title: M. Rajesh

text: Rajesh later wrote the dialogues for "Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam" (2013), also a success. However, his subsequent directorial ventures "All in All Azhagu Raja" (2013), "Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga" (2015), "Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru" (2016) and "Mr. Local" (2019) became box-office bombs. By the time of "Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga"s release, he was described by "Sify" as having lost his "Midas touch", and that he "should work on something out of the box to taste the much needed success". His next venture, "Vanakkam Da Mappilei", premiered on Sun NXT in 2021. In 2022, Rajesh directed "Mirrage", an episode of the anthology thriller series "Victim", deviating from his usual comedy films. He also began work on a film tentatively titled "JR 30" (as it is the 30th film to star Jayam Ravi).


title: M. Rajesh

text: Rajesh is married to Shakthi, who he met while working as an assistant under Chandrashekhar. Rajesh's father died on 2 October 2010.


title: Sonic Mega Collection

text: According to the director, Yojiro Ogawa, the purpose of the compilation was to introduce younger players to the original games in the "Sonic" series. The games are played through a Genesis emulator developed by Sonic Team themselves. Outside of the games, the compilation includes Sonic-themed videos and illustrations, as well as high-resolution scans of the instruction manuals and "Sonic the Hedgehog" comic covers.


title: Sonic Mega Collection

text: "Sonic Mega Collection" received positive critical reception, being recommended for its large library of titles, high quality emulation, and its cheap market price. The compilation was re-released for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows as Sonic Mega Collection Plus which included additional "Sonic" games originally released for the Sega Game Gear. This was followed by a new compilation for the PlayStation 2 and GameCube, "Sonic Gems Collection", which included more obscure and rare Sonic games such as "Sonic CD".


title: Sonic Mega Collection

text: "Sonic Mega Collection" compiles 14 emulated games originally released for the Sega Genesis, limited to only 12 in releases outside of Japan. In addition to the seven default games, three unlockable games are included that recreate the "Sonic & Knuckles" "lock-on technology" to allow for new modes and/or playable characters in the first three "Sonic" games. Four non-"Sonic" games published by Sega are also unlockable, two of which are exclusive to the Japanese release. High-resolution instruction manual scans are included for each game. An "Extras" section features over 100 scans of comic covers from Archie Comics' "Sonic the Hedgehog" series, illustrations of "Sonic" characters throughout the franchise's history, and a handful of videos promoting other "Sonic" games, including the opening and ending cutscenes from "Sonic CD".


title: Sonic Mega Collection

text: "Sonic Mega Collection Plus" includes all 14 of the games from the original release in all regions, plus the addition of six Sega Game Gear games. The compilation's user interface has been updated, and all games now support the ability to suspend and resume gameplay at any time. The illustration gallery has been expanded with artwork from games released since the original "Mega Collection", while all videos from the original release have been omitted, replaced by a gallery of storyboards and in-production renders of cutscenes from "Sonic Heroes".


title: Sonic Mega Collection

text: "Mega Collection" was developed by Sonic Team, the studio behind most games in the "Sonic" series. According to director Yojiro Ogawa, Sonic Team's goal with the compilation was to introduce children to older games in the series and showcase what made "Sonic" successful. Sonic Team chose to focus on including all the Genesis "Sonic" games. Rather than porting them from the Genesis, they collaborated with VR-1 Japan to develop an emulator to run the games' ROM images. Series co-creator Yuji Naka, who served as producer, said the team intended to include the 1993 Sega CD game "Sonic CD", but storage constraints prevented this. Sonic Team also considered including BlueSky Software's "Vectorman" (1995). "CD" and "Vectorman" later appeared in "Sonic Gems Collection" (2005), a successor to "Mega Collection" focusing on rare "Sonic" games. Sonic Team had trouble gathering materials for the compilation because it had been a decade since they made the games and "Sega's not that good about keeping history." For instance, Naka wanted to include the original prototype of the first game but Sonic Team could not find its ROM image.


title: Sonic Mega Collection

text: Sega announced "Mega Collection" as a GameCube exclusive in early July 2002, and revealed which games would be included later that month. The compilation went gold the following November; Naka said Sonic Team felt a sense of accomplishment when they completed it. "Mega Collection" was released in North America on November 10, 2002, in Japan on December 19, 2002, and in Europe on March 21, 2003. In European territories, Infogrames distributed the compilation. When Sega began to expand support for the PlayStation 2, it commissioned a version of "Mega Collection" for that console and the Xbox. This version, "Sonic Mega Collection Plus", was announced at E3 2004. "Plus" was released in North America on November 2, 2004, in Japan on December 9, 2004, and in Europe on February 4, 2005. A Windows version was released in March 2006, and was later included in the "Sonic PC Collection" (2009).


title: Sonic Mega Collection

text: Reviews for "Sonic Mega Collection" were generally favorable. Louis Bedigian of GameZone praised the controls as "top-notch" including that "even the thumbstick is usable, and it works flawlessly." "Game Informer" declared "Sonic Mega Collection" to be "perhaps the best compilation ever." Fran Mirabella of IGN christened the compilation as "a wonderful little collection that, while not perfect, is a great value." Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot suggested that "if you're fiending for Sonic the Hedgehog and either don't have or are unwilling to drag out a dusty Genesis from the closet, don't hesitate to give it a shot." However, Johnny Liu of Game Revolution advised "just blow the dust off the old Genesis, because there isn't enough good extra stuff here." "Nintendo Power" described "Sonic Mega Collection" as "the ultimate compilation of "Sonic" adventures." It was a runner-up for "GameSpot"s annual "Best Platformer on GameCube" award, which went to "Super Mario Sunshine".


title: Sonic Mega Collection

text: Reviews for "Sonic Mega Collection Plus" were also positive. Chris Baker of GameSpy decided that "despite its exclusions, though, "Collection"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s large selection of titles for $19.99 is a tough thing not to recommend to anyone who calls himself a gamer. Even if a few of the games undeniably suck." Hilary Goldstein of IGN declared that "you can't find a better deal than 20 games for 20 dollars," and that "while not every "Sonic" game is a winner, the majority are. These games, though old, are superior to Sega's more recent 3D "Sonic" offerings." Aceinet of GameZone, while praising the compilation overall as "a nearly complete package of classic Sonic games," was critical of the emulation of the Game Gear games, saying that "while the emulation is spot-on for the games, having to put up with a black bar around the screen could be upsetting to some." Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com assured readers that "even with its shortcomings, it's still one of the most value-packed classic compilations available for any system -- as long as you like Sonic." "Game Informer" suggested that "if you grew up with these games, they're still a joy to play," and that "new converts to the "Sonic" fold will get a great introduction to the 'hog's history." "GMR Magazine" concluded that "if you're new to Sonic, for 20 bucks you really can't go wrong."


title: Sonic Mega Collection

text: The PlayStation 2 version of "Mega Collection Plus" received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: In mathematics, particularly linear algebra, an orthonormal basis for an inner product space "V" with finite dimension is a basis for formula_1 whose vectors are orthonormal, that is, they are all unit vectors and orthogonal to each other. For example, the standard basis for a Euclidean space formula_2 is an orthonormal basis, where the relevant inner product is the dot product of vectors. The image of the standard basis under a rotation or reflection (or any orthogonal transformation) is also orthonormal, and every orthonormal basis for formula_2 arises in this fashion.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: For a general inner product space formula_4 an orthonormal basis can be used to define normalized orthogonal coordinates on formula_5 Under these coordinates, the inner product becomes a dot product of vectors. Thus the presence of an orthonormal basis reduces the study of a finite-dimensional inner product space to the study of formula_2 under dot product. Every finite-dimensional inner product space has an orthonormal basis, which may be obtained from an arbitrary basis using the Gram–Schmidt process.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: In functional analysis, the concept of an orthonormal basis can be generalized to arbitrary (infinite-dimensional) inner product spaces. Given a pre-Hilbert space formula_7 an "orthonormal basis" for formula_8 is an orthonormal set of vectors with the property that every vector in formula_8 can be written as an infinite linear combination of the vectors in the basis. In this case, the orthonormal basis is sometimes called a Hilbert basis for formula_10 Note that an orthonormal basis in this sense is not generally a Hamel basis, since infinite linear combinations are required. Specifically, the linear span of the basis must be dense in formula_7 but it may not be the entire space.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: If we go on to Hilbert spaces, a non-orthonormal set of vectors having the same linear span as an orthonormal basis may not be a basis at all. For instance, any square-integrable function on the interval formula_12 can be expressed (almost everywhere) as an infinite sum of Legendre polynomials (an orthonormal basis), but not necessarily as an infinite sum of the monomials formula_13


title: Orthonormal basis

text: A different generalisation is to pseudo-inner product spaces, finite-dimensional vector spaces formula_14 equipped with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form known as the metric tensor. In such a basis, the metric takes the form formula_15 with formula_16 positive ones and formula_17 negative ones.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: Even if formula_51 is uncountable, only countably many terms in this sum will be non-zero, and the expression is therefore well-defined. This sum is also called the "Fourier expansion" of formula_60 and the formula is usually known as Parseval's identity.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: If formula_51 is an orthonormal basis of formula_7 then formula_8 is "isomorphic" to formula_64 in the following sense: there exists a bijective linear map formula_65such that


title: Orthonormal basis

text: Given a Hilbert space formula_8 and a set formula_68 of mutually orthogonal vectors in formula_7 we can take the smallest closed linear subspace formula_1 of formula_8 containing formula_72 Then formula_68 will be an orthogonal basis of formula_74 which may of course be smaller than formula_8 itself, being an "incomplete" orthogonal set, or be formula_7 when it is a "complete" orthogonal set.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: Using Zorn's lemma and the Gram–Schmidt process (or more simply well-ordering and transfinite recursion), one can show that "every" Hilbert space admits an orthonormal basis; furthermore, any two orthonormal bases of the same space have the same cardinality (this can be proven in a manner akin to that of the proof of the usual dimension theorem for vector spaces, with separate cases depending on whether the larger basis candidate is countable or not). A Hilbert space is separable if and only if it admits a countable orthonormal basis. (One can prove this last statement without using the axiom of choice.)


