released September 8, 2008. The game was free to play online, however a subscription was needed to have access to things for members only. The website was based partly on the Disney fairy books written by Gail Carson Levine. Free members could create a female Fairy or male Sparrow Man avatar who each came with a small selection of furnishings to decorate a virtual room. Players were able to interact with others and have access to both 'speed' chat with pre-selected phrases and full chat where they can type their messages. They could also play various "Talent Games" or fairy-themed mini-games, found in the various meadows and forests of Pixie Hollow. The game used organic materials as a virtual currency for players to shop. Players could also play games and visit places to earn badges that they could see in their "leaf journal," which also served as a handbook and inventory. Players could purchase a monthly, semi-annual or annual membership. The membership included: Clothing, furniture, access to the ballroom and a hair salon with a spa.


title: Disney Fairies

text: You could also purchase Pixie Diamonds. Members were granted an allowance of Pixie Diamonds (once a month). People who were not members were able to buy clothing, but they had to use Pixie Diamonds. In January 2012, "Pixie Diamonds" were introduced, an in-game currency that could be purchased with real-world money and used to buy or upgrade items without an active membership. Though the website was geared towards young girls, on April 22, 2010, the game introduced a male character named Slate; he was referred to as a "sparrow man" rather than a male fairy.


title: Disney Fairies

text: On August 20, 2013, it was announced that Pixie Hollow would be closing on September 19, 2013. All the fairies were given unlimited access to the world until the closing date.


title: Disney Fairies

text: To date, two of the characters from the "Disney Fairies" franchise have appeared in ABC's fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time". Tinker Bell appears as a recurring character played by Rose McIver and debuts in the third episode of season 3. Silvermist appeared in the spin-off "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland" in the second episode of season 1, where she is played by Jordana Largy.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers is the third expansion pack to "Final Fantasy XIV", a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed and published by Square Enix for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and PlayStation 4. It released on July 2, 2019, two years after "". As before, Naoki Yoshida served as director and producer and Masayoshi Soken composed the soundtrack. It released as a standalone product for current players; for new players, the "Complete Edition," originally launched with "", was updated to include all available expansions.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: "Shadowbringers" takes place on the First, a parallel dimension on the brink of collapse, where the player character is summoned to rescue and restore the world. Several comrades accidentally trapped there join them, as well as Emet-Selch, an immortal villain who seeks to harness the First's apocalypse to restore his deity, Zodiark. Emet-Selch accompanies and tests the player character, confident despite their meddling. In addition to adding new areas, the expansion pack increased the level cap, debuted two character classes and two playable races, and introduced the ability to explore dungeons with non-playable "Trust" companions.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: "Shadowbringers" received widespread critical and popular acclaim, particularly for its writing and focus on player accessibility. In December 2019, Square Enix announced that the title had reached a cumulative total of 18 million player accounts. As with its predecessors, major content patches were scheduled for every three months. These updates expanded the main story, added new features, and premiered secondary storylines including a crossover written by Yoko Taro that features characters and elements from "" and the Restoration of Ishgard, a long term campaign to rebuild the embattled nation in the . The third major content patch had its release delayed by two months due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Gameplay at large remains unchanged from "Final Fantasy XIV": players interact with each other in a responsive persistent world. Maximum level increased to 80, with changes to improve flow and preserve job identity. Tank jobs lost the penalty to damage while focused on holding enemy attention, based on player feedback. Resources, such as magic points, were rebalanced for ease of use. Two new jobs were added, Gunbreaker and Dancer. Gunbreaker, a tank, wields gunblades, taking from "Final Fantasy VIII" where these weapons first appeared. Dancer, a ranged damage-dealer, wields chakrams, drawing inspiration from real-world folk dances, with an emphasis on "encouraging allies." The team added a new tank job to balance the number of main and secondary tanks, and a new ranged damage dealer as one had not been added for several years. They refrained from adding a new healer job in order to maintain game balance between the three existing healers.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: New to "Shadowbringers", players may enter dungeons using computer-controlled "Trust" companions rather than other players. These companions vary based on when the dungeon occurs in the story, and have unique dialogue. This system takes inspiration from the Gambit system in "Final Fantasy XII", and the characters are programmed to take actions reflecting their personality. Trust supports players new to or unfamiliar with online games, eliminates the wait for matching to other players when used, and provides experience points for secondary jobs. Further providing experience points, "Shadowbringers" quests outside the Main Scenario Quest now scale between levels 70 and 80. Role quests for the different combat, crafting, and gathering job teach aspects of these roles while expanding on the story and history of the First.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: The Main Story of "A Realm Reborn" was also given a major overhaul in the 5.3 patch. Many quests and objectives deemed to be unnecessary have been removed from the Main Story Quest for new players, especially in patch content for "A Realm Reborn". Flight became unlocked for players in "A Realm Reborn" areas after completing its original Main Story. Further, a New Game Plus mode was added, allowing players to replay certain Main and Side Story quests.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Renovations to the crafting and gathering jobs were applied across the patch cycle to improve accessibility to newcomers, removing redundant abilities and providing more information to players. These updates dovetailed with the Ishgardian Restoration, a massive, collaborative, player-run public works project to rebuild an Ishgardian residential district destroyed in the . Unfolding over the course of several patches, it provided rewards to beginners and experienced characters alike. The Diadem, a large open world area that premiered in "Heavensward", was reconfigured as the source of raw materials for reconstruction. The reconstruction provided the narrative justification for a new player housing ward, the Empyreum, added in the following expansion, "". The content remains for player use, offering large sources of crafting and gathering experience.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: A variety of other systems also received updates in "Shadowbringers". Blue Mage, a "Limited" job introduced in "Stormblood", received a major extension. Blue Mages uniquely learn actions from observing monsters, but because this allows unbalanced combinations, the job is Limited and cannot use normal player matchmaking. The update adds rewards and titles for facing difficult content with a party composed solely of Blue Mages. A new alliance-scale player versus player (PvP) mode called Onsal Hakair (Danshig Naadam) premiered with the expansion, where players participate in mock wargames preparing for the yearly Naadam, scoring points by holding locations.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: "Shadowbringers" occurs on the First, a parallel world split long ago from the Source, the original setting. Eons ago, Hydaelyn sundered the world to imprison Zodiark. The Ascians, Zodiark's pre-sundering immortal servants, trigger Calamities on the Source to "Rejoin" the Shards. They manipulated the heroes of the First to destroy too much Darkness, creating a lethal excess of Light. This Flood of Light erased everything, and everyone, outside the continent of Norvrandt. Minfilia, the player's ally and Oracle of Light, sacrificed herself to halt the Flood . Survivors in the post-apocalypic world resist monstrous "sin eaters," which feed on the living, warping them into more sin eaters.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Norvrandt is Eorzea's mirror on the First, but one unaffected by the Source's Calamities. Central Lakeland hosts the Crystal Tower, which mysteriously appeared a century prior. The Crystarium grew around it, driven by cooperative work ethic and led by the enigmatic Crystal Exarch. Decadent Eulmore in Kholusia pampers its wealthy citizens with indolent luxury. Lord Vauthry built this paradise with slave labor, forcing the poor refugees at its gates to compete for the privilege of servitude. Vauthry's inspirations include Jabba the Hut. Dwarves, the First's Lalafell, live in Kholusia's mountains as an insular Tribe of miners and blacksmiths. The Seven Sisters cliffs provided visual references for Kholusia. The Rak'tika Greatwood houses the Ronkan Empire's ruins and the Night's Blessed, a religious community hiding from the Light beneath the jungle canopy. Angkor Wat and Mesoamerican civilizations inspired Ronkan architecture. Il Mheg is the magic faerie land—pixies, fuath, nu mou, and amaro—in the former, now-fallen Kingdom of Voeburt. Finally, Amh Araeng is the desert where Minfilia halted the Flood, still having crystallized waves of frozen Light. The rest of the planet is covered by the Empty, a vast, lifeless white expanse.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Transitioning from "Stormblood" to "Shadowbringers", the Warrior's closest allies fall into comas one by one, leaving the Warrior isolated. The Garlean Empire also resumes its campaign against Eorzea. The Empire begins mass-producing Black Rose, a chemical weapon which halts all biological activity even in tiny doses, to retaliate against Ala Mhigo's successful war of independence. Emet-Selch, an Ascian leader and the true identity of Garlean Empire founder Solus zos Galvus, accelerates his plans to destroy the First, so Zodiark will be whole again. Having escaped the sundering, he sees present-day people as disturbing husks, not truly alive, and thus claims to feel no remorse for his deeds.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: "Shadowbringers" opens as the Warrior and Tataru reach the Source's Crystal Tower, hoping to restore the comatose Scions. The Warrior is then summoned to the Crystarium, meeting the Crystal Exarch. He states the Warrior was his goal, with the Scions an accident. As time flows differently between Shards, the Scions have lived years on the First. He explains the First's pending doom: uncontrolled, the excess Light will trigger a Calamity, ending civilization on the Source. Retiring to provided rooms, the Warrior meets Feo Ul, a friendly and adventuresome pixie, and Ardbert, one of the Warriors of Darkness met in "Heavensward". Ardbert has endured a century of ghostly existence since . The others sacrificed themselves to help her, but Ardbert was denied the chance, becoming a shade and witnessing Norvrandt's slow decline.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: The Warrior first seeks the twins, Alphinaud and Alisaie. Alphinaud is investigating Eulmore and its unusual prosperity, while Alisaie aids a hospice in an Amh Araeng, comforting sin eater victims before euthanization. With the twins, the Exarch, and Lyna, his adopted daughter and right hand, the Warrior saves Holminster Switch villagers, defeating a powerful sin eater, a "Lightwarden." When slain, their light infects the person who slew them, creating another Lightwarden. Hydaelyn's Blessing of Light shields the Warrior against this. The sky above Lakeland goes dark for the first time in a century, leading to rumors that the Warrior of Darkness has come to save them. Lord Vauthry sends his general Ran'jit to investigate. The Exarch rebuffs Ran'jit, and reunites the Warrior with Thancred and his ward, a young girl named "Minfilia," rescued from Ran'jit's custody. She is Scion Minfilia's latest incarnation, who was revered on the First as the Oracle of Light.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: The Scions go to Il Mheg, Feo Ul's homeland, reuniting with Urianger. The Lightwarden of Il Mheg is the King of the fae, Titania, who locked themself in their castle to protect their people. The newly-minted Warrior of Darkness gathers the regalia to enter the castle and slays Titania. Feo Ul succeeds them, leading the defense of Il Mheg as night returns. Returning to the Crystarium, the Scions meet Solus zos Galvus, introducing himself as the Ascian Emet-Selch. He offers aid and knowledge of the Ascians' true motives. The Scions tentatively listen, and travel to the Rak'tika Greatwood seeking Y'shtola. After a tense reunion, the Scions explore the Ronkan Empire's ruins. Their protectors, the amazonian Viis, help the Scions slay Rak'tika's Lightwarden. Emet-Selch reveals Hydaelyn's and Zodiark's origin: primals, created by his people. Zodiark stopped some terrible disaster, and Hydaelyn imprisoned Him when others grew fearful. The Warrior later overhears Y'shtola interrogating Urianger, as she can see the Warrior is altered by Lightwarden aether.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: The remaining Lightwardens hide; the Scions seek out "their" Minfilia's soul, which puts the young "Minfilia" at risk. While Thancred holds Ran'jit at bay, the Warrior and young Minfilia go to where the original halted the Flood. She bids the young girl decide her own fate, and willingly passes on, bequeathing her Oracle powers. Renamed Ryne by Thancred, she locates the remaining Lightwardens, including the final one, Lord Vauthry himself. The Echo reveals Emet-Selch offering Vauthry's father a deal: bind a Lightwarden to his unborn son, who will thus control sin eaters. Vauthry is forced to flee when the Warrior defeats Ran'jit. Aided by allies from all across Norvrandt, the Warrior defeats Vauthry. The total Light is too much, however, and they begin to transform. The Exarch, revealed as G'raha Tia, tries to absorb it and then flee between worlds, knowing he'll die. Emet-Selch shoots him, ending his truce as the Warrior has failed his test. He departs with G'raha to the ocean floor, the Tempest.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Ryne temporarily stabilizes the Warrior, but Light returns to all Norvrandt's skies. They learn that G'raha came from a timeline where Black Rose, supercharged with Light, caused the Eighth Umbral Calamity. The Ironworks held together, opened the Crystal Tower, combined the powers of Alexander and Omega, and sent G'raha back. The Scions pursue Emet-Selch to an illusion of his capital city, Amaurot, placed over its own ruins. A self-aware simulacrum, Hythlodaeus, says three-quarters of Ancients were willingly sacrificed to create Zodiark, to save and restore the world. Dissident Ancients opposed this, summoning Hydaelyn to stop Him. Emet-Selch tests the Scions again with an illusion of the Final Days that destroyed Amaurot, but remains unimpressed. The Warrior nearly succumbs to the Light before Ardbert, in truth the Warrior's First soul shard, merges into and heals them. Emet-Selch battles the Warrior under his true name, Hades. Defeated, he dies, with his final request that the Warrior remember his people. The Scions and G'raha return to the Crystarium, now looking for a means to send the Scions back to their world.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Meanwhile, on the Source, Estinien and Gaius infiltrate the Garlean palace to destroy Black Rose. In post-credit scenes, Elidibus flees Garlemald after Zenos reclaims his body. Zenos murders Varis to protect his desired rematch with the Warrior. Now the last unsundered Ascian, Elidibus vows to avenge Emet-Selch and Lahabrea by using "the Warriors of Light."


