title: Sekou Doumbouya

text: In May 2018, Doumbouya revealed plans to join a team in the LNB Pro A, the top basketball league in France. On 25 June 2018, he signed with Limoges CSP of the Pro A. Head coach Kyle Milling praised the newcomer: "Despite his age, next season, I rely on him being an impact player. He has tremendous physical qualities: running, counterattack and speed." Doumbouya debuted for Limoges on 22 September 2018, recording two points and four rebounds in 11 minutes against Antibes. On 17 October, he scored 11 points, shooting 4-of-6 from the field, in a 102–93 loss to Alba Berlin in the EuroCup. In late December, Doumbouya scored 12 points in three straight games in the EuroCup and Pro A, shooting a combined 14-of-17 from the field. On 26 December, he suffered a right thumb injury that required surgery.


title: Sekou Doumbouya

text: Doumbouya returned to action on 9 February, scoring nine points and grabbing five rebounds versus Strasbourg. On 9 March, he recorded a season-high 14 points, five rebounds, and two blocks in an 85–73 loss to Monaco. Doumbouya erupted for a career-high 34 points, with five three-pointers and nine rebounds, on 18 May, in a 106–78 regular season finale win over Levallois Metropolitans. In 29 Pro A games, including two playoff contests, he averaged 7.7 points and 3.2 rebounds per game. In eight EuroCup appearances, Doumbouya averaged 6.9 points and 2.8 rebounds per game.


title: Sekou Doumbouya

text: On 20 June 2019, Doumbouya was selected by the Detroit Pistons with the fifteenth pick in the 2019 NBA draft. He became the first player born in Guinea to be drafted into the NBA. On 4 July, he signed his rookie contract with the Pistons. Doumbouya missed his team's first four games at the 2019 Las Vegas NBA Summer League with hamstring pain and scored nine points in his only appearance, during a 105–85 loss to the Brooklyn Nets. In his rookie season, he was the youngest active player in the NBA. He suffered a concussion during practice on 9 October and was sidelined for multiple games after being placed into the concussion protocol program. On 4 November, before playing an NBA game, Doumbouya was assigned to the Pistons' NBA G League affiliate, the Grand Rapids Drive. He made his G League debut four days later, scoring 12 points in a 109–94 win over Raptors 905.


title: Sekou Doumbouya

text: On 23 November 2019, Doumbouya was recalled by the Pistons and made his NBA debut in a 104–90 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks. In early January 2020, he registered double-doubles in each of his first two starts against the Los Angeles Clippers and the Golden State Warriors. On 15 January, Doumbouya scored a season-high 24 points with two rebounds, an assist and a steal in a 116–103 victory over the Boston Celtics. His production declined after the performance, and he scored at least 10 points in one more NBA game for the rest of the season. On 6 March, Doumbouya was assigned to the G League, recording 30 points and eight rebounds and making a game-winning jump shot in a 102–101 win over the Maine Red Claws. In the 2019–20 NBA season, he averaged 6.4 points and 3.1 rebounds in 19.8 minutes per game, starting in 19 of his 38 appearances.


title: Sekou Doumbouya

text: On 4 September 2021, Doumbouya and Jahlil Okafor were traded to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for DeAndre Jordan and multiple second-round draft picks. On 6 October, Doumbouya was again traded, alongside a 2024 second-round pick, to the Houston Rockets in exchange for cash considerations. He was waived the following day.


title: Sekou Doumbouya

text: On 12 October, the Los Angeles Lakers signed Doumbouya to a two-way contract with the South Bay Lakers of the NBA G League. On 16 November, Doumbouya was waived by the Lakers, after appearing in two games, to make room for Chaundee Brown.


title: Sekou Doumbouya

text: On 12 January 2022, the Lakers re-signed Doumbouya to a two-way contract. However, before appearing in a game during his second stint with the team, he was waived on 1 March.


title: Sekou Doumbouya

text: In November 2016, Doumbouya obtained French citizenship. The process was delayed by months due to "bureaucracy," according to the French national under-18 team, and as a result he was barred from two FIBA competitions. Doumbouya made his national team debut at the 2016 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship in Samsun, Turkey, which he entered as its youngest player. In his first game at the tournament, a 53–48 win over Russia, he scored seven points and grabbed a team-high 10 rebounds. In his next contest, Doumbouya led all scorers with 22 points and six rebounds against Slovenia. In his third game, he erupted for 31 points, shooting 10-of-11 from the field, to lead France past Serbia, 71–68. Doumbouya averaged a team-best 17.8 points, seven rebounds, 1.3 steals, and 1.2 blocks at the tournament, helping his team win the gold medal. He was named to the All-Star Five, joined by teammate and tournament most valuable player Frank Ntilikina.


title: Sekou Doumbouya

text: Listed at and , Doumbouya is primarily a small forward but is capable of playing the power forward position due to his size and length, standing 2.05 m (6 ft 8 in) with a wingspan of . He displays fluid athleticism that helps him thrive in transition and finish at the rim. His physical tools give him great potential in the modern NBA, especially on the defensive end, where he is able to defend four positions. Doumbouya also has potential as a shooter, with evaluators often praising his mechanics, and as a playmaker. His playing style has drawn comparisons to NBA players Pascal Siakam and Draymond Green. Vincent Loriot, sports director for French club Le Mans, likened Doumbouya to NBA player LeBron James, calling him "a monster with a child's face".


title: Otherside

text: "Otherside" is a song by American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released as the third single from their seventh studio album, "Californication" (1999), and confronts the battles addicts have with their prior addictions. The track was released in Australia and New Zealand in 1999 and was given an international release in January of the following year.


title: Otherside

text: The single was highly successful, peaking at number 14 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, the fourth-highest peak for the band, and number one on the "Billboard" Alternative Songs chart, which was, at the time, the fifth for the band. The song remained at number one on this chart for 13 consecutive weeks, one of the longest runs at the top of that chart. It was also a big success in Iceland, where it became the second single from the album to reach number one, and in New Zealand, where it charted at number five.


title: Otherside

text: The video was directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris in a black-and-white/monochrome Gothic style similar to Robert Wiene's "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari", all influenced by German Expressionist art. Elements of Cubism and work by the graphic artist M. C. Escher are also seen in the video.


title: Otherside

text: A cartoonish story line is juxtaposed upon the song; that of a young man's dream sequence. The band members appear dressed in black in unusual locations, with props intended to appear as surreal instruments. Throughout the video Anthony Kiedis with short, platinum hair is seen in a castle tower. His stage persona is different and quite dark when compared to his more energetic performances in other videos. John Frusciante plays a rope down a long corridor as if a guitar. Flea is hanging on high voltage wires and playing them as if they were a bass guitar, and Chad Smith is up on a tower with a rotating medieval clock that serves as his drum kit.


title: Otherside

text: Jonathan Dayton: "We did look at Caligari, and we looked at a lot of German Expressionist film. But it was also very important to avoid 'Caligari.' It was both inspiration and something to work around, because it has such a strong, specific style, and there have been other videos that have completely ripped it off."


title: Otherside

text: Valerie Faris: "We didn't look at 'Calagari' all that much, really. We did, but then we just left it. We did look at a lot of the works of the futurist artists from the '30s, and the illustrations of the surrealists and from cubism. We were inspired more by paintings than by films…"


title: Otherside

text: "Otherside" has remained a constant staple on the band's tours since 1999, making it one of their top ten most performed songs.


title: Otherside

text: In 2009, Seattle producer Ryan Lewis sampled the song as a backdrop for his song of the same name with the rapper Macklemore. The song depicted Macklemore's own personal struggles as well as the wider problems that the hip hop community has with drug abuse.


title: Otherside

text: In 2010, house duo Third Party made an unofficial remix of the song. The remix garnered considerable attention, but was never released. It was made official and released by Warner Records in 2013.


title: Otherside

text: In 2015 British DJ Paul Oakenfold released a Future House remix released also by Warner Records, another version was released by Italian DJ Benny Benassi alongside Oakenfold.


title: Tems

text: Temilade Openiyi (born 11 June 1995), known professionally as Tems, is a Nigerian singer. She rose to prominence after she was featured on Wizkid's 2020 single "Essence", which reached the top ten of the "Billboard" Hot 100 after the release of a remixed version with an additional feature from Justin Bieber, and earned her a Grammy Award nomination. That same year, she was featured on Drake's song, "Fountains".


title: Tems

text: On 25 September 2020, she released her debut extended play, "For Broken Ears". Tems released her second extended play, "If Orange Was a Place" (2021), after being signed to RCA Records. In 2022, Tems' vocals from her song "Higher" were sampled by Future on his single, "Wait for U", which led to her being credited as a featured artist alongside Drake on the song. It debuted atop the "Billboard" Hot 100, making her the first African artist to debut at number one and the second Nigerian artist to top the chart.


title: Tems

text: Tems covered Bob Marley's "No Woman, No Cry" for the "" , released in July 2022 and in the same month her song "Free Mind" from her debut EP debuted on the Hot 100.


title: Tems

text: Throughout her career, Tems has received many accolades, including two NAACP Image Awards, two BET Awards and two Soul Train Music Awards. Tems became one of five notable Nigerian women who made history in the month of July, as she won a BET award. She also co-wrote the song "Lift Me Up" by Rihanna, which earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song nomination.


title: Tems

text: Temilade Openiyi, was born on 11 June 1995 in Lagos, Nigeria. Born to a Nigerian mother and a British-Nigerian father, her family moved to the United Kingdom shortly after birth. Her parents divorced when she was five. Tems relocated to Nigeria with her mother and brother, they resided in Ilupeju before moving to Lekki then Ajah. Tems attended Dowen College before proceeding to study economics in Monash South Africa, South Africa for her tertiary education. At school, she was noticed by her music teacher and learned to play the piano. She practised singing with her brother and often used his guitar accompaniment.