title: Orthonormal basis

text: For concreteness we discuss orthonormal bases for a real, formula_77 dimensional vector space formula_1 with a positive definite symmetric bilinear form formula_79.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: One way to view an orthonormal basis with respect to formula_80 is as a set of vectors formula_81, which allow us to write formula_82 for formula_83, and formula_84 or formula_85. With respect to this basis, the components of formula_80 are particularly simple:


title: Orthonormal basis

text: We can now view the basis as a map formula_88 which is an isomorphism of inner product spaces: to make this more explicit we can write


title: Orthonormal basis

text: The space of isomorphisms admits actions of orthogonal groups at either the formula_1 side or the formula_31 side. For concreteness we fix the isomorphisms to point in the direction formula_97, and consider the space of such maps, formula_98.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: This space admits a left action by the group of isometries of formula_1, that is, formula_100 such that formula_101, with the action given by composition: formula_102


title: Orthonormal basis

text: This space also admits a right action by the group of isometries of formula_31, that is, formula_104, with the action again given by composition: formula_105.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: The set of orthonormal bases for formula_31 with the standard inner product is a principal homogeneous space or G-torsor for the orthogonal group formula_107 and is called the Stiefel manifold formula_108 of orthonormal formula_77-frames.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: In other words, the space of orthonormal bases is like the orthogonal group, but without a choice of base point: given the space of orthonormal bases, there is no natural choice of orthonormal basis, but once one is given one, there is a one-to-one correspondence between bases and the orthogonal group.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: Concretely, a linear map is determined by where it sends a given basis: just as an invertible map can take any basis to any other basis, an orthogonal map can take any "orthogonal" basis to any other "orthogonal" basis.


title: Orthonormal basis

text: The other Stiefel manifolds formula_110 for formula_111 of "incomplete" orthonormal bases (orthonormal formula_112-frames) are still homogeneous spaces for the orthogonal group, but not "principal" homogeneous spaces: any formula_112-frame can be taken to any other formula_112-frame by an orthogonal map, but this map is not uniquely determined.


title: Driver 3

text: Driver 3 (stylized as DRIV3R) is a 2004 action-adventure game, the third installment in the "Driver" series. It was developed by Reflections Interactive, published by Atari, and released on PlayStation 2, Xbox and mobile phones in June 2004, Microsoft Windows in March 2005, and Game Boy Advance in October 2005. The game's story focuses on players assuming the role of John Tanner, an undercover FBI agent, as he investigates a car-smuggling ring across three countries, in order to identify and arrest its boss and learn who they are planning to sell a cache of stolen cars to. The game expanded upon its predecessors with on-foot sections, gun combat, and drive-by shooting, with virtual recreations of three major cities - Miami, Nice, and Istanbul - free-roam game mode, and an improvement to the series' film-making "director mode".


title: Driver 3

text: The game received mixed reviews upon release, except for the PC edition which received negative feedback from critics. Further ports for Nintendo GameCube and N-Gage were planned, but later cancelled. The game was succeeded by "" (2006), before being followed up by a direct sequel, "", in 2011.


title: Driver 3

text: "Driver 3" focuses on a mixture of open-world gameplay conducted through a third-person perspective, with it possible to change to different camera angles at any time. The game consists of primarily single-player modes of gameplay - "Undercover", the game's story mode; "Take A Ride", the game's free-roam mode, which allows players to explore one of the three cities at their own pace; and "Driving Games", a challenge mode consisting of three types of car-based games for players to try out, such as pursuing a fleeing criminal. As with previous installments, gameplay mostly focuses on driving around one of three settings, consisting of partial but faithful recreations of real-life cities, using a variety of vehicles based on real-life models, ranging from sedans and sportcars, to vans, trucks. Vehicles can be damaged over time, though players may freely leave their vehicle and switch to another within the current game world setting they are in at any time; the exception is vehicles that are mission critical to the game's story mode, as losing these constitutes automatic failure. A notoriety system keeps track of the player's actions - any unlawful action will raise this bar, with police pursuing the player if spotted by any, and the response to stopping them changing depending on the level of notoriety they have.


title: Driver 3

text: "Driver 3" introduces new gameplay mechanics to existing ones including motorbikes and speedboats, swimming, a health bar, and gun combat. Alongside being arrested by the cops or failing objectives in story mode, players can also fail if they run out of health without finding first aid kits to recover it. Combat focuses on the use of guns, based on real-life models and featuring a mixture of pistols, shotguns, assault rifles and sub-machine guns, and grenade launchers, to take down enemies; all weapons have a limit on ammo except for the lead character's personal weapon, but more can be found from dealing with enemies, or around the game world setting being played in during Take A Ride.


title: Driver 3

text: In Undercover Mode, players conduct a series of missions in which they must complete objectives, dealing with tasks such as escaping pursuers, reaching locations, and taking down culprits. At times, the player must complete objectives within a specific condition, such as a time-limit, with failure resulting in the player having to restart the mission. In Take A Ride, players can freely explore either Miami, Nice or Istanbul, searching for secrets, which consist of special cars and a group of hostile NPCs based upon the character of Tommy Vercetti from "". If the player completes a mission of the story or leaves Take A Ride, they can freely choose to edit a replay footage from their game with different camera angles and film effects (i.e. slow-motion). The amount of footage they can edit is pre-determined and restricted in size.


title: Driver 3

text: Undercover FBI agents John Tanner and Tobias Jones are sent to Miami to investigate the "South Beach" cartel headed by Calita Martinez, and her associates Lomaz and Bad Hand. When the agents notice the cartel’s recent acquisition of stolen cars, they suspect that they are working for someone else to fulfill a major order. To determine where the deal for the cars will take place, Tanner poses as a wheelman and infiltrates the cartel by recovering a car from a rival gang. After impressing Calita and earning her trust with a series of tasks, Tanner is assigned to assassinate "The Gator" for betraying the cartel.


title: Driver 3

text: South Beach relocate to Nice, France, after The Gator's presumed demise, to secure the remaining cars on their list. Tanner makes contact with Interpol agents Vauban and Dubois, who insist on arresting the cartel while in possession of the stolen cars. Tanner refuses, and Vauban orders Dubois to conduct surveillance on the cartel. Meanwhile, Tanner focuses on acquiring the cars for Calita while fending off attacks by a rival syndicate, eventually leading to a confrontation wherein he eliminates the gang's leader. Upon discovering that Dubois was captured by the cartel during his investigation, Tanner rushes to rescue him before he is executed. Following the rescue attempt, Tanner and Dubois break into a cartel boathouse to find out the location of the deal, which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey.


title: Driver 3

text: Shortly after, the two are captured by the cartel, and meet their employer, Charles Jericho. After revealing Tanner's identity, Jericho takes Tanner's gun and uses it to murder Dubois, intending to frame him for the crime. Tanner manages to escape, and makes contact with Vauban about where the cars are being shipped to, but releases little detail on Dubois' death. They travel to Istanbul, where Tanner tails Jericho to a meeting with the Bagman, a middleman arranging the sale of the cars to Russian criminals. Overhearing that The Gator survived his assassination, Tanner asks Jones to collect him before he is killed by Jericho's people, and The Gator offers information on the deal in exchange for his safety.


title: Driver 3

text: After reuniting with Jones, Tanner is accused of murder by Vauban, after he receives word of Dubois’ death. Despite the threat of an Internal Affairs investigation, Tanner and Jones go rogue to continue investigating, and focus on tracking down Lomaz. In exchange for protection, Lomaz reveals that Calita and the Bagman are set to meet soon to exchange money for the stolen cars. Tanner and Jones monitor the meeting until Calita calls it off. While Jones attempts to pursue the Bagman, he is ambushed and forced to pull back; meanwhile, Tanner chases after Calita and captures her. After bringing her to Vauban to regain his trust, Tanner convinces Calita that Jericho is too dangerous to trust. Calita reveals that the cars have already been shipped to Russia, and that Jericho will not leave the city until he is paid.


title: Driver 3

text: With assistance from Istanbul's police, Tanner, Jones and Vauban stake out the arranged location of the exchange between Jericho and the Bagman. When the meeting takes place, Jericho murders the Bagman for providing him only half of the agreed money and fools police by using Bad Hand as a decoy, eventually leading to his death. Upon learning that Jericho will likely leave by train, Tanner cuts him off, forcing him to disembark and flee through the streets. When Jericho is cornered in an alleyway, Tanner critically wounds him, but eventually decides to have him arrested, only for Jericho to gun him down when he turns his back on him. Both men are taken to the hospital in critical condition, leaving their fate uncertain.


title: Driver 3

text: The game was in development for around three and a half years. Special attention was paid in rendering the cities of Miami, Nice, and Istanbul. The in-game music was composed by Marc Canham, Rich Aitken, and Narco.


title: Driver 3

text: "Driver 3" received "mixed or average" reviews on all platforms except the PC version, which received "generally unfavorable reviews", according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Driver 3

text: "The Times" gave it all five stars, saying: "The graphics are divine, with vast urban locales and spectacular crashes. The cars handle well, and each vehicle has its own characteristics. Yet this is no easy driving game — one of the reasons why, subject matter aside, it carries a 16+ rating". "Playboy" gave it an 88% and stated: "Your investigation jump-starts reckless car chases through more than 150 miles of highways and city streets in detailed re-creations of Miami, Nice, and Istanbul. Slam into any of the 30,000 buildings and your car crumbles realistically". However, "The Cincinnati Enquirer" gave it three stars out of five and called its controls and animation "unresponsive and stiff".


title: Driver 3

text: While "Driver 3" received mostly mixed reviews, two outlets operated by Future plc, "PSM2" and "Xbox World", gave the game 9/10 scores. This disparity led some gamers and journalists to claim that the early access Atari gave Future was contingent on receiving favorable ratings, but Atari and Future denied any wrongdoing. The incident was dubbed "Driv3rgate".


title: Driver 3

text: After the accusations of review fixing arose, the GamesRadar forums (also operated by Future) were filled with critical posts, many of which were deleted by moderators. Although the comments were said to be removed for being libelous, some users suspected a cover-up. Some comments defending "Driver 3" and Future were traced by forum moderators to Babel Media, a marketing company that made use of astroturfing. The users admitted they worked for Babel, but said that they were posting on their own behalf, not for Babel. The thread was eventually deleted in its entirety.


title: Driver 3

text: The PlayStation 2 version of "Driver 3" received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game sold more than 3 million copies by December 2004.