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: The Exarch enlists the aid of Beq Lugg, a nu mou expert on souls, to restore the Scions before their bodies on the Source waste away. Meanwhile, Eulmore's citizens elect Chai-Nuzz their new Mayor, who works to share Eulmore's bounty with all of Kholusia. The Warrior returns to the Source to reconnect with allies there, learning Zenos has returned, and that Varis' death has plunged Garlemald into civil war. Estinien also reveals he fought an Imperial machine resembling the Ultima Weapon.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Back on the First, the Scions elect to tell the true story of that world's Warriors of Light. However, their efforts are exploited by Elidibus for inscrutable ends, as he seems to want to awaken the peoples' Echo powers. He reveals the Echo is a trace of the Ancients' power, not a gift from Hydaelyn. Unable to oppose Elidibus without undoing their own efforts, they continue investigating means to return home. They also find an archival hologram of the Ancient Venat, who intended to become Hydaelyn's heart as Elidibus became Zodiark's. Elidibus interrupts, putting the Warrior through a gauntlet based on their adventures, but framed far more darkly. Y'shtola intervenes, deducing that Elidibus is a primal of his original self, separated from Zodiark. Furthermore, Elidibus is the original source of the "Warrior of Light" legend, and uses that faith to increase his power.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Elidibus attacks G'raha and Beq Lugg, stealing a prototype vessel with G'raha's blood and memories. Elidibus thus controls the Tower, and summons hundreds of spectral "Warriors of Light" to impede the heroes. The Warrior of Darkness reaches the Tower and fights Elidibus in his "Warrior of Light" guise; the Warrior reveals their soul once belonged to Azem, the Fourteenth seat of the Convocation. Together, the Warior and G'raha defeat Elidibus, sealing him in the Tower, but G'raha's over-use of its powers crystallizes his body. The Warrior returns to the Source and restores their allies, then awakens the G'raha of the Source using the prototype soul-vessel. The new G'raha, with all the memories of the First, joins the Scions. Meanwhile, Zenos usurps the imperial throne, gaining the Ascian Fandaniel as an ally with all the knowledge a sundered Ascian can provide, and plans his reunion with the Warrior.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: The Eorzean Alliance exploits the chaos in Garlemald to focus on resolving disputes with the Tribes. Meanwhile, Alisaie seeks a cure for Tempering, aided by the Ironworks and G'raha; they succeed, and are able to heal Ga Bu, her young kobold friend. In Limsa Lominsa, the Scions aid Merlwyb with an internal political dispute, and manage to peacefully cure the kobold Patriarch's tempering. Mysterious towers appear worldwide. Fandaniel reveals himself and his Telophoroi servants. With the death of Elidibus, no Unsundered Ascians remain, leaving him free to pursue his true goal: the destruction of all life. He threatens to raze cities across the world with a strange, corrupted primal dubbed "Lunar Bahamut," should the Warrior refuse to face Zenos again. The Scions investigate the towers while Krile and Tataru seek out Estinien's aid against Lunar Bahamut.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: They convene with the Alliance in Ala Mhigo. Lyse has discovered the towers can somehow temper individuals into revering Garlemald, rather than a primal. Raubahn proposes sending Fordola and Arenvald, protected from tempering by Resonant and Echo powers. After, the twins, G'raha, and the Warrior bring Estinien to Ayzs Lla to consult the great wyrm Tiamat about Lunar Bahamut. Breaking both her physical constraints and her mental ones, the shame and tempering she bears from summoning Bahamut, they secure her aid. The Telophoroi assault Paglth'an, the Amalj'aa homeland, led by Lunar Bahamut; the Alliance comes to their aid, and the Warrior defeats the primal, with Tiamat leaving to protect her remaining children. In Ul'dah, Nanamo reveals Arenvald was horribly injured and may never walk again, but shares his and Fordola's findings: Amalj'aa prisoners have summoned a "Lunar Ifrit." Further, there is news of other "lunar" primals. The Scions gather, and Krile proposes petitioning Sharlayan for aid against the Telophoroi. Estinien fully joins the Scions, inspired by their example.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: The Alliance and Tribes convene in Ala Mhigo to set aside their differences and unite as the Grand Company of Eorzea. The Sharlayan envoy, the twins' father Fourchenault, angrily rebuffs the Alliance and disowns his children for their allegedly barbaric behavior. He further claims that, if the Final Days were coming, Sharlayan would know. News arrives that the Telophoroi march upon Carteneau Flats. The Grand Company of Eorzea and the Scions rush to defend the aetherial confluences buried there. They repel the Telophoroi and their primals. The Scions seek passage to Old Sharlayan to investigate the Forum's apparent knowledge of the Final Days. As the Scions learn the Towers drain the land of aether, the Warrior sees a strange female apparition, who warns them of . Fandaniel prepares to open the "gate of the gods," while Zenos discards his katanas for a scythe, honing his skills for the rematch he longs for.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Planning for "Shadowbringers" began in May 2017, about one month prior to the release of the preceding expansion, "Stormblood", with a "scriptwriting retreat" involving producer and director Naoki Yoshida and the main scenario writers, Natsuko Ishikawa and Banri Oda. The process for developing an expansion involves laying out the progression from main game to expansion in detail and categorizing these elements so that developers would not get confused between patch content and expansion content which were being created simultaneously. Expansions for "Final Fantasy XIV" are designed to compete with offline RPGs in length and content. For Yoshida, the theme of "Shadowbringers" is "challenging expectations". He wanted to challenge the assumption that "Light" equates to "good" within the story and challenge the development team to deliver an expansion that could surprise players. The Trust system subverts the expectation that an MMORPG must be played with a group. Finally, Yoshida challenged players to compare "Shadowbringers" to main numbered entries in the "Final Fantasy" series.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Yoshida instructed the writing team to fulfill three requirements with the expansion story: a story that takes place in the alternate dimension of the First, entails the player becoming a "Warrior of Darkness", and involves adventuring together with the Scions—to take advantage of the newly developed Trust system. The idea to return to the on the First occurred shortly after the release of "Stormblood". The writing team felt it was the right timing after wrapping up the liberation of Ala Mhigo. They also connected it to G'raha Tia and the Crystal Tower storyline from "A Realm Reborn". On the First, the environment is drowning in Light. Multiple teams worked to deliver this effect of "heavy and oppressive Light" without it feeling insufferable. The art team adjusted color balance to avoid it getting washed out or make the various environments look too similar. The sound team designed a "halation" sound effect that plays in areas overflowing with Light. It manifests as an ambient sound with high and low frequencies that is intended to evoke a sense of uneasiness and suffocation. Another challenge in designing the First was setting it apart from the Source world; the different teams needed to consider how 10,000 years of diverging history would impact its culture despite featuring the same races of people.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Tying into the broader theme, "Shadowbringers" challenges the assumption that the history written by the victors is "right". In this vein, Oda was inspired by "" to create a more complex story. On the First, Dwarves are considered a "Beastman" race, unlike on the Source, which is an example of how the politics of victors influence the interpretation of history. Ishikawa and Oda wanted to give players a better sense of the Ascians' perspective and motivations, since they had heretofore been enigmatic. They chose Emet-Selch to convey this because of his connection to the Garlean Empire's founding. His personality draws influence from Jack Sparrow of the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Oda was careful not to make him too similar to Ardyn Izunia, the villain of "Final Fantasy XV". Emet-Selch explains his history in order to humanize the Ascians and help players to understand their goals. Ishikawa wrote Emet-Selch as a character whose actions are "monstrous", yet his background makes him "relatable on some level". She enjoyed evoking this tension and ambivalence in the audience.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: A major focus during development was to make the game more friendly to new adventurers. The Trust system was designed to help people who are primarily familiar with offline RPGs and other "Final Fantasy" games to practice multiplayer content without the pressure of other players. The new Dancer job was intended to be easy for beginners to pick up as well. The team made adjustments to older quest rewards to help new players catch up to their friends playing "Shadowbringers" more quickly. Moreover, the "story skip" and "level boost" items introduced in "Stormblood" were updated to allow access to "Shadowbringers" directly. Ishgardian Restoration and the related changes to crafting and gathering were an effort to make these systems more accessible. Finally, the New Game+ feature and streamlining the "A Realm Reborn" quest line together improve new players' experience at the start of their adventure. The development team reworked aspects of these quests, removing portions of some and eliminating others entirely, to improve the pacing without damaging the story. They also implemented flying gameplay in these areas. New Game+ allows players to replay expansions and quest lines that they have already completed.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Two new playable races were released alongside "Shadowbringers"—Viera and Hrothgar. The Viera are based on the leporine race of the same name from Ivalice video games and the Hrothgar are based on the leonine Ronso from "Final Fantasy X". Players were initially only able to select females of the former and males of the latter to use as avatars. Yoshida explained that resource constraints prevented the team from adding all genders to the two races, chiefly the need to redesign and adjust the enormous library of existing equipment to fit with the new character models. Within the fiction, male Viera and female Hrothgar are extremely rare and generally seclude themselves from other societies. In choosing these two races, the development team wanted to address the audience's "overwhelming desire" for Viera as well as increase the variety of body types available with the "beastly" Hrothgar. As this was likely the last opportunity to add a new race to the game owing to the cumulative costs of implementation, the team decided to only introduce one gender of each to satisfy both of these goals. The other genders were later added in the next expansion, "Endwalker", due to overwhelming player demand.