title: Camogie

text: Under the original 1903 rules both the match and the field were shorter than their hurling equivalents. Matches were 40 minutes, increased to 50 minutes in 1934, and playing fields long and wide. From 1929 until 1979 a second crossbar, a "points bar" was also used, meaning that a point would not be allowed if it travelled over this bar, a somewhat contentious rule through the 75 years it was in use. Teams were regulated at 12 a side, using an elliptical formation, although it was more a "squeezed lemon" formation with the three midfield players grouped more closely together than their counterpart on the half back and half-forward lines. In 1999 camogie moved to the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) field-size and 15-a-side, adopting the standard GAA butterfly formation.


title: Camogie

text: H-shaped goals are used. A team achieves a score by making the ball go between the posts. If the ball goes over the bar for a "point", the team earns one point. If the ball goes under the bar for a "goal", the team earns three points.


title: Camogie

text: The name was invented by Tadhg Ua Donnchadha (Tórna) at meetings in 1903 in advance of the first matches in 1904. The term camogie is derived from the name of the stick used in the game. Men play hurling using a curved stick called a "camán" in Irish. Women in the early camogie games used a shorter stick described by the diminutive form "camóg". The suffix -"aíocht" (originally "uidheacht") was added to both words to give names for the sports: "camánaíocht" (which became "iománaíocht") and "camógaíocht". When the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1884 the English-origin name "hurling" was given to the men's game. When an organisation for women was set up in 1904, it was decided to anglicise the Irish name "camógaíocht" to "camogie".


title: Camogie

text: The experimental rules were drawn up for the female game by Máire Ní Chinnéide, Seán (Sceilg) Ó Ceallaigh, Tadhg Ó Donnchadha and Séamus Ó Braonáin. The Official Launch of Camogie took place with the first public match between Craobh an Chéitinnigh (Keatings branch of the Gaelic League) and Cúchulainns on 17 July at a Feis in Navan. The sport's governing body, the Camogie Association or An Cumann Camógaíochta was founded in 1905 and re-constituted in 1911, 1923 and 1939. Until June 2010 it was known as Cumann Camógaíochta na nGael.


title: Camogie

text: Máire Ní Chinnéide and Cáit Ní Dhonnchadha, two prominent Irish-language enthusiasts and cultural nationalists, were credited with having created the sport, with the assistance of Ní Dhonnchadha's scholarly brother Tadhg Ó Donnchadha, who drew up its rules. Thus, although camogie was founded by women, and independently run (although closely linked to the GAA), there was, from the outset, a small yet powerful male presence within its administrative ranks. It was no surprise that camogie emanated from the Gaelic League, nor that it would be dependent upon the structures and networks provided by that organisation during the initial expansion of the sport. Of all the cultural nationalist organisations for adults that emerged during the fin de siècle, the Gaelic League was the only one to accept female and male members on an equal footing.


title: Camogie

text: An Cumann Camógaíochta has a similar structure to the Gaelic Athletic Association, with an Annual Congress every spring which decides on policy and major issues such as rule changes, and an executive council, the Árd Chómhairle which deals with short-term issues and governance. The game is administered from a headquarters in Croke Park in Dublin. Each of 28 county boards takes control of its own affairs (all of the Irish counties except Fermanagh, Leitrim and Sligo), with the number of clubs ranging from 58 in Cork to one in Leitrim. There are four provincial councils and affiliates in Asia, Australia, Britain, Europe, New York, New Zealand and North America.


title: Camogie

text: There are 539 camogie clubs, of which 513 are based on the island of Ireland, 47 in Connacht, 196 in Leinster, 160 in Munster, and 110 in Ulster.


title: Camogie

text: The county is the unit of structure in elite competition, responsible for organising club competitions within the county unit and for fielding inter-county teams in the various grades of the All-Ireland championships and National Camogie League. The All Ireland Club Championship is staged at Senior, Intermediate and Junior level, usually reaching the final stages in November–December or the following March. London competed in the National Camogie League in the 2010 season, but not in 2011.


title: Camogie

text: Counties compete for the elite All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship in which the O'Duffy Cup is awarded. The All-Ireland Final is held every year in Croke Park during September, usually on the week between the hurling final and Gaelic football final, and attracts attendances of up to 33,000.