title: Keli Lane

text: Keli Lane (born 21 March 1975), a former Australian water polo player and teacher was convicted of the 1996 murder of her newborn baby, Tegan, and of three counts of making a false declaration. Lane is serving an 18-year prison sentence and will be eligible for parole on 12 May 2023, after serving a period of 13 years and five months in custody. On 18 April 2011, Lane's lawyers lodged an appeal against her conviction at the same time as a Sydney taxi driver alleged he saw Lane dispose of the child. Her final application for appeal was rejected by the High Court in August 2014.


title: Keli Lane

text: Lane is the daughter of Sandra Lane, a former hospital worker at Manly Hospital, and Robert Lane, a retired police officer. Educated at Mackellar Girls High School in Manly, Lane enrolled in an arts degree at the University of Newcastle from which she dropped out and started working part-time at Ravenswood School for Girls as a water polo coach. She went on to hold a position as sports convener at Ravenswood where her credentials are listed in the school year book as a degree qualified teacher with honours. Between 1994 and 1998, she was in a relationship with rugby union player Duncan Gillies. An elite water polo player at national and international level, Lane was a member of the silver medal-winning Australian Junior Women's team at the 1995 World Championships in Quebec, Canada in which she competed just months after giving birth to her first child, whom she gave up for adoption.


title: Keli Lane

text: During her trial, the prosecution alleged that Lane became pregnant five times over seven years during the 1990s, terminating the first two pregnancies, placing the third and fifth babies up for adoption, and allegedly murdering the fourth.


title: Keli Lane

text: After four failed attempts to be induced early at Ryde Hospital, on 12 September 1996, Tegan Lee Lane was delivered at around 38 weeks at Auburn Hospital. Less than two days later, and prior to being discharged, Lane left the hospital with Tegan at around 11 am-12 pm and by 3 pm, she arrived at her parents home alone. A few hours later, she then attended a friend's wedding dressed in white with her partner Duncan Gillies. There was no sign of nor mention of Tegan.


title: Keli Lane

text: In 1999, 25 weeks pregnant with her third child (pregnancy five), Lane flew to Queensland to seek a late term abortion. She was refused due to the foetus being of a viable gestation. Three months later, in May 1999, Lane gave birth to a boy who she decided to put up for adoption (as she did with her first born child in 1995). Lane advised a social worker that this was her first child and that Gillies was the father. Gillies denied the claims.


title: Keli Lane

text: Prior to finding a permanent home for this child, a Department of Community Services (DOCS) child protection worker made further investigations that led to finding that the child born in 1999 was in fact not Lane's first child and that she had given birth in 1996 at Auburn Hospital. Further investigations revealed that Lane had also given birth in 1995, during her four-year relationship with Gillies. Gillies claimed he was completely unaware of Lane's pregnancies. When confronted with these allegations in October 1999, Lane initially denied the existence of the two earlier children. Several days later, she claimed that her daughter was living with a family in Perth. The matter was referred to local police who began investigations in late 1999.


title: Keli Lane

text: In February 2001, Lane, who by now was seven months pregnant with her fourth child (i.e. pregnancy six), was interviewed by police. During the police interview, Lane claimed that she had given Tegan to the baby's father, a man called Andrew Norris (or Morris), with whom she claimed to have had a brief affair. According to Lane, the affair took place at a unit block in Balmain on Friday nights after a drinking session at the Town Hall pub ("The Townie"). Lane alleges in her police interviews Norris's long-term partner, Melanie, also lived there as she often saw female apparel strewn around the unit. According to Lane, Melanie was in retail although she was not present at the unit on Friday nights.


title: Keli Lane

text: During police interviews, Lane claimed that she felt forced to hide her pregnancies because of her fear of the reaction of her parents and friends as according to investigations she could not be sure who any of the fathers of the babies might be. She told police she handed the baby over to Norris in the Auburn Hospital car park but later changed this story to state it was inside the hospital foyer. It was reported that during the police interviews Lane said several times she felt alone when she became pregnant and told her mother in an intercepted phone call "I had no other choice", referring to why she gave the baby to Norris. Manly Police referred the matter to the New South Wales Coroner in 2005.


title: Keli Lane

text: A coronial inquest into the disappearance of Tegan began in June 2005 and ran until February 2006. The inquest was presided over by the State Coroner, John Abernethy, and heard that police had undertaken an extensive search for the child, including attempting to match DNA samples. The inquest resulted in the coroner declaring that he was "... comfortably satisfied that Tegan Lane is in fact deceased..." and that he was concerned that Tegan had met with foul play, although he also stated that there still existed a possibility that she was alive somewhere. The Coroner ordered that a death certificate would be issued for Tegan and recommended that the brief of evidence and transcript of the coronial inquiry be forwarded to the New South Wales Homicide Squad for assessment and if necessary further investigation.


title: Keli Lane

text: From 2006, police investigations focused on locating Norris, Melanie (Mel), and Noeline (Nana) Norris, Andrew Norris's mother, all alleged to have participated in or witnessed carriage of baby Tegan from Auburn Hospital. Despite nine documented versions of what happened that day, it was reported that police were unable to locate any persons who matched those profiles. Sightings of Norris were reported at the Sydney Aquarium but discounted as according to Caroline (Caro) Meldrum Hanna on the "ABC Exposed Documentary" post screening, Lane had told her "Andrew had no interest in water". Police also sought to locate Tegan Lane by searching the records of over 9,000 primary schools in Australia – a search process that lasted two years. Two girls named Tegan Lane were found in Queensland and another possibility was picked up on a Torres Strait island. Finally, police excluded all possible leads.


title: Keli Lane

text: The police investigators, assessing that they had no conclusive evidence or any physical evidence pointing to Tegan's death, decided not to charge Lane; however, they referred the matter to the NSW Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), Nicholas Cowdery. In what the "National Times" described as "an unusual step", on 17 November 2009, the DPP charged Lane with the murder of her daughter. Lane pleaded not guilty, and the matter went to trial by jury.


title: Keli Lane

text: The matter was heard in the Supreme Court; presided over by Justice Anthony Whealy; with Mark Tedeschi, QC as the Crown Prosecutor; and Keith Chapple, SC defending Lane under instruction from Legal Aid; and began on 9 August 2010. The Crown alleged that Lane became pregnant five times over seven years during the 1990s; terminating the first two pregnancies, placing two babies up for adoption, and allegedly murdering her baby, Tegan, on 14 September 1996. The jury heard that Lane concealed her pregnancies from her family and friends in order to protect her personal image and reputation. According to Supreme Court judge Peter Hammill, who acted in her defence in 2006, images would have been destroyed by revelations of the salaciousness of her sex life centering around numerous rugby players from The Manly Marlins club over which Robert Lane presided.


title: Keli Lane

text: The evidence heard at the trial was similar to that presented at the inquest four years earlier. The major differences were the police searches that occurred in between, and the discovery that Lane had left Auburn Hospital not at 2 pm on the day Tegan disappeared, but several hours earlier. The Crown produced evidence that, as a motive for murder, Lane was prepared to abandon her children at birth to increase her chances of representing Australia in water polo at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. There was also evidence she believed children would interfere with her educational plans, her social life, and the regard in which she was held by parents and friends. It was also alleged that her friends' wedding on 14 September may have been a crucial factor; as Lane sought a permanent solution to a potential problem to hide evidence of the pregnancy and birth from family and friends.


title: Keli Lane

text: On 13 December 2010, the jury found Lane guilty of lying under oath in relation to documents dealing with her adopting out two other babies. The jury was not able to come to a unanimous verdict on the murder charge. Under advice from Whealy, the jury was given the option of returning a majority of 11 to one verdict. A little later on the same day, the jury found Lane guilty of murder of Tegan. Lane was refused bail.


title: Keli Lane

text: Sentence procedures commenced on 11 March 2011, again in the Supreme Court before Whealy, with the Crown calling for the court to pay particular regard to general deterrence. It was reported that psychiatrist Michael Diamond, who appeared before the hearing on behalf of the Crown, found no evidence of a psychiatric disorder and that Lane's decisions appeared to be based on "problem solving". On 15 April 2011, Lane was sentenced to 18 years' jail with a non-parole period of 13 years and five months. She will be eligible for parole on 12 May 2023.


title: Keli Lane

text: Lawyers acting for Lane lodged an appeal against her conviction on 18 April 2011. The same day, claims were aired in the media that a taxi driver saw Lane dump a baby in bushland, en route to Manly.


title: Keli Lane

text: Some news reports allege that, since being jailed, Lane has been bashed by other inmates, causing facial injuries. Lane has responded by denying such incidents.


title: Keli Lane

text: An appeal was lodged and was heard in the New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal between July and December 2013. The court dismissed the appeal, commenting that there was "ample" evidence available to the jury of Lane's guilt. Lane made a further application for leave to appeal to the High Court, and that application was rejected in August 2014.


title: Keli Lane

text: In September 2018, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation aired a three part documentary, an opinion piece, which featured interviews with Lane, conducted via numerous six-minute telephone calls from inside jail of which a small percentage were included and edited down for production space.


title: Lou Saban

text: Louis Henry Saban (October 13, 1921 – March 29, 2009) was an American football player and coach. He played for Indiana University in college and as a professional for the Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference between 1946 and 1949. Saban then began a long coaching career. After numerous jobs at the college level, he became the first coach of the Boston Patriots in the American Football League (AFL) in 1960. He joined the Buffalo Bills two years later, and led the team to consecutive AFL championships in 1964 and 1965. After serving briefly as head coach at the University of Maryland, he was hired as head coach of the Denver Broncos in 1967, where he remained for five years. Saban returned to the Bills—by then in the National Football League following the AFL–NFL merger—from 1972 to 1976, reaching the playoffs once but failing to bring Buffalo another championship.


title: Lou Saban

text: Following his departure from Buffalo, Saban returned to college coaching. He coached teams including the University of Miami, Army, University of Central Florida and Peru State College. He also coached at the high school level and for two Arena Football League teams. Saban switched jobs frequently and developed a reputation as an itinerant. At Central Florida, he was nicknamed Lou "two point two" Saban because he typically stayed in a coaching job for about 2.2 years. Saban initially dismissed this characterization, but came to accept it later in life. He held 21 coaching jobs during his 50-year career (lasting an average of 2.38 years for each job), which ended with a job at Chowan University in North Carolina between 2001 and 2002. Saban's combined record as a coach in the AFL and NFL was 95–99–7. His college football record was 94–99–4. Saban suffered from heart problems and had a fall in his home that required hospitalization in 2009. He died in March of that year.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban was the son of immigrants from Croatia and grew up near La Grange, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His first job, at age nine, was as a caddy for Al Capone's brother Ralph at a Chicago golf course. He attended Lyons Township High School and joined the school's football team. A runner and passer, he led his high school's athletic conference in scoring as a senior and was named an all-state and all-conference halfback.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban's high school coach was an Indiana University alumnus and convinced him to enroll there. Saban played for the Indiana Hoosiers football team starting in 1940. He was used as a quarterback in 1941, his sophomore year. He also played as a linebacker and a placekicker. Saban was named to the Associated Press All-Big Ten second team as a quarterback in 1942. He was the captain of Indiana's 1942 team and was selected as its most valuable player. Saban was also a standout shot putter, winning a Big Ten Conference competition at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1943 with a throw of 48 feet and 11 1/2 inches.


