title: Griffin family

text: Megan/Megatron "Meg" Griffin, voiced by Mila Kunis. Meg is a self-conscious and emotionally vulnerable teenage girl. She is currently 18 years old and enrolled at James Woods Regional High School. Her numerous insecurities cause her to desperately try to be part of the "in-crowd", but this only results in her getting rebuffed by Connie D'Amico, the bullying head cheerleader of her school. Initially valued to the family in earlier seasons, her standing in the family's "pecking order" is now much more similar to that of the stereotypical "middle child" (despite being the oldest of the Griffin children by age) such as being the butt of Peter's jokes due to her "homeliness" and lack of self-confidence, despite frequently proving to be more responsible and reasonable than the rest of the family. Although there is one episode where she is sent to prison. Despite all this, Meg has proven in various episodes throughout the show that she is surprisingly more talented, most notably in terms of music and even sports than her family usually bothers to realize. However, another student named Neil Goldman has a crush on her.


title: Griffin family

text: At times, she has been shown to be so self-conscious about herself that she engaged in dangerous sexual behavior just for attention.


title: Griffin family

text: Christopher Cross "Chris" Griffin, voiced by Seth Green. Chris is a friendly and laid-back teenage boy. Physically, he is a younger version of Peter, but intellectually, he often shows better potential, as shown from moments of articulation and coherence within his speech, and makes good points when especially talking about films, TV series, actors and actresses, etc. Similar to Meg, Chris deals with the problems that most teenage boys face: acne, girls, and school. He is currently 15 years old and, like Meg, is enrolled at James Woods Regional High School. On the volume 1 DVD box set, it stated that Chris "would not hurt a fly, unless it landed on his hot dog". Chris is also willing to take drastic measures to get what he wants or needs, especially when it comes to getting good grades. He, at one point, believed that he got a bad grade on a mathematics test when he tickled his brain by sticking an army man's rifle into his nose and accidentally puncturing a lobe.


title: Griffin family

text: Stewart Gilligan "Stewie" Griffin, voiced by Seth MacFarlane. Stewie is the youngest Griffin family member at one year old. Stewie originally served as the main villain of the show. Though he was originally an antagonistic child-genius sociopath, hell-bent on killing his mother and taking over the world, in more recent episodes he is a much more friendly yet flamboyant (and possibly homosexual) character, though nonetheless still rambunctious and disrespecting towards his elders and peers. Despite having a rivalry with the family dog, Brian, this seems to have ended as he and Brian now share a very close friendship, and they admitted that they loved each other, in the episode "Brian & Stewie". Stewie is considered to be the show's breakout character. "Wizard" magazine rated him the 95th-greatest villain of all time.


title: Griffin family

text: Brian Griffin, voiced by Seth MacFarlane, is the Griffin family's pet dog. Brian has lived with the Griffin family since Peter picked him up as a stray. Peter is his best friend, despite Brian's superior intelligence. Brian is often the voice of reason for the family, frequently reminding Peter how stupid or corrupt his ideas are. He also has a very close friendship with Stewie, and the two of them have been at the center of some of the most critically acclaimed episodes during the series, most notably the "Road to ..." episodes.


title: Griffin family

text: Seth MacFarlane has once described Brian as "a dog who has a wit as dry as the martinis he drinks". MacFarlane also revealed that Brian is his favorite character from the series, as he feels most comfortable when playing that role.


title: Griffin family

text: Brian was temporarily killed off, after he was hit by a car in the season 12 episode "Life of Brian". Brian, however, returned two episodes later, in "Christmas Guy", after Stewie went back in time to save him. In his brief absence Brian was replaced by another dog named Vinny, who was voiced by Tony Sirico and was never seen again after Brian's return (until the season 15 premiere, "The Boys in the Band", where he makes a cameo).


title: Harriet Hageman

text: Harriet Maxine Hageman (born October 18, 1962) is an American attorney and Republican politician who is the member-elect of the U.S. House of Representatives representing Wyoming's at-large congressional district. Hageman was endorsed by former President Donald Trump, and defeated incumbent Congresswoman Liz Cheney, a Trump critic, by a landslide in the 2022 Republican primary election and garnered over twice as many votes as Cheney while spending less than a quarter of Cheney's campaign expenditures. She was previously a candidate for the 2018 Wyoming gubernatorial election, placing third in the Republican primary.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: Hageman was born and raised on a ranch outside Fort Laramie, Wyoming, near the Nebraska border. Her father, James Hageman, served as a longtime member of the Wyoming House of Representatives. She is a fourth-generation Wyomingite; her great-grandfather moved to the then-Wyoming Territory from Texas in 1878.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: After graduating from Fort Laramie High School, she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration from the University of Wyoming and a Juris Doctor from the University of Wyoming College of Law.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: Hageman served as a law clerk for Judge James E. Barrett of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. She has since worked as a trial attorney. In 1997, Hageman represented Wyoming in "Nebraska v. Wyoming," a dispute over management of the North Platte River. During the case, Hageman advocated against the United States Forest Service's roadless rule. During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, Hageman supported U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and criticized Donald Trump.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: Hageman was a candidate in the 2018 Wyoming gubernatorial election, placing third after investment manager Foster Friess and the eventual winner, state Treasurer Mark Gordon. Hageman was the Republican National Committeewoman for Wyoming in 2020 and 2021.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: On September 9, 2021, Hageman announced her candidacy for Wyoming's at-large congressional district, challenging three-term incumbent Liz Cheney for the Republican nomination in the 2022 election. In her campaign announcement, Hageman claimed that Cheney no longer represented the people of Wyoming due to her opposition to Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election. Noting that Trump had carried Wyoming by landslide majorities in both of his campaigns, Hageman said that by opposing Trump, Cheney "betrayed Wyoming, she betrayed this country, and she betrayed me." She formally launched her campaign at a hotel in Cheyenne later that day, saying that Wyoming needed someone in Congress "who represents Wyoming's conservative values" and had "Wyoming's best interests at heart." She also claimed that Cheney's drive to "destroy President Trump" made her ineffective in Washington. Two other primary challengers dropped out and endorsed Hageman. She was quickly endorsed by former President Trump, who had personally interviewed several prospective primary challengers to Cheney.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: Hageman and Cheney had been close political allies for several years. Hageman had been an adviser to Cheney's brief 2014 Senate campaign, and had introduced Cheney at a rally during Cheney's first congressional bid in 2016. However, according to Hageman, the relationship cooled when Cheney criticized Trump for not acting on claims that Russia put bounties on American troops in Afghanistan and chilled even further when Cheney called for Trump to acknowledge that he had lost the 2020 election. Hageman claimed that when Cheney called her to say that any claims about irregularities in the 2020 election were untrue, "that was probably the end of our relationship." She added that had she known that Cheney would have voted to impeach Trump, she "never would have answered (Cheney's) first phone call" in 2016. Hageman later claimed that Cheney and others had deceived her into opposing Trump but dismissed her previous opposition to Trump as "ancient history." In a statement to "The New York Times," she hailed Trump as "the greatest president of my lifetime."


title: Harriet Hageman

text: Besides Trump, Hageman was endorsed by many other prominent Republicans, including House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy. Hageman has also received campaign support from several Trump administration staffers, including Bill Stepien, Justin R. Clark, Tim Murtaugh, and others. In January 2022, it was reported that Hageman's campaign had raised one million dollars, to Cheney's $4.5 million.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: Hageman raced out to a large lead in opinion polling. A University of Wyoming poll taken a week before the election showed Hageman with a 29-point lead over Cheney. She defeated Cheney in the Republican primary in a landslide, winning 66.3 percent of the vote to Cheney's 28.9 percent. Hageman carried all but one county in the state, Cheney's home county of Teton County.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: In the general election, Hageman faced Democratic nominee and Native American activist Lynnette Grey Bull, who was Cheney's opponent in 2020. However, Hageman was overwhelmingly favored in November. Republicans had a nearly 7-to-1 advantage in registration over Democrats, and Trump carried the state in 2020 with 70 percent of the vote, his strongest state-level performance in the nation.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: As expected, Hageman won the 2022 election handily, defeating Grey Bull with 67 to 24 percent. When she takes office in 2023, she will be the fourth consecutive Republican woman to represent Wyoming in the House. Barbara Cubin won the seat in 1994 and handed it to Cynthia Lummis in 2008, who handed it to Cheney in 2016.


title: Harriet Hageman

text: Hageman bills herself as an unyielding conservative. During her gubernatorial campaign, she claimed that government was too pervasive in American lives, to the point that it was replacing "community, the organizations you belong to, and family support." Along similar lines, during her congressional campaign, she highlighted her past work in "defending our great state against the excess of government." She argued that as part of her plan to "protect Wyoming," her priorities would be "energy independence, regulatory reform, restor(ing) power to the states, protection of our southern border and enforcement of our immigration laws." She added that while in Congress, she would "focus on what is in the best interest of the United States, and, specifically, what is in the best interest of Wyoming." Hageman is a vocal supporter of the fossil fuel industry, stating at a campaign event in August 2022 that coal was an "affordable, clean, acceptable resource that we all should be using".