title: Camogie

text: There are age-graded All Ireland championships at Minor A, Minor B, and Minor C, and Under-16 A, B and C level.


title: Camogie

text: Six teams contest the fourth-tier Nancy Murray Cup (or Junior A championship), Carlow, Cavan, Monaghan, Tyrone, Westmeath, and the second team of Offaly.


title: Camogie

text: Three teams contest the fifth-tier Máire Ní Chinnéide Cup, (or Junior B championship), Wicklow, and the second teams of Kildare and Meath.


title: Camogie

text: Although six counties do not compete at adult level: Donegal, Fermanagh, Leitrim, Longford, Mayo and Sligo do not compete at adult level, clubs from Fermanagh, Kerry and Mayo have won honours and Donegal have contested divisional finals at under-14 Feile na nGael level. Both Louth (in 1934 and 1936) and Mayo (in 1959) have contested the All Ireland senior final in the past.


title: Camogie

text: The National League is staged during the winter-spring months, with four divisions of team graded by ability.


title: Camogie

text: Provincial championships take place at all levels, independent of the All Ireland series which has been run on an open draw basis since 1973.


title: Camogie

text: Ireland plays a camogie-shinty international against Scotland each year. The Gael Linn Cup is an inter-provincial competition played at senior and junior level. The sport is closely associated with the Celtic Congress. Two former Camogie Association presidents Máire Ní Chinnéide and Agnes O'Farrelly were also presidents of Celtic Congress and exhibition matches have been held at the Celtic Congress since 1938. The first such exhibition match, on the Isle of Man in 1938, marked the first appearance of Kathleen Cody, who became one of the stars of the 1940s.


title: Camogie

text: The Ashbourne and Purcell Cups and Father Meachair seven-a-side are the principal inter-collegiate competitions.


title: Camogie

text: There is also a programme of provincial and All Ireland championships at secondary schools senior and junior levels, differentiated by the years of secondary school cycle, with years 4–6 competing in the senior competition, and years 1–3 competing at junior level. Cumann na mBunscoil organises competitions at primary school level.


title: Camogie

text: Camogie competitions for club teams featuring under-14 players are played in four divisions as part of the annual Féile na nGael festival. The county that is selected for a particular year, all their clubs host teams from all around the country representing their county. Host clubs get families to take in two or three children for a couple of days.


title: Camogie

text: Though camogie is played predominantly in its native homeland of Ireland, it has spread to other countries, largely among the Irish diaspora due to immigrants and the immigrant population. The sport is known to have arrived in places in such as Great Britain, North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina.


title: Camogie

text: In North America camogie is played in the United States, Canada, and in parts of the Caribbean. Camogie has also been included as a part of the GAA World Games.


title: Camogie

text: The national organizing body for Gaelic Games in the United States, with the exception of New York City, is the USGAA where camogie can be found. It is the governing body which promotes camogie in the United States along with other Gaelic sports. The USGAA also maintains a close relationship with other GAA groups in North America including Canada (Gaelic Games Canada), the New York GAA, and the Caribbean.


title: Camogie

text: The United States has sent a number of camogie teams from the US to compete in the GAA World Games in 2016 and 2019.


title: Camogie

text: The national organizing body for Gaelic Games in Canada is Gaelic Games Canada (GGC) Canadian GAA (CGAA) where camogie can be found. Canada and the CGAA are home to a number of camogie clubs.


title: Camogie

text: Canada has sent a number of camogie teams from Canada to compete in the GAA World Games in 2016 and 2019.


title: Camogie

text: Eleven counties competed for the elite All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship in 2018: Clare, Cork, Dublin, Galway, Kilkenny, Limerick, Meath, Offaly, Tipperary, Waterford, and Wexford.


title: Camogie

text: Eleven teams contested the second-tier Jack McGrath Cup in 2018 (All Ireland intermediate championship): Antrim, Carlow, Derry, Down, Kildare, Laois, and Westmeath, and the second teams of Cork, Galway, Kilkenny, and Tipperary.


title: Camogie

text: Seven teams contested the third-tier Kay Mills Cup (All Ireland junior or 'Premier Junior" championship) in 2018: Armagh, Kerry, Roscommon, and the second teams of Clare, Dublin, Limerick, and Offaly.