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: As with "Stormblood", "Shadowbringers" features a number of guest collaborators to assist with the design. The first is Yoko Taro, who wrote a scenario based on "" for this game's large-scale raids. Yoshida enjoys working with outside creators because they provide a different perspective and can challenge the development team to try new ideas. Yoko's producer Yosuke Saito suggested the collaboration near the launch of "Nier: Automata" in 2017. Players inundated the team with requests for "Nier"-themed costumes, but Yoshida wanted to wait to create a more thorough and in-depth crossover. In "YoRHa: Dark Apocalypse", the adventurer joins the Dwarven twins Anogg and Konogg to investigate an archaeological dig site swarming with machine lifeforms. They meet an android dressed in white named 2P who aids them in defeating the machines. In addition to the story, this series of raids borrows game mechanics and character models from the "Nier" games as well, the latter contributed by PlatinumGames, the developer of "Nier: Automata". As Yoko is known for deleting the player's save data at the end of his games, he jokingly threatened to delete all player and server data for "Final Fantasy XIV" at the end of the "Nier" crossover story. Another guest collaborator is Tetsuya Nomura, who was invited to contribute character designs for the "Eden" raids, inspired by the creature from "Final Fantasy VIII". He received story and lore notes but had free rein to interpret them how he wished. Yoshida considers Nomura's designs to be an "essence" of "Final Fantasy" and desired his work to be represented in "Final Fantasy XIV". Finally, Yasumi Matsuno returned to write the "Save the Queen" storyline, a continuation of the "Return to Ivalice" arc from "Stormblood". It is based on an unused idea for a sequel to "Vagrant Story" that was never produced.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Early access to "Shadowbringers" began on June 28, 2019 for people who pre-ordered the game with the full release on July 2, 2019. To facilitate graphical enhancements, active support for 32-bit Windows operating systems and DirectX 9 rendering libraries ended with the launch of early access. To promote the expansion, Square Enix filmed a commercial in which Tom Holland undergoes strength training to become a Warrior of Darkness and his roommate, Hannibal Buress, complains that such training is unnecessary to play a video game. An Xbox version of the game was announced in November 2019. Yoshida explained that his primary requirement for the Xbox release was cross platform interoperability with the PlayStation and PC versions. In addition to delaying the release of Patch 5.3, the COVID-19 pandemic forced Square Enix to cancel events at PAX East 2020 in Boston, "Final Fantasy XIV" rock concerts in Tokyo, and the three "Final Fantasy XIV Fan Festival" events in San Diego, London, and Tokyo.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: The development team schedules the release of a major update approximately every three months. Each of these free content patches includes a continuation of the main scenario as well as new raids, features, trials, and dungeons. Minor patches that come in between major updates focus on quality of life improvements. With "Shadowbringers", Yoshida reallocated resources to facilitate the development of new types of content (e.g. Bozjan Southern Front, additional trials, etc.) by reducing the number of dungeons added in patches. As with previous expansions, Square Enix released five major patches for "Shadowbringers" over the course of its two-year content cycle.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Masayoshi Soken composed the majority of the expansion's score—over 50 tracks—in addition to his duties as sound director. Nobuo Uematsu was not able to contribute due to health concerns. As such, Soken was in charge of writing the main theme, "Shadowbringers". He wanted to defy expectations about making another orchestral title track. Consequently, "Shadowbringers" is the first main theme in the "Final Fantasy" series that uses guitar as the lead instrument. Jason C. Miller of Godhead provided vocals for the song alongside Amanda Achen-Keenan. Soken's favorite song from the soundtrack is "Tomorrow and Tomorrow", also sung by Achen-Keenan, which serves as a reflection of the main theme. The two songs have similar introductory phrases but "Shadowbringers" is in a minor key, whereas "Tomorrow and Tomorrow" is in a major one, symbolizing the diverging paths that life can take. Ishikawa explained that the latter is about passing the torch to another generation. The perspective of the singer is intentionally ambiguous and could plausibly refer to many characters. Soken used tracks that were rearranged from earlier expansions as opportunities to train junior members of the sound team.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: "Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers Original Soundtrack" features music from Patch 4.4 through to the expansion, totaling 88 tracks. The album was released by Square Enix on September 11, 2019 on Blu-ray disc and includes a code for an exclusive "Wind-up Suzaku" in-game pet. Fran Soto of "Hardcore Gamer" praised the dark atmosphere and "modern sound" of the soundtrack, including the lyrical flourishes of "Shadowbringers". Justin Olivetti of "Massively OP" preferred "Insatiable", the boss battle theme, for its "pulse-pounding beat". In her review of the game, Heather Alexandra of "Kotaku" commended Soken's versatility and ability to heighten story beats with his music. She singled out "Neath Dark Waters", the theme for Amaurot; the metronomic tick-tock in the background counts down to the doom of this civilization. Caitlin Argyros of "RPGFan" likewise noted this piece as an example of Soken's gift for rearrangement. She also enjoyed the recurring motifs from the "Shadowbringers" main theme throughout the soundtrack. A fan favorite track was "Civilizations", the daytime theme for Rak'tika Greatwood; its main lyric "la hee" became an infamous earworm in the community.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: In May 2021, during the "Final Fantasy XIV Digital Fan Festival", Soken announced that he had been receiving chemotherapy for cancer treatment throughout most of 2020, adding that the cancer was in remission. Soken kept the treatment hidden from most of the development team, doing some of his work for Shadowbringers' patch content from hospital.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: "Shadowbringers" was the highest rated "Final Fantasy" title since "Final Fantasy XII" in 2006. Many critics regarded it as the best "Final Fantasy" story in years, with some considering it a contender for best "Final Fantasy" game. According to review aggregator Metacritic, it received "universal acclaim" for both PC and PlayStation 4 versions, based on 25 and 18 reviews, respectively. Square Enix disclosed in an investor report that the expansion contributed to the company's increased net sales, operating income, and paying subscribers. Two million players joined the game in the first six months since the expansion's launch in July 2019 for a global total of 18 million.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Virtually all reviewers extolled the strength of the story and writing. Chris Carter of "Destructoid" and Steven Messner of "PC Gamer" called "Shadowbringers" the """ of "Final Fantasy XIV"" for the way it pays off storylines from previous expansions. Mike Williams of "USgamer" observed that a central theme for "Shadowbringers" is "how people grow and twist in times of great despair". He pointed to the contrast between the altruistic cooperation of the Crystarium and the selfish hedonism of Eulmore as possible responses to a dying world. Julia Lee of "Polygon" compared Eulmore to the class divides physically represented by the plates in Midgar from "Final Fantasy VII". A number of critics observed parallels between the First's Flood of Light and the creeping yet catastrophic effects of climate change. Heather Alexandra of "Kotaku" lamented that economic inequality would likely lead to slave-driven enclaves like Eulmore in the real world after a climate-related collapse. She further linked the "unchecked energy of creation" that destroyed Amaurot to human ingenuity's role in causing the climate crisis.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: The characters of "Shadowbringers", particularly Ardbert, Elidibus, and Emet-Selch, earned critical acclaim as well. Kyle Campbell of "IGN" said Ardbert "stole the show" while debriefing the hero after each mission. Natalie Flores of "VG247" felt that Emet-Selch was a true foil to the main character and that the writing for his character was a high water mark for the series. She commended scenario writer Natsuko Ishikawa for balancing him as a sympathetic villain without justifying his reprehensible supremacist beliefs. Messner called Emet-Selch the "best "Final Fantasy" nemesis since Kefka". Alexandra appreciated the "adversarial" but "genuinely playful" dynamic that he brought to the group. She attributed part of his appeal to his voice actor, René Zagger. Natalie Flores from "Vice" called Elidibus a "chilling adversary" and "populism incarnate", while Chingy Nea from "Kotaku" lauded him as one of the most brilliant and memorable villains in the entire "Final Fantasy" series, "a fascinating character with a compelling and metatextual emotional arc". The voice cast overall was well received. Many reviewers also enjoyed the immersive quality of Trust companions' dialogue and preferred to explore dungeons for the first time using Trusts as a result.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Another focal point of praise was the game's friendliness to new players. Despite its connections to past story beats, setting the expansion in a new world allowed the writers to reintroduce existing characters. Ricardo Contreras of "Waypoint" compared "Shadowbringers" favorably to the new player experience for "Destiny 2". Multiple commentators looked to the Trust system as valuable, both for aiding new and experienced players in learning mechanics and for improving wait times for dungeons. Daniel Tack of "Game Informer" and Leif Johnson of "PC World" cautioned against buying the paid "story skip" and "level boost" items, instead recommending players to experience the story for themselves. However, Contreras appreciated the onboarding tutorials that accompany these items.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Critics took note of the game's setting on another world. The region of Il Mheg was commonly used as an example of the expansion's diverse color palette; Lee said it "doesn't look like anything else we've seen in "Final Fantasy XIV"". Williams likewise complimented Lakeland for its "vibrant purple forest that leads to the magnificent crystal tower at the center of the Crystarium". Carter considered Amh Araeng too similar to other desert areas in the game but agreed that the rest of the new regions were impressive. Gameplay reception focused on the new jobs and the pacing. Between Gunbreaker and Dancer, the latter received far more plaudits. Campbell remarked on the synchrony between the job's theming and its gameplay, calling it "as exciting as it is full of utility". In contrast, Williams opined that Gunbreaker lacked a defining feature and did not "particularly excel in any one area". With respect to pacing, Tack and Messner both criticized the use of "fetch quests" but felt that the narrative hid them well. Alexandra found some parts of the story dragged, such as Amh Araeng, but the high points far outweighed them.