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: Güneşin Kızları ("Sun's Girls") is a Turkish television show starring Emre Kınay, Evrim Alasya, Tolga Sarıtaş, Burcu Özberk, Hande Erçel, Berk Atan and Miray Akay that was aired on Kanal D in 2015.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: Güneş is a 35 year old woman who lives in Izmir with her three daughters. Her twins Nazlı and Selin who are 17 year olds and Peri who is 15. She is a literature teacher whose husband left her. She meets Haluk Mertoğlu and falls in love with him. She then decides to marry him, goes to İstanbul with her daughters and moves into Haluk's mansion. Selin is very happy with the move, and immediately tries to wiggle her way into the popular crowd of kids. However, Nazlı initially refuses as she doesn't trust Haluk and at first she doesn't move to İstanbul with her family but later joins them for the sake of her mother. She meets Haluk's nephew, Savaş who is very distant and suffering from a terrible trauma relating to his former dead girlfriend. Ali (Haluk's son) is not happy to welcome the guests and he targets Selin as his new opponent. Ali had a rough childhood and was never loved by his father or mother. As Selin starts giving support to Ali and shares his problems Ali develops soft corner for Selin. However Ali doesn't know how to express his feelings to Selin and many misunderstandings develop between them. Later on as they share their secrets with each other and Ali protects Selin from her father (Zafer), intense love develops between them. Nazlı and Savas slowly become friends and she falls for Savaş and helps him in his recovery and he too feels the same later on. Later it is uncovered that Ali is not Haluk's biological son. His mother had an affair before marrying Haluk. Also, Selin uncovers Haluk's deep dark secret which was that her mother was raped when she was young and her abuser was Haluk so the twins biological father was actually Haluk. Ali and Selin later get married despite Haluk's severe objections. Haluk tries to get them separated but to no avail. The truth comes out and Güneş has an accident which causes her to have a memory loss and she doesn't remember the time spent with Haluk or what he did to her. The sisters decide not to tell her and they all decide to move back to İzmir. Haluk after losing everything commits suicide and Ali and Savaş relocate to Izmir to join their lovers.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: This is a story of Güneş and her 3 daughters; twins, Selin and Nazlı, and Peri. They lived in İzmir. They decided to come to İstanbul when Güneş was proposed by a rich man Haluk.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: Haluk has a family of many people including Rana (Haluk's elder sister), Ahmet and Inci (Ahmet's wife), Ali (son from ex-wife, Sevilay) and Savaş (Rana's adopted son). Sevilay (Haluk's ex-wife) lives separately.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: 1) Güneş believes Zafer, her ex husband and ex lover too; raped her and her twins are his daughters but in reality, Zafer didn't rape her but Haluk did when she was in a cottage blindfolded in İzmir, summer of 1997. He claims he was in love with her. Zafer wants to take Peri, the youngest daughter and his true blood daughter to Germany for bone marrow so he could save his other daughter in Germany. He threatens Haluk that he'll tell this rape truth to Güneş. So Haluk throws him in front of a car which by accident Güneş was driving. She kills Zafer accidentally and they both decide to keep it a secret and Haluk buries Zafer's body in the woods to save Güneş from a life sentence since she had stabbed Zafer once before and was in jail because of it.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: 2) Tuğçe will later be friends and partners in crime too. She was once Emre's lover but they broke up. Selin was also the lover of playboy Emre but they break up because Selin is kissed by Ali, and they fall in love due to their common past.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: 3) Ali isn't Haluk's son. He is son of Sevilay, Haluk's ex wife and her old lover Levent. She didn't know she was pregnant when she married Haluk. When Ali learns of this and harms himself, Haluk realises he had been a poor father and apologizes.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: 4) Levent appoints a bar dancer/stripper Elif to know more about Ali. She comes to the university with Ali and becomes his friend which obviously Selin doesn't like and she along with Tugçe tries to expose her because of her closeness to Ali.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: 5) Some 20 years ago, in 1997 Haluk was married to Sevilay and Ali was born. Haluk's younger brother Ahmet who is an architect, painted Güneş 20 years ago as he was also in love with her at the time. She doesn't know that.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: 7) Haluk's sister (Rana) learns the truth that Haluk had raped Güneş and she tells Haluk that she knows the truth and tells him to divorce Güneş so that she can live a better life.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: 8) Ali also learns the truth and tries to kill Haluk with a gun. Selin sees this. Haluk also knows that Selin and Ali are lovers so he tells them to break up. After that, Selin arranges a marriage so that Ali will become normal but Ali gets even more broken so Selin asks him to get married for real.


title: Güneşin Kızları

text: 9) Rana tells the truth to Güneş about her rape. Güneş gets extremely upset and tries to escape everyone with her daughters.


title: Laurence R. Harvey

text: Harvey is best known for portraying Martin Lomax in the horror film "The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)", directed by Tom Six. In the film Martin is an obese, asthmatic and mentally challenged security guard for a multi-storey car park, who is obsessed with the original film.


title: Laurence R. Harvey

text: Harvey also appears in "The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)" in a different role than part 2. He also played alongside Tristan Risk in Jill Sixx Gevargizian directing debut "Call Girl". In 2015, Harvey was cast along with Tristan Risk and Ellie Church for "Frankenstein Created Bikers".


title: Russell B. Long

text: Russell Billiu Long (November 3, 1918 – May 9, 2003) was an American Democratic politician and United States Senator from Louisiana from 1948 until 1987. Because of his seniority, he advanced to chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, serving for fifteen years, from 1966 to 1981, during the implementation of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty programs. Long also served as Assistant Majority Leader (Senate Majority Whip) from 1965 to 1969.


title: Russell B. Long

text: The son of Rose McConnell Long and Huey Long, notable Louisiana governor and U.S. senator, Russell Long served during the administrations of eight U.S. presidents, from Truman to Reagan. According to biographer Bob Mann, Long "became a leading voice for the plight of the elderly, the disabled, the working poor and the middle class." Long quietly wielded enormous power in the Senate and shaped some of the most significant tax legislation of the twentieth century.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Family; Long while a student at LSU met and married Kathryn Haddock. They had two children, Kay (Mosley) and Pam (Wofford). Later in the 60's they separated, divorced and he married Carolyn, a secretary working for Sen. Ervin and daughter of Samuel Bason.


title: Russell B. Long

text: As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Long held jurisdiction over 100 percent of all federal revenue and 40 percent of all government spending, including Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, unemployment insurance, welfare and food assistance programs, foreign trade, and tariffs. In 1980 he was voted the most effective chairman and most effective debater by his colleagues in a "U.S. News & World Report" survey. In a 1982 survey, Long was voted the most influential Democrat by his Senate colleagues. The "Wall Street Journal" once called him "the fourth branch of government." Upon his retirement in 1987, Long had a 75 percent approval rating among Louisiana voters.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Russell Billiu Long was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on November 3, 1918, the son of Huey Long and Rose McConnell Long. Originally named Huey Pierce Long III, his father arrived shortly after his birth and changed his name to Russell. He was named for Russell Billiu, his mother's favorite cousin.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long received his bachelor's degree from Louisiana State University in 1939 and his law degree from Louisiana State University Law Center in 1942. He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Zeta Zeta chapter). During his undergraduate years, he served as freshman class president, sophomore arts and sciences president and chairman of the sophomore presidents, and student body president.


title: Russell B. Long

text: In June 1942, during World War II, Long entered the United States Navy Reserve. He participated in the Allied invasions of Northern Africa, Sicily, Italy, and Southern France and commanded a landing craft transport (LCT) vessel in the first-wave landing at Cavalaire-sur-Mer. He was awarded four campaign medal battle stars for his service. He was discharged as a lieutenant in December 1945. In 1947, he was elected first vice commander of Louisiana's AMVETS organization.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Upon his return from the war, Long entered legal practice. In 1947, he campaigned for the return of his uncle, Earl Long, to the governorship. When Earl Long took office in 1948, he appointed Russell Long as his executive counsel. Russell Long was elected in 1948 to fill the U.S. Senate vacancy created by the death of John Overton, which had been filled temporarily by the appointment of William Feazel. In winning election to the Senate, Long became the only person in U.S. history to be preceded in that chamber by both his father and his mother. He was elected on November 2, 1948, one day before his 30th birthday, and took office on December 31, thus meeting the Constitutional requirement that Senators be at least 30 years old upon taking office. Because he had filled a vacancy, Long gained a few days of seniority over others in the Senate class of 1948, including Lyndon B. Johnson and Hubert Humphrey, whose terms began January 3, 1949.


title: Russell B. Long

text: From 1953 to 1987, Long was a member of the tax-writing Senate Finance Committee; he served as its chairman for 15 years, from 1966 until 1981, when Republicans assumed control of the Senate and took over the chairmanships. Long served as President Lyndon B. Johnson's Senate floor leader, helping gain passage of the bills that enacted many of the Great Society programs, including the 1965 creation of Medicare. He served as the Democratic Assistant Majority Leader (whip) from 1965 to 1969. As the Democratic ranking member of the Senate Finance Committee, he served alongside Republican chairmen Bob Dole and Bob Packwood, and was instrumental in the passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long had an encyclopedic knowledge of the federal tax code. He realized that he could achieve his legislative goals most effectively by attaching his priorities as amendments to tax bills rather than sponsoring legislation under his name. With all federal revenue and forty percent of all government spending controlled by the Senate Finance Committee, Long exercised authority over all major revenue bills and entitlement programs, as well as foreign trade and tariffs. According to biographer Bob Mann, "For almost four decades, no single revenue measure passed through Congress without [Long's] influence."


