title: 4 (Slash album)

text: Looking to record the album in a different style than previously, the band travelled to Nashville to record at RCA Studio A with Dave Cobb. Cobb shared the band's vision of recording the tracks live together, a tactic they had not employed on the previous albums. Slash noted that "we did it more or less live, and the mistakes are all in there. It’s the sound of the five of us just jamming together in one room."


title: 4 (Slash album)

text: The band faced the complications of COVID-19 not only in a delay of getting together to record the album, but also with the recording itself. Myles Kennedy was the first of several band members to contract the virus. He points out that you can hear his congestion on the opening track but states that these anomalies make the album interesting because "We just let those imperfections lay."


title: Gloria Patri

text: The Gloria Patri, also known as the Glory Be to the Father or, colloquially, the Glory Be, is a doxology, a short hymn of praise to God in various Christian liturgies. It is also referred to as the Minor Doxology "(Doxologia Minor)" or Lesser Doxology, to distinguish it from the Greater Doxology, the Gloria in Excelsis Deo.


title: Gloria Patri

text: The earliest Christian doxologies are addressed to the Father "through" (διὰ) the Son, or to the Father and the Holy Spirit with (μετά) the Son, or to the Son with (σύν) the Father and the Holy Spirit.


title: Gloria Patri

text: The Trinitarian doxology addressed in parallel fashion to all three Divine Persons of the Trinity, joined by "and" (καί), as in the form of baptism, , became universal in Nicaean Christianity, which was established as the official faith of the Church with the Edict of Thessalonica in 380.


title: Gloria Patri

text: The second part is occasionally slightly modified and other verses are sometimes introduced between the two halves.


title: Gloria Patri

text: There is an alternate version which the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church use in their liturgies:


title: Gloria Patri

text: Arabic is one of the official liturgical languages of the Church of Jerusalem and the Church of Antioch, both autocephalous Orthodox Churches and two of the four ancient Patriarchates of the Pentarchy.


title: Gloria Patri

text: This differs from the Greek version because of the insertion of "sicut erat in principio", which is now taken to mean "as it (glory) was in the beginning", but which seems originally to have meant "as he (the Son) was in the beginning", and echo of the opening words of the Gospel according to John: "In the beginning was the Word".


title: Gloria Patri

text: In 529, the Second Synod of Vasio in Gaul said in its fifth canon that the second part of the doxology, with the words "sicut erat in principio", was used in Rome, the East, and Africa, and ordered it to be said likewise in Gaul. Writing in the 1909 Catholic Encyclopedia, Adrian Fortescue, while remarking that what the synod said of the East was false, took the synod's decree to mean that the form originally used in the West was the same as the Greek form. From about the 7th century, the present Roman Rite version became almost universal throughout the West.


title: Gloria Patri

text: The similarity between this version used in the then extreme west of the Church and the Syriac version used in the extreme east is noteworthy.


title: Gloria Patri

text: The following traditional form is the most common in Anglican usage and in older Lutheran liturgical books:


title: Gloria Patri

text: The translations of "semper" as "ever shall be", and "in sæcula sæculorum" as "world without end" date at least from Thomas Cranmer's "Book of Common Prayer".


title: Gloria Patri

text: The Catholic Church uses the same English form, but today replaces "Holy Ghost" with "Holy Spirit", as in "The Divine Office" the edition of the Liturgy of the Hours used in most English-speaking countries outside the United States. "Divine Worship: The Missal", published by the Holy See in 2015 for use under the Apostolic Constitution "Anglicanorum Coetibus" allows "Holy Spirit" and "Holy Ghost" to be used interchangeably.


title: Gloria Patri

text: This was adopted in the publication, "Liturgy of the Hours" (Catholic Book Publishing Company), but has not come into popular use by lay Catholics. It is found also in some Anglican and Lutheran publications.


title: Gloria Patri

text: Especially in Anglican circles, there are various alternative forms of the Gloria designed to avoid masculine language. The form included in "Celebrating Common Prayer" is:


title: Gloria Patri

text: The doxology in the use of the English-speaking Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, follows the Greek form, of which one English translation is:


title: Gloria Patri

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Church of the East, and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the Lesser Doxology is frequently used at diverse points in services and private prayers. Among other instances, it is said three times by the reader during the usual beginning of every service, and as part of the dismissal at the end. When it is used in a series of hymns it is chanted either before the last hymn or before the penultimate hymn. In the latter case, it is divided in half, the "Glory..." being chanted before the penultimate hymn, and "Both now..." being chanted before the final hymn (which is usually a Theotokion).


title: Gloria Patri

text: In the Roman Rite, the "Gloria Patri" is frequently chanted or recited in the Liturgy of the Hours principally at the end of psalms and canticles and in the responsories. There are a few exceptions: for the canticle in the Book of Daniel, Chapter 3 (The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children), the "Gloria Patri" is not chanted; rubrics in the liturgical books direct that: "In fine huius cantici non dicitur Gloria Patri" ("at the end of this canticle the "Gloria Patri" is not to be said"). Instead, the phrase "Praise him, and magnify him forever" is used.


title: Gloria Patri

text: The "Gloria Patri" also figures in the Introit of the Latin Mass. It is also present in the Introit in the form of the Roman Rite published in "Divine Worship: The Missal". The prayer also figures prominently in pious devotions, notably the rosary, where it is recited at the end of each decade.


title: Gloria Patri

text: Amongst Anglicans, the "Gloria Patri" is mainly used at the Daily Offices of Morning and Evening Prayer, to introduce and conclude the singing or recitation of psalms, and to conclude the canticles that lack their own concluding doxologies.


title: Gloria Patri

text: Lutherans have historically added the "Gloria Patri" both after the chanting of the Responsorial Psalm and following the "Nunc Dimittis" during their Divine Service, as well as during Matins and Vespers in the Canonical hours. In Methodism, the "Gloria Patri" (usually in the traditional English form above) is frequently sung to conclude the "responsive reading" of the psalms as they are set out for congregational reading. The prayer is also frequently used in evangelical Presbyterian churches.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: The Jeep Commander XK and XH (for diesel-powered export version) is a mid-size SUV that was manufactured from 2005 to 2010 by the Jeep division of the American manufacturer Chrysler.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: Jeep exhibited a concept car named Commander during the 1999 auto show circuit. The concept featured an experimental direct methanol fuel cell that produced electricity to charge a nickel–metal hydride battery pack. Full-time four-wheel drive was by a severe duty electric motor on each axle. The suspension could be raised for traversing off-road purposes. The overall styling influenced the development of the third-generation Grand Cherokee that was at that time six years away. The concept car had the same height as production Grand Cherokees, but was about wider. This allowed for an interior featuring an extra wide center console in the front and three bucket seats in the second row. The Commander concept had no relation to the production SUV.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: The production version of the Jeep Commander (XK and the diesel-powered XH export version) debuted at the 2005 New York Auto Show as a five- or seven-passenger counterpart of the Jeep Liberty. It was developed to target consumers who wanted a three-row SUV, but designed to be only two inches longer than the Jeep Grand Cherokee with its two-rows of seats as well as to be assembled on the same production line.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: It shared its unibody construction, independent short/long arm front suspension and its 5-link live rear axle with the Grand Cherokee on which it was based. It featured an upright windshield and squared-off sides. Its stepped roof was disguised by the roof rack; a design similar to the GMC Envoy XL and Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT. This allowed the second and third-row seats to be mounted higher than the first-row seats.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: Standard features included: electronic stability control, traction control, electronic roll mitigation, back up sensors, immobiliser, front dual-stage and side curtain airbags, TPMS, power heated mirrors, remote keyless entry, automatic headlights, "UConnect" infotainment system and a full-size spare wheel. Some optional features included: automatic wipers, a 276-watt Boston Acoustics premium sound system, hands-free phone integration, dual zone auto climate control, remote start, a power liftgate, heated first and second row seats, auto dimming mirrors, hill start assist, hill descent control, and adjustable pedals. "Smartbeam" headlights were also available as well as HID headlights.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: The optional "Command View" sunroof package included a power front sunroof and two smaller sunroofs over the second-row seats. The Commander also had an optional entertainment package which included a DVD player, TV, and backup camera. In Europe and certain other markets like Chile, South Africa, and South Korea, the Commander offered a V6 Diesel engine.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: The Commander was offered with three different four-wheel drive systems: Quadra-Trac I, Quadra-Trac II, and Quadra-Drive II. Quadra-Trac I was available on models equipped with the 3.7 L engine; it is a full-time system that requires no driver input. Quadra-Trac II was available on models equipped with a V8 engine; it is a full-time system as well but adds a low range as well as a neutral position for towing. Quadra-Drive II expands on Quadra-Trac II by adding electronic limited slip differentials to the front and rear axles. When equipped with Quadra-Drive II, skid plates for the fuel tank, front suspension, and transfer case were also added.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: Base/Sport - 2006-2010: Includes: 3.7 L V6 engine or 4.7 L V8 engine, AM/FM radio with CD player and six speakers, alloy wheels, cloth seats, Automatic transmission. keyless entry, power windows, door locks, and driver's seat, and five-passenger seating; seven-passenger seating available.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: Limited - 2006-2010: Includes: 4.7 L or 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine, AM/FM radio with six-disc integral CD changer and six Boston Acoustics speakers, security system, dual power seats, leather seats, and standard seven-passenger seating.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: Overland - 2007-2009: Includes: 5.7 L Hemi V8 engine, AM/FM radio with GPS navigation and six-disc integral CD changer, Sirius satellite radio, wire mesh grille insert, leather-and-suede seats with embroidered Overland logos, wood-trimmed steering wheel, leather-wrapped emergency brake handle with leather-wrapped door handles as well, and dual-panel "Command View" sunroof.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: 65th Anniversary Edition - only in 2006: Includes 3.7 L or 4.7 L engine, unique 65th-anniversary badges on the front doors and front bucket seats, power driver seat, unique embroidered floor mats, folding third row seats, automatic front headlamps, front fog lamps, premium sound system with six speakers and a 276-watt external amplifier, an AM/FM stereo with six-disc, in-dash CD/MP3 changer, Sirius satellite radio, and Radio Data System (RDS), unique darkened seventeen-inch (17"x7.5") alloy wheels, a full-size spare tire on a matching wheel.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: Rocky Mountain - (2007-2009): Includes 3.7 L or 4.7 L engine, unique Rocky Mountain badges on the front doors and front bucket seats, power driver seat, folding third-row seats, automatic front headlamps, front fog lamps, Boston Acoustics premium sound system with six speakers and a 276-watt external amplifier, an AM/FM stereo with six-disc, in-dash CD/MP3 changer, (navigation available), Sirius satellite radio, and Radio Data System (RDS), unique darkened seventeen-inch (17"x7.5") alloy wheels, a full-size spare tire on a matching wheel.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: The Jeep Commander was discontinued after the 2010 model year. Chrysler announced that the 2011 Dodge Durango would be its successor; which is produced alongside its platform-mate the 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee at Jefferson North Assembly in Detroit, Michigan. Shortly after production ended, Chrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne said of the Commander, "That vehicle was unfit for human consumption. We sold some. But I don't know why people bought them."