title: Lou Saban

text: Later in 1943, Saban joined the U.S. Army as World War II intensified following the attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1944, he was selected to compete in the College All-Star Game, a now-defunct annual contest between the National Football League champion and a selection of the best college players from around the country. Saban, then stationed at Fort Benning in Georgia, was named the college team's second Most Valuable Player after quarterback Glenn Dobbs of the University of Tulsa. He kicked three extra points and played on the defensive line in the all-stars' 24–21 loss to the Chicago Bears. Saban played for Fort Benning's 3rd Infantry Cockades, a military team, while stationed there. He also studied Chinese for five months at the University of California and served in China and India as an Army interpreter.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban was selected in the 10th round of the 1944 NFL Draft by Card-Pitt, a temporary merger between the Chicago Cardinals and Pittsburgh Steelers made necessary after the teams were gutted by players' military service. Saban, however, did not sign with Card-Pitt, and instead joined the Cleveland Browns, a team under formation in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and coached by Paul Brown. Brown said Saban would be used exclusively on defense as a linebacker and as a kicker of extra points. Saban was one of the first arrivals at the Browns' training camp in Bowling Green, Ohio, having left China just three weeks before.


title: Lou Saban

text: Despite Brown's intentions, Saban was used occasionally on the Browns' offense in 1946. He caught a 44-yard pass from quarterback Otto Graham in a September game against the Buffalo Bisons. He was mainly used as a linebacker, however, and had four interceptions as the Browns won the first AAFC championship. In the offseason, he worked for Browns owner Mickey McBride's Yellow Cab Company; many of his teammates spent the offseason either at college making up for time lost to the war or taking jobs to supplement their football incomes.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban was named the Browns' captain in 1946 after Jim Daniell, the first team captain, was arrested in a scuffle with Cleveland police and was kicked off the team at the end of the season. The following year, he filled in to kick extra points when the team's regular placekicker, Lou Groza, was injured. The Browns amassed a 12–1–1 regular-season record in 1947 and won the AAFC championship for the second time in a row.


title: Lou Saban

text: Never having finished his degree at Indiana, Saban enrolled that summer at Baldwin Wallace University in Berea, Ohio. After the 1948 season, in which Cleveland won all of its games and a third championship, Saban was named to two news outlets' all-AAFC teams. Saban came into his own as a linebacker in 1948. "Saban has been regarded as the best in football at his position for two years", Brown said in November. "If anything, he's even better this year. He has improved on covering pass receivers." He was a unanimous all-AAFC selection in 1949, when the Browns won their fourth AAFC championship in a row. Saban announced his retirement before the championship game and said in December that he was seeking the head coaching job at the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland before its merger with the Western Reserve University forming the Case Western Reserve University.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban beat more than 50 applicants to win the head coaching job at Case in February 1950, thanks to what the university's president called his "unusually sound knowledge of football" and his "leadership qualities". Saban "possesses the sort of personality and character that is of great value in work with young men", the president said. Saban was 28 years old at the time, and the appointment made him one of the youngest college head coaches in the country. Saban borrowed coaching techniques from Brown, alongside his version of the T formation offense.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban's team finished the 1950 season with four wins and four losses. By 1951, he was already under consideration for coaching jobs at bigger schools, including Indiana University and Toledo University, where he was mentioned as a "dark horse" candidate to replace former Browns teammate Don Greenwood. His Case teams compiled a 10–14–1 record during his tenure as head coach from 1950 to 1952. Saban resigned in March 1953 to become an assistant at the University of Washington under head coach John Cherberg. He spent just one year at Washington before getting a job as an assistant coach at Northwestern University, saying he wanted to return to the Midwest.


title: Lou Saban

text: In February 1955, Saban was promoted to head coach at Northwestern, succeeding Bob Voigts and becoming the youngest coach in the Big Ten Conference at 33 years old. Saban hired George Steinbrenner as one of his assistant coaches. Saban's tenure as coach of the Northwestern Wildcats football team, however, was brief and unsuccessful. Hampered by injuries, the team lost all of its games in 1955, and calls intensified for Saban's firing as the season wore on. In December, Saban and his entire staff were fired by new athletic director Stu Holcomb. Ara Parseghian was named as his replacement.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban moved on to a job as head coach at Western Illinois University in 1957, where he quickly built up a successful team. The Western Illinois Leathernecks finished with a record of 6–1–1 in 1958, followed by an undefeated 9–0 season in 1959, when Saban also served as an assistant under Otto Graham in the College All-Star Game. Having built up a 20–5–1 record over three seasons as coach, Saban drew interest from the professional ranks, and the Boston Patriots of the newly formed American Football League (AFL) hired him as head coach before the circuit's inaugural season in 1960.


title: Lou Saban

text: Led by quarterback Butch Songin, Saban's Patriots posted a 5–9 record in their first season. The following April, Saban brought in quarterback Babe Parilli, who formerly played for the Browns and Green Bay Packers, as a backup in the AFL's biggest-ever trade at the time. Five games into the 1961 season, however, with the Patriots at 2–3, Saban was fired and replaced by assistant Mike Holovak. Patriots owner Billy Sullivan said the decision was made by a majority vote of the team's board of directors, who "just simply felt all the talent on our team had not been used and felt Mike was the man who would be able to use the talent we had to the extent that it is capable of performing."


title: Lou Saban

text: In January 1962, Saban was named the coach of the Buffalo Bills, another AFL team, signing a one-year contract worth $20,000 ($ in dollars). The Bills had a 7–6–1 record in Saban's first season and came in third in the AFL's eastern division behind the Houston Oilers and the Patriots. Cookie Gilchrist, a running back who signed with the Bills after nine years in the Canadian Football League, won most valuable player honors that year and recorded the AFL's first 1,000-yard rushing season. Saban also acquired Jack Kemp, a quarterback, from the San Diego Chargers, who had put him out on waivers while he recovered from a finger injury. Sportswriter Randy Schultz called it one of the biggest bargains in professional football history.


title: Lou Saban

text: The Bills posted a 7–6–1 record again in 1963, but this time it was enough to tie with the Patriots for the best record in the eastern division. This set up the AFL's first-ever playoff game to decide which of the teams would win the division and compete in the championship. The Bills lost the game, 26–8.


title: Lou Saban

text: Helped by Gilchrist's running and quarterback Kemp's passing, the Bills finished the 1964 season with a 12–2 record and won the AFL championship. The team won despite drama involving Gilchrist, who came into conflict with Saban frequently and asked to be traded on numerous occasions. The Bills released him on waivers in November 1964, but canceled the move when Gilchrist apologized. After the 1964 AFL championship win over the Chargers, Saban was named the league's coach of the year.


title: Lou Saban

text: Gilchrist was traded to the Denver Broncos in February 1965, but the Bills continued to win, ending with a 10–3–1 record and winning the AFL championship for the second year in a row. In the 1965 AFL championship game against the Chargers, when offensive linemen Billy Shaw and Dave Behrman were injured, Saban inserted veteran Ernie Warlick opposite rookie Paul Costa in a double tight end formation, which helped the Bills win the game, 23–0. Saban was named coach of the year for the second time in a row, silencing critics who had said he was indecisive, did not use his players properly and was not a good play-caller.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban unexpectedly departed in early 1966 for the University of Maryland. He said he was leaving because "there can be little left to conquer in professional football". His record at Buffalo was 36–17–3. Saban, however, only stayed at Maryland for one season in which the team posted a 4–6 record. He returned to professional football as coach of the AFL's Denver Broncos in December 1966, signing a 10-year contract with an annual salary of $50,000 ($ in dollars). When he joined, the Broncos had yet to have a winning season in seven years of existence. He replaced Ray Malavasi, an assistant who took over after Saban's former Browns teammate, Mac Speedie, resigned from the post after the first two games of the season.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban engineered a number of trades before the 1967 season. He brought Gilchrist to the team from Miami in a seven-player deal; Denver had sent Gilchrist to Miami the previous season. He also acquired quarterback Steve Tensi from the Chargers in August for first-round draft picks in 1968 and 1969. Denver won its first game, but proceeded to lose nine in a row and finish with a 3–11 record. The team improved only marginally in the ensuing years, posting losing records in 1968 and 1969. The AFL and National Football League completed their merger in 1970, but the Broncos continued to lose, posting a 5–8–1 record. Saban resigned after the Broncos got off to a 2–6–1 start in 1971. He said resigning was "my responsibility to the team" and what while the club made progress, "my only regret is that we have not been able to give Denver a championship". Saban's record as Denver's coach was 20–42–3. Although he was not successful in Denver, Saban became well known for his intensity and occasional temper tantrums. A much-watched clip of him bemoaning to Denver line coach Whitey Dovell that "They're killin' me out there, Whitey, they're killin' me!" introduced Saban to a wider audience when it was aired by NFL Films.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban was named head coach of the Bills for a second time in late 1971. When he arrived, Buffalo was coming off a 1–13 season, although the team had players including running back O. J. Simpson, who had run for 742 yards and five touchdowns that year. While the Bills had a 4–9–1 record, Simpson led the NFL in rushing yards in 1972. Under Saban, Simpson continued to improve in 1973, setting a single-game rushing record with 250 yards in the season opener against the New England Patriots. He surpassed the single-season rushing record later in the year with more than 2,000 yards. Before Saban's arrival, Simpson had never rushed for more than 742 yards in a season. Simpson credited Saban with helping him reach his potential. "He saved my career", Simpson said in 1973, when he was named the NFL's most valuable player. "He promised me he'd give me the football and give me an offensive line, and he sure kept his word." The Bills had a 9–5 record that year but came in second in the AFC East and missed the playoffs.