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long's legislative priorities balanced a desire to help the disadvantaged, while providing tax relief for the middle class and small businesses. He was particularly sensitive to the plight of the elderly poor, and his colleagues referred to Long's various aid proposals as his "grandma amendments."


title: Russell B. Long

text: In 1956, Long led the first major expansion of Social Security to include benefits for the disabled and, later, to their dependents. Long's success in maneuvering President John F. Kennedy's major tax reduction bill forward in early 1964 confirmed his reputation as a rising leader.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long created the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the largest and most effective anti-poverty assistance program in the US, which reduces the tax burden on poor working families and rewards work in place of direct welfare payments. In 2016, the EITC lifted an estimate 6.5 million Americans out of poverty, including 3.3 million children. It is credited with reducing the severity of poverty for an additional 21.5 million families, including 7.7 million children. Especially crucial for low-income, single working mothers, the EITC increased lifetime average earnings for less-educated women by 17 percent, leading to long-term income growth in earnings and Social Security income. In 2019, the EITC boosted the incomes of 9 million women of color, who disproportionately benefit from the tax credit.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long was the architect of employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), employee benefit plans designed to allow employees to invest in the stock of their employers and share in the prosperity created by their work. To curb the growing influence of big money in politics, Long created the mechanism for public financing of presidential campaigns, allowing taxpayers to allocate $1 of taxes for a Presidential election fund (the "dollar checkoff"). He also championed the Child Support Enforcement Act, requiring unmarried fathers to financially support their children.


title: Russell B. Long

text: During his time in the Senate, Long was a strong champion of certain tax breaks for businesses. He once said, "I have become convinced you're going to have to have capital if you're going to have capitalism." On the other hand, he was aware of some of the political ramifications of "tax reform" and stated that it simply meant, "Don't tax you, don't tax me, tax that fellow behind the tree!"


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long was legendary for achieving his legislative priorities by attaching small, yet significant, amendments to tax bills. In 1966, at the request of then-National Football League Commissioner Pete Rozelle, Long and Representative Hale Boggs used their influence to pass legislation that allowed for the merger of the American Football League and the National Football League (NFL), a provision that Long inserted into a tax bill. Without the legislation, the merger would have been prohibited by anti-trust laws governing monopolies. In exchange for ensuring the passage of the legislation, Long and Boggs requested for Rozelle to award the next NFL expansion franchise to New Orleans. Rozelle complied, and Long and Boggs joined Rozelle in announcing on November 1, 1966, that New Orleans had obtained the New Orleans Saints.


title: Russell B. Long

text: In 1972, Long singlehandedly created the United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana, comprising the nine parishes surrounding Baton Rouge. In a House-passed tax bill to allow a marine from Thibodaux to keep an excess federal payment of $547 that he received on active duty, Long added "that Section 98 of Title 28 of the United States Code is amended as 'Louisiana is divided into three judicial districts to be known as the Eastern, Middle and Western Districts of Louisiana.'"


title: Russell B. Long

text: To win the Senate seat vacated by the death of Democrat John Holmes Overton, Long first defeated Judge Robert F. Kennon of Minden in the Democratic primary, 264,143 (51 percent) to 253,668 (49 percent). The margin was 10,475 votes. Long overwhelmed Republican oilman Clem S. Clarke of Shreveport in the general election, gaining 306,337 votes (75 percent) to 102,339 (25 percent). Clarke had been the first Louisiana Republican U.S. Senate nominee in 1914, when the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was implemented for the popular election of senators. He carried Iberia, Caddo (Long's native parish), Lafayette, and East Baton Rouge parishes. In 1948, Clarke had tried to get the courts to forbid Long from running on both the Harry Truman and Strom Thurmond slates in Louisiana, but he failed to convince the judges. Votes for Long from the Truman and Thurmond slates were counted.


title: Russell B. Long

text: After being elected in 1948, Long never again faced a close contest for re-election. Because the 1948 election was for a two-year unexpired term, Long had to run again in 1950 for his first full six-year term. That year, he had no trouble defeating the intra-party challenge of Malcolm Lafargue. A great-nephew of the late Senator John H. Overton, Lafargue resigned as U.S. Attorney for the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana in Shreveport to make the Senate race. In an advertisement, Lafargue questioned how Long was the self-proclaimed "poor man's friend" because the incumbent "pretends to sneer at millionaires, but Long is a millionaire himself."


title: Russell B. Long

text: After winning the Democratic primary, Long overwhelmed his Republican opponent, Charles Sidney Gerth (1882–1964), a businessman from New Orleans. In 1948 he had run as a Democrat for senator against Long's colleague, Allen J. Ellender. In the 1950 general election, Long polled 220,907 (87.7 percent) to Gerth's 30,931 (12.3 percent).


title: Russell B. Long

text: In 1962, Long defeated Philemon Andrews "Phil" St. Amant (1918-2019), a retired career United States Army lieutenant colonel from Baton Rouge, 407,162 votes (80.2 percent) to 100,843 votes (19.8 percent) in the Democratic primary. In 2016, St. Amant was listed by the Louisiana Secretary of State as a "No Party" voter.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long trounced his Republican challenger Taylor W. O'Hearn, a Shreveport attorney and accountant, with 318,838 votes (75.6 percent) to O'Hearn's 103,066 (24.4 percent). Later O'Hearn was elected as state representative for Caddo Parish.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Speculation persisted that Long would run for governor in the 1963 Democratic primary. He had received encouragement from "all the shades of factionalism in the state." Instead, he endorsed his cousin, Gillis W. Long, the U.S. representative from the since-disbanded Eighth Congressional District based about Alexandria. At the time, Long was second to the aging Senator Harry F. Byrd, of Virginia on the Senate Finance Committee and had already presided as chairman during Byrd's prolonged absence because of failing health.


title: Russell B. Long

text: As a result of Johnson's signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Long (along with more than a dozen other southern Senators, including Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell, both of Georgia) did not attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City. However, Long defied conventional wisdom by delivering a television address in Louisiana in which he strongly endorsed the Johnson-Humphrey ticket, which lost the state to the Republican Barry M. Goldwater-William E. Miller electors. The action had no consequence on Long's future, however, as Republicans declined to challenge his re-election in 1968, 1974, and 1980.


title: Russell B. Long

text: In 1968, Long overpowered a primary rival, Maurice P. Blache Sr. (1917–1991), to win renomination. He was unopposed in the general election when the presumed Republican candidate, Richard Kilbourne, the district attorney in East Feliciana Parish, withdrew from the race. Kilbourne abandoned his campaign so that his party could concentrate on trying to elect David C. Treen to represent Louisiana's 2nd congressional district over incumbent Democrat Hale Boggs.


title: Russell B. Long

text: In the 1974 Democratic primary, Long defeated state Insurance Commissioner Sherman A. Bernard of Westwego in Jefferson Parish, 520,606 (74.7 percent) to 131,540 (18.9 percent). Another 44,341 ballots (6.4 percent) went to a third candidate, Annie Smart. Louisiana Republican state chairman James H. Boyce of Baton Rouge said that the party could not find a viable candidate to challenge Long.


title: Russell B. Long

text: In 1980, Long defeated State Representative Woody Jenkins of Baton Rouge, 484,770 (57.6 percent) to 325,922 (38.8 percent) in the state's nonpartisan blanket primary. During the 1980 campaign, Long's friend and colleague, Robert J. "Bob" Dole, the Kansas Republican who had been his party's vice presidential nominee in 1976 and who would be the presidential nominee in 1996, made a television commercial for Long in the race against Jenkins. Dole and Long were both running for re-election that year. The 1980 primary was the last time that Long's name was on a ballot. Jenkins had run against Johnston in 1978 and ran again in a disputed outcome against Mary Landrieu in 1996 for the seat Johnston vacated on retirement.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Jenkins won majorities in only four parishes, Rapides, La Salle, Iberia, and St. Tammany. When Jenkins claimed to have received 55 percent of the votes cast by whites, Long called the claim "racist." Long urged the media to investigate Jenkins' claim. He contended that his own research was in conflict with Jenkins' assertion.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Near the end of his last term in office, Long hired the young journalist Bob Mann as his press secretary. Mann, who now holds the Douglas Manship Chair of Journalism at LSU, later penned the 1992 book, "Legacy to Power: Senator Russell B. Long of Louisiana".


title: Russell B. Long

text: After he considered and rejected a run for governor of Louisiana, Long retired from the Senate in January 1987. Senator J. Bennett Johnston said of his colleague: "His absence will leave a huge void that's going to be very, very difficult to fill here in Washington." Edward J. Steimel, president of the Louisiana Association of Business and Industry, described Long as "very well regarded in the business community nationally."


title: Russell B. Long

text: Summing up his career in the Senate, President Ronald Reagan called him a "legend... one of the most skillful legislators, compromisers and legislative strategists in history."


title: Russell B. Long

text: In 1986, Democratic U.S. Representative John Breaux of Crowley, a former legislative aide and House successor of Governor Edwards, was elected to succeed Long in the Senate. Breaux defeated the Republican U.S. Representative Henson Moore of Baton Rouge. Moore had led the balloting in the nonpartisan blanket primary but lost the general election to Breaux in a nationally Democratic year.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long remained in Washington, D.C., after his senatorial retirement as a highly-desired lobbyist. For a brief period following his retirement, he was a partner in the law firm of Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey, which dissolved in 1987. He later founded the Long Law Firm, where he remained a partner until his death. Long served on the board of directors of the New York Stock Exchange, Lowe's Companies, Inc., and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.


title: Russell B. Long

text: In 1996, he endorsed Mary Landrieu, the Democratic nominee, in the race to succeed retiring Senator J. Bennett Johnston. Coincidentally, Landrieu defeated the same Woody Jenkins, a Democrat-turned-Republican, whom Long had beaten in Long's last Senate race in 1980. Long was particularly critical of Jenkins's national sales tax proposal to supersede the federal income tax, a move that Long claim would benefit "the wealthy."


