title: Yamamotoyama Ryūta

text: "John Wick 2" with Keanu Reeves. In June of 2021, Yamamotoyama was featured in the OFFCANNY YouTube video, we became sumo wrestlers, in which he confirmed he plays first-person shooter game "Apex Legends" and claimed his favourite legend is Crypto.


title: Yamamotoyama Ryūta

text: As of 2021 he is USA Sumo's head coach and sumo ambassador. He regularly appears in commercials on US television which require a sumo wrestler. He runs the Yamamoto Sumo Dojo in Los Angeles.


title: Yamamotoyama Ryūta

text: Yamamotoyama's most common winning "kimarite" or technique was "yori-kiri", the force out, and he preferred a "migi-yotsu", or left hand outside, right hand inside grip on his opponent's "mawashi". He also regularly won by "oshi-dashi", the push out, and "uwatenage", the overarm throw.


The 1916 Cumberland vs. Georgia Tech football game was played on October 7, 1916, between the Cumberland College Bulldogs and the Georgia Tech Engineers on the Engineers' home field of Grant Field in Atlanta. Georgia Tech defeated the Bulldogs 222–0 for the most lopsided score in the history of college American football.


title: 1916 Cumberland vs. Georgia Tech football game

text: Cumberland had disbanded its football program the previous year but was still obligated to play this game against Georgia Tech. The Engineers' head coach, John Heisman, had been the coach of Georgia Tech's baseball team when it was defeated 22–0 by the Bulldogs earlier in 1916, and was looking to avenge that game. Heisman insisted that the Bulldogs fulfill their obligations to play the game and threatened legal action if Cumberland backed out. Cumberland tasked George E. Allen, its baseball captain, to assemble a football team for the game; he recruited his fraternity brothers and students from Cumberland's law school to play in Atlanta.


text: Despite receiving the opening kickoff, Cumberland never achieved a first down in the entire match and opted to punt on multiple possessions; the game's infamous score can be partially attributed to 97 percent of the game's plays occurring in Cumberland territory, with 64 of those plays occurring in its red zone. Georgia Tech, instigated by Heisman, scored on every first down it gained. The imbalance of the teams was so severe that the final two quarters were shortened from their customary 15 minutes to 12 minutes.


text: This would be last matchup of any sport between the two schools; Cumberland deemphasized athletics in favor of academic pursuits, while Georgia Tech has continued to compete at the highest level of college sports. Current National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) rules preclude a rematch of this game. After World War II, it became regarded as unsportsmanlike to deliberately run up the score to such high numbers, meaning that college football games of more than a 100 points have been infrequent since the 1940s.


text: Cumberland College, a Presbyterian school in Lebanon, Tennessee, had discontinued its football program before the season but was not allowed to cancel its game against the Engineers. The fact that Cumberland's baseball team had crushed Georgia Tech earlier that year 22–0 (amidst allegations that Cumberland used professionals as ringers) probably accounted for Georgia Tech coach John Heisman's running up the score on the Bulldogs, as Heisman was also Georgia Tech's baseball coach. It is speculated that Heisman may have deliberately aimed for a score of exactly 222 as a numerically significant retaliation to Cumberland's 22. He insisted on the schools' scheduling agreement, which required Cumberland to pay $3,000 () to Tech if its football team failed to show. In fact, Heisman actually paid Cumberland $500 () as an incentive to play the game; his letter to Cumberland's athletic department read in part:


text: George E. Allen (who was elected to serve as Cumberland's football team student manager after first serving as the baseball team student manager) therefore put together a team of 12–16 players, most of whom were his fraternity brothers or law students, to travel to Atlanta as Cumberland's football team.


text: Another reason for Heisman's plan to run up the score was the practice among the sportswriters of the time to rank teams based upon how many points they scored. Since this statistic did not account for the strength or weakness of a team's opponent, Heisman disagreed with the amount of weight the writers tended to assign to it, and he may have unleashed his players on Cumberland to make his point.


text: Cumberland received the opening kickoff and failed to make a first down. After a punt, the Engineers scored on their first play. Cumberland then fumbled on their next play from the line of scrimmage, and a Georgia Tech player returned the fumble for a touchdown. The Bulldogs fumbled again on their next play, and it took Georgia Tech two rushes to score its third touchdown. Cumberland lost nine yards on its next possession, and Georgia Tech scored a fourth touchdown on another two-play drive.


text: Georgia Tech led 63–0 after the first quarter and 126–0 at halftime. Georgia Tech added 54 more points in the third quarter and 42 in the final period. Several players on the heavily-outmatched Cumberland side suffered serious injuries during the game, including quarterback Charles Edwards, who was thrice carted off with concussions.


text: Georgia Tech scored a total of 32 touchdowns, and Georgia Tech's left end James Preas kicked 18 extra points. Cumberland's only effective defense was an extra point blocked with a sort of human pyramid known as the "climb-the-ladder" play, topped with Vichy Woods, who suffered a gruesome facial injury on the play. Despite scoring 32 touchdowns, the Engineers did not complete or attempt a forward pass; all their yardage came on rushes, returns or defensive plays.


text: Several myths have developed around the game. Some have written that Cumberland did not have a single play that gained yards; in fact, its longest play was a 10-yard pass (on 4th-and-22 or 3rd-and-18). The Bulldogs gained positive yardage on at least six plays, though they fumbled on two of them. One page on Cumberland's website says Georgia Tech scored on every offensive play, but the play-by-play account of the game refutes this and suggests a more likely scenario: that Georgia Tech scored on every one of its sets of downs. Thus, neither team made a first down that was not also a touchdown, as Cumberland made no first downs in the entire game.


text: Sportswriter Grantland Rice wrote, "Cumberland's greatest individual play of the game occurred when fullback Allen circled right end for a 6-yard loss." At halftime, Heisman reportedly told his players, "You're doing all right, team, we're ahead. But you just can't tell what those Cumberland players have up their sleeves. They may spring a surprise. Be alert, men! Hit 'em clean, but hit 'em hard!" However, even Heisman relented, and shortened the third and fourth quarters from 15 minutes to 12.


text: Prior to the match, the record for a highest score in a football match was a 159–0 score by Newberry against BMI made in 1913, while the highest score in a college game was 144–0 by Florida against Southern also in 1913. In the preceding 45 years of college football, only 36 games had exceeded 100 points, and only seven those were against teams also from a college.


text: Since World War II, only a handful of schools have topped 100 points in a college football game. The modern-era record for most points scored against a college opponent is 106 by Fort Valley State of Georgia against Knoxville College in 1969. In the previous year Houston defeated Tulsa 100–6 to set the NCAA record in major college football. In 1949 the University of Wyoming defeated University of Northern Colorado 103–0. The Division III football scoring record was set in 1968 when North Park University defeated North Central College 104–32, using ten passing touchdowns along the way.


text: The game ball had the score written on it as a memento. It was donated to the Helms Athletic Foundation sports museum by Bill Schroeder, an avid sports collector. When the museum moved locations in the 1980s, the ball was boxed and remained in storage.


text: In 2014, Ryan Schneider, a Georgia Tech alumnus, purchased the ball in a charity auction for $40,388 ($33,657 without buyer's premium), with the intention of donating it back to Georgia Tech.


text: In October 1956, a 40th reunion was held for players from both teams, of whom 28 were able to attend. While reminiscing, one of the Cumberland players pointed out one play that saved Cumberland from an even worse defeat; had Cumberland punted as normal instead of running a sneak, the score would probably have been 229–0.


text: While Cumberland's football team would eventually be restarted full-time (and change its nickname to the Phoenix in 2016), the two schools have not met in any sports since: Cumberland would eventually de-emphasize athletics, and currently competes in the NAIA, while Georgia Tech would go on to be a founding member of the Southeastern Conference before departing the SEC in 1964, and is currently a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference.


title: Hailey Dean Mysteries

text: Hailey Dean Mysteries is an American/Canadian mystery film series that stars Kellie Martin as the titular character, Hailey Dean, a prosecutor working with the District Attorney's office who later quits her job to become a marriage counselor and therapist and is based on characters from Nancy Grace’s best-selling series of “Hailey Dean Mystery” novels. The series is set in Atlanta and airs on the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries channel in the US. Kellie Martin is not the first actress to portray Hailey Dean. Jennie Garth took on the role in a 2012 Lifetime (TV Network) movie based on Nancy Grace's first book in the series, "The 11th Victim". This movie was also produced by Nancy Grace.


title: Korie Robertson

text: Korie Howard Robertson (born October 24, 1973) is a reality television star on the A&E show "Duck Dynasty".


title: Korie Robertson

text: Robertson is the daughter of John and Chrys Howard, and the daughter-in-law of Phil Robertson, founder of the Duck Commander. Her husband is Willie Robertson. Together, they have six children: John Luke, Sadie, Will, Bella, Rowdy, and Rebecca.


title: Korie Robertson

text: Robertson attended Harding University in Searcy, Arkansas. In 2014, Harding University declared Willie and Korie Howard Robertson jointly as Outstanding Young Alumni.