title: Lou Saban

text: Buffalo finished the 1974 season with another 9–5 record and made the playoffs as the AFC's wildcard team. The Bills, however, lost their first playoff game against the Pittsburgh Steelers and were eliminated. Saban said after the game that the Steelers' offensive domination was the deciding factor. "I'm not sure how they did what they did against us, but they blew us out", he said. Buffalo went on to an 8–6 season in 1975, failing to make the playoffs. After the Bills got out to a 2–3 start in 1976, Saban resigned. He was reportedly angry about how Bills owner Ralph Wilson handled the re-signing of Simpson, who had demanded a trade at the beginning of the season. Saban was replaced by Jim Ringo, who he had hired as an assistant in 1972. Wilson held a grudge against Saban for the rest of his life after his second resignation, refusing to put Saban on the Bills' Wall of Fame because, in Wilson's words, "he quit on me twice!" Walt Patulski, the Bills' first overall draft pick in 1972, also held ill will toward Saban after Buffalo, believing that Saban tried to force his personality onto Patulski and that the effort effectively ruined his career; Patulski would never speak to Saban again after their respective times in Buffalo, despite multiple opportunities to do so.


title: Lou Saban

text: Following his resignation from the Bills, Saban took a post as athletic director at the University of Cincinnati in November 1976. He resigned 19 days later, however, and took a job as the head coach at the University of Miami, reportedly for a $375,000 salary ($ today). He had double-bypass heart surgery at the Cleveland Clinic in the summer of 1977, but recovered by the time Miami's season began later that year. When Saban came to Miami, the football team had won just five games in the previous two seasons.


title: Lou Saban

text: Miami posted a 3–8 record in Saban's first year, but improved to 6–5 in 1978. Saban instituted an extensive recruiting network to rebuild Miami's program, and was named the school's athletic director in early 1978. One of his recruits was quarterback Jim Kelly, who starred at Miami and went on to a Pro Football Hall of Fame career with the Bills.


title: Lou Saban

text: Despite Miami's improvement in 1978, Saban departed the school amid controversy. That April, three freshman Miami players attacked a 22-year-old Jewish man wearing a yarmulke who was walking to religious services on campus. They threw the man, who worked at a campus gathering place for UM's Jewish community, into Lake Osceola at the center of campus. When Saban returned to campus a few days later, he was unaware the man was Jewish and reportedly said "Getting thrown in the lake? Sounds like fun to me." Miami's Jewish community complained, and despite numerous apologies, Saban offered to resign mid-season. Saban was convinced to remain through the end of the season, however, before leaving to coach at Army.


title: Lou Saban

text: By the time Saban joined Army, he had developed a reputation as an itinerant coach, a "notorious job-hopper" who was nevertheless respected for rebuilding teams in poor condition. Saban said he wanted to stay at Army "until they put me out to pasture". Saban stayed at Army for only one season. He said he was unhappy with the academy's unwillingness to invest more in its football program. "This is a desperate situation", he said near the end of the 1979 season. "To fight alone as a football staff is impossible." He resigned in July 1980 after leading Army to a 2–8–1 record the previous season.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban next worked for George Steinbrenner, first in 1980 as an executive at Steinbrenner's Tampa Bay Downs racetrack and the following year as president of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. He took the post as a favor to Steinbrenner, a close friend who had served on his coaching staff at Northwestern in 1955.


title: Lou Saban

text: At the end of 1982, Saban left the Yankees to take a job as head football coach at the University of Central Florida (UCF), a Division II school that aspired to move its program to the top of the college ranks. He took over a team that had gone 0–10 in 1982 and led the Knights to a 5–6 record in 1983. He resigned midway through the 1984 season with UCF's record at 1–6. Saban, by then 63 years old, said he had a meeting with school officials and felt he "had no part in their plans for the future". At UCF, Saban was playfully referred to as Lou "two point two" Saban because his average tenure as a coach was 2.2 years. He was replaced by his assistant, Jerry Anderson.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban retired in 1985 to Hendersonville, North Carolina. He came out of retirement in 1986, however, to coach high school football in Stuart, Florida, serving as the defensive coordinator for the Martin County High School Fighting Tigers. He left after two seasons and was appointed head football coach at South Fork High School, a rival of Martin County that had a record of 1–9 the previous year. After just one season at South Fork, Saban resigned in March 1989 to take a job as head coach at Georgetown High School in Georgetown, South Carolina. Saban said he was there to have fun and enjoy life, and that his reputation as a coaching "nomad" bothered him. "I've had no chance but to continue on", he said.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban was hired in 1990 to coach the Middle Georgia Heat Wave, a semipro team in Macon, Georgia, but he left after just four games. Team officials said it was "not a firing", while Saban said there were differences in philosophy and it was "not a resignation." Saban next took a job in 1991 as head coach at Peru State College in Nebraska, compiling a 7–4 record. He resigned in January 1992 because of a new rule that required him to teach at the school, a responsibility he did not want to take on.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban next signed on as an assistant with the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League. Two years later, he was named as the coach of the arena league's expansion Milwaukee Mustangs but was fired after the team started 0–4. The team's general manager said he wanted to be competitive and thought the club "needed a change". Shortly after his firing, Saban signed on to help start a football program at Alfred State College, a two-year technology school southeast of Buffalo. In 1995, Saban was named the first head football coach at SUNY Canton, a two-year college where he stayed for six seasons. His Canton team was an immediate success, posting a 7–0 record in 1995 and a 34–16 overall record during Saban's time as coach. The school named its football field after Saban in the late 1990s.


title: Lou Saban

text: Saban's final job, which he took at 80 years old, was as head coach at Chowan University in Murfreesboro, North Carolina. He compiled a 2–13 record at Chowan between 2001 and 2002.


title: Lou Saban

text: In his later years, Saban had heart problems and a fall in his home that required hospitalization. He died at his home in North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina on March 29, 2009. He was married to his first wife, Lorraine, and had a son, Thomas, and 3 daughters, Patricia, Barbara, and Christine. Lorraine committed suicide at their home in Orchard Park, New York in the summer of 1977 while readying to join Lou at his new job in Miami. He shared seven children with his second wife, Joyce but did not have any children together.


title: Lou Saban

text: Lou Saban shares his last name with another famous football coach, Nick Saban. They were called "distant cousins" in a 2005 article where Lou comments on the younger Saban's success. Upon the death of Lou Saban, his widow, Joyce Saban, said the two men might have been second cousins.


title: Lou Saban

text: Including his stops at both two- and four-year schools, Saban's overall collegiate coaching record was 94–99–4. Including playoffs, his professional football record stands at 97–101–7. Saban had periods of success as a player and as a coach at the college and professional levels, but his constant moves from job to job eventually came to define him. "I have been known as a peripatetic coach", he said in 1994. "The first time I was called that, I thought it was a dirty word. I looked it up in the dictionary and found it meant I moved around a lot." Saban was inducted into the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame in 1994 and, in a surprise move, was added to the Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame in 2015. In 2011, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Saban to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2011.


title: Lou Saban

text: Additionally, Marty Schottenheimer, who played for Saban from 1965 to 1968 with the AFL's Bills, was influenced by Saban's coaching philosophy. Schottenheimer and the coaches he influenced are considered to be in Saban's coaching tree.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham ( ) is a market town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, on the south bank of the River Tyne, formed by the confluence of the North Tyne and the South Tyne at Warden nearby, and close to Hadrian's Wall. Hexham was the administrative centre for the Tynedale district from 1974 to 2009. In 2011, it had a population of 13,097.


title: Hexham

text: Smaller towns and villages around Hexham include Corbridge, Riding Mill, Stocksfield and Wylam to the east, Acomb and Bellingham to the north, Allendale to the south and Haydon Bridge, Bardon Mill and Haltwhistle to the west. Newcastle upon Tyne is to the east and Carlisle to the west.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham Abbey originated as a monastery founded by Wilfrid in 674. The crypt of the original monastery survives, and incorporates many stones taken from nearby Roman ruins, probably Corbridge or Hadrian's Wall. The current Hexham Abbey dates largely from the 11th century onward, but was significantly rebuilt in the 19th century. Other notable buildings in the town include the Moot Hall, the covered market, and the Old Gaol.


title: Hexham

text: The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" (Manuscript D: Cotton Tiberius B IV) records the murder of King Ælfwald by Sicga at "Scythlecester" (which may be modern Chesters) on 23 September 788:


title: Hexham

text: This year Alfwald, king of the Northumbrians, was slain by Siga, on the ninth day before the calends of October; and a heavenly light was often seen on the spot where he was slain. He was buried at Hexham in the church.<br>


title: Hexham

text: "Her wæs Alfwald Norðhymbra cyning ofslægen fram Sigan on .viiii. Kalendas Octobris, 7 heofonlic leoht wæs lome gesewen þær þær he ofslægen wæs, 7 he wæs bebyrged on Hagustaldesee innan þære cyrican."


title: Hexham

text: The name of Hexham derives from the Old English "Hagustaldes ea" and later "Hagustaldes ham" whence the modern form (with the "-ham" element) derives. "Hagustald" is related to the Old High German "hagustalt", denoting a younger son who takes land outside the settlement; the element "ea" means "stream" or "river" and "ham" is the Old English form of the Modern English "home" (and the Scots and Northern English "hame").


title: Hexham

text: Like many towns in the Anglo-Scottish border area and adjacent regions, Hexham suffered from the border wars between the kingdoms of Scotland and England, including attacks from William Wallace who burnt the town in 1297. In 1312, Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, demanded and received £2000 from the town and monastery in order for them to be spared a similar fate. In 1346 the monastery was sacked in a later invasion led by King David II of Scotland.


title: Hexham

text: In 1464 during the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Hexham was fought somewhere to the south of the town; the actual site is disputed. The defeated Lancastrian commander, Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, was executed in Hexham marketplace. There is a legend that Queen Margaret of Anjou took refuge after the battle in what is known as The Queen's Cave, where she was accosted by a robber; the legend formed the basis for an 18th-century play by George Colman the Younger ("The Battle of Hexham: A Comedy in Three Acts"); but it has been established that Queen Margaret had fled to France by the time the battle took place. The Queen's Cave in question is on the south side of the West Dipton Burn, to the southwest of Hexham.


title: Hexham

text: In 1715, James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater, raised the standard for James Francis Edward Stuart in Hexham Market place. The rising, however, was unsuccessful, and Derwentwater was captured and beheaded after the Battle of Preston.