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: In 2017, Jeep released a three-row concept vehicle based on the Jeep Cherokee (KL) platform for the Chinese market, called the Jeep Yuntu, utilizing a plug-in gasoline/electric hybrid power train.


title: Jeep Commander (XK)

text: A three-row version of the Jeep Cherokee (KL) with slightly altered styling was released exclusively for the Chinese market named the Jeep Grand Commander. While similar in size to the original Commander, the Grand Commander will offer four-cylinder power. It will not be sold in any other markets.


title: Projection matrix

text: In statistics, the projection matrix formula_1, sometimes also called the influence matrix or hat matrix formula_2, maps the vector of response values (dependent variable values) to the vector of fitted values (or predicted values). It describes the influence each response value has on each fitted value. The diagonal elements of the projection matrix are the leverages, which describe the influence each response value has on the fitted value for that same observation.


title: Projection matrix

text: If the vector of response values is denoted by formula_3 and the vector of fitted values by formula_4,


title: Projection matrix

text: As formula_4 is usually pronounced "y-hat", the projection matrix formula_7 is also named "hat matrix" as it "puts a hat on formula_3".


title: Projection matrix

text: The element in the "i"th row and "j"th column of formula_7 is equal to the covariance between the "j"th response value and the "i"th fitted value, divided by the variance of the former:


title: Projection matrix

text: The formula for the vector of residuals formula_11 can also be expressed compactly using the projection matrix:


title: Projection matrix

text: where formula_13 is the identity matrix. The matrix formula_14 is sometimes referred to as the residual maker matrix or the annihilator matrix.


title: Projection matrix

text: where formula_17 is the covariance matrix of the error vector (and by extension, the response vector as well). For the case of linear models with independent and identically distributed errors in which formula_18, this reduces to:


title: Projection matrix

text: From the figure, it is clear that the closest point from the vector formula_20 onto the column space of formula_21, is formula_22, and is one where we can draw a line orthogonal to the column space of formula_21. A vector that is orthogonal to the column space of a matrix is in the nullspace of the matrix transpose, so


title: Projection matrix

text: Therefore, since formula_26 is on the column space of formula_21, the projection matrix, which maps formula_20 onto formula_26 is just formula_21, or formula_31


title: Projection matrix

text: Suppose that we wish to estimate a linear model using linear least squares. The model can be written as


title: Projection matrix

text: where formula_33 is a matrix of explanatory variables (the design matrix), β is a vector of unknown parameters to be estimated, and ε is the error vector.


title: Projection matrix

text: Many types of models and techniques are subject to this formulation. A few examples are linear least squares, smoothing splines, regression splines, local regression, kernel regression, and linear filtering.


title: Projection matrix

text: When the weights for each observation are identical and the errors are uncorrelated, the estimated parameters are


title: Projection matrix

text: The above may be generalized to the cases where the weights are not identical and/or the errors are correlated. Suppose that the covariance matrix of the errors is Σ. Then since


title: Projection matrix

text: The projection matrix has a number of useful algebraic properties. In the language of linear algebra, the projection matrix is the orthogonal projection onto the column space of the design matrix formula_33. (Note that formula_41 is the pseudoinverse of X.) Some facts of the projection matrix in this setting are summarized as follows:


title: Projection matrix

text: The projection matrix corresponding to a linear model is symmetric and idempotent, that is, formula_47. However, this is not always the case; in locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS), for example, the hat matrix is in general neither symmetric nor idempotent.


title: Projection matrix

text: For linear models, the trace of the projection matrix is equal to the rank of formula_33, which is the number of independent parameters of the linear model. For other models such as LOESS that are still linear in the observations formula_3, the projection matrix can be used to define the effective degrees of freedom of the model.


title: Projection matrix

text: Practical applications of the projection matrix in regression analysis include leverage and Cook's distance, which are concerned with identifying influential observations, i.e. observations which have a large effect on the results of a regression.


title: Projection matrix

text: Define the hat or projection operator as formula_65. Similarly, define the residual operator as formula_66.


title: Projection matrix

text: There are a number of applications of such a decomposition. In the classical application formula_70 is a column of all ones, which allows one to analyze the effects of adding an intercept term to a regression. Another use is in the fixed effects model, where formula_70 is a large sparse matrix of the dummy variables for the fixed effect terms. One can use this partition to compute the hat matrix of formula_72 without explicitly forming the matrix formula_63, which might be too large to fit into computer memory.


The Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP–CPSU) is a federation of communist parties in the post-Soviet states founded in 1993.


title: Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union

text: Gennady Zyuganov has been the organisation's chairman since 2001. He replaced Oleg Shenin, who split off a part of the UCP–CPSU as the "Communist Party of the Soviet Union".


text: The structure of the UCP-CPSU consists of 15 communist parties within the former Soviet Union and 2 observer members:


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The 2010 UEFA Europa League Final was the final match of the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League, the first season of the revamped European football competition formerly known as the UEFA Cup. Played at the Volksparkstadion in Hamburg, Germany, on 12 May 2010, the match was won by Spain's Atlético Madrid, who, after extra time, beat England's Fulham 2–1.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The win gave Atlético their second major European title, following the 1961–62 European Cup Winners' Cup. Having beaten defending champions Shakhtar Donetsk on the way, Fulham were playing in their first final in only their second season of European football, and their second major final overall in the club's history.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: As the winners, Atlético qualified automatically for the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League by finishing third in their group. They also played in the 2010 UEFA Super Cup in Monaco on 27 August 2010, where they took on Italy's Inter Milan, the winners of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League; Atlético won 2–0.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Atlético Madrid and Fulham had never played against each other before this match, and Atlético were Fulham's first ever Spanish opponents. Atlético, on the other hand, had played 19 previous matches against English opposition, winning six and losing five; the most recent of these was against Liverpool in the semi-finals.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Fulham were playing in only their second season of European football; in 2002–03, they won the Intertoto Cup and reached the third round of the UEFA Cup before being knocked out by Hertha BSC. Atlético, however, had played in four previous European finals, including the 1974 European Cup Final, which they lost to Bayern Munich, and three Cup Winners' Cup finals. Their only European title came in 1962, when they beat Fiorentina 3–0 in a replay at Neckarstadion, Stuttgart, after the original match at Hampden Park, Glasgow, finished as a 1–1 draw.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The final was Fulham's last chance at qualification for European football in the following season. The Premier League season had finished the previous weekend with Fulham finishing in 12th place, 17 points away from the Europa League places. Earlier in the season, they had been knocked out of the League Cup in the third round and in the sixth round of the FA Cup. Atlético were also unable to qualify for Europe via the league; they went into the match in ninth place in the Priméra División, eight points away from the league's Europa League places with one game left to play. However, they had a chance at qualification through the Copa del Rey; they played against Sevilla in the final on 19 May, but lost 2–0.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Before 2010, only two European cup finals had ever been played in the city of Hamburg, both of them at the "Volksparkstadion" (), when the finals of certain competitions were played over two legs on a home-and-away basis. The first was the 1982 UEFA Cup Final second leg where hosts Hamburg lost 3–0 to hand the UEFA Cup to IFK Göteborg of Sweden following a 1–0 defeat in the first leg at Ullevi in Gothenburg. The second one was the 1983 European Super Cup first leg where the 1983 European Cup winners Hamburg drew 0–0 with the 1983 European Cup Winners' Cup winners Aberdeen.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: A total of six European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals and three UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals have been played in German cities, as well as one UEFA Cup final since it became a single-legged match.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The Volksparkstadion was opened in 2000 on the site of Hamburg's previous stadia: the Bahrenfelder Stadium and the original Volksparkstadion. The Bahrenfelder Stadium was built in 1925, but after a two-year renovation, it was replaced by the 75,000-capacity Volksparkstadion in 1953. Hamburger SV moved into the Volksparkstadion from their previous home at Rothenbaum in 1963. The stadium then played host to three Group 1 matches at the 1974 FIFA World Cup in West Germany. 14 years later, UEFA Euro 1988 was held in West Germany and the Volksparkstadion was chosen to host the semi-final between West Germany and the Netherlands. By the late 1990s, plans were laid down for a complete renovation of the stadium; the playing surface was rotated by 90 degrees to take advantage of the natural angle of sunlight and the stadium was rebuilt to hold more than 57,000 spectators. Building work began in 1998 and Hamburger SV returned to the ground in 2000. The stadium was used as a venue for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, playing host to four group stage matches and the quarter-final between Italy and Ukraine.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The 'hosts' for the final, Hamburger SV were only eliminated from the tournament by Fulham at the semi-final stage. The disappointment of coming so close to playing a final at home was doubled for the Hamburg fans as this was the second consecutive year in which they had been knocked out at the same stage in the UEFA Cup/Europa League – in 2008–09, they lost out to local rivals Werder Bremen. Two recent finals had involved a team playing at their usual stadium: Feyenoord defeated Borussia Dortmund in Rotterdam in 2002, while Sporting CP lost to CSKA Moscow in Lisbon in 2005.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The Volksparkstadion was chosen as the venue for the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final at a meeting of the UEFA Executive Committee in Vaduz, Liechtenstein, on 28 March 2008. The committee – who selected the venue for the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final at the same meeting – based their decision on a number of key criteria, including stadium capacity, facilities and security.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Like the recent finals of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup, the 2010 Europa League final was given its own unique visual identity. The design concept is intended to give the public a distinctive impression of the host city and will be used on all media associated with the event. The logo for the 2010 final was revealed at the EAST Hotel Cinema in Hamburg on 30 November 2009 – to coincide with the opening of ticket sales for German residents on 1 December – and the ceremony was attended by Karin Von Welck, the regional officer for sport and culture, German Football Association general secretary Wolfgang Niersbach, Hamburger SV chairman Bernd Hoffmann and Germany Under-19 coach Horst Hrubesch. The logo features an artistic impression of two footballers competing for a ball, set against a modern drawing of various elements of the Hamburg skyline.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: A trophy handover ceremony was held at the "Fischauktionshalle" in Hamburg on 13 April 2010, at which a delegation from holders Shakhtar Donetsk – including chief executive Serhiy Palkin, coach Mircea Lucescu, defender Mariusz Lewandowski and midfielder Jádson – returned the trophy to UEFA President Michel Platini. Platini then presented the trophy to the mayor of Hamburg, Ole von Beust, for it to be put on display in the city until the day of the final. Also present at the ceremony were the presidents of Hamburger SV and the German Football Association: Bernd Hoffmann and Theo Zwanziger.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The regular capacity of the Volksparkstadion was just over 57,000; however, for the 2010 Europa League final and other international matches, the standing area in the north stand was converted to seating, reducing the capacity to around 51,500. Approximately 25% of the available tickets were allocated to each club for distribution to their own fans, while approximately 5,100 tickets were retained for the international general public. Following the ticket application process for German residents – which ran from 1 December 2009 to 15 January 2010 – applications were opened to the international general public on 24 February 2010 and closed on 19 March. As demand exceeded the number of tickets available, successful applications were determined by a ballot at the end of March.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The referee for the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final was Nicola Rizzoli, representing the Italian Football Federation. Rizzoli had been an international referee since 2007, and took charge of his first UEFA Champions League match in the August of that year, even before his first UEFA Cup match. Since then, he refereed a further 10 Champions League matches and nine UEFA Cup/Europa League matches. His only Europa League assignment in 2009–10 – other than the final – was the second leg of Liverpool's round of 16 tie against Lille at Anfield on 18 March 2010. Rizzoli had previously refereed quarter-finals in both the Champions League and the UEFA Cup.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The refereeing team was entirely made up of officials from the same country; Rizzoli was joined by assistant referees Cristiano Copelli and Luca Maggiani, and the fourth official was Gianluca Rocchi. As part of an ongoing experiment throughout the entire 2009–10 UEFA Europa League, there were also two additional assistant referees with the task of monitoring each penalty area; the extra officials for the 2010 final were Paolo Tagliavento and Andrea De Marco.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: For Atlético, only Sergio Asenjo was unavailable through injury; the Spanish back-up goalkeeper started Atlético's match away to Sporting de Gijón on 8 May after manager Quique Sánchez Flores rested his regular number 1, David de Gea, ahead of the Europa League final, but he tore ligaments in his right knee after 13 minutes and was ruled out for six months. As well as De Gea, Flores rested a further six regular first-team players for their penultimate league match: Luis Perea, Paulo Assunção, Simão, Raúl García, Diego Forlán, and Sergio Agüero.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: In the Fulham camp, the most severe injury concerns related to top-scorer Bobby Zamora and winger Damien Duff; Zamora strained his Achilles tendon in the second leg of Fulham's semi-final against Hamburg on 29 April and missed the last three league games of the season, while Duff picked up a calf injury in the penultimate league game against Stoke City on 5 May. Other players with minor injuries included Paul Konchesky (ankle), Brede Hangeland (knee), Aaron Hughes (groin), John Paintsil (muscle strain), and Bjørn Helge Riise (stomach cramps).


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Neither team had any players missing through suspension, so the final team selections were largely as expected; the biggest surprise was from Fulham manager Roy Hodgson, who named Chris Baird at right-back ahead of Ghanaian international John Paintsil.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Atlético started the stronger side and had a chance to take the lead in the 12th minute when Sergio Agüero latched onto a backpass from Danny Murphy and played the ball into Diego Forlán, whose shot struck the post. The sustained pressure from the Spanish club was eventually rewarded when a mistimed shot from Agüero fell to Forlán, who struck the ball past Mark Schwarzer to give Atlético a 1–0 lead. The lead, however, only lasted for five minutes, before Simon Davies struck Zoltán Gera's cross into the net on the half-volley to level the scores at 1–1.


title: 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

text: In the second half, Fulham began to gain a foothold in the game and went close to taking the lead after an hour when Simon Davies struck a shot following a poor clearance, which required a save from Atlético goalkeeper David de Gea. In the 55th minute, Bobby Zamora, who had been a fitness doubt prior to the game, was replaced by Clint Dempsey, who became the first American to appear in a major European football final. Atlético finished the 90 minutes as the stronger side, but with neither team able to score, the game went into extra time. In extra time, it was again Atlético who looked the more likely to score, with both Forlán and Agüero having opportunities to hit the net. As the tie approached 120 minutes, however, the Spanish side scored a winner, when Agüero turned Fulham defender Aaron Hughes and crossed the ball to Forlán, who flicked the ball into the goal. Forlán was subsequently named man of the match for his performance.


title: Soman

text: Soman (or GD, EA 1210, Zoman, PFMP, A-255, systematic name: "O"-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) is an extremely toxic chemical substance. It is a nerve agent, interfering with normal functioning of the mammalian nervous system by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase. It is an inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. As a chemical weapon, it is classified as a weapon of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687. Its production is strictly controlled, and stockpiling is outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 where it is classified as a Schedule 1 substance. Soman was the third of the so-called "G-series" nerve agents to be discovered along with GA (tabun), GB (sarin), and GF (cyclosarin).


title: Soman

text: When pure, soman is a volatile, corrosive, and colorless liquid with a faint odor like that of mothballs or rotten fruit. More commonly, it is a yellow to brown color and has a strong odor described as similar to camphor. The LCt for soman is 70 mg·min/m in humans.


title: Soman

text: GD can be thickened for use as a chemical spray using an acryloid copolymer. It can also be deployed as a binary chemical weapon; its precursor chemicals are methylphosphonyl difluoride and a mixture of pinacolyl alcohol and an amine.


title: Soman

text: After World War I, during which mustard gas and phosgene were used as chemical warfare agents, the 1925 Geneva Protocol was signed in an attempt to ban chemical warfare. Nevertheless, research into chemical warfare agents and the use of them continued. In 1936 a new, more dangerous chemical agent was discovered when Gerhard Schrader of IG Farben in Germany isolated tabun (named GA for German Agent A by the United States), the first nerve agent, while developing new insecticides. This discovery was followed by the isolation of sarin (designated GB by the United States) in 1938, also discovered by Schrader.


title: Soman

text: During World War II, research into nerve agents continued in the United States and Germany. In summer 1944, soman, a colorless liquid with a camphor odor (designated GD by the United States), was developed by the Germans. Soman proved to be even more toxic than tabun and sarin. Nobel Laureate Richard Kuhn together with Konrad Henkel discovered soman during research into the pharmacology of tabun and sarin at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research at Heidelberg. This research was commissioned by the German Army. Soman was produced in small quantities at a pilot plant at the IG Farben factory in Ludwigshafen. It was never used in World War II.


title: Soman

text: Producing or stockpiling soman was banned by the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention. When the convention entered force, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 9,057 tonnes of soman. As of December 2015, 84% of the stockpiles had been destroyed.


title: Soman

text: The crystal structure of soman complexed with acetylcholinesterase was determined by Millard et al. in 1999 by X-ray crystallography: 1som. Other solved acetylcholinesterase structures with soman bound to them include 2wfz, 2wg0 and 2wg1.


title: Soman

text: Soman (C(±)P(±)-soman) has four stereoisomers, each with a different toxicity, though largely similar. The stereoisomers are C(+)P(+)-soman, C(+)P(−)-soman C(−)P(−)-soman and C(−)P(+)-soman.


title: Soman

text: Soman has a phosphonyl group with a fluoride and a (large) hydrocarbon covalently bound to it. The structure is thus similar to that of sarin, which has only a smaller hydrocarbon group attached (isopropyl). Because of the similarity between the chemical structures, the reactivity of the two compounds is almost the same. Soman and sarin will both react using the phospho oxygen group, which can bind to amino acids like serine.