title: Camogie

text: Only fourteen points were scored by the winning team in the 2018 senior final, and most points in the game followed the awarding of frees. Ten points was sufficient to determine the winner of the 2017 senior final.


title: Camogie

text: Camogie All Stars Awards are awarded annually to the elite players who have performed best in each of the 15 positions on a traditional camogie team. Player of the year and other achievement awards have also been awarded to leading players for several decades.


title: Camogie

text: Partly due to biological and physiological differences between men and women, some argue that Camogie lacks the physical drama found in the male equivalent sport, hurling.


title: Camogie

text: There are lower score tallies in the senior camogie championship finals than in comparison to men's hurling championships.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: "The Hole" is the unofficial nickname of a facilityalso known as the SP Hole, the A to E Room, or the CMO Int trailersoperated by the Church of Scientology on Gold Base, its compound near the town of Hemet in Riverside County, California, United States. Dozens of its senior executives have been confined within the building for months or years. It consists of a set of double-wide trailers within a Scientology compound, joined together to form a suite of offices which were formerly used by the Church's international management team. According to former members of Scientology and media reports, from 2004 the Church's leader David Miscavige sent dozens of senior Scientology executives to the Hole. The "Tampa Bay Times" described it in a January 2013 article as:


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: The executives confined at the Hole are reported to have numbered up to 100 of the most senior figures in Scientology's management, including the Church of Scientology International's President, Heber Jentzsch. Individuals are said to have spent months or even years there. After a few managed to escape the Hole and Scientology, they gave accounts of their experiences to the media, the courts and the FBI, leading to widespread publicity about the harsh conditions that they had allegedly endured. The Church of Scientology has denied those accounts. It says that "the Hole does not exist and never has" and states that nobody had been held against their will. However, it acknowledges that its members are subjected to "religious discipline, a program of ethics and correction entered into voluntarily as part of their religious observances."


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: The facility known as the Hole is located on the Church of Scientology's Gold Base, built on the site of a resort called Gilman Hot Springs in the California town of San Jacinto. The base covers bisected by a public highway, Gilman Springs Road, just off California State Route 79. It was secretly acquired by Scientology in 1978 under the alias of the "Scottish Highland Quietude Club". Scientology established a secret base there which was staffed by members of the Sea Org, an inner core of Scientologists which is said to number some five to seven thousand people. There are now two Sea Org bases in the compound: Gold, which houses the Church's in-house film studio Golden Era Productions, and Int, the Church's international headquarters, though in practice the whole site is usually called Gold Base.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Members of the Sea Org are subject to a rigid code of discipline known as "Scientology Ethics" which is enforced by Ethics Officers. Scientologists are encouraged to look out for any fellow members violating Ethics and to submit "Knowledge Reports" on any violations they spot. If Ethics are violated, a "trial" by a Committee of Evidence can lead to punishments administered by a body called the Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF). Such punishments, which can last for months or years, typically consist of a regime of physical labor and lengthy daily confessions of "evil purposes". Such assignments can also be received for performing work poorly, showing negative personality indicators (doubts, hostility etc.) or causing trouble. Individuals assigned in this way are kept isolated and prohibited from having contact with other members of Scientology and the public.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: According to Marc and Claire Headley, two Scientologists who left the Church in 2005, residents at the base are not permitted to leave without the permission of a supervisor and have to work at least sixteen hours a day, from 8 am to past midnight, with shorter hours on Sundays and little time for socialising. Communications with the outside world are effectively cut off; cellphones and Internet access are generally banned, mail is censored and passports are kept in a locked filing cabinet. The perimeter of the base is closely guarded around the clock. It is ringed with high fences that are topped with spikes and razor wire and monitored by inward-facing motion sensors to detect anyone trying to climb out of the compound. The "Tampa Bay Times" reported that dozens of workers tried to escape from the basesome of them repeatedlybut were caught and returned by Sea Org "pursuit teams". The escapees are said to have been subjected to isolation, interrogation and punishment on their return to the compound.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Defectors from Scientology say that from around 2002, Church leader David Miscavige began to publicly slap, kick, punch or shove executives at the base who had angered him. John Brousseau, the estate manager at Gold Base and a veteran Sea Org member, said that Miscavige repeatedly faulted his subordinates' work, "constantly berating them, nitpicking everything they're doing, pointing out inadequacies, ineffectiveness, lack of results, blaming it all on them and their inability to do anything right, and on the other hand saying how he's got to do everything himselfhe's the only one who can do anything right." High-level meetings became tense affairs punctuated by "profane, belittling rants". According to emails said to have come from Miscavige's "Communicator"the personal assistant responsible for passing on transcribed messages from the leaderhe routinely berated subordinates with terms such as "CSMF" (meaning "Cock-sucking motherfucker") and "YSCOHB" (meaning "You suck cock on Hollywood Boulevard").