title: Hexham

text: Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Hexham was a centre of the leather trade, particularly renowned for making gloves known as Hexham Tans—now the name of a vegetarian restaurant in the town.


title: Hexham

text: ""Hexham"" was used in the Borders as a euphemism for "Hell". Hence the term ""To Hexham wi' you an' ye’r whussel!"", recorded in 1873, and the popular expression "Gang to Hexham!". ""Hexham-birnie"" is derived from the term and means ""an indefinitely remote place"".


title: Hexham

text: In 1761, the Hexham Riot took place in the Market Place when a crowd protesting about changes in the criteria for serving in the militia were fired upon by troops from the North Yorkshire Militia. Fifty-one protesters were killed, earning the Militia the sobriquet of The Hexham Butchers.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham's architectural landscape is dominated by Hexham Abbey. The current church largely dates from c. 1170–1250, in the Early English Gothic style of architecture. The choir, north and south transepts and the cloisters, where canons studied and meditated, date from this period. The east end was rebuilt in 1860.


title: Hexham

text: The abbey stands at the west end of the market place, which is home to the Shambles, a Grade II* covered market built in 1766 by Sir Walter Blackett.


title: Hexham

text: At the east end of the market place stands the Moot Hall, and a C15th gatehouse that was part of the defences of the town. The Moot Hall is a Grade I listed building, built c. AD 1400, and is considered one of the best examples of a medieval courthouse in the north of England. It was used as a courthouse until 1838. The Moot Hall now houses the Council offices of the Museums Department, though not open to the public any relevant enquiries can be made on the first floor. The ground floor is an art gallery open to hire.


title: Hexham

text: The Old Gaol, behind the Moot Hall on Hallgates, was one of the first purpose-built jails in England. It was built between 1330 and 1333 and is a Grade I listed Scheduled Monument. It was ordered to be built by the Archbishop of York. The building is now home to the Old Gaol museum which informs the visitor about how the prisoners were kept at this time and how they were punished. There is also information concerning the local families of the time, such as the Charlton and Fenwick families who still have descendants living in the area. There are many different displays in the museum of interest to the whole family. The museum also contains the Border History Library, where people are free to visit to research their family history.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham Library and the Queen's Hall Art Centre can both be found in the Queen's Hall. The building contains the Brough Local Studies Collection which is the second-largest local history collection in the county.


title: Hexham

text: The Leazes on Shaws Lane is a Grade II listed mansion built in 1853 by John Dobson for William Kinsopp.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham. Guy Opperman has been the member of parliament for Hexham since May 2010.


title: Hexham

text: The town comes under Northumberland County Council and contains three wards: Hexham Central with Acomb, Hexham East and Hexham West.


title: Hexham

text: The "Hexham Courant" is the local newspaper, serving Hexham and Tynedale since 1864. It was first launched by J. Catherall & Co., and at that time espoused the Liberal cause. It later absorbed the Conservative-supporting "Hexham Herald". In 1977, CN Group acquired the newspaper.


title: Hexham

text: From within the "Hexham Courant" office a webcam over-looking Hexham Abbey can be viewed on the following website: "Hexham Courant"


title: Hexham

text: Horse racing from the town's course on Yarridge Heights is regularly featured on telecasts by Racing UK and other selected broadcasters. Regular sound broadcasts of cricket commentary for Tynedale CC can be heard via the internet during summer on Spreaker Internet Radio.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham is served by state first, middle and high schools and uses the three-tier system as does the rest of Northumberland. Queen Elizabeth High School, partly located in a former hydropathic hotel, is the town's major educational centre. The nearest independent school is Mowden Hall School, a prep school located away in Stocksfield.


title: Hexham

text: The nearest airport to Hexham is Newcastle International Airport, which is located around away by road. Carlisle Lake District Airport and Teesside International Airport are located around away by road, respectively.


title: Hexham

text: The town is served by Hexham, a station on the Tyne Valley Line. It is situated on part of the original Newcastle and Carlisle Railway route, dating back to 1837, and links the city of Newcastle upon Tyne with Carlisle. The line follows the course of the River Tyne through Northumberland.


title: Hexham

text: Services on the Tyne Valley Line are currently operated by Northern Trains. As of the December 2019 timetable change, the station is served by a twice-hourly service heading west towards Carlisle, and three trains per hour heading east towards Newcastle.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham is served by the A69 road, which runs for from Carlisle to Newcastle upon Tyne. This road serves as an alternative to the original route, the A695, which runs from Hexham to Newcastle upon Tyne, serving Corbridge, Stocksfield, Prudhoe and Blaydon.


title: Hexham

text: The original bus was located at Priestpopple, dating back to the 1930s. In November 2016, the bus station was relocated to its current site at Dene Avenue – at a cost of £2.28 million.


title: Hexham

text: Go North East provide most services in and around Hexham, with local services operating under the Tynedale Links brand. The AD122 tourist bus service operates year-round with increased services during the summer months, serving a number of locations along Hadrian's Wall, as well as the market town of Haltwhistle. Memorably, the route number, AD122, is the date of the building of the wall.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham won the town award in the 2005 "Britain in Bloom" awards. In the same year, it was also named "England's Favourite Market Town" by the magazine "Country Life".


title: Hexham

text: Hexham had been long famous for its manufacture of leather. Wright (1823) gives some statistics77 men & boys employed as Leather dressers and Glove-cutters, 40 boys employed as Dusters and 1,111 women employed as Sewers. Skins dressed annually were 80,000, and 18,000 skins of dressed leather were imported. From these were made and exported annually 23,504 dozens of pairs of gloves. Dutch Oker was used in the processing, but local fell clay could be used if necessary.Tanning was a necessary allied industry and there were four tanneries, employing a score of men. In a year they dealt with 5,000 hides and 12,000 calf skins. They supplied local saddlers, bootmakers and cobblers.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham also had 16 master hatters, and the trade employed 40 persons. There were two woollen manufactories, worked by steam power, and two rope manufactories. There were corn water mills below the bridge. A windmill on the Sele was ruinous, but there was one still working on Tyne Green. It was, and still is a flourishing market, including a mart for cattle and other farm animals.


title: Hexham

text: In Hexham the Subskimmer was designed and made by Submarine Products. The town is also the site of a chipboard factory owned by the Austrian firm Egger Retail Products GmbH, which vents steam which can be seen from miles away.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham has many shops commonly found in other English market-towns, with four central supermarkets (Tesco, Aldi, Marks and Spencer and Waitrose), multiple clothes shops, charity shops, banks, estate agents, antique shops and chemists. Cafes and coffee shops are also common in Hexham, from commercial chains (Costa) to family run independents.


title: Hexham

text: Hexham's racecourse is at Yarridge Heights in the hills above the town, with National Hunt (steeplechase) races throughout the year.


title: Hexham

text: The town is also home to Tynedale Cricket Club, who play their home matches on Prior's Flat. (NE46 3EW)


title: Hexham

text: Founded in 1888, the club has had its most successful period over the most recent 40 years when they dominated the Northumberland County League, before starting the 21st century by winning several championships in the newly created Northumberland & Tyneside Senior Cricket League.


title: Hexham

text: In late 2017 Tynedale CC became a founder member of the new Northumberland & Tyneside Cricket League (NTCL), formed when a merger between NTSCL & Northumberland Cricket League was voted through by constituent clubs at the inaugural AGM held at Kingston Park Rugby Ground.


title: Hexham

text: This new league will comprise six divisions with divisions 5 and 6 regionalised into north and south sections.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Aristide Massaccesi (15 December 1936 – 23 January 1999), known professionally as Joe D'Amato, was an Italian film director, producer, cinematographer, and screenwriter who worked in many genres (westerns, decamerotici, peplum, war films, swashbuckler, comedy, fantasy, postapocalyptic film, and erotic thriller) but is best known for his horror, erotic and adult films.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: D'Amato worked in the 1950s as electric and set photographer, in the 1960s as camera operator, and from 1969 onwards as cinematographer. Starting in 1972, he directed and co-directed around 200 films under numerous pseudonyms, regularly acting as cinematographer as well. Starting in the early 1980s, D'Amato produced many of his own and other directors' genre films through the companies he founded or co-founded, the best known being Filmirage. From 1979 to 1982 and from 1993 to 1999, D'Amato also produced and directed about 120 adult films.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Among his best known erotic films are his five entries into the Black Emanuelle series of films starring Laura Gemser (1976–1978) and his horror/pornography crossover films "Erotic Nights of the Living Dead" and "Porno Holocaust" (both shot in Santo Domingo in 1979). In the horror genre, he is above all remembered for his films "Beyond the Darkness" (1979) and "Antropophagus" (1980), which have gained cult status, as well as "Absurd" (1981).


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Joe D'Amato was born on 15 December 1936 in Rome, Italy. His father was Renato Massaccesi, who after an incident on a ship had been declared a war invalid and had started to work at the Istituto Luce in Rome first as electrician, fixing power generators left by the United States army at Cinecittà, and then as chief photographic technician. In 1950, at the age of 14, D'Amato joined his father at work together with his brothers Carlo and Fernando (called Nando). Being the most enterprising of the three sons, D'Amato took on the task of delivering the movie cameras his father sold. D'Amato also assisted in the dubbing of Italian film productions and designed title and end credits with Eugenio Bava, cutting the letters out by hand. In 1952, D'Amato worked as a still photographer on the set of "The Golden Coach", later as electric. In the 1960s, D'Amato eventually moved on to work as a camera operator on numerous films including Mario Bava's "Hercules in the Haunted World".