title: Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers

text: Reviewers considered "Shadowbringers" to be the culmination of "Final Fantasy XIV"s redemption arc, from its disastrous 2010 launch to its rebirth to now. Despite largely following the "formula cemented back in ["A Realm Reborn"]", Carter enjoyed the consistency and said the game is "arguably the best it has ever been". Johnson called "Shadowbringers" a titan of the MMORPG genre that "towers so far over its contemporary rivals that it drowns them in its shadow". During the 2019 awards cycle, it won "Best MMO" from "RPGFan", as well as "Best Expansion" from "PC Gamer" and "Massively OP". "IGN" and "PlayStation Blog" named it "Best Ongoing Game". "RPGFan" also awarded it "Game of the Year". Emet-Selch was voted the sixth greatest "Final Fantasy" character in NHK's Grand Poll by Japanese fans, and ranked among the 70 best video game characters of the 2010s decade by "Polygon". In 2020, "Shadowbringers" won the "Famitsu"・"Dengeki" Game Award for "Best Online Game" and the SXSW Gaming Award for "Excellence in Multiplayer".


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: This Hour Has 22 Minutes (commonly shortened to 22 Minutes since 2009) is a weekly Canadian television comedy that airs on CBC Television. Launched in 1993 during Canada's 35th general election, the show focuses on Canadian politics with a combination of news parody, sketch comedy, and satirical editorials. Originally featuring Cathy Jones, Rick Mercer, Greg Thomey, and Mary Walsh, the series featured satirical sketches of the weekly news and Canadian political events. The show's format is a mock news program, intercut with comic sketches, parody commercials, and humorous interviews of public figures.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: Its full name is a parody of "This Hour Has Seven Days", a CBC news magazine from the 1960s; the "22 Minutes" refers to the fact that a half-hour television program in Canada and the US is typically 22 minutes long with eight minutes of commercials.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: Jones and Walsh had previously worked together on the sketch comedy series "CODCO", on which Thomey sometimes appeared as a guest. Mercer had been a notable young writer and performer on his own, touring several successful one-man shows of comedic political commentary.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: Salter Street Films produced the series until the 2003–2004 season. Salter Street was acquired in 2001 by Alliance Atlantis, and production of the series was transferred directly to Alliance Atlantis in the twelfth season. In 2005 Halifax Film, a new company formed by Salter co-founder Michael Donovan, took over production of the show. In 2006, Halifax Film merged with Decode Entertainment to form DHX Media (now WildBrain), which has produced the show since. In 2019, the rights were sold to IoM Media Ventures, which acquired DHX's Halifax studio the year prior.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: Recognized with 24 Gemini Awards and 11 Canadian Comedy Awards, "22 Minutes" is broadcast on the CBC Television network. It is taped before a live audience in Studio 1 at CBHT in Halifax, Nova Scotia. For the 28th season, it is taped at the Light House Arts Centre in Halifax with a smaller audience and crew.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: The series, which originally aired on Mondays for several seasons and later on Fridays, currently airs Tuesdays at 8:30 p.m. on CBC. The series formerly followed the "Rick Mercer Report".