title: Soman

text: The manufacture of soman is very similar to the manufacture of sarin. The difference is that the isopropanol from the sarin processes is replaced with pinacolyl alcohol:


title: Soman

text: Soman is synthesized by reacting pinacolyl alcohol with methylphosphonyl difluoride. The result of this reaction is the forming of soman which is described as “colorless liquid with a somewhat fruity odor.” The low vapor pressure of soman will also produce the volatile gas form of soman. Also, the acid hydrogen fluoride will form due to the elimination of fluoride and a proton. This acid is indirectly dangerous to humans. Skin contact with hydrogen fluoride will cause an immediate reaction with water which produces hydrofluoric acid.


title: Soman

text: Soman is an organophosphorus nerve agent with a mechanism of action similar to Tabun. Nerve agents inhibit acetylcholine esterase (AChE) by forming an adduct with the enzyme via a serine residue on that enzyme. These adducts may be decomposed hydrolytically or, for example, by the action of some oximes and thereby regenerate the enzyme. A second reaction type, one in which the enzyme–organophosphate (OP) complex undergoes a subsequent reaction, is usually described as "aging". Once the enzyme–OP complex has aged it is no longer regenerated by the common, oxime reactivators. The rate of this process is dependent on the OP. Soman is an OP that stimulates the rate of aging most rapidly decreasing the half-life to just a few minutes.


title: Soman

text: AChE is an enzyme involved with neurotransmission. Because of the severe decrease of the half-life of this enzyme, neurotransmission is abolished in a matter of minutes.


title: Soman

text: Once taken up in the human body, soman not only inhibits AChE, but it is also a substrate for other esterases. Reaction of soman with these esterases allows for the detoxication of the compound. No metabolic toxification reactions are known for soman.


title: Soman

text: Soman can be hydrolyzed by a so-called A-esterase, more specific a diisopropylfluorophosphatase. This esterase, also called somanase, reacts with the anhydride bond between phosphorus and fluorine and accounts for the hydrolysis of the fluoride. Somanase also hydrolyses the methyl group of soman resulting in the formation of pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA), which is a less potent AChE inhibitor.


title: Soman

text: Soman can also bind to other esterases, e.g., AChE, cholinesterase (ChE) and carboxylesterases (CarbE). In this binding, soman loses its fluoride. After binding to AChE or ChE soman also loses its phosphoryl group, leading to the formation of methylphosphonic acid (MPA). Binding to CarbE reduce the total concentration of soman in the blood, thus resulting in a lower toxicity. Furthermore, CarbE are involved in the detoxication by hydrolysing soman to PMPA. So CarbE account for the detoxication of soman in two ways.


title: Soman

text: The importance of the detoxication of soman after exposure was illustrated in experiments of Fonnum and Sterri (1981). They reported that only 5% of LD50 inhibited AChE in rats, resulting in acute toxic effects. This shows that metabolic reactions accounted for the detoxification of the remaining 95% of the dose.


title: Soman

text: As soman is closely related to compounds such as sarin, indications for a soman poisoning are relatively similar. One of the first observable signs of a soman poisoning is miosis. Some, but not all of the later indications are vomiting, extreme muscle pain and peripheral nervous system problems. Those symptoms show as soon as 10 minutes after exposure and may last for many days.


title: Soman

text: In addition to the direct toxic effects on the nervous system, people exposed to soman may experience long-term effects, most of which are psychological. Subjects who were exposed to a small dose of soman suffered severe toxic effects; once treated, the subjects often developed depression, had antisocial thoughts, were withdrawn and subdued, slept restlessly and had bad dreams. These symptoms lasted six months after exposure but disappeared without lasting damage.


title: Soman

text: The LC of soman in air is estimated to be 70 mg min per m. Compared with the LC value of a rat, the human lethal concentration is much lower (954.3 mg min/m versus 70 mg min/m). For compounds such as soman, which may also be used as a weapon, often a fraction of the LC dose is where the first effects appear. Miosis is one of the first symptoms of soman intoxication and can be seen in doses of less than 1% of the LC.


title: Soman

text: Experiments have been done in which rats were exposed to soman to test if behavioral effects could be seen at low doses without generating overt symptoms. Exposure of the rats to soman in a dose of less than 3 percent of the LD caused alterations of the behavior. The active avoidance of the exposed rats was less than the avoidance of non-exposed rats (two-way shuttlebox experiment). Also the motor coordination (hurdle-stepping task), open field behavior and active as well as passive avoidance behavior were affected. One can conclude that rats that are exposed to soman performed with less success in tasks that require motor activity as well as the function of higher structures of the central nervous system (CNS) on the same time. In this, soman has a predominantly central effect.


title: Soman

text: The knowledge of the effects of low doses of soman and other choline esterase inhibitors on rats could possibly be used to explain the relatively high incidence of airplane accidents due to errors of agricultural pilots. If this knowledge could be applied to humans, one could explain this high incidence with depressed choline esterase activity due to exposure to pesticides. It is not known whether the extrapolation from rats to humans can be made.


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: The Real World: Chicago is the eleventh season of MTV's reality television series "The Real World", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the first season of "The Real World" to be filmed in the East North Central States region of the United States, specifically in Illinois.


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: The season featured seven people who lived in a converted bookstore/coffeehouse in the Chicago's Wicker Park neighborhood, which production started from June 28 until November 3, 2001. This was also the first season in which production would start months (sometimes weeks) after wrapping the previous season allowing filming and broadcasting almost immediately unlike the usual annual season. The season premiered on January 15, 2002 and consisted of 24 episodes. This was the first of two seasons to be filmed in Chicago. Twelve years later, the show returned to the city in its .


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: The season depicted cast members dealing with learning of the September 11th attacks, although criticism was leveled at the series because the cast was actually at Wrigley Field for a photo shoot when they first learned of the event. However, contrary to rumors, the reactions seen were not staged. Producers brought a television in to the loft so the cast could see the attack footage.


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: Bunim-Murray Productions experienced a number of problems with the production of this season, including a nearby shooting, and numerous protests, vandalism, and arrests by locals critical of MTV and its parent company, Viacom, and opposed to the production's perceived contribution to the neighborhood's gentrification.


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: This was the first season of "The Real World" to feature two openly gay cast members, Chris Beckman and Aneesa Ferreira. A previous season, "", featured two LGBT cast members: Justin Deabler, who is gay, and Ruthie Alcaide, who is bisexual.


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: Almost every season of "The Real World", beginning with its , has included the assignment of a season-long group job or task to the housemates, continued participation in which has been mandatory to remain part of the cast since the Back to New York season. The Chicago roommates were assigned to three different jobs at the Chicago Park District. Some were lifeguards at the Lake Michigan beaches while others worked with inner-city children on a park mural. The cast then worked on "Chicagoween" (a portmanteau of "Chicago" and "Halloween") and had to devise a story to act out for the children at Chicago's Halloween celebration.


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: The cast resided in a loft at 1934 West North Avenue in the Chicago neighborhood of Wicker Park, which had formerly served as a sweatshop, storage facility, and after falling into disrepair, a drug den in the 1980s. In the late 1990s, it served as the space for Steven Ivcich Acting Studio where Johnny Kastl studied before moving to Los Angeles. After it was renovated, it served as Urbis Orbis Café, a classic hipster hangout, then an antique shop. Chicago Scenic Studios constructed the loft's interior, and interior decorating was overseen by local designer Suhail. After filming, fixtures and other items used during the production were auctioned off, and the space was converted into a Cheetah Gym, which opened in 2002.


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: After the cast left the "Real World" loft, all seven of them appeared to discuss their experiences both during and since their time on the show, "Stop Being Polite: The Real World Chicago Reunion", which premiered on July 15, 2002, and was hosted by television personality Brian McFayden.


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: At the 2008 "The Real World Awards Bash", Chris received a nomination in the "Hottest Male" category, while Cara received one for "Biggest Playa".


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: After the show, Kyle Brandt starred as Phillip Kiriakis on "Days of Our Lives" on NBC. In 2008, he wrote and produced the TV series "Rome is Burning" and "The Jim Rome Show", a sports radio talk show out of California, on which he appeared as "Lyle Grant".


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: Tonya Cooley went to pose for "Playboy" and appear in productions on Cinemax. She appeared on multiple Challenges before leaving the show's unstable environment, quit drinking due to alcoholism, and returned to Washington to live a regular life and own a salon.


title: The Real World: Chicago

text: In 2017, Aneesa Ferreira appeared on MTV's "Fear Factor", where she was paired with Laurel Stucky from "". In 2020, Ferreira started hosting the "MTV's Official Challenge" podcast, alongside fellow castmate Tori Deal from "Are You the One?".


title: Jess Willard

text: Jess Myron Willard (December 29, 1881 – December 15, 1968) was an American world heavyweight boxing champion billed as the Pottawatomie Giant who knocked out Jack Johnson in April 1915 for the heavyweight title. Willard was known for size rather than skill, and though held the championship for more than four years, he defended it rarely. In 1919, when he was 37 years of age he lost the title in an extremely one sided loss by declining to come out for the fourth round against Jack Dempsey, who became a more celebrated champion. Soon after the bout Willard began accusing Dempsey of using something with the effect of a knuckle duster. Dempsey did not grant Willard a return match, and at 42 years old he was KO'd, following which he retired from boxing, although for the rest of his life continued claiming Dempsey had cheated. Ferdie Pacheco expressed the opinion in a book that the surviving photographs of Willard's face during the Dempsey fight indicate fractures to Willard's facial bones suggesting a metal implement, and show he was bleeding heavily. The matter has never been resolved, with contemporaneous ringside sports journalist reporting by the NYT that Willard spat out at least one tooth and was "a fountain of blood" increasingly discounted in favor of a view that he had only a cut lip and a little bruising.