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: A practice called "overboarding" was reintroduced as a further method of enforcing discipline on the base. It had been devised during the 1960s when Scientology's founder, L. Ron Hubbard, was living aboard a former Irish Sea cattle ferry "Royal Scotman" ["sic"] (later "Apollo"), in which he roamed the Mediterranean at the head of a small fleet of ships crewed by Sea Org members. In response to perceived violations, Scientologists were thrown over the side of the ship; sometimes they were bound and blindfolded before being tossed overboard. Scientology spokesmen describe the practice as "a Sea Org ritual akin to traditions in other religious orders" and "part of ecclesiastical justice".


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Some Scientology churches (or "orgs") adopted a land-based version of overboarding by making staff members stand against a wall while other Scientologists threw buckets of water at them, but the practice was largely abandoned in the 1970s. According to author Janet Reitman, Miscavige reintroduced it in the 2000s and ordered dozens of senior executives to go outdoors in the middle of the night and assemble at the base's swimming pool or its muddy lake. They would then jump or be pushed into the water, often in freezing conditions, while fully clothed and with Miscavige watching. Scientology acknowledges that overboarding took place but characterises it as part of its "ecclesiastical justice" system for dealing with poor performance.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: According to Reitman, in the late fall of 2004 Miscavige called together 70 senior Scientology executives in a pair of double-wide trailers normally used as the international management team's offices. They were ordered to play a game of musical chairs in the management conference room. Those who failed to get a chair when the music stopped would be "offloaded" from the base, away from their spouses and children, to languish in the most remote and unpleasant locations in Scientology's empire. As Queen's "Greatest Hits" was played, the competition for seats became increasingly fierce: "By the time the number had dwindled to twenty, people were throwing one another against the walls, ripping seats from one another's hands, wrestling one another to the floor." At the end of the contest, Miscavige ordered that all the executives were to stay in the conference room and sleep under the tables until further notice. They stayed there for the next few days, with occasional deliveries of food, before being released. Scientology's then chief spokesman, Tommy Davis, has acknowledged that the "musical chairs" incident occurred and says that it was "intended to demonstrate how disruptive wholesale changes could be on an organization" but dismisses the accounts of threats and violence.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Later in 2004, according to Reitman, a purge was carried out of staff at the base. Hundreds were sent to the RPF while dozens of others were offloaded and expelled from the Sea Org with huge "freeloader bills" presented to them for Scientology services they had received over the years. Dozens of senior executives were accused of being "suppressive persons". They were said to have been confined in the management team offices and ordered to carry out the "A to E steps", a set of penances intended to demonstrate that they had repented of their "crimes" and reformed. In particular, they were to confess and identify which of them were "defying [Miscavige] and sabotaging Scientology with their incompetence". The management offices, which had formerly been referred to as "the CMO Int trailer", became known as the "A to E Room," the "SP Hole", and ultimately simply "the Hole".