title: Tems

text: In 2018, Tems quit her job to pursue a career in music. She began to learn self production skills on YouTube and on 18 July 2018, she released her debut single, "Mr Rebel", a song which she produced by herself. On 7 August 2019, she released the single "Try Me". In 2020, DJ Edu chose her as one of "ten artists to watch" that year. On 23 April 2020, Tems was featured alongside fellow Nigerian singer Davido on a reworked version of American singer-songwriter Khalid and English electronic music duo Disclosure's single, "Know Your Worth".


title: Tems

text: On 25 September 2020, Tems released her debut extended play, "For Broken Ears". It was produced primarily by her and the single "Damages" from the EP became another follow up hit to "Try Me", peaking at number one on the Nigerian Apple Music chart and number six on the then-newly launched TurnTable Top 50 chart and garnering five million views on YouTube. On 30 October 2020, Tems was featured on fellow Nigerian singer Wizkid's single, "Essence", from the latter's fourth studio album, "Made in Lagos". The song earned her a number one spot on BBC 1Xtra Airplay Chart. and also earned her first career entry on Billboard Hot 100 at number 9. Tems won a Soul Train Music Awards, two NAACP Image Awards, and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Global Music Performance. On 8 November 2020, Tems was included in The Future Awards Africa: Class of 2020.


title: Tems

text: On 13 August 2021, a reworked version of "Essence", which contains an additional feature from Canadian singer Justin Bieber, was released, which propelled the song to reach number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100. On 3 September 2021, Tems was featured on Canadian rapper and singer Drake's song, "Fountains", from the latter's sixth studio album, "Certified Lover Boy", which debuted at number 26 on the Hot 100. On 15 September 2021, Tems released her second extended play, "If Orange Was a Place",after being signed to RCA records. It was primarily produced by GuiltyBeatz, and the single "Crazy Tings" was released five days before and peaked at number three on the UK Afrobeats Singles Chart. Later, Tems reached number one on the "Billboard" Next Big Sound chart and the "Billboard" Emerging Artists chart.


title: Tems

text: On 31 March 2022, Apple Music 1 Launched Leading Vibe Radio Show With Tems. On 2 April, its first episode features appearance from Muyiwa Awoniyi, and Tunji Balogun. On 29 April 2022, Tems was featured alongside Drake on American rapper Future's single, "Wait for U", from the latter's ninth studio album, "I Never Liked You". The song debuted atop the Hot 100, making Tems the first African female artist to top the chart and more so debut atop the chart. The song samples the song "Higher" from "For Broken Ears".


title: Tems

text: In July 2022, Tems covered Bob Marley's No Woman, No Cry for the upcoming Marvel movie "" soundtrack. On 26 July, Tems gained her fourth Hot 100 with her song ""Free Mind"" from "For Broken Ears" debuted on the chart. In July 2022, Tems was announced as a guest artist on Beyoncé's album "Renaissance," collaborating on the song "Move" with Grace Jones, becoming her fifth entry on the Hot 100. In October 2022, she co-wrote Rihanna's song "Lift Me Up" for the soundtrack.


title: Tems

text: Tems' mother only allowed her to listen to Christian music when Tems was a child. Later in her teenage years, she became interested in R&B and hip hop music. She listened to Destiny's Child, Beyoncé, Lil Wayne, and Aaliyah, and covered Alicia Keys' 2004 single, "If I Ain't Got You", in a live performance. Growing up she was also interested in artists such as Burna Boy, Lauryn Hill, Adele, Rihanna, Coldplay, Paramore, and Asa. At the age of 15, she stopped listening to other artists in search of her own identity, because "I wanted to learn how to attack a song from what I was feeling, not what Beyoncé would do or anyone else". Her voice has been described as deep, velvety, and androgynous.


title: Tems

text: On 14 December 2020, Tems was arrested alongside fellow Nigerian singer Omah Lay after they performed in a show in Uganda. The Ugandan police authority identified violation of COVID-19 lockdown protocols as the reason for their arrests, but the two artists felt they were set up. Two days later, the Ugandan government released them, apologised for the arrests, and dropped the charges.


title: General counsel

text: A general counsel, also known as chief counsel or chief legal officer (CLO), is the chief in-house lawyer for a company or a governmental department.


title: General counsel

text: In a company, the person holding the position typically reports directly to the CEO, and their duties involve overseeing and identifying the legal issues in all departments and their interrelation, including engineering, design, marketing, sales, distribution, credit, finance, human resources and production, as well as corporate governance and business policy. This would naturally require in most cases reporting directly to the owner or CEO overseeing the very business on which the CLO is expected to be familiar with and advise on the most confidential level. This requires the CLO/general counsel to work closely with each of the other officers, and their departments, to appropriately be aware and advise.


title: General counsel

text: Historically, general counsel often handled administrative tasks while outside lawyers in private practice handled more complex legal work. Since the 1980s, however, the general counsel position has become increasingly prominent in multinational companies, often directly advising the board of directors in place of outside lawyers. General counsel are now often among the most highly paid executives of major American corporations, and prominent American government lawyers and law firm partners are often hired for general counsel roles at prominent companies. Similar trends are also being seen in the United Kingdom and other countries.


title: General counsel

text: General counsel often have broad roles encompassing crisis management, compliance reporting management and public policy advocacy. Many companies also hire in-house counsel to handle specialized tasks such as tax work, mergers and acquisitions, labor law and intellectual property, sometimes building in-house practice groups that rival the practices of major law firms.


title: General counsel

text: The Association of Corporate Counsel ("ACC") has 35,000 general counsel, chief legal officer and other in-house counsel members located in 90 countries. ACC was founded as the American Corporate Counsel Association in 1982 and now includes more than 55 chapters, including in Argentina, Canada (four chapters), Europe, Israel, the Middle East and Singapore. Members have access to networking opportunities and education events through their regional chapter affiliations as well as global connections across practice area, job title and industry. ACC provides members with resources to deliver services and advice to their companies, promotes the value of in-house legal services and advocates on behalf of general counsel. For its general counsel and chief legal officer members, ACC hosts roundtables where members discuss current practice trends and issues.


title: General counsel

text: The Forum is an association of 700 general counsel and senior managing counsel. The non-profit organization was founded in the fall of 1998 as the Dallas-Fort Worth General Counsel's Management Practices Forum (“DFWGCMPF”). The association is a partnership between in-house members and outside counsel, known as underwriters. Members are general counsel and managing counsel of corporations, non-profit organizations and government agencies. The mission of the Forum is to improve the professional lives of general counsel and managing counsel through meaningful opportunities for peer-to-peer interaction and knowledge exchange, mentoring through professional development in legal best practices, ethics, governance, and compliance. In November 2000, the DFWGCMPF changed its name to The Texas General Counsel Forum, also known as The Forum, and in the following year the Houston Chapter was formed, and then the Austin-San Antonio Chapter was founded. In July 2005, the Forum hired a chief executive officer with the mandate to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization, expand membership, and launch the organization nationally. In November 2009, the Board of Directors approved expanding the Forum nationally, and dropped the reference to Texas, becoming simply The General Counsel Forum. In the fall of 2012, the General Counsel Forum founded the Chicago Chapter.


title: General counsel

text: In the United Kingdom a group of general counsel, called the GC100, was officially launched on 9 March 2005 and brings together the senior legal officers of more than eighty five FTSE 100 companies. The GC100 group was created in response to the increasing volume and complexity of domestic and international law and regulation which impacts on UK listed companies. The group was formed with the support of Practical Law Company which acts as its secretariat.


title: General counsel

text: Membership of the GC100 is by invitation only. At the AGM on the 16 January 2007 members voted in favour of extending membership to company secretaries as well as general counsel in the FTSE 100. The formal name of the GC100 is now "The Association of General Counsel and Company Secretaries of the FTSE100", although it will continue to be known as the GC100.


title: General counsel

text: Mark Harding, the first chair of the GC100, has stated that the GC100 is not a campaigning body, although they work closely with the FD100 (a similar grouping of blue chip finance directors).


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: The 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Heineken Grande Prêmio de São Paulo 2021) was a Formula One motor race, held on 14 November 2021 at the Interlagos Circuit in São Paulo, Brazil. The race was the 19th round of the 2021 Formula One World Championship. The event marked the 49th edition of the Grand Prix and the first time the event was known as the São Paulo Grand Prix, with previous editions being known as the Brazilian Grand Prix. Lewis Hamilton won the race.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: The race marked its debut in the Formula One Championship calendar under the name São Paulo Grand Prix, with previous editions being known as the Brazilian Grand Prix. In November 2020, a deal was signed which would see Formula One continue to race at Interlagos until 2025, albeit under the title of São Paulo Grand Prix. The governing body, the FIA lifted the curfew on that limits overnight working after weather conditions meant the equipment arrived late to the venue. This is the 38th time that Interlagos has been visited by the championship. The race was originally to take place on this date, but it was firstly rescheduled to 7 November due to the postponement of the Australian Grand Prix; then it was rescheduled again to its original date due to the reduction of the overall number of Grands Prix in the calendar, from 23 to 22.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: Heading into the race Max Verstappen led the World Drivers' Standings with 312.5 points, 19 points ahead of second-placed Lewis Hamilton. Valtteri Bottas was in third on 185 points, too far behind Verstappen to be able to win the title, but 20 points ahead of Sergio Pérez in fourth with Lando Norris fifth on 150 points. In the World Constructors' Standings, Mercedes led with 478.5 points, one point ahead of second-placed Red Bull Racing. Ferrari were third with 268.5 points ahead of McLaren on 255. Alpine and AlphaTauri were fifth and sixth with 106 points each, with Alpine being ahead courtesy of a win, compared to no wins for AlphaTauri.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: The drivers and teams were the same as the season entry list with no additional stand-in drivers for the race or practice.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: Sole tyre supplier Pirelli allocated the C2, C3, and C4 compounds of tyre to be used during this Grand Prix weekend.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: The weekend saw two practice sessions, each lasting one hour. The first took place on 12 November at 12:30 local time (UTC-3) and the second took place at 12:00 on 13 November.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: Qualifying took place at 16:00 on 12 November, with the results determining the starting order for sprint qualifying.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: After the qualifying session, Hamilton was referred to the stewards for an alleged technical infringement. The technical delegate's report stated that Hamilton's drag reduction system's opening slot was larger than the permitted . The rear wing assembly of Hamilton's car was removed and impounded pending investigations. He was later disqualified from qualifying, forcing him to start at the back of the grid for the sprint qualifying.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: Verstappen was referred to the stewards for an alleged violation of article 2.5.1 of the FIA International Sporting Code, after he appeared to have touched Hamilton's car during "parc fermé". Verstappen received a €50,000 fine.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: Sprint qualifying took place on 13 November at 16:30 and was contested over 24 laps, with the results determining the starting order for the race.