title: Jess Willard

text: Jess Myron Willard was born on 29 December 1881 at Saint Clere, Kansas. In his teenage years and twenties he worked as a cowboy. He was of mostly English ancestry, which had been in North America since the colonial era. The first member of the Willard family arrived in Virginia in the 1630s.


title: Jess Willard

text: A powerfully built and , Willard did not begin boxing until the age of 27, but proved successful, defeating top-ranked opponents to earn a chance to fight for the Championship. He said he started boxing because he did not have much of an education, but thought his size and strength could earn him a good living. He was a gentle and friendly person and did not enjoy boxing or hurting people, so often waited until his opponent attacked him before punching back, which made him feel at ease as if he were defending himself. He was often maligned as an uncoordinated oaf rather than a skilled boxer, but his counter-punching style, coupled with his enormous strength and stamina, proved successful against top fighters. His physical strength was so great that he was reputed to be able to kill a man with a single punch, which unfortunately proved to be a fact during his fight with Jack "Bull" Young in 1913, who was punched in the head and killed in the 9th round. Willard was charged with second-degree murder, but was successfully defended by lawyer Earl Rogers.


title: Jess Willard

text: On April 5, 1915, in front of a huge crowd at the new Oriental Park Racetrack in Havana, Cuba, he knocked out champion Jack Johnson in the 26th round to win the world heavyweight boxing championship. Johnson later claimed to have intentionally lost the fight, despite the fact there is evidence of Willard winning fairly, which can be seen clearly in the recorded footage, as well as the comments Johnson made to his cornermen between rounds and immediately after the fight, and that he bet $2500 on himself to win. Willard said, "If he was going to throw the fight, I wish he'd done it sooner. It was hotter than hell out there." Johnson later acknowledged lying about throwing the fight after footage of the fight was made widely available in the United States. Shortly after the fight, Jack Johnson had actually accepted defeat gracefully saying, "Willard was too much for me, I just didn't have it."


title: Jess Willard

text: Johnson found that he could not knock out the giant Willard, who fought as a counterpuncher, making Johnson do all the leading. Johnson began to tire after the 20th round, and was visibly hurt by heavy body punches from Willard in rounds preceding the 26th-round knockout. Johnson's claim of a "dive" gained momentum because most fans only saw a still photo of Johnson lying on the canvas shading his eyes from the broiling Cuban sun. No films of the fight were allowed to be shown in the United States because of an inter-state ban on the trafficking of fight films that was in effect at the time. Most boxing fans only saw the film of the Johnson-Willard fight when a copy was found in 1967.


title: Jess Willard

text: Willard fought several times over the next four years, but made only one official title defense prior to 1919, defeating Frank Moran on March 25, 1916, at Madison Square Garden.


title: Jess Willard

text: At age 37, Willard lost his title to Dempsey on July 4, 1919, in Toledo. Dempsey knocked Willard down for the first time in his career with a left hook in the first round. Dempsey knocked Willard down seven times in the first round—although it should be remembered that rules at the time permitted standing almost over a knocked-down opponent and hitting him again as soon as both gloves had left the canvas. At one point Dempsey left the ring mistakenly thinking the fight was over, and under the rules could have been disqualified, but Willard had economised by not employing professional cornermen and they failed to insist on application of the regulations. Dempsey won the title when Willard was unable to continue after the third round. In the fight, Willard was later reputed to have suffered a broken jaw, cheekbone, and ribs, as well as losing several teeth. His attempt to fight to the finish, ending when he was unable to come out for the fourth round, is considered one of the most courageous performances in boxing history. However, the extent of Willard's injuries have been highly disputed and are now unclear since multiple independent reports only a few days after the fight said that there were no traces of any damage other than a couple of bruises:


title: Jess Willard

text: To take only one representative account, according to a reporter for the "Topeka Daily Capital", July 16, 1919, p. 8, who interviewed Jess when he got back to Lawrence, "The ex-champion didn't have any black eye, nor any signs that he was injured in any way."


title: Jess Willard

text: When interviewed by Harry Carpenter of the "BBC Sport" in the 1960s at his house in California, Willard said to the reporter, "I'll show you, how I was beaten." He then drew a metal bolt from a cardbox, saying that Dempsey held the bolt in his hand, not "within" the glove but at the palm of it, attached to the thumb sideways, and used the bolt rather for cutting-and-slicing-like moves to inflict blood-spilling cuts and pain, relinquishing it just as the bout was stopped, and according to Willard, the bolt was found on the floor of the ring at the end of the fight and he kept it. Mike Tyson, who studied the case in-depth and very thoroughly, later joined Carpenter to discuss the subject. Tyson, a great admirer of Dempsey's, admitted that "he just did whatever Jack Kearns told him to do" and "in those days anything could have happened", for that there was no agency or other legal authority at the time that was officially empowered to oversee and protect fighters from violations of such kind. However, footage before the fight shows Dempsey putting on his gloves with no additional objects and in full view of Willard, his team and the crowd.


title: Jess Willard

text: After losing his title fight with Dempsey, Willard went into semiretirement from the ring, fighting only exhibition bouts for the next four years. On May 12, 1923, promoter Tex Rickard arranged for Willard to make a comeback, fighting Floyd Johnson as part of the first line-up of boxing matches at the newly opened Yankee Stadium in New York City. 63,000 spectators attended the match, which the 41-year-old Willard was widely expected to lose. However, after Willard took a beating for several rounds, he came back to knock down Johnson in the 9th and 11th rounds, and Willard earned a TKO victory. Damon Runyon wrote afterward: "Youth, take off your hat and bow low and respectfully to Age. For days and days, the sole topic of conversation in the world of sport will be Willard's astonishing comeback."


title: Jess Willard

text: Willard followed up this victory by facing contender Luis Ángel Firpo on July 12, 1923. The fight was held at Boyle's Thirty Acres in New Jersey, in front of more than 75,000 spectators. Willard was knocked out in the eighth round, and then permanently retired from boxing.


title: Jess Willard

text: Willard parlayed his boxing fame into an acting career of a sort. He acted in a vaudeville show, had a role in "Buffalo Bill's Wild West" show, and starred in a 1919 feature film "The Challenge of Chance". In 1933, he appeared in a bit part in a boxing movie, "The Prizefighter and the Lady", with Max Baer and Myrna Loy.


title: Jess Willard

text: Willard died on 15 December 1968, in Los Angeles, California, from congestive heart failure. He had been admitted to a hospital a week earlier for a heart condition, but left against a doctor's advice. He returned again after suffering a stroke and died 12 hours later.


title: Jess Willard

text: Having died at age 86, Willard was the longest-lived heavyweight champion in history until he was surpassed by his old foe Jack Dempsey (who died in 1983, aged 87), then by Jack Sharkey (who died in 1994, aged 91), and finally by Max Schmeling (who died in 2005 at the age of 99, making him the longest-lived heavyweight champion in boxing history).


title: Jess Willard

text: Willard and a dispute he had with Harry Houdini is the topic of Andy Duncan's Nebula Award nominated novella "The Pottawatomie Giant." In 2020, a television program "Antiques Roadshow - Crocker Art Museum" (Season 24, Episode 8, Part 2), showed a photograph from his 5 April 1915 championship winning match, and the commemorative pocket watch Willard carried which was estimated to be valued between $15,000 and $50,000.


title: Jess Willard

text: All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.


title: Jess Willard

text: Jess Willard was a 6th great-grandson (9th generation descendant) of the Massachusetts colonist Simon Willard (1605–1676).


title: Big Ass Fans

text: Big Ass Fans is an American company that manufactures fans, evaporative coolers, and controls for industrial, agricultural, commercial and residential use. The company's headquarters is in Lexington, Kentucky, with additional offices in Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and Canada.


title: Big Ass Fans

text: Carey Smith incorporated the Delta T. Corporation in 1994 Lexington, Kentucky, to manufacture and install cooling systems for industrial spaces and warehouses. In 1999, Smith signed an exclusive distribution agreement with a California manufacturer of "high-volume, low-speed" (HVLS) ceiling fans, which were sold to farmers for cooling cattle. The company's focus shifted almost exclusively to fan sales, and the company started doing business under the name HVLS Fan Company.


title: Big Ass Fans

text: In 2000, the company initiated a marketing campaign with mailers depicting their fans with a picture of the rear of a donkey and the caption "Big Ass Fan". The campaign was successful enough that the company started doing business under the name Big Ass Fans. Fanny, the donkey used in the ad campaign, became the company's logo, and Smith changed his job title to "Chief Big Ass".


title: Big Ass Fans

text: In 2006, the company moved its headquarters to a larger facility on Merchant Street in Lexington. By 2010, the company has re-occupied its Winchester Road location, in addition to the Merchant Street location and its research and development facility on Lexington's Jaggie Fox Way, in order to accommodate its continued growth.


title: Big Ass Fans

text: In 2014, the company opened a new division called Big Ass Light to sell LED fixtures, and started doing business under the name Big Ass Solutions.


title: Big Ass Fans

text: In 2017, the company shut down its facility on Winchester Road, and Smith sold the company to private equity firm Lindsay Goldberg, and the company was re-incorporated in Delaware as Big Ass Fans, LLC. In February 2018, Lennie Rhoades, a senior vice president at JELD-WEN, became CEO.


title: Big Ass Fans

text: In July 2021, Big Ass Fans was acquired by Madison Industries. Ken Walma, a former executive at Cooper Lighting among other companies, took over as the company's current CEO in May 2022. Big Ass Fans was ranked number one in "Fortune" magazine's 2022 ranking of 100 Best Medium Workplaces and 100 Best Small and Medium Workplaces for Millennials.