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: From 2004 to 2007, the number of people confined in the Hole increased from 40 to up to 100. They slept in cots or sleeping bags, squeezed into every available floor space or on desktops. Men would sleep around the conference table while women slept in cubicles and small offices around the main conference room. They were so crowded that there was barely any room to move, according to one of those present: "Everyone sleeping with only about six inches on either side. Above you. Below you. Getting up in the middle of the night, you'd disturb everyone." They were only allowed to leave to attend Scientology events or to be taken to a shower in a nearby maintenance garage, to which they were taken two at a time under guard. Food was brought to them on golf carts from the Gold Base mess hall, as the executives were not allowed to eat with the rest of the staff, and they were only given ten to fifteen minutes to eat. According to one of the executives, the food was "like leftovers, slop, bits of meat, soupy kind of leftovers thrown into a pot and cooked and barely edible." The building was said to be infested with ants and on several occasions the electricity was turned off, causing the temperature inside to reach due to the lack of air conditioning.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Brousseau commented that when he visited the Hole occasionally, "you could smell that people live here, people sleep here." He saw the executives being marched elsewhere on the base to take showers; his impression was that "they looked like they were being marched to the gallowsthey just looked lifeless, with no purpose. Very hang-dog, droopy shoulders, slouchy, very sad, inward-looking creatures." Brousseau said that they were only allowed out "at certain times of day that would be adjudicated to be the least likely time when DM [Miscavige] would run into them if he was on the property. They would march out to Old Gilman House to take a shower and come back because they had no shower facilities inside the Hole. Later that got upgraded to let them go down to the garage." Sometimes executives were allowed out for a short time to attend Scientology events, but many ended up spending months or even years in the Hole.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: The individuals who were later named by the media as being held in the Hole represented a who's who of Scientology's top management. They included Debbie Cook, the head of the Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization; Heber Jentzsch, the President of the Church of Scientology International; Guillaume Lesevre, the Executive Director International and the church's top management official; Mark Rathbun, the Inspector General of the Religious Technology Center; Wendell Reynolds, the International Finance Director; Mike Rinder, the Commanding Officer of the Office of Special Affairs; Kurt Weiland, director of external affairs for the Office of Special Affairs; Marc Yager, the Commanding Officer of the Commodore's Messenger Organization; and Norman Starkey, the former captain of Hubbard's ship, the "Apollo".


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Executives who eventually escaped from the Hole have said that its occupants were forced to practice group confessions in which they would confess supposed transgressions against Miscavige, bad thoughts that they had had about Scientology and disclose their sexual fantasies. Cook, who spent seven weeks in the Hole in 2007, said that "most of the time the activities [in the Hole] were either you confessing your own sins or bad things that you'd done, or getting other people to confess theirs." Rinder commented on the bizarre personal dynamics of the Hole: "These were your friends, people you had traveled with. But then, you get in the Hole? You can't trust anybody."


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Rinder told the "Tampa Bay Times" that interrogations "would be carried out by whoever happened to be theretwenty people, thirty people, fifty people, all standing up and screaming at you, and ultimately it sort of devolved into physical violence, torture, to extricate these 'confessions' out of people." According to Rinder, the confessions were sometimes dictated by Miscavige, but more usually the inmates of the Hole would force each other to confess: "The fifty people there are all screaming at me, telling me I've got to confessI've done that, why don't I just admit it? I stole money, I had affairspeople would just literally dream up bullshit and start screaming it out, and then the mob goes crazy: 'Oh yeah, it must have been that! Tom De Vocht, who was also in the Hole, recalled that "everybody in that damned roompeople are wild and out of control, I punched somebody. Everybody was punched. And screaming and yelling. It just got like, 'What the hell is going on here? De Vocht rationalized his own involvement on the grounds of self-defense: "If I don't attack I'm going to be attacked. It's a survival instinct in a weird situation that no one should be in."


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: The pressure evidently worked, as Rinder wrote an "Apology and Announcement" on June 4, 2005 in which he told Miscavige, "I recognise very clearly how Treasonous I have been towards you and Scientology." He subsequently commented that such written confessions "read like North Korean POW writeups", alluding to the way that Korean War POWs detained in North Korea were forced to go through brainwashing to renounce their "reactionary imperialist" mindset. He explained to the "Tampa Bay Times" why people did not simply walk out of the Hole: "If you leave you are going to lose contact with your family and any friends who are Scientologists. You have it pounded into you the whole time that the only reason someone leaves a group like that is because they are bad, that you have done something that force you to have to leave." He noted people had invested a great deal of themselves in Scientology, that Sea Org members have "made a commitment beyond even a single lifetime" and that the prevailing attitude was that, I've lived through many lifetimes and there are lots of experiences that I've had that are far worse than this, so I can put up with this and I can stand it'."