title: 2021 São Paulo Grand Prix

text: The race was won by Hamilton, with Verstappen and Bottas completing the podium, and Pérez setting the fastest lap.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: India provides same-sex couples rights and benefits equal to married couples as a live-in couple (anagolous to cohabitation or common law marriage) as per a Supreme Court of India judgement in August 2022, which offers some semblance of equality in a country where the vast majority of marriages are not registered with government.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: While it does not recognise same-sex marriage or civil unions, the vast majority of heterosexual marriages are not registered with government and common law marriage based on traditional customs remains the dominant form of marriage. A number of common law marriages between same-sex couples in rural communities have been reported by the media. The Supreme Court of India is currently hearing multiple petitions which seek to amend marriage laws for same-sex marriage in India.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: India does not possess a unified marriage law, and as such every citizen has the right to choose which law will apply to them based on their community or religion. Although marriage is legislated at the federal level, the existence of multiple marriage laws complicates the issue.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: Since 1987, when the national press reported the story of two policewomen who married each other by Hindu rites in central India, the press has reported many same-sex marriages, all over the country, mostly between lower middle-class young women in small towns and rural areas, who have no contact with any gay movement. Family reactions range from support to disapproval to violent persecution. While police generally harass such couples, Indian courts have uniformly upheld their right, as adults, to live with whomever they wish. In recent years, some of these couples have appeared on television as well.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: There have also been numerous joint suicides by same-sex couples, mostly female (different-sex couples also resort to suicide or to elopement and religious marriage when their families oppose their unions).


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In 2000, author Ruth Vanita in her book "Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History" analysed dozens of such marriages and suicides that had taken place over the past three decades, and explored their legal, religious and historical aspects. She argued that many of the marriages can arguably be considered legally valid, as under the "Hindu Marriage Act, 1955" any marriage between two Hindus performed according to the customs prevalent in the community of one of the two partners is legally valid. No license is required to marry, and most heterosexual Hindu marriages in India today are performed by religious rites alone, without a marriage license and are never registered with the state. Most couples seek the validation of family and community, and several female couples in rural areas and small towns have received this validation. Since 2017, the press has reported several same-sex marriage ceremonies in India, namely in Yavatmal, Agra, Thrissur, and Hyderabad.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: There have also been a couple of high-profile celebrity same-sex civil partnerships, such as the civil union of designer Wendell Rodricks with his French partner Jerome Marrel conducted under French law in Goa in 2002.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: A case before the Madras High Court opinioned same-sex marriage within historical Hinduism, that homosexual acts are not forbidded under the Act, and that marriage is a fundamental constitutional right. If literally intrepreted, the terms "groom" and "bride" may be viewed as referring to narrow definitions based on genders ("male" and "female"). However, the Hindu Marriage Act was a codification of the ancient Sastrik law by the colonial government for the purpose of regulating issues such as divorce. Application of the "mischief rule" in this situation allows homosexual marriage to be allowed under the current reading of the Hindu Marriage Act, as what "the statute aims at relieving is the regulation of marriage, and not that two same-sex individuals could marry each other. The Act is a codifying statute, and not a penal or disabling statute" and that it was improperly codified.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In August 2022 the Supreme Court of India provided live-in couples including homosexual couples with equal rights to married couples. This offers some sembience of equality in a country where the vast majority of Hindu marriages are not registered with government.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: There are currenty around six petitions pending at the High Court of Delhi asking for recognition of their marriages under the Hindu Marriage Act. The verdict will be delivered on the 24th April 2023.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: Since August 2022, Indian LGBTQ can attain rights and benefits equal to married couples as a live-in couple (anagolous to cohabitation) as per a supreme court judgement, which offers some sembience of equality in a country where the vast majority of marriages are not registered with government.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: Couples in "live-in relationships" are not married to each other but live together as a cohabiting couple. Live-in relationships tend to be viewed by Indian society as taboo, but have become gradually more common among the younger population in light of the slow decline of arranged marriages. Unlike marriages, live-in relationships are not regulated by law. No law lays down the rights, benefits and commitments for parties in a live-in relationship. However, court judgments and various pieces of legislation offer various rights to such couples. "The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005" grants domestic violence protections to women who live in a "relationship in the nature of marriage". Courts have interpreted this expression as covering live-in relationships. Following amendments in the early 2000s, the term "wife" under the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 includes women who have been in live-in relationships for a "sensible period of time" for the purpose of alimony.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In "S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal" in 2010, the Supreme Court held that a live-in relationship comes within the ambit of the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. The court further held that live-in relationships are permissible and the act of two people living together cannot be considered illegal or unlawful. On 6 May 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that a 20-year-old Malayali woman, whose marriage had been annulled, could choose whom she wanted to live with. The court ruled that "an adult couple has a right to live together without marriage". The Supreme Court has held that certain criteria have to be met for a live-in relationship to be recognised; this includes both parties "[being] of legal age to marry or should be qualified to enter into a legal marriage" and they "must have voluntarily cohabited and held themselves out to the world as being akin to spouses for a significant period of time". In 2015, the court ruled in "Dhannulal v. Ganeshram" that couples living in a live-in relationship will be presumed legally married if they have been living together for a long period of time. The court also added that a woman in such a relationship is eligible to inherit the property of her deceased partner. Court rulings have also held that children born within a live-in relationship will not be considered illegitimate.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: It is unknown how these various rights and benefits apply to same-sex couples, for whom live-in relationships are the only type of union recognised by law to some degree. In June 2020, the Uttarakhand High Court ruled that live-in relationships between same-sex couples are not unlawful; "It is a fundamental right which is guaranteed to a person under article 21 of the Constitution of India, which is wide enough to protect an inherent right of self determination with regards to one's identity and freedom of choice with regards to the sexual orientation of choice of the partner". The Orissa High Court ruled in August 2020 that same-sex live-in relationships are recognised under the constitutional right to life and equality. The court held that women in same-sex live-in relationships are protected under the 2005 domestic violence law similarly to different-sex cohabiting couples. In July 2020, the Punjab and Haryana High Court ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to live-in relationships and protection of their lives and liberty as envisaged under Article 21 of the Constitution of India.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In June 2020, a lesbian couple from Mahisagar district, Gujarat filed a petition with the Gujarat High Court seeking police protection from their families and recognition of their right to cohabitation. The couple had entered a "friendship agreement" (મૈત્રી કરાર, "maitri karar", ) as a way to legitimise their relationship; "like in case of a marital union, it had details on property ownership, inheritance and maintenance, in case of separation." The High Court granted their petition on 23 July 2020 and ordered the Mahisagar police to give protection to the couple. Maya Sharma, an activist with the Vikalp Women's Group, said "such contracts in court cases [are used] in which one of the partners' parents were forcing marriage upon them. It has helped us get judgements in our favour." The first "maitri karar" between a same-sex couple is believed to have occurred in 1987 in Chhota Udaipur district. A similar custom called "Nata Pratha" (नाता प्रथा, ) is practiced in parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: India has traditionally identified same-sex unions to be a trans-rooted alien culture-bound syndrome. Hence, LGBT groups are mostly working for a step-by-step approach required to tackle all the challenges faced by LGBT citizens in India. The previous focuses of these groups were to repeal Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code and to enact non-discrimination laws. Nevertheless, LGBT rights groups are optimistic and are working on winning the right to same-sex marriage, inspired by the progress achieved in several Western countries. In April 2014, Medha Patkar of the Aam Aadmi Party said that her party supports same-sex marriage.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: A single case of legal recognition of a same-sex marriage was granted by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in 2011. The couple held a marriage ceremony in Gurgaon after signing an affidavit asserting that they meet all of the requirements of a legal marriage.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: On 2 April 2022, MP Supriya Sule introduced a private member's bill to legalize same-sex marriages under the Special Marriage Act, 1954.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: On 1 April 2022, MP Supriya Sule from the Nationalist Congress Party introduced a bill to the Lok Sabha to legalise same-sex marriage under the "Special Marriage Act". The proposal would amend various sections of the Act to provide same-sex couples with the same legal rights as opposite-sex couples. The bill would fix the marriageable age at 21 for male couples and at 18 for lesbian couples.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: Further complicating matters, the states and union territories of India have their own laws with regards to the registration of marriages and marriages contracted under indigenous customs and rites. In February 2006, the Supreme Court ruled in "Smt. Seema v. Ashwani Kumar" that the states and union territories were obliged to register all marriages performed under the federal laws. The court's ruling was expected to reduce instances of child marriages, bigamy, cases of domestic violence and unlawful abandonment.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In August 2009, Governor Surjit Singh Barnala of Tamil Nadu assented "The Tamil Nadu Registration of Marriages Act, 2009", which complied with the Supreme Court ruling. The Act defines marriage as "all marriages performed by persons belonging to any caste or religion under any law for the time being in force, or as per any custom or usage in any form or manner and also includes remarriage". Laws were also passed in other states: the "Kerala Registration of Marriages (Common) Rules, 2008" in Kerala, the "Andhra Pradesh Compulsory Registration of Marriages Act, 2002" in Andhra Pradesh, the "Karnataka Marriage (Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) Rules, 2006" in Karnataka, the "Gujarat Registration of Marriages Act, 2006" in Gujarat, the "Manipur Compulsory Registration of Marriages Act, 2008" in Manipur, etc.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: The state of Goa is the only state to have a unified marriage law. Every citizen is bound to the same law regardless of their religion. However, the Goa Civil Code, largely based on Portuguese civil law, defines marriage as a "perpetual contract made between two persons of different sex with the purpose of legitimately constituting a family". The code is also applicable to the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: The "Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act, 2014", enacted by the Mizoram Legislative Assembly, provides for marriage, divorce and inheritance rules among the Mizo people, allowing marriages performed under Mizo customs to be legally recognised in the state. The Act defines marriage as "a union of a man and a woman who are both major as husband and wife".