title: Korie Robertson

text: She is a granddaughter of businessman Alton Hardy Howard and a great-niece of Alton Hardy's brother, W. L. "Jack" Howard, former mayor of Monroe. Alton and Jack Howard were proprietor of the former Howard Brothers Discount Stores. Another great-uncle was the Church of Christ minister V. E. Howard.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Dale Earnhardt, Inc. (DEI) was a race team founded by Dale Earnhardt and his wife, Teresa Earnhardt, to compete in the NASCAR series, the highest level of competition for professional stock car racing in the United States. From 1998 to 2009, the company operated as a NASCAR-related organization in Mooresville, North Carolina, United States. Earnhardt was a seven-time Winston Cup champion. He died in a crash on the final lap of the 2001 Daytona 500. Despite his ownership of the DEI racing team, Earnhardt never drove for his team in the Winston Cup; instead, he raced for his long-time mentor and backer Richard Childress at RCR. In the late-2000s, DEI suffered critical financial difficulties after drivers Dale Earnhardt Jr. And Michael Waltrip, and sponsors Anheuser-Busch, National Automotive Parts Association and United States Army left the team; DEI consequently merged with Chip Ganassi Racing in 2009, moving their equipment into the latter's shop, while the former's closed down. Chip Ganassi Racing's NASCAR operations was subsequently purchased by Trackhouse Racing Team in 2021.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: DEI celebrated the life and legacy of Earnhardt through an annual celebration of his birthday on April 29, also known as Dale Earnhardt Day. DEI maintains a showroom at the former race shop in Mooresville where fans can purchase memorabilia and other goods. The organization also pursues partnerships which bring tribute to Earnhardt's memory. Notable drivers for DEI included Dale Earnhardt Jr., Michael Waltrip, Steve Park, Martin Truex Jr., Mark Martin, John Andretti, Kenny Wallace, Darrell Waltrip, and Aric Almirola.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Before the 01 car ran under the DEI banner, the team ran as MB2 Motorsports, with their cars driven by drivers such as Ernie Irvan, Ken Schrader, and Joe Nemechek. Veteran Mark Martin, coming off his final year with Roush Racing, was signed to drive MB2's No. 01 car for 20 races (18 points races plus the Budweiser Shootout and Nextel All-Star Challenge) in 2007, with Joe Nemechek moving over from the 01 team to the team's new 13 team. Regan Smith was pinned to fill the remaining 18 races of the season, while driving in the Busch Series for the team as well. MB2 Motorsports also changed its name to Ginn Racing to reflect Bobby Ginn's new majority interest in the team. Martin was leading in the final turn of the season-opening Daytona 500, after lining up on the final restart with former Roush teammates Greg Biffle and Matt Kenseth behind him. Coming down the front stretch, and with the field wrecking behind him, Martin looked to have finally come through at Daytona. But the caution was not called, and Kevin Harvick caught Martin on his outside, beating him to the line by two-hundredths of a second. Martin put together more strong finishes, and after the fourth race at Atlanta was leading the points standings in what was supposed to be his first season of semi-retirement. Resisting the chance to capture his first championship, Martin did step out of the car as scheduled, breaking a streak of 621 consecutive starts. In 24 starts for the team, Martin scored 11 top 10s, and finished 27th in points despite missing 12 races.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Rookie Regan Smith meanwhile made his debut at Bristol Motor Speedway in March, finishing 25th. Smith would run 6 more races in the car, with a best finish of 24th at Talladega Superspeedway. On July 17, it was announced that Smith would move to the 14 car on a full-time basis, replacing veteran Sterling Marlin. Meanwhile, 23-year-old Aric Almirola, who was granted his release from Joe Gibbs Racing after being pulled out of a car he qualified on the pole during a Busch Series race in favor of Denny Hamlin, signed on to be the new co-driver of the 01. With the merger of Ginn and DEI not long afterwards, Smith was left on the sidelines while Almirola ran 5 races. Aric's results were not much better than Regan's, with a best finish of 26th at Phoenix. Martin and Almirola would move to the 8 car for 2008.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: In 2008, Smith was named the full-time driver of the 01 car (now fully operated by DEI), with Martin and Almirola as well as sponsor U.S. Army moving to the 8 car to replace the departing Dale Earnhardt Jr. Principal Financial Group was signed as the primary sponsor for the Daytona 500 and Brickyard 400. Principal often ran as a secondary sponsor on the sides of the car, with a DEI logo on the hood in lieu of full sponsorship. Steak-umm and Coors Light were also sponsors in one-race deals. Ron Fellows replaced Smith at the two road course races, scoring a 13th-place finish at Watkins Glen. Smith almost won the 2008 AMP Energy 500, passing Tony Stewart on the final lap and crossing the finish line in first. Smith, however, was found to be passing below the yellow line upon video review, and per NASCAR had his position revoked, leading to an 18th-place finish. Though he finished 34th in points with no top 10 finishes, Smith became the first rookie to finish every race he entered during the 2008 season and was named Rookie of the Year at the season's end. The 01 team disbanded after DEI merged with Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates, and Smith moved on to Furniture Row Racing.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: In 1996, DEI debuted in the Winston Cup Series for the first of two appearances at Pocono Raceway with the No. 14 Racing for Kids-sponsored Chevrolet driven by Jeff Green. Robby Gordon also drove the car in an appearance for DEI at Charlotte Motor Speedway later in the season. In 1997, sponsored by Burger King, Steve Park, a Busch Series standout, drove the car in four races, with the team failing to qualify in another four.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: In 1998, the team switched the car number from No. 14 to No. 1 in an agreement with Richard Jackson $100,000, another car owner. DEI received sponsorships from Pennzoil and Park and made a bid for NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors. In the third race of the year at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, Park failed to qualify. The following week, Steve suffered a broken femur, collarbone and shoulder blade in a severe crash during practice at Atlanta. Ron Hornaday Jr. failed to qualify the car in the following weekend at Darlington before the team brought in 3-time champion Darrell Waltrip. He drove the car for 13 races while Park recovered from his injuries and finished in the Top 10 twice. Park returned at the Brickyard 400 and following a crash, he finished 35th. In 1998, Park posted two 11th-place finishes and finished 42nd in points.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Both Green and Pennzoil left DEI when the 2003 season finished and the team moved to a part-time status with Pete Rondeau as the crew chief. They occasionally fielded cars for John Andretti, a two-time winner. Ron Fellows returned to the No. 1 for the 2004 Watkins Glen race bringing sponsorship of Nilla Wafers and Nutter Butter with him. During the race, Ron qualified 43rd after qualifying was cancelled due to rain. Despite this, Ron put up an amazing drive through the field in which he charged from 43rd place to finish second behind winner Tony Stewart.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: In the 2005 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series, DEI ran a part-time schedule with Martin Truex Jr. making seven starts in the No. 1 Bass Pro Shops Chevrolet. The team returned to full-time status in 2006, collecting five Top 10's and finishing 19th in points. On June 4, 2007, Truex scored his first career NEXTEL Cup victory in the No. 1 car at the Dover International Speedway in a COT race. Truex also qualified to race in the Chase for the Nextel Cup that year. He was DEI's only representative in the 2007 Chase for the Cup and his qualification is, to date, the last for a driver in a DEI car. At the end of 2009, Truex left the team for Michael Waltrip Racing to drive the No. 56 NAPA Auto Parts Toyota Camry.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: The No. 8 car was DEI's second cup series entry, the team was formed to bring Dale Earnhardt Jr. to the Winston Cup Series and opted to use the No. 8 which was formerly used by Stavola Brothers Racing, who ceased operations in 1998. Earnhardt Jr. drove the Budweiser-sponsored No. 8 in five Cup races in 1999, making his debut at Charlotte in the 1999 Coca-Cola 600. He finished in the top ten once and led one lap.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: On September 12, DEI announced Mark Martin and Aric Almirola as co-drivers of the No. 8 U.S. Army Chevrolet with crew chief Tony Gibson for the 2008 season, both finishing 28th and 42nd in points respectively. Martin left DEI after the 2008 season to replace Casey Mears in the No. 5 Kellogg's/Carquest Chevrolet and join Dale Jr. at Hendrick Motorsports. In 2009, the Army withdrew their support in favor of Ryan Newman's No. 39 car at Stewart-Haas Racing.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: In 2001, the team raced the NAPA sponsored No. 15 (a possible reference to the No. 15 Ford Thunderbird that Earnhardt drove in 1982 and 1983 for Bud Moore Engineering). Michael Waltrip was announced as the driver for the 2001 season. In his first start for DEI, Waltrip won his first race in his 16-year career at the 2001 Daytona 500. An estatic Waltrip's dream come true soon turned into a nightmare, however, as his win was overshadowed by Dale Earnhardt's death. Waltrip soon proved to have prowess at the superspeedways, leading laps at most Talladega and Daytona races. Between 2001 and 2003, Waltrip won four races (three at Daytona and one at Talladega). However, he often struggled to find speed outside of those two tracks. After two disappointing seasons without a win, including a 25th-place points finish in 2005, Waltrip announced he would no longer drive for DEI, taking his NAPA sponsorship to Bill Davis Racing for one year before creating his own race team.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: For 2006, the No. 15 team moved to a part-time status, entering ten races but only qualifying for seven. Paul Menard, DEI's Busch Series driver drove and sponsorship was provided by Menards and PPG Paints. Menard finished seventh at the Atlanta Motor Speedway and moved to full-time in 2007. After the merger of Ginn Racing and DEI, the No. 15 team absorbed the owner points of the No. 14 car (formerly driven by Sterling Marlin), so they would be guaranteed a spot in each race for the remainder of the 2007 season. After the 2008 season, Menard took his talents and sponsorship to Yates Racing driving the No. 98 Ford. The DEI No. 15 team was disbanded.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: In 2003, DEI debuted the No. 81 car sponsored by Kraft Foods for the Tropicana 400 at Chicagoland Speedway in July, with driver Jason Keller failing to qualify for the event. Pairing crew chief Kevin Manion with longtime Petty Enterprises driver John Andretti, the No. 81 made its first and only Winston Cup start three weeks later in the Brickyard 400. Andretti crashed after 46 laps and finished 43rd.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: The No. 2 was driven in one race, the AC Delco 200 at Rockingham. David Bonnett piloted the car as a teammate to Dale Earnhardt, who was in the usual No. 3. Bonnett was involved in a large crash on lap 94 and failed to finish, placing 35th.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: The No. 8 car was run by DEI starting in 1984, with Dale Earnhardt piloting his self-owned Wrangler Pontiac for the first time in the Mello Yello 300 at Charlotte. The car ran from 1984 to 1988 and then again from 2002 to 2008. Between 1989 and 2000, the No. 8 switched to the No. 3. The car went full time with Jeff Green driving in 1995 and 1996 and later won two championships in 1998 and 1999, with Earnhardt Jr. driving. Drivers of the car from 1984 to 2000 included Dale Earnhardt, Dale Earnhardt Jr., Jody Ridley, Kenny Wallace, Michael Waltrip, Neil Bonnett, David Bonnett, Andy Petree, Jeff Green, Steve Park, and Ron Hornaday Jr. During all six full time seasons (1995–2000), the team finished in the top five in points, occurring with four different drivers.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Dale Earnhardt Jr. won two races in the only two starts for the car after the 2000 season (Richmond 2002 and Daytona 2004). Following Daytona in 2004, the No. 8 switched to Chance 2 Motorsports and ran full-time with Martin Truex Jr. Truex won the 2004 and 2005 Busch Series championships, along with twelve races.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: The car returned to DEI part-time in 2006 after Chance 2 folded, with Earnhardt Jr. and Truex combining for three victories. Truex and Kerry Earnhardt drove the No. 8 in the final two series races for the organization in 2008, with Truex finishing eleventh at Daytona in February after leading 20 laps. At the July Daytona race, Kerry's car featured sponsorship from Freightliner and Bass Pro Shops, with him finishing 17th. From 2006 to 2008, the car was driven by Earnhardt Jr., Truex, Tony Stewart, and Kerry Earnhardt in 16 races, with Earnhardt winning twice and Truex once.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: The No. 11 car was run by DEI in the Busch Series. During part of 2004 and through all of the 2005 and 2006 NASCAR seasons, Paul Menard made 83 starts in the car, logging 31 top ten finishes and collecting one victory at the Milwaukee Mile in June 2006. In 2007, Menard made the full-time transition to the No. 15 car in the Nextel Cup Series, with a season-best finish of 12th in the Citizens Bank 400 at Michigan. Martin Truex Jr. ran two final races in the DEI No. 11 in 2007 at Daytona and Talladega, finishing sixth and 41st respectively. Also in 2007, Menard returned to the series in the No. 15 for eleven races, collecting five top tens and a best finish of fourth at Watkins Glen.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: The No. 31 car ran as a second entry alongside the No. 3 for several races in the 1990s. Ron Hornaday Jr. attempted one race at Rockingham in 1995 in the No. 16 but failed to qualify for the event. In 1996, Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Steve Park both participated in one race, in what was the first series start for Earnhardt and the third for Park. After Park moved to the No. 3 in 1997, Earnhardt drove six races in the No. 31, finishing a season-best seventh at Michigan. He failed to qualify for two more races that season. The car returned in 1999 for Hornaday, failing to finish at Daytona but leading the most laps and finishing sixth at Phoenix. Hornaday finished the season with a twelfth-place finish at Homestead.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Chance 2 Motorsports was a jointly owned subsidiary of DEI and Dale Earnhardt Jr. The organization was operated by Earnhardt Jr. and Teresa Earnhardt and was a separate operation from DEI. The team won two Busch Series championships with Martin Truex Jr. in 2004 and 2005, in addition to 16 races with Truex Jr. and Earnhardt Jr. After this, Earnhardt Jr. left the partnership with his stepmother to focus on his own race team, JR Motorsports.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Dale Earnhardt, Inc. was a part of the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series from 1995 through 1999. Ron Hornaday Jr. was the full-time driver of the No. 16 Chevrolet C/K, sponsored by Papa John's Pizza in 1995 and NAPA Auto Parts from 1996 to 1999. Hornaday collected 25 wins for DEI and the 1996 and 1998 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series championships.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: A second DEI truck, the No. 76, only made four total starts. Dennis Dyer and David Green each ran one race in 1995 at Sonoma and Phoenix, and Steve Park made a single start in both 1996 and 1997 at Las Vegas and Phoenix. Dyer was sponsored by Papa John's Pizza, while David Green received sponsorship from Smith & Wesson. Both of Steve Park's starts were in the Action Racing Collectables (now Lionel Racing) colors, a company which Dale Earnhardt partially owned.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: On July 25, 2007, DEI merged with Ginn Racing, formerly known as MB2 Motorsports. The No. 01 team joined the No. 1, No. 8 and No. 15 teams. The merger did not affect the DEI team name.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: On November 12, 2008, DEI and Felix Sabates' Chip Ganassi Racing (the latter at the time a Dodge team) merged their NASCAR operations into one organization. The team was rechristened Earnhardt Ganassi Racing and moved all team operations to CGR's shop, effectively switching the latter to Chevrolets. The No. 42 team joined the No. 1 and No. 8 for the 2009 Sprint Cup season. In 2014, EGR reverted to the Chip Ganassi Racing name before being sold to Trackhouse Racing Team in 2021.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Earnhardt Technology Group (ETG) was created in August 2009 to assist up-and-coming teams. It was founded to contribute resources and opportunities to race in championships. It serves the engineering and parts needs of more than thirty teams in the NASCAR Sprint Cup, the NASCAR Nationwide Series and the Camping World Truck Series.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: ETG provides a broad range of engineering services to all levels of the racing industry; distribution of Renton springs; machine shop services (now contributing to many varied fields of mechanical engineering); a leasing service; sales of vehicles and component parts; and consultation and support.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Club E is the official fan club for Dale Earnhardt. It is a membership based fan club with three different levels based on contribution level (ranging from no fee to $49.99).