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long was known as a political realist, rather than an ideologue. Inspired by his father’s left-wing populist Share Our Wealth governing philosophy, he endorsed liberal social programs such as the New Deal, the Fair Deal, New Frontier, and the Great Society. He was much more conservative than his father in the areas of business policy, states' rights, and foreign policy. In labor relations, Long voted 56% of the time with the AFL-CIO position, and the National Chamber of Commerce reported that he supported the business position 63% of the time. Long was a formidable protector of Louisiana’s industries, particularly the oil and gas industry.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long’s positions on race relations evolved over the course of his 38-year career. Despite his support for segregation in his early career, Long received more than 90% of the African American vote in his seven elections to the Senate. He was frequently criticized for his moderate racial views by the White Citizens Council and Ku Klux Klan.


title: Russell B. Long

text: As a junior member of the Senate in the 1950s, Long joined his Southern colleagues with a segregationist voting record and signed the Southern Manifesto on 1956, a position that he later repudiated as required by the white majority of voters at the time. Long described his hardline colleagues' refusal to compromise "disastrous" and advocated gradualism toward desegregation. He expressed his concern that moving too quickly would spark violence and divisions among the races but failing in practically improving the daily lives of African Americans.


title: Russell B. Long

text: In 1953, Long broke ranks with his Southern colleagues by supporting Alaskan & Hawaiian statehood, the latter of which had been blocked for a quarter of a century by the Solid South's refusal to accept the possibility of non-whites in Congress as well as the possibility of adding two civil rights votes in the Senate.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long opposed judicial intrusions into police power by the Warren Court. Following the Supreme Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" in 1954, he proposed a constitutional amendment to limit Supreme Court justices to six- or twelve-year terms.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long became Assistant Majority Leader (Majority Whip) in 1965 and advanced in seniority to the chairmanship of the Senate Finance Committee the following year. He championed the economic interests of minorities, the poor, and the elderly by steering the landmark social welfare legislation of President Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty. During his 15-year tenure as Senate Finance Committee Chairman, Long exercised authority over all federal revenue collection and a vast array of entitlement spending. His most-recognized achievements include the creation of Social Security benefits for the disabled and their dependents, Medicare and Medicaid, child support enforcement, Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPS) and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the centerpiece of American poverty alleviation efforts.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long was one of only four southern senators to vote for the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, which included most of President Johnson’s anti-poverty programs. As Majority Whip, he guided through the Senate much of the Great Society legislation, including Medicare, the Appalachian Regional Development Act, the Economic Opportunity amendments, the Clean Water Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and the Immigration and Nationality Act.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long was the only southern senator who voted to outlaw the poll tax in both 1960 and 1965. To break the Congressional gridlock over voting rights, he urged Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to send federal registrars throughout the South to register black voters. Although he secured rare concessions in the Voting Rights Act of 1965, he ultimately voted against it but refused to join a filibuster against it. He confided in President Johnson that he "felt the bill should have passed and made applicable to Louisiana." Long subsequently voted to expand and strengthen the Voting Rights Act in 1975 and 1982, which he co-sponsored.


title: Russell B. Long

text: In 1960, Long was the first Southern senator in the 20th century to hire black staff members. Long’s Senate office launched the careers of many trailblazing African Americans, including Kerry Pourciau, the first black student body president of LSU.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., described Long's 1965 election as the Assistant Majority Leader as a "blessing in disguise" in that he "may bring an end to the solid Southern bloc." Following King’s assassination in 1968, Long reflected on his own father’s assassination, which he attributed to Huey Long’s repeal of the Louisiana poll tax and liberal views on race shortly before his death: "I've tried to continue some of the work he started – to help the poor people of our state and nation, both colored and whites." In 1983, Long supported the creation of the federal holiday of Martin Luther King Jr. Day.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long supported the creation of the Senate Select Committee to investigate the 1972 presidential campaigns after the Watergate break-in. He co-chaired the special Congressional Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation that determined President Nixon owed nearly half-a-million dollars in back taxes.


title: Russell B. Long

text: To combat the economic stagflation of the 1970s, Long guided President Ford’s 1974 Trade Reform Act and 1975 tax cut bill through Congress, which included the creation of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPS).


title: Russell B. Long

text: Long opposed President Carter's energy policies but supported Carter's implementation of stimulus tax cuts, the creation of the Department of Energy and the Panama Canal Treaty. Long supported Carter's 1979 loan guarantees to save the Chrysler Corporation from bankruptcy, which included a $175 million Employee Stock Ownership Plan for Chrysler’s workers.


title: Russell B. Long

text: Russell Long died from heart failure on May 9, 2003. At the time of his death, Russell Long was the last living former senator who had served in the 1940s. The funeral was held in Baton Rouge, and included eulogies delivered by his grandson, attorney Russell Long Mosely, and former colleagues Johnston and Breaux.


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: Sarah Urist Green (née Urist; born October 3, 1979) is an American art museum curator, author, and creator and host of PBS Digital Studios program "The Art Assignment". Green spent seven years curating exhibitions at the Indianapolis Museum of Art, and now freelances as a curator for other institutions. She is married to author John Green, who serves as an executive producer for "The Art Assignment".


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: Green is originally from Washington, D.C., and grew up in Birmingham, Alabama. She attended Indian Springs School outside of Birmingham at the same time as her future husband John Green, though they did not become friends until they became reacquainted in the early 2000s. She received a bachelor's degree from Northwestern University. Green moved to the Upper West Side in New York City in 2005 with her then-fiancée John Green while she received her master's degree in art history from Columbia University.


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: Green worked as a curator for the Indianapolis Museum of Art starting in 2007. While there, she curated the exhibitions "Andy Warhol Enterprises" and "Graphite", among others, and commissioned numerous works for the museum. Green curated the first full-scale retrospective of the work of Chinese activist and artist Ai Weiwei in the United States. Green left the museum in 2013, stating in an interview with NUVO, "I feel very comfortable saying that my vision doesn't align with (CEO Charles) Venable's. It's kind of a blessing in disguise for me because if I hadn't been compelled to leave there, I wouldn't be in the place I am right now."


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: On February 20, 2014, Green launched "The Art Assignment", a PBS and Complexly video series in which artists encourage viewers to imitate their creative exercises. The series began with episodes that introduced viewers to practicing artists across the United States. After sharing background information about the artist and historical context for their work, Green invited the artists "assign" an art project to viewers following particular instructions. Follow-up "highlights" videos featuring examples of user-submitted work were also posted, and Gallery 924 in Indianapolis held an exhibit of "The Art Assignment" work in August 2016. As the series evolved, Green branched out into different formats for the channel, including a popular series on "Art Cooking," in which she recreates recipes from famous artists such as Frida Kahlo and Salvador Dalí. There are also videos that focus on "The Case For" or "Better Know" particular artists or pieces, such as Andy Warhol, in which Green brings her art critic skills to bear on explaining and analyzing well-known staples of the art world.


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: In 2015 and 2016, Green was a juror for the 3D category of the ArtPrize competition, as well as for ArtPrize's Pitch Night event.


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: In September 2019, Sarah, in collaboration with her husband John Green and the Poetry Foundation, launched the YouTube channel "Ours Poetica". The channel features videos of poets, celebrities, and others reading poems they like. Poet Paige Lewis acted as the curator of the channel for the first season and Kaveh Akbar also work on the channel. Featured readers have included Shailene Woodley, Ashley C. Ford, Emily Graslie, and Samin Nosrat, among others.


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: Green adapted the video assignments from "The Art Assignment" into a book, "You Are an Artist: Assignments to Spark Creation", released on April 14, 2020. The book featured forty assignments adapted from the video series and thirteen newly commissioned prompts. Released during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Green hosted a series of virtual events instead of a traditional book tour. Later that year, she announced "The Art Assignment" YouTube channel would be going on an indefinite hiatus.


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: In late 2022, Green served on the curatorial team for the second "Butter" fine art fair hosted by Indianapolis cultural development firm Ganggang.


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: Sarah Urist Green met John Green when they both attended the same preparatory school in Indian Springs, Alabama. They became reacquainted eight years later in Chicago, when John began dating Sarah's boxing partner; after they broke up, John became friends with Sarah. Urist became engaged to Green on April 22, 2005, and the two married on May 21, 2006. They have two children.


title: Sarah Urist Green

text: In his early videos on the Vlogbrothers YouTube channel, John often referred to Sarah as "the yeti", because while she was talked about frequently in his videos, by her own request she did not appear on camera. As John's internet presence grew into a career and Sarah's own professional life developed, she grew more comfortable in front of the camera, stating in an interview in 2013, "I'm ready now to acknowledge now that I'm no longer really 'The Yeti,' but I'm a full person."