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: Although each cast member's real name was always shown at the beginning of each episode, at the end of most episodes prior to 2006, one cast member would sign off using their anchor character's name, which is noted below where known. This has now been discontinued, and anchors now regularly address each other by their real names.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: For the 2020 season, the show added Nik Sexton, Tom Stanley and Jon Sturge as field reporters covering the 2020 United States elections. In addition several emerging comedians, including Heidi Brander, Adam Christie, Sophie Buddle, Aisha Brown, Nadine Bhabha, Isabel Kanaan, Aba Amuquandoh, Chris Wilson, Brandon Ash-Mohammed and Leonard Chan, joined the show's writing team and have appeared in sketches as featured players.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: Substitute news anchors on the series are people who "guest star" on the series for when series regulars are away (from Season 10 onwards).


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: 1999–2000 – During the 2000 American election, Rick Mercer approached Republican presidential candidate George W. Bush on a campaign stop in Michigan, asking for comment on the news that Bush had received the endorsement of Canadian prime minister "Jean Poutine". The then-prime minister's name was Jean Chrétien, and he had not endorsed Bush – it is standard practice for the Canadian government not to endorse anyone in a foreign election.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: Bush – who had previously stated that "you can't stump me on world leaders" – acknowledged the purported endorsement with a short statement to the "22 Minutes" cameras, which aired as part of the show's regular "Talking to Americans" feature. The Talking To Americans segments – and eventual one-hour special – were produced and directed by Geoff D'Eon.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: In his first official state visit to Canada four years later, Bush joked that his "one regret" about the visit was that he'd "hoped to meet Jean Poutine."


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: 2000–01 – Often cited as the show's best joke, the sketch was aired during the 2000 federal election campaign, and consisted of a staged rant by Rick Mercer.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: During the 2000 federal election, then-Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day proposed a mechanism to call for a referendum. A petition on any particular subject which gathered at least 350,000 signatures of voting age citizens ("3% of the electors") would automatically trigger a national referendum.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: Mercer's "rant" asked viewers to log on to the "22 Minutes" website, and sign an online petition asking the party leader to change his name to Doris Day (after the singer/actress). Mercer wanted the petition to involve Day changing his name while the Doris Day reference was suggested by "22 Minutes" writer Luciano Casimiri. Producers claim to have obtained in excess of 1,200,000 online votes. This was cheerfully admitted to be a stunt unhampered by the rigours of an Elections Canada-controlled petition. Although the sketch had no effect on Alliance policy, it did obtain international publicity for the show and contributed to the general air of farce surrounding Day's election campaign. Day's response to the petition was, ""Que será, será"."


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: 2003–04 – Shaun Majumder, in character as "Raj Binder", was sent to report on the 2003 outdoors Edmonton Oilers and Montreal Canadiens old timers game, preceding the night's actual NHL regular season game, which was the first NHL game to be played outdoors (at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton). Majumder actually sneaked into all the team photos, causing uproar from the event's unwitting organizers in the days after, when the photos were released to the press.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: On October 24, 2011, Walsh reprised the role of "Marg, Princess Warrior", conducting an ambush interview of Toronto Mayor Rob Ford at his home, which aired on "22 Minutes" the following evening. Ford's reaction and alleged verbal abuse directed at a 911 operator made national headlines. Ford claimed that he had never seen nor heard of "22 Minutes".


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: On November 17, 2004, clips of a sketch for "22 Minutes" were released, in which MP Carolyn Parrish stomped on a George W. Bush doll and performed voodoo on its head, where she said "it would do the least damage". The incident sparked significant outrage from the opposition Conservatives, who argued that it had the potential to damage diplomatic relations between Canada and the United States. As a result of the incident Parrish was expelled from the Liberal Party and sat the remainder of her term as an Independent.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: Richard Martineau wrote a column in "Le Journal de Montréal" criticizing a sketch aired October 7, 2007, entitled "Quebec Nation". In the sketch, two characters discussed the state of affairs after a separation from Canada, which left them with "no roads, no towns, not even radio. The only things we take is our racism". Martineau also discussed the fact that "This Hour Has 22 Minutes" is broadcast by the CBC and is funded by funds also coming from Quebec.


title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes

text: In May 2015, the American sketch comedy series "Saturday Night Live" aired a sketch in which a contestant on a "Win, Lose or Draw"-style game show panicked at being asked to draw the Muslim prophet Muhammad, igniting allegations that "SNL" had plagiarized a nearly identical sketch which aired on "22 Minutes" in January.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Raul Marcelo Claure Bedoya is a Bolivian technology entrepreneur, businessman, and investor. Until early 2022 he was the chief executive officer (CEO) of SoftBank Group International and chief operating officer (COO) of SoftBank Group Corporation, He oversaw SoftBank's operations and strategy along with CEO Masayoshi Son. As COO of SoftBank Group, a technology investment company, Claure oversaw portfolio companies such as Boston Dynamics, Arm Holdings, Fortress, SB Energy, and WeWork. Claure was a SoftBank Group Investment Committee member. He also headed the $5 billion SoftBank Latin America Fund and SB Opportunity Fund, a $100 million fund dedicated to investing in entrepreneurs of color. He is executive chairman of WeWork.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Claure previously served as Sprint's President and CEO from 2014 until 2018, and as executive chairman from 2018 until 2020. Credited with having "led a turnaround" at Sprint, he oversaw the company's planned merger with T-Mobile USA. He currently sits on the board of the combined company. Prior to joining Sprint, Claure founded the wireless services company Brightstar in 1997, which ranked as the largest Hispanic-owned business in the United States for six years. Claure sold the company to Sprint in 2014.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: He served on the board of directors of Arm. Claure is owner of the soccer team Club Bolivar; chairman and co-owner of Girona FC since August 2020. Claure is also involved in philanthropy. In his role at Brightstar, he helped launch One Laptop Per Child and as CEO of Sprint, he created the 1Million Project Foundation. Both initiatives provide computer access to students.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Raúl Marcelo Claure was born in Guatemala on 9 December 1970 to Bolivian parents. At the time of his birth, Claure's father worked as a geologist for the United Nations. When he was two years old his family moved to Morocco, then to the Dominican Republic before moving to La Paz, Bolivia, where Claure spent most of his childhood. He attended the Instituto Domingo Savio school and later transferred to the American Cooperative School in La Paz, graduating in 1989. Later that year, he left La Paz to attend what was then the University of Lowell, in Lowell, Massachusetts. He subsequently transferred to Bentley College in Waltham, Massachusetts, graduating in 1993 with a Bachelor of Science in Economics and Finance. He has an Honorary Doctorate of Commercial Sciences from Bentley University.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Claure returned to La Paz after graduating college and joined the Bolivian Football Federation as the head of business operations. In 1995, he returned to the United States and bought USA Wireless, a cellular retailer. He expanded the company before selling it one year later. In 1996, Claure became President of Small World Communications, a California-based communications and distribution company. He led the company for two years before relocating to Miami, Florida.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Claure founded Brightstar in Miami in October 1997, initially focusing the wireless distributor and service provider on Latin America. With Claure as CEO, the company opened offices throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. In 2001, the company entered a distribution agreement with Motorola for all of Latin America, subsequently signing a global distribution agreement in 2007. With Claure retaining ownership,