title: Joe D'Amato

text: In 1969, Piero Livi's "Pelle di bandito" and Silvio Amadio's "No Man's Island" (Italian: "L'Isola delle Svedesi") were D'Amato's first films as cinematographer. In the next few years, D'Amato continued to work as cinematographer on Italian productions such as Umberto Lenzi's "A Quiet Place to Kill", Massimo Dallamano's "What Have You Done to Solange?" and some of Demofilo Fidani's low-budget Spaghetti Westerns.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: D'Amato took on the role of director for the first time in 1972. He started out with a number of small western films ("Go Away! Trinity Has Arrived in Eldorado" and "A Bounty Killer in Trinity") and decamerotici ("More Sexy Canterbury Tales" and "Novelle licenziose di vergini vogliose") which he partly directed, partly co-directed before going on to direct the gothic horror film "Death Smiles on a Murderer" (1973) and the war film "Heroes in Hell" (1974), both starring Klaus Kinski. D'Amato briefly relinquished directing and reverted to cinematography in films such as Luigi Batzella's "The Devil's Wedding Night", Steve Carver's "The Arena" and five films directed by Alberto De Martino: "Crime Boss", "The Killer Is on the Phone", "Counselor at Crime", "The Antichrist", and – two years later – "Strange Shadows in an Empty Room". When D'Amato was in Canada shooting a sleigh ride sequence for Lucio Fulci's "Challenge to White Fang", the film's producer Ermanno Donati asked him to stay and direct the adventure film "Red Coats" for him, in which D'Amato used the pseudonym "Joe D'Amato" for the first time. It turned a good profit, and D'Amato later considered it his best film in this period.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: D'Amato's next film "Emanuelle's Revenge" (1975), which he co-directed with Bruno Mattei (who remains uncredited because D'Amato was a "rising name"), was one of several films at the time whose titles alluded to the successful French erotic film "Emmanuelle" (1974). In retrospect, it was a kind of turning point in D'Amato's career, being his first pornographic film – though still softcore.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: In his next film, the commedia sexy "Voto di castità" (1976, scripted by George Eastman), D'Amato met Laura Gemser, who would star in many of his films and in the 1980s and early 1990s would also regularly work as costume designer for his productions. In this first film, she only played the small part of a French maid, but it was during the shoot that D'Amato got the idea to use her as star in his next film.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: "Eva nera" was the exotic erotic drama which D'Amato directed starring Gemser as topless snake dancer alongside Jack Palance and Gabriele Tinti – her future husband. The film was produced by Harry Alan Towers and Lucio Fulcisano and shot both on location in Hong Kong and at the Elios Studios near Rome.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Gemser, who had previously starred in Bitto Albertini's "Black Emanuelle" (1975), went on to shoot the following five films of the Black Emanuelle series under D'Amato's direction. (Albertini, on the other hand, had to find a new actress for his own "Black Emanuelle 2" (1976) – a sequel only in name.) Although the main character's name in the Black Emanuelle series alluded to the original French Emmanuelle, it was spelled slightly differently in order to avoid a plagiarism lawsuit. Also, the character itself is different: Black Emanuelle is an international reporter and photographer who travels to exotic locations. D'Amato added some violence and horror to the series such as the fake snuff film footage in "Emanuelle in America", a gang rape scene in "Emanuelle Around the World" (1977), and gore scenes in the cannibal film "Emanuelle and the Last Cannibals". As D'Amato later remembered, this "was a very good period in my life. Movie business was very good. We travelled round the world, finding new and fascinating locations for our movies."


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Of the 12 films D'Amato directed in 1978 and 1979, 9 were shot in the Dominican Republic. In a 1982 interview, he said that once the trip was paid for, the costs were low and the setting suggestive ("the Caribbean... all for free"; Italian: "i Caraibi... tutto gratis").


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The first time D'Amato went to Santo Domingo was in May 1978 for the erotic horror film "Papaya, Love Goddess of the Cannibals". He returned there in September to shoot the mercenaries-at-war film "Tough to Kill".


title: Joe D'Amato

text: In mid-October 1978, back in Italy, D'Amato started shooting the nunsploitation film "Images in a Convent", and in early 1979, which was to become a particularly productive year, he directed the violent erotic thriller "Il porno shop della settima strada" ("The Pleasure Shop on Seventh Avenue") on location in New York, both films produced by Franco Gaudenzi's company Kristal Film. From late June to early July 1979, D'Amato went to South Tyrol to shoot and direct the horror film "Buio Omega" starring Kieran Canter and Cinzia Monreale, a remake of Mino Guerrini's "The Third Eye" produced by Dario Rossetti and Ermanno Donati with music by Goblin.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Immediately afterwards, D'Amato went back to Santo Domingo to film "Paradiso blu", an Italian counterpart to "The Blue Lagoon" starring Anna Bergman and Lucia Ramirez, and the voodoo-themed "Orgasmo nero" ("Sex and Black Magic") starring Ramirez, Susan Scott and Richard Harrison, before directing two films combining hardcore pornography and horror – "Porno Holocaust" and "Le notti erotiche dei morti viventi" ("Erotic Nights of the Living Dead") – as well as three adult thrillers: "Hard Sensation", "Porno Esotic Love" and "Sesso Nero". For "Porno Esotic Love", D'Amato reused material from "Eva nera" (1976), especially those scenes D'Amato had shot with Laura Gemser in Hong Kong. ("Eva nera" had done very poorly at the Italian box office and therefore was still relatively unknown.)


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The voodoo-themed "Sesso nero", written by George Eastman, was the last film D'Amato shot in the Caribbean, at the end of 1979, and the first film D'Amato produced on his own, through his newly founded company, P.C.M. (Produzioni Cinematografiche Massaccesi). Of the Caribbean group of films it received the earliest theatrical release – the films only being released gradually throughout 1980 and 1981.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: After his return from the Caribbean, D'Amato also co-founded Filmirage and used the companies to produce and direct the gore film "Antropophagus" (1980, produced through P.C.M. and Filmirage) and its follow-up, the slasher film "Absurd" (1981, co-produced by Filmirage and Metaxa), both of which starred George Eastman and later became cult films for fans of extreme cinema.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: D'Amato also founded and co-founded two further production companies "Cinema 80" and "M.A.D." (an acronym for [Aristide] Massaccesi, Alessandroni, and [Donatella] Donati) on 15 January 1980 and 9 January 1981, respectively. For M.A.D., Alessandroni, an engineer, provided the funding, while his son acted as producer on set. Donatella Donati, the daughter of Ermanno Donati, became D'Amato's assistant and constant collaborator, usually acting as production secretary and assistant director.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The two companies were the main vehicles for D'Amato's film production of this period. From 1980 until 1982, D'Amato produced 14 hardcore pornographic films through both companies (Cinema 80: 9 films, M.A.D.: 5), 10 of which he directed and lensed himself, while 3 of the films ("Blue erotic climax", "Labbra vogliose" and "Le porno investigatrici") were directed by Claudio Bernabei. Officially, Bernabei was both executive manager and director, his pseudonym Alexander (or Alexandre) Borsky being used for almost all directorial credits although the films were for the most part directed by D'Amato personally, who was only given credit in the non-committal phrase "a Joe D'Amato film" () used for marketing purposes. The reason for this lay in avoiding one of two criminal charges per film since the state only charged the executive manager of the company and the director; them being the same person, only one charge was brought forth. One notable exception was "Porno video" (1981; sometimes: "Pornovideo"), which was directed entirely by Giuliana Gamba (under the pseudonym Therese Dunn); it was the first film D'Amato produced for another director – a practice he would start expanding six years later in his Filmirage period. "Il succo del sesso" (1982; a punning title which can mean both "The Essence of Sex" and "The Juice of Sex") was the only film of this period that was directed but not produced by D'Amato, being a "Promo Film" production of Giovanni Perrucci's.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The average Cinema 80 or M.A.D. film cost 55 million lire, was shot in 10 days, edited over a period of two months, and had a generic title such as "Super climax", "Super hard love" or "Voglia di sesso" (literally: "Lust for Sex"). A group of three films produced through Cinema 80 stands out. In 1981, building on Tinto Brass's "Caligula" (1979), D'Amato produced, shot and directed "Caligula... The Untold Story" in both a hardcore and a softcore version, starring David Brandon, Laura Gemser and Gabriele Tinti. It recounted the final days of the Roman Emperor Caligula and was followed by two purely hardcore pornographic films – "Una vergine per l'impero romano" and "Messalina orgasmo imperiale" – in which D'Amato reused sets and costumes from the first film, albeit on a significantly lower budget. The three films were signed by D'Amato as director under different pseudonyms and released separately in December 1982, May 1983 and July 1983. They have been called his "porno-peplum trilogy".


title: Joe D'Amato

text: "Messalina orgasmo imperiale" (shot in 1982) also happened to be the last film of this period. Another hardcore film that D'Amato originally intended to shoot himself for producer Riccardo Billy in co-production with a Chinese company, "Love in Hong Kong" (1983, starring Mark Shannon and Marianne Aubert), ended up being entirely delegated to his assistant Bernabei for lack of time, who directed the film on location in Hong Kong. It survives only in a truncated softcore version.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: In 1980, D'Amato had taken over a company from producer Ermanno Donati. D'Amato had renamed the company to "Filmirage" and used it to produce his own and, from 1987 onwards, also other directors' films for the international market.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: In 1982, D'Amato used Filmirage to produce, shoot and direct the first film of the Ator series: "Ator l'invincibile" ("Ator, the Fighting Eagle") starring Miles O'Keeffe and Sabrina Siani, which was directly inspired by "Conan the Barbarian". It was followed by "Ator 2 - L'invincibile Orion" (English titles: "The Blade Master" and "Cave Dwellers") the following year, in which O'Keefe was flanked by Lisa Foster.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: In 1983 and 1984, D'Amato produced and shot the post-apocalyptic action films "Endgame" (1983) starring Al Cliver, George Eastman, Laura Gemser and Gordon Mitchell, which D'Amato directed alone, and "2020 Texas Gladiators" (1984) starring Al Cliver and Sabrina Siani, which D'Amato co-directed with George Eastman. The films follow the success of "Mad Max" (1979) and "Mad Max 2" (1981).


title: Joe D'Amato

text: In 1984 and early 1985, D'Amato briefly reactivated his company M.A.D. to produce 10 hardcore pornographic films, all of which were directed by Luca Damiano and starred Marina Hedman. D'Amato is reported to have collaborated on some of these himself as well, although it remains speculative in which function and on which ones. Later in 1985 D'Amato left hardcore pornography behind and for a period of eight years exclusively shot softcore and horror films. According to an interview D'Amato gave in 1990, hardcore, as opposed to softcore, had only been profitable the first four years in the late 1970s and early 1980s while the novelty and controversy lasted.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: D'Amato began this hardcore-free period by directing four softcore dramas set during fascism in Italy and starring Lilli Carati and Laura Gemser: "L'alcova" ("The Alcove"), "Il piacere" ("The Pleasure"), "Lussuria" ("A Lustful Mind"), and "Voglia di guardare" ("Midnight Gigolo"). The four films recall the style and themes of Tinto Brass's "La chiave" ("The Key") while their plots and characters are not interconnected in any way.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Together with Harry Alan Towers, D'Amato co-produced "Warrior Queen" (working title: "Pompeii"), shot in 1985 at the Elios Studios near Rome to cash in on the success of the miniseries "The Last Days of Pompeii" (1984). It was a sword-and-sandal film starring Sybil Danning, Donald Pleasence and David Brandon and was directed by Chuck Vincent. In an interview, Larry Revene, Vincent's usual cinematographer, remembered that he worked on the sync sound for this film instead, because "Aristide shot it. He wasn't only a director/producer, he was also a cameraman." In the United States, the film had a brief theatrical run in a cut R rated version before being released in a longer version on video.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: There followed a phase in which D'Amato directed softcore films predominantly in the United States, often takes on popular American films. First, he went to New Orleans to produce and shoot two films starring Jessica Moore as the novelist Sarah Asproon: "11 Days, 11 Nights" (1987) and "Top Model" (1988). "11 Days, 11 Nights" was inspired by Adrian Lyne's film "9½ Weeks" but reversed the roles with the woman being the dissolute character; it was a commercial success. In 1989, D'Amato's main actress was Valentine Demy with whom he produced and directed "Afternoon" and "Dirty Love", the latter reminiscent of another of Adrian Lyne's films, "Flashdance". After these, D'Amato produced and directed two erotic dramas with Tara Buckman: "Blue Angel Cafe" and "High Finance Woman".