title: Big Ass Fans

text: When the company began their "Big Ass Fan" marketing campaign, some postmasters in Georgia, Mississippi, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, California and Louisville returned the cards to HVLS as inappropriate. When the company relocated to Lexington's Winchester Road, residents staged protests of a wide mural depicting the company's name and mascot on the side of its building. Because of the name, Lexington's Blue Grass Airport declined to display advertising from the company in its baggage claim area. The airport later relented and hung a Big Ass Fan and a plaque near the security checkpoint. The Big Ass Fans Facebook page includes a gallery of letters complaining about the company's name, and in 2012, it began a YouTube channel featuring customer voicemail complaints styled as music videos. For schools and religious institutions, however, the company maintains an advertising package that does not include the company name alongside the donkey logo.


title: Big Ass Fans

text: The company's first products included several iterations of high-volume low-speed fans for industrial and agricultural use. These fans use airfoils instead of flat blades and feature onboard variable-frequency drives. Big Ass Fans has expanded its product line to include directional, oscillating and mobile fans. The company has developed a line of fans for air-conditioned commercial and residential spaces, LED light fixtures and controls.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, and one of 13 municipalities in the state to have city forms of government while retaining "town of" in their official names. It is named after Weymouth, Dorset, a coastal town in England, and is the second-oldest settlement in Massachusetts, second only to Plymouth. It is one of the South Shore's more affordable towns and offers a short commute into Boston, MBTA bus and rail service, and a town beach.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: As of the 2010 census, there were 53,743 people, 22,435 households, and 13,595 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,174.2 people per square mile (1,225.4/km). There were 22,573 housing units at an average density of 1,327.1 per square mile (512.4/km). 64% housing units were owner-occupied and 35% of housing units were renter-occupied. The racial makeup of the city was 82.7% White, 5.2% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 5.7% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: There were 22,028 households, out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families, 37% of which were non-family households with residents over 65 years of age. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.08.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: The median income for a household in the city was $68,665, and the median income for a family was $52,083. Males had a median income of $42,497 versus $35,963 for females. The per capita income for was $24,976. About 9.1% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth has the 10th highest Irish population in the United States, at 33%. As "white flight" occurred in inner-city Boston exacerbated by the start of the cross-district busing program, in the 1960s and 70s thousands of white (predominantly of Irish descent) Bostonians moved to middle/working class suburbs such as Weymouth and Quincy. The blue collar city culture (example: The Boston accent) of places like South Boston and Dorchester is prevalent in the neighborhoods of Weymouth. Weymouth has colloquially been referred to as "Suburban Southie" and "Southie on the South Shore" due to the high influx of South Boston residents and Irish Catholic culture in the town. This trend continues in a different way again today as some longtime South Boston residents are now being priced out due to gentrification. Many are moving out to the more affordable towns on the South Shore.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which is land and (comprising 21.29%) is water.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth contains the Weymouth Back River and the Weymouth Fore River; its surroundings, formerly industrial, are now set aside as parks and natural areas, including Webb Memorial State Park. There are many streets named after people and trees.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth is bordered on the north by Hingham Bay and Boston Harbor. Weymouth's territory includes Grape Island, Slate Island, and Sheep Island, all part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. Weymouth is bordered on the west by Quincy, Braintree, and Holbrook. It is bordered on the south by Abington and Rockland. Weymouth is bordered on the east by Hingham.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Weymouth has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth is served by several MBTA bus routes as well as three MBTA Commuter Rail stations: two on the Greenbush Line, at Weymouth Landing and near Jackson Square, and one on the Old Colony Line at South Weymouth. Numbered routes that pass through Weymouth include Massachusetts Routes 3, 3A, 18, 53, 58 and 139.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth was founded in 1635, from the territory known as Wessagusett which was described in 1622—just two years after the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth. Weymouth held the distinction of having the oldest continuous town meeting form of government, for 365 years. In 1999, Weymouth residents voted to change to a city form of government. David M. Madden was elected as the city's first mayor and took office in 2000.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: On July 10, 2007, Mayor David M. Madden announced he would not seek reelection. In 2008, Susan Kay was elected as the new mayor of Weymouth.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: On November 3, 2015, Republican state senator Bob Hedlund was elected as the new mayor of Weymouth, succeeding long-incumbent mayor Susan M. Kay. Hedlund assumed office on January 4, 2016.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth is one of the few places in the United States where self-service gas stations are illegal. The ban was introduced in 1977.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth High School is the only high school in Weymouth. Prior to 2005, grades eight and nine were housed in Weymouth Junior High while grades ten, eleven, and twelve comprised the High School. This changed with the construction of a new wing on the Junior High building in South Weymouth, which subsequently became the new Weymouth High School housing grades nine through twelve. The old Weymouth High School in East Weymouth was converted into the Maria Weston Chapman Middle School. More than 2,000 students attend the high school. A brand new athletic surface was completed in 2005, giving Weymouth High School an artificial turf field and a track surface.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: In 2008 "Boston Magazine" ranked Weymouth High School eighth among Boston-area high schools in academic performance and eighteenth in cost efficiency. In June 2021, Weymouth High School was placed into a state program for schools or districts that disproportionately suspend nonwhite students or students with disabilities.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: There is one Weymouth Middle School in East Weymouth. There are two campuses and are down the street from each other. The campuses are called Chapman Campus and Adams Campus.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Abigail Adams Middle School has now been set for 5th and 6th grades and Maria Weston Chapman Middle School 7th and 8th grades in 2010. With Chapman going to be rebuilt within the next few years due to poor upkeep of the current school.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: There are eight primary schools and one early childhood center, five of which are named after Weymouth's Congressional Medal of Honor recipients.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth was settled in 1622 as Wessagusset Colony founded by Thomas Weston, who had been the main financial backer of Plymouth Colony. The settlement was a failure, as the 60 men from London were ill-prepared for the hardships required for survival. They also may have lacked the motivation of the Pilgrims, as this colony was purely economic in motivation and the men had not brought their families.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: By winter, poor planning and bad management led to supplies running out, and the Plymouth colonists had little to share. The situation grew desperate and Weymouth men began to sell their clothes, hire themselves out as laborers, and even steal from the local Massachusett Indians. The Indians were soon taunting the Weymouth men and robbing them of what little food they gathered clamming and foraging in the woods. By now, many in the colony were starving or ill, and law and order had broken down. The lowest point came when a settler was accused of stealing supplies from the Massachusetts, and the Massachusett leaders demanded the thief's execution; the Weymouth men complied, but legend has it that they may have executed a dying, sick settler instead.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: By April 1623, word came of conflict between American Indians and the Virginia colonists, and tension increased between the Wessagusset colonists and the Indians. Massachusetts and other tribes began plotting to attack and destroy what was left of the floundering colony and the more successful Plymouth Colony. Wampanoag Chief Massasoit heard about the plot but soon fell ill and nearly died. A party from the Plymouth Colony came to his village and nursed him back to health, and he warned them of the plot. Governor William Bradford decided to preempt the planned attack, and sent Myles Standish to Weymouth with the Plymouth militia and their Indian guide Hobbamock to end the threat. Using the promise of a meal of pork, Standish lured five of the more bellicose Massachusett Indians inside the stockade, including Wituwamat, a large man who had belittled Standish because he was short and had bragged about murdering a number of French shipwreck survivors. Once inside, there was a brief struggle and the Indian leaders were killed.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Ten of the original 60 colonists starved to death and two others were killed in conflicts with the Indians. Forty-five colonists joined Plymouth or went north to Maine, and from there most returned to England. Three men who had left the colony to live among the Indians as laborers could not be warned in time and were subsequently killed by them after Standish had released the women and children.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Robert Gorges attempted to form a colony at the site later that year as the center of a more royalist and Anglican system of government for New England. He brought William Morrell as religious leader and expected Governor Bradford to acknowledge his supremacy and act as his agent. Within weeks, the New England winter caused Gorges to leave with most of the settlers. Those who remained formed the nucleus of the permanent settlement. and the oldest in what would become Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, it was officially incorporated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony; the name was changed to Weymouth in 1635 with the addition of 100 families under the leadership of Joseph Hull. These groups experienced some difficulty integrating together, especially due to conflicting pressures from the Puritans of Boston and the Pilgrims of Plymouth, but Weymouth was a stable and prominent town with its current boundaries by 1635. It was included as part of Suffolk County when it was formed on May 10, 1643. The oldest surviving house in Weymouth is the Bickman House () located at 84 Sea Street.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: Weymouth was heavily involved in the shoemaking industry from the first years of the 18th century right through to 1973, when the Stetson Shoe Company closed its doors. The building is currently being used for medical offices.