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Claure joined the Sprint Corporation board of directors in January 2014. On 5 August 2014, he was selected to replace Dan Hesse as the head of Sprint Corporation. The announcement was made on 6 August 2014, coinciding with Bolivia's independence day. Claure became Sprint's President and CEO on 11 August 2014. According to "Bloomberg", as CEO Claure "led a turnaround" of the company, which had been losing $3.3 billion annually. Claure focused on financial cuts and increasing customers, and by August 2015 the company's stock price was rising sharply. During Claure's tenure, Sprint went from losing customers to gaining over 2 million. In addition to achieving its best financial results in company history, the company was also net income positive for the first time in 11 years.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Joining the SoftBank Group board in June 2017, Claure was named executive chairman of Sprint Corporation on 2 May 2018. Succeeded as Sprint CEO by Michel Combes, Claure assumed the chairmanship on 31 May 2018 – about one month after Sprint and T-Mobile announced plans to merge. In this role he became focused on achieving regulatory approval for the merger from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). After Sprint and T-Mobile completed their merger in April 2020, Claure was appointed to the Board of Directors of T-Mobile. In June 2020, Claure led the second largest secondary offering in US history through the SoftBank sale of $14.8 billion in T-Mobile US shares.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: On 2 May 2018, Claure was appointed the COO of SoftBank Group, also becoming CEO of both SoftBank Group International and SoftBank Latin America. "Bloomberg" described the promotions as a "reward for salvaging a sinking ship" at Sprint, with Claure continuing to oversee the plans to merge Sprint and T-Mobile. Alongside SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son, Claure began overseeing the company's overall business strategy. As COO of SoftBank Group Corp, Claure was given oversight of operating companies such as Boston Dynamics, Arm Holdings, Sprint, Fortress, Brightstar, SB Energy, and WeWork among others. In March 2019 Claure also became CEO of the newly formed $5 billion SoftBank Latin America Fund, considered the largest technology fund focused exclusively on the Latin American market. He also heads the SB Opportunity Fund, a $100 million fund launched in 2020 dedicated to investing in entrepreneurs of color. In November 2020, Claure and three other executives resigned from the SoftBank Group board, with Masayoshi Son stating the move was to "improve the perception of board independence."


title: Marcelo Claure

text: In January 2021, a blank check firm (SPAC) backed by Claure was aiming to raise $200 million through an IPO, with Claure to become CEO of LDH Growth. Also in January 2021, he began overseeing the SoftBank Miami Initiative, a $100 million funding program dedicated to startups based in or relocating to Miami.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: In October 2019, Claure was appointed executive chairman of the board of WeWork, a workspace provider. Claure works alongside Sandeep Mathrani, who he appointed as WeWork’s CEO in February 2020. In March 2021, WeWork announced a definitive agreement to become a publicly traded company via SPAC Merger with BowX Acquisition Corp.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: In 2008, Claure created Bolivar Administración, Inversiones y Servicios Asociados, S.R.L. (BAISA), an ownership group which owns the right to operate Club Bolivar for twenty years. Club Bolivar is the most popular soccer club in Bolivia, and one of the top five winning teams in the history of the country. Under Claure in 2014, the team reached the semi final of the Copa Libertadores in South American. In 2021, with Claure as president, Club Bolivar announced becoming the first Partner Club of City Football Group. Also in January 2021, Claure announced Club Bolivar's Plan Centenario, a five-year plan to construct a soccer academy and open the club's ownership to fans.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: In 2012, Claure partnered with David Beckham and Simon Fuller in launching Miami Beckham United (MBU), which sought to establish a Major League Soccer franchise in Miami. On 29 January 2018, MLS Commissioner Don Garber announced in a live broadcast that MBU had been awarded the 25th franchise in the league. The press conference at the Arsht Center had attendance of over 1,700, becoming "a carnival-like gathering in downtown Miami while confetti rained down and soccer enthusiasts chanted and cheered." The team name was revealed on 5 September 2018 as Club Internacional de Fútbol Miami, or Inter Miami CF. With the team slated to play in 2020, MBU at the time had proposed building a 25,000-seat stadium near Miami International Airport.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: More recently, in August 2020, Claure invested in Girona FC in Spain, partnering with City Football Group to promote the team and becoming a board member.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Claure is a member of the board at T-Mobile USA. He also serves as executive chairman of WeWork. He joined the board of Univision Holdings in November 2020. In 2018 Claure joined the board of Arm Limited, a semiconductor company. and resigned in 2022. He became the chairman of both Fortress and Brightstar Global Group Inc. in 2019 and is also on the boards of the Bolivian-American Chamber of Commerce and Florida International University. Claure was in the Aspen Institute's 2016 class of Henry Crown Fellows and a member of the Aspen Global Leadership Network. He is a member of the Group of Fifty and the Presidential CEO Advisory Board at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: In 2008, Claure and Brighstar helped Nicholas Negroponte found One Laptop Per Child, an organization that provides rugged, low-cost laptops to impoverished grade-school students. By 2019, One Laptop Per Child had delivered 2.5 million computers to students in 60 countries. In 2016, Claure created the 1Million Project Foundation in partnership with the Sprint Corporation. The Foundation aims to provide free computer and internet access to a million disadvantaged students in the United States. After the merger with T-Mobile, the goal grew to ten million students and it was renamed Project 10Million.


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Claure has won a number of business awards. A World Economic Forum (WEF) Young Global Leader, he was named an Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year and is a lifetime member of Ernst & Young's Entrepreneur of the Year Hall of Fame. He is a CEO Council Member for the "Wall Street Journal". In 2016, Claure appeared in the Carnegie Corporation of New York’s "Great Immigrants: The Pride of America initiative".


