title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Prompt decision making is part of 'Judging 101', and is covered in every judicial handbook. "Judges should endeavour to perform all judicial duties, including the delivery of reserved judgments, with reasonable promptness." To a similar effect in Canada: "A judge shall dispose of all judicial matters promptly..."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Applicable to federal judges and effective March 12, 2019, the Code of Conduct for United States Judges elucidates "the ethical canons that apply to federal judges and provides guidance on their performance of official duties and engagement in a variety of outside activities." Beyond general exhortations, it has little to say about delay in dispositions:


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text:
"Canon 3: A Judge Should Perform the Duties of the Office Fairly, Impartially and Diligently
"The duties of judicial office take precedence over all other activities. The judge should perform those duties with respect for others, and should not engage in behavior that is harassing, abusive, prejudiced, or biased. The judge should adhere to the following standards:
"(A) Adjudicative Responsibilities.
"(1) A judge should be faithful to, and maintain professional competence in, the law and should not be swayed by partisan interests, public clamor, or fear of criticism.
"(2) A judge should hear and decide matters assigned, unless disqualified, and should maintain order and decorum in all judicial proceedings. ...
"(5) A judge should dispose promptly of the business of the court."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: As a commentator for the American Judicature Society noted:"Unjustifiable delay in court proceedings, particularly in deciding cases, can have a significant impact on the parties and reflects adversely on the judicial system. Under Canon 3B(8)of the 1990 model code, a judge is required to "dispose of all judicial matters promptly, efficiently and fairly." Commentary to the 1990 model code reminds judges that "in disposing of matters promptly, efficiently and fairly, a judge must demonstrate due regard for the rights of the parties to be heard," while a comment to the 2007 model code cautions that "the duty to hear all proceedings with patience and courtesy is not inconsistent with the duty imposed . . . to dispose promptly of the business of the court. Judges can be efficient and businesslike while being patient and deliberate."<br>


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Speedy justice in the findings and within the confines of the case, facts and the law is a stated goal of many legal systems. Conversely, "[D]epriving quick and certain justice to the litigants ... reinforces the negative images of the judicial system..."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: A long list of potential excuses for extended decisional slow motion are disallowed. And in weighing the wrongfulness of the delay, there are a multiplicity of factors that may come into play.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Passed in 1990, the United States Code, Title 28, §476(a)(3) has a "novel process of making public the names of judges" who let cases go too long without decisions or judgment. Reports must be filed if motions and trials are in submission and have been pending more than six months without decision; and cases that have not been ended within three years of filing. See Civil Justice Reform Act, which tries to deal with lifetime tenured judges, judicial efficiency, judicial independence, separation of powers and legislative oversight.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: The Province of Quebec, Canada, has a flat statutory statement mandating six months as a requirement for ordinary civil actions. It states: 465. "A judgment on the merits must be rendered within six months after the case is taken under advisement, or within four months after the case is taken under advisement in a small claims matter."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: In Canada, the six months has been treated as a mere aspirational guideline or suggestion. According to the Canadian Judicial Council, even when it took it seriously, the consequence were "a slap on the wrist." In one misconduct claim, a Quebec judge had gone over the 6-month limit in five cases. When the Council proceed up the judge's chain of command, it was handled administratively. The chief judge complained, and "ipso facto" the judgments appeared. A simple warning was issued, and the judge retired.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: In Louisiana there exist overlapping statutes and court rules, which require that cases be decided within 30 days of submission. They require the filing of a report, if that standard is exceeded. Untimely decisions and misstatements or failure to document cases may subject a judge to judicial discipline.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: In some states, court rules have been adopted requiring that delays in making decisions or completing cases must be reported. For example, in Michigan the so-called "910 Report" must be filed after a matter is under advisement for more than 90 days. It requires the judge to file a certified statement with the court administrator specifying the case, the matters taken under advisement, the reasons for the delay, and the estimated time of arrival for the cure to the problem.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: In Indiana, "Trial Rule 53.1 and Ind. Trial Rule 53.2 are officially titled "Failure to rule on motion" and "Time for holding issue under advisement; delay of entering a judgment but are commonly known as the 'lazy judge' rules." Under those rules, the trial court has 90 days in which to render its decision; and that time can only be extended by order of the Indiana Supreme Court.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: A Canadian Barrister wrote that "Delay in rendering reasons for judgment is the #1 disease afflicting judges." Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, John Owen Wilson, wrote about delay in the delivery of judgments that:


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: "Litigants expect, and rightfully expect, that the judge will soon relieve them from the agony of uncertainty that prevails until judgment is delivered.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: "That is not to say that it is better to be quick than right... The aim is to be both quick and right."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Justice Wilson flatly stated: "[A] month's delay is normal. Two months delay is long. And three months is too long."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Efficiency in the making of judicial decisions and the avoidance of undue hesitancy while maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the decision making process implicates law and ethics. When faced with inordinate delay, a litigant and lawyer are placed between 'a rock and a hard place.' There is a concern about retaliation and provoking a shoot the messenger reaction. There is little if any remedy, and there is a risk that even an inquiry will provoke an adverse result.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: The Latin legal maxim "Actus curiæ neminem gravabit", meaning that the act of the Court shall prejudice no one, becomes applicable when a situation is protected because the Court is under an obligation to undo the wrong done to a party by the Court's own act. Thus, the court's delay should not prejudice the rights of a party, it being a well settled principle. Subsequent events ought not to frustrate a well established cause of action.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: As was written by Justice William O. Douglas in "Parker v Ellis" dissenting opinion and citing "Mitchell v. Overman", 103 U.S. 62, 26 L.Ed. 369, 103 U.S. at pages 64–6:


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: "'(T)he rule established by the general concurrence of the American and English courts is, that where the delay in rendering a judgment or a decree arises from the act of the court, that is, where the delay has been caused either for its convenience, or by the multiplicity or press of business, either the intricacy of the questions involved, or of any other cause not attributable to the laches of the parties, the judgment or the decree may be entered retrospectively, as of a time when it should or might have been entered up. In such cases, upon the maxim "actus curiae neminem gravabit", which has been well said to be founded in right and good sense, and to afford a safe and certain guide for the administration of justice,-it is the duty of the court to see that the parties shall not suffer by the delay. A "nunc pro tunc" order should be granted or refused, as justice may require in view of the circumstances of the particular case.'


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: "It is the fault of the courts, not Parker's fault, that final adjudication in this case was delayed until after he had served his sentence. Justice demands that he be given the relief he deserves. Since the custody requirement, if any, was satisfied when we took jurisdiction of the case, I would grant the relief as of that date."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: This is no more than the application of the equitable principle, and well known aphorism, that "Not only must Justice be done; it must also be seen to be done", which in turn is related to the equitable maxims, "Equity sees that as done what ought to be done" and "Equity abhors a forfeiture".


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: In "Bleak House", Charles Dickens wrote about extraordinarily protracted proceedings in the Victorian English Court of Chancery. He used as illustrated "a synonym of delay" which yielded only disastrous consequences for the participants. The estate's court case goes on for 12 years, for reasons no one understands, and the entire estate is itself dissipated in the battle. As one writer notes:


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: In the Victorian era, the Court of Chancery was a synonym of delay. In Bleak House Dickens invented a fictional legal case named "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" in order to caricature the legal system of England, and the iniquity of Chancery chiefly takes the form of procrastination: "Jarndyce and Jarndyce drones on. This scarecrow of a suit has, in course of time, become so complicated, that no man alive knows what it means" (BH1 16). As a consequence of this protraction, many characters involved in Jarndyce and Jarndyce are tortured by being held in painful anxiety" one goes insane and another's mind is consumed with "corroding care, suspense, distrust, and doubt" (BH 630)."


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: In the preface to "Bleak House", Dickens cites two Chancery cases as especial inspirations, one of which was a "friendly suit":


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Based on an 1853 letter of Dickens, the first of these cases has been identified as the dispute over the will of Charles Day, a boot blacking manufacturer who died in 1836. Proceedings were commenced in 1837 and not concluded until at least 1854.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: The case of "Jennens v Jennens" formed part of the inspiration for the "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" case at the centre of the plot of "Bleak House" by Charles Dickens. of Acton, Suffolk.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: The second of these cases is generally identified as the dispute over the will of the "Acton Miser" William Jennens. Jennens made his money loaning money to gamblers and was Britain's richest man at the time of his death in 1798, but he died without a will, aged 97. According to the BBC QI series, "Jennens vs Jennens" commenced in 1798 and was abandoned in 1915 (117 years later) when the legal fees had exhausted the Jennens estate of funds (). Thus it had been ongoing for 55 years when "Bleak House" was published. In fact, the dispute about Jennens' estate was not a single law suit; multiple unsuccessful claims were brought over many years seeking part of his estate. The estate was not exhausted of funds; the fortune went to already-wealthy relatives.


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: Over the years, even the existence of a right to appeal in criminal and even civil appeals has been characterized by U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Josiah Brewer as an attack on justice and trial courts, and the ingraining of "justice delayed is justice denied". As he stated: "One thing should always be borne in mind. Whatever the sifting process of successive appeals may accomplish in ascertaining the exact truth, justice delayed is often justice denied. The early end of every litigation should be one of the great objects of all judicial proceedings." The "Chicago Evening Post" countered that the right to an appeal is a surety of getting the right legal result, an no attack at all on the sanctity of trials. It says this is not a proper occasion to invoke the maxim. It urges that but for the championing of a United States Supreme Court Justice, the argument would be dead on arrival.truth


title: Justice delayed is justice denied

text: In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Oregon's closing of courts including family courts that deal with immediate needs of distressed families has sparked protests and application of the sobriquet.


title: Restless (2022 film)

text: Restless () is a 2022 French action thriller film directed by Régis Blondeau, written by Régis Blondeau and Julien Colombani and starring Franck Gastambide, Simon Abkarian and Michaël Abiteboul. It is based on the 2014 South Korean film "A Hard Day" by Kim Seong-hun.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: The Great Muppet Caper is a 1981 British-American musical heist comedy film directed by Jim Henson (in his feature directorial debut). It is the second theatrical film in "The Muppets" franchise. In addition to the Muppet performers, the film stars Charles Grodin and Diana Rigg with special appearances by John Cleese, Robert Morley, Peter Ustinov, and Jack Warden. The film was produced by ITC Entertainment and The Jim Henson Company and distributed by Universal Pictures. In the plot, the Muppets are caught up in a jewel heist while investigating a robbery in London.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: The film was released by Universal Pictures and Associated Film Distribution on 26 June 1981 in the United States and on 30 July 1981 in the United Kingdom. It is the only Muppets feature film directed by Henson. Shot in the United Kingdom and London in 1980, the film was released shortly after the final season of "The Muppet Show".


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: Kermit the Frog and Fozzie Bear are investigative reporters for the "Daily Chronicle" newspaper—they are supposedly identical twins, which becomes the source of a running gag: nobody can tell they are twins unless Fozzie is wearing his hat. Gonzo the Great is their loyal photographer, and together they make a team. One day, after the trio is dismissed for failing to report on a major jewel robbery, Kermit asks their editor Mr. Tarkanian to allow them to travel to London to investigate the robbery and interview the victim, the prominent fashion designer Lady Holiday. Statler and Waldorf make appearances throughout the film to heckle them and the audience.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: With only $12 for the trip, they are forced to travel in an airplane baggage hold and are literally thrown out of the plane as it passes over Britain. They stay at the dilapidated (but free) Happiness Hotel, which is populated by other Muppet characters, including Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem, Scooter, the Swedish Chef, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, Beaker, Lew Zealand, Rowlf the Dog, Sam the Eagle, Pops, Beauregard, Crazy Harry, Camilla the Chicken, Link Hogthrob, Dr. Julius Strangepork, Uncle Deadly, and Rizzo the Rat. The next morning, when Kermit seeks out Lady Holiday in her office, he finds her newly hired receptionist, the alluring Miss Piggy, and mistakes her for the fashion designer. Piggy instantly falls in love with the little green reporter. She poses as Lady Holiday, and Kermit asks her out for dinner; to keep up the pose, she allows Kermit to assume she lives at a "highbrow" address. She sneaks into a townhouse at 17 Highbrow Street to wait for him (much to the surprise of the actual upper-class British residents), and they go out to the Dubonnet Club for dinner.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: At the nightclub, the real Lady Holiday's necklace is stolen by her jealous brother Nicky and his accomplices Carla, Marla, and Darla, three of her exploited fashion models (the very same thieves who robbed her before). After the robbery, Miss Piggy's charade is revealed and she flees, leaving Kermit behind. The next day; in a London park, they reconcile after having a brief argument. Despite Nicky's instant attraction to Miss Piggy, he and his accomplices frame her for the necklace theft during Lady Holiday's fashion show. They plan to steal an even more valuable prize: Lady Holiday's largest and most valuable jewel, the Fabulous Baseball Diamond, now on display at the Mallory Gallery. Unbeknownst to them, Gonzo overhears their plot. He, Kermit, Fozzie, and the other residents of the Happiness Hotel decide to intercept the thieves and catch them red-handed to exonerate Miss Piggy. Kermit arrives at the prison to explain the plan to Piggy, while being disguised as her "lawyer".


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: The Muppets sneak into the Mallory Gallery and get to the Baseball Diamond at the same time as the thieves. They try to keep the diamond out of the thieves' hands via a game of keep away, but Nicky eventually catches the diamond and takes Kermit hostage at gunpoint. In the meantime, Piggy escapes from prison, and she races to the gallery, crashing through the window on a motorcycle that serendipitously fell off a truck in front of her. She knocks Nicky out and dispatches Carla, Marla and Darla with a flurry of furious karate chops. As the police arrive, all charges against Piggy are dropped, Nicky and his accomplices are arrested, and the Muppets get their deserved credit for foiling the heist.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: The Muppets then return to the United States the same way they departed, being thrown out of the cargo hold and parachuting back.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: Additional Muppets performed by Bob Payne, Robert Barnett, Brain Muehl, Hugh Spight, Mike Quinn and Brian Henson


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: "The Great Muppet Caper" was theatrically released on 26 June 1981 in the United States and on 30 July 1981 in the United Kingdom. In celebration of the film's 40th anniversary, "The Great Muppet Caper" was re-released into theaters for two days on August 8 and 11, 2021.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: The film was first released on Betamax, VHS, and LaserDisc in 1982 by 20th Century-Fox Video. On 29 January 1993, Buena Vista Home Video, under the Jim Henson Video label, re-released the film on VHS and LaserDisc.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: It was reissued on VHS and released on DVD for the first time by Columbia Tristar Home Video and Jim Henson Home Entertainment on 1 June 1999. It was later released on DVD by Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment and Jim Henson Home Entertainment on 10 July 2001 and subsequently on 29 November 2005 by Walt Disney Home Entertainment as "Kermit's 50th Anniversary Edition".


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released "The Great Muppet Caper" on Blu-ray and DVD, alongside "Muppet Treasure Island", on 10 December 2013.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: After the success of "The Muppet Movie" (1979), and with good reviews, the film was expected to be a hit but grossed only half the amount of its predecessor. The film ultimately earned $31.2 million in the United States. "The New York Times" reported that one studio president had thought the use of the word "caper" in the title was a mistake.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: It is the fifth-highest grossing Muppet film behind "The Muppets" (2011), "The Muppet Movie" (1979), "Muppets Most Wanted" (2014) and "Muppet Treasure Island" (1996).


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film a two star rating (out of four), writing "...Henson and his associates haven't developed a screenplay that pays attention to the Muppet personalities. Instead, they ship them to England and dump them into a basic caper plot, treating them every bit as much like a formula as James Bond." He concluded his review by stating that "the lack of a cutting edge hurts this movie. It's too nice, too routine, too predictable, and too safe." Similarly, Sheila Benson of the "Los Angeles Times" felt the "Muppets don't belong in a caper movie. They are interpreters of character, relationship and the human condition. (Of the first film's writers, Jerry Juhl and Jack Burns, only Juhl remains, now collaborating with Jack Rose; Tom Patchett and Jay Tarses are the other pair of writers credited. You can frequently scent trouble, or at least a lack of cohesion, as the list of writers mounts.) Somebody let the air out of the jokes and the originality out of the melodies, which this time are by Joe Raposo."


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" awarded the film three out of four stars, particularly singling out Miss Piggy for her "fabulous personality, a genuine star quality". However, he felt the film suffers "from a case of the we-know-we're-cute-so-we-can-get-by-with-anything disease. The disease manifests itself in the script that forever interrupts itself with jokes about the movie we're watching ... I expect the screenwriters to try to write a seamless story. Anybody can interrupt the action of a movie for gratuitous remarks such as these, but it's a very cheap laugh." Todd McCarthy, reviewing for "Variety", wrote that "The Great Muppet Caper" "possesses all the charm of the first installment", in which he applauded Henson for showing "a sure hand in guiding his appealing stars through their paces." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" compared the romantic chemistry between Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy to that of Nelson Eddy and Jeanette MacDonald, in which he praised both characters as the "real stars" of the film.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: The film holds a 75% approval rating based on 24 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 6.5/10. The site's consensus says ""The Great Muppet Caper" is overplotted and uneven, but the appealing presence of Kermit, Miss Piggy and the gang ensure that this heist flick is always breezily watchable." On Metacritic, it has a score of 70 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: After the May 2021 death of co-star Charles Grodin, a number of writers called attention to his performance in the film. Robert Taylor of "Collider" wrote, "It's tough for a human actor to leave much of an impression in a Muppet movie. Their screen time is usually limited (often to just a cameo) and tends to consist of playing second banana to the Jim Henson-birthed lunacy. But in "The Great Muppet Caper", Grodin employs his considerable comedy chops to more than hold his own, and he feels like a natural fit with the Muppet mayhem going on around him." Matthew Dessem wrote in "Slate" that "Hollywood is going to continue making movies, they say, and birds will continue to sing, and spring will continue to be lovely, and jewel thieves will continue to fall head over heels for pigs who are working as receptionists at posh British houses of fashion while attempting to launch their modeling careers. But a light has been extinguished, a greatness has gone out of the world, and it's fair to wonder if any other actor will ever embody pure, untamed desire for Miss Piggy the way Charles Grodin did. He was sensational."


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: The songs and score for the film were written and composed by Joe Raposo. In 1982, Raposo was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "The First Time It Happens" but lost to "Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" by Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross and Peter Allen from "Arthur".


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: In 1981, Miss Piggy won the Youth in Film Award for Best Young Musical Recording Artist for her performance of "The First Time It Happens", becoming the first, and only, non-human recipient in the history of the award.


title: The Great Muppet Caper

text: "The Great Muppet Caper: The Original Soundtrack" contains all of the songs from the film, as well as several portions of dialogue and background score. The album reached #66 on "Billboard"'s Top LP's and Tapes chart in 1981.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (, ; , "Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika"), also commonly known as Turkmenistan or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Central Asia existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991. Initially, on 7 August 1921, it was established as the Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR before being made, on 13 May 1925, a separate republic of the USSR as the Turkmen SSR.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Since then the borders of the Turkmenia were unchanged. On 22 August 1990, Turkmenia declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. On 27 October 1991, it became independent as Turkmenistan.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Geographically, Turkmenia was bordered between Iran, Afghanistan to the south, Caspian Sea to the west, the Kazakh SSR to the north and the Uzbek SSR to the east.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Russian attempts to encroach upon Turkmen territory began in earnest in the latter part of the nineteenth century. In 1869 the Russian Empire established a foothold in present-day Turkmenistan with the foundation of the Caspian Sea port of Krasnovodsk (now Türkmenbaşy). From there and other points, they marched on and subdued the Khiva Khanate in 1873. Because Turkmen tribes, most notably the Yomud, were in the military service of the Khivan khan, Russian forces undertook punitive raids against Khorazm, in the process slaughtering hundreds of Turkmen and destroying their settlements. In 1881 the Russians under General Mikhail Skobelev besieged and captured Geok Tepe, one of the last Turkmen strongholds, northwest of Ashgabat. With the Turkmen defeat (which is now marked by the Turkmen as a national day of mourning and a symbol of national pride), the annexation of what is present-day Turkmenistan met with only weak resistance. Later the same year, the Russians signed the Treaty of Akhal with Qajar Iran and established what essentially remains the current border between Turkmenistan and Iran. In 1897 a similar agreement was signed between the Russians and Afghans.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Following annexation to Russia, the area was administered as the Transcaspian Region by corrupt and malfeasant military officers and officials appointed by the Turkestan Governor-Generalship in Tashkent. In the 1880s, a railroad was built from Krasnovodsk to Ashgabat and later extended to Tashkent. Urban areas began to develop along the railway. Although the Transcaspian Region essentially was a colony of Russia, it remained a backwater, except for Russian concerns with British colonialist intentions in the region and with possible uprisings by the Turkmen.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Because the Turkmen generally were indifferent to the advent of Soviet rule in 1917, little revolutionary activity occurred in the region in the years that followed. However, the years immediately preceding the revolution had been marked by sporadic Turkmen uprisings against Russian rule, most prominently the anti-tsarist revolt of 1916 that swept through the whole of Turkestan. Their armed resistance to Soviet rule was part of the larger Basmachi Revolt throughout Central Asia from the 1920s into the early 1930s, which included most of the future USSR dependencies. Opposition was fierce and resulted in the death of large numbers of Turkmen. Soviet sources describe this struggle as a minor chapter in the republic's history.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: In October 1924, when Central Asia was divided into distinct ethno-national political entities. The Transcaspian Oblast of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR) along with the Charjew, Kerki and a part of the Shirabad provinces of the Bukharan People's Republic and the Turkmen (Daşoguz) province of Khorezm People's Republic were unified to create the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR), a full-fledged constituent republic of the Soviet Union where Turkmen made up roughly 80% of the population. During the forced collectivization and settlement of nomadic and semi-nomadic groups along with other socioeconomic changes of the first decades of Soviet rule, pastoral nomadism ceased to be an economic alternative in Turkmenistan, and by the late 1930s, the majority of Turkmen had become sedentary. Efforts by the Soviet state to undermine the traditional Turkmen way of life resulted in significant changes in familial and political relationships, religious and cultural observances, and intellectual developments. Significant numbers of Russians and other Europeans, as well as groups from various nationalities mainly from the Caucasus, migrated to urban areas. Modest industrial capabilities were developed, and limited exploitation of Turkmenistan's natural resources was initiated.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Under Soviet rule, all religious beliefs were attacked by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past". Most religious schooling and religious observance were banned, and the vast majority of mosques were closed. An official Muslim Board of Central Asia with a headquarters in Tashkent was established during World War II to supervise the Islamic faith in Central Asia. For the most part, the Muslim Board functioned as an instrument of propaganda whose activities did little to enhance the Muslim cause. Atheist indoctrination stifled religious development and contributed to the isolation of the Turkmen from the international Muslim community. Some religious customs, such as Muslim burial and male circumcision, continued to be practiced throughout the Soviet period, but most religious belief, knowledge, and customs were preserved only in rural areas in "folk form" as a kind of unofficial Islam not sanctioned by the state-run Spiritual Directorate.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: The Soviet regime's policy of indigenization (korenizatsiia) involved the promotion of national culture and language and the creation of a native administration for each ethnic group in its own territory. During the 1920s, as happened throughout the Soviet Union, there was forthright support and funding for the creation of native language theatres, publishing houses, newspapers as well as universal public schooling, and this was the case for the Turkmen minorities during Soviet administration of Turkmen/Transcaspian province of the Turkestan ASSR and the Bukharan People's Republic and the Khorezm (Kivan) People's Republic and continued after the creation of the majority-Turkmen national republic.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: In the 1920s the Turkmen SSR standardised the Turkmen language (as prior to this, the vast majority of the population was not literate and those that were tended to use the Chaghtai or Persian languages for writing, though in the late 19th and early 20th century there was growing interest in the use of Ottoman Turkish register for writing as it is an Oghuz language and closer linguistically). Rigorous debate in the national press and in various literary and educational journals over Teke, Yomut, and other regional and tribal dialects was followed by centralised decision-making around the creation of a particular national standard, the simplification of the Arabo-Persian alphabet, and the eventual transition to the Cyrillic alphabet.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Beginning in the 1930s, Moscow kept the republic under firm control. The nationalities policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) fostered the development of a Turkmen political elite and promoted Russification. The previous nationality policies of the 1920s and early 1930s involved promoting the use of the Turkmen language for administration in all areas of the state, party, and economy (along with the longer-lasting system of preferential quotas and advancement for ethnic Turkmen in government, party, and industrial jobs with the aim of achieving a majority Turkmen bureaucracy) and attempts at requiring non-Turkmen to learn the Turkmen language. From the 1930s onward, the nationality policy favoured use of the Turkmen language in areas of government "closest to the people": education, health, etc, paired with an acceptance that knowledge of the Russian language would be required for most government work as well as advancement in many careers: the government would no longer work to make knowledge of Russian superfluous to advancement and would cease active efforts to have Turkmen be the language of administration, and from 1938 onwards non-Russian students throughout the Soviet Union would be required to become fluent in Russian in order to advance through secondary and tertiary education.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Non-Turkmen cadre both in Moscow and Turkmenia closely supervised the national cadre of government officials and bureaucrats; generally, the Turkmen leadership staunchly supported Soviet policies. Moscow initiated nearly all political activity in the republic, and, except for a corruption scandal in the mid-1980s that ousted longtime First Secretary Muhammetnazar Gapurow, Turkmenistan remained a quiet Soviet republic. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika did not have a significant impact on Turkmenistan, as many people there were self-dependent, and settlers of the territory and the Soviet Union's ministers rarely intertwined. The republic found itself rather unprepared for the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence that followed in 1991.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: When other constituent republics of the Soviet Union advanced claims to sovereignty in 1988 and 1989, Turkmenia's leadership also began to criticize Moscow's economic and political policies as exploitative and detrimental to the well-being and pride of the Turkmen. By a unanimous vote of its Supreme Soviet, Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty in August 1990. In March 1990, Turkmenistan participated in the internationally-observed referendum on the future of the Soviet Union, where 98% percent of participants voted in support of the preservation of the Soviet Union. After the August 1991 coup in Moscow, Turkmenia's communist leader Saparmurat Niyazov called for a popular referendum on independence. The official result of the referendum was 94 percent in favor of independence. The republic's Supreme Soviet then declared Turkmenistan's independence from the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Republic of Turkmenistan on 27 October 1991. Turkmenistan gained independence from the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: As with the other Soviet republics, Turkmenistan had followed the Marxist–Leninist ideology governed by the republic's sole party, Communist Party of Turkmenistan, a republican branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


title: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

text: The politics of Turkmenistan took place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic. The Supreme Soviet was a unicameral legislature of the republic headed by a Chairman, with its superiority to both the executive and judicial branches and its members meet in Ashkhabad.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: The Basketball Africa League (BAL) is Africa's premier men's basketball league. The league consists of twelve teams, each qualified through their domestic competition, similar to the format of the UEFA Champions League. The league is a joint effort between the National Basketball Association (NBA) and International Basketball Federation (FIBA) with sponsorship from Nike, Air Jordan and Pepsi.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: Its inaugural season started with the qualifying rounds in October 2019 and the regular season in May 2021. The competition replaces FIBA's Africa Basketball League as the continent's top-tier league.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: BAL president, Amadou Gallo Fall, announced at the 2020 NBA All-Star Game Africa Luncheon in Chicago, that the season will tip off on 13 March. At the event, Nike and Jordan unveiled the official jerseys for the twelve teams (six of the teams will be outfitted by Nike and the other six by Jordan). The BAL also launched the league's official website and social media accounts.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: The inaugural season was postponed on 3 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 29 March 2021, it was announced that the inaugural season would start on 16 May 2021, and would end on 30 May.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: On 16 February 2019 the National Basketball Association and FIBA announced plans to establish a continental professional basketball league. During a press conference at the 2019 NBA All-Star weekend, NBA commissioner Adam Silver elaborated on plans to establish the league. He stated that the league will feature 12 teams after qualification tournaments in late 2019. The countries that could possibly host a team include; Angola, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa and Tunisia. Silver also hinted at the involvement of former U.S. president Barack Obama in an unspecified role. In May 2019, Amadou Gallo Fall was assigned by the NBA as the first president of the BAL. In September 2019, BAL announced the venues and cities for the inaugural season, which included a Final Four played in Kigali Arena in Kigali, Rwanda.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: On 15 October 2019, the qualifying tournaments for the inaugural season began, with teams from 32 African countries participating. On 3 March 2020, the BAL announced that it was postponing its season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A new date would not be settled until 29 March 2021, when the inaugural season was announced to start on 16 May 2021, in the Kigali Arena in Kigali, Rwanda. The season was held in a bubble with limited people in the stands. On 30 May 2021, Zamalek from Egypt won the first-ever BAL championship after beating US Monastir in the inaugural Finals.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: On 27 July 2021, former President Barack Obama joined NBA Africa as a strategic partner. The former president of the United States (2009–2017), avid basketball player, will also have a minority stake.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: Comparable to the UEFA Champions League in association football, the competition has qualifying rounds to determine which teams play in each season. National federations from African countries will each be given the opportunity to send one representing club, usually the national champions. In the BAL Qualifying Tournaments, teams play each other in groups for six remaining spots in the BAL regular season.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: Six teams from six countries qualify directly for the regular season to make a total of twelve teams.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: Each BAL season consists of twelve teams. In the regular season, the twelve teams are divided into two conferences, in which they play five games each. The four highest-placed teams of each conference advance to the playoffs, which is a single-elimination tournament which decides the BAL champion.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: Each club participating in the BAL regular season is restricted to having four foreign players only, which means it has to have at least 8 local players on its roster. Furthermore, two out of four foreign players must be from an other African country.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: Ahead of the 2022 season, the BAL launched the BAL Elevate program in cooperation with the NBA Academy Africa. The program places a player from the academy in one of the team's rosters. Players from the same country as a BAL team are automatically assigned to a team, while remaining players are selected from a pool. Elevate players do not share in the prize money that is awarded from the competition, to preserve their amateur status.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: The following is a list of clubs who have played in the Basketball Africa League at any time since its formation in 2020 to the current season. A total of 19 teams from 16 countries have played in the BAL thus far.


title: Basketball Africa League

text: The BAL games are broadcastin as many as 215 countries in 14 languages. All BAL games are broadcast by:


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: The flag of Yugoslavia was the official flag of the Yugoslav state from 1918 to 1992. The flag's design and symbolism are derived from the Pan-Slavic movement, which ultimately led to the unification of the South Slavs and the creation of a united south-Slavic state in 1918.


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: The flag had three equal horizontal bands of blue, white, and red and was first used by the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1943. A red star was added in its center by the victorious Yugoslav Partisans in World War II and this design was used until the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, whereupon the red star was removed. This version was used until the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro in 2006. Today, the flag still holds meaning to those nostalgic for Yugoslavia.


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: The flag of Yugoslavia is a horizontal tricolour of blue (top), white (middle) and red (bottom). The design and colours are based on the Pan-Slavic flag adopted at the Pan-Slavic Congress of 1848, in Prague. Following the end of the First World War in 1918, the Southern Slavs united into a single unitary state of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later known as Yugoslavia. The monarchy selected the pan-Slavic design to symbolise the new founded unity of all Southern Slavs. The design consisted of a simple horizontal tricolour with three equal bands of blue (top), white (middle) and red (bottom). Following the end of the Second World War and the abolition of the monarchy in 1945, the new Communist government retained the design of the flag but added a red star with yellow border in the centre. This flag remained in use until the dissolution of SFR Yugoslavia in 1992, after which the new union of Serbia and Montenegro removed the red star and retained a plain tricolour flag until their dissolution in 2006.


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal socialist republic, consisting of six sub-level republics. Each republic had its own flag and emblem. Most of the flags were based on the old historical flags of the respective Yugoslav states, except the flag of the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina and SR Macedonia which only gained statehood after World War II. SR Croatia, SR Montenegro, SR Serbia, and SR Slovenia all used the pan-Slavic colors, red, white and blue, in the particular way in which there were already traditional for in the respective countries. They were all embellished by a communist symbol, the red star. This standardization meant that SR Montenegro and SR Serbia had identical flags, as they continued the use of the tricolours of the Kingdom of Montenegro and the Kingdom of Serbia respectively. As for Bosnia and Herzegovina, because of its multiethnic character, its flag consisted of a red flag but with a small SFR Yugoslav flag in the canton. The red and yellow of the flag of SR Macedonia reflected the colours of the traditional coat of arms with a lion of the region.


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: The national flag of the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia was blue-white-red in the horizontal sense against a vertical staff. The common national civil flag was the same as the historic Pan-Slavic flag approved at the Pan-Slavic Congress in Prague, 1848.


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: The naval ensign (war flag) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia is blue-white-red with the simplified lesser coat of arms: "On one third of the ensign length there shall be the state coat of arms with the crown. The height of the arms and crown (without the globe and cross) shall be half of the ensign height."


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: The flags of the Kingdom were in official use from 1922 until the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was occupied by Axis powers in 1941. After that, the flag was used by the officially recognized government in exile, diplomatic representatives, and the Allies until 1945. During the Second World War, Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland (also known as Chetniks) continued to use the flag.


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established on December 1, 1918 and was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on October 3, 1929. The state's first flag was officially adopted in 1922. All Yugoslav flags (including the first ones) were variations on the Pan-Slavic flag adopted at the Pan-Slavic Congress in Prague in 1848. The Pan-Slavic flag was a plain blue-white-red tricolor in the horizontal sense against a vertical staff, and the national flag and civil and state ensign during the 1918–1943 period (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) was exactly the same. The naval ensign during the period was the blue-white-red tricolor with the simplified lesser coat of arms of Yugoslavia.


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: In response to demands by Croat politicians for autonomy of Croatia, an autonomous region of Croatia was created within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Banovina of Croatia. It used the Croatian red-white-blue tricolour for its civil flag, and its state flag included the tricolour charged with the Croatian "šahovnica".


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: In 1941 during World War II Yugoslavia was invaded and occupied by the Axis powers, and the Yugoslav government fled into exile in London. Soon afterward, the Yugoslav resistance, the Partisans, was formed. The Partisans did not support the Yugoslav government-in-exile and initially used a number of different flags until finally one was universally adopted. The new flag was the Yugoslav blue-white-red tricolor with a red star occupying the center of the white field, and with the dimensions altered to 1:2 instead of 2:3. The Partisans were recognized by the Allies in late November 1943 (Tehran Conference) and the name of the Yugoslav state was altered to Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (DFY). The old flag continued to be used by the government-in-exile (up until its merge with the Partisan government, the NKOJ in 1944), by its diplomatic representatives, and by the western Allies until 1945 - while in Yugoslavia, the version with the red star was primarily in use.


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: After the war, in 1945, the red star flag became universally official. It was given its final shape by enlarging the star and adding a narrow yellow border. The flag was usually accompanied on official buildings by the flag of the federal republic and the flag of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Because of this, many buildings in former Yugoslavia still carry a three-poled flag holder. A smaller version of the flag served as the civil ensign while an elongated banner version was seen flown in front of the Yugoslav parliament.


title: Flag of Yugoslavia

text: Chapter 1, Article 4 of the 1946 Yugoslav Constitution laid out the specifications for the SFRY flag. The ratio was set at 1:2 and it consisted of a flag that has blue, white and red horizontal stripes that are of equal width. In the middle of the flag is a red star that has a border of golden-yellow. The red star is placed in the center of the flag where the intersections of the corners meet. In the 1963 and 1974 constitutions, the specifications and design of the flag did not change. Other sources state that the red star is placed in a circle that has a diameter of of the flag's hoist (width). The size of the golden-yellow border was not defined in the 1946 Constitution.


title: Syed Shahnawaz Hussain

text: Syed Shahnawaz Hussain is an Indian politician and a member of the Central Election Committee of Bharatiya Janata Party. He is one of the national spokespersons of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Hussain was the Minister of Textiles and the Minister Civil Aviation in the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government. He has been the Minister of Industries of the Government of Bihar since 9 February 2021 To 9 August 2022.


title: Syed Shahnawaz Hussain

text: Hussain was born on 12 December 1968 to Syed Nasir Hussain and Nasima Khatoon in Supaul, Bihar. He has a Diploma in Engineering (Electronics) from B.S.S.E., Supaul and ITI, Pusa, Delhi. He married Renu Sharma on 12 December 1994, with whom he has two sons.


title: Syed Shahnawaz Hussain

text: Hussain was elected to the 13th Lok Sabha in 1999 from Kishanganj constituency. He was appointed as a Minister of State in the Third Vajpayee ministry and held various portfolios such as food processing industries, youth affairs and sports and human resource development at different times. He was given independent charge of the Ministry of Coal in 2001 and was elevated to the rank of a Cabinet Minister with Civil Aviation portfolio in September 2001, thereby becoming the youngest Cabinet Minister ever in the Government of India. Later he held the Textiles portfolio as Cabinet Minister from 2003 to 2004. He is often referred to as 'The Original Youth leader'.


title: Syed Shahnawaz Hussain

text: Though he lost the 2004 general elections, he re-entered the Lok Sabha in November 2006 in a by-election when he won the vacant seat of Bhagalpur constituency in Bihar. He entered the 15th Lok Sabha again from Bhagalpur in 2009. He contested the Lok Sabha election in 2014 from Bhagalpur again but lost with a small margin. He helped Bhagalpur to be named under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Smart Cities Scheme. Due to his efforts, Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express got a halt at Naughachia Railway station.


title: Syed Shahnawaz Hussain

text: On 21 January 2021, Hussain was elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council. On 9 February 2021, He was inducted as a cabinet minister in the Seventh Nitish Kumar ministry. He was the Minister of Industries of the Government of Bihar.


title: Roxette discography

text: The discography of Swedish pop duo Roxette consists of ten studio albums (including six Swedish number ones), one live album, thirteen compilation albums, one remix album, eleven video albums, three box sets, fifty-six singles (including three Swedish and four US number ones) and twenty promotional singles, as well as fifty-two music videos. The duo, which consisted of Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson, are the second most commercially successful Swedish act of all time, after ABBA. They sold over 75 million records worldwide, although a report by the "Los Angeles Times" put the figure as high as 80 million. The RIAA awarded them certifications of 3.5 million units in the US, where the duo have sold over two million albums since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales data in May 1991. The BPI in the UK certified Roxette for shipments of at least 2.2 million. They were particularly successful in Germany, where they are recognised as one of the highest-certified acts of all time, with shipments of 5.725 million units.


title: Roxette discography

text: The duo formed in 1986, releasing debut album "Pearls of Passion" that same year. The record and its singles performed well in Sweden, but failed to chart elsewhere. Their international breakthrough came with "Look Sharp!" in 1988, which contained "The Look" and "Listen to Your Heart". Both songs peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, while "Dangerous" peaked at number two. Originally a non-album single in 1987, "It Must Have Been Love" became an international hit when it was re-released in 1990 as part of the soundtrack to "Pretty Woman". Their most successful album, "Joyride", was issued the following year, eventually selling over 11 million copies worldwide. The title track was their fourth number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, with "Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave)" also peaking at number two.


title: Roxette discography

text: Roxette's fourth studio album "Tourism" was recorded in multiple studios during the "Join the Joyride! Tour", which saw them performing to over 1.7 million people worldwide. The record performed well internationally, selling six million copies worldwide, but failed to replicate the success of previous albums in North America. 1994's "Crash! Boom! Bang!" was followed by greatest hits collection "Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!" in 1995, which both sold in excess of five million copies worldwide. A compilation of Spanish-language re-recordings titled "Baladas en Español" was issued in Spanish-speaking territories in 1996. Studio albums "Have a Nice Day" and "Room Service" were released in 1999 and 2001, respectively, and were both commercially successful throughout Europe.


title: Roxette discography

text: Fredriksson was diagnosed with a brain tumour in 2002, resulting in a period of inactivity for the duo. They briefly reunited to record two new songs for "" in 2006, before reforming in 2009 and embarking on "The Neverending World Tour". Their studio albums from 1986–2001 were re-mastered and re-released in September 2009, featuring previously released bonus tracks. Eighth studio album "Charm School" came in 2011, with "Travelling" following a year later. Their tenth and final studio album, "Good Karma", was issued in 2016. A thirtieth anniversary edition of "Look Sharp!" was released in 2018, containing a bonus disc of demos. Fredriksson died in 2019 as a result of complications stemming from her 2002 cancer diagnosis. The band released an album of outtakes titled "Bag of Trix" on the first anniversary of her death; it was released in dedication to her.


title: TQL Stadium

text: TQL Stadium, called West End Stadium during construction, is a soccer-specific stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the home of FC Cincinnati, a Major League Soccer (MLS) team that had been temporarily playing at Nippert Stadium. The stadium is located in the West End neighborhood, at the former site of Stargel Stadium on Central Parkway at Wade Street. The stadium cost about $250 million to construct and holds 26,000 spectators.


title: TQL Stadium

text: The stadium was proposed in 2016, as part of the team's bid for an MLS expansion franchise, and a list of sites was submitted with the bid in January 2017. A shortlist of three sites, in Oakley, the West End, and Newport, Kentucky, was announced in May 2017. The West End site was chosen in early 2018 and approved in April through a land swap deal with Cincinnati Public Schools. On May 29, 2018, MLS announced that Cincinnati had won an expansion team, to begin play in 2019 at Nippert Stadium. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on December 18, 2018, and the stadium officially opened on May 16, 2021.


title: TQL Stadium

text: FC Cincinnati was founded in 2015 and played its first three seasons in the second-division United Soccer League (since renamed the USL Championship) at Nippert Stadium, a college football venue. After a successful first season in which the team's home games averaged 17,296 attendees, the club's ownership group began negotiations with Major League Soccer to bid for an expansion franchise. Cincinnati formally submitted its expansion bid in January 2017, including a shortlist of locations for a potential stadium to meet the bid's requirement for a soccer-specific venue.


title: TQL Stadium

text: FC Cincinnati's management first suggested the possibility of building a new stadium in late November 2016, when the club hosted MLS commissioner Don Garber for a day-long visit. During a town hall meeting held with club supporters that day, Garber suggested that Nippert was not a long-term solution for the team. Club president Jeff Berding said during the meeting that the club had recently begun to look for sites in or near the "urban core" of Cincinnati.


title: TQL Stadium

text: FC Cincinnati narrowed the list of locations for a potential stadium to a shortlist of three sites in May 2017: the football stadium used by Taft High School in the West End neighborhood; the former Milacron factory in Oakley on Interstate 71; and a riverfront site in Newport, Kentucky. The club unveiled preliminary designs for a stadium in June 2017, outlining plans for a horseshoe-shaped stadium with a continuous roof and capacity for 25,000 to 30,000 people. It was designed by Dan Meis, who envisioned steep terraced seating and homages to Allianz Arena in Munich, including the use of LED lights and a translucent ETFE roof, for use at the three shortlist sites.


title: TQL Stadium

text: In November 2017, the Cincinnati City Council passed legislation that would fund infrastructure improvements and a parking garage at the stadium, should a location within the city be chosen. The Oakley site was named as the leading candidate and formed the basis of the city council's infrastructure legislation. FC Cincinnati presented its bid to MLS in December, including a stadium at the Oakley site, but the Nashville bid was chosen instead for a 2020 expansion.


title: TQL Stadium

text: The club signed an option contract with the Cincinnati Metropolitan Housing Authority to acquire land in the West End neighborhood in January 2018, signalling their intent to choose the site. The following month, FC Cincinnati revealed plans to perform a land swap with Cincinnati Public Schools to acquire Stargel Stadium on the campus of Taft High School, with a new high school stadium being built nearby. The land swap would require the approval of the Cincinnati Public School's board of directors, who declined to accept the club's offer because of tax abatement rules, which would require an additional $20 million in taxes to be paid by FC Cincinnati. In response, FC Cincinnati announced in March that it would remove the West End site from consideration and focus on the remaining two sites, which had the support of their respective county governments. By early April, however, the club had announced that the Oakley and Newport sites were out of contention, due to the remoteness of the Oakley site and a landowner dispute in Newport, and that FC Cincinnati would restart negotiations for the West End site.


title: TQL Stadium

text: The school board received an offer from the club to pay $25 million and build a new $10 million high school stadium and unanimously approved the land swap on April 10. The club signed a community benefits agreement with the West End Neighborhood Council, despite opposition from a majority of the council, but the proposal was amended and agreed to by a majority of the council weeks later. On April 16, the city council voted 5–4 for an ordinance that would fund $40 million in infrastructure improvements to support the stadium project. A second city council vote on May 16 approved the community benefits agreement and was the final city action needed before a decision by MLS. The league awarded the expansion franchise in an announcement on May 29.


title: TQL Stadium

text: The construction of a new $200 million stadium with public money remained controversial, culminating in the formation of a citizens' group in 2017 to push Nippert Stadium as the permanent home of Cincinnati's MLS team. FC Cincinnati ruled out the use of Nippert Stadium due to the stadium's outdated design that would present construction challenges. During the final negotiations for the West End site, a separate group proposed that the community benefits agreement be decided in a public referendum, but were rejected on the grounds that the city council used an emergency ordinance to approve the stadium deal.


title: TQL Stadium

text: Under a preliminary design schematic released in May 2018, the stadium would have 21,080 seats, with 16,610 general admission seats and 3,970 premium seats. An additional 7,000 seats would be added by filling in two of the corners and ends. However, in June 2018, the club said that they were essentially "starting over" on designing the stadium. Club president Jeff Berding said that he expected the capacity to be somewhere between 21,000 and 30,000 spectators, depending on what the club could afford.


title: TQL Stadium

text: In October 2018, FC Cincinnati released new design concept images of the West End Stadium for the first time since the stadium site had been finalized. As in previous designs, the roof and exterior facades would be made of ETFE foil, a translucent material upon which colors and designs may be projected. The stadium was now expected to hold between 25,500 and 26,500 attendees, which would make it one of the largest soccer-specific stadiums in North America. The dimensions of the stadium were also announced with new precision; the club shared draft images showing the precise footprint of the stadium within its land plot, and declared that the stadium's maximum height would be less than .


title: TQL Stadium

text: In response to criticism from West End residents, the stadium design was revised again in February 2019. The roof's orange color was replaced, and the 428-stall parking garage was relocated to the intersection of Central Parkway and Wade Street. Plans for in additional residential and commercial development along Central Parkway were scrapped in favor of opening the street with a pedestrian plaza. The stadium's design was also constrained by a Duke Energy transmission line that is buried underneath the site. The city government subsequently approved an additional land sale for the stadium during the same month, for a police parking lot that would grant the city $8 million in revenue. The club also contracted a consulting firm to determine the stadium's impact to the nearby Cincinnati Music Hall, including tests with blank cartridges from a shotgun, and concluded that the stadium noise would interfere with musical performances.


title: TQL Stadium

text: MEIS Architects was removed as the head architecture firm from the project by FC Cincinnati and replaced by Populous, a Kansas City-based company responsible for several MLS venues. The new design revision, announced in March 2019, restored a reduced version of the orange lighting on the roof and exterior and expanded the canopy to cover the entire seating area. A grand staircase would connect the stadium's concourse with Central Parkway, while the exterior walls were redesigned to resemble a series of "ribbons" that wrap around the outer bowl. The club also acquired several additional properties in April 2019 along Wade Street to build a larger parking structure. A zoning change to support commercial development on the Wade Street site drew criticism due to the potential displacement of at least 17 residents of the existing apartment buildings on the property.


title: TQL Stadium

text: In July 2019, Populous and FC Cincinnati unveiled a new design for the West End Stadium that replaced the exterior lighting and ETFE facade with vertical "fins" that individually light up to create special effects and animations. There were to be 513 fins, a homage to Cincinnati's 513 area code, each wide and deep, but the number was later reduced to 387 (of which 287 are lit). The club's proposal to extend the lighting scheme to include advertisements and other promotions was opposed by the Over-the-Rhine Community Council, who also criticized the permitting of year-round lighting. The final seating capacity will be 26,000 spectators, including 59 suites and a premium club area with 4,500 seats. The stadium will include 3,100 seats in a safe standing terrace that will replace The Bailey. The patterns and colors of the seating area, featuring navy blue seats and "Gary" the winged lion from the club crest in orange, were chosen from four options by a public poll in May 2020.


title: TQL Stadium

text: The stadium cost $250 million to construct, with the majority of funding coming from FC Cincinnati and its ownership group. The club also funded $6.2 million in West End improvements and $10 million for a new high school football stadium, in addition to $25 million to Cincinnati Public Schools as part of the land use agreement. Infrastructure improvements around the stadium will be paid for using $34 million in city funds from a local tax increment financing district and $19 million from Hamilton County and the State of Ohio. In June 2018, the club named U.S. Bank as the financial partner for the project.


title: TQL Stadium

text: On June 22, 2020, FC Cincinnati filed suit against Premier Partnerships, a company they had contracted to broker a naming rights deal, alleging negligence amid a push to make a deal with a prospective sponsor on terms that were against MLS rules or financially infeasible for the team. The lawsuit did not mention the prospective sponsor by name, but "The Cincinnati Enquirer" reported that documents attached to the suit mentioned Mercy Health, the team's jersey sponsor.


title: TQL Stadium

text: On April 21, 2021, Total Quality Logistics (TQL) was named as the naming rights sponsor of the stadium by FC Cincinnati, having come to a long-term agreement with the club.


title: TQL Stadium

text: TQL Stadium was designed by Populous, MEIS Architects, and Elevar Design Group. Turner Construction was hired as the general contractor, working alongside Jostin Construction, and will require 200 to 400 workers during the duration of construction. Machete Group is providing oversight on the project as the owner's representative. The project began major construction in 2019, after the new Stargel Stadium was completed at a nearby location.


title: TQL Stadium

text: The original Stargel Stadium closed permanently on October 26, 2018, and demolition began the following month while the property was transferred from Cincinnati Public Schools to the club for $10 million. The new Stargel Stadium was built southwest of Taft High School and opened in September 2019 for the fall sports season after a month-long construction delay. A ceremonial groundbreaking for the TQL Stadium took place on December 18, 2018, attended by league commissioner Don Garber and local elected officials. Construction was scheduled to begin after demolition of the original Stargel Stadium was completed in January 2019. Foundation pouring was expected to begin in March, followed by structural erection in May. However, these dates were later pushed back to July and November respectively, according to the stadium's website.


title: TQL Stadium

text: The first roof trusses were installed in May 2020, with work continuing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Work was halted in early August due to two "racist incidents" involving subcontractors at the stadium site, resulting in mandatory anti-bias training for workers. The exterior's structural elements, including the roof and canopy, was topped out in July 2020 with the installation of the final steel beam. The north scoreboard is the largest to be used in a soccer-specific stadium, measuring in width. The stadium's hybrid turf pitch and its grow lights were installed in January 2021, using grass harvested from a supplier in Brookville, Indiana. The exterior, signage, and interiors were finished in early 2021. TQL Stadium opened with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on May 1, 2021, and hosted its first regular season match on May 16, between FC Cincinnati and Inter Miami CF.


title: TQL Stadium

text: TQL Stadium was named Best Venue of 2022 by The World Football Summit on September 28, 2022, at an awards event in Madrid, Spain.


title: TQL Stadium

text: The stadium is located along Central Parkway, which splits the West End and Over-the-Rhine neighborhoods just northwest of Downtown Cincinnati, between John and Wade streets. The area is currently served by SORTA buses and is two blocks from a streetcar stop on the Cincinnati Bell Connector. The club has proposed closing a two-block section of Central Parkway to traffic to create a pedestrian promenade on gamedays, subject to city approval. On-site parking is expected to be provided by a county-built garage with 1,000 spaces.


title: TQL Stadium

text: TQL Stadium hosted English rock band The Who on May 15, 2022, as a part of the band's "The Who Hits Back" Tour. It was the band's first concert in the city since the disaster at one of their shows in 1979. The event was the first concert held at the stadium.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: Some toilet roll holders or dispensers allow the toilet paper to hang in front of (over) or behind (under) the roll when it is placed parallel to the wall. This divides opinions about which orientation is better. Arguments range from aesthetics, hospitality, ease of access, and cleanliness to paper conservation, ease of detaching sheets, and compatibility with pets.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: The US advice column Ask Ann Landers reported that the subject was the most controversial issue in the column's history and, at 15,000 letters in 1986, provoked the highest number of responses. Some writers have proposed that preference for one orientation over the other may have connections to age, sex, or political philosophy, and survey evidence has shown a correlation with socioeconomic status.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: The case study of "toilet paper orientation" is a widely used teaching tool in instruction sociology students in the practice of social constructionism.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: The main reasons given by people to explain why they hang their toilet paper a given way are ease of grabbing and habit.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: The over position reduces the risk of accidentally brushing the wall or cabinet with one's knuckles, potentially transferring grime and germs; makes it easier to visually locate and to grasp the loose end; gives the option to fold over the last sheet to show that the room has been cleaned; and is generally the intended direction of viewing for the manufacturer's branding, so patterned toilet paper looks better this way.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: The under position provides a tidier appearance, in that the loose end can be more hidden from view; reduces the risk of a toddler or a house pet such as a cat unrolling the toilet paper when batting at the roll; and in a recreational vehicle may reduce unrolling during driving.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: Partisans have claimed that each method makes it easier to tear the toilet paper on a perforated sheet boundary.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: The over position is shown in illustrations with the first patents for a free-hanging toilet-roll holders, issued in 1891.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: Various toilet paper dispensers are available which avoid the question of over or under orientation; for example, single sheet dispensers, jumbo roll dispensers in which the toilet roll is perpendicular to the wall, and twin roll dispensers. Swivelling toilet paper dispensers have been developed which allow the paper to be unrolled in either direction.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: In various surveys, around 70% of people prefer the over position. In a survey of 1,000 Americans, Cottonelle found that "overs" are more likely than "unders" to notice a roll's direction (74 percent), to be annoyed when the direction is "incorrect" (24 percent), and to have flipped the direction at a friend's home (27 percent). According to "W. C. Privy's Original Bathroom Companion, Number 2", "By more than 4 to 1, older folks prefer to have their toilet paper dispense over the front." The same claim is made by James Buckley's "The Bathroom Companion" for people older than 50. Toilet paper orientation is sometimes mentioned as a hurdle for married couples. The issue may also arise in businesses and public places. At the Amundsen–Scott Research Station at the South Pole, complaints have been raised over which way to install toilet paper. It is unclear if one orientation is more economical than the other. The "Centralian Advocate" attributes a claim to Planet Green that "over" saves on paper usage.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: The case study of "toilet paper orientation" is an important teaching tool in instruction sociology students in the practice of social constructionism.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: In the article "Bathroom Politics: Introducing Students to Sociological Thinking from the Bottom Up", Eastern Institute of Technology sociology professor Edgar Alan Burns describes some reasons toilet paper politics is worthy of examination. On the first day of Burns' introductory course in sociology, he asks his students, "Which way do you think a roll of toilet paper should hang?" In the following fifty minutes, the students examine why they picked their answers, exploring the social construction of "rules and practices which they have never consciously thought about before". Burns' activity has been adopted by a social psychology course at the University of Notre Dame, where it is used to illustrate the principles of Berger and Luckmann's 1966 classic "The Social Construction of Reality".


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: Christopher Peterson, a professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, classifies the choice of toilet paper orientation under "tastes, preferences, and interests" as opposed to either values or "attitudes, traits, norms, and needs". Other personal interests include one's favorite cola or baseball team. Interests are an important part of identity; one expects and prefers that different people have different interests, which serves one's "sense of uniqueness". Differences in interests usually lead at most to teasing and gentle chiding. For most people, interests do not cause the serious divisions caused by conflicts of values; a possible exception is what Peterson calls "the 'get a life' folks among us" who elevate interests into moral issues.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: Morton Ann Gernsbacher, a professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, compares the orientation of toilet paper to the orientation of cutlery in a dishwasher, the choice of which drawer in a chest of drawers to place one's socks, and the order of shampooing one's hair and lathering one's body in the shower. In each choice, there is a prototypical solution chosen by the majority, and it is tempting to offer simplistic explanations of how the minority must be different. She warns that neuroimaging experiments—which as of 2007 were beginning to probe behaviors from mental rotation and facial expressions to grocery shopping and tickling—must strive to avoid such cultural bias and stereotypes.


title: Toilet paper orientation

text: In his book "Conversational Capital", Bertrand Cesvet gives toilet paper placement as an example of ritualized behavior—one of the ways designers and marketers can create a memorable experience around a product that leads to word-of-mouth momentum. Cesvet's other examples include shaking a box of Tic Tacs and dissecting Oreo cookies.


title: Surface Pro 7

text: The Surface Pro 7 is a 2-in-1 detachable tablet computer developed by Microsoft. It is the seventh generation of Surface Pro and was announced alongside the Surface Laptop 3 and Surface Pro X at an event on 2 October 2019. An updated version of the device was introduced on the 11th of January 2021 called the Surface Pro 7+. Surface Pro 7 and 7+ maintain the same form and design as previous models but with the Mini DisplayPort receptacle replaced by a USB-C port. The display of the device is the same as the previous model with a 2736 x 1824 resolution touchscreen in 3:2 aspect ratio and 267 ppi. The Surface Pro 7 starts at $750 and goes up to $2,300. The Surface Pro 7+ for Business starts at $900 and goes up to $2,800.


title: Surface Pro 7

text: Microsoft will now offer the Surface Pro 7+ to consumers as announced at their Surface Event on September 22, 2021.


title: Surface Pro 7

text: Surface Pro 7+ for Business models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of Windows 10 Pro; consumer models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of Windows 10 Home. Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail, Calendar, People, Xbox, Photos, Movies and TV, Groove, Your Phone, a 30-day trial of Office 365, and the Edge browser. The device also supports Windows Hello login using biometric facial recognition.


title: NSYNC discography

text: American boy band NSYNC has released four studio albums and 18 singles. The band first charted in 1996 and released their self-titled debut album in 1997. Their debut studio album "'N SYNC" (1997) was preceded by the lead single "I Want You Back", which entered the top five in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and the top 20 in the United States. Supported by the commercial success of its lead single "Bye Bye Bye", their third studio album "No Strings Attached" (2000) debuted with 2.4 million copies sold in the first week. The second single, "It's Gonna Be Me", reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Their first two studio albums were certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America. "Celebrity", their fourth and last studio album, was released in 2001 and the final single ”Girlfriend” in 2002.


title: Peter Campion (actor)

text: Campion grew up in Birr, County Offaly. His family moved to the Dublin suburb of Dartry when he was twelve. He attended boarding school Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare for secondary school where he participated in school plays. He moved to London for drama school, training at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) and going on to graduate from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 2010.


title: Peter Campion (actor)

text: Upon graduation from Guildhall, Campion played Galanba in the Royal National Theatre production of "The White Guard". That same year, he began appearing on television as Stumpy Doyle in "Love/Hate" and Dr. Jack Flynn in "Raw". He starred in the Edinburgh production of "The Lieutenant of Inishmore". He played Ronan McCann in the first and second series of the BBC Two Northern Ireland drama "6Degrees". In 2013, he starred as Packy Kennedy in the Channel 4 sitcom "London Irish".


title: Peter Campion (actor)

text: In 2015, Campion made his film debut as George Sheridan in "Brooklyn". This was followed by the musical "Sing Street" and the "St. Patrick's Day" segment of the horror anthology "Holidays". He starred in the Belfast production of "The Pillowman".


title: Peter Campion (actor)

text: Campion narrates Irish version of the reality show "First Dates". In 2017, he appeared in the "EastEnders" limited spinoff "" and the horror film "The Cured".


title: Peter Campion (actor)

text: In 2018, Campion began playing the guest role of Father Peter in the Channel 4 sitcom "Derry Girls". That same year, he landed the roles of Joe in the second series of "Can't Cope, Won't Cope" as well as theatre roles in "Autumn Royal" and "Furniture". The following year, Campion had a recurring role as Mickey Gibbs in series 5 of the BBC One series "Peaky Blinders".


title: Peter Campion (actor)

text: Campion played Henry Vickers in the Acorn TV crime drama "Dead Still" and the teacher Sweeney in the coming-of-age film "Dating Amber" in 2020, and the Roman consul Libo in the Sky Atlantic series "Domina" in 2021.


title: Visa requirements for Taiwanese citizens

text: Visa requirements for Taiwan passport holders are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on nationals of the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan. Although the ROC has only one type of nationality under its nationality law, its nationals' right of abode in Taiwan is based on whether they have established household registration in Taiwan, hence ROC nationals are divided into two categories: nationals with household registration ("NWHRs"), with right of abode in Taiwan; and nationals without household registration ("NWOHRs"), without right of abode in Taiwan. Only NWHRs are entitled to a National Identification Card, and the National ID number is imprinted on the passport's biodata page to signify the holder's status as an NWHR. Holders of such passports can travel to more countries and territories without visas than holders of passports without National ID number, as NWOHRs using ROC passports to enter Taiwan require an entry permit and are subject to immigration controls.


text: The Taiwan passport is one of the five passports with the most improved rating globally since 2006 in terms of number of countries that its holders may visit without a visa. As of 21 April 2022, nationals of Republic of China with rights of abode in Taiwan had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 145 countries and territories, ranking the ordinary Taiwan passport 32nd in terms of travel freedom, according to the Henley Passport Index.


text: Many countries require passport validity of no less than 6 months and one or two blank pages. Visa requirements for holders of normal passports travelling for tourist purposes:


text: Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:


text: Although is a member of this program, its nationals are also not allowed to use ABTC to enter Mainland China, instead they are required to use Taiwan Compatriot Permits.


text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.


text: Visa requirements for nationals of Republic of China for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries, and restricted zones:


text: ROC nationals without household registration (NWOHRs) are required to obtain a Chinese Travel Document from a Chinese embassy, consulate or diplomatic mission prior to travelling to Hong Kong SAR and Mainland China. As Chinese Travel Documents are issued as a replacement of the Chinese passport, all holders of Taiwan passports who have citizenship or nationality of another country are ineligible and are required to apply for a Chinese visa on their non-ROC passports instead.


text: Single-entry Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents can be applied with ROC passport (with a validity of more than 3 months), ROC National ID card, return ticket and 2 passport-sized photos, fee is CNY 150. Some airports may require additional documents, such as an invitation letter. Eligible airports are: Beijing, Changchun, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Fuzhou, Guilin, Guiyang, Haikou, Hangzhou, Harbin, Hefei, Jinan, Kunming, Nanchang, Nanjing, Nanning, Ningbo, Qingdao, Quanzhou, Sanya, Shanghai, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Wuxi, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xuzhou, Yancheng, Yantai and Zhengzhou. The single-entry travel permit is valid for a stay up to 3 months. Holder of a valid, long-term travel permit is not eligible to use this service, he or she must instead carry the long-term permit or will be refused entry for not doing so.


text: — Certain countries will deny access to holders of Israeli visas or passport stamps of Israel because of the Arab League boycott of Israel.


title: Chicago III

text: Chicago III is the third studio album by American rock band Chicago and was released in 1971. It was the band's third consecutive double album of new studio material in less than two years.


title: Chicago III

text: In the wake of the enormous worldwide success of their second album, Chicago spent almost all of 1970 on the road, an exhausting undertaking. Former drummer Danny Seraphine, described the members of the band as "fatigued and road-weary" when they went into the studio to record the album.


title: Chicago III

text: Released in January 1971, initially on Columbia Records, "Chicago III" — the band's first album to sport a Roman numeral in its title — sold well upon its release and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) a month later. It provided Chicago with its highest charting disc yet in the US, going to No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200. "Free", written by Robert Lamm, made it into the top 20 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, and "Lowdown", co-written by Peter Cetera and Danny Seraphine, reached the top 40. "Chicago III" marked a dwindling in UK fortunes in comparison to the band's first two albums, "Chicago Transit Authority" and "Chicago", reaching No. 9 in a brief chart run.


title: Chicago III

text: In 1974, jazz bandleader Stan Kenton added a suite of songs from the album ("Canon", "Mother", "Once Upon a Time" and "Free") to his band's repertoire, releasing it on the album "Stan Kenton Plays Chicago."


title: Chicago III

text: The band had used up its storehouse of original material on its first two albums. It needed new material for "Chicago III", and the songwriters worked "nonstop" Danny Seraphine said the band "took the opportunity to experiment with instrumentals and showcase our skills as musicians."


title: Chicago III

text: Their long hours on the road gave the principal songwriters, Robert Lamm, Terry Kath and James Pankow, much food for thought, resulting in more serious subject matter, which contrasted with the positivity of their first two sets. In his retrospective review of the album, Jeff Giles writes that Lamm's "Travel Suite" was "inspired by the boredom, loneliness, and beauty of the road," and characterizes Pankow's "Elegy" suite is an "ecologically minded composition", (an issue Lamm also touches upon in "Mother"). While Kath's multi-part "An Hour in the Shower" provides a reprieve from the sobering explorations elsewhere, "Chicago III" was undeniably the result of a band who had seen the flip side of the world over the last several months. "Lowdown", co-written by Peter Cetera and Danny Seraphine, was Seraphine's first co-writing credit, and he was appreciative of the support Cetera gave him during the writing process.


title: Chicago III

text: "Chicago III" incorporates a variety of musical styles. "Sing a Mean Tune Kid" features the influence of funk, "What Else Can I Say" and "Flight 602" have a country feel, while abstract qualities are found in "Free Country" and "Progress?"


title: Chicago III

text: The album was produced by James William Guercio, who was Chicago's producer for its first eleven albums. This album was mixed and released in both stereo and quadraphonic. In 2002, "Chicago III" was remastered and reissued on one CD by Rhino Records.


title: Chicago III

text: The album cover design is titled "Tattered Flag" on the band's web site. Included with the album was a poster of the band dressed in the uniforms of America's wars, standing in front of a field of crosses, representing those who had died in the still ongoing Vietnam War. It also gave the number of casualties from each war up until the time of the album's release.


title: Chicago III

text: "Chicago III" (Columbia 30110) reached No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200 in the US during a chart stay of 63 weeks.


title: Australian government debt

text: The Australian government debt is the amount owed by the Australian federal government. The Australian Office of Financial Management, which is part of the Treasury Portfolio, is the agency which manages the government debt and does all the borrowing on behalf of the Australian government. Australian government borrowings are subject to limits and regulation by the Loan Council, unless the borrowing is for defence purposes or is a 'temporary' borrowing. Government debt and borrowings (and repayments) have national macroeconomic implications, and are also used as one of the tools available to the national government in the macroeconomic management of the national economy, enabling the government to create or dampen liquidity in financial markets, with flow on effects on the wider economy.


title: Australian government debt

text: The net government debt is gross government debt less its financial assets, which is often expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or debt-to-GDP ratio.


title: Australian government debt

text: As of 31 August 2021 the total gross Australian government debt outstanding was A$834 billion, an increase of about A$273 billion from before 31 December 2019. As at 11 April 2017, the gross Australian government debt was $551.75 billion. The government debt fluctuates from week to week depending on government receipts, general outlays and large-sum outlays. Australian government debt does not take into account government funds held in reserve within statutory authorities such as the Australian Government Future Fund, which at 30 September 2016 was valued at $122.8 billion, and the Reserve Bank of Australia. Nor is the net income of these statutory authorities taken into account. For example, the Future Fund net income in 2014–15 was $15.61 billion, which went directly into the fund's reserves. Also, guarantees offered by the government do not figure in the government debt level. For example, on 12 October 2008, in response to the Economic crisis of 2008, the government offered to guarantee 100% of all bank deposits. This was subsequently reduced to a maximum of $1 million per customer per institution. From 1 February 2012, the guarantee was reduced to $250,000, and is ongoing.


title: Australian government debt

text: Australia's net international investment liability position (government debt and private debt) was $1,028.5 billion at 31 December 2016, an increase of $5.4 billion (0.5%) on the liability position at 31 December 2016, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics.


title: Australian government debt

text: Australia's bond credit rating was rated AAA by all three major credit rating agencies as at May 2017. Around two-thirds of Australian government debt is held by non-resident investors – a share that has risen since 2009 and remains historically high.


title: Australian government debt

text: Before 1979, the government borrowed using individual cash loans and a mechanism known as the TAP system. Under this system, the government would set a fixed yield, and the private market would finance as much public debt at this yield as it saw fit. If the market did not finance all the debt on offer, then the treasury was able to borrow the outstanding amount from the Reserve Bank of Australia at a concessionary rate of 1%. This allowed the government to finance its debt without limitation. In 2000, the then Deputy Chief Executive Officer of the AOFM, Peter McCray, remarked that this system was "breaching what is today regarded as a central tenet of government financing—that the government fully fund itself in the market." He also remarked that this form of funding implied "reduced fiscal discipline" on the government's side, leading to likely inflationary consequences, as well as adverse implications to the private bond market.


title: Australian government debt

text: The government retired the TAP system and introduced a tender system for short-term Treasury Notes in December 1979 and for Treasury Bonds in August 1982. Under this system, bonds are issued in an auction where primary dealers bid against each other. Australian macroeconomist Professor Bill Mitchell notes that there is still no risk of the government being unable to finance itself because the Australian government issues its own currency and can always meet any financial liabilities that are denominated in that currency. The Australian government can never run out of its own currency.


title: Australian government debt

text: During the Howard government, large budget surpluses resulted in a reduction of treasury bonds on issue. In 2002, the government conducted a review into how this would affect bond market participants. Consistent with the outcome of the review, the government decided to continue issuing debt in the form of treasury bonds despite the surplus to maintain the bond market. This was justified on the basis that a declining bond market would have negative implications to those looking to hedge interest rate risk using bond futures, financial market diversity, and those who use bonds as investment vehicles. In balance with continued issuance of liabilities, it was decided the government would continue to accumulate financial assets, thus expanding its balance sheet and increasing the exposure to financial risks. However, it was decided that the benefits of maintaining a bond market outweighed such risks.


title: Australian government debt

text: The Howard government also saw the unwinding of the federal government's foreign currency liabilities, ending a long period during which the government had a significant exposure to currency risk. The debt portfolio is now managed to a benchmark with a zero foreign currency component.


title: Australian government debt

text: Net government debt is defined by the International Monetary Fund as ""gross debt minus financial assets corresponding to debt instruments"". Financial assets corresponding to debt instruments include currency and deposits, debt securities and loans. In the context of the budget, general government sector net debt is equal to the sum of deposits held, government securities (at market value), loans and other borrowing, minus the sum of cash and deposits, advances paid and investments, loans and placements. The net debt to GDP ratio over time is influenced by a government surplus/deficit or due to growth of GDP and inflation, as well as movements in the market value of government securities which may in turn be influenced by movements in general interest rates and currency values.


title: Australian government debt

text: Australia's net government debt as percentage of GDP in the 2016–17 budget was estimated at 18.9% ($326.0 billion); much lower than most developed countries. The budget forecasted that net government debt would increase to $346.8 and $356.4 billion in 2017–18 and 2018–19 respectively. However, despite continuing to rise in aggregate terms, growth in the economy means the government expects the proportion of debt to GDP to peak at 19.2% in 2017–18 before starting to fall thereafter.


title: Australian government debt

text: The net government debt was negative (i.e. The Australian government had net positive bond holdings) in the 2006–07-year for the first time in three decades, from an original peak of 18.5% of GDP ($96 billion) in 1995–96. The reduction in net debt is attributable to the consistent budget surpluses in the mid-2000s.


title: Australian government debt

text: The federal budget is the main mechanism that determines the government's net debt position from one period to the next. A surplus (revenue is greater than expenses) allows the government to pay down its debt while a deficit (expenses are greater than revenue) requires the government to issue more debt to cover the shortfall. The 2017 federal budget forecast a deficit of $29.3 billion, or 1.6% of GDP. The 2018 budget forecast a deficit of $18.2 billion. This would be Australia's eleventh consecutive budget deficit.


title: Australian government debt

text: The 2017 budget forecast government spending to be in surplus in the 2020/21 fiscal year, while the 2018 budget forecast a surplus of $2.2 billion in 2019/20. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the government's debt level was forecast to be $629 billion in 2019/20.


title: Australian government debt

text: The statutory limit was created in 2007 by the Rudd Government and set at $75 billion. It was increased in 2009 to $200 billion, $250 billion in 2011 and $300 billion in May 2012. In November 2013, Treasurer Joe Hockey requested Parliament's approval for an increase in the debt limit from $300 billion to $500 billion, saying that the limit will be exhausted by mid-December 2013. With the support of the Australian Greens, the Abbott Government repealed the debt ceiling over the opposition of the Australian Labor Party.


title: Australian government debt

text: The debt ceiling was contained in section 5(1) of the "Commonwealth Inscribed Stock Act 1911" until its repeal on 10 December 2013.


title: Jackson Brundage

text: Jackson Timothy Brundage (born January 21, 2001) is a retired American child actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Jamie Scott on The CW's "One Tree Hill", a role he held from 2008 until the series' conclusion in 2012. Brundage was in the Nick at Nite sitcom, "See Dad Run" starring Scott Baio which lasted from 2012 to 2015. He was the first voice of Foo in the Nickelodeon series "Harvey Beaks" before being replaced by Tom Robinson. He has performed in film, television, and voice over. He played Charlie Allan Smith in "Lime Salted Love". He also voiced Pablo in "Einstein Pals". He retired from acting in 2015.


title: Jackson Brundage

text: Brundage was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the middle child of three and has an older sister named Alexuh Jayquelin and a younger brother named Camden Parkor. He is tall.


title: 4 (Slash album)

text: 4 is the fourth studio album by Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators, and Slash's fifth solo album overall. It was released on February 11, 2022, as the first album from the new Gibson Records label. The album was produced by country producer Dave Cobb in Nashville. The album was announced on October 20, 2021, with the release of the first track "The River Is Rising" as a single.


title: 4 (Slash album)

text: Though Slash reunited with Guns N' Roses in 2016, he has still continued with his solo work, this being the second studio album release in that time period. Writing for the album started during the 2018-19 Living the Dream Tour. Slash stated of the album, "There’s two or three songs on the record that were written during the pandemic; everything else was written before".