title: Weymouth, Massachusetts

text: The original town hall was destroyed by fire in 1914 and was replaced in 1928 with a town hall that is a replica of the old Massachusetts State House in Boston. In May 2018, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker designated a tract of land near Lakeview Manor and the eastern and northern borders of Whitman's Pond as an "opportunity zone" under the Congressional Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: Love in the Time of Cholera is a 2007 American romantic drama film directed by Mike Newell. Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Gabriel García Márquez, it tells the story of a love triangle between Fermina Daza (played by Giovanna Mezzogiorno) and her two suitors, Florentino Ariza (Javier Bardem) and Doctor Juvenal Urbino (Benjamin Bratt) which spans 50 years, from 1880 to 1930.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: It is the first filming of a García Márquez novel by a Hollywood studio, rather than by Latin American or Italian directors. It is also the first English-language work of Academy Award-nominated Brazilian actress Fernanda Montenegro, who portrays Tránsito Ariza. Shakira wrote two original songs for the film.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: In late 19th-century Cartagena, a river port in Colombia, Florentino Ariza falls in love at first sight with Fermina Daza. They secretly correspond, and she eventually agrees to marry him, but her father discovers their relationship and sends her to stay with distant relatives (mainly her grandmother and niece). When she returns some years later, Fermina agrees to marry Dr. Juvenal Urbino, her father's choice. Their 50-year marriage is outwardly loving but inwardly marred by darker emotions. Fermina's marriage devastates Florentino, who vows to remain a virgin, but his self-denial is thwarted by a tryst.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: To help Florentino get over Fermina, his mother throws a willing widow into his bed, and Florentino discovers that sex is a very good pain reliever, one he uses to replace the opium that he had habitually smoked. Florentino begins to record and describe each of his sexual encounters, beginning with the widow, and eventually compiles over 600 entries.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: Now a lowly clerk, Florentino plods resolutely over many years to approach the wealth and social standing of Dr. Urbino. When the now-elderly doctor dies suddenly, Florentino immediately and impertinently resumes courting Fermina.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: Much of the film takes place in the historic, walled city of Cartagena in Colombia. Some screen shots showed the Magdalena River and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: The London-based animation studio VooDooDog created the title and end sequences, which draw inspiration from the colors and atmosphere of South America.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: According to an interview by Colombian magazine "Revista Semana", Scott Steindorff, producer of the film, showed an unreleased final edition of the film to Gabriel García Márquez in Mexico who, at the end of the film, is said to have exclaimed "Bravo!" with a smile on his face.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 25% based on reviews from 110 critics, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though beautifully filmed, the makers of "Love in the Time of Cholera" fail to transfer the novel's magic to the screen." On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 43 out of 100, based on 29 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: "Time" rated it "D" and described it as "a serious contender [for] the worst movie ever made from a great novel ... Skip the film; reread the book."


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly", gave it a "D" rating and called it a "turgid and lifeless movie adaptation", opining that "those who have read Gabriel García Márquez's glowing and sexy 1988 novel about one man's grand love for a woman who marries another are bound to be peevishly disappointed ... those who haven't read the book will now never understand the ardor of those who have — at least not based on all the hammy traipsing and coupling and scene-hopping thrown together here."


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: In the "Los Angeles Times", Carina Chocano stated, "the novel has made it to the screen in the form of a plodding, tone-deaf, overripe, overheated Oscar baiting telenovela ... Doubtless it's an enormously daunting task to adapt a book at once so sweeping and internal, so swooningly romantic and philosophical, but it takes a lighter touch and a more expansive view than Newell and Harwood seem to bring."


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: Despedida, written for the film by Shakira and Antonio Pinto, was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Song.


title: Love in the Time of Cholera (film)

text: In its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, the film ranked #10 at the box office, grossing $1.9 million in 852 theaters.


title: Carlos Mac Allister

text: Carlos Javier "Colo" Mac Allister (born 5 March 1968) is an Argentine politician and former footballer. A left-back, he played for Argentinos Juniors, Boca Juniors, and Racing Club during his career. He also won three international caps for the Argentina national team in 1993. After his football career, Mac Allister was elected as a National Deputy for the Republican Proposal party in 2013, representing his native province of La Pampa. From 2015 to 2018, he served as Secretary of Sports in the government of President Mauricio Macri.


title: Carlos Mac Allister

text: Mac Allister debuted for Argentinos Juniors in 1986. He transferred to Boca Juniors in 1992, where he scored the winning goal in the gold cup final. In 1996, he left Boca for Racing Club where he played until 1998, playing one final season with Ferro Carril Oeste before retiring at the age of 30.


title: Carlos Mac Allister

text: In 1993, Mac Allister played for the Argentina national team in the qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup alongside Diego Maradona, Fernando Redondo, Sergio Goycochea, Oscar Ruggeri and Diego Simeone. He was brought into the team in late 1993 following a loss to Colombia on 5 September 1993 in Buenos Aires, and played in the following international games for Argentina:


title: Carlos Mac Allister

text: In 1998 the Mac Allister brothers, Carlos and Patricio, established their own sports club for youngsters, the MacAllister Sports Club. They acquired a four-hectare piece of land situated 5 km outside Santa Rosa, in La Pampa province, where they built their own club to train and promote young football players for their subsequent careers in professional football.


title: Carlos Mac Allister

text: He was elected to the National Chamber of Deputies as part of the Republican Proposal party in 2013, representing his native province of La Pampa. From 2015 to 2018, he served as Secretary of Sports in the government of President Mauricio Macri.


title: Carlos Mac Allister

text: Mac Allister is of Irish and Italian descent. Mac Allister has ancestors from the Irish town of Donabate. He talked in 2004 about having no deep relations to his roots, but "would love to know Ireland", places he "would someday go". His brother is Patricio Mac Allister. He has three sons who are professional footballers: Alexis, Francis and Kevin.


title: Ciara Renée

text: Ciara Renée Harper (born October 19, 1990) is an American actress and musician. She is best known for her roles on Broadway as The Witch in "Big Fish," the Leading Player in "Pippin", and Elsa in "Frozen." She played Esmeralda in "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" at Paper Mill Playhouse and La Jolla Playhouse. She starred as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl in the CW series "DC's Legends of Tomorrow", a spin-off of "Arrow" and "The Flash." Her vocal type is mezzo-soprano.


title: Ciara Renée

text: Renée was born and raised in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. She attended Central Dauphin East High School and graduated with a degree in Music Theatre from Baldwin Wallace University in 2013.


title: Ciara Renée

text: In fall September 2013, Renée made her Broadway debut at the Neil Simon Theatre as The Witch in "Big Fish" after working in a pre-Broadway workshop of "Bull Durham". In February of the following year, she was cast in a revival of the musical "Pippin", replacing Patina Miller as the Leading Player. Renée guest-starred on "" in the fall of 2014 on NBC. Based on the Victor Hugo novel and animated Disney film of the same name, Renée took on the role of Esmeralda in a musical adaptation of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" at the Paper Mill Playhouse in association with the La Jolla Playhouse from March 15 to April 5 of 2015, a performance the NY Daily News described as "earthy and lovely". In March 2015, it was announced that Renée had been cast as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl in The CW's spin-off series "DC's Legends of Tomorrow", an expansion of the network's existing universe of DC Comics adaptations. She joined co-stars Caity Lotz, Brandon Routh, Franz Drameh, Dominic Purcell, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, and Arthur Darvill. Renée made a special guest appearance as Kendra Saunders on the first-season finale of "The Flash" on May 20, 2015.


title: Ciara Renée

text: In 2016, Renée played Susan in the Off-Broadway revival of Jonathan Larson's autobiographical musical "Tick, Tick... Boom!". The production ran from October 20 to December 18.


title: Ciara Renée

text: In the summer of 2017, she played Mary Magdalene in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical "Jesus Christ Superstar" at The Muny in St. Louis, Missouri.


title: Ciara Renée

text: It was announced on January 15, 2020 that Renee will return to Broadway to play Elsa in "Frozen" beginning February 18. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all Broadway theatres were closed in March 2020. Disney later announced "Frozen" will not reopen after the lockdown is lifted.


title: Ciara Renée

text: Renee replaced country singer Jennifer Nettles as Jenna in the Broadway musical "Waitress" on November 25, 2021.


title: Ciara Renée

text: Ciara's mother's heritage comes from a mix of European cultures. Her father's heritage comes from African, Middle Eastern, Native American, and European cultures.


title: Jules Hudson

text: Julian Harold Hudson (born 9 January 1970) is an English archaeologist, television producer and presenter, best known for presenting the BBC series "Escape to the Country." He also frequently presents sections of the environmental documentary series "Countryfile" on BBC One.


title: Jules Hudson

text: Hudson was born in the town of Colchester, in Essex, in 1970. He is the son of Pam and Cliff Hudson. He was brought up in a Bed and Breakfast hotel run by his mother for 40 years, in the former village of Lexden, now a suburb of Colchester. His father was a mechanical engineer and a technical director at E H Bentall & Co in the large village of Heybridge in the Maldon District of Essex, frequently working abroad.


title: Jules Hudson

text: Hudson attributes his conversational style of presentation to his experience from a young age of meeting people at the bed and breakfast from many different backgrounds and nationalities.


title: Jules Hudson

text: Hudson was educated at two independent schools: at Colchester High School and later Ipswich School, in the county town of Ipswich in Suffolk, where he boarded from the age of eleven. After school, he studied Field Archaeology at Lampeter University (renamed the "University of Wales, Lampeter" in 1996), in the town of Lampeter in Ceredigion in south west Wales, followed by military training at RMA Sandhurst in Berkshire. He later took a master's degree in Archaeology at Durham University. He attended Durham from 1994-1995 and was a member of University College.


title: Jules Hudson

text: After initially briefly pursuing a career as an army officer, Hudson moved into TV production in 1996, focusing on historical programmes.


title: Jules Hudson

text: Working initially for Discovery Channel, he then moved to Channel 4's "Time Team," BBC 2's "Horizon," and three military history series for the BBC's Richard Holmes. After becoming lead presenter on ITV Meridian's "The Making of England," and making "Have I Been Here Before?" with Phillip Schofield, he developed and produced the series "Revival" for ITV, which gained a Royal Television Society nomination.


title: Jules Hudson

text: Since 2007, he has been the main presenter on the BBC's "Escape to the Country". He was the initial presenter on BBC One's "Britain's Empty Homes", fronting the first series from January 2010 to February 2012. He has presented "Defenders of the Sky" for the History Channel H2 from March 2015.


title: Jules Hudson

text: In August 2017 he graduated from Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and was commissioned as a reserve officer in the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers.