title: Marcelo Claure

text: Claure resides in Miami, Florida. He has six children, including four daughters with his wife Jordan Engard, whom he married in 2005. He has a son and a daughter from a previous marriage.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: The Battle of the Monongahela (also known as the Battle of Braddock's Field and the Battle of the Wilderness) took place on 9 July 1755, at the beginning of the French and Indian War, at Braddock's Field in what is now Braddock, Pennsylvania, east of Pittsburgh. A British force under General Edward Braddock, moving to take Fort Duquesne, was defeated by a force of French and Canadian troops under Captain Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu with its American Indian allies.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: The defeat marked the end of the Braddock Expedition, by which the British had hoped to capture Fort Duquesne and gain control of the strategic Ohio Country. Both Braddock and Beaujeu were killed in action during the battle, with Braddock being mortally wounded in the fight and dying during the retreat near present-day Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He specifically asked for George Washington, who accompanied him on the march, to oversee his burial. The remainder of the column retreated south-eastwards and the fort, and region, remained in French hands until its capture in 1758.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: The Native Americans allied to the French were stealthy and used the terrain to their advantage in order to cause a large number of British casualties. The French ambushed the British as they were more prepared for the combat, which was the cause of their success in this battle.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Braddock had been dispatched to North America in the new position of Commander-in-Chief, bringing with him two regiments (the 44th and 48th) of troops from Ireland. He added to this by recruiting local troops in British America, swelling his forces to roughly 2,200 by the time he set out from Fort Cumberland, Maryland on 29 May. He was accompanied by Virginia Colonel George Washington, who had led the previous year's expedition to the area.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Braddock's expedition was part of a four-pronged attack on the French in North America. Braddock's orders were to launch an attack into the Ohio Country, disputed by Britain and France. Control of the area was dominated by Fort Duquesne on the forks of the Ohio River. Once it was in his possession, he was to proceed on to Fort Niagara, establishing British control over the Ohio territory.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: He soon encountered a number of difficulties. He was scornful of the need to recruit local Native Americans as scouts, and left with only eight Mingo guides. He found that the road he was trying to use was slow, and needed constant widening to move artillery and supply wagons along it. Frustrated, he split his force in two, leading a flying column ahead, with a slower force following with the cannon and wagons.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: The flying column of 1,300 crossed the Monongahela River on 9 July, within of their target, Fort Duquesne. Despite being very tired after weeks of crossing extremely hard terrain, many of the British and Americans anticipated a relatively easy victory—or even for the French to abandon the fort upon their approach.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Fort Duquesne had been very lightly defended, but had recently received significant reinforcements. Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur, the Canadian commander of the fort, had around 1,600 French troupes de la Marine, Canadian militiamen and Native American allies. Concerned by the approach of the British, he dispatched Captain Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu with around 800 troops (108 Troupes de la Marine, 146 Canadian militia, and 600 Indians), to check their advance.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: The French and Indians arrived too late to set an ambush, as they had been delayed, and the British had made surprisingly speedy progress. They ran into the British advance guard, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage. Seeing the enemy in the trees, Gage ordered his men to open fire. Despite firing at very long range for a smooth-bored musket, their opening volleys succeeded in killing Captain Beaujeu.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Unconcerned by the death of Beaujeu, the Indian warriors took up positions to attack. They were fighting on an Indian hunting ground which favored their tactics, with numerous trees and shrubbery separated by wide open spaces. The rolling platoon fire of the British initially caused roughly one hundred of the French to flee back to the fort. Captain Dumas rallied the rest of the French troops. The Indian tribes allied with the French, the Ottawas, Ojibwa and Potawatomis, used psychological warfare against the British. After the Indians killed British soldiers, they would nail their scalps to surrounding trees. During the battle, Indians made a terrifying "whoop" sound that caused fear and panic to spread in the British infantry.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: As they came under heavy fire, Gage's advance guard began taking casualties and withdrew. In the narrow confines of the road, they collided with the main body of Braddock's force, which had advanced rapidly when the shots were heard. Despite comfortably outnumbering their attackers, the British were immediately on the defensive. Most of the regulars were not accustomed to fighting in forest terrain, and were terrified by the deadly musket fire. Confusion reigned, and several British platoons fired at each other. The entire column dissolved in disorder as the Canadian militiamen and Indians enveloped them and continued to snipe at the British flanks from the woods on the sides of the road. At this time, the French regulars began advancing along the road and began to push the British back. General Braddock rode forward to try to rally his men, who had lost all sense of unit cohesion.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Following Braddock's lead, the officers tried to reform units into regular order within the confines of the road. This effort was mostly in vain, and simply provided targets for their concealed enemy. Cannons were used, but due to the confines of the forest road, they were ineffective. Braddock had several horses shot under him, yet retained his composure, providing the only sign of order to the frightened British soldiers. Many of the Americans, lacking the training of British regulars to stand their ground, fled and sheltered behind trees, where they were mistaken for enemy fighters by the redcoats, who fired upon them. The rearguard, made up of Virginians, managed to fight effectively from the trees—something they had learned in previous years of fighting Indians.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Despite the unfavorable conditions, the British began to stand firm and blast volleys at the enemy. Braddock believed that the enemy would eventually give way in the face of the discipline displayed by the English-led troops. Despite lacking officers to command them, the often makeshift platoons continued to hold their crude ranks.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Finally, after three hours of intense combat, Braddock was shot in the lung, possibly by one of his own men, and effective resistance collapsed. He fell from his horse, badly wounded, and was carried back to safety by his men. As a result of Braddock's wounding, and without an order being given, the British began to withdraw. They did so largely with order, until they reached the Monongahela River, when they were set upon by the Indian warriors. The Indians attacked with hatchets and scalping knives, after which panic spread among the British troops, and they began to break ranks and run, believing they were about to be massacred.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Colonel Washington, although he had no official position in the chain of command, was able to impose and maintain some order, and formed a rear guard, which allowed the remnants of the force to disengage. By sunset, the surviving British forces were fleeing back down the road they had built, carrying their wounded. Behind them on the road, bodies were piled high. The Indians did not pursue the fleeing redcoats, but instead set about scalping and looting the corpses of the wounded and dead, and drinking two hundred gallons of captured rum.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: A number of British soldiers and women were captured in the battle. Some of the soldiers were spared, as were most of the women, but around a dozen soldiers were tortured and burned to death by the Indians that night, witnessed by British prisoner James Smith.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Daniel Boone, a famous American pioneer, explorer, woodsman, and frontiersman — and one of the first folk heroes of the United States — was among the soldiers involved in the battle. Boone served under Captain Hugh Waddell of North Carolina, whose militia unit was assigned in 1755 to serve under Braddock. Boone acted as a wagoner, along with his cousin Daniel Morgan, who would later be a key general in the American Revolution. In the Battle of the Monongahela, Boone narrowly escaped death when the baggage wagons were assaulted by Indian troops - Boone escaped, it is said, by cutting his wagons and fleeing. Boone remained critical of Braddock's blunders for the rest of his life. While on the campaign, Boone met John Finley, a packer who worked for George Croghan in the trans-Appalachian fur trade. Finley first interested Boone in the abundance of game and other natural wonders of the Ohio Valley. Finley took Boone on his first hunting trip to Kentucky 12 years later.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Of the approximately 1,300 men Braddock led into battle, 456 were killed outright and 422 were wounded. Commissioned officers were prime targets and suffered greatly: out of 86 officers, 26 were killed and 37 wounded. Of the 50 or so women that accompanied the British column as maids and cooks, only 4 returned with the British; about half were taken as captives. The French and Canadians reported only 23 killed, including the French commander, and 20 wounded.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Braddock died of his wounds on July 13, four days after the battle, and was buried on the road near Fort Necessity.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Colonel Thomas Dunbar, with the reserves and rear supply units, took command when the survivors reached his position. Realizing there was no further likelihood of his force proceeding to capture Fort Duquesne, he decided to retreat. He ordered the destruction of supplies and cannon before withdrawing, burning about 150 wagons on the spot. His forces retreated back toward Philadelphia. The French did not pursue, realizing that they did not have sufficient resources for an organized pursuit.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Captain Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu, commander of the French forces, was buried on July 12 at Fort Duquesne.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: The battle was a devastating defeat, and has been characterized as one of the most disastrous in British colonial history. It marked the end of the Braddock expedition, which many had believed contained overwhelming force, to seize the Ohio Country. It awakened many in London to the sheer scale of forces that would be needed to defeat the French and their Indian allies in North America.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: The inability of the redcoats to use skirmishers, and the vulnerability this caused for the main force, had a profound effect on British military thinking. Although Braddock had posted a company of flankers on each side, these troops were untrained to do anything but stand in line and fire platoon volleys, which were unsuited to such conditions. Learning from their mistakes the British made much better use of skirmishers, often equipped with rifles, who could protect the main body of troops from such devastating fire, both later in the French and Indian War and in the American War of Independence.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Because of the speed with which the French and Indians launched their attack and enveloped the British column, the battle is often erroneously reported as an ambush by many who took part. In fact, the French had been unprepared for their contact with the British, whom they had blundered into. The speed of their response allowed them to quickly gain the upper hand, and brought about their victory.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: The French remained dominant in the Ohio Country for the next three years, and persuaded many previously neutral Indian tribes to enter the war on their side. The French were eventually forced to abandon Fort Duquesne in 1758 by the approach of the Forbes Expedition.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: The debate on how Braddock, with professional soldiers, superior numbers, and artillery, could fail so miserably began soon after the battle and continues to this day. Some blamed Braddock, some blamed his officers, and some blamed the British regulars or the provincial troops. Washington, for his part, supported Braddock and found fault with the British regulars.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Braddock's tactics are still debated. One school of thought holds that Braddock's reliance on time-honoured European methods, with men standing shoulder-to-shoulder in the open and firing mass volleys in unison, were not appropriate for frontier fighting and cost Braddock the battle. Skirmish tactics ("Indian style"), which American colonials had learned from frontier fighting, with men taking cover and firing individually, were superior in the American environment.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: However, in some studies, the interpretation of "Indian-style" superiority has been argued to be a myth by several military historians. European regular armies already employed irregular forces of their own and had extensive theories of how to use and counter-guerilla warfare. Stephen Brumwell argues just the opposite by stating that contemporaries of Braddock, like John Forbes and Henry Bouquet, recognized that "war in the forests of America was a very different business from war in Europe."


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: Peter Russell argues it was Braddock's failure to rely on the time-honoured European methods that cost him the battle. The British had already waged war on the irregular forces in the Jacobite uprisings. And East-European irregulars, such as Pandours and Hussars, had already made an impact on European warfare and theory by the 1740s. Braddock's failure, according to proponents of this theory, was caused by not adequately applying traditional military doctrine (particularly by not using distance), not his lack of use of frontier tactics. Russell, in his study, shows that on several occasions before the battle, Braddock had successfully adhered to standard European tactics to counter ambushes and so had become nearly immune to earlier French and Canadian attacks.


title: Battle of the Monongahela

text: In 1930, on the 175th anniversary of the Battle of Braddock's Field, a statue of Colonel Washington was unveiled, and a commemorative postage stamp, modeled after that statue, was released for usage the same day.


title: Init

text: In Unix-based computer operating systems, init (short for "initialization") is the first process started during booting of the computer system. Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes. Init is started by the kernel during the booting process; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it. Init is typically assigned process identifier 1.


title: Init

text: In Unix systems such as System III and System V, the design of init has diverged from the functionality provided by the init in Research Unix and its BSD derivatives. Up until recently, most Linux distributions employed a traditional init that was somewhat compatible with System V, while some distributions such as Slackware use BSD-style startup scripts, and others such as Gentoo have their own customized versions.


title: Init

text: Since then, several additional init implementations have been created, attempting to address design limitations in the traditional versions. These include launchd, the Service Management Facility, systemd, Runit and OpenRC.


title: Init

text: Research Unix init runs the initialization shell script located at codice_1, then launches getty on terminals under the control of codice_2. There are no runlevels; the codice_1 file determines what programs are run by init. The advantage of this system is that it is simple and easy to edit manually. However, new software added to the system may require changes to existing files that risk producing an unbootable system.


title: Init

text: BSD init was, prior to 4.3BSD, the same as Research UNIX's init; in 4.3BSD, it added support for running a windowing system such as X on graphical terminals under the control of codice_2. To remove the requirement to edit codice_1, BSD variants have long supported a site-specific codice_6 file that is run in a sub-shell near the end of the boot sequence.


title: Init

text: A fully modular system was introduced with NetBSD 1.5 and ported to FreeBSD 5.0 and successors. This system executes scripts in the codice_7 directory. Unlike System V's script ordering, which is derived from the filename of each script, this system uses explicit dependency tags placed within each script. The order in which scripts are executed is determined by the "rcorder" utility based on the requirements stated in these tags.


title: Init

text: When compared to its predecessors, AT&T's UNIX System III introduced a new style of system startup configuration, which survived (with modifications) into UNIX System V and is therefore called the "SysV-style init".


title: Init

text: At any moment, a running System V is in one of the predetermined number of states, called "runlevels". At least one runlevel is the normal operating state of the system; typically, other runlevels represent single-user mode (used for repairing a faulty system), system shutdown, and various other states. Switching from one runlevel to another causes a per-runlevel set of scripts to be run, which typically mount filesystems, start or stop daemons, start or stop the X Window System, shutdown the machine, etc.


title: Init

text: The runlevels in System V describe certain states of a machine, characterized by the processes and daemons running in each of them. In general, there are seven runlevels, out of which three runlevels are considered "standard" as they are essential to the operation of a system:


title: Init

text: Aside from these standard ones, Unix and Unix-like systems treat runlevels somewhat differently. The common denominator, the codice_8 file, defines what each configured runlevel does in a given system.


title: Init

text: On Linux distributions defaulting to runlevel 5 in the table on the right, runlevel 5 invokes a multiuser graphical environment running the X Window System, usually with a display manager like GDM or KDM. However, the Solaris and illumos operating systems typically reserve runlevel 5 to shut down and automatically power off the machine.


title: Init

text: On most systems, all users can check the current runlevel with either the codice_9 or codice_10 command. The root user typically changes the current runlevel by running the codice_11 or codice_12 commands. The codice_8 file sets the default runlevel with the codice_14 entry.


title: Init

text: On Unix systems, changing the runlevel is achieved by starting only the missing services (as each level defines only those that are started / stopped). For example, changing a system from runlevel 3 to 4 might only start the local X server. Going back to runlevel 3, it would be stopped again.


title: Init

text: Traditionally, one of the major drawbacks of init is that it starts tasks serially, waiting for each to finish loading before moving on to the next. When startup processes end up Input/output (I/O) blocked, this can result in long delays during boot. Speeding up I/O, e.g. by using SSDs, may shorten the delays but it does not address the root cause.


title: Init

text: Various efforts have been made to replace the traditional init daemons to address this and other design problems, including:


title: Reid Carolin

text: He wrote and produced the 2012 film "Magic Mike", directed by Steven Soderbergh, and won a 2012 Peabody Award for writing and producing the documentary "Earth Made of Glass", which premiered on HBO in April 2011. He was an associate producer and developed the story for the 2008 Paramount Pictures film "Stop-Loss" and was the cinematographer for the soldier-video sequences in the film. He is also a producer of the films "Ten Years", "White House Down", and "22 Jump Street". As of the mid-2010s he was scheduled to produce "Gambit" with producer-star Channing Tatum, and a reboot of "Ghostbusters" with male leads; both projects did not make it out of development.


title: Reid Carolin

text: He graduated from Harvard College. He was also the co-founder of Constellation.tv, a service presenting live interactive events built around streaming movies.


title: Reid Carolin

text: Carolin worked briefly with Red Feather Development Group, a non-profit organization that builds straw-bale homes on Native American reservations, for whom he was involved with the short film "Building One House".


title: USS Panay incident

text: The USS "Panay" incident on December 12, 1937, was a Japanese bombing attack on the U.S. Navy river gunboat and three Standard Oil Company tankers on the Yangtze River. They strafed survivors in the water. The boats were rescuing U.S. and Chinese civilians fleeing from Japanese invaders attacking Nanking (now spelled Nanjing), China. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. Public outrage was loud in the U.S., but both sides were conciliatory and quickly settled the dispute. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the U.S. flags painted on the deck of the gunboat. Tokyo officially apologized, and paid a cash indemnity. The settlement mollified some of the U.S. anger, and newspapers called the matter closed.


title: USS Panay incident

text: A flat-bottomed craft built in Shanghai specifically for river duty, "Panay" served as part of the US Navy's Yangtze Patrol in the Asiatic Fleet, which was responsible for patrolling the Yangtze River to protect American lives and property in China.


title: USS Panay incident

text: After invading China in the summer of 1937, Japanese forces moved into Nanking (now known as Nanjing) in December, where they later committed the massacre in the city that resulted in the deaths of 300,000 civilians and prisoners of war. "Panay" evacuated the remaining Americans from the city on December 11, bringing the number of people aboard to five officers, 54 enlisted men, four US embassy staff, and 10 civilians, including Universal Newsreel cameraman Norman Alley, Movietone News’ Eric Mayell, the "<nowiki>New York Times'</nowiki>"s Norman Soong, "Collier's Weekly" correspondent Jim Marshall, "La Stampa" correspondent Sandro Sandri and "Corriere della Sera" correspondent Luigi Barzini Jr.


title: USS Panay incident

text: On the morning of the 12th, the Japanese air forces received information that fleeing Chinese forces were in the area in ten large steamers and a large number of junks and that they were between upstream from Nanking. While anchored upstream from Nanking, "Panay" and three Standard Oil tankers, "Mei Ping", "Mei An", and "Mei Hsia", came under attack from Japanese naval aircraft. "Panay" was hit by two of the eighteen bombs dropped by three Yokosuka B4Y Type-96 bombers and strafed by nine Nakajima A4N Type-95 fighters.


title: USS Panay incident

text: According to Lieutenant J.W. Geist, an officer aboard "Panay", "the day before we told the Japanese army in the area who we were," and three U.S. flags were plainly visible on the ship. Planes also machine-gunned small boats taking the wounded ashore, and several additional survivors were wounded. "The Times" correspondent Colin MacDonald, who had also been aboard "Panay", saw a Japanese army small boat machine-gun the "Panay" as it was sinking in spite of the American flag painted on the side of the ship. Since Japanese planes continued to circle overhead, survivors cowered knee deep in mud in a swamp. "Panay"'s lifeboats were machine-gunned by Japanese fighter planes in the attack.


title: USS Panay incident

text: As a result of the attack, "Panay" sank; Storekeeper First Class Charles Lee Ensminger, Standard Oil tanker captain Carl H. Carlson and Italian reporter Sandro Sandri were killed, Coxswain Edgar C. Hulsebus died later that night. 43 sailors and five civilians were wounded.


title: USS Panay incident

text: The three Standard Oil tankers were also bombed and destroyed, and the captain of "Mei An" and many Chinese civilian passengers were killed. The vessels had been helping to evacuate the families of Standard Oil's employees and agents from Nanking during the Japanese attack on that city.


title: USS Panay incident

text: Two newsreel cameramen were aboard during the attack (Norman Alley of Universal News and Eric Mayell of Movietone News); they were able to film part of the attack and, after reaching shore, the sinking of the ship in the middle of the river. Survivors were later taken aboard the American vessel and the British gunboats and . Earlier the same day, a Japanese shore battery had fired on "Ladybird".


title: USS Panay incident

text: The survivors coped with near freezing nights in inadequate clothing and with no food. It took three days to move the sixteen wounded to the safety of several British and American ships.


title: USS Panay incident

text: The aftermath of the "Panay" sinking was a nervous time for the American ambassador to Japan, Joseph C. Grew. Grew, whose experience in the foreign service spanned over 30 years, "remembered the "Maine"," the U.S. Navy ship that blew up in Havana Harbor in 1898. The sinking of "Maine" had propelled the U.S. into the Spanish–American War, and Grew hoped the sinking of "Panay" would not be a similar catalyst for the severance of diplomatic ties and war with Japan.


title: USS Panay incident

text: The Japanese government took full responsibility for sinking "Panay" but continued to maintain that the attack had been unintentional. Chief of Staff of Japanese naval forces in northern China, Vice Admiral Rokuzo Sugiyama, was assigned to make an apology. The formal apology reached Washington, D.C. on Christmas Eve.


title: USS Panay incident

text: Although Japanese officials maintained that their pilots never saw any American flags on "Panay", a US Navy court of inquiry determined that several US flags were clearly visible on the vessel during the attacks. At the meeting held at the American embassy in Tokyo on December 23, Japanese officials maintained that one navy airplane had attacked a boat by machine gun for a short period of time and that Japanese army motor boats or launches had been attacking the Chinese steamers escaping upstream on the opposite bank. However, the Japanese navy insisted that the attack had been unintentional. The Japanese government paid an indemnity of $2,214,007.36 to the US on April 22, 1938, officially settling the "Panay" incident ($ in 2022).


title: USS Panay incident

text: Following the incident, Japanese individuals and organizations sent letters of apology and gifts of money to U.S. diplomatic offices and the U.S. Navy Department in Washington, D.C. This ranged from letters penned by schoolchildren to organized pools of donors.


title: USS Panay incident

text: The most prominent donor was the America-Japan Society, headed by Prince Tokugawa Iesato, which amassed ¥16,242.56 in "Panay" contributions from 7,749 people and 218 organizations.