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In 2017, a draft of a Uniform Civil Code to legalise same-sex marriage was published. Under the proposed code, marriage was defined as "the legal union as prescribed under this Act of a man with a woman, a man with another man, a woman with another woman, a transgender with another transgender or a transgender with a man or a woman". A partnership was similarly defined as the "living together of a man with a woman, a man with another man, a woman with another woman, a transgender with another transgender or a transgender with a man or a woman". It also provided that any two persons who have been in a partnership for more than two years shall have the same rights and obligations as married couples, and mandated that all marriages be registered with the state. In addition, the draft stated that "all married couples and couples in a partnership are entitled to adopt a child. The sexual orientation of the married couple or the partners are not to be a bar to their right to adoption. Non-heterosexual couples will be equally entitled to adopt a child." Finally, the code provided for the repeal of all of India's marriage-related laws (the "Hindu Marriage Act", the "Hindu Succession Act", the "Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act", "The Indian Christian Marriage Act", among others). The draft was submitted to the Law Commission of India for consideration.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: Whether India should adopt a Uniform Civil Code is a matter of ongoing political debate. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) supports a Uniform Civil Code and was the first party in India to do so. The Law Commission began soliciting public views and requests on the issue on 19 March 2018, and later extended the deadline for opinions to 6 May 2018. Muslim groups oppose a uniform civil code because such a code would ban triple talaq, polygamy and would not be based on Sharia law, unlike the current Muslim personal law, which governs Indian Muslims. The Law Commission of India stated on 31 August 2018 that a Uniform Civil Code is "neither necessary nor desirable at this stage" in a 185-page consultation paper. In February 2020, Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad said that "presently there is no proposal to legalise same-sex marriage", adding that the Union Government was not considering the issue.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: Following the Supreme Court of India's ruling in "Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India" in September 2018, decriminalising homosexuality in India, several lawsuits have been filed across the country to address the marriage rights of Indian same-sex couples. The Madras High Court ruled in April 2019 that transgender women are allowed to marry under the "Hindu Marriage Act, 1955".


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In July 2019, the Delhi High Court dismissed a legal challenge brought forward by advocates Tajinder Singh and Anurag Chauhan seeking directions to make rules and regulations to recognise same-sex marriages under the "Hindu Marriage Act, 1955". In April 2022, the Allahabad High Court similarly dismissed a case brought by a Hindu lesbian couple who wished to marry under the Act. The court also dismissed a habeas corpus claim brought by the mother of one of the women.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In 2019, two women from Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh tried to get their relationship recognised as a marriage at the local registrar's office, who refused citing lack of relevant legal provisions. The couple's lawyer, Daya Shankar Tiwari, said they would challenge the registrar's decision. In January 2020, Sonu MS and Nikesh Pushkaran, filed a lawsuit in the Kerala High Court, arguing that preventing them from getting married under the "Special Marriage Act" violates the principle of equality, non-arbitrariness, non-discrimination, individual dignity and personal autonomy under Articles 14, 15(1), 19(1)(a) and 21 of the Constitution of India.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In March 2018, the Indian Supreme Court, in the case of "Shakti Vahini v. Union of India", held that an adult has the fundamental right to marry a person of their choice. In this case, which centred on the practice of honour killings, most often performed by family members when a person chooses to marry outside of their caste or religious group, the court ruled that "the choice of an individual is an inextricable part of dignity, for dignity cannot be thought of where there is erosion of choice. True it is, the same is bound by the principle of constitutional limitation but in the absence of such limitation, none, we mean, no one shall be permitted to interfere in the fructification of the said choice. If the right to express one's own choice is obstructed, it would be extremely difficult to think of dignity in its sanctified completeness." LGBT activists feel that a joint reading of "Shakti Vahini" and "Navtej Singh Johar", could yield the recognition of same-sex unions within the "Special Marriage Act, 1954".


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: Petitioners Abhijit Iyer Mitra, Gopi Shankar Madurai, Giti Thadani and G. Oorvasi filed "Abhijit Iyer Mitra & Ors v. Union of India" in the Delhi High Court in 2020 asserting a right to marriage for same-sex couples under the "Hindu Marriage Act, 1955" (HMA). "[S]aid Act does not distinguish between heterosexual and homosexual marriage if one were to go by how it has been worded. It very clearly states that marriage can indeed be solemnised between 'any two Hindus'. In this view of the matter, it can be stated that it is against the constitutional mandate of non-arbitrariness if the said right is not extended to homosexual apart from heterosexual couples," the petition, represented by lawyers Raghav Awasthi and Mukesh Sharma, said. The petition seeks a declaration stating that Section 5 of the HMA does not distinguish between homosexual and heterosexual couples and the right of same-sex couples to marry should be recognised under the Act. In November 2020, the Delhi High Court asked the Union Government to file an official response to the petition.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In October 2020, a lesbian couple, medical practitioners Kavita Arora and Ankita Khanna, filed a lawsuit, "Dr Kavita Arora & Anr v. Union of India", with the Delhi High Court seeking a declaration that the "Special Marriage Act, 1954" (SMA) ought to apply to couples irrespective of gender and sexual orientation. The petitioners, represented by senior advocate Maneka Guruswamy and lawyers Arundhati Katju, Govind Manoharan and Surabhi Dhar, contend that the SMA in denying recognition of same-sex marriages constitutes an infringement of Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. The couple asserts that Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India protect the right to marry a person of one's choice, and this right should apply to same-sex couples, just as it does to opposite-sex couples. The petitioners also contend that the exclusion of same-sex marriage from the SMA violates Article 14 and 15 of the Constitution pursuant to the Supreme Court's decision in "Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India" that sexual orientation and gender identity are protected under the fundamental right of equality. Because they are unable to marry, the couple cannot own a house together, open a bank account or access family life insurance. The High Court sought responses from the Union Government on the plea.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: In "Vaibhav Jain & Anr v. Union of India", two gay men, Vaibhav Jain and Parag Vijay Mehta, who married in Washington, D.C. in 2017, contend that the "Foreign Marriage Act, 1969" should be perused to apply to same-sex relationships and is unconstitutional to the extent that it does not recognise the same. The High Court asked the Union Government and the Consulate General of India in New York City to respond to the petition.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: On 25 November 2022, the Supreme Court of India agreed to hear the case that could legalize same-sex marriage as the nine petitions pending before the Kerala and Delhi High Courts are transferred to the Supreme Court for a uniform ruling. The matter is scheduled to be heard by the Supreme Court on 6 January 2023.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: According to a 2015 Ipsos poll, 29% of Indians supported same-sex marriage, while 18% supported other forms of legal recognition. Among the 23 countries polled, India had the fifth lowest support for same-sex marriage, in front of only South Korea (27%), Turkey (27%), Poland (21%) and Russia (11%).


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: According to a 2016 poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 35% of Indian people were in favour of legalising same-sex marriage, while 35% were opposed. A September–October 2016 survey by the Varkey Foundation found that support for same-sex marriage was higher among 18 to 21-year-olds at 53%.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: A 2019 poll by Mood of the Nation (MOTN) found that 24% of Indians agreed with same-sex marriages, while 62% disagreed and 14% were undecided.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in India

text: A May 2021 Ipsos poll showed that 44% of Indians supported same-sex marriage, 14% supported civil unions but not marriage, while 18% were opposed to all legal recognition for same-sex couples, and 24% were undecided.


title: Bobby V

text: Bobby Marcel Wilson (born February 27, 1980), better known by his stage name Bobby V (also known as Bobby Valentino), is an American R&B singer. He was first a member of the R&B group Mista in 1994, before signing to rapper Ludacris through his label imprint, Disturbing tha Peace under Def Jam Recordings in 2005. Bobby V's first single as a solo artist, "Slow Down", released in February 2005, peaked at number 8 on "Billboard"s Hot 100 chart. The single was certified gold by the RIAA and became the lead single for his eponymous debut album (2005)—which peaked at number 3 on the "Billboard" 200 and had a follow up single, "Tell Me" (featuring Lil Wayne).


title: Bobby V

text: His next album, "Special Occasion" was released in May 2007, and warranted success from its second single, "Anonymous" (featuring Timbaland). He has charted three No. 1 albums on "Billboard"s U.S. Top R&B Chart since 2006.


title: Bobby V

text: Bobby Marcel Wilson was born on February 27, 1980, in Mississippi. He later moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Growing up, Wilson listened to Michael Jackson, Tony! Toni! Toné!, Marvin Gaye, Jodeci, and The Isley Brothers. Those were the artists that inspired him to become a R&B singer. Wilson entered the music scene in 1996 as a member of the R&B youth quartet Mista, at this time using his real name, Bobby Wilson. The new teenage R&B group released their first record. Under the production of Organized Noize (TLC's "Waterfalls"), the group released their self-titled debut album, which produced the hit single "Blackberry Molasses". However, the album did not follow in the same success and despite a second album being produced by Tim & Bob, it was never released. Due to management issues the group split in 1997. Wilson later enrolled at Clark Atlanta University majoring in mass communications. While in school, Wilson continued to record in his free time in hopes of one day returning to the stage.