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Members of Club E have access to Dale Earnhardt footage, personal items, discounts at the DEI retail store, Carowinds, Kings Dominion, the NASCAR Hall of Fame, Kannapolis Intimidators games, Charlotte Motor Speedway, Dale Earnhardt Chevrolet, and Great Wolf Lodge, Inc. as well as member only events. Club E is currently suspended but does offer a Facebook page for fans to follow to receive news.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: The Dale Earnhardt Foundation was founded with a mission to continue the legacy of Dale Earnhardt through charitable programs and grants reflecting Earnhardt's commitments to children, education and environment and wildlife preservation.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: After the Fords were dominating the restrictor plate tracks in the late 1990s, DEI, Richard Childress Racing, and Andy Petree Racing partnered up with each other and formed the RAD Engine Program. Their first win was at the 2000 Winston 500 with Dale Earnhardt (which ended up being his 76th and final win). DEI won the 2001 Daytona 500, 2001 Pepsi 400, 2001 EA Sports 500, 2002 Aaron's 499, 2002 Pepsi 400, 2002 EA Sports 500, and the 2003 Daytona 500. RAD ended after Petree pulled out of the series in 2003 to focus on his Busch series program.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: Earnhardt-Childress Racing Engines (ECR) was formed in May 2007 with cooperation between DEI and Richard Childress Racing, developing and building engines common to the Chevrolet NASCAR Cup Series and NASCAR Nationwide Series teams. In mid-2008, a stand-alone facility north of Salisbury in Welcome, North Carolina was completed. ECR employs 130 technicians. Its engines have won in the 2010 Daytona 500 and Brickyard 400 with Jamie McMurray, the 2011 Southern 500 with Regan Smith, Coca-Cola 600 with Kevin Harvick, and Brickyard 400 with Paul Menard. The company is currently operated solely by RCR as ECR Engines.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: On April 29, 2010, at the time of Earnhardt's induction to the NASCAR Hall of Fame, DEI announced a partnership with JR Motorsports, Richard Childress Racing, and Wrangler Jeans where, for one race, as a tribute to his father, Dale Earnhardt Jr. would drive the No. 3 Chevrolet Impala. The blue and gold paint scheme paid homage to the car Dale Earnhardt drove in the 1980s.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: The car was raced in the Nationwide Series race at Daytona International Speedway on July 2, 2010. It was the first Nationwide Series race to use the Car of Tomorrow. Earnhardt Jr. started third, led for thirty-three laps and won the race. This was his first competitive NASCAR win since 2008, and was also the first and latest time DEI was involved in the NASCAR garage following their exit from NASCAR as a racing team.


title: Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

text: In 2007, DEI made a driver development contract with Morgan-Dollar Motorsports to provide trucks for developing drivers in 2007. This was inherited in the merger with Ginn Racing.


title: Pizza quattro formaggi

text: Pizza quattro formaggi (four cheese pizza) is a variety of pizza in Italian cuisine that is topped with a combination of four kinds of cheese, usually melted together, with ("rossa", red) or without ("bianca", white) tomato sauce. It is popular worldwide, including in Italy, and is one of the iconic items from pizzerias' menus.


title: Pizza quattro formaggi

text: Traditionally, the cheeses include Mozzarella, as the fundamental component, which maintains humidity during cooking, partially protecting the other cheeses from the strong heat of the oven. Gorgonzola is almost systematically present and the completing duo consists of other local cheeses, depending on the region, with Fontina and Parmigiano-Reggiano as the typical complements, but other variants include Pecorino, Ricotta, Stracchino, Robiola, Taleggio, smoked Provola or Caciocavallo. Beside Mozzarella, mass-produced pizzas often use Parmesan, Romano, Asiago, and other Italian-style cheeses, though some use non-Italian cheeses such as Edam, Emmental and Blue cheese. The choice of cheeses is not random, they should be full-fat or semi-fat and vary in flavour. Besides Mozzarella, the "quattro formaggi" usually combines a blue or mature cheese, a soft cheese (such as Emmental or Gruyère) or a creamy cheese (such as Robiola or Stracchino), and a hard cheese (parmesan or pecorino, grated).


title: Pizza quattro formaggi

text: Unlike other pizzas, like the Napolitan or the Margherita, which have an old, rich, and documented history, the "Quattro Formaggi", despite its popularity and preponderance, has a less clear origin, certainly due to its composition being so obvious. It is believed to originate from the Lazio region at the beginning of the 18th century. Its less obvious and more recent versions, like the "Quattro Latti" pizza, can be on the opposite tracked in the history of gastronomy.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: The F123 "Brandenburg" class is a class of German frigate. They were ordered by the German Navy in June 1989 and completed and commissioned between 1994 and 1996, replacing the s. The ships primarily carry out anti-submarine warfare (ASW), but they also contribute to local anti-aircraft defenses, the tactical command of squadrons, and surface-to-surface warfare operations. Together with the F124 "Sachsen" class frigates, they are the mainstay of the German surface fleet.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: Despite having undergone a limited modernisation, the four Hamburg-class destroyers intended for escort duties in the North Sea and North Atlantic were technologically obsolete by the 1980s, lacking assets such as an on-board helicopter capable of searching for submarines and still relying on steam turbines and boilers for propulsion. A replacement was considered overdue.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: Blohm + Voss was contracted to develop and build the ships to a clean-sheet design in 1989. Not taken up was the option of ordering a variant of the Bremen-class modified with new systems, as offered by Bremer Vulkan, the lead contractor for that class of ships. Blohm + Voss and Bremer Vulkan had previously cooperated on a new F123 design to offer to the German Navy. At the time Vulkan director Friedrich Hennemann felt that Blohm + Voss had afterwards illegitimately presented the jointly developed design as their own.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: The lead ship, "Brandenburg" was laid down in Hamburg in February 1992 and commissioned in October 1994. The last ship, "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" was commissioned in December 1996.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: The frigates are long, have a maximum draught of and a beam of . A CODOG propulsion system is used, combining two MTU diesel engines and two General Electric LM2500 gas turbines for a total installed power of 38 MW. The ship achieves a maximum speed of more than .