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: The M. Chinnaswamy Stadium (formerly known as the Karnataka State Cricket Association Stadium) is a cricket stadium located in Bangalore, Karnataka. Flanked by the picturesque Cubbon Park, Queen's Road, Cubbon and uptown MG Road, this five-decade-old stadium is situated in the heart of the city of Bangalore It has a seating capacity of 40,000, and regularly hosts Test cricket, One Day Internationals (ODI), Twenty20 Internationals (T20i) and other First-class cricket matches, as well as musical and cultural events. The stadium is the home ground of the Karnataka state cricket team and the Indian Premier League franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore. It is owned by the Government of Karnataka and has been leased out to the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA) for a period of 100 years.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: Formerly known as the Karnataka State Cricket Association Stadium, it was later rechristened in tribute to Mangalam Chinnaswamy, a lawyer from Mandya and the founding member of the Mysore State Cricket Association. He served the KSCA for four decades and was also president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) from 1977–1980.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: It is the first cricket stadium in the world to use solar panels to generate a bulk of the electricity needed to run the stadium. This has been procured as by the "Go Green" initiative of the KSCA. As of 13 January 2020 it has hosted 22 Tests, 24 ODI


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: With generous patronage from the Government of Karnataka, the foundation stone of this stadium was laid in 1969 and construction work commenced in 1970. The stadium was first used for First-class cricket matches during the 1972–73 season. It earned test status during the 1974–75 season when the West Indies toured India.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: The Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA) stadium, as it was known was later renamed as a tribute to M. Chinnaswamy, who was the BCCI President from 1977 to 1980 and had served the KSCA. Born in Mandya in 1900, he was the founding member of the Mysore State Cricket Association and a lawyer by profession. He helped by other eminent people, was instrumental in prevailing upon the Karnataka Government of Karnataka to allot the ground for cricket in the prime MG Road area in 1969.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: The first Test played at this stadium was on 22–29 November 1974. Incidentally, this was the debut Test match for the West Indian batting giants Viv Richards and Gordon Greenidge. The West Indians led by Clive Lloyd crushed M. A. K. Pataudi's Indian team by a massive margin of 256 runs. India registered their first Test win on this ground against the touring English team led by Tony Greig in 1976–77. The first ODI match at this venue was played on 6 September 1982. India defeated Sri Lanka by six wickets in that match.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: Floodlights were first installed at this stadium for the 1996 Wills World Cup. The first match played here under lights was the quarter-final clash between arch-rivals India and Pakistan on 9 March 1996 in which India defeated Pakistan by 39 runs. In 2007, 3rd Test Match between India Vs Pakistan, Sourav Ganguly and Yuvraj Singh lead a 300 run partnership fightback from 61/4 breaking several records. India's 365/5 at stumps was the highest first day score in India. The 300 run partnership was the highest partnership at the stadium and the highest left-hander batsmen partnership. Sourav Ganguly's 239 is the highest left-hander score.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: After the BCCI chose Bangalore as the centre for the National Cricket Academy in 2000, many budding cricketers have passed out of the Academy housed on this ground. This stadium also served as venue for the 1996 Miss World pageant. The KSCA planned to increase the seating capacity to 70,000, as well as considered constructing a newer cricket stadium with seating capacity of 70,000–80,000. However, none of those plans have materialised as of now. Chinnaswamy Stadium is also the home ground of the Bangalore franchise team, the Royal Challengers Bangalore. The stadium was given a facelift for the first season of the IPL. It was painted in red and yellow, the team colours of the Royal Challengers and also the colours of the Karnataka flag (cultural flag). The crowds are electric during every season of the IPL and come out to support their home team in large numbers.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: This stadium has hosted One Day International (ODI) matches for all editions of the World cups, when India was a host/co-host.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: Miss World 1996 beauty pageant was held in this stadium, it was the first ever that this event was organised in India. Irene Skliva of Greece became the winner.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: On 14 June 2018, Afghanistan played their first ever test match after being granted 'Test Status' by the ICC in 2017 against India at this venue.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: Highest total: 383–6 – India v Australia 2 November 2013. The second was 347–2 – Australia v India, the third and fourth highest scores were tied at 338 in the India-England in 2011 world cup match.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: Highest Run Chase : 329–7 – Ireland scored 329 (in 49.1 overs) against England's 327 runs from 50 overs, 2 March 2011, during world cup match.


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: The most runs were scored by Sachin Tendulkar (534 runs) followed by Rohit Sharma (437 runs) and Virender Sehwag (328 runs).


title: M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

text: The most wickets were taken by Zaheer Khan (14 wickets) followed by Javagal Srinath (10 wickets) and Venkatesh Prasad & Kapil Dev (8 wickets each)


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: In geometry, a barycentric coordinate system is a coordinate system in which the location of a point is specified by reference to a simplex (a triangle for points in a plane, a tetrahedron for points in three-dimensional space, etc.). The barycentric coordinates of a point can be interpreted as masses placed at the vertices of the simplex, such that the point is the center of mass (or "barycenter") of these masses. These masses can be zero or negative; they are all positive if and only if the point is inside the simplex.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Every point has barycentric coordinates, and their sum is not zero. Two tuples of barycentric coordinates specify the same point if and only if they are proportional; that is to say, if one tuple can be obtained by multiplying the elements of the other tuple by the same non-zero number. Therefore, barycentric coordinates are either considered to be defined up to multiplication by a nonzero constant, or normalized for summing to unity.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: August Ferdinand Möbius in 1827. They are special homogenous coordinates. Barycentric coordinates are strongly related with Cartesian coordinates and, more generally, to affine coordinates (see ).


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Barycentric coordinates are particularly useful in triangle geometry for studying properties that do not depend on the angles of the triangle, such as Ceva's theorem, Routh's theorem, and Menelaus's theorem. In computer-aided design, they are useful for defining some kinds of Bézier surfaces.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Let formula_1 be points in a Euclidean space, a flat or an affine space formula_2 of dimension that are affinely independent; this means that there is no affine subspace of dimension that contains all the points, or, equivalently that the points define a simplex. Given any point formula_3 there are scalars formula_4 that are not all zero, such that


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: for any point . (As usual, the notation formula_6 represents the translation vector or free vector that maps the point to the point .)


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The elements of a tuple formula_7 that satisfies this equation are called "barycentric coordinates" of with respect to formula_8 The use of colons in the notation of the tuple means that barycentric coordinates are a sort of homogeneous coordinates, that is, the point is not changed if all coordinates are multiplied by the same nonzero constant. Moreover, the barycentric coordinates are also not changed if the auxiliary point , the origin, is changed.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The barycentric coordinates of a point are unique up to a scaling. That is, two tuples formula_7 and formula_10 are barycentric coordinates of the same point if and only if there is a nonzero scalar formula_11 such that formula_12 for every .


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: In some contexts, it is useful to make unique the barycentric coordinates of a point. This is obtained by imposing the condition


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: or equivalently by dividing every formula_14 by the sum of all formula_15 These specific barycentric coordinates are called normalized or absolute barycentric coordinates. Sometimes, they are also called affine coordinates, although this term refers commonly to a slightly different concept.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Sometimes, it is the normalized barycentric coordinates that are called "barycentric coordinates". In this case the above defined coordinates are called "homogeneous barycentric coordinates".


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: With above notation, the homogeneous barycentric coordinates of are all zero, except the one of index . When working over the real numbers (the above definition is also used for affine spaces over an arbitrary field), the points whose all normalized barycentric coordinates are nonnegative form the convex hull of formula_16 which is the simplex that has these points as its vertices.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: is independent from the origin . As the direction of this vector is not changed if all formula_14 are multiplied by the same scalar, the homogeneous tuple formula_7 defines a direction of lines, that is a point at infinity. See below for more details.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Barycentric coordinates are strongly related to Cartesian coordinates and, more generally, affine coordinates. For a space of dimension , these coordinate systems are defined relative to a point , the origin, whose coordinates are zero, and points formula_22 whose coordinates are zero except that of index that equals one.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The main advantage of barycentric coordinate systems is to be symmetric with respect to the defining points. They are therefore often useful for studying properties that are symmetric with respect to points. On the other hand, distances and angles are difficult to express in general barycentric coordinate systems, and when they are involved, it is generally simpler to use a Cartesian coordinate system.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Homogeneous barycentric coordinates are also strongly related with some projective coordinates. However this relationship is more subtle than in the case of affine coordinates, and, for being clearly understood, requires a coordinate-free definition of the projective completion of an affine space, and a definition of a projective frame.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The "projective completion" of an affine space of dimension is a projective space of the same dimension that contains the affine space as the complement of a hyperplane. The projective completion is unique up to an isomorphism. The hyperplane is called the hyperplane at infinity, and its points are the points at infinity of the affine space.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Given a projective space of dimension , a "projective frame" is an ordered set of points that are not contained in the same hyperplane. A projective frame defines a projective coordinate system such that the coordinates of the th point of the frame are all equal, and, otherwise, all coordinates of the th point are zero, except the th one.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: When constructing the projective completion from an affine coordinate system, one defines commonly it with respect to a projective frame consisting of the intersections with the hyperplane at infinity of the coordinate axes, the origin of the affine space, and the point that has all its affine coordinates equal to one. This implies that the points at infinity have their last coordinate equal to zero, and that the projective coordinates of a point of the affine space are obtained by completing its affine coordinates by one as th coordinate.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: When one has points in an affine space that define a barycentric coordinate system, this is another projective frame of the projective completion that is convenient to choose. This frame consists of these points and their centroid, that is the point that has all its barycentric coordinates equal. In this case, the homogeneous barycentric coordinates of a point in the affine space are the same as the projective coordinates of this point. A point is at infinity if and only if the sum of its coordinates is zero. This point is in the direction of the vector defined at the end of .


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: In the context of a triangle, barycentric coordinates are also known as area coordinates or areal coordinates, because the coordinates of "P" with respect to triangle "ABC" are equivalent to the (signed) ratios of the areas of "PBC", "PCA" and "PAB" to the area of the reference triangle "ABC". Areal and trilinear coordinates are used for similar purposes in geometry.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Barycentric or areal coordinates are extremely useful in engineering applications involving triangular subdomains. These make analytic integrals often easier to evaluate, and Gaussian quadrature tables are often presented in terms of area coordinates.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Consider a triangle formula_26 defined by its three vertices, formula_27, formula_28 and formula_29. Each point formula_30 located inside this triangle can be written as a unique convex combination of the three vertices. In other words, for each formula_30 there is a unique sequence of three numbers, formula_32 such that formula_33 and


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The three numbers formula_35 indicate the "barycentric" or "area" coordinates of the point formula_30 with respect to the triangle. They are often denoted as formula_37 instead of formula_35. Note that although there are three coordinates, there are only two degrees of freedom, since formula_33. Thus every point is uniquely defined by any two of the barycentric coordinates.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: To explain why these coordinates are signed ratios of areas, let us assume that we work in the Euclidean space formula_40. Here, consider the Cartesian coordinate system formula_41 and its associated basis, namely formula_42. Consider also the positively oriented triangle formula_43 lying in the formula_44 plane. It is known that for any basis formula_45 of formula_40 and any free vector formula_47 one has


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: A subtle point regarding our choice of free vectors: formula_54 is, in fact, the equipollence class of the bound vector formula_55.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Given the positive (counterclockwise) orientation of triangle formula_43, the denominator of both formula_58 and formula_59 is precisely the double of the area of the triangle formula_43. Also,


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: and so the numerators of formula_58 and formula_59 are the doubles of the signed areas of triangles formula_64 and respectively formula_65.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: which means that the numbers formula_67, formula_58 and formula_59 are the barycentric coordinates of formula_51. Similarly, the third barycentric coordinate reads as


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: This formula_72-letter notation of the barycentric coordinates comes from the fact that the point formula_51 may be interpreted as the center of mass for the masses formula_74, formula_58, formula_59 which are located in formula_77, formula_78 and formula_79.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Switching back and forth between the barycentric coordinates and other coordinate systems makes some problems much easier to solve.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Given a point formula_30 in a triangle's plane one can obtain the barycentric coordinates formula_81, formula_82 and formula_83 from the Cartesian coordinates formula_84 or vice versa.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: We can write the Cartesian coordinates of the point formula_30 in terms of the Cartesian components of the triangle vertices formula_86, formula_87, formula_88 where formula_89 and in terms of the barycentric coordinates of formula_30 as


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: That is, the Cartesian coordinates of any point are a weighted average of the Cartesian coordinates of the triangle's vertices, with the weights being the point's barycentric coordinates summing to unity.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: To find the reverse transformation, from Cartesian coordinates to barycentric coordinates, we first substitute formula_92 into the above to obtain


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: where formula_11 is the vector of the first two barycentric coordinates, formula_30 is the vector of Cartesian coordinates, and formula_98 is a matrix given by


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Now the matrix formula_98 is invertible, since formula_101 and formula_102 are linearly independent (if this were not the case, then formula_86, formula_87, and formula_88 would be collinear and would not form a triangle). Thus, we can rearrange the above equation to get


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Finding the barycentric coordinates has thus been reduced to finding the 2×2 inverse matrix of formula_98, an easy problem.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Explicitly, the formulae for the barycentric coordinates of point formula_30 in terms of its Cartesian coordinates ("x, y") and in terms of the Cartesian coordinates of the triangle's vertices are:


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Another way to solve the conversion from Cartesian to barycentric coordinates is to write the relation in the matrix form formula_112with formula_113 and formula_114, i.e.formula_115To get the unique normalized solution we need to add the condition formula_116. The barycentric coordinates are thus the solution of the linear systemformula_117which isformula_118where formula_119is twice the signed area of the triangle. The area interpretation of the barycentric coordinates can be recovered by applying Cramer's rule to this linear system.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: A point with trilinear coordinates "x" : "y" : "z" has barycentric coordinates "ax" : "by" : "cz" where "a", "b", "c" are the side lengths of the triangle. Conversely, a point with barycentrics formula_120 has trilinears formula_121


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Using the previously given conversion between barycentric and trilinear coordinates, the various other equations given in Trilinear coordinates#Formulas can be rewritten in terms of barycentric coordinates.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The distance formula_127 between formula_51 and formula_129, or the length of the displacement vector formula_130 is


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: where "a, b, c" are the sidelengths of the triangle. The equivalence of the last two expressions follows from formula_132 which holds because formula_133


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The barycentric coordinates of a point can be calculated based on distances "d" to the three triangle vertices by solving the equation


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Although barycentric coordinates are most commonly used to handle points inside a triangle, they can also be used to describe a point outside the triangle. If the point is not inside the triangle, then we can still use the formulas above to compute the barycentric coordinates. However, since the point is outside the triangle, at least one of the coordinates will violate our original assumption that formula_135. In fact, given any point in cartesian coordinates, we can use this fact to determine where this point is with respect to a triangle.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: If a point lies in the interior of the triangle, all of the Barycentric coordinates lie in the open interval formula_136 If a point lies on an edge of the triangle but not at a vertex, one of the area coordinates formula_137 (the one associated with the opposite vertex) is zero, while the other two lie in the open interval formula_136 If the point lies on a vertex, the coordinate associated with that vertex equals 1 and the others equal zero. Finally, if the point lies outside the triangle at least one coordinate is negative.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: In particular, if a point lies on the far side of a line the barycentric coordinate of the point in the triangle that is not on the line will have a negative value.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: If formula_145 are known quantities, but the values of formula_146 inside the triangle defined by formula_147 is unknown, they can be approximated using linear interpolation. Barycentric coordinates provide a convenient way to compute this interpolation. If formula_30 is a point inside the triangle with barycentric coordinates formula_81, formula_82, formula_83, then


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: In general, given any unstructured grid or polygon mesh, this kind of technique can be used to approximate the value of formula_146 at all points, as long as the function's value is known at all vertices of the mesh. In this case, we have many triangles, each corresponding to a different part of the space. To interpolate a function formula_146 at a point formula_30, first a triangle must be found that contains formula_30. To do so, formula_30 is transformed into the barycentric coordinates of each triangle. If some triangle is found such that the coordinates satisfy formula_158, then the point lies in that triangle or on its edge (explained in the previous section). Then the value of formula_159 can be interpolated as described above.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The integral of a function over the domain of the triangle can be annoying to compute in a cartesian coordinate system. One generally has to split the triangle up into two halves, and great messiness follows. Instead, it is often easier to make a change of variables to any two barycentric coordinates, e.g. formula_160. Under this change of variables,


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: where formula_77 is the area of the triangle. This result follows from the fact that a rectangle in barycentric coordinates corresponds to a quadrilateral in cartesian coordinates, and the ratio of the areas of the corresponding shapes in the corresponding coordinate systems is given by formula_163. Similarly, for integration over a tetrahedron, instead of breaking up the integral into two or three separate pieces, one could switch to 3D tetrahedral coordinates under the change of variables


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The three vertices of a triangle have barycentric coordinates formula_166, formula_167, and formula_168.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: The Gergonne point of a triangle with the side lengths a, b, and c and semiperimeter s has a value of formula_178.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Barycentric coordinates may be easily extended to three dimensions. The 3D simplex is a tetrahedron, a polyhedron having four triangular faces and four vertices. Once again, the four barycentric coordinates are defined so that the first vertex formula_86 maps to barycentric coordinates formula_182, formula_183, etc.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: This is again a linear transformation, and we may extend the above procedure for triangles to find the barycentric coordinates of a point formula_30 with respect to a tetrahedron:


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: and formula_188with the corresponding Cartesian coordinates:formula_189Once again, the problem of finding the barycentric coordinates has been reduced to inverting a 3×3 matrix.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: 3D barycentric coordinates may be used to decide if a point lies inside a tetrahedral volume, and to interpolate a function within a tetrahedral mesh, in an analogous manner to the 2D procedure. Tetrahedral meshes are often used in finite element analysis because the use of barycentric coordinates can greatly simplify 3D interpolation.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Barycentric coordinates formula_190 of a point formula_191 that are defined with respect to a finite set of "k" points formula_192 instead of a simplex are called generalized barycentric coordinates. For these, the equation


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: is still required to hold. Usually one uses normalized coordinates, formula_194. As for the case of a simplex, the points with nonnegative normalized generalized coordinates (formula_195) form the convex hull of . If there are more points than in a full simplex (formula_196) the generalized barycentric coordinates of a point are "not" unique, as the defining linear system (here for n=2)formula_197is underdetermined. The simplest example is a quadrilateral in the plane. Various kinds of additional restrictions can be used to define unique barycentric coordinates.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: More abstractly, generalized barycentric coordinates express a convex polytope with "n" vertices, regardless of dimension, as the "image" of the standard formula_198-simplex, which has "n" vertices – the map is onto: formula_199 The map is one-to-one if and only if the polytope is a simplex, in which case the map is an isomorphism; this corresponds to a point not having "unique" generalized barycentric coordinates except when P is a simplex.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Dual to generalized barycentric coordinates are slack variables, which measure by how much margin a point satisfies the linear constraints, and gives an embedding formula_200 into the "f"-orthant, where "f" is the number of faces (dual to the vertices). This map is one-to-one (slack variables are uniquely determined) but not onto (not all combinations can be realized).


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: This use of the standard formula_198-simplex and "f"-orthant as standard objects that map to a polytope or that a polytope maps into should be contrasted with the use of the standard vector space formula_202 as the standard object for vector spaces, and the standard affine hyperplane formula_203 as the standard object for affine spaces, where in each case choosing a linear basis or affine basis provides an "isomorphism," allowing all vector spaces and affine spaces to be thought of in terms of these standard spaces, rather than an onto or one-to-one map (not every polytope is a simplex). Further, the "n"-orthant is the standard object that maps "to" cones.


title: Barycentric coordinate system

text: Generalized barycentric coordinates have applications in computer graphics and more specifically in geometric modelling. Often, a three-dimensional model can be approximated by a polyhedron such that the generalized barycentric coordinates with respect to that polyhedron have a geometric meaning. In this way, the processing of the model can be simplified by using these meaningful coordinates. Barycentric coordinates are also used in geophysics.


title: Josh Randall

text: Joshua Reeve Randall (born January 27, 1972) is an American television actor. He is best known for his role as Dr. Mike Burton in the 2000–2004 NBC sitcom "Ed" and the recurring, later main role of Fire Captain Sean Beckett from 2021-2022 on Station 19. He had a recurring role on CBS' "" as Doug Wilson in 2012.


title: Josh Randall

text: Randall was born in Pacific Grove, California, to Randy (teacher) and Sharon (writer). He has a brother (Nathan) and sister (Joanna).


title: Josh Randall

text: Randall graduated from Monterey High School in Monterey, California. During his senior year, Randall was co-Editor-in-Chief of the school newspaper, "The Galleon". He also played basketball.


title: Josh Randall

text: His father Randy taught Chemistry and Physics at Monterey High. When Randy died in 1997 of colon cancer, the gym at Monterey High was named after him in memory shortly afterwards.


title: Josh Randall

text: His mother, Sharon, is a syndicated columnist. Randall wrote the foreword to her book "Birdbaths and Paper Cranes."


title: Josh Randall

text: Randall attended Monterey Peninsula College and San Francisco State University. He earned a BA in English with a minor in Film Study from SF State.


title: Roboto

text: Roboto () is a neo-grotesque sans-serif typeface family developed by Google as the system font for its mobile operating system Android, and released in 2011 for Android 4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich".


title: Roboto

text: The entire font family has been licensed under the Apache license. In 2014, Roboto was redesigned for Android 5.0 "Lollipop".


title: Roboto

text: Roboto is the default font on Android, and since 2013, other Google services such as Google Play, YouTube, Google Maps, and Google Images.


title: Roboto

text: Roboto Bold is the default font in Unreal Engine 4, and in Kodi. Roboto Condensed is used to display Information on European versions of Nintendo Switch packaging, including physical releases of games.


title: Roboto

text: The font was designed entirely in-house by Christian Robertson who previously had released an expanded Ubuntu Titling font through his personal type foundry Betatype. The font was officially made available for free download on January 12, 2012, on the newly launched Android Design website.


title: Roboto

text: Compared to Android's previous system font, the humanist sans-serif Droid, Roboto belongs to the neo-grotesque genre of sans-serif typefaces. It includes Thin, Light, Regular, Medium, Bold and Black weights with matching oblique styles rather than true italics. It also includes condensed styles in Light, Regular and Bold, also with matching oblique designs.


title: Roboto

text: In 2014, Matias Duarte announced at Google I/O that Roboto was significantly redesigned for Android 5.0 "Lollipop". Punctuation marks and the tittles in the lowercase "i" and "j" were changed from square to rounded, the bottom surface of the top part of the number "1" points downwards instead of horizontal, the tail part of the numbers "6" and "9" have been slightly shortened (in resemblance to "Trebuchet MS"), and the entire typeface was made “slightly wider and rounder” with many changes in details.


title: Roboto

text: On Android, the Noto font is used for languages not supported by Roboto, including Chinese (simplified and traditional), Japanese, Korean, Thai and Hindi.


title: Roboto

text: Roboto Slab is a slab serif font based on Roboto. It was introduced in March 2013, as the default font in Google's note-taking service Google Keep. (The font was changed to the sans-serif Roboto in 2018.) It is available in four weights: thin, light, regular and bold. However, no oblique versions were released for it. In November 2019, the typeface was updated and added 5 new weights: Extra-Light, Medium, Semi-Bold, Extra-Bold and Black, and a variable font axis ranging from 100 to 900. It also was modified with some characteristics from the sans-serif Roboto and to slightly resemble most slab-serif typefaces, such as "R", "K", "k", "g", "C", "S", etc.


title: Roboto

text: Roboto Mono is a monospace font based on Roboto. It is available in seven weights: thin, extra-light, light, regular, medium, semi-bold and bold, with oblique stylings for each weight.


title: Roboto

text: Google developed the font to be "modern, yet approachable" and "emotional," but Roboto received mixed reviews on its release. Joshua Topolsky, Editor-In-Chief of technology news and media network "The Verge", describes the font as "clean and modern, but not overly futuristic – not a science fiction font". However, typography commentator Stephen Coles of Typographica called the initial release of Roboto "a Four-headed Frankenfont", describing it as a "hodgepodge" of different typographic styles which do not work well together. Other type design professionals called out obvious errors in accented glyphs.


title: You're Getting Old

text: "You're Getting Old" is the seventh episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series "South Park", and the 216th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 8, 2011. In the episode, Stan begins to develop a profound sense of cynicism after celebrating his tenth birthday, where he is literally seeing everything as "crap". Meanwhile, Randy latches onto a new music genre, "tween wave," in an attempt to fit in, which causes problems in his marriage with Sharon.


title: You're Getting Old

text: The episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and was produced at the end of the show's "spring" run. He and co-creator Matt Stone had created the idea of Stan's existential crisis as a parallel with their own real-life aging. "You're Getting Old" ends abruptly; Stan's parents separate and his problem remains unresolved. The conclusion was inspired by modern television dramas, which are often serialized and are less likely to have the standard "happy ending." The episode created significant media attention, and was interpreted by some critics as a metaphor for the frustration experienced by creators Parker and Stone stemming from the show's continued production; other critics, and several viewers, speculated on whether the episode was meant as a series finale.


title: You're Getting Old

text: The episode received very positive reviews from contemporaneous television-critics, who praised the episode's ending and overarching theme on growing older. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by 2.29 million viewers the week it was broadcast. The episode's ending is continued in the mid-season premiere, "Ass Burgers", which aired in October 2011. "You're Getting Old" was released on DVD and Blu-ray along with the rest of the fifteenth season on March 27, 2012.


title: You're Getting Old

text: At Stan Marsh's tenth birthday party, his present from Kyle is the latest CD from a "tween wave" band, but Sharon forbids Stan from listening to the CD and promptly takes it away, much to his ire. His parents, Randy and Sharon Marsh, argue over the matter, with Randy claiming that Sharon simply derides anything from younger generations. He decides to sit down and listen to the CD (which, to the viewer and the adults, is the sound of drum beats and defecation). Randy claims to enjoy the CD, but Sharon does not believe him. As tween wave music becomes popular, Sharon and the other boys' parents forbid them from listening to any of it, and try to play for them The Police's song "Every Breath You Take" as an example of what they consider to be good music. To the boys and the viewer, however, it literally sounds like people defecating on the soundtrack, just as the "tween wave" music is presented as sounding to the adults. That night, Stan secretly listens to the confiscated music but discovers, to his confusion, that it now too "sounds like shit".


title: You're Getting Old

text: Stan goes to the doctor, who, after examining him, diagnoses him as a "cynical asshole". From ice cream to movie trailers, Stan can now only see the bad in things, and this negative outlook alienates him from Kyle, Kenny, and Cartman, who begin avoiding him. When Stan catches them secretly going to the movies without him after lying about having the flu, he comes along, only for his attitude to ruin the trailers and Kyle, Kenny, and Cartman leave the theater. Cartman then coldly informs Stan that they do not want to hang out with him anymore and leaves with Kenny. As Stan and Kyle argue over this, Stan literally sees Kyle as a large piece of feces that defecates instead of talking, indicating that he sees them as "shit". Realizing he now sees them as he does everything else, he just walks away.


title: You're Getting Old

text: Sharon accuses Randy of merely feigning interest in modern music in order to hold onto his childhood dreams of being a musician, and deny that he is getting older. Randy, however, ignores her, and starts performing tween wave music at the local bowling alley under the name "Steamy Ray Vaughn", with flatulence as part of the act. During a duet with a woman billing herself as "Steamy Nicks", Sharon catches Randy at the bowling alley, resulting in an argument. She excoriates him for the various schemes and fads that he has often briefly taken with over the years, such as getting into fights at baseball games, playing "World of Warcraft", and becoming a celebrity chef. Randy replies that he has been unhappy for a long time. Sharon says she shares his unhappiness, and the two admit they seem "shitty" to each other. Two old farmers, who previously watched Randy perform, overhear the argument and break into the Marshes' home to steal Randy's underwear, believing that they are acting humanely on its behalf.


title: You're Getting Old

text: As Fleetwood Mac's song "Landslide" plays, Sharon and Randy separate and sell their house, with Stan, Sharon, and older sibling Shelly moving into a new home. The police arrest the farmers and recover Randy's underwear. A new friendship appears to develop between Kyle and Cartman, who share a smile while playing video games together (a bonding activity Stan and Kyle once shared). Stan, now completely alienated from his friends, shows no signs of his cynicism ending.


title: You're Getting Old

text: "You're Getting Old" was the final episode of the spring run, which contained the first seven episodes of "South Park" fifteenth season. The first element of the episode's plot line to be crafted was Stan's tenth birthday and his feeling of getting old, as a reference to Parker and Stone's own aging (at the time of the episode's broadcast, Stone had just turned 40 and Parker was 41). They decided to make a two-part episode, with the second half airing at the beginning of the fall run, set to begin in October 2011. Parker and Stone did not write the second part until they reconvened in the fall.


title: You're Getting Old

text: Another idea from which the episode was crafted was the fictional "tween wave" genre: initially, the episode would have found the genre enjoyed by all citizens of the town of South Park, not just a younger audience. By Sunday, completed animated shots were being edited together and set to the song "Landslide" by Fleetwood Mac. The song's use in the episode was uncertain until the night before the episode's premiere, when the production received clearance to use it. Parker noted later that they had backup songs to use if necessary, though none fit as well as "Landslide", The producers were very satisfied with the ending, feeling it provided a very emotional conclusion to the show. In addition, the episode contains what Parker describes in the commentary as "our favorite thing of any "South Park" ever": the Duck President, who communicates by spraying feces from his mouth. "Every time in the retake room when Duck President was on, shitting, quacking and shitting, we just thought it was the greatest thing ever," he remarked.


title: You're Getting Old

text: The dialogue between Sharon and Randy that would provoke significant attention was not scripted until less than 48 hours prior to broadcast, and was one of the last completed parts of the show. Parker likened the scene to an afterthought, as he felt it was not necessarily central to the episode's story.


title: You're Getting Old

text: The episode's main theme has been described as "universal and timeless, but also specific and personal: growing up and dealing with change." The episode makes it clear that Stan's pre-adolescent battle with cynicism is not necessarily representative of all "tweens"; one reviewer described the character's problem as more common to depression. The episode also mocks how "cynical culture breeds cynical audiences," typified in the "contemptuous trailers" for predictable films during the scene set at the cinema, which often end with the insult "Fuck you!" Sean O'Neal, in the episode's review at "The A.V. Club", linked the episode's theme to modern culture: "The Internet has turned nearly everyone into a cynic." "Time" reviewer James Poniewozik disagreed with his assessment, but did note that "there's definitely an argument that the instant dissection of all experience online encourages a kind of protective dismissiveness." The episode was also interpreted as a satire of immediate online responses from fans, who criticize "South Park" as stale but continue to watch regardless.


title: You're Getting Old

text: "South Park" generally ends on a positive note and "resets" upon the next episode, in which way it is connected to traditional television sitcoms, as it does not serialize or employ story arcs with frequency. An example of this format is best characteristic of the show's early years, in which the character of Kenny was killed in each episode. In contrast, the stark, abrupt ending of "You're Getting Old" was inspired by modern television dramas, in which events can go poorly, and the episode ends regardless. The character of Sharon references this in one of the episode's final moments, criticizing, on a metafictional level, the show's form and reliance on "happy endings." Stone likened this structure to an "immature view of the world": he remarks in the episode's DVD commentary that things do not often end on a "happy" note in real-life. Likewise, the dialogue between Sharon and Randy about their broken relationship near the end of the episode functions as commentary on the show's general form, which is consequently broken.


title: You're Getting Old

text: A central element of the episode's plot line concerns the fictional "tween wave" genre of music, which consists of audible flatulence and defecation in a literal sense. In the episode, children love tween wave while adults are generally repelled by it; this joke serves as a commentary on generation gaps. In this sense, Parker related it to the plot line of the Hans Christian Andersen short story "The Emperor's New Clothes". Reviewers interpreted the episode's use of literal feces as just a simple example of the show's use of scatological humor, but also a comment on the dismissiveness of things vulgarly described as "crap" or "shit." Alan Sepinwall of HitFix interpreted the final dialogue as a criticism of those lacking passion, and also an observation on the show's recurring philosophy, which he described as the exact opposite: "how other people care too much about things, and that many of our big problems and scandals would go away if everyone could just relax and feel less passionate."


title: You're Getting Old

text: The episode makes reference to the 2011 films "Mr. Popper's Penguins" and "Jack and Jill", the latter an Adam Sandler comedy notable for its extremely poor reception. Its inclusion in the episode was actually based on the film's trailer. Reviewers suggested various different musical genres as the "tween wave" genre parodied in the episode, including dubstep, crabcore, and chillwave. In addition, prior to the episode's broadcast, Todd Martens of the "Los Angeles Times" predicted "tween wave" would be a spoof of the hip hop group Odd Future, who were also receiving heavy media attention at that time. In his desperate attempt to fit in with popular music, Stan's father, Randy, forms his own tween wave act: "Steamy Ray Vaughan," a pun on the blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan, who collaborates with singer "Steamy Nicks," a pun on Stevie Nicks, vocalist from Fleetwood Mac. The episode also makes reference to the 2011 video game "L.A. Noire", and an arcade machine for the game "Custer's Revenge" appears in the background during Randy's musical performance at the bowling alley.


title: You're Getting Old

text: Comedy Central's press release prior to the airing of the episode alluded to its significance, stating: "After Stan celebrates his 10th birthday, he begins to see everything differently... The very fabric of "South Park" begins to unravel." Coinciding with production and performance of the Broadway musical "The Book of Mormon" produced by the "South Park" creators, there had been speculation over doubt within the writing team on the future of "South Park". Following the episode's broadcast, it received significant media attention due to its ending and themes. Much of the conversation centered on the final scene of dialogue between the Marshes, with "Entertainment Weekly" noting it could be "a not-so-thinly-veiled way of Stone and Parker telling us they had a similar discussion about their very show." Critics pointed to a March 2011 profile in "The Hollywood Reporter", in which they spoke at how they dreaded to return to producing "South Park": "I don't know how we're going to do it. It's a nightmare." "Knowing that Parker and Stone have been experiencing a bit of an existential crisis or even just restlessness definitely made tonight seem unusually thematically heavy," remarked Sean O'Neal of "The A.V. Club".


title: You're Getting Old

text: Parker and Stone were in New York to attend the 65th Tony Awards, and during the ensuring press junkets were asked about the episode. On June 15, 2011, Parker and Stone appeared on "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart", where they denied being unhappy with the show and stated that they still enjoyed producing episodes. Parker commented that, while the episode did deal with some issues they had with the show, they particularly enjoyed creating "You're Getting Old", and that despite not knowing what upcoming episodes would be about, they would resolve such questions upon resuming production in August 2011. "Looking back at it, it kinda does look like we’re kinda saying we don't want to do this anymore, but it's not really what we were saying," said Parker in the episode's DVD commentary.


title: You're Getting Old

text: In its original American broadcast on June 8, 2011, "You're Getting Old" was watched by 2.295 million viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research.


title: You're Getting Old

text: Reaction to "You're Getting Old" was positive. Critics pointed to the self-referencing aim of the episode in growing older and redefining senses of humor as well as cynicism. While Ramsey Isler of IGN found the episode to be largely humorless and monotonous, he interpreted this as intentional on the part of the show's creators, who he believed had grown weary of creating the series. Isler called the final moments of the episode "the most somber material the series has ever produced... providing the emotional soundtrack for a montage of images that just rip the heart out of any South Park fan", giving the episode an 8.5/10. HitFix's review on the episode focused on its personal philosophic themes, with reviewer Alan Sepinwall stating "But what was interesting about Stan's existential crisis, and how he struggled to like anything, is that the show's philosophy has often largely been about how other people care too much about things... Yet here, Stan's lack of passion – and the Marsh parents' – was clearly shown to be a bad thing for them."


title: You're Getting Old

text: Sean O'Neal of "The A.V. Club" commented on the "finality" of the episode, noting that although the creators were still under contract until 2013, "there are already scores of people questioning on IMDB boards and Twitter whether it was, in fact, a surprise series finale." O'Neal saw the use of the Fleetwood Mac song "Landslide" (the only song in the episode that does not feature the sounds of defecation) in the episode's closing moments to have served as "both a parody of a self-serious drama's season finale and an actual, self-serious, dramatic season finale." James Poniewozik of "Time" remarked that the episode moved him to tears, commenting that it is "one of those episodes that managed to combine the many different things lesser South Park episodes do individually: pop-culture parody, scatological hilarity and stories about childhood." He described the dialogue between the Marshes as "stunningly genuine," summarizing the episode as "simultaneously one of the most juvenile episodes "South Park" has ever done, and possibly its most mature."


title: You're Getting Old

text: In December 2011 "Time" magazine ranked the episode at #7 in its list of Top 10 TV Episodes of 2011, with James Poniewozik commenting, "With no easy wrap-up to Stan's depression and ending with an entirely unironic montage set to 'Landslide', South Park showed that it too can grow up — if, thankfully, not by much."


title: No-go area

text: A "no-go area" or "no-go zone" is a neighborhood or other geographic area where some or all outsiders are either physically prevented from entering or can enter at risk. The term includes exclusion zones, which are areas that are officially kept off-limits by the government, such as border zones and military exclusion zones. It also includes areas held by violent non-state actors, such as paramilitary, organized crime and terrorist organizations. In some cases, these areas have been held by insurgent organizations attempting to topple the government, such as Free Derry, an area in Northern Ireland that was held by the Irish Republican Army from 1969 to 1972. In other cases, the areas simply coexist alongside the state; an example is Kowloon Walled City, an area in Hong Kong essentially ruled by triad organizations from the 1950s to the 1970s.


title: No-go area

text: In the 21st century, the term has most often been used to refer to areas that police or medical workers consider too dangerous to enter without heavy backup. Government officials and journalists from various European countries, including France and Germany, have used the term to describe neighborhoods within their own country. This usage of the term is controversial, generating significant debate over which areas, if any, are truly off-limits to police. Some commentators and politicians have falsely claimed that Europe and/or the United States contain areas where national law has been displaced by sharia law and non-Muslims are shunned.


title: No-go area

text: With no government enforcement from the British colonial government aside from a few raids by the Hong Kong Police, the Kowloon Walled City became a haven for crime and drugs. It was only during a 1959 trial for a murder that occurred within the Walled City that the Hong Kong government was ruled to have jurisdiction there. By this time, however, the Walled City was virtually ruled by the organised crime syndicates known as Triads. Beginning in the 1950s, Triad groups such as the 14K and Sun Yee On gained a stranglehold on the Walled City's countless brothels, gambling parlors, and opium dens. The Walled City had become such a haven for criminals that police would venture into it only in large groups.


title: No-go area

text: During the Mozambican War of Independence, the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) set up and defended no-go "liberated zones" in the north of the country.


title: No-go area

text: During the Troubles, the term was applied to urban areas in Northern Ireland where the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and British Army could not operate openly. Between 1969 and 1972, Irish nationalist/republican neighborhoods in Belfast and Derry were sealed off with barricades by residents. The areas were policed by vigilantes and both Official and Provisional factions of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) operated openly. The most notable no-go area was called Free Derry.