title: Bobby V

text: "Bobby Valentino" was released in the spring of 2005 through Island Def Jam and Ludacris' Disturbing tha Peace label and was certified gold by the RIAA selling over 708,000 copies in the United States. Primarily produced by hitmakers Tim & Bob, his first single, "Slow Down", became a Top 10 hit on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and a #1 R&B single on the "Billboard" R&B Singles chart receiving a large amount of radio and TV airplay. Also in 2005, he joined Bow Wow, Omarion, Marques Houston, B5 and Pretty Ricky on the Scream Tour IV. After the success of "Slow Down", he released a second single, a remix of his song "Tell Me" featuring Lil Wayne, produced by Tim & Bob as well. The album's third and final single, "My Angel", was released in the fall of 2005, however it gained little popularity. Gearing up for the release of his 2007 sophomore effort "Special Occasion", Bobby V released the album's first single titled "Turn the Page" with mixed reviews. His second single, "Anonymous" featuring Timbaland, was released on April 9, 2007. Overall, the album received positive reviews from critics and audiences. He later returned to his pier appearing on the debut episode of MTV's "Once Upon A Prom", which aired on May 19, 2007.


title: Bobby V

text: In early 2008, Bobby V confirmed that he was no longer signed to either Def Jam or Disturbing tha Peace during an interview with DJBooth.net. He stated:


title: Bobby V

text: Around this time the British musician Bobby Valentino brought an action against the Bobby V (then billed as "Bobby Valentino") and his then record label Def Jam for "Passing off, trademark infringement, and breach of contract, in relation to record sales, recorded content, and artist's live performances".


title: Bobby V

text: Due to the poor album sales of the second album, "Special Occasion"s failing to reach gold or platinum sales, Bobby V was reportedly frustrated with the album's delays and less than expected sales, culminating in his decision to leave the labels. Although business ties have been severed, Bobby V maintains positive relationships with CEO Chaka Zulu, Ludacris and the Disturbing tha Peace/Def Jam staff. In April 2008, "Come with Me" was released through digital outlets and featured the single "Another Life". In July 2008, three months after being dropped from Def Jam Recordings and leaving Disturbing tha Peace Records, Bobby V signed a new deal with EMI, which will house his imprint Blu Kolla Dreams. In regards to the new label his manager and co-CEO of Blu Kolla Dreams Courtney "Colt Luv" Stewart stated:


title: Bobby V

text: In addition, Bobby V announced the release of a new album titled "The Rebirth". When asked about his powerful new album Bobby V stated:


title: Bobby V

text: "The Rebirth" was released on February 10, 2009, under his new stage name "Bobby V". The album's first official single "Beep" featuring Yung Joc was released via iTunes on October 7, 2008. In the fall of 2009, Bobby V performed under his new alias at Rutgers University Hot Dog Knight. V's third studio album features production by Tim & Bob, Raphael Saadiq, LOS Da Maestro and Big Fruit.


title: Bobby V

text: Bobby V released his fourth studio album "Fly on the Wall" on March 22, 2011. The first single was "Phone #", which features rapper Plies and was produced by Jazze Pha. In December 2010, Bobby V released his second single "Words" off of "Fly on the Wall". In February 2011, Bobby V released his third single "Rock Wit'cha", a remake from Bobby Brown's 1989 album "Don't Be Cruel". "Grab Somebody, which features rapper Twista was his fourth single. Bobby V later appeared alongside rappers Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne on the song "Sex in the Lounge" from Minaj's second album "". In May 2012, Bobby V released the first single from his album, "Dusk Till Dawn", titled "Mirror", which features rapper Lil Wayne. On October 16, 2012. "Dusk Till Dawn" was released. The album sold 50 000 copies in the first week.


title: Bobby V

text: In April 2013, Bobby V announced that he was working on a new project, "Peach Moon". The first single from "Peach Moon" was "Back To Love". Bobby V released "Peach Moon" on December 10, 2013. On January 28, 2015, Bobby V was featured in a single released by Gotti, called "I Need a Girl." In January 2016, Bobby V made a partnership with Michael Caseau to aid in media direction, investments, and management. Also in 2016, he released the soundtrack to the BET film "Hollywood Hearts".


title: Bobby V

text: In September 2017, Bobby V signed a new label deal with SoNo Recording Group distributed by Universal Music Group. The label reunites him with record producer and A&R man Tim Kelley, who co-produced his 2005 debut, "Disturbing Tha Peace Presents Bobby Valentino". The new album "Electrik" which was produced entirely by Tim Kelley, was released on March 9, 2018. The album debuted on the "Billboard" R&B Album Chart at #7. "Electrik" includes a collaboration with Snoop Dogg on the album's first single "Lil' Bit".


title: Bobby V

text: In June 2022, Bobby V participated in Verzuz, paired with Ray J and went against Sammie with Pleasure P. Their segment went viral for multiple reasons, resulting in the four singers to meet virtually on social media where they came together and develop a R&B supergroup R.S.V.P, which currently is in development.


title: Évora

text: Évora ( , ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal. It has 53,591 inhabitants (2021), in an area of 1307.08 km. It is the historic capital of the Alentejo and serves as the seat of the Évora District.


title: Évora

text: Due to its well-preserved old town centre, still partially enclosed by medieval walls, and many monuments dating from various historical periods, including a Roman Temple, Évora is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Évora

text: Due to its inland position, Évora is one of Portugal's hottest cities in the summer, frequently subject to heat waves.


title: Évora

text: Évora is ranked number two in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of living conditions published yearly by "Expresso". It was ranked first in a study concerning competitiveness of the 18 Portuguese district capitals, according to a 2006 study made by Minho University economics researchers.


title: Évora

text: It was known as "Ebora" by the Celtici, a tribal confederacy, south of the Lusitanians (and of Tagus river), who made the town their regional capital.


title: Évora

text: The etymological origin of the name "Ebora" is from the ancient Celtic word "ebora/ebura", the genitive plural form of the word "eburos" (yew), the name of a species of tree, so its name means "of the yew trees." The city of York, in northern England, at the time of the Roman Empire, was called "Eboracum/Eburacum", after the ancient Celtic place name *"Eborakon" (Place of Yew Trees), so the old name of York is etymologically related to the city of Évora. Alternative hypotheses are that the name is derived from "oro", "aurum", (gold) as the Romans had extensive gold mining in Portugal; or it may have been named after ivory workers because "ebur" (genitive "eboris") was Latin for ivory.


title: Évora

text: The Romans conquered the town in 57 BC and expanded it into a walled town. Vestiges from this period (city walls and ruins of Roman baths) remain.


title: Évora

text: Julius Caesar called it Liberalitas Julia (Julian generosity). The city grew in importance because it lay at the junction of several important routes. During his travels through Gaul and Lusitania, Pliny the Elder also visited this town and mentioned it in his book "Naturalis Historia" as Ebora Cerealis, because of its many surrounding wheat fields. In those days, Évora became a flourishing city. Its high rank among municipalities in Roman Hispania is clearly shown by many inscriptions and coins. The monumental Corinthian temple in the centre of the town dates from the first century and was probably erected in honour of emperor Augustus. In the fourth century, the town had already a bishop, named Quintianus.


title: Évora

text: During the barbarian invasions, Évora came under the rule of the Visigothic king Leovigild in 584. The town was later raised to the status of a cathedral city. Nevertheless, this was a time of decline and very few artifacts from this period remain.


title: Évora

text: In 715, the city was conquered by the Moors under Tariq ibn-Ziyad. During the Moorish rule (715–1165), the town, part of the Taifa of Badajoz, slowly began to prosper again and developed into an agricultural center with a fortress and a mosque. The Moorish influence can still be observed in the character of the historical city. During that time, several notables hailed from Évora, including Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun Al-Yaburi عبد المجيد بن عبدون اليابري, a poet whose diwan still survives to this day.


title: Évora

text: Évora was wrested from the Moors through a surprise attack by Gerald the Fearless (Geraldo Sem Pavor) in September 1165. The town came under the rule of the Portuguese king Afonso I in 1166.


title: Évora

text: It then flourished as one of the most dynamic cities in the Kingdom of Portugal during the Middle Ages, especially in the 15th century. The court of the first and second dynasties resided here for long periods, constructing palaces, monuments, and religious buildings. Évora became the scene for many royal weddings and a site where many important decisions were made.


title: Évora

text: Particularly thriving during the Avis Dynasty (1385–1580), especially under the reign of Manuel I and John III, Évora became a major centre for the humanities (André de Resende - buried in the cathedral) and artists, such as the sculptor Nicolau Chanterene; the painters Cristóvão de Figueiredo and Gregório Lopes; the composers Manuel Cardoso and Duarte Lobo; the chronicler Duarte Galvão; and the father of Portuguese drama, Gil Vicente.


title: Évora

text: Évora also held a large part of the slave population of Portugal. Nicolas Clenard, a Flemish tutor at the Portuguese court, exclaimed in 1535 that "In Évora, it was as if I had been carried off to a city in hell: everywhere I only meet blacks."


title: Évora

text: The city became the seat of an archbishopric in 1540. The university was founded by the Jesuits in 1559, and it was here that great European Masters such as the Flemish humanists Nicolaus Clenardus (Nicolaas Cleynaerts) (1493–1542), Johannes Vasaeus (Jan Was) (1511–1561) and the theologian Luis de Molina passed on their knowledge. In the 18th century, the Jesuits, who had spread intellectual and religious enlightenment since the 16th century, were expelled from Portugal, the university was closed in 1759 by the Marquis of Pombal, and Évora went into decline. The university was only reopened in 1973.


title: Évora

text: The Battle of Évora was fought on 29 July 1808 during the Peninsular War. An outnumbered Portuguese-Spanish force of 2,500, assisted by poorly armed peasant militiamen, tried to stop a French-Spanish division commanded by Louis Henri Loison but it was routed. Led by the hated Loison, known as "Maneta" or One-Hand, the French went on to storm the town which was defended by soldiers, militiamen, and armed townsmen. Breaking into the town, the attackers slaughtered combatants and non-combatants alike before thoroughly pillaging the place. The French invasion inflicted as many as 8,000 casualties while suffering only 290 of their own.


title: Évora

text: In 1834, Évora was the site of the surrender of the forces of King Miguel I, which marked the end of the Liberal Wars. The many monuments erected by major artists of each period now testify to Évora's lively cultural and rich artistic and historical heritage. The variety of architectural styles (Romanesque, Gothic, Manueline, Renaissance, Baroque), the palaces and the picturesque labyrinth of squares and narrow streets of the city centre are all part of the rich heritage of this museum-city.


title: Évora

text: Évora (altitude 300m) is situated in Alentejo, a large region of wide plains in the south of Portugal, bordered to the North by the Tagus River and to the South by the region of Algarve. The city is from the capital city Lisbon, and from Badajoz at the Spanish border. It is the chief city of the region.


title: Évora

text: The seat of the municipality is the city of Évora, composed by the civil parishes of Évora (São Mamede, Sé, São Pedro e Santo Antão) in the historical centre and the urban parishes of Bacelo e Senhora da Saúde and Malagueira e Horta das Figueiras outside the ancient city walls where most of the population in fact reside. The remaining civil parishes in the municipality are rural or suburban and do not form part of the city for statistical purposes. The city's historical centre has about 4,000 buildings and an area of .


title: Évora

text: Évora has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: "Csa") with hot, dry summers and mild, moist winters. Its location in the interior of southern Portugal makes it subject to frequent droughts and desertification. As is typical of the interior Alentejo, Évora is prone to severe heat extremes with an all-time record of . However, the average summer high is usually around , which is significantly less severe heat than the one found at more interior, lower altitude areas of the Iberian Peninsula. This is due to low-scale maritime effects caused by its relative proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, which also causes seasonal lag predominantly during the warmer period, with night-time temperatures being milder in September than June as well as in October compared with May. Frosts in winter are frequent but not usually severe, snow falling only twice a decade.


title: Évora

text: Évora is a pleasant medium-sized city and has numerous monuments. Due to its long history, monuments and buildings are its main attraction to outsiders. However, there are numerous "Festas Populares" celebrating saints, holidays, "Feiras" (fairs) and cultural events (such as televised musical presentations) sponsored by the municipality and other organizations


title: Évora

text: Évora is the chief city of the Alentejo region, and plays a role as an important agricultural and services center. It is home to several institutions with great importance for the region, like the state-run University of Évora and the district hospital.


title: Évora

text: In 2015, Embraer built two factories for the production of aircraft parts along with its European Engineering Center. In 2022, these factories were sold to aerospace company Aernnova, a corporate spin-off of Siemens Gamesa.


title: Évora

text: Due to its extensive historical and cultural importance, Évora, as well as the surrounding area, saw in the 2010s a great increase in its international tourism sector, which fomented the creation of many hotels, bed-and-breakfasts and various other styles of accommodation. Some of its most visited sites include the Roman Temple of Évora, the Chapel of Bones, the Cathedral of Évora, Évora's Museum, and its historical centre.


title: Évora

text: Évora can be reached by bus or train and the construction of a high-speed train link to Lisbon and Madrid is planned. There is a small airfield, the Évora Municipal Airport, currently without commercial airline service.


title: Évora

text: The city of Évora is marked by the historic square in the "Praça do Geraldo", where King Duarte constructed the Estaus Palace. The square is marked by the Henriquina fountain, dating to 1570, which includes eight jets symbolizing the eight streets that lead to the square. At the northern end of the square is the Church of Saint Andrew () built by Manuel Pires, in the 16th century. A rather large church three-nave church includes a valuable altar antependium from the 13th century in bas relief. In 1483, Fernando II, the Duke of Braganza was executed in the square, in the presence of his brother-in-law king John II. This square also witnessed thousands of "autos-da-fé" during the Inquisition; there were 22000 condemnations, during the course of 200 years.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin of York (; ; 735 – 19 May 804) – also called Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin – was scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York. At the invitation of Charlemagne, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. Before that, he was also a court chancellor in Aachen. "The most learned man anywhere to be found", according to Einhard's "Life of Charlemagne" (–833), he is considered among the most important intellectual architects of the Carolingian Renaissance. Among his pupils were many of the dominant intellectuals of the Carolingian era.


title: Alcuin

text: During this period, he perfected Carolingian minuscule, an easily read manuscript hand using a mixture of upper- and lower-case letters. Latin paleography in the eighth century leaves little room for a single origin of the script, and sources contradict his importance as no proof has been found of his direct involvement in the creation of the script. Carolingian minuscule was already in use before Alcuin arrived in Francia. Most likely he was responsible for copying and preserving the script while at the same time restoring the purity of the form.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin wrote many theological and dogmatic treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems. In 796, he was made abbot of Marmoutier Abbey, in Tours, where he remained until his death.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin was born in Northumbria, presumably sometime in the 730s. Virtually nothing is known of his parents, family background, or origin. In common hagiographical fashion, the "Vita Alcuini" asserts that Alcuin was "of noble English stock", and this statement has usually been accepted by scholars. Alcuin's own work only mentions such collateral kinsmen as Wilgils, father of the missionary saint Willibrord; and Beornrad (also spelled Beornred), abbot of Echternach and bishop of Sens. Willibrord, Alcuin and Beornrad were all related by blood.


title: Alcuin

text: In his "Life" of St Willibrord, Alcuin writes that Wilgils, called a "paterfamilias", had founded an oratory and church at the mouth of the Humber, which had fallen into Alcuin's possession by inheritance. Because in early Anglo-Latin writing "paterfamilias" ("head of a family, householder") usually referred to a ("churl"), Donald A. Bullough suggests that Alcuin's family was of ("churlish") status: i.e., free but subordinate to a noble lord, and that Alcuin and other members of his family rose to prominence through beneficial connections with the aristocracy. If so, Alcuin's origins may lie in the southern part of what was formerly known as Deira.


title: Alcuin

text: The young Alcuin came to the cathedral church of York during the golden age of Archbishop Ecgbert and his brother, the Northumbrian King Eadberht. Ecgbert had been a disciple of the Venerable Bede, who urged him to raise York to an archbishopric. King Eadberht and Archbishop Ecgbert oversaw the re-energising and reorganisation of the English church, with an emphasis on reforming the clergy and on the tradition of learning that Bede had begun. Ecgbert was devoted to Alcuin, who thrived under his tutelage.


title: Alcuin

text: The York school was renowned as a centre of learning in the liberal arts, literature, and science, as well as in religious matters. From here, Alcuin drew inspiration for the school he would lead at the Frankish court. He revived the school with the trivium and quadrivium disciplines, writing a codex on the trivium, while his student Hraban wrote one on the quadrivium.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin graduated to become a teacher during the 750s. His ascendancy to the headship of the York school, the ancestor of St Peter's School, began after Aelbert became Archbishop of York in 767. Around the same time, Alcuin became a deacon in the church. He was never ordained a priest. Though no real evidence shows that he took monastic vows, he lived as if he had.


title: Alcuin

text: In 781, King Elfwald sent Alcuin to Rome to petition the pope for official confirmation of York's status as an archbishopric and to confirm the election of the new archbishop, Eanbald I. On his way home, he met Charlemagne (whom he had met once before), this time in the Italian city of Parma.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin's intellectual curiosity allowed him to be reluctantly persuaded to join Charlemagne's court. He joined an illustrious group of scholars whom Charlemagne had gathered around him, the mainsprings of the Carolingian Renaissance: Peter of Pisa, Paulinus of Aquileia, Rado, and Abbot Fulrad. Alcuin would later write, "the Lord was calling me to the service of King Charles".


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin became master of the Palace School of Charlemagne in Aachen () in 782. It had been founded by the king's ancestors as a place for the education of the royal children (mostly in manners and the ways of the court). However, Charlemagne wanted to include the liberal arts, and most importantly, the study of religion. From 782 to 790, Alcuin taught Charlemagne himself, his sons Pepin and Louis, as well as young men sent to be educated at court, and the young clerics attached to the palace chapel. Bringing with him from York his assistants Pyttel, Sigewulf, and Joseph, Alcuin revolutionised the educational standards of the Palace School, introducing Charlemagne to the liberal arts and creating a personalised atmosphere of scholarship and learning, to the extent that the institution came to be known as the 'school of Master Albinus'.


title: Alcuin

text: In this role as adviser, he took issue with the emperor's policy of forcing pagans to be baptised on pain of death, arguing, "Faith is a free act of the will, not a forced act. We must appeal to the conscience, not compel it by violence. You can force people to be baptised, but you cannot force them to believe." His arguments seem to have prevailed – Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797.


title: Alcuin

text: Charlemagne gathered the best men of every land in his court, and became far more than just the king at the centre. It seems that he made many of these men his closest friends and counsellors. They referred to him as 'David', a reference to the Biblical king David. Alcuin soon found himself on intimate terms with Charlemagne and the other men at court, where pupils and masters were known by affectionate and jesting nicknames. Alcuin himself was known as 'Albinus' or 'Flaccus'. While at Aachen, Alcuin bestowed pet names upon his pupils – derived mainly from Virgil's "Eclogues". According to the "Encyclopædia Britannica", "He loved Charlemagne and enjoyed the king's esteem, but his letters reveal that his fear of him was as great as his love."


title: Alcuin

text: In 790, Alcuin returned from the court of Charlemagne to England, to which he had remained attached. He dwelt there for some time, but Charlemagne then invited him back to help in the fight against the Adoptionist heresy, which was at that time making great progress in Toledo, the old capital of the Visigoths and still a major city for the Christians under Islamic rule in Spain. He is believed to have had contacts with Beatus of Liébana, from the Kingdom of Asturias, who fought against Adoptionism. At the Council of Frankfurt in 794, Alcuin upheld the orthodox doctrine against the views expressed by Felix of Urgel, an heresiarch according to the Catholic Encyclopaedia. Having failed during his stay in Northumbria to influence King Æthelred in the conduct of his reign, Alcuin never returned home.


title: Alcuin

text: He was back at Charlemagne's court by at least mid-792, writing a series of letters to Æthelred, to Hygbald, Bishop of Lindisfarne, and to Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury in the succeeding months, dealing with the Viking attack on Lindisfarne in July 793. These letters and Alcuin's poem on the subject, , provide the only significant contemporary account of these events. In his description of the Viking attack, he wrote: "Never before has such terror appeared in Britain. Behold the church of St Cuthbert, splattered with the blood of God's priests, robbed of its ornaments."


title: Alcuin

text: In 796, Alcuin was in his 60s. He hoped to be free from court duties and upon the death of Abbot Itherius of Saint Martin at Tours, Charlemagne put Marmoutier Abbey into Alcuin's care, with the understanding that he should be available if the king ever needed his counsel. There, he encouraged the work of the monks on the beautiful Carolingian minuscule script, ancestor of modern Roman typefaces.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin died on 19 May 804, some 10 years before the emperor, and was buried at St. Martin's Church under an epitaph that partly read:


title: Alcuin

text: The majority of details on Alcuin's life come from his letters and poems. Also, autobiographical sections are in Alcuin's poem on York and in the "Vita Alcuini", a hagiography written for him at Ferrières in the 820s, possibly based in part on the memories of Sigwulf, one of Alcuin's pupils.


title: Alcuin

text: The collection of mathematical and logical word problems entitled "Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes" ("Problems to Sharpen Youths") is sometimes attributed to Alcuin. In a 799 letter to Charlemagne, the scholar claimed to have sent "certain figures of arithmetic for the joy of cleverness", which some scholars have identified with the "Propositiones."


title: Alcuin

text: The text contains about 53 mathematical word problems (with solutions), in no particular pedagogical order. Among the most famous of these problems are: four that involve river crossings, including the problem of three anxious brothers, each of whom has an unmarried sister whom he cannot leave alone with either of the other men lest she be defiled (Problem 17); the problem of the wolf, goat, and cabbage (Problem 18); and the problem of "the two adults and two children where the children weigh half as much as the adults" (Problem 19). Alcuin's sequence is the solution to one of the problems of that book.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin made the abbey school into a model of excellence and many students flocked to it. He had many manuscripts copied using outstandingly beautiful calligraphy, the Carolingian minuscule based on round and legible uncial letters. He wrote many letters to his English friends, to Arno, bishop of Salzburg and above all to Charlemagne. These letters (of which 311 are extant) are filled mainly with pious meditations, but they form an important source of information as to the literary and social conditions of the time and are the most reliable authority for the history of humanism during the Carolingian age. Alcuin trained the numerous monks of the abbey in piety, and in the midst of these pursuits, he died.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin is the most prominent figure of the Carolingian Renaissance, in which three main periods have been distinguished: in the first of these, up to the arrival of Alcuin at the court, the Italians occupy a central place; in the second, Alcuin and the English are dominant; in the third (from 804), the influence of Theodulf the Visigoth is preponderant.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin also developed manuals used in his educational work – a grammar and works on rhetoric and dialectics. These are written in the form of a dialogue, and in two of them the interlocutors are Charlemagne and Alcuin. He wrote several theological treatises: a "De fide Trinitatis", and commentaries on the Bible. Alcuin is credited with inventing the first known question mark, though it did not resemble the modern symbol.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin transmitted to the Franks the knowledge of Latin culture, which had existed in Anglo-Saxon England. A number of his works still exist. Besides some graceful epistles in the style of Venantius Fortunatus, he wrote some long poems, and notably he is the author of a history (in verse) of the church at York, "Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae". At the same time, he is noted for making one of the only explicit comments on Old English poetry surviving from the early Middle Ages, in a letter to one Speratus, the bishop of an unnamed English see (possibly Unwona of Leicester): ("Let God's words be read at the episcopal dinner-table. It is right that a reader should be heard, not a harpist, patristic discourse, not pagan song. What has Ingeld to do with Christ?").


title: Alcuin

text: Historian John Boswell cited Alcuin's writings as demonstrating a personal outpouring of his internalized homosexual feelings. Others agree that Alcuin at times "comes perilously close to communicating openly his same-sex desires", and this reflects the erotic subculture of the Carolingian monastic school, but also perhaps a 'queer space' where "erotic attachment and affections may be safely articulated". According to David Clark, passages in some of Alcuin's writings can be seen to display homosocial desire, even possibly homoerotic imagery. However, he argues that it is not possible to necessarily determine whether they were the result of an outward expression of erotic feelings on the part of Alcuin.


title: Alcuin

text: The interpretation of homosexual desire has been disputed by Allen Frantzen, who identifies Alcuin's language with that of medieval Christian "amicitia" or friendship. Douglas Dales and Rowan Williams say "the use of language drawn [by Alcuin] from the "Song of Songs" transforms apparently erotic language into something within Christian friendship – 'an ordained affection.


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin was also a close friend of Charlemagne's sister Gisela, Abbess of Chelles, and he hailed her as "a noble sister in the bond of sweet love". He wrote to Charlemagne's daughters Rotrudis and Bertha, "the devotion of my heart specially tends towards you both because of the familiarity and dedication you have shown me". He dedicated the last two books of his commentary on John's gospel to them both.


title: Alcuin

text: Despite inconclusive evidence of Alcuin's personal passions, he was clear in his own writings that the men of Sodom had been punished with fire for "sinning against nature with men" – a view commonly held by the Church at the time. Such sins, argued Alcuin, were therefore more serious than lustful acts with women, for which the earth was cleansed and revivified by the water of the Flood, and merit to be "withered by flames unto eternal barrenness".


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin is honored in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 20 May the first available day after the day of his death (as Dunstan is celebrated on 19 May).


title: Alcuin

text: Alcuin College, one of the colleges of the University of York, is named after him. In January 2020, Alcuin was the subject of the BBC Radio 4 programme "In Our Time".


title: Alcuin

text: For a complete census of Alcuin's works, see Marie-Hélène Jullien and Françoise Perelman, eds., "Clavis scriptorum latinorum medii aevi: Auctores Galliae 735–987. Tomus II: Alcuinus." Turnhout: Brepols, 1999.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Spin is an American Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) directed by Manjari Makijany from a screenplay by Carley Steiner and Josh A. Cagan. Produced by Disney Channel Original Productions, the film stars Avantika Vandanapu, Meera Syal, Abhay Deol, Aryan Simhadri, Michael Bishop, Jahbril Cook, Kerri Medders, and Anna Cathcart and premiered on August 13, 2021.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: After the death of her mother, Indian-American teenager Rhea Kumar works at her family's restaurant "Spirit of India" with her brother Rohan, her dad Arvind and her maternal grandmother (Nani in Hindi) Asha. While on her Sunday dinner shift, she meets Max, a transfer student from England, a DJ who she shares a Calculus class with, and his mother. Sundays are also special in the restaurant because of Nani's special performance to classic Bollywood songs. At home, we see Arvind partly reeling from the emotional turmoil of losing his wife eight years ago. Although Nani tries to convince him to move on and let it go, it's hard for him.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Meanwhile, in a flashback, we are shown a younger Rhea (eight years old) in her room at night, complaining to her mother Meera she cannot sleep because of the overwhelming sounds from the nearby electronic dance music festival, and the radio. Meera describes to her the different sounds she can hear, and shows her she doesn't have to take it all in, just the sounds she likes, before telling her , "it's all music". She then kisses her goodnight, and leaves the room, humming the lullaby she would always hum to her while doing that. Back to the present, Rhea goes to sleep.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: The next morning, she and her friends Watson, Molly, and Gingers gossip about Max, then shift to talking about Rhea's idea of the homecoming fundraiser "Festival of Colors", inspired by the Hindu festival of Holi, before they go to class. In the class, Watson and Molly present their pizza drone, but the pizza drops before they can land it safely. Miss Naomi asks them to clean up, before she calls on Rhea, who presents an app for tracking inventory and sales at her family restaurant. Although Miss Naomi is relieved that it's not a failure like the pizza drone, she is a bit unsettled because the assignment was supposed to be about fun projects. Even though Rhea insists this is fun for her, Miss Naomi, even though she accepts that insistence for the time being, is uncertain whether Rhea feels burdened by responsibility. Later that night, Rhea shows Arvind the app for the restaurant, and Arvind is impressed and happy.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: The next day, while the rest of the gang have their lunch, Ginger runs to them in panic after the DJ she had hired for the festival is unavailable, and Rhea, after she remembers having bonded with Max about music, playlists and mixes, recommends him to Ginger. The event is a success despite Ginger's constant anxiety, and Max thanks Rhea for recommending him to Ginger, offering to repay her kindness. She is initially hesitant, but finally asks him to teach her the art of the turntable, and Max agrees to take her to the vinyl store. The next day, at the vinyl store, he shows her what each of the parts of the turntable do, and they are at it on the turntable when their common favorite DJ Luka Cent walks in, drawn by the music, clearly liking it, and asks them to meet him at the billing counter, where they get flyers for the contest "Battle of the Beatmasters". They bond over coffee and Max invites her for practice at his house. Over the next few days, she learns more about the art of DJ mixing, and improves daily.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Responsibility beckons as she ends up being late for her dinner shift, and her work-life balance falls apart as she either turns up late at school or does not turn up at all, even when they are working on improving the track that he made and which was rejected by Ginger. It all starts to crack when the plates she's carrying fall down and break, although Nani is there to save her day. Finally on the day of the fundraiser, she is tasked with looking after the enormous amount of guests of a baby-shower, which she sneaks out of to attend the festival and enjoy with her friends. When the track has been played, Max fails to acknowledge Rhea, leading to an argument between him and her after the show, while unbeknownst to Max, Rhea's gang has been watching them, and confronts him after she storms out.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Back home, Arvind grounds Rhea for two months. Discouraged by how everything's falling apart, and heartbroken that Max did not acknowledge her after she helped him create the track, at the cost of her own integrity and peace of mind, she turns to her Nani, who tells her it's not on her to keep her father happy when he can't move on from Meera's death thinking he has only the restaurant and them both to care for. About her not being acknowledged by Max, Nani tells Rhea she will make more tracks, and "fill the world with so much music it will crush him", and when Rhea confides in Nani about her fear that she may have given him her best ideas, Nani smiles and recounts how Meera used to have the same notion, the same dark cloud of mope, exhaustion and sorrow over her, thinking the "well has run dry", and before Nani knew, Meera would hum a new tune as she walked around the house. Nani then takes out a box containing Meera's prized possessions, including her wedding gajra, her cassettes, and her cassette player. Rhea spends the night and the next morning listening to those cassettes and something sparks in her amid the calm.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Later one day, her gang turns up at her doorstep with DJ equipment from Molly's Gen-X-er father's basement, and with news that they entered her into the contest with an edit of her playlists. Although adamant up to that point that she won't compete, she finally decides to enter the contest after Ginger shows her Max has already entered, that too with the track she practically made for him with much sacrifice.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Over the next few days, she starts working on her track, while her friends procure sounds and footage for her. She also incorporates her mother's music in the track she has prepared for the final. When her Nani listens to the track, she feels as if Meera is back with her, and they prepare for the contest, Nani with her makeup and dress to support her daughter and Rhea with her equipment and her attire, and both of them taking a day off from the restaurant. Amid all the rush, they, along with the gang and Miss Naomi, reach the venue, and both Rhea and Max crush the semi-finals, reaching the finals. Meanwhile, at the restaurant, Arvind catches Rohan watching Ginger's Instagram Live feed with Rhea in it, and realizes he had been lied to about groceries. He takes Rohan along with him to the venue of the contest, to confront Rhea.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Back at the contest, Max has already played the track Rhea made for him, and has received a round of applause from everybody but the gang. As Rhea's turn approaches, she takes a deep breath before she comes to the stage. When she puts on her track, people start to sway, and everybody's initially intrigued, finally getting to the groove. When Arvind does arrive, it is at this moment that he hears his late wife's musical voice on the speaker, and is both overwhelmed and happy that she's watching from above over her daughter, realizing that this is where Rhea is happy. He discards the idea of confronting Rhea, and joins Nani, Miss Naomi and the gang in dancing to the music. After the track ends, Rhea and Max are called to the stage, and Rhea is declared the winner. Max, having been defeated by her, and regretting not having cared about her, runs away amidst the crowd of newfound fans Rhea meets outside.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: The mid-credits show that Sunday nights at the restaurant are now DJ nights, with DJ Rhea on the turntable; Watson and Molly have finally perfected their pizza drone project which now also serves food to the guests; Naomi and Arvind have been growing closer since the contest. Rhea is happy, having finally found what she wanted to do, and honoring her late mother.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: On March 17, 2020, it was reported that Disney was developing a film titled "Spin" for its streaming service, Disney+. Manjari Makijany was set to direct the film, with Carley Steiner, Céline Geiger, and Josh A. Cagan set to write the screenplay. Zanne Devine was to serve as an executive producer on the film.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: On August 20, 2020, it was reported that the film was being re-developed as a Disney Channel Original Movie, with most of the production crew remaining attached to the film, except for Geiger.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: In August 2020, Avantika Vandanapu was cast in the lead role. On September 29, 2020, Meera Syal, Abhay Deol, Aryan Simhadri, Michael Bishop, Jahbril Cook, Kerri Medders, and Anna Cathcart joined the cast for the film.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Principal photography for "Spin" began on October 5, 2020, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and wrapped on November 20, 2020. The film was also filmed in Brampton, creating an on-street set for the parents' restaurant, called the Spirit of India.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: "Spin" premiered on August 13, 2021, on Disney Channel. However, the film was originally set to be released on Disney's streaming service, Disney+. In India, the film premiered on Disney+ Hotstar and Disney International HD on August 15, 2021, coinciding Indian Independence Day.


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Amy Amatangelo of "Paste" praised the performances and limited focus on romance, stating, "While the movie touches on all the sweet moments of first crushes—the thrill of holding someone’s hand for the first time!—writers Carley Steiner and Josh Cagan and director Manjari Makijany don’t make Spin about Max and Rhea’s burgeoning romance." Proma Khosla of "Mashable" gave a positive review of the movie, saying, ""Spin" is revolutionary because it doesn't feel that way at all; it joins the delightful DCOM movie library and feels completely at home."


title: Spin (2021 film)

text: Udita Jhunjhunwala of "Firstpost" rated the movie 3 out of 5, indicating, ""Spin" is a Disney Channel movie (aimed at children and teenagers) that’s colourful, clean and musical. What sets it apart are the Indian American teenager at the centre, her easy-going Indian family and their genuine assimilation into life in America, whims and culture intact." Renuka Vyavahare of "The Times of India" rated the movie 3 out of 5 stars, writing, ""Spin" is much more than your standard coming of age story, where Indian-American protagonists must hustle to find their place in American culture, while essentially being raised in an Indian household. Their emotional discord while fitting into two diverse cultures is interesting but what’s more fascinating is how specific and yet universal these new stories are." Ians of "ABP Live" gave the movie a 3 out of 5 stars rating, claiming, "Although the plot is not particularly novel, writers Josh A. Cagan and Carley Steiner's script, sans any fantasy elements, maintain the typical Disney tropes. Read on. [...] Overall, the film boasts of a decent production quality and appears to be Disney's first attempt at a crossover film."


title: Ancient Greek temple

text: Greek temples (, semantically distinct from Latin , "temple") were structures built to house deity statues within Greek sanctuaries in ancient Greek religion. The temple interiors did not serve as meeting places, since the sacrifices and rituals dedicated to the respective ouranic (a god or goddess that does not reside on the Earth) deity took place outside them, within the wider precinct of the sanctuary, which might be large. Temples were frequently used to store votive offerings. They are the most important and most widespread building type in Greek architecture. In the Hellenistic kingdoms of Southwest Asia and of North Africa, buildings erected to fulfill the functions of a temple often continued to follow the local traditions. Even where a Greek influence is visible, such structures are not normally considered as Greek temples. This applies, for example, to the Graeco-Parthian and Bactrian temples, or to the Ptolemaic examples, which follow Egyptian tradition. Most Greek temples were oriented astronomically.


title: Ancient Greek temple

text: Between the 9th century BCE and the 6th century BCE, the ancient Greek temples developed from the small mud brick structures into double-porched monumental "peripteral" buildings with colonnade on all sides, often reaching more than 20 metres in height (not including the roof). Stylistically, they were governed by the regionally specific architectural orders. Whereas the distinction was originally between the Doric and Ionic orders, a third alternative arose in late 3rd century BCE with the Corinthian order. A multitude of different ground plans were developed, each of which could be combined with the superstructure in the different orders. Temples would be destroyed due to warfare in the Greek World or from lack of repairs. Some of these temples such as the temple of Poseidon Soter (The Savior) would be rebuilt outside of Athens after the defeat of the Persian Empire in 449 BCE. From the 3rd century BCE onward, the construction of large temples became less common; after a short 2nd century BCE flourish, it ceased nearly entirely in the 1st century BCE. Thereafter, only smaller structures were started, while older temples continued to be renovated or brought to completion if in an unfinished state.


title: Ancient Greek temple

text: Greek temples were designed and constructed according to set proportions, mostly determined by the lower diameter of the columns or by the dimensions of the foundation levels. The nearly mathematical strictness of the basic designs thus reached was lightened by optical refinements. In spite of the still widespread idealised image, Greek temples were painted, so that bright reds and blues contrasted with the white of the building stones or of stucco. The more elaborate temples were equipped with very rich figural decoration in the form of reliefs and sculptures on the pediment. The construction of temples was usually organised and financed by cities or by the administrations of sanctuaries. Private individuals, especially Hellenistic rulers, could also sponsor such buildings. In the late Hellenistic period, their decreasing financial wealth, along with the progressive incorporation of the Greek world within the Roman state, whose officials and rulers took over as sponsors, led to the end of Greek temple construction. New temples now belonged to the tradition of the Roman temple, which, in spite of the very strong Greek influence on it, aimed for different goals and followed different aesthetic principles (for a comparison, see the other article).


title: Ancient Greek temple

text: The main temple building sat within a larger precinct or "temenos", usually surrounded by a "peribolos" fence or wall; the whole is usually called a "sanctuary". The Acropolis of Athens is the most famous example, though this was apparently walled as a citadel before a temple was ever built there. This might include many subsidiary buildings, sacred groves or springs, animals dedicated to the deity, and sometimes people who had taken sanctuary from the law, which some temples offered, for example to runaway slaves.


title: Ancient Greek temple

text: The earliest Greek sanctuaries probably did not contain temple buildings, though our knowledge of these is limited since many of these were destroyed, and the subject is controversial. A typical early sanctuary seems to have consisted of a , often around a sacred grove, cave or spring, and perhaps defined only by marker stones at intervals, with an altar for offerings. Many rural sanctuaries probably stayed in this style, but the more popular were gradually able to afford a building to house a cult image, especially in cities. This process was certainly under way by the 9th century BCE, and probably started earlier.


title: Ancient Greek temple

text: The Mycenaean "megaron" (15th to the 13th century BCE) was the precursor for later Archaic and Classical Greek temples, but during the Greek Dark Age the buildings became smaller and less monumental.


title: Ancient Greek temple

text: The basic principles for the development of Greek temple architecture have their roots between the 10th century BCE and the 7th century BCE. In its simplest form as a "naos", the temple was a simple rectangular shrine with protruding side walls ("antae"), forming a small porch. Until the 8th century BCE, there were also apsidal structures with more or less semi-circular back walls, but the rectangular type prevailed. By adding columns to this small basic structure, the Greeks triggered the development and variety of their temple architecture.


title: Ancient Greek temple

text: The Temple of Isthmia, built in 690–650 BCE was perhaps the first true Archaic temple. Its size, colonnade, and roof made it different from then-contemporary buildings.