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: Signature reduction measures influenced the design, reducing the ships radar signature to a tenth of that of the Bremen-class frigate.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: The primary anti-submarine weapons are Mark 46 torpedoes carried by the Sea Lynx helicopters stationed on board of the frigates. The torpedoes can also be launched from two twin launchers located behind the ships' funnels.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: For defense against anti-ship missiles and aircraft, two Mark 41 vertical launching system modules with 8 cells each, 16 in total are located in front of the bridge. They can accommodate 16 NATO Sea Sparrow missiles or up to 64 of the more modern Sea Sparrow-derived ESSM with a range of more than 50 km. Four ESSM can be packaged in a single cell. Space is reserved for two additional Mk 41 modules, however it has not been utilised. Two Mark 49 rolling airframe missile (RAM) launchers with 21 missiles each are dedicated to short range air defence against missiles. They are located in the ships' fore and aft.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: Two quadruple launchers for 8 Harpoon anti-ship missiles are located between main mast and funnels. They replaced two double launchers for 4 MM38 Exocet missiles.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: An OTO Melara 76 mm compact naval gun is located in front of the frontal RAM launcher. The ships also feature two MLG27 autocannons which replaced the previous Rh-202, as well as four machine guns.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: The radar suite consists of Thales Nederland 2D air search (LW 08), 3D multi function (SMART-S) and two STIR 180 fire control radars in addition to two Raytheon navigation radars. The SMART-S tracks aerial and surface objects and can cue targets to the STIR fire control radars tasked with illuminating the tracked object for the semi-active (Evolved) Sea Sparrow missiles. The STIR radars are located below the SMART-S and in front of the LW 08 radars.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: The class is fitted with an Atlas Elektronik DSQS-23BZ bow sonar. The ships were to receive low-frequency active sonars under the Franco-German LFTASS programme but France withdrew in 2000 and is now using a derivative of the British Sonar 2087; "Bayern" received the prototype TASS 6-3 sonar but it seems unlikely that more units will be ordered in the current budget environment.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: From 2010 on, the F123 class underwent an upgrade under the auspices of the Fähigkeitsanpassung FüWES (FAF) project. The primary component of this program concerns the combat management system, for which SABRINA 21, a version of the Thales Nederland TACTICOS system has been installed. At the same time, the ships received an IFF upgrade to the EADS/Hensoldt MSSR 2000 I secondary radar system. However, its primary radars, specifically its long-range 2D search radar, the LW 08, and its medium-range 3D surveillance radar, the SMART-S, were excluded at the time.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: In July 2021, Swedish defense company Saab was awarded a contract over the delivery and installation of their Sea Giraffe 4A (replacing the LW 08), Sea Giraffe 1X (replacing the SMART-S) and CEROS 200 Fire Control Radar as well as the 9LV combat management system and an IFF system replacement. The work is to be carried out at the facilities of German shipyard Abeking & Rasmussen, with logistical support by ESG.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: All ships of the class are named after German Bundesländer and are based in Wilhelmshaven as "2. Fregattengeschwader" ("2nd Frigate Squadron") of the German Navy.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: On the morning of Wednesday 9 December 2015, "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" was transiting the Kiel Canal when she was involved in a collision with the container ship "Nordic Bremen" causing damage to both vessels. "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" suffered a gash along her bow at the level of the main deck, whilst "Nordic Bremen" fared better, having only to offload two damaged containers before continuing its voyage.


title: Brandenburg-class frigate

text: From August 2021 to February 2022, F217 "Bayern" is traversing the Horn of Africa, Australia, and Japan on an Indo-Pacific deployment, engaging in numerous port calls on the way. The Japanese foreign minister Nobuo Kishi had previously called on Germany to send a warship to East Asia and exercise with JMSDF forces.


title: PolyGram

text: PolyGram N.V. was a multinational entertainment company and major music record label formerly based in the Netherlands. It was founded in 1962 as the Grammophon-Philips Group by Dutch corporation Philips and German corporation Siemens, to be a holding for their record companies, and was renamed "PolyGram" in 1972. The name was chosen to reflect the Siemens interest Polydor Records and the Philips interest Phonogram Records. The company traced its origins through Deutsche Grammophon back to the inventor of the flat disc gramophone, Emil Berliner.


title: PolyGram

text: Later on, PolyGram expanded into the largest global entertainment company, creating film and television divisions. In May 1998, it was sold to the alcoholic distiller Seagram which owned film, television and music company Universal Studios. PolyGram was thereby folded into Universal Music Group, and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment was folded into Universal Pictures, which had been both Seagram successors of MCA Inc. When the newly formed entertainment division of Seagram faced financial difficulties, it was sold to Vivendi, and MCA became known as Universal Studios, as Seagram ceased to exist. Vivendi remains the majority owner of the Universal Music Group (while the film and television division was sold to NBCUniversal) until 2021. In February 2017, UMG revived the company under the name of PolyGram Entertainment, which currently serves as their film and television division.


title: PolyGram

text: In 1929, Decca Records (London) licensed record shop owner H.W. Van Zoelen as a distributor in the Netherlands. By 1931, his company Hollandsche Decca Distributie (HDD) had become exclusive Decca distributor for all of the Netherlands and its colonies. Over the course of the 1930s, HDD put together its own facilities for A&R, recording, and manufacturing.


title: PolyGram

text: HDD was commercially successful during World War II because of the absence of American and British competition. Van Zoelen wanted to sell to Philips so that HDD would have sufficient financial backing when their major competitors returned after the war. This led Philips to purchase HDD in 1942.


title: PolyGram

text: In the mid 20th century, the majority of large recording companies manufactured both gramophones and records; Philips CEO Anton Philips noted the risk in creating gramophones without an interest in music recording and record manufacture, and that Radio Corporation of America (RCA) had merged with the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1929 for this reason. Philips' labs were developing magnetic tape and LPs, and they could support eventual new formats, although other record companies were notably unenthusiastic about experimenting with new formats.


title: PolyGram

text: After the war, Philips built a large factory in Doetinchem to produce 78 rpm records. Recording took place in Hilversum, whereas development took place in Eindhoven.


title: PolyGram

text: In the 1940s, the record business was spread out within Philips: research in the Eindhoven labs, development elsewhere in Eindhoven, recording in Hilversum, manufacturing in Doetinchem, distribution from Amsterdam, and exports from Eindhoven. During the late 1940s, Philips combined its various music businesses into Philips Phonografische Industrie (PPI), a wholly owned subsidiary.


title: PolyGram

text: PPI's early growth was based on alliances. A merger was first proposed with Decca of London in late 1945, but was rejected by Edward Lewis, Decca's owner. (PolyGram finally acquired Decca in 1980.)


title: PolyGram

text: PPI's second attempt at a merger was with Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft (DGG). DGG, owned by Siemens AG, and well known for its classical repertoire, had been the German licensee for Decca from 1935. DGG also owned Polydor Records. Shortly after PPI was founded it had made a formal alliance with DGG to manufacture each other's records, coordinate releases, and refrain from poaching each other's artists or bidding against each other for new talent. PPI and DGG finally merged in 1962.


title: PolyGram

text: The alliance with DGG still left PPI without repertoire in Britain or the United States. But in 1951, after Columbia had failed to renew its international distribution agreement with EMI, PPI agreed to distribute Columbia recordings outside the United States. Columbia became PPI's distributor within the US. This agreement ran until 1961 when Columbia set up its own European network. PPI signed a worldwide distribution deal with Mercury Records in 1961. PPI's parent company Philips, through its U.S. affiliate Consolidated Electronics Industries Corp (a.k.a. Conelco), acquired Mercury in 1962.


title: PolyGram

text: PPI built or bought factories in smaller countries. In 1962, PPI had a large factory in Baarn and factories in France, Britain, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Italy, Egypt, Nigeria, and Brazil.


title: PolyGram

text: PPI played an important role in the introduction of the long-playing vinyl record to Europe. Columbia introduced their LP record in 1948 and Philips presented its first LP at a record retailers' convention in 1949. Philips' commitment to LP technology was an important factor in its 1951–1961 deal with Columbia.


title: PolyGram

text: In 1962, PPI and DGG formed the Grammophon-Philips Group (GPG) as a joint-venture holding company, with Philips taking a 50% share in DGG and Siemens a 50% share in PPI. In 1971, the UK record labels of Philips, Fontana, Mercury, and Vertigo were amalgamated into a new company called Phonogram, Ltd. In 1972, Grammophon-Philips Group reorganized all its operations and was renamed The PolyGram Group (in some countries, like Argentina, its name was Phonogram), of which Philips and Siemens each owned 50%. In 1977, both organizations merged operationally, integrating the recording, manufacturing, distribution and marketing into a single organization.


title: PolyGram

text: The various record labels within PolyGram continued to operate separately. PolyGram gave its labels, as A&R organizations, great autonomy.


title: PolyGram

text: After the merger, PolyGram began to move into the US and UK markets, and did so by a process of both formation and acquisition: Polydor Records established its American operations, Polydor Incorporated in 1969, Mercury Record Productions (US) was acquired in 1972 from sister company North American Philips Corp., and became Phonogram, Inc. MGM Records and Verve (US) were acquired in 1972, RSO (UK) in 1975, a 50% stake in Casablanca (US) in 1977 (with the remaining 50% in 1980), Pickwick in 1978, and Decca (UK) in 1980 (the latter acquisition basically brought PolyGram full circle, see the HDD section above). PolyGram acquired United Distribution Corporation (UDC) in 1973, and changed its name to Phonodisc, Inc., and signed international distribution deals with MCA and 20th Century Records in 1976.


title: PolyGram

text: In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Philips had been at work on a new consumer magnetic tape format for music. The Philips Compact Cassette was introduced in 1963. It was small and could play longer than an LP. In 1965 the cassette accounted for 3% of revenues, growing in 1968 to 8% and in 1970 to 10.6%.


title: PolyGram

text: In the late 1960s, and through the 1970s, GPG/PolyGram diversified into film and television production and home video. RSO's successes included "Saturday Night Fever" and "Grease". PolyGram's highly successful marketing during the disco craze included the Casablanca FilmWorks production "Thank God It's Friday" (1978) and its associated soundtrack. During the boom in disco, PolyGram's US market share had grown from 5% to 20%. This can also be attributed to multi-million selling albums and 45s by the Bee Gees, Donna Summer, the Village People, Andy Gibb, Kool & the Gang, and rock band Kiss. For a short while in the late 1970s, it was the world's largest record company.


title: PolyGram

text: In 1969, PolyGram established a direct mail-order business in the UK, Britannia Music Club, which ran till 2007.


title: PolyGram

text: Before 1978, PolyGram was losing money. When US operations were running at full capacity, PolyGram expanded aggressively, and would press large quantities of records without knowing the demand. In late 1979, PolyGram was caught off guard by the sudden end of the popularity of disco music, leaving it with an underutilized distribution network, profligate labels, and over optimistic product orders. PolyGram's Casablanca label was known for management spending on lavish industry parties and luxury cars. After 1980, PolyGram's losses had spiraled upwards of US$220 million.


title: PolyGram

text: Another contributing factor to PolyGram's financial woes was the massive failure of the big budget musical "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart's Club Band" (1978). The film starred the Bee Gees and Peter Frampton at the height of their popularity, and featured The Beatles covers by them as well as Aerosmith, Billy Preston, and Earth, Wind & Fire. The film was highly anticipated to surpass the box office success of both the "Saturday Night Fever" and "Grease", mostly due to its popular music stars. The soundtrack LP, based on only advance orders, was released triple platinum. However, the movie was released to poor reviews and died at the box office. Despite its triple platinum start, the soundtrack LP's sales bombed after the film's release. In turn, record dealers flooded PolyGram with returned LPs. The resulting losses nearly wiped out the profits the company had made on both the "Saturday Night Fever" and "Grease" soundtracks. The company took further loses when the disco craze ended in 1979 and record sales for both the Bee Gees and Casablanca's Village People plummeted. PolyGram also experienced losses with the defection of Casablanca's Donna Summer to newly formed Geffen Records as well as the dropping of Andy Gibb, whose personal problems with cocaine and alcohol began to affect his recording career, from RSO. Summer and the Bee Gees also had legal disputes with their labels which further complicated matters. Summer ended her contract with PolyGram in 1980, and was awarded the rights to her songwriting catalog by the courts; she owed them one more album, and finished out her contract by recording her album "She Works Hard For The Money" (from which the title track was a huge hit in 1983).


title: PolyGram

text: In 1980, PolyGram created PolyGram Pictures in a partnership with Peter Guber. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, PolyGram continued to invest in a diversified film unit with the purchases of individual production companies.


title: PolyGram

text: In 1981, Philips executive Jan Timmer became a member of the Group Management of PolyGram and was appointed president and chief executive officer of newly formed parent company, PolyGram International Ltd. in 1983. He cut the workforce from 13,000 to 7,000, reduced PolyGram's LP and cassette plants from eighteen to five, and decreased the company's dependence on superstars by spreading the repertoire across different genres and nurturing national and regional talent. Also in 1983, PolyGram's U.S. roster of labels by this time included:


title: PolyGram

text: ...Which were all consolidated into PolyGram Records, Inc. (now UMG Recordings, Inc.) In 1981, PolyGram launched domestic television syndication unit PolyGram Television (unrelated to the latter day incarnation that became Universal Worldwide Television in 1997), but it was soon folded after two years.


title: PolyGram

text: Under the new company, PolyGram decided to discontinue Philips as a pop and rock label in the UK and throughout much of Europe, though it was still frequently issued records in France and South East Asia by Chinese and Hong Kong pop artists. The majority of PolyGram's rock and pop music signings went to Mercury, and Polydor in the UK and Europe, though the label was used sparingly in America. Philips became part of PolyGram Classics as a classical music label along with Decca Records and Deutsche Grammophon. By 1985, PolyGram had returned to profitability.


title: PolyGram

text: Wing Records was reincarnated in 1987 and became a very popular label over the following years, spawning the careers of Tony! Toni! Toné! and former Miss America, Vanessa Williams; the label was discontinued in the mid-1990s. Fontana was revived in the U.S. in 1989, but only for a short while. Today, Fontana Distribution is an independent label distribution unit of Universal Music Group. Vertigo Records still remained a rare U.S. PolyGram label, as most of its music was from Europe.


title: PolyGram

text: In 1982, PolyGram purchased 20th Century Fox Records from its similarly named parent, which had just recently been bought out by oil magnate Marvin Davis, who was not interested in keeping the record company. The assets of the former 20th Century Fox Records were consolidated with the company's Casablanca label.


title: PolyGram

text: After an attempted 1983 merger with Warner Elektra Atlantic failed, Philips bought 40% of PolyGram from Siemens, acquiring the remaining 10% in 1987.


title: PolyGram

text: In 1985, former CBS and Columbia executive Dick Asher was named president and CEO of PolyGram. Asher was formerly the attorney for Don Kirshner's Aldon Music music publishing company.


title: PolyGram

text: The CD, invented by Philips and Sony, helped greatly in boosting the company's sales and market share. PolyGram's strength in classical music helped greatly, as many of the CD's early adopters were classical music lovers. Total US sales of CDs were $1 million in 1983, $334 million in 1990 and $943 million in 2000. Total UK sales were $300,000 in 1983, $51 million in 1990 and $202 million in 2000. The CD increased PolyGram's profit margin from 4-6% in the mid-1980s to 7-9% by the early 1990s. As well, videos were distributed by PolyGram Video.


title: PolyGram

text: In 1988, Philips acquired the remaining 50% of PolyGram from long-time partner Siemens and later in 1989, floated 16% of PolyGram on the Amsterdam stock exchange, valuing the whole company at $5.6 billion. PolyGram embarked on a new program of acquisitions, including A&M and Island Records in 1989, Swedish company Polar Music which held the rights to the ABBA catalogue, Motown and Def Jam in 1994 and Rodven (Venezuela) in 1995.


title: PolyGram

text: In 1990, after acquiring both Island and A&M, Alain Levy, (then) executive vice-president of PolyGram N.V., re-organized the U.S. operations of PolyGram Records, Inc. into a new expanded conglomerate: PolyGram Group Distribution, Inc. In addition to overseeing the sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution of music and video products created by PolyGram, PGD was also responsible for supervising a number of other divisions within PolyGram (U.S.) such as: PolyGram Music Group, PolyGram Video, PolyMedia, PolyGram Special Markets, PolyGram Merchandising, Independent Label Sales (ILS) and New Media & Business Development.


title: PolyGram

text: PolyGram and Granada TV formed a joint venture, Big Picture Productions, in 1990 as a music programing firm which, at Cannes in 1990, purchased exclusive international distribution rights to "Brown Sugar" (The two-hour special featured black female performers and was hosted by Billy Dee Williams) from the New York–based Gene David Group.


title: PolyGram

text: In 1993, PolyGram purchased the video arm of Virgin Group from General Electric Capital for $5.6 million and remodeled the label as Vision Video ltd.


title: PolyGram

text: On May 22, 1998, PolyGram was sold to Seagram for $10 billion. Seagram, which owned Universal Pictures and Universal Music Group, sold off some of PolyGram's assets. The ITC Entertainment library was sold to Carlton Communications for £91 million, the pre-April 1996 PolyGram Filmed Entertainment library was sold to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, PolyGram's US distributor was sold to USA Networks, and Slash Records and London Records were sold to Warner Music Group. On June 23, 1998, Alain Levy resigned as CEO of PolyGram.


title: PolyGram

text: What remained of PolyGram was merged into Universal Music Group and Universal Pictures. The name survives via reissue of music under the Polydor Records label as well as a publishing arm of Universal Music Publishing Group. The Japanese branches of the PolyGram labels that were absorbed to form Universal Music Japan and were rebranded: Polydor remained until 2002, when it merged with the Universal label to form Universal J, Kitty Records and Mercury remained until 2000, when they merged and became the short-lived Kitty MME, which later in 2002, moved some artists to Universal J, and in 2004, Kitty MME became Universal Sigma.


title: PolyGram

text: Universal Music Group (UMG) had been dabbling in the documentary field, having a hand in producing the 2015 Amy Winehouse documentary, "Amy", as well as HBO's "Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck". In January 2017, UMG hired David Blackman to head its newly formed film and TV unit, reporting to Universal Music Publishing Group chairman/CEO Jody Gerson and UMG Executive Vice President Michele Anthony.


title: PolyGram

text: PolyGram Entertainment was relaunched on February 11, 2017 as a film and television unit of Universal Music Group. Before the announcement, the revived PolyGram co-distributed with StudioCanal on September 15, 2016, the documentary "". Polygram had on its slate as its first production "The Story of Motown" (a documentary about the record label's cultural and historical effects). Also on its slate was the co-production and financing of "Mystify" (a biography of INXS frontman Michael Hutchence).


title: PolyGram

text: Republic Records, in working with PolyGram, appointed its first executive vice-president of film & television on July 17, 2017 to oversee film and TV projects and its Federal Films initiative. On June 5, 2018, the company announced the appointment of Daniel Inkeles to the post of Vice President, Scripted Film & Television, who moved over from a sister Vivendi company, StudioCanal, to UMG.


title: PolyGram

text: Lionsgate and PolyGram agreed to a multiyear first-look television deal on August 6, 2018 to develop projects for TV from UMG's portfolio of labels, artists and music, with UMG issuing the corresponding soundtracks. Universal Music Group agreed on April 17, 2019 to allow Wondery a license to use the UMG music catalog and develop story podcasts of UMG artists, which would possibly be adapted for TV or film projects. Wondery would work with all UMG labels and with its PolyGram Entertainment film and TV production unit.


title: Haikyu!! (season 3)

text: The third season of "Haikyu!!", titled , is an anime adaptation of a manga series written by Haruichi Furudate. It was produced by Production I.G and aired from October 8 to December 10, 2016. Sentai Filmworks has also licensed the third season.


title: Haikyu!! (season 3)

text: The opening theme song is "Hikariare" by Burnout Syndromes, while the ending theme song is "Mashi Mashi" by Nico Touches the Walls.


title: State ownership

text: State ownership, also called government ownership and public ownership, is the ownership of an industry, asset, or enterprise by the state or a public body representing a community, as opposed to an individual or private party. Public ownership specifically refers to industries selling goods and services to consumers and differs from public goods and government services financed out of a government's general budget. Public ownership can take place at the national, regional, local, or municipal levels of government; or can refer to non-governmental public ownership vested in autonomous public enterprises. Public ownership is one of the three major forms of property ownership, differentiated from private, collective/cooperative, and common ownership.


title: State ownership

text: In market-based economies, state-owned assets are often managed and operated as joint-stock corporations with a government owning all or a controlling stake of the company's shares. This form is often referred to as a state-owned enterprise. A state-owned enterprise might variously operate as a not-for-profit corporation, as it may not be required to generate a profit; as a commercial enterprise in competitive sectors; or as a natural monopoly. Governments may also use the profitable entities they own to support the general budget. The creation of a state-owned enterprise from other forms of public property is called corporatization.


title: State ownership

text: In Soviet-type economies, state property was the dominant form of industry as property. The state held a monopoly on land and natural resources, and enterprises operated under the legal framework of a nominally planned economy, and thus according to different criteria than enterprises in market and mixed economies.


title: State ownership

text: Nationalization is a process of transferring private or municipal assets to a central government or state entity. Municipalization is the process of transferring private or state assets to a municipal government.


title: State ownership

text: A state-owned enterprise is a commercial enterprise owned by a government entity in a capitalist market or mixed economy. Reasons for state ownership of commercial enterprises are that the enterprise in question is a natural monopoly or because the government is promoting economic development and industrialization. State-owned enterprises may or may not be expected to operate in a broadly commercial manner and may or may not have monopolies in their areas of activity. The transformation of public entities and government agencies into government-owned corporations is sometimes a precursor to privatization.


title: State ownership

text: State capitalist economies are capitalist market economies that have high degrees of government-owned businesses.


title: State ownership

text: Public ownership of the means of production is a subset of social ownership, which is the defining characteristic of a socialist economy. However, state ownership and nationalization by themselves are not socialist, as they can exist under a wide variety of different political and economic systems for a variety of different reasons. State ownership by itself does not imply social ownership where income rights belong to society as a whole. As such, state ownership is only one possible expression of public ownership, which itself is one variation of the broader concept of social ownership.


title: State ownership

text: In the context of socialism, public ownership implies that the surplus product generated by publicly owned assets accrues to all of society in the form of a social dividend, as opposed to a distinct class of private capital owners. There is a wide variety of organizational forms for state-run industry, ranging from specialized technocratic management to direct workers' self-management. In traditional conceptions of non-market socialism, public ownership is a tool to consolidate the means of production as a precursor to the establishment of economic planning for the allocation of resources between organizations, as required by government or by the state.


title: State ownership

text: State ownership is advocated as a form of social ownership for practical concerns, with the state being seen as the obvious candidate for owning and operating the means of production. Proponents assume that the state, as the representative of the public interest, would manage resources and production for the benefit of the public. As a form of social ownership, state ownership may be contrasted with cooperatives and common ownership. Socialist theories and political ideologies that favor state ownership of the means of production may be labelled state socialism.


title: State ownership

text: State ownership was recognized by Friedrich Engels in "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific" as, by itself, not doing away with capitalism, including the process of capital accumulation and structure of wage labor. Engels argued that state ownership of commercial industry would represent the final stage of capitalism, consisting of ownership and management of large-scale production and manufacture by the state.


title: State ownership

text: Within the United Kingdom, public ownership is mostly associated with the Labour Party (a centre-left democratic socialist party), specifically due to the creation of Clause IV of the "Labour Party Manifesto" in 1918. "Clause IV" was written by Fabian Society member Sidney Webb.


title: State ownership

text: When ownership of a resource is vested in the state, or any branch of the state such as a local authority, individual use "rights" are based on the state's management policies, though these rights are not property rights as they are not transmissible. For example, if a family is allocated an apartment that is state owned, it will have been granted a tenancy of the apartment, which may be lifelong or inheritable, but the management and control rights are held by various government departments.


title: State ownership

text: There is a distinction to be made between state ownership and public property. The former may refer to assets operated by a specific state institution or branch of government, used exclusively by that branch, such as a research laboratory. The latter refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as a public park (see public space).


title: State ownership

text: In neoclassical economic theory, the desirability of state ownership has been studied using contract theory. According to the property rights approach based on incomplete contracting (developed by Oliver Hart and his co-authors), ownership matters because it determines what happens in contingencies that were not considered in prevailing contracts.


title: State ownership

text: The work by Hart, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) is the leading application of the property rights approach to the question whether state ownership or private ownership is desirable. In their model, the government and a private firm can invest to improve the quality of a public good and to reduce its production costs. It turns out that private ownership results in strong incentives to reduce costs, but it may also lead to poor quality. Hence, depending on the available investment technologies, there are situations in which state ownership is better. The Hart-Shleifer-Vishny theory has been extended in many directions. For instance, some authors have also considered mixed forms of private ownership and state ownership. Moreover, the Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model assumes that the private party derives no utility from provision of the public good. Besley and Ghatak (2001) have shown that if the private party (a non-governmental organization) cares about the public good, then the party with the larger valuation of the public good should always be the owner, regardless of the parties' investment technologies.


title: State ownership

text: More recently, some authors have shown that the investment technology also matters in the Besley-Ghatak framework if an investing party is indispensable or if there are bargaining frictions between the government and the private party.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Big Brother 13 is the thirteenth season of the American reality television series "Big Brother". The season premiered on July 7, 2011, broadcast on CBS, and ended with a 90-minute season finale on September 14, 2011, after 75 days of competition. Julie Chen returned as host. Season 12 HouseGuest Rachel Reilly was crowned the winner, defeating Porsche Briggs in a 4-3 jury vote. For the second time, Jeff Schroeder, from "Big Brother 11", was voted as the season’s America’s Favorite HouseGuest.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: The format remained largely unchanged from previous seasons. HouseGuests were sequestered in the Big Brother House with no contact to or from the outside world. Each week, the HouseGuests took part in several compulsory challenges that determine who will win food, luxuries, and power in the House. The winner of the weekly Head of Household competition was immune from nominations and nominated two fellow HouseGuests for eviction. After a HouseGuest became Head of Household, he or she was ineligible to take part in the next Head of Household competition. HouseGuests also took part in Have vs. Have-Not competitions in which they were divided into either the "Haves" or the "Have Nots" depending on their performance in the competitions. HouseGuests that become "Have Nots" for the week had to eat "Big Brother slop" and a weekly food restriction (chosen by the viewing public), take cold showers, and sleep on uncomfortable beds in a room with constant fluorescent lighting. The winner of the Power of Veto competition won the right to save one of the nominated HouseGuests from eviction. If the Veto winner exercised the power, the Head of Household then nominated another HouseGuest for eviction.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: On eviction night, all HouseGuests except for the Head of Household and the two nominees voted to evict one of the two nominees. This compulsory vote was conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room by the host Julie Chen. In the event of a tie, the Head of Household cast the deciding vote, announcing it in front of the other HouseGuests. Unlike other versions of "Big Brother", the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely. The nominee with the greater number of votes will be evicted from the House on the live Thursday broadcast, exiting to an adjacent studio to be interviewed by Chen. HouseGuests may voluntarily leave the House at any time and those who break the rules may be expelled from the house by Big Brother. The final seven HouseGuests evicted during the season will vote for the winner on the season finale. These "Jury Members" will be sequestered in a separate house and will not be allowed to watch the show except for competitions and ceremonies that include all of the remaining HouseGuests. The jury members will not be shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that may include strategy or details regarding nominations.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Some changes from previous seasons were implemented until only ten HouseGuests remained in the House. The first change was the HouseGuests pairing up into seven teams of two. The eight new HouseGuests were allowed to get to know one another and form duos as they saw fit. The six returning veteran HouseGuests were already paired up prior to entering the House. The second change was when a HouseGuest won the weekly Head of Household competition their respective partner received immunity from eviction as well. The Head of Household nominated a pair for eviction rather than two individual HouseGuests. The third change was the introduction of the "Big Brother Golden Key" which was given to the remaining member of the nominated pair that survived an eviction vote or lost a partner due to an expulsion or voluntary exit. The Big Brother Golden Key guaranteed this HouseGuest a spot in the top ten and immunity from all challenges and eviction. However, the recipients of the Golden Key were still required to vote to evict during the live eviction shows.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: As part of the twist for the season, a selection of former HouseGuests, called "Dynamic Duos" by the producers, re-entered the House for another chance to win the grand prize. The six HouseGuests that returned were Dick Donato and Daniele Donato from "Big Brother 8", Jordan Lloyd and Jeff Schroeder from "Big Brother 11", and Rachel Reilly and Brendon Villegas from "Big Brother 12".


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Brendon Villegas and Rachel Reilly competed on "The Amazing Race 20", and later returned for "The Amazing Race 24". Reilly returned in "The Amazing Race 31" together with sister (and "Big Brother 15" contestant) Elissa Slater.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Daniele Donato appeared in "Big Brother 20" to celebrate the engagement of "Big Brother 18" contestants Nicole Franzel and Victor Arroyo.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: In 2020, Daniele returned for a third time to compete on "Big Brother: All-Stars". In 2022, Rachel competed on the USA Network reality competition series, "Snake in the Grass".


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: On Day 1, the new eight HouseGuests entered the house. Following introductions, the HouseGuests learned that they would be required to select a partner to compete with in the game. Though they would be competing as individuals, it was revealed that if a HouseGuest's partner won Head of Household, then they would be immune from eviction that week. They also learned, however, that rather than nominating two HouseGuests for eviction, they would nominate one duo for eviction. When picking partners, Keith and Porsche chose to be partners, as did Cassi and Shelly. Adam and Dominic then chose to be partners, leaving Kalia and Lawon as the fourth pair. Following this, the HouseGuests learned that three former duos would be joining them. This led to the original HouseGuests all forming an alliance with the goal of evicting the returning players. HouseGuests Brendon Villegas and Rachel Reilly, Jeff Schroeder and Jordan Lloyd, and Dick Donato and his daughter Daniele entered the house later that night. Like the new HouseGuests, the six returning duos were partnered together and would earn immunity should their partner win Head of Household. HouseGuests then competed in the "Going Bananas" endurance Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests held onto an oversized banana while being shot with chocolate and whipped cream; the last HouseGuest remaining on their banana would be the winner. Rachel was the winner. Upon returning inside, the HouseGuests learned of the "Golden Key", in which the HouseGuest who survives eviction would earn the Golden Key, ensuring them safety until only ten HouseGuests remain. The holder of a Golden Key could not compete for Head of Household or the Power of Veto, but were still required to vote for eviction. The returning HouseGuests quickly realized that the new HouseGuests had aligned, thus leading to the six of them forming the Veterans alliance.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Realizing that the new HouseGuests would be nominated for eviction, Cassi, Dominic, Keith, and Lawon formed "The Regulators" alliance, which featured one member from each of the four new duos. Meanwhile, the returning players realized they needed to get some of the new HouseGuests on their side, leading to Dick making a deal with Porsche in which she would work with the returning players. Porsche later informed her partner Keith about this plan, and attempted to get him on board with the plan; Keith later told his Regulators alliance about this, leading to them deciding to target Porsche. On Day 4, HouseGuests competed in the "One Small Step for Cows, One Giant Leap for Milk Kind" Have-Not competition. For this competition, HouseGuests split into three teams and were required to jump into a crater of milk to allow their fellow team members to squeeze it out of them; the first two teams to fill up six jugs would be the winners, while the last team would be the Have-Nots for the week. The team of Cassi, Kalia, Lawon, and Shelly were the Have-Nots for the week. The Veterans alliance later decided they wanted Porsche to receive a Golden Key in an attempt to gain her vote for future evictions. On Day 5, Rachel chose to nominate Keith and Porsche for eviction. On Day 6, Dick chose to walk from the game due to an urgent personal matter. He later revealed in an interview with People that when the producers called him into the Diary Room on Day 6, though the preliminary tests were inconclusive, they informed him there was a possibility that he was HIV-positive; this was later found to be the case. Due to his decision, Daniele received the first Golden Key. The game continued as normal, with Rachel's nominations remaining intact. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Jeff and Jordan were selected to compete; Adam was selected to host. On Day 7, HouseGuests competed in the "Faster Than a Speeding Veto" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, one member of the pair lifted their partner into the air by a zipline, with this HouseGuest attempting to solve a puzzle while suspended in the air; the first duo to complete their puzzle would win the Power of Veto. Brendon and Rachel were the winners of the Power of Veto. On Day 9, Brendon and Rachel chose not to use the Power of Veto on the nominated duo. Both Keith and Porsche believed they had the votes to stay, with Keith not realizing that Kalia and Shelly had made deals with the Veterans alliance to save themselves. On Day 13, Keith became the first HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of six to four; as she lost her partner, Porsche received the second Golden Key of the season.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Following Keith's eviction, HouseGuests competed in "The Big Brother Open" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to make a single putt with a golf club in an attempt to make their golf ball land closest to the "hole-in-one", with the HouseGuest coming closest being the winner. Jordan was the winner. Though Brendon, Daniele, Porsche, and Rachel hoped to see Cassi evicted, Jordan didn't want to nominate Cassi, preferring to nominate Adam and Dominic. On Day 14, HouseGuests competed in the "March of the Ants" Have-Not competition. For this competition, each duo wore a single ant costume and were required to crawl through a picnic-themed obstacle course in an attempt to bring food crumbs to their ant hole; the first duo to complete the challenge would select two duos to be the Have-Nots for the week. Brendon and Rachel were the winners, and chose Adam, Cassi, Dominic, and Shelly to be the Have-Nots for the week. Later that day, Jordan chose to nominate Adam and Dominic for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Brendon and Rachel were selected to compete; Daniele was selected to host. Brendon and Rachel, upset with Jordan's nominations, later decided they would use the Power of Veto to remove Adam and Dominic from the block should they win. On Day 15, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Candystore" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests took one piece of chewing gum and were required to walk across a balance beam to form the Veto symbol out of their chewed gum; the first HouseGuest to finish making their Veto symbol would win the Power of Veto. Dominic was the winner of the Power of Veto. Following a comment made by Rachel during the Power of Veto competition, Jeff and Jordan debated nominating Brendon and Rachel for eviction; they later decided it was too early in the game to do so. On Day 17, Dominic chose to use the Power of Veto to remove both himself and Adam from the block, with Cassi and Shelly being nominated in their place. On Day 20, Cassi became the second HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a unanimous vote of nine to zero.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Following Cassi's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Online" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to answer questions based on how they believed the viewers had responded to them; an incorrect answer resulted in elimination, and the last HouseGuest remaining was the winner. Rachel was the winner. On Day 21, HouseGuests competed in the "Same Name" luxury competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were given hints and were required to guess which celebrity was described by the hints. David Hasselhoff, who was the correct answer, later entered the house and announced that the winner would earn the right to watch an episode of the television series "Same Name". Jordan was the winner, and chose Jeff, Kalia, and Shelly to watch the episode with her. This decision greatly upset Rachel and Brendon, who felt that Jordan should have selected them. Brendon and Rachel later formed an alliance with Daniele and Dominic, and the four agreed to evict Jeff and Jordan. Later that day, Rachel chose to nominate Adam and Dominic for eviction, with the hopes of backdooring Jeff and Jordan. Following this, Daniele began to urge Rachel to backdoor Jeff and Jordan, however, they later began to become suspicious of her motives. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Jeff and Jordan were selected to compete; Porsche was selected to host. On Day 22, HouseGuests competed in the "Hot Legs" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to pull various "hairs" out from a model leg, with various letters written on each of them. The HouseGuests would collect hairs and attempt to spell a word with their collected letters; the HouseGuest with the longest correctly spelled word would win the Power of Veto. Brendon was the winner of the Power of Veto. When Dominic told Shelly about the plan to backdoor Jeff, Shelly informed Jeff and Jordan which led to them, Brendon, and Rachel turning against Daniele. On Day 24, Brendon chose not to use the Power of Veto on either nominee. The HouseGuests later held a house meeting in which Daniele was called out for her plan to backdoor Jeff, leading to many arguments between Brendon, Daniele, Dominic, Jeff, Jordan, Kalia, Lawon, and Rachel. On Day 27, Dominic became the third HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of seven to one.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Following Dominic's eviction, it was confirmed that the Golden Key twist was officially over, meaning all HouseGuests were competing in the Head of Household competition excluding Rachel. HouseGuests then competed in the "Big Brother Slalom" endurance Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests stood on a pair of skis that moved from side to side with the goal of being the last one remaining; the last HouseGuest remaining on their skis would be the winner. Daniele was the winner. During the competition, Brendon, Jordan, and Lawon became the Have-Nots for the week. Daniele soon decided she wanted to target Brendon and Rachel for eviction, and later made a deal to keep Jeff and Jordan safe in exchange for safety the following week. Brendon and Rachel later attempted to make a deal with Daniele, and attempted to get the Veterans alliance back together. On Day 28, Daniele chose to nominate Brendon and Rachel for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Adam, Jeff, and Porsche were selected to compete; Lawon was selected to host. On Day 29, HouseGuests competed in the "Time's Up" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to write down how quickly they could complete a task similar to previous competitions, and the HouseGuest with the lowest time would be required to complete the task in the given time; if they succeeded, they remained in the game, while failure led to elimination. Brendon was the winner. Though Brendon continued to tell the HouseGuests that he would be using the Power of Veto on himself, he and Rachel secretly decided that he would use it to save Rachel. On Day 31, Brendon chose to use the Power of Veto to remove Rachel from the block, with Jordan being nominated in her place. On Day 34, Brendon became the fourth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of five to two.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Following Brendon's eviction, the HouseGuests learned that the next evicted HouseGuest would have the opportunity to return to the game. Following this, HouseGuests competed in the "Check Mate" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests faced off two at a time and were asked questions about the previously evicted HouseGuests; the winner of each round would select the next two HouseGuests to face off, with the last HouseGuest remaining being the winner. Kalia was the winner.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: The next day the Have/Have-Not competition involved mixing three ingredients and having a member of the opposing team guess the drink ingredient; if there was a tie, the contestant who drank the fastest would receive a point for their team. Jeff, Jordan, Rachel, and Shelly lost and became the Have-Nots for the week. The public voted for the Have-Nots to have coconuts and catfish in addition to slop. Later that evening Rachel and Jeff were nominated for eviction by Kalia. The following day Jeff won the Power of Veto competition, "Big Brother Odyssey", by being the first HouseGuest to roll a ball back and forth with the first person to reach 300 points declared the winner. Jeff saved himself from eviction on Day 37 and Kalia nominated Lawon for eviction after he volunteered to become the nominee. Lawon was evicted on Day 41 by a unanimous vote. In an unprecedented move, he volunteered to be evicted thinking the upcoming twist would return him to the House.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: After the eviction results were announced the HouseGuests were informed of the full twist. Meanwhile, Keith, Cassi, Dominic and Brendon re-entered the House through the backyard to find out which one of the four would compete to regain HouseGuest status. Brendon was chosen to return to the House after receiving 39.5% of the public vote for a chance to return. Keith, Cassi and Dominic then exited the House. Brendon and Lawon then competed in the competition "That's How We Roll". The object was to be the first person to create a complete set of fourteen multi-colored balls, each one named for one of the fourteen original HouseGuests. The player with the complete set in the fastest locked time would regain HouseGuest status. If neither player finished a complete set, the person who successfully shot the first ball would automatically win. At the start of the battle Big Brother released one hundred and fifty balls into the backyard. Brendon shot a complete set at about 2:40 and regained HouseGuest status on Day 41.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Later that evening Daniele won her second Head of Household competition, "Count on America". Shelly and Adam were nominated for eviction the next day by Daniele. Adam won the Power of Veto competition, "Big Brother Cornhole", on Day 43 and saved himself from eviction on Day 46. During the competition, HouseGuests competing won a variety of prizes including, a Caribbean Vacation for Kalia, $5,000 for Jeff, a Veto ticket for Daniele ensuring her a spot in next week's Veto competition, 24-hour solitary confinement for Shelly with the privilege of receiving a phone call from home, and a "humilitard" to be worn by Jordan for a week. Daniele then nominated Brendon for eviction alongside Shelly. After a 5–1 vote in Shelly's favor, Brendon was once again evicted from the house and became the first Jury member.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Following Brendon's eviction, the remaining eligible HouseGuests competed in the game, "All Washed Up". HouseGuests had to retrieve a ping-pong ball from within a container, by using a small cup to transfer Liquid Detergent across the yard while on a slippery surface. Jeff was the first to do so, and became the new Head of Household. Unbeknownst to the HouseGuests, Julie Chen announced to the viewers that Day 55 of the competition will be a Double Eviction night. Jeff nominated Porsche and Kalia for eviction. However, after he also won Power of Veto he removed Porsche from the block and replaced her with Daniele. On Day 55, Daniele was evicted on a 3–2 vote, becoming the second Jury member. However, the HouseGuests were informed on eviction night that it was "Big Brother Fast Forward", with a Head of Household competition, nomination ceremony, Veto competition and ceremony, and eviction vote all occurring on the same day. Kalia won the Head of Household competition "Before or After" and nominated Rachel and Jeff. Porsche won the Power of Veto in a competition called "Clowning Around", and chose not to use it. As a result of a tie in the eviction votes, Kalia, as HoH, voted to evict Jeff, making him the seventh evicted housemate of the season, the eighth evictee, and the third member of the Jury.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Following Danielle and Jeff's eviction, Porsche won Week 8's HoH competition, "Snake-Eyes", and nominated the two remaining veterans, Jordan and Rachel, for eviction. As HoH, Porsche decided to open "Pandora's Box (PB)", and was awarded $10,000 that she had to split with one other player. She chose Kalia. The other part of Pandora's Box was the return of the Duo Twist for Week 8 only. Porsche chose Kalia, Rachel chose Jordan, and Adam chose Shelly. Rachel won the "Duo Do Over" PoV competition, and removed Jordan and herself from the block. Porsche was left with one alternative duo – Adam & Shelly. Shelly was evicted by a 2–1 vote, making her the fourth member of the Jury, and the first newbie on the Jury.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Following Shelly's eviction, The HouseGuest then competed in Week 9's HoH competition, "Rollin' in the Dough", was won by Rachel. A "Pandora's Box" twist was offered to Rachel which led to Tori Spelling entering the house on Day 64. Kalia and Porsche were nominated for eviction. Adam won Power of Veto and let the nominations stand. As part of a second Double Eviction week, Kalia was evicted by 2–1 vote, with HoH Rachel casting the tie-breaking vote after Jordan voted to evict Porsche and Adam voted to evict Kalia. Kalia became the fifth Jury member, and the second newbie on the Jury. The HouseGuest then competed in the second HoH competition of the week, "Big Brother Fortune Teller", was won by Adam on Day 68. He nominated Porsche and Jordan for eviction. The HouseGuests played a veto competition, "Big Brother Jukebox", which Porsche won. At the live veto ceremony, Porsche removed herself from the block. Rachel replaced her as the only possible alternative nominee. Immediately, Porsche cast the sole vote to evict Jordan who became the sixth member of the jury and the fourth veteran.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Following Kalia and Jordan's eviction, Week 10's HoH competition had three parts. The final three HouseGuests began playing "Big Brother Mixer" to determine the winner of the first part. Adam was eliminated after 29 minutes. Rachel won when Porsche fell after 48 minutes into the competition. Porsche and Adam competed in the second part, an underwater challenge, which Porsche ultimately won. Rachel and Porsche competed in the third part of the HoH competition which Rachel won and became the Final HoH. She evicted Adam, who became the seventh and final member of the jury. By a jury vote of 4–3 Rachel won the $500,000 grand prize. She gained Brendon, Jeff, Jordan, and Shelly's vote while Adam, Daniele, and Kalia voted for Porsche. Porsche placed second and won the $50,000 runner-up prize. Jeff won $25,000 after being voted America's favorite player on the CBS website.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: For the first three weeks, the HouseGuests were paired up. The Head of Household would win immunity for their partner (indicated by ) and nominate another duo for eviction. The Power of Veto had to be used on the duo, resulting in another duo being nominated as the Post-Veto Nominations. The duo faced eviction as individuals. The surviving partner was awarded a Golden Key (indicated by ), giving them immunity until the end of the Duos phase at; however, a Golden Key holder could not compete in any competitions. On Day 27, the game reverted to the regular format, with the HouseGuests playing as individuals. The duos twist returned in Week 8 when Porsche opened Pandora's Box.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: "Big Brother 13" was produced by Endemol USA and Fly on the Wall Entertainment, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. This season of the program was announced on September 15, 2010, before the season finale of "Big Brother 12" was transmitted, due to significant increases in the ratings over "Big Brother 11". Casting for season began in mid-April with applications and video tape submissions that did not have a set deadline. Applicants chosen to be a finalist went to Los Angeles, from which applicants were narrowed down to a pool of 40 finalists. Robyn Kass, casting director for "Big Brother", revealed on her Twitter account on June 8, 2011 that the semi-finalist were contacted while no final decision on who would be selected for the program had been made. The selected group of HouseGuests were put into sequester on June 25, 2011 and interviewed by the media with their identities revealed on Yahoo TV on the morning of June 30, 2011. The 8 original cast members entered the house on July 2, 2011 as did the 6 returning players a few hours later. Nine HouseGuests new to "Big Brother" were revealed on June 30 through Yahoo! and WeLoveBigBrother, a fan site which was able to interview the HouseGuests. Jason Thomas, a 26-year-old boxing promoter, was dropped from the list of HouseGuests due to "a casting decision" that trimmed the number of new HouseGuests this season down to eight.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: "Big Brother 13" was broadcast on CBS from July 7, 2011 to September 14, 2011. This season lasted a total of 75 days, the same amount as the previous season. This season featured no changes to the schedule that was used in the previous edition, with episodes airing on Wednesday, Thursday, and Sunday each week. The Thursday episode, which aired at 9 pm Eastern Time, featured the live eviction and subsequent Head of Household competition taking place. During the live eviction, the show was hosted by Julie Chen. The Sunday episode, which aired at 8 pm Eastern Time, featured the food competition and nomination ceremony, as well as some highlights from the previous days. The Wednesday episode, which aired at 8 pm Eastern Time, featured the Power of Veto competition and the Power of Veto ceremony, along with more highlights of recent events in the game. Some changes to the scheduling format were made. The series was broadcast on Global Television Network in Canada.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: Much like the previous editions, the live feeds were also available again for this season. HouseGuests enter the house a few days before the premiere, and the feeds are not live for the first few days. They later go live after the broadcast of the launch episode. This season did see the return of the "" spin-off series, which aired on Showtime Too nightly from midnight to 3a.m. Eastern Time. The show served as a live feed into the house, and was edited only for slanderous statements and music copyrights. Much like the previous season, "Big Brother 13" is available for digital purchasing on iTunes and Amazon.com. "Big Brother" maintained an online platform with live subscription feeds from RealNetworks, a redesigned and relaunched website, online videos, full episodes, a fantasy game and segments on "Inside Dish with Ross Mathews". "Big Brother" also maintained two Twitter accounts; one featured updates from the production staff and one featured updates from the current Head of Household. Episodes of "Big Brother" continued to be streamed on CBS Mobile Channel on FLOTV. Mobile users were also able to interact and influence the show through SMS text messaging and a simulation game based on "Big Brother" was also available to mobile customers. Other features included a video trivia game and the "Big Brother Ultimate Fan" contest where the winner was able to attend the season finale meet the HouseGuests.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: As with each season since "Big Brother 6", the program was filmed at CBS Studios in Studio City, California. The production team was located in the second story of the House which included the story department, audio department and the switchers and shaders. The house was equipped with 52 cameras and 95 microphones to record the participants. The art department that created the competitions for the program was located outside the house. The house theme was the Venice Beach. The living room featured yellow and black colored furniture, while the walls were brick. The room that had featured a lounge, referred to as the "Parlor", now featured a fortune teller alongside the lounge area. The bathroom in the house was colored in white, yellow, and brown, while the yellow railing featured by the stairs leading to the Head of Household room remains along with a newly added gate. There are various bikes around the kitchen ceiling and the balcony at the Head of Household bedroom. The house included four bedrooms each varying in design and comfort. The Head of Household bedroom featured blue and white colors while the second bedroom was designed to feature Summer qualities, with components such as an ice cream truck being featured. The third room initially used by the HouseGuests was later turned into the Have-Not room, which was designed to look like an insane asylum.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: The 14 HouseGuests this season were competing for the main prize of $500,000. The winner of the series, determined by the previously evicted HouseGuests, would win the $500,000 prize, while the Runner-up would receive a $50,000 prize. Other than the main prize, various luxuries and prizes were given out throughout the season. The finale also have a prize of $25,000 awarded for the "American Favorite HouseGuest" which is determined by the public vote, eligible to any HouseGuest except for Dick Donato (due to his withdrawal).


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: After the season premiere, Jeff Schroeder made several controversial comments regarding the sexual orientation of the fictional character Albus Dumbledore from the "Harry Potter" series on July 12, 2011 (which was Day 10 inside the house). Jeff didn't think it was appropriate to have a gay headmaster locked away with children in a magical land. When fellow House Guest Kalia Booker challenged Jeff on making this statement, saying there was nothing wrong with teachers that identify as gay, Jeff rejected her viewpoint and accused her of being politically correct for the audience.


title: Big Brother 13 (American season)

text: The conversation was posted online but was shortly removed by RealNetworks under the grounds of copyright and infringement. A couple of websites later posted full transcripts of the argument online shortly after. CBS released a public statement the following day regarding Jeff's comment, stating that any views or opinions expressed by the HouseGuests are those of the individual and not the network or producers of the program.