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Beyond producing his own softcore films, D'Amato also used Filmirage to produce other directors' films: Michele Soavi's debut "Stage Fright" (which was also the debut of D'Amato's son Daniele Massaccesi as assistant cameraman), Deran Serafian's "Interzone", Umberto Lenzi's "Ghosthouse" ("La casa 3") and "Hitcher In The Dark", Fabrizio Laurenti's "Witchery" ("La casa 4") and "The Crawlers" ("Troll 3"), George Eastman's "Metamorphosis", Claudio Fragasso's "Troll 2" and "Beyond Darkness" ("La casa 5"), Franco Molé's "The Room of Words", and Lucio Fulci's "Door to Silence". D'Amato not only produced, but also partially directed the horror film "Killing Birds" and but for the first scene directed the sharksploitation drama "Deep Blood".


title: Joe D'Amato

text: At the beginning of the 1990s, D'Amato revisited his "Ator" series with a concluding entry entitled "Quest for the Mighty Sword", featuring the Son of Ator. Then, he revived the character of Sarah Asproon in "11 Days, 11 Nights 2", this time played by Kristine Rose and again set in New Orleans. With Rose as protagonist, D'Amato also directed "Passion's Flower", a remake of "The Postman Always Rings Twice", before shooting two softcore films starring Carmen di Pietro in 1991, both with a more violent angle than the preceding ones: "Devil in the Flesh" follows a group of mercenaries who encounter some nurses at an isolated hospital, and "Dangerous Obsession" tells of a woman who turns the tables on her assailant. After these, D'Amato directed "Frankenstein 2000" (1992), his last horror film, which combined a modern take on the traditional "Frankenstein" story with elements of the rape and revenge film.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: In 1993, inspired by the success of the Chinese erotic comedy "Sex and Zen" (1991), D'Amato then went to the Philippines to shoot a number of Asian themed softcore films, for which he often used Chinese pseudonyms. Among them are such diverse films as "Chinese Kamasutra", "China and Sex" and "I racconti della camera rossa" (translation: "The Tales of the Red Chamber"; named after China's classical novel "Dream of the Red Chamber"), the latter two structurally and thematically reminiscent of Italian decamerotici.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Among D'Amato's best known films from this late hardcore period are his collaborations with Rocco Siffredi ("Tarzan X – Shame of Jane", "Marco Polo", "Marquis de Sade", "Torero") and Kelly Trump ("Messalina", "Kamasutra", "Lolita"), his pornographic versions of Shakespearean drama ("Juliet & Romeo", "Anthony and Cleopatra", "Othello 2000"), westerns ("Outlaws", "Calamity Jane"), swashbucklers ("Raiders"), the Bible ("Sodom & Gamorra"), Greco-Roman mythology ("Olympus", "Amor & Psyche", "Ulysses", "Hercules – A Sex Adventure"), Roman emperors ("Nero – Orgy of Fire", "Caligula – The Deviant Emperor") and other famous people ("Robin Hood", "Goya", "Amadeus Mozart", "Thief of Love – Giacomo Casanova", "Rudy – Valentino's story", "Scarface"). Two recurring actresses in his films from 1996 to 1999 were Selen ("Raw & Naked", "Queen of the Elephants", "Sahara", and "Selen the Girl from Treasure Island") and Éva Henger, with whom he shot the time travel films "Experiences" and "Experiences 2", a trilogy on the capital sins, "Phantom" (using footage from the silent film "The Phantom of the Opera"), and "Showgirl". Whereas D'Amato's adult films were very rarely without a plot entirely, D'Amato stated in a 1997 interview that one had used to include more plot whereas now the only thing they wanted was porn – and very hard one at that: "double, triple, quadruple penetrations, anal ...".


title: Joe D'Amato

text: In between shooting adult films from 1994 to 1999, D'Amato also made four attempts at returning to genre films. In 1995, he directed the erotic drama "Provocation" set in the Italian countryside of the 1930s starring Erika Savastani, and in 1997 the erotic comedy "Top Girl" set in and around an American TV station and the erotic thriller "The Hyena" starring Cinzia Roccaforte, which received a limited theatrical release in Italy. In 1998, D'Amato directed the swashbuckler "I predatori delle Antille" (aka "Sexy Pirates"), starring Anita Rinaldi.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: On 23 January 1999, Joe D'Amato died of a heart attack in Monterotondo, a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. According to Luigi Cozzi, his death happened unexpectedly while he was busy preparing a new film. His last film was the adult film "Showgirl" (1999), a take on Paul Verhoeven's "Showgirls" (1995).


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Throughout his career, D'Amato used his birthname Aristide Massaccesi only once for a directorial credit, namely for "Death Smiles on a Murderer" (1973). However, it was regularly used for other credits. For his first work as camera operator, it was the only name he was credited with, and as cinematographer, writer of stories and scriptwriter, he credited himself or was credited with it regularly until the early 1980s.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The first pseudonyms used by Aristide Massaccesi were his actor's credits in the Spaghetti Westerns "Straniero... fatti il segno della croce!" (1968) and "Dead Men Don't Make Shadows" (1970), for which he used puns on his birthname: Ariston Massachusetts and Arizona , respectively.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: His best known pseudonym is the anglicized Joe D'Amato, which he first adopted as director of "Giubbe Rosse" (1975). In 1991, D'Amato stated he had discovered the name in some calendar and chosen to use it because it sounded promising: In its mixture of American and Italian, it was similar to those of Brian de Palma and Martin Scorsese. Joe D'Amato became the name Massaccesi was most associated with, even more than his birth name. D'Amato used this main pseudonym of his exclusively for credits as producer and director and not for credits as cinematographer or writer.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The pseudonym Federiko Slonisko, sometimes also spelled Federico Slonisco or any mixture of these two spellings (including the short form Fred and several other mis- or variant spellings), was regularly used for D'Amato's work as cinematographer starting in 1982.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The pseudonyms Federico Slonisco Jr. and Dan Slonisko (including variant spellings) are also sometimes considered to belong to D'Amato. However, D'Amato's son Daniele, a camera operator and cinematographer, started his career working for his father.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: This pseudonym is also to be found as directorial credit for "Death Smiles on a Murderer" (1973) in the entry at Public Cinematographic Register, but was later changed to D'Amato's birthname for the release.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: David Hills was also used as directorial credit on an early announcement of "Deep Blood" (1989), but was exchanged by the allonym Raf Donato for the official release.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: For the last two films of D'Amato's "porno-peplum trilogy", "Una vergine per l'impero" and "Messalina orgasmo imperiale" (both released 1983), D'Amato used Dirk Frey as cinematographer and Robert Hall and O.J. Clarke as director, respectively.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The directorial credit of "Il succo del sesso" (1983), which D'Amato directed, reads Gilbert Damiano - an allusion to Gerard Damiano.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The pseudonym Peter Newton was used for D'Amato's credit as cinematographer on "Paradiso blu" (1980) and his directorial credit on "Absurd" (1981). For the latter, he also used Richard Haller for his credits as cinematographer and co-producer. Kevin Mancuso was used for the directorial credit on "2020 Texas Gladiators" (1982); D'Amato co-directed the film with George Eastman so it can be considered a pseudonym for both Eastman and D'Amato. D'Amato used the name Dario Donati as director and editor on "Convent of Sinners" (1986) and as director on "Delizia" (1986).


title: Joe D'Amato

text: The female pseudonym Joan Russell was used for D'Amato's directorial credit on "Una tenera storia" (1992). It was also used not for D'Amato, but for Donatella Donati and Antonio Tentori as story and screenwriting credit in "Frankenstein 2000" (1992), which D'Amato produced and directed.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: For his oriental films of 1993, D'Amato used a number of new pseudo-oriental pseudonyms. For "I racconti della camera rossa" he used Robert Yip as director, Lim Seng Yee as scenarist and Boy Tan Bien as cinematographer. For "Chinese kamasutra" he signed with the pseudonyms Chang Lee Sun (director), Fu Shen (scenarist) and Hsu Hsien (cinematographer). And for "Il labirinto dei sensi", he signed his scenario with Leslie Wong while using Joe D'Amato and Federico Slonsiko for the directorial and cinematographic credits respectively.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: An allonym is distinguished from a pseudonym in that it is the given name or pseudonym of a "different person" from the one who should be credited.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Romano Gastaldi, the pseudonym of Romano Scandariato, was used for the directorial credit on "More Sexy Canterbury Tales" (1972), which D'Amato directed while Scandariato was his assistant director, and for "Fra' Tazio da Velletri" (1973), which D'Amato left after a disagreement soon after the beginning of the shoot; Scandariato, his assistant, finished the film and was credited.


title: Joe D'Amato

text: Oskar Faradine, the pseudonym of Oscar Santaniello, was used for the directorial credit on "A Bounty Killer in Trinity". The film was reportedly directed by D'Amato and Santaniello was the film's producer. Lupi, however, in his monograph on D'Amato argues on qualitative grounds for Santaniello as actual director.