title: Jules Hudson

text: In 2015 Jules Hudson became President of CPRW, a Welsh national charity that aims to secure the protection and enhancement of the country's landscapes and environment. He has entered enthusiastically into work of the charity and in November 2015 re-launched the Best kept village competition for Montgomeryshire. It is hoped that this will evolve into a competition covering all of Wales.


title: Yazz

text: Yazz (born Yasmin Evans; 19 May 1960) is an English pop singer, who remains perhaps best known for her 1988 UK number one single "The Only Way Is Up". Some of her records are credited to Yazz and the Plastic Population.


title: Yazz

text: Yazz was born in Shepherd's Bush, London, to a Jamaican father and English mother. She attended Holland Park School, where she excelled at sports, including the 400 metres. She was also a member of the England under-19 volleyball team. Following a spell as a catwalk model, she scored a number of club hits after recording with the group The Biz in 1983. Her first commercial success came in early 1988, when she sang on Coldcut's "Doctorin' the House". She soon launched a solo career on Big Life records, a label set up by her husband Jazz Summers, releasing her debut solo single, "The Only Way Is Up", in the summer of 1988. It went on to spend five weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart, eventually becoming the second-biggest-selling UK single of the year. Her follow-up "Stand Up for Your Love Rights" was another big hit (UK number 2),) while her debut album "Wanted" (UK number 3) was certified double platinum in the UK in September 1989 for sales exceeding 600,000.


title: Yazz

text: She had a fourth UK top-10 single in 1989 with "Fine Time", but has since recorded only sporadically. A second Big Life album, titled "Revolution of Love", was scheduled for release in 1990 following the single "Treat Me Good" (peaking at number 20 in the UK). The album was shelved, however, when Yazz parted ways with the label.


title: Yazz

text: Yazz signed with Polydor Records, and an album titled "One True Woman" was scheduled for release in May 1992 following the release of the title track, but was also cancelled. She returned to the Top 40 in 1993, performing with Aswad on the hit "How Long". Her second album, "One on One" was finally released in 1994, including some of the tracks recorded for the "One True Woman" album.


title: Yazz

text: She continued to release singles throughout the 1990s, including a cover version of The Jackson 5's "Never Can Say Goodbye". In 1997, she released "The Natural Life", an album of cover versions, after signing with East West Records. The album was released in Japan, Australia and some parts of Europe, but not in the UK.


title: Yazz

text: During this period, Yazz began to reevaluate her career choices: she wanted to give up a lifestyle that included her failed marriage to Summers (their union had resulted in a daughter, Rio, born in April 1990), and her dependency on alcohol. After she had researched various religions, a friend who used to be her hairstylist suggested she try visiting her church. Soon, she decided to "turn her life over to Christ".


title: Yazz

text: Her 2008 album "Running Back to You", distributed in the UK by ICC Records, charted her spiritual journey and her new-found Christian faith. Yazz is now based in Spain, and is an active member of the Calahonda Baptist Church. She returned to Britain occasionally to promote this album, performing songs from it live interspersed with several anecdotes pertaining to her faith.


title: Yazz

text: In August 2009, Yazz performed with a full band on stage for the first time in several years at a church in Southampton. In October 2010, she performed again with a band at Cathedral House in Huddersfield, home of the Huddersfield Christian Fellowship.


title: Yazz

text: A three-CD remastered deluxe edition of the "Wanted" album, containing Yazz's 1990 single "Treat Me Good", B-sides and remixes, was released on Cherry Red Records on 25 November 2016.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: Community-supported agriculture (CSA model) or cropsharing is a system that connects producers and consumers within the food system closer by allowing the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms. It is an alternative socioeconomic model of agriculture and food distribution that allows the producer and consumer to share the risks of farming. The model is a subcategory of civic agriculture that has an overarching goal of strengthening a sense of community through local markets.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: In return for subscribing to a harvest, subscribers receive either a weekly or bi-weekly box of produce or other farm goods. This includes in-season fruits, vegetables, and can expand to dried goods, eggs, milk, meat, etc. Typically, farmers try to cultivate a relationship with subscribers by sending weekly letters of what is happening on the farm, inviting them for harvest, or holding an open-farm event. Some CSAs provide for contributions of labor in lieu of a portion of subscription costs.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: The term CSA is mostly used in the United States and Canada, but a variety of similar production and economic sub-systems are in use worldwide, in Austria and Germany as Solidarische Landwirtschaft ("solidarity farming") and in the UK mainly in the vegetable box scheme.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: The term "community-supported agriculture" was coined in the northeastern United States in the 1980s, influenced by European biodynamic agriculture ideas formulated by Rudolf Steiner. Two European farmers, Jan Vander Tuin from Switzerland and Trauger Groh from Germany, brought European biodynamic farming ideas to the United States in the mid-1980s. Vander Tuin had co-founded a community-supported agricultural project named Topinambur located near Zurich, Switzerland. Coinage of the term "community-supported agriculture" stems from Vander Tuin. This influence led to the separate and simultaneous creation of two CSAs in 1986. The CSA Garden at Great Barrington was created in Massachusetts by Jan Vander Tuin, Susan Witt, and Robyn Van En. The Temple-Wilton Community Farm was created in New Hampshire by Anthony Graham, Trauger Groh, and Lincoln Geiger.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: The CSA Garden at Great Barrington remained together until 1990 when many members left to form the Mahaiwe Harvest CSA. One of the original founders, Robyn Van En, became incredibly influential in the CSA movement in America and founded CSA North America in 1992. The Temple-Wilton Community Garden was more successful and still operates as a CSA today. It became an important member of the Wilton community and it receives funding from state, federal, and local sources.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: A parallel model called Teikei existed in Japan as early as the mid-1960s. Similarly, Dr. Booker T. Whatley, a professor of agriculture in Alabama, advocated for Clientele Membership Clubs as early as the 1960s.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: Since the 1980s, community supported farms have been organized throughout North America—mainly in New England, the Northwest, the Pacific coast, the Upper-Midwest and Canada. North America now has at least 13,000 CSA farms of which 12,549 are in the US according to the United States Department of Agriculture in 2007. The rise of CSAs seems to be correlated with the increase in awareness of the environmental movement in the United States. CSAs have even become popular in urban environments such as the New York City Coalition Against Hunger's CSA program that helps serve under-served communities. One of the largest subscription CSAs was Capay Inc. in Capay Valley, California which in 2010 delivered boxes to 13,000 customers a week as well as selling at 15 farmers markets, operating a retail store, and delivering special orders to restaurants.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: Urgenci, based in France, helps network together consumers and producers across Europe, the Mediterranean, and West Africa.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: CSA was introduced to China following a series of food safety scandals in the late 2000s. It was estimated that there were more than 500 CSA farms in China by 2017. They have been a critical force in the development of the organic and ecological farming in China. Chinese CSA farmers, researchers and civil society organizations gather annually at the national CSA symposium held since 2009.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: Much of the growth in women labour participation in agriculture is outside the "male dominated field of conventional agriculture". In community supported agriculture women represent 40 percent of farm operators.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: Even if the systems of community-supported agriculture vary in different countries, there are a number of umbrella-organizations connecting the farms. In the United States the governmental program SARE offered grants for research and education projects that advance sustainable agricultural practices like CSA.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: In Germany and Austria the CSA groups founded the "Bundesnetzwerk Solidarische Landwirtschaft" (Federal Network of CSA-farms) in 2011.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: CSAs create direct connections between producers and consumers through alternative markets and the members and farmers share the risk of farming. The goals of the first CSA model in the US were to have the producer and consumer to come into the market as equals and make an exchange with fair prices and fair wages.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: The consumer pays for things such as transparency, environmental stewardship, producer relationships, etc. The farmers engaged in CSAs do so to fulfill goals other than income and are not compensated fairly in these exchanges. This kind of market holds "economic rents" where the consumer surplus comes from the consumers' willingness to pay for something further than the product as well as for the products inputs themselves. Although these markets still exist within a larger capitalist economy, they are able to exist because of the "economic rents" that are collected.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: CSAs generally focus on the production of high quality foods for a local community, often using organic or biodynamic farming methods, and a shared risk membership–marketing structure. This kind of farming operates with a much greater degree of involvement of consumers and other stakeholders than usual—resulting in a stronger consumer-producer relationship. The core design includes developing a cohesive consumer group that is willing to fund a whole season's budget in order to get quality foods. The system has many variations on how the farm budget is supported by the consumers and how the producers then deliver the foods. CSA theory purports that the more a farm embraces whole-farm, whole-budget support, the more it can focus on quality and reduce the risk of food waste.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: Community-supported agriculture farms in the United States today share three common characteristics: an emphasis on community and/or local produce, share or subscriptions sold prior to season, and weekly deliveries to members/subscribers. Though CSA operation varies from farm to farm and has evolved over time, these three characteristics have remained constant. The functioning of a CSA also relies on four practical arrangements: for farmers to know the needs of a community, for consumers to have the opportunity to express to farmers what their needs and financial limitations are, for commitments between farmers and consumers to be consciously established, and for farmers needs to be recognized.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: In most original CSAs, a core group of members existed. This core group of members helped to make decisions about and run the CSA including marketing, distribution, administrative, and community organization functions. CSAs with a core group of members are most profitable and successful. However, in 1999, 72 percent of CSAs did not have a core group of members. CSAs with a core group of members operate more successfully as a farmer-shareholder cooperative and CSAs without a group of core members rely much more on subscriptions and run most prominently as shareholder/subscriber CSAs.


title: Community-supported agriculture

text: Community-supported agriculture in America was influenced by the ideas of Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian philosopher. He developed the concepts of anthroposophy and biodynamic agriculture. The Temple-Wilton Community Farm used his ideas to develop three main goals of CSAs: