title: Mai Shiranui

text: Debating the merits of polygonal fighting games in 1998, "Hyper" used a question whether "Would Mai Shiranui be as bouncy in polygonal form?" as an argument "that some aspects of the 2D fighting medium cannot be replicated into 3D". Nevertheless, in a review of the 3D "The King of Fighters: Maximum Impact" six year later, the staff of "Official Xbox Magazine" opined that "Mai Shiranui's heaving bosom redesigned to fully utilise the immense funbag recreating power of the Xbox" was "exactly what the doctor ordered". David Clayman and Jeremy Dunham from IGN applaued "a wonderful job" done redesigning the "Maximum Impact" characters "to the modern age", including "Mai's new shorthair look", and opining they "all look great -- and in some instances, surpass the classic designs that were established so many years ago"; meanwhile "Hardcore Gamer" positively noted how "Mai Shiranui's bouncy, laid-back personality [still] shows in her stance". In 2016, GameZone's James Wynne wrote that with the inclusion of Mai, the 3D fighter ""Dead or Alive 5: Last Round" wins our brand new award for most appropriate fighting game cross-over in history, demolishing Akuma's appearance in "Tekken 7"" and the game features so far "the best looking iteration of the Mai Shiranui character". Adam Beck from "Hardcore Gamer" opined that as "Mai is a ninja in her own series, she seems to fit perfectly within the "Dead or Alive" ethos".


title: Mai Shiranui

text: The character has received mostly negative reception in regards to her film appearances. GamesRadar's Henry Gilbert commented in 2014 that "Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture" director Masami Ōbari "never miss[ed] a chance to fill the screen with her heaving chest" while devoting more attention to her shower segment than to the film's fight scenes. In "The Complete Anime Guide", Trish Ledoux noted that "the animation of modern-day ninja girl Mai Shiranui gave an all-new meaning to *bouncy* anime girls". John Funk of "The Escapist" wrote that Mai's costume in the live-action "The King of Fighters" was "not nearly as cleavage-tacular as it needs to be" and recommended "getting some members from Tecmo's Team Ninja as consultants". Jeff Gerstmann of "Giant Bomb" remarked in 2009: "Maggie Q ... as Mai Shiranui? Let me be the last to say 'that seems like an awful choice'. That seems like an "awful" choice". Tein Hee Seow of "Stuff.com" described the "oddball" casting as "quite a departure from how the amply endowed character is portrayed in the game". However, Peter Rubin of "Complex" placed Mai second in his 2011 ranking of the "hottest women in video game movies": "We're sold. Beautiful, badass, and more proof that 'SNK Games' stands for 'Sexy with No Klothes'".


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: Sir Surendranath Banerjee often known as Rashtraguru (; 10 November 18486 August 1925) was Indian nationalist leader during the British Rule. He founded a nationalist organization called the Indian National Association and was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress. Surendranath supported Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, unlike Congress, and with many liberal leaders he left Congress and founded a new organisation named "Indian National Liberation Federation" in 1919.


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: Surendranath Banerjee was born in Calcutta, in the province of Bengal to a Rarhi Kulin Brahmin family, suggesting that the ancestral seat of the family was at Rarh region of present-day West Bengal. His ancestors had migrated to East Bengal at some point of time and settled in a village called Lonesingh in Faridpur district. It was his great grand father Babu Gour Kishire Banerjee who emigrated and settled in a village called Monirampur near Barrackpore. He was deeply influenced in liberal, progressive thinking by his father Durga Charan Banerjee, a doctor. After graduating from the University of Calcutta, he travelled to England in 1868, along with Romesh Chunder Dutt and Behari Lal Gupta, to compete in the Indian Civil Service examinations. He cleared the competitive examination in 1869, but was barred owing to a claim he had misrepresented his age. After clearing the matter in the courts by arguing that he calculated his age according to the Hindu custom of reckoning age from the date of conception rather than from birth, Banerjee cleared the exam again in 1871 and was posted as assistant magistrate in Sylhet. Banerjee also attended classes at University College, London. He took his final exams in 1871 and returned to India in August 1871. In 1874, Banerjee returned to London and became a student at the Middle Temple.


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: Banerjee was soon dismissed for making a serious judicial error. He went to England to appeal his discharge, but was unsuccessful because, he felt, of racial discrimination. He would return to India bitter and disillusioned with the British. During his stay in England (1874–1875), he studied the works of Edmund Burke and other liberal philosophers. These works guided him in his protests against the British. He was known as the Indian Burke.For his tenacity he was called 'Surrender Not Banerjee' by the British.


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: Surendranath was influenced by the writings of Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini. He studied the writings of Mazzini in his stay in England (1874-1875) on Anandmohan's suggestion.


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: Upon his return to India in June 1875, Banerjee became an English professor at the Metropolitan Institution, the Free Church Institution and at the Rippon College, now Surendranath College, founded by him in 1882. He began delivering public speeches on nationalist and liberal political subjects, as well as Indian history. He founded the Indian National Association with Anandamohan Bose, one of the earliest Indian political organizations of its kind, on 26 July 1876. In 1878 in a meeting to preach the Indian people he said "The great doctrine of peace & goodwill between Hindus & Muslims, Christians & Paresees, aye between all sections of our country's progress. Let the word "Unity" be inscribed therein characters of glittering gold...There may be religious difference between us. There may be social difference between us. But there is a common platform where we may all meet, the platform of our country's welfare". He used the organization to tackle the issue of the age-limit for Indian students appearing for ICS examinations. He condemned the racial discrimination perpetrated by British officials in India through speeches all over the country, which made him very popular.


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: In 1879, he bought the newspaper, "The Bengalee(founded in 1862 by Girish Chandra Ghosh) and edited it for 40 years." In 1883, when Banerjee was arrested for publishing remarks in his paper, in contempt of court, protests and hartals erupted across Bengal, and in Indian cities such as Agra, Faizabad, Amritsar, Lahore and Pune. He became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned. The INC expanded considerably, and hundreds of delegates from across India came to attend its annual conference in Calcutta. After the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885 in Bombay, Banerjee merged his organization with it owing to their common objectives and memberships in 1886. He was elected the Congress President in 1895 at Poona and in 1902 at Ahmedabad.


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: Surendranath was one of the most important public leaders who protested the partition of the Bengal province in 1905. Banerjee was in the forefront of the movement and organized protests, petitions and extensive public support across Bengal and India, which finally compelled the British to reverse the bifurcation of Bengal in 1912. Banerjee became the patron of rising Indian leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Sarojini Naidu. Banerjee was also one of the senior-most leaders of the "moderate" Congress — those who favoured accommodation and dialogue with the British — after the "extremists" – those who advocated revolution and political independence — led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak left the party in 1906. Banerjee was an important figure in the Swadeshi movement – advocating goods manufactured in India against foreign products — and his popularity at its apex made him, in words of admirers, the "uncrowned king" of Bengal.


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: The declining popularity of moderate Indian politicians affected Banerjee's role in Indian politics. Banerjee supported the Morley-Minto reforms 1909 – which were resented and ridiculed as insufficient and meaningless by the vast majority of the Indian public and nationalist politicians. Banerjee was a critic of the proposed method of civil disobedience advocated by Mahatma Gandhi, the rising popular leader of Indian nationalists and the Congress Party. Surendranath Banerjee, a moderate and veteran leader of Congress were in favour to accept the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. They left the Congress and founded Indian Liberation Federation. They were termed as Liberals and they lost their relevance in Indian National Movement thereafter. Accepting the portfolio of minister in the Bengal government earned him the ire of nationalists and much of the public, and he lost the election to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1923 to Bidhan Chandra Roy, the candidate of the Swarajya Party – ending his political career for all practical purposes. He was knighted for his political support of the British Empire. Banerjee made the Calcutta Municipal Corporation a more democratic body while serving as a minister in the Bengal government.


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: He is remembered and widely respected today as a pioneer leader of Indian politics — first treading the path for Indian political empowerment. "" But nationalist politics in India meant opposition, and increasingly there were others whose opposition was more vigorous and who came to center stage. Banerjee could accept neither the extremist view of political action nor the noncooperation of Gandhi, then emerging as a major factor in the nationalist movement. Banerjee saw the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 as substantially fulfilling Congress's demands, a position which further isolated him. He was elected to the reformed Legislative Council of Bengal in 1921, knighted in the same year and held office as minister for local self-government from 1921 to 1924. His defeat at the polls in 1923 brought his political career to a close and he went on to write the widely acclaimed "A Nation in Making," published in 1925. After Surendranath died at Barrackpore on 6 August 1925.


title: Surendranath Banerjee

text: His name is commemorated in the names of the following institutions: Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, Raiganj Surendranath Mahavidyalaya, Surendranath College, Surendranath College for Women, Surendranath Evening College, Surendranath Law College (formerly Ripon College) and the Surendranath Centenary School in Ranchi and the Surendranath Banerjee Road (popularly known as S. N. Banerjee Road).


title: Bones and All

text: Bones and All is a 2022 romantic horror film directed by Luca Guadagnino from a screenplay by David Kajganich, based on the 2015 novel "Bones & All" by Camille DeAngelis. The film stars Taylor Russell and Timothée Chalamet as a pair of young cannibals who flee together on a road trip across the country and develop feelings for each other. Michael Stuhlbarg, André Holland, Chloë Sevigny, David Gordon Green, Jessica Harper, Jake Horowitz, and Mark Rylance appear in supporting roles.


title: Bones and All

text: "Bones and All" had its world premiere at the 79th Venice International Film Festival on September 2, 2022, where it won the Silver Lion for best direction. The film was released theatrically in the United States on November 18, by United Artists Releasing, and elsewhere by Warner Bros. Pictures, with the exception of Italy, where it was distributed by Vision Distribution. The film received positive reviews, with critics praising the lead performances, direction, cinematography, and fusion of genres. It underperformed at the box office, grossing $14.1 million against a $16–20 million budget.


title: Bones and All

text: In 1980s Virginia, teenager Maren Yearly bites a girl's finger off at a sleepover. She and her single father, Frank, swiftly relocate to Maryland. Shortly after Maren's eighteenth birthday, Frank abandons her, leaving behind cash, her birth certificate, and a tape. On the tape, Frank recounts the story of Maren's first cannibalistic episode, when she killed her babysitter at three years old. Similar incidents continued to occur over the years and while Frank helped her evade consequence, he anguished over Maren's lack of remorse. He concludes with the hope that she will overcome her urges.


title: Bones and All

text: Maren heads to Minnesota, where her mother, Janelle, of whom she has no memories, was born. She takes a bus to Columbus, Ohio, where she encounters Sully, an eccentric man and fellow "eater" who found her by scent. She follows Sully to a house wherein an elderly woman is near death. Maren awakens in the morning to find Sully devouring the woman's corpse and joins him. Maren flees soon after.


title: Bones and All

text: While shoplifting supplies in Indiana, Maren meets Lee, a fellow eater, after he feeds on a man who harassed a customer inside the store. Stealing his victim's truck, Lee offers to bring Maren along. As they embark on a cross-country road trip, Maren and Lee fall in love. During a brief stay in Lee's hometown in Kentucky, Maren notices his unwillingness to discuss his father's absence and the reason why Lee avoids being spotted around town. His younger sister, Kayla, who is unaware of his true nature, chastises him for his constant departures.


title: Bones and All

text: Maren and Lee encounter what appears to be a pair of fellow eaters, Jake and Brad. Maren is revolted at the fact that Brad does not share their cravings, instead voluntarily choosing to engage in cannibalism. Jake also talks about the intensity of consuming a body "bones and all". Lee and Maren drive away when the men are asleep.


title: Bones and All

text: After Maren expresses hunger during a stop at a local carnival, Lee cruises a male booth worker and kills him. Once she and Lee have feasted on the body, Maren expresses guilt upon discovering that the man was married and had a family.


title: Bones and All

text: Using a phone book directory, Maren finds the home of her grandmother, Barbara, who had no prior knowledge of her existence. Barbara confesses that she and her husband adopted Janelle at birth and that Janelle has since voluntarily admitted herself into a psychiatric hospital in Fergus Falls.


title: Bones and All

text: Maren meets Janelle, who has self-cannibalized her own hands. Maren reads a letter that Janelle wrote to her, which concludes with Janelle's belief that Maren would be better off dead. Janelle attacks Maren, but is restrained by a nurse. Maren leaves while Lee is asleep and is eventually approached by Sully, who was stalking her. She rebukes him, causing him to angrily depart. Once Lee realizes Maren is gone, he decides to return home.


title: Bones and All

text: After some time, Maren returns to Kentucky. While there, she runs into Kayla who tells her that, on the night of her and Lee's alcoholic, abusive father's disappearance, he beat both of his children and vanished while Kayla ran to get the police. Initially considered the prime suspect, suspicions regarding Lee's involvement were cleared after it was proven that the blood on him was his own. After Maren is reunited with Lee, they rekindle their relationship and travel westward. Lee reveals to Maren that his father was also an eater, biting his son during their scuffle, and that Lee ultimately fed on him. Maren declares her love for Lee, and the two decide to attempt a normal life together.


title: Bones and All

text: Months later, the couple lives happily in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where Maren works at a local bookstore. She returns home one day to find Sully has broken into their apartment, and he taunts her with a knife. After Lee returns, the couple succeeds in killing Sully, but Lee is fatally wounded in the struggle. While searching Sully's satchel, Maren finds locks of Kayla's hair and realizes she fell victim to Sully. Lee expresses his wish for Maren to eat him as he dies, "bones and all", to which Maren eventually complies.


title: Bones and All

text: On April 8, 2019, it was announced that David Kajganich would adapt Camille DeAngelis's 2015 novel "Bones & All" for the screen, and that the film would be directed by Antonio Campos. On January 28, 2021, it was announced that Taylor Russell and Timothée Chalamet would star in the film, now to be directed by Luca Guadagnino. Chalamet is also a producer on the film. Filming began in May, by which time Mark Rylance, Michael Stuhlbarg, André Holland, Jessica Harper, Chloë Sevigny, Francesca Scorsese, and David Gordon Green had joined the cast. Shooting took place in Chillicothe, Ohio and Cincinnati, Ohio, which makes it Guadagnino's first film set and made in the United States. Production was affected by break-ins that occurred for some of the crew's cars, leading to a request being submitted to Cincinnati City Council in late June to provide $50,000 for increased security. While there was some criticism over the proposed use of taxpayer funds for a private enterprise, City Council ultimately passed a measure to grant the funds. Filming wrapped in July 2021.


title: Bones and All

text: Executive producers are Giovanni Corrado and Raffaella Viscardi. The film is fully financed by Italian companies: The Apartment (a Fremantle group society), 3 Marys, Memo, Tender Stories, Adler, Elafood, Elafilm, Manila, Serfis and Wise.


title: Bones and All

text: Guadagnino said that "Bones and All" is "a very romantic story, about the impossibility of love and yet, the need for it. Even in extreme circumstances." He also said that Chalamet and Russell have "a gleaming power" and are able to "portray universal feelings".


title: Bones and All

text: The first teaser for "Bones and All" was released on August 10, 2022. American artist Elizabeth Peyton was commissioned by director Luca Guadagnino to create a painting based on the film. The resulting painting, which she titled "Kiss (Bones and All)", was turned into the film's first poster, which was on display during the Venice International Film Festival, hanging on the 13th-century palace Ca' da Mosto in Venice.


title: Bones and All

text: The official poster for the film was released on September 29, 2022, accompanied by its first trailer, which featured a rendition of Leonard Cohen's "You Want It Darker". The song was chosen by lead actor Timothée Chalamet. Safeeyah Kazi of "Collider" called the trailer "chilling" and "intense". Toussaint Egan of "Polygon" noted similarities to 1994's crime thriller "Natural Born Killers". Allegra Frank of "The Daily Beast" called it "gorgeously bloody", and praised it for not sharing too much information. Lauren Milici of "Total Film" described the trailer as "Let The Right One In" meets "Bonnie and Clyde"." An extended trailer was released on October 5, 2022.


title: Bones and All

text: The film's score was composed by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross and was released on November 18, 2022, on Reznor's label The Null Corporation. In an interview with "TheWrap", Reznor and Ross explained that they had extensive discussions with Guadagnino regarding the score, who stated that he wanted it to be "a melancholic elegy, an unending longing. It needs to be a character in the film, a part of the landscape" and requested the use of acoustic guitars to complement the Americana visuals. Reznor and Ross noted how the duo had to experiment with a lot of different sounds before figuring out how the score would sit in the film and explained the creation of the film's original song "(You Made It Feel) Like Home", which stemmed from their personal connections to Russell and Chalamet's characters.


title: Bones and All

text: "Bones and All" had its world premiere at the 79th Venice International Film Festival on September 2, 2022, followed by screenings at the 60th New York Film Festival, 17th Fantastic Fest, 49th Telluride Film Festival, 2022 AFI Fest and 2022 BFI London Film Festival. It had a limited theatrical release beginning on November 18, 2022, before opening wide on November 23.


title: Bones and All

text: It is the first film to be acquired by United Artists Releasing and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures following its merger deal with Amazon on March 17, 2022. Vision Distribution released the film in Italy on November 23, 2022, in collaboration with Prime Video and Sky, while Warner Bros. Pictures handled all other international territories through MGM and UA Releasing under a new multi-year pact with the former beginning with this film.


title: Bones and All

text: The film was available on rental PVOD on December 13, 2022. It will be released on Blu-ray on January 31, 2023, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment.


title: Bones and All

text: , "Bones and All" has grossed $7.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $5.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $13.5 million.


title: Bones and All

text: In its limited opening weekend, "Bones and All" grossed $120,000 from five theaters. The film expanded alongside "", "Strange World", "Devotion", and the wide expansion of "The Fabelmans", and was projected to gross around $7–9 million from 2,727 theaters over its five-day opening weekend. It made $921,000 on its first day, including $345,000 from Tuesday night previews. It went on to debut to $2.7 million (including $3.5 million over the five days), finishing in eighth. In its third weekend of release, the film made $1.2 million.


title: Bones and All

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 71%, including an average three out of five stars.


title: Bones and All

text: Reviewing the film following its premiere at Venice, where it received a 10-minute standing ovation, Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" called it an "extravagant and outrageous movie: scary, nasty and startling in its warped romantic idealism" and gave the film a perfect rating of 5 stars. Stephanie Zacharek, in her review for "Time", wrote ""Bones and All" is fastidiously romantic. It's so carefully made, and so lovely to look at, even at its grisliest", praising the direction and cast performances, particularly Russell's. Taylor Russell, Timothée Chalamet, and Mark Rylance have received acclaim for their performances with critics praising Russell and Chalamet's chemistry together. Bloody Disgusting called the duo "profound" and "touching and genuine". "The Hollywood Reporter" David Rooney also praised the duo, adding their performances are "unforced and underplayed to subtly stirring effect," while calling the film "strangely affecting, even poetic" and commending the direction and cinematography.


title: Bones and All

text: Leila Latif in her review for "IndieWire" wrote, ""Bones & All" is fundamentally a beautifully realized and devastating, tragic romance which at multiple moments would have Chekhov himself weeping as the trigger is pulled." Richard Lawson of "Vanity Fair" called it an "alternately plodding and engrossing YA road movie" praising the cast performances, but ultimately found the film unsatisfactory, writing ""Bones and All" has its merits, but the film is only a decent side dish at the feast of Guadagnino." Writing for "Sight & Sound", John Bleasdale described it as "wryly funny, gleefully entertaining and oddly touching" and praised the direction, cinematography, score, and cast performances. Comparing it to "Call Me by Your Name", Selina Sondermann wrote "like two sides of the same coin – both cunningly display the love we find for ourselves when we are allowed to truly love another person, bones and all."


title: Bones and All

text: "There's real pleasure in "Bones and All", an insistent sweetness that somehow both nourishes and cleanses away the horror" wrote Justin Chang in his review for the "Los Angeles Times". Clint Worthington Flow of "Consequence" described the film as "an oddly sweet—presumably a little coppery, too, due to all the blood—alchemy of love and murder" and compared it to "Badlands" (1973) and "Bonnie and Clyde" (1967), with their tales of "lovers skirting human morality and forging their own sense of paradise with each other". In one unenthusiastic review for "Slant", Keith Uhlich criticized the screenplay, direction, and cast performances, concluding: "Straining to be a YA spin on "Trouble Every Day", "Bones and All" barely eclipses "Twilight"."


title: Mara Corday

text: Mara Corday (born Marilyn Joan Watts; January 3, 1930) is an American showgirl, model, actress, "Playboy" Playmate, and 1950s cult figure.


title: Mara Corday

text: Corday was born in Santa Monica, California. Wanting a career in films, she came to Hollywood while still in her teens and found work as a showgirl at the Earl Carroll Theatre on Sunset Boulevard. Her physical beauty brought jobs as a photographer's model that led to a bit part as a showgirl in the 1951 film "Two Tickets to Broadway".


title: Mara Corday

text: One of Corday's first professional jobs was as a dancer in the "Earl Carroll Revue" in Hollywood. Accompanied by her mother, Corday auditioned when she was 15 years old. During the 2½ years that she was in the show, she advanced "from showgirl to actress in the sketches". This was also when she adopted the stage name Mara Corday, because it made her seem more exotic. The name Mara came from a bongo player who called her Marita when Corday was working as an usher at the Mayan Theater; the name Corday was lifted from a bottle of perfume.


title: Mara Corday

text: Corday signed with Universal-International Pictures (UI) as a contract player, where she was given small roles in various B-movies and television series. In 1954, while on the set of "Playgirl", she met actor and future husband Richard Long.


title: Mara Corday

text: Her acting roles were small until 1955, when she was cast opposite John Agar and Leo G. Carroll in the successful science-fiction film "Tarantula", which has Clint Eastwood in a very brief role as a jet fighter pilot. She had two other co-starring roles in the genre, "The Black Scorpion" and "The Giant Claw" (both 1957), as well as in a number of Western films, including "Man Without a Star" and "Raw Edge". Film critic Leonard Maltin said Corday had "more acting ability than she was permitted to exhibit".


title: Mara Corday

text: A few years after her husband's death in 1974, Corday's old friend Eastwood offered her a chance to return to films with a role in his 1977 film "The Gauntlet". She also had a brief but significant role in "Sudden Impact" (1983), where she played the waitress who dumped sugar into the coffee of Det. Harry Callahan in that film's iconic "Go ahead, make my day" sequence. She acted with Eastwood again in his 1989 film "Pink Cadillac", as well as in her last film, 1990's "The Rookie".


title: Mara Corday

text: Corday appeared as a pinup girl in numerous men's magazines during the 1950s and was the Playmate of the October 1958 issue of "Playboy", along with model Pat Sheehan.


title: Mara Corday

text: In 1956, Corday had a recurring role in the ABC television series "Combat Sergeant". From 1959 to early 1961, Corday worked exclusively doing guest spots on various television series, such as Peter Gunn in the episode, “Keep Smiling”.


title: Mara Corday

text: Following the 1955 death of Suzan Ball, the first wife of actor Richard Long, Corday began dating Long, and they married in 1957. Through Long's sister Barbara, Corday was a sister-in-law of actor Marshall Thompson. In the early 1960s, Corday gave up her career to devote herself to raising a family. Widowed in 1974, she had three children with Long during their 17-year marriage: Valerie, Carey, and Gregory. Corday has also been a lifelong friend of actor Clint Eastwood, whom she met while working for Universal Pictures.


title: Chef (2017 film)

text: Chef is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film co-produced and directed by Raja Krishna Menon. It is an official remake of the 2014 American film with the same name. The film stars Saif Ali Khan in the title role.


title: Chef (2017 film)

text: The film's principal photography began in October 2016 in Kochi. "Chef" was released on 6 October 2017. The film under-performed at the box office.


title: Chef (2017 film)

text: The original songs and background score of the film were composed by Raghu Dixit. The song "Tere Mere" and its reprise were composed by guest composer Amaal Mallik. The lyrics have been penned by Ankur Tewari and Rashmi Virag. The first song of the film titled as "Shugal Laga Le" composed and sung by Raghu Dixit was released 6 September 2017. The second song "Tere Mere" sung by Armaan Malik was released on 11 September 2017. The third song titled as "Banjara" which is sung by Vishal Dadlani was released on 18 September 2017. The soundtrack was released on 26 September 2017 by T-Series.


title: Chef (2017 film)

text: Raja Sen of "NDTV" gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that, "Saif Ali Khan and the actors try hard, but lazy writing and direction make Chef a flavourless and bland meal". Meena Iyer of "The Times of India" praised the performance of Saif Ali Khan, the leading actor of the film and gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, "Chef is predictable in parts, the journey is an enjoyable one." Sweta Kaushal of "Hindustan Times" gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and said that, "Saif Ali Khan's Chef offers moments of brilliance which, if weaved in a more organised manner, may have given us a light, affable film. But a lazy and rather uninterested narrative takes away the pleasure."


title: Chef (2017 film)

text: Sukanya Verma of "Rediff" gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and said that, "In a premise begging for food porn, there's a shocking scarcity of sensory pleasure or vision. Chef is too dull to be delicious." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 and said that, "Saif Ali Khan's film has some interesting flavours. But 'Chef' feels derivative, and is a late coming of age tale of Peter-Pan-like adults. And that's got to do with the uneven writing. It is a good-looking film, with good-looking people only." Rajeev Masand gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 saying that, "Chef isn't perfect; it lags in places, offers quick-fix solutions to characters’ problems, and feels wholly familiar. But at a little over two hours, it doesn't ask much of you, and offers some pleasure in Saif Ali Khan's return to form as an actor hard to look away from."


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Jonkheer van Amsberg (born Klaus-Georg Wilhelm Otto Friedrich Gerd von Amsberg; 6 September 1926 – 6 October 2002) was Prince consort of the Netherlands from 30 April 1980 until his death in 2002 as the husband of Queen Beatrix.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Klaus-Georg Wilhelm Otto Friedrich Gerd von Amsberg was born on his family's estate, , Hitzacker, Germany, on 6 September 1926. His parents were Claus Felix von Amsberg and Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen. His father, by birth member of House of Amsberg which belonged to the untitled German nobility, operated a large farm in Tanganyika (formerly German East Africa) from 1928 until World War II. From 1938, Claus and his six sisters grew up on their maternal grandparents' estate in Lower Saxony; he attended the Friderico-Francisceum-Gymnasium in Bad Doberan from 1933 to 1936 and a boarding school in Tanganyika from 1936 to 1938.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Claus was a member of such Nazi youth organisations as Deutsches Jungvolk and the Hitler Youth . From 1938 until 1942, he attended the Baltenschule Misdroy.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: In 1944, Claus was conscripted into the German Wehrmacht, becoming a soldier in the German 90th Panzergrenadier Division in Italy in March 1945. He was taken prisoner of war by the American forces at Meran before taking part in any fighting. After his repatriation, he finished school in Lüneburg and studied law in Hamburg. He then joined the German diplomatic corps and worked in Santo Domingo and Ivory Coast. In the 1960s, he was transferred to Bonn.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Claus met Princess Beatrix for the first time on New Year's Eve 1962 in Bad Driburg at a dinner hosted by the Count von , who was a distant relative of both of them. Claus and Beatrix were also distantly related (5th cousins twice removed), as both being descendants from von dem Bussche family. They met again at the wedding-eve party of Princess Tatjana of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse, in the summer of 1964. With memories of German oppression still very strong 20 years after the war, sections of the Dutch population were unhappy that Beatrix's fiancé was a German and former member of the Hitler Youth. Nonetheless, Queen Juliana gave the engagement her blessing after giving serious thought to canceling it. The engagement was approved by the States-General—a necessary step for Beatrix to remain in the line of succession to the throne—in 1965. He was granted Dutch citizenship later that year and changed the spellings of his names to Dutch.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: The couple were married on 10 March 1966. Their wedding day saw violent protests, most notably by the anarchist-artist group Provo. They included such memorable slogans as "Claus, 'raus!" (Claus, get out!) and "Mijn fiets terug" (Give me back my bike), a reference to the memory of occupying German soldiers confiscating Dutch bicycles. A smoke bomb was thrown at the wedding carriage by a group of Provos. For a time, it was thought that Beatrix would be the last monarch of the Netherlands.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: However, over time, Claus became accepted by the public, so much so that during the last part of his life he was considered by some to be the most popular member of the Royal Family. This change in Dutch opinion was brought about by Claus's strong motivation to contribute to public causes (especially Third World development, on which he was considered an expert), his sincere modesty and his candor (within but sometimes on the edge of royal protocol).


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: The public also sympathised with Claus for his efforts to give meaning to his life beyond the restrictions that Dutch law imposed on the Royal Family's freedom of speech and action. However, these restrictions were gradually loosened; Claus was even appointed as senior staff member at the Department of Developing Aid, albeit in an advisory role.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: One example of his attitude toward protocol was the "Declaration of the Tie". In 1998, after presenting the annual Prince Claus Awards to three African fashion designers, Claus told "workers of all nations to unite and cast away the new shackles they have voluntarily cast upon themselves", meaning the necktie, that "snake around my neck," and encouraged the audience to "venture into open-collar paradise". He then removed his tie and threw it on the floor.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Claus battled depression for a number of years, and underwent surgery in 1998 to remove his prostate. In 2001, he underwent another surgery to remove one of his kidneys. He eventually died on 6 October 2002 from Parkinson's disease and heart failure.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: As a husband of the heir, Claus was a member of the National Advisory Council for Development Cooperation and its Bureau, and was a chair of the National Committee for Development Strategy 1970‑1980 and the Netherlands Development Organization. He also worked as special advisor to the Minister for Development Cooperation. He held these positions until 1980.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: On 30 April 1980, Claus' mother-in-law, Queen Juliana, abdicated in favour of Princess Beatrix, who became Queen of the Netherlands. After the investiture, the couple visited the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. As a prince consort, Prince Claus frequently visited public organisations, commercial and industrial enterprises, and companies in the agriculture and fisheries sector.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: In 1984, Claus became the Inspector General for Development Cooperation, member of the Board of Directors of De Nederlandsche Bank N.V. (until 1998), member of the Board of Directors of Royal PTT Nederland, and Chair of the Transport and Public Works Platform.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Claus was an honorary chair of the National Coordinating Committee for the Protection of Monuments and Historic Buildings and the King William I Foundation. He was also a patron of the Concertgebouw Orchestra and Scouting Netherlands.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: On Claus' seventieth birthday, the Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development was established on the initiative of the Dutch government. The fund focused on enhancing understanding of cultures and promoting interaction between culture and development.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Claus suffered various health problems, such as depression, cancer and Parkinson's disease. He died of complications of pneumonia and Parkinson's at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam on 6 October 2002 after a long illness, aged 76. He died less than four months after the birth of his first grandchild.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Claus was interred in the Royal Family's tomb in Delft on 15 October. It was the first full state funeral since Queen Wilhelmina's in 1962.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Prince Claus was also appointed Honorary Fellow of the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) in 1988. Prince Claus was held in very high esteem in the international development cooperation community, partly because of his considerable insight and understanding of the problems involved, and partly because of his exceptional gift for expressing the hopes and anxieties felt by all.


title: Soviet occupation zone of Germany

text: The Soviet Occupation Zone ( or , "East Zone"; , "Sovetskaya okkupatsionnaya zona Germanii", "Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany") was an area of Germany in Central Europe that was occupied by the Soviet Union as a communist area, established as a result of the Potsdam Agreement on 1 August 1945. On 7 October 1949 the German Democratic Republic (GDR), commonly referred to in English as East Germany, was established in the Soviet Occupation Zone.


title: Soviet occupation zone of Germany

text: The SBZ was one of the four Allied occupation zones of Germany created at the end of World War II with the Allied victory. According to the Potsdam Agreement, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (German initials: SMAD) was assigned responsibility for the middle portion of Germany. Eastern Germany beyond the Oder-Neisse line, equal in territory to the SBZ, was to be annexed by Poland and its population expelled, pending a final peace conference with Germany.


title: Soviet occupation zone of Germany

text: By the time forces of the United States and United Kingdom began to meet Soviet Union forces, forming a Line of contact, significant areas of what would become the Soviet zone of Germany were outside Soviet control. After several months of occupation these gains by the British and Americans were ceded to the Soviets, by July 1945, according to the previously agreed upon occupation zone boundaries.


title: Soviet occupation zone of Germany

text: The SMAD allowed four political parties to develop, though they were all required to work together under an alliance known as the "Democratic Bloc" (later the National Front). In April 1946, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) were forcibly merged to form the Socialist Unity Party which later became the governing party of the GDR.


title: Soviet occupation zone of Germany

text: The SMAD set up ten "special camps" for the detention of Germans, making use of some former Nazi concentration camps.


title: Soviet occupation zone of Germany

text: In 1945, the Soviet occupation zone consisted primarily of the central portions of Prussia. After Prussia was dissolved by the Allied powers in 1947, the area was divided between the German states "(Länder)" of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. On 7 October 1949, the Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic. In 1952, the "Länder" were dissolved and realigned into 14 districts "(Bezirke)", plus the district of East Berlin.


title: Soviet occupation zone of Germany

text: In 1952, with the Cold War political confrontation well underway, Joseph Stalin sounded out the Western Powers about the prospect of a united Germany which would be non-aligned (the "Stalin Note"). The West's disinterest in this proposal helped to cement the Soviet Zone's identity as the GDR for the next four decades.


title: Soviet occupation zone of Germany

text: "Soviet zone" and derivatives (or also, "the so-called GDR") remained official and common names for East Germany in West Germany, which refused to acknowledge the existence of a state in East Germany until 1972, when the government of Willy Brandt extended a qualified recognition under its Ostpolitik initiative.


title: U-Haul lesbian

text: The U-Haul lesbian or U-Haul syndrome is a stereotype of lesbian relationships referring to the idea that lesbians tend to move in together after a short period of time (e.g., after the second date). It suggests an extreme inclination toward committed relationships. Depending on context, the term can be considered humorous, complimentary, or pejorative.


title: U-Haul lesbian

text: A joke which references U-Haul (a brand of rental "move-it-yourself" trucks and trailers) became well known in lesbian culture.


title: U-Haul lesbian

text: It is considered a staple of lesbian humor. Often attributed to comic Lea DeLaria, it is also possibly derived from Canadian lesbian advocate Krista Lush, who once noted of her relationships: "one kiss, and they move in."


title: U-Haul lesbian

text: Reference to a "U-Haul" later became a stereotype of sexual identity in the gay community. It is sometimes followed or preceded by a standard joke about gay men:


title: U-Haul lesbian

text: Psychologists note that the U-Haul joke epitomizes the perceived phenomenon of lesbians to form intense emotional connections, referred to in gay slang as an "urge to merge". Critics of this alleged tendency suggest that it is used by lesbians to avoid the risks involved with dating. In their view, an aversion to the risks of dating is linked to a stunted development of intimate relationships during the teenage years when most gays and lesbians are in the closet. With the freedom of adulthood, lesbians become drawn to the "U-Haul" relationships, appreciating their intensity and intimacy.


title: U-Haul lesbian

text: Despite the U-Haul concept's positive suggestion that lesbians do not have difficulties committing to relationships, some psychologists also believe that this behavior can be unhealthy. They argue that the short dating span bypasses serious discussion on many relationship issues prior to moving in (such as sexual compatibility or future expectations) and this can manifest itself in various problems later on.


title: Haven (video game)

text: Haven is a 2020 role-playing video game developed and published by The Game Bakers. It was released in December for Windows, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S, while versions for PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch were released in February 2021. The game received generally positive reviews from critics, who were divided about the story.


title: Haven (video game)

text: "Haven" is a third-person role-playing game with survival game elements. The game is about two lovers, Yu and Kay, who escape to an uninhabited lost planet called Source. The player can control either character, or play in co-op multiplayer with another person, as they search for materials and resources for the Nest, their spaceship. The two protagonists are equipped with a pair of anti-gravity boots, which are used to navigate the world and glide on "flow threads". Occasionally, players will face hostile rusted creatures. The game features real time combat, which requires the players to coordinate and utilize the skills of both Yu and Kay. At the Nest, players can craft new items, rest and heal, and cook food using the resources and ingredients collected in the world.


title: Haven (video game)

text: "Haven" focuses on Yu and Kay, two fugitives in love that have escaped from an oppressive authoritarian society called "Apiary", one which forces couples into forced marriages. Running away to a mysterious planet called Source, they navigate through the strange world in search for resources while fighting hostile inhabitants along the way.


title: Haven (video game)

text: Yu and Kay successfully flee through the flow bridge that connects the planets and begin a new life on Source together, but as their floating island crumbles, their ship is damaged. They begin to explore Source to work on repairing it, and realize that the Apiary had colonized Source at some point. There is also a mysterious spreading contagion called Rust. After the Apiary sends drones after them, the pair decide to video call Yu's mother, who reveals Source's strange floating island state is the result of Apiary's disastrous experiments to harvest Flow and study Rust only 20 years ago. After Kay's pendant opens a door on Source, they realizes their parents probably died on Source during that incident.


title: Haven (video game)

text: Eventually the pair are contacted by Lord Ozias, Yu's assigned spouse before they fled with Kay. Ozias announces his intention to come to Source and bring Yu back - and wipe their memory if they refuse him. The couple decide they have only one option: sever the connecting bridge from Source that allows the Apiary to travel there. They must repair their ship and fly into the source of both Flow and Rust.


title: Haven (video game)

text: The game has several endings. If the pair have misgivings about severing the flow bridge, they decide to make a last stand against Ozias' drones, which eventually capture them. The pair are shown being brainwashed and memory wiped, but eventually content in their separated assigned lives on Apiary. If the pair decide to close the flow bridge, one of them is blasted with Rust, but they succeed in closing off Source from the Apiary and can begin their lives on Source without fear of the Apiary's interference.


title: Haven (video game)

text: "Haven" was developed and published by The Game Bakers, which was known for developing "Furi" (2016). Emeric Thoa, the game's creative director, described the game as ""Journey" meets "Persona"". The team wanted to create a game which focuses on the romantic relationship between the two protagonists because they felt that most games in the modern market do not handle the subject matter with maturity, and believed that there is room for a game based entirely on that idea. Originally, the concept of "Haven" featured eight couples with a diverse range of relationships but it became clear during production that the team wouldn't be able to reach their initial vision for the full cast, so they focused on only two characters. The game's name "Haven" reflected its high-concept, referring to the place where players can "be safe and in love".


title: Haven (video game)

text: Thoa compared the combat to that of a rhythm game, since it was designed to be accessible and relaxing without being "intellectually exhausting". The cooperative multiplayer mode was introduced at the game's late stage of development. Other inspirations for the game include "Prince of Persia" (2008), "Catherine", "ToeJam & Earl", and "Phantasy Star". The works of Shakespere also inspired the team, with Thoa calling the initial pitch "Romeo and Juliet but instead of dying they escaped in space". The design of the two protagonists was inspired by Image Comics' "Saga". Electronic musician Danger composed the game's music. The music from Franco-Japanese animation series including "Ulysses 31" and "The Mysterious Cities of Gold" were his major inspirations when he was working on the game's original soundtrack.


title: Haven (video game)

text: The Game Bakers officially unveiled the game in February 2019. The game was released for Windows, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X and Series S on December 3, 2020. PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch versions were released on February 4, 2021.


title: Haven (video game)

text: On March 3, 2022, The Game Bakers announced that same-sex couple options would come to the game in a free update.


title: Haven (video game)

text: Kyle Campbell of "IGN" rated the game 8/10, calling it a "charming and unusual sci-fi RPG". He praised the game's exploration, citing the game's anti-gravity boots as "thrilling". He also called the combat "respectable", but criticized the game's "small, desolately sparse zones", and "chores" that involve cleaning the world of rust covering the landscape, comparing it to mining in "Mass Effect 2".


title: Haven (video game)

text: Emma Davies of "PC Gamer" rated the game 72/100, comparing the game's movement to "Journey". She called the game's central relationship "skillfully handled", and praised its lack of "awkward flirting and anguished emotions", saying "I could happily watch a Netflix series about Yu and Kay". However, she criticized the game world as lacking variety, calling exploration "more like a chore than something compelling", and also disliked that they were not shown exploring buildings, with the camera remaining outside.


title: Haven (video game)

text: Kazuma Hashimoto of "Siliconera" rated the game 5/10, saying that "while the narrative may resonate with some, others may bounce off of it hard", and also stating that it "plucks bits and pieces from stories that have already been told in better, more effective ways". Saying that "Haven" would have been better if it only focused on exploration and the main characters' relationship, he criticized the game's deeper plot elements, such as why they fled their former space colony, the Apiary, as not making sense. He stated that "the combat functions well enough and can be fun for the first few hours".


title: Haven (video game)

text: Kenneth Shepard of "Fanbyte" praised The Game Bakers for "Haven's" Couples Update, saying the addition of same-sex options "underlines that if a studio is willing and eager to do right by its queer fans, it can get the job done."


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The Nun's Story is a 1959 American drama film directed by Fred Zinnemann and starring Audrey Hepburn, Peter Finch, Edith Evans, and Peggy Ashcroft. The screenplay was written by Robert Anderson, based on the popular 1956 novel of the same name by Kathryn Hulme. The film tells the life of Sister Luke (Hepburn), a young woman who decides to enter a convent and make the many sacrifices required by her choice.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The film is a relatively faithful adaptation of the novel, which was based on the life of Belgian nun Marie Louise Habets.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: Latter portions of the film were shot on location in the Belgian Congo and feature Finch as a cynical but caring surgeon. The film was a financial success and was nominated for 8 Academy Awards.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: Gabrielle "Gaby" Van Der Mal (Audrey Hepburn), whose father Hubert (Dean Jagger) is a prominent surgeon in Belgium, enters a convent of nursing sisters in the late 1920s, hoping to serve in the Belgian Congo. After receiving the religious name of Sister Luke, she undergoes her postulancy and novitiate which foreshadow her future difficulties with the vow of obedience. She takes her first vows and is sent to the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: After passing her courses with high marks, along with some spiritual conflict, she silently resists the Mother Superior's request to purposely fail her final exam as a proof of her humility. Despite finishing fourth in her class, she is not assigned to the Congo but sent to a European mental hospital where she assists with the most difficult and violent cases, wasting her tropical medicine skills. A violent patient with psychosis (Colleen Dewhurst) tricks Sister Luke into opening the cell door in violation of the rules. She attacks Sister Luke, who barely escapes and once again faces the shame of her disobedience.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: Eventually she takes her solemn vows and is sent to her long-desired posting in the Congo. Once there, she is disappointed that she will not be nursing the natives, but will instead work in a segregated whites/European patient hospital. She develops a strained but professional relationship with the brilliant, atheistic surgeon there, Dr. Fortunati (Peter Finch). Eventually, the work strains and spiritual struggles cause her to succumb to tuberculosis. Fortunati, not wanting to lose a competent nurse and sympathetic to her desire to stay in the Congo, engineers a treatment plan that allows her to remain there rather than having to convalesce in Europe.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: After Sister Luke recovers and returns to work, Fortunati is forced to send her to Belgium as the only nurse qualified to accompany a VIP who has become mentally unstable. She spends an outwardly reflective but inwardly restless period at the motherhouse in Brussels before the superior general gives her a new assignment. Due to the impending war in Europe, she cannot return to the Congo, and is assigned as a surgical nurse at a local hospital.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: While at her new assignment, Sister Luke's struggle with obedience becomes impossible for her to sustain, as she is repeatedly forced into compromises to cope with the reality of the Nazi occupation, including that they have killed her father. No longer able to continue as a nun, she requests and is granted a dispensation from her vows. She is last seen changing into lay garb and exiting the convent through a back door.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: Warner Brothers was in touch with the Production Code Office as early as March 23, 1956, regarding a possible film adaptation of "The Nun's Story". Warners provided Jack Vizzard of the Production Code Office with a 20-page synopsis of the novel, which had yet to be published. Vizzard would become one of the production's early allies. The first step of development was domestic approval, ensuring that the film could be released in the United States. Vizzard initially suggested only two mandatory changes. In particular he objected to the scene in which Sister Luke's clothes are torn off by a mental patient passing as the Archangel Gabriel and a discussion of anal suppositories. More generally Vizzard wondered if the film's themes might alienate Catholics.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The novel was published on June 1, 1956, to great acclaim. Although the book was popular among devout followers of many religions, it also proved somewhat divisive, with some praising its intimate and empathetic view of religious conviction while others worried that it might discourage potential postulants. One vocal proponent was Harold C. Gardiner, the literary editor of the Jesuit Magazine "America".


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: On September 12, 1956, Columbia Pictures also reached out to the Production Code Office regarding "The Nun's Story". The Production Code Office replied by forwarding the same memo that had been sent to Warners with an additional postscript warning of religious disillusionment. Eventually Warners secured the rights to the book and Robert Anderson and Fred Zinnemann signed on to write and direct the film. Zinnemann had been introduced to the source material by actor Gary Cooper and was immediately interested in an adaptation. Reportedly there was little traction from studios until Audrey Hepburn expressed her interest.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: On August 14, 1957, Warners submitted the script for "The Nun's Story" to the Production Code Office. It was reviewed in conference with Monsignor John Devlin, the head of the Los Angeles chapter of the National Legion of Decency. One conclusion was that "The present script, although being substantially acceptable, lacked showing some of the true and proper joy of religious life. It contains a somberness of mood that approaches the Jansenistic. An effort will be made to supply the one and eliminate the other." Some specific criticisms were also entered and it was suggested that an effort be made to show that Gabrielle enters religious life with a false ideal and is essentially not cut out to be a nun, a common Christian framing of the source material.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: With progress being made on the script, the production turned its attention to Europe, where the film would be shot, and where cooperation with religious organizations would be crucial. Producer Henry Blanke soon learned that the Catholic Church of Belgium were not impressed with the book, finding it injurious to religious vocations, and would not cooperate with the production in any form. After recovering from an automobile accident, John Vizzard went to work on his European connections, hoping to convince Auxiliary Bishop of Mechelen Leo Joseph Suenens to relinquish his objections. Father Leo Lunders helped facilitate these conversations. In September 1957, Lunders asked the Belgian Office of Warner Brothers who would be cast as Doctor Fortunati. Lunders objected to the proposals of Montgomery Clift and Raf Vallone, suggesting someone older. Vizzard himself traveled to Europe in October 1957 to help with negotiations. At this point Harold C. Gardiner became aware of the production and lent his enthusiasm and support. Together with Lunders, who would soon be contracted as the film's ecclesiastical advisor, Vizzard won over Monsignor Suenens, but still needed to convince the Mother General of the Sisters of Charity of Jesus and Mary in Ghent. This proved another ordeal as the Sisters provided a lengthy set of objections and their own version of the script. Many of these suggestions were in some way accounted for. For example, the Sisters did not want the film to feature the clickers that they typically used to signal each other. They worried that European audiences would find this strange or even comedic. Eventually the sisters agreed to allow observation of their order and guidance for the production. They wanted their help to remain private and refused to appear on camera. With support growing the cast and crew began to make their way to Europe for preparation and photography.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The cast and crew included few if any Catholics. Fred Zinnemann was Jewish. Audrey Hepburn and Edith Evans were Christian Scientists. Robert Anderson was a Protestant and Peggy Ashcroft was agnostic. Given the eventual support of most local religious organizations, the production was able to observe and participate in many real religious ceremonies and traditions. Prior to principal photography the leading actresses spent time embedded in Assumptionist Convents in Paris.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The production also corresponded regularly with Kathryn Hulme, the author of the source material. The Kathryn Hulme collection at Yale University contains 37 of these letters. To prepare for her role Audrey Hepburn met with both Hulme and Marie Louise Habets, the inspiration for the novel and film. The three spent a considerable amount of time together, apparently becoming known as "The 3-H Club". Hepburn and Habets had some surprising similarities. Both had Belgian roots and had experienced personal trauma during World War II, including losing touch with their fathers and having their brothers imprisoned by Germans. Habets later helped nurse Hepburn back to health following her near-fatal horse-riding accident on the set of the 1960 film "The Unforgiven".


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: Zinnemann also continued his usual practices of collaborating with the film's writer on the second draft of the screenplay (though not receiving a writing credit) and meeting with each major actor for an in-depth discussion of his or her character.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: Patricia Bosworth learned that she was pregnant on the same day that she was cast as Simone. She underwent an underground abortion immediately prior to leaving for Rome and began to hemorrhage while on the plane. Production was delayed as she recovered.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The cast was rounded out by Colleen Dewhurst, making her first screen appearance and Renée Zinnemann, the wife of the director who played the assistant of the Mother Superior (Edith Evans).


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The film was shot partially in the then Belgian Congo, now Democratic Republic of the Congo with production based in then Stanleyville, now Kisangani, and some scenes shot in Yakusu, a nearby center of missionary and medical activity where cast and crew met the famous missionary Stanley George Browne. Fred Zinnemann had originally intended to film only the African scenes in color, with Europe rendered in stark black and white. There was originally a scene towards the end of the film depicting three men endangered by quicksand and rapidly rising water, but it was never filmed due to adverse conditions.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: Interior scenes for the Belgian portions of the film were shot in Rome at Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia and Cinecittà on sets designed by Alexandre Trauner. Extras for these scenes were recruited from the ballet corps of the Rome Opera company. Zinnemann wanted actors who would be capable of precise and coordinated movement.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: According to Zinnemann, composer Franz Waxman's dislike of the Catholic Church was a conspicuous influence on early drafts of the score. This is part of the reason why the final scene has no score, an uncommon stylistic choice for the era. Regardless of Waxman's work, Zinnemann had always wanted the film to end in silence.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The original theatrical trailer for the film contains a brief shot of Gabrielle and her father sitting at a cafe. The shot is an excerpt from a scene that was removed from the final cut. The scene is alluded to in the final film when Dr. Van Der Mal mentions a restaurant reservation at the beginning of the film. Zinnemann removed the scene because he felt it was redundant and hindered the pace of the film's opening.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The film premiered at Radio City Music Hall on June 18, 1959. In April 1959, the film was screened at the Paris Warner Brothers office for nuns and religious officials who had helped with the film's preparations. Despite mostly not speaking English, the audience was reportedly captivated. The film premiered in Italy on October 10, 1959, at Cinema Fiammetta with Audrey Hepburn and Mel Ferrer in attendance.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: Hulme's and Habets' relationship was the subject of "The Belgian Nurse", a radio play by Zoe Fairbairns, first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on January 13, 2007.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: "The Nun's Story" was a major box office success in its day. Produced on a budget of $3.5 million, it grossed $12.8 million at the domestic box office, earning $6.3 million in theatrical rentals in the U.S. "The Nun's Story" was considered, for a time, to be the most financially successful of Hepburn's films and the one the actress often cited as her favorite.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: At the time of release Bosley Crowther wrote for the "New York Times" that, "Mr. Zinnemann has made this off-beat drama describe a parabola of spiritual afflatus and deflation that ends in a strange sort of defeat. For the evident point of this experience is that a woman gains but also loses her soul, spends and exhausts her devotion to an ideal she finds she cannot hold."


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The National Legion of Decency classified the film as A-II, "Morally Unobjectionable for Adults and Adolescents" with the observation that, "This entertainment film, noble, sensitive, reverent, and inspiring in its production, is a theologically sound and profound analysis of the essential meaning of religious vocation through the story of a person who objectively lacked the fundamental qualification for an authentic religious calling. If the film fails to capture the full meaning of religious life in terms of its spiritual joy and all-pervading charity, this must be attributed to the inherent limitations of a visual art."


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: According to correspondences in the Kathryn Hulme collection at Yale University, both Mary Louise Habets and Kathryn Hulme were pleased with the film and its success.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: In 2020 "America" again praised the film, celebrating it as Hepburn's most overlooked work and contrasting it with some of her less devout roles. There is no mention of the magazine's late literary editor Father Gardiner and his support for the source material and involvement in the adaptation.


title: The Nun's Story (film)

text: The film was recognized by American Film Institute in 2005 as a nominee for AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores and in 2006 as a nominee for AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Proto-industrialization is the regional development, alongside commercial agriculture, of rural handicraft production for external markets.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: The term was introduced in the early 1970s by economic historians who argued that such developments in parts of Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution. Later researchers suggested that similar conditions had arisen in other parts of the world.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Proto-industrialization is also a term for a specific theory about proto-industries' role in the emergence of the Industrial Revolution. Aspects of the proto-industrialization theory have been challenged by other historians. Critics of the idea of proto-industrialization are not necessarily critics of the idea of proto-industries having existed prominently or having played a role as social and economic factors.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Criticism of the theory has taken various forms -- that proto-industries were important and widespread but not the main factor transitioning to industrial capitalism, that proto-industries were not distinct enough from other types of pre-industrial manufacturing or agrarian handicrafts to formulate a wider phenomenon, or that proto-industrialisation is actually industrialisation.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Other scholars have built and extended upon proto-industrialisation, or recapitulated its points -- about proto-industry's role in the development of early modern economic and social systems of Europe and the Industrial Revolution. Outside of Europe, major examples of economic phenomena classified as proto-industrialisation by historians were in Mughal India and Song China.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: The term was coined by Franklin Mendels in his 1969 doctoral dissertation on the rural linen industry in 18th-century Flanders and popularized in his 1972 article based on that work.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Mendels argued that using surplus labor, initially available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons, increased rural incomes, broke the monopolies of urban guild systems and weakened rural traditions that had limited population growth.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: The resulting increase in population led to further growth in production, in a self-sustaining process that, Mendels claimed, created the labour, capital and entrepreneurial skill that led to industrialization.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: In their 1979 book, Peter Kriedte, Hans Medick and Jürgen Schlumbohm expanded the theory into a broad account of the transformation of European society from feudalism to industrial capitalism.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: They viewed proto-industrialization as part of the second phase in this transformation, following the weakening of the manorial system in the High Middle Ages.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Later historians identified similar situations in other parts of the world, including India, China, Japan and the former Muslim world.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged. Martin Daunton, for example, argues that proto-industrialisation "excludes too much" to fully explain the expansion of industry: not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies, but also ignores "rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation"; referring to how mines, mills, forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy. Clarkson has criticized the tendency to categorize all types of pre-industrial manufacturing as proto-industries. Sheilagh Ogilvie discussed the historiography of proto-industrialisation, and observed that scholars have re-evaluated pre-factory industrial production, but have seen it emerge as a phenomenon of its own rather than just a precursor to industrialisation. According to Ogilvie, a major perspective "emphasizes long-term continuities in the economic and social development of Europe between the medieval period and the nineteenth century." Some scholars have defended the original conceptualisation of proto-industrialisation or extended it.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Some historians have identified proto-industrialization in the early modern Indian subcontinent, mainly in its wealthiest and largest subdivision, the Mughal Bengal


title: Proto-industrialization

text: (today's modern Bangladesh and West Bengal), a major trading nation in the world which had been in commercial contact with global markets since the 14th century. The Mughal region singlehandedly accounted for 40% of Dutch imports outside Europe.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Economic development in the Song dynasty (960–1279) has often been compared to proto-industrialization or an early capitalism.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: The commercial expansion began in the Northern Song dynasty and was catalysed by migrations in the Southern Song dynasty. With the growth of the production of non-agricultural goods in a cottage industry context (such as silk), and the production of cash crops that were sold instead of consumed (such as tea), market forces were extended into the life of ordinary people. There was a rise of industrial and commercial sectors, and profit-making comercialisation emerged. There were parallel government and private enterprises in iron and steel production, while there was strict government control of some industries such as sulfur and saltpetre production. Historian Robert Hartwell estimated that per capita iron output in Song China rose sixfold between 806 and 1078 based on Song-era receipts. Hartwell estimated that China's industrial output in 1080 resembled that of Europe in 1700.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: An arrangement of allowing competitive industry to flourish in some regions while setting up its opposite of strict government-regulated and monopolized production and trade in others was prominent in iron manufacturing as in other sectors. In the beginning of the Song, the government supported competitive silk mills and brocade workshops in the eastern provinces and in the capital city of Kaifeng. However, at the same time the government established strict legal prohibition on the merchant trade of privately produced silk in Sichuan province. This prohibition dealt an economic blow to Sichuan that caused a small rebellion (which was subdued), yet Song Sichuan was well known for its independent industries producing timber and cultivated oranges.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Many of the economic gains were lost during the Yuan dynasty, taking centuries to recover. Coal mining was a cutting-edge sector in the Song era, but declined with the Mongol conquest. Iron production recovered to an extent during Yuan, based mainly on charcoal and wood.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Mendels' initial coining of "proto-industrialisation" referred to commercial activities in 18th-century Flanders and much study focused on the region. Sheilagh Ogilvie wrote, "Proto-industries arose in almost every part of Europe in the two or three centuries before industrialization."


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Rural proto-industries were often affected by guilds. They retained major influence over rural manufacturing in Switzerland (until the early 17th century), France and Westphalia (until the later 17th century), Bohemia and Saxony (until the early 18th century), Austria, Catalonia, and the Rhine area (until the later 18th century) and Sweden and Württemberg (into the 19th century). In other areas of Europe, guilds excluded all forms of proto-industry, including in Castile and parts of northern Italy. Political struggles occurred between proto-industries and regional guilds that sought to control them, as well against urban privileges or customs privileges.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Bas van Bavel argued that some non-agriculture activities in the Low Countries reached a proto-industrial extent as early as the 13th century, though with regional and temporal differences, with a peak in the 16th century. Van Basel observes that Flanders and Holland developed as urbanised regions (a third of Flanders' population being urban in the 15th century, and over half of Holland's population in the 16th century) with a commercialised countryside and developed export markets. Flanders saw the predominance of labor-intensive rural activities such as textile production, while Holland saw the predominance of capital-intensive urban activities such as ship-building. Proto-industrial activities in Holland included "glue-production, lime-burning, brick work, peat digging, barging, shipbuilding, and textile industries" targeted for export.


title: Proto-industrialization

text: Historian Julie Marfany also put forward a theory of proto-industrialisation observing proto-industrial textile production in Igualada, Catalonia from 1680, and its demographic effects -- including increased population growth that compared to the later industrial revolution. Marfany also suggests that a somewhat alternate mode of capitalism developed due to differences in the family unit compared to Northern Europe.


title: Lorient

text: Lorient (; ) is a town ("commune") and seaport in the Morbihan department of Brittany in western France.


title: Lorient

text: Beginning around 3000 BC, settlements in the area of Lorient are attested by the presence of megalithic architecture. Ruins of Roman roads (linking Vannes to Quimper and Port-Louis to Carhaix) confirm Gallo-Roman presence.


title: Lorient

text: In 1664, Jean-Baptiste Colbert founded the French East Indies Company. In June 1666, an ordinance of Louis XIV granted lands of Port-Louis to the company, along with Faouédic on the other side of the roadstead. One of its directors, Denis Langlois, bought lands at the confluence of the Scorff and the Blavet rivers, and built slipways. At first, it only served as a subsidiary of Port-Louis, where offices and warehouses were located. The following years, the operation was almost abandoned, but in 1675, during the Franco-Dutch War, the French East Indies Company scrapped its base in Le Havre since it was too exposed during wartime, and transferred its infrastructures to l'Enclot, out of which Lorient grew. The company then erected a chapel, workshops, forges, and offices, leaving Port-Louis permanently.


title: Lorient

text: The city's name is derived from "Le Soleil d'Orient", the first ship constructed at the site, in 1669. Workers gave the site the name of the ship, which, by contraction, became simply "L'Orient" and finally "Lorient".


title: Lorient

text: The French Royal Navy opened a base there in 1690, under the command of Colbert de Seignelay, who inherited his father's position as Secretary of State of the Navy. At the same time, privateers from Saint-Malo took shelter there. In 1700, the town grew out of l'Enclot following a law forcing people to leave the domain to move to the Faouédic heath. In 1702, there were about 6,000 inhabitants in Lorient, though activities slowed, and the town began to decline.


title: Lorient

text: The town experienced a period of growth when John Law formed the Perpetual Company of the Indies by absorbing other chartered companies (including the French East India Company), and chose Lorient as its operations base. Despite the economic bubble caused by the Company in 1720, the city was still growing as it took part in the Atlantic triangular slave trade. From 1720 to 1790, 156 ships deported an estimated 43,000 slaves. In 1732, the Company decided to transfer its sales headquarters from Nantes to Lorient, and asked architect Jacques Gabriel to raise new buildings out of dimension stones to host these new activities, and to embellish the L'Enclos domain. Sales began in 1734, peaking up to 25 million "livres tournois". In 1769, the Company's monopoly ended with the scrapping of the company itself, under the influence of the physiocrats.


title: Lorient

text: Until the Company's closure, the city took advantage of its prosperity. In 1738, there were 14,000 inhabitants, or 20,000 considering the outlying villages of Kerentrech, Merville, La Perrière, Calvin, and Keryado, which are now neighbourhoods within the present-day city limits. In 1735, new streets were laid out and in 1738, it was granted city status. Further work was undertaken as the streets began to be paved, wharves and slipways were built along the Faouédic river, and thatched houses were replaced with stone buildings following 18th-century classical architecture style as it was the case for l'Enclos. In 1744, the city walls were erected, and proved quickly useful as Lorient was raided in September 1746. Following the demise of the Company, the city lost one-seventh of its population.


title: Lorient

text: In 1769, the city evolved into a full-scale naval base for the Royal Navy when the King bought out the Company's infrastructures for 17,500,000 "livres tournois". From 1775 on, the American Revolutionary War brought a surge in activity, as many privateers hailed from Lorient. When the war ended, transatlantic lines opened to the United States, and in 1785, a new commercial company started under Calonne's tutelage (then Controller-General of Finances) with the same goal as the previous entities, i.e. conducting trade in India and China, with again Lorient standing as its operative base.


title: Lorient

text: Maritime activities slowed at the start of the 19th century. Activity at the shipyards and naval base reached a low that would last until the July Monarchy. During this period, the city was more of an administrative center. The first secondary school opened in 1822, a lazaretto in 1823, and barracks in 1839.


title: Lorient

text: The city began to modernize in the second quarter of the century; in 1825, a roofed slipway and a drydock were added to the shipyards. A sardine cannery opened the same year. The first gasworks was built in 1845.


title: Lorient

text: In the second half of the 19th century, the steam engine allowed the ports to strengthen their output. The first locomotive reached the city in 1865. In 1861, the original drydock was enlarged as a second one was dug out. The same year, the ironclad "Couronne" was built on a design directly inspired by the "Gloire" class, though unlike her wooden-hull predecessors, she was entirely made of iron. She was followed in 1876 by the ironclad "Redoutable", the first ship in the world with a steel structure.


title: Lorient

text: In 1889, fishing expanded following the creation of the municipal fish market, and the arrival of steam-powered fishing trawlers in 1900. The Keroman fishing port construction started in 1920.


title: Lorient

text: In 1941, the Germans, then occupying France, chose to establish a U-boat base at Lorient. The submarine facilities quickly became targets of constant bombing from Allied air forces. The Germans decided to build a complex of bomb-proof submarine pens, their largest U-boat base, which would house the 2nd and the 10th U-boat flotillas for the bulk of the Battle of the Atlantic. Karl Dönitz, then supreme commander of the U-boat Arm, moved his staff into the Kernevel villa, just across the water from Keroman, in Larmor-Plage.


title: Lorient

text: In 1943–1944, Lorient was nearly razed to the ground by Allied bombing, though failing to destroy the submarine pens despite 4,000 tons of bombs dropped. According to the book "Steel Boats, Iron Hearts" (by former crewman Hans Goebeler), after the Allies failed to damage the U-boat bunkers the bombing shifted to the city itself to deny the Germans workers and other resources. Before tse bombings, thousands of leaflets were dropped on the population instructing the inhabitants to evacuate. Between 14 January 1943 and 17 February 1943, as many as 500 high-explosive aerial bombs and more than 60,000 incendiary bombs were dropped on Lorient.


title: Lorient

text: After the Normandy landings in June 1944 and the subsequent breakout, Lorient was surrounded by Allied troops on 12 August 1944. Its usefulness as a naval base gone, Lorient was left in a state of siege, surrounded by the American Army. On 10 May 1945, the German garrison surrendered, two days after the official final unconditional surrender of Germany. In 1949, the city of Lorient was awarded the Legion of Honour and the "Croix de guerre 1939–1945".


title: Lorient

text: In April 1945, the Reconstruction Ministry advocated the use of temporary wooden shacks. These shelters were shipped as a kit to be built on site. In 1948, there were 28 settlements under the city's authority, and 20 more in the urban area, distributed among the neighboring towns of Ploemeur, Lanester, Hennebont and Quéven. Each of these neighbourhoods could hold up to 280 houses.


title: Lorient

text: This temporary housing would stand from 10 to 40 years depending on the location. The last shack in the largest settlement, Soye, was torn down in 1991. Today, only a few buildings dating to the 18th century still stand.


title: Lorient

text: Lorient is located on the south coast of Brittany, where the rivers Scorff and Blavet join to form the roadstead of Lorient(), before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean. The river Ter used to flow into the estuary to the south of the city, however, a dam was constructed in 1967, stopping the flow. The city is south-west of Paris, south-west of Rennes and north-west of Nantes.


title: Lorient

text: Under the Köppen climate classification, Lorient experiences an oceanic climate (Cfb), with mild winters and cool to warm summers. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year. Frost is rare in winter, as are days over during summer.


title: Lorient

text: In 2017, Lorient had a population of 57,149. In 2017, its intercommunality Lorient Agglomération had 203,309 inhabitants. Lorient is the most populous commune in Morbihan "département", although the "préfecture" is the slightly smaller commune of Vannes. Inhabitants of Lorient are called "Lorientais".


title: Lorient

text: The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Lorient proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Lorient absorbed the former commune of Keryado in 1947.


title: Lorient

text: Lorient is commonly referred to as "La ville aux cinq ports" ("the city of five ports"): military, fishing, commercial, passengers and yachting. In 2010, the sector represented 9,600 direct jobs for a total 12,000 jobs (with indirect jobs accounted for), or 12% of local employment.


title: Lorient

text: From its founding, shipbuilding has always been of great importance to the city. DCNS continues the legacy of the formerly state-owned shipyards (colloquially known as "l'Arsenal") that began operation in 1690. It still builds warships, mainly frigates. There is also a substantial industrial base in Keroman to support the fishing fleet.


title: Lorient

text: Lorient South Brittany Airport is situated just west of the city at Lann Bihoue, and it has direct flights to Paris. There are also direct flights to London and Porto in the Summer.


title: Lorient

text: The Gare de Lorient is the railway station, offering connections to Quimper, Nantes, Rennes, Paris (less than three hours by TGV) and several regional destinations.


title: Lorient

text: Lorient was the location of an extensive submarine base, built by the Germans in World War II and used subsequently by the French Navy. Head of the U-Boat Arm Karl Dönitz decided to construct the base on 28 June 1940. Between November 1940 and January 1942 a number of gigantic reinforced concrete structures were built. including three on the Keroman peninsula. They are called K1, K2 and K3. In 1944 work began on a fourth structure. The base was capable of sheltering thirty submarines. Lorient was damaged by Allied bombing raids but the naval base survived the war.


title: Lorient

text: Following the German surrender the base was used by the French Navy, named for Jacques Stosskopf, a hero of the French Resistance who had worked there. The base was decommissioned in 1995 and turned over to civilian use.


title: Lorient

text: Each year in August since 1970, Lorient hosts the Festival interceltique, bringing together artists from all the Celtic world (Brittany, Cornwall, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Galicia, Asturias, Australia, Acadia and Isle of Man). Each year, a Celtic nation is chosen as honored guest. It is one of the biggest festival in Europe by attendance (800,000 people for the 40th edition)


title: Lorient

text: Catholic churches are among the main religious landmarks of Lorient. While the Church of Our Lady of the Assumption was built in 1850 in a revivalist neo-Gothic style, the church of Saint Joan of Arc was built in a neo-Roman style in the 1930s by French architect Jean Desbois and a few years later in 1955, and the modernist church of Notre-Dame-de-Victoire is the highest point of Lorient with its 4-meter-high concrete bell tower though the population never really accepted this new style. Major Catholic festivals such as Christmas, Carnaval, Easter and the "Pardon" are celebrated as major feasts of the city.


title: Lorient

text: The most popular club in Lorient is FC Lorient, which currently play in Ligue 1, after winning Ligue 2 in 2020. They are nicknamed "les Merlus". They play their home fixtures at Stade du Moustoir.


title: Lorient

text: Lorient was also a staging port during the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race, as well as the starting point of "la Solitaire du Figaro" (2009 edition).


title: Yeti Holdings

text: YETI is an American manufacturer specializing in outdoor products such as ice chests, vacuum-insulated stainless-steel drinkware, soft coolers, and related accessories. They are based in Austin, Texas.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: YETI was founded by Roy and Ryan Seiders in 2006. The brothers grew up in Driftwood, Texas, and spent a large portion of their childhood outdoors. Their father Roger Seiders was an entrepreneur that designed a fishing rod epoxy. Ryan graduated from Texas A&M University in 1996 and Roy graduated from Texas Tech University in 2000.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: In 2006, Ryan started Waterloo Rods and sold the company nine years later. Roy, an angler and hunter, began his career making custom boats that were designed for fishing in shallow depth areas on the Texas Gulf Coast. The avid outdoorsmen became frustrated with the quality of the coolers available and founded YETI in response.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: In June 2012, a two-thirds stake of the company was purchased by private equity firm Cortec Group for $67 million.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: In July 2016, the company filed with the Security and Exchange Commission for an initial public offering with plans to list on the New York Stock Exchange under the "YETI" symbol. The company was seeking a valuation of $5 billion and hoped to raise $100 million, but retracted the IPO two years later, in March 2018, citing "market conditions".


title: Yeti Holdings

text: In April 2018, the National Rifle Association, via its National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action, announced that YETI refused to be a vendor. The NRA then dropped YETI as its official supplier of coolers. This led to a backlash from NRA members, leading some to destroy YETI products they had already purchased. In response to the NRA's comment, Yeti contacted "The Washington Post" and said that the NRA's comment was "inaccurate" and that neither the NRA nor the NRA's Foundation was targeted, and other organizations were also included in the removal of a "group of outdated discounting programs".


title: Yeti Holdings

text: On October 25, 2018, YETI became a public company via an initial public offering of 16 million shares at a price of $18 per share.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: In September 2019, Yeti opened its first flagship store in Wicker Park, Chicago. Today, multiple store locations have opened in Dallas, Denver, and across Florida.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: On November 4, 2020, Yeti initiated a consumer product safety recall for over 240,000 Rambler mugs, manufactured in China, for what the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission described as "Injury and Burn Hazards". The commission explained that the magnetic slider on the lid could malfunction and hot contents could spill. The product was sold at stores nationwide and through the company's website during October that year.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: The company targets niche markets of high-end hunting and fishing enthusiasts, outdoorsmen, beach goers, and water enthusiasts. YETI sponsored professional outdoors-men and hunting and fishing shows.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: YETI's "Tundra" series of coolers ranges from 20 quarts to 350 quarts. The Tundra line can be locked with two padlocks, making it certified bear-resistant according to the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: YETI also makes soft-sided coolers called the "Hopper" series. The "Hopper" series coolers are designed to be lightweight and more transportable than standard YETI coolers.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: YETI is known for its expensive coolers. Their most expensive one is 82 gallons and sells for $1,300. YETI has many other products besides the coolers but this is what they are best known for. The idea of these coolers was founded by the Seiders brothers: two outdoorsmen who felt there were not any coolers that could keep their catch, kills, and beverages cold for a longer period of time. The brothers teamed up with a factory in the Philippines to create an "indestructible cooler", with superior ice retention.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: YETI also sells drinkware, bags, and miscellaneous outdoor gear. YETI sells drinkware products under the "Rambler" line ranging from 10 ounces to one gallon in size. The company also makes an ice bucket called the "YETI Tank".


title: Yeti Holdings

text: YETI sells their products to various retailers such as Academy Sports and Outdoors, Bass Pro Shops, and other retailers including Amazon Marketplace, West Marine, Cabela's, REI, and Dicks Sporting Goods.


title: Yeti Holdings

text: YETI's sales increased from $147.7 million in 2015 to $468.9 million in 2016. YETI's earnings in 2015 were $14.2 million and in 2016 were $72.2 million. YETI's DTC sales accounted for "30% of revenue in 2017".


title: Yeti Holdings

text: "Outside" magazine calls Yeti's Rambler "the best mug ever made". "Field & Stream" stated that the release of Yeti's Base Camp Chair officially declared the company's "dedication to a comfy derrière". "Business Insider" calls them "a status symbol in the United States".


title: Tayra

text: The tayra (Eira barbara) is an omnivorous animal from the weasel family, native to the Americas. It is the only species in the genus Eira.


title: Tayra

text: Tayras are also known as the "tolomuco" or "perico ligero" in Central America, "motete" in Honduras, "irara" in Brazil, "san hol" or "viejo de monte" in the Yucatan Peninsula, and high-woods dog (or historically "chien bois") in Trinidad. The genus name "Eira" is derived from the indigenous name of the animal in Bolivia and Peru, while "barbara" means "strange" or "foreign".


title: Tayra

text: Tayras are long, slender animals with an appearance similar to that of weasels and martens. They range from in length, not including a 37- to 46-cm-long (15 to 18 in) bushy tail, and weigh . Males are larger, and slightly more muscular, than females. They have short, dark brown to black fur which is relatively uniform across the body, limbs, and tail, except for a yellow or orange spot on the chest. The fur on the head and neck is much paler, typically tan or greyish in colour. Albino, white, or yellowish individuals are also known, and are not as rare among tayras as they are among other mustelids.


title: Tayra

text: The feet have toes of unequal length with tips that form a strongly curved line when held together. The claws are short and curved, but strong, being adapted for climbing and running rather than digging. The pads of the feet are hairless, but are surrounded by stiff sensory hairs. The head has small, rounded ears, long whiskers, and black eyes with a blue-green shine. Like most other mustelids, tayras possess anal scent glands, but these are not particularly large, and their secretion is not as pungent as in other species, and is not used in self defence. The species have a unique throat patch that can be used for individual identification.


title: Tayra

text: Tayras are found across most of South America east of the Andes, except for Uruguay, eastern Brazil, and all but the most northerly parts of Argentina. They are also found across the whole of Central America, in Mexico as far north as southern Veracruz, and on the island of Trinidad. They are generally found in only tropical and subtropical forests, although they may cross grasslands at night to move between forest patches, and they also inhabit cultivated plantations and croplands.


title: Tayra

text: Tayras are diurnal animals, although occasionally active during the evening or at night. The social behaviour of tayras is not well understood. Assumed solitary, they have been seen in larger groups, presumably of mother and her larger offspring. They are opportunistic omnivores, hunting rodents and other small mammals, as well as birds, lizards, other reptiles, and invertebrates, and climbing trees to get fruit and honey. They locate prey primarily by scent, having relatively poor eyesight, and actively chase it once located, rather than stalking or using ambush tactics.


title: Tayra

text: They are expert climbers, using their long tails for balance. On the ground or on large horizontal tree limbs, they use a bounding gallop when moving at high speeds. They can also leap from treetop to treetop when pursued. They generally avoid water, but are capable of swimming across rivers when necessary.


title: Tayra

text: They live in hollow trees, or burrows in the ground. Individual animals maintain relatively large home ranges, with areas up to having been recorded. They may travel at least in a single night.


title: Tayra

text: An interesting instance of caching has been observed among tayras: a tayra will pick unripe green plantains, which are inedible, and leave them to ripen in a cache, coming back a few days later to consume the softened pulp.


title: Tayra

text: Tayras breed year-round, with the females entering estrus several times each year for 3 to 20 days at a time. Unlike some other mustelids, tayras do not exhibit embryonic diapause, and gestation lasts from 63 to 67 days. The female gives birth to one to three young, which she cares for alone.


title: Tayra

text: The young are altricial, being born blind and with closed ears, but are already covered in a full coat of black fur; they weigh about at birth. Their eyes open at 35 to 47 days, and they leave the den shortly thereafter. They begin to take solid food around 70 days of age, and are fully weaned by 100 days. Hunting behaviour begins as early as three months, and the mother initially brings her young wounded or slow prey to practise on as they improve their killing technique. The young are fully grown around 6 months old, and leave their mother to establish their own territory by 10 months.


title: Tayra

text: Wild tayra populations are slowly shrinking, especially in Mexico, due to habitat destruction for agricultural purposes. The species is listed as being of least concern.


title: Stark effect

text: The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external electric field. It is the electric-field analogue of the Zeeman effect, where a spectral line is split into several components due to the presence of the magnetic field. Although initially coined for the static case, it is also used in the wider context to describe the effect of time-dependent electric fields. In particular, the Stark effect is responsible for the pressure broadening (Stark broadening) of spectral lines by charged particles in plasmas. For most spectral lines, the Stark effect is either linear (proportional to the applied electric field) or quadratic with a high accuracy.


title: Stark effect

text: The Stark effect can be observed both for emission and absorption lines. The latter is sometimes called the inverse Stark effect, but this term is no longer used in the modern literature.