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: What was happening in the Hole took place out of view of the other staff members at Gold Base, but it was clear that it would not be a good thing to be sent there. According to author Lawrence Wright, "the entire base became paralyzed with anxiety about being thrown into the Hole. People were desperately trying to police their thoughts, but it was difficult to keep secrets when staff members were constantly being security-checked with E-Meters." Wright reports that Miscavige's statements were transcribed for the executives in the Hole, who would then have to repeatedly read them out loud to each other.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Former Scientology members have said that conditions in the Hole worsened in 2006 after several executives had escaped. Security was tightened to prevent the confined executives from "blowing" (leaving). Brousseau says that he was ordered to fasten steel bars across the doors of the building, and the windows were modified so that they could only be opened a few inches. Another staff member objected, pointing out that any outsider could see the bars. They were removed after a few weeks, but the building was guarded around the clock to prevent further escapes. The Church of Scientology denies that bars were ever installed, saying, "Any allegation of bars being installed to hold people against their will is false and malicious and is denied."


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: From 2006, according to Rinder, executives undergoing "group confessions" were made to stand in big trash cans in the middle of the floor with signs around their necks on which various derogatory statements were written. Rinder described how it became "relatively routine" for people to be "slapped, punched, kicked, pushed, shoved, thrown up against the wall" in order to make them confess. He told the "Tampa Bay Times" that he and other people were made to crawl continuously on rough carpeting around a conference room table with their trouser legs rolled up, getting kicked from behind if they stopped, which resulted in them suffering severely contused and abraded knees after days of such treatment. There was an escalation in the level of confessions demanded, such that they became "more and more dramatic and over the top in order to be acceptable". He described how Weiland was made to sit under an air vent with the cooling system turned up high, while cold water was poured over his head. After an hour or so, he was "shaking so uncontrollably and his lips were so completely blue that he was incapable of talking". (Weiland denied to the "Times" that this incident had ever happened.)


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Cook testified in a San Antonio court in 2012 that she had been on the phone to Miscavige when two Scientologists crawled in through her office window and seized her, conveying her to the Hole. She said that she had subsequently been "put in a trash can, [had] cold water poured over [her], [and] slapped". According to Rathbun, who had left Scientology by this time, for twelve hours "Debbie was made to stand in a large garbage can and face one hundred people screaming at her demanding a confession as to her 'homosexual tendencies'. While this was going on, water was poured over her head. Signs were put around Debbie's neck, one marked in magic marker 'LESBO' while this torture proceeded. Debbie was repeatedly slapped across the face by other women in the room during the interrogation. Debbie never did break."


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Cook told the court that another Scientology executive, who had not been sent to the Hole, had objected to what he had seen there on a visit. According to Cook, the executive was given a two-hour beating and ordered to lick a bathroom floor for at least thirty minutes. She testified that Yager and Lesevre, two of Scientology's most senior executives, were pressured to state that they had had a homosexual affair and were beaten until they "confessed". According to De Vocht, Miscavige pushed Yager to the ground and told a black executive, "By the way, [Yager] thinks black people are niggers, and he doesn't want Scientology to help blacks. Go kick him.' So [Yager] is down on the ground and she's kicking him." Both Yager and the other executive have denied this account.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Rathbun spent only four days in the Hole in 2004 but says that he left after seeing his old friend, De Vocht, being physically beaten by Miscavige. According to Rathbun, one night the incarcerated executives were ordered to jog to a building 400 yards away and back. As they were herded back to the Hole, he broke away and hid in bushes until the group had disappeared from sight. He retrieved his motorcycle, hid in the brush and drove out through the Gold Base gates when they were opened to let a car in. He subsequently rented a car and spent a month touring the South before settling in southern Texas.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: De Vocht left Scientology in May 2005 after he was allegedly attacked by Miscavige. According to De Vocht, he told his wifea Miscavige aidethat he would fight back if it happened again. He was subsequently declared to be a "suppressive person" and announced his intention to leave. The compound's guard refused to open the gate, so he climbed the fence and walked to Hemet, six miles away. He was later sent a $98,000 "freeloader bill" by the Church.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Rinder spent almost two years in the Hole between 2004 and 2007, leaving it occasionally to deal with public relations matters such as dealing with the BBC journalist John Sweeney's documentary "Scientology and Me". Rinder says that Miscavige was furious with the way that Sweeney had been handled and ordered Rinder to go to Sussex to dig ditches on a Scientology property there. He defected instead, eventually settling in Denver, Colorado.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Cook left the Hole in May 2007 after spending seven weeks there, when she was sent back to Clearwater, Florida to organize a major public event involving Miscavige. According to Cook, she was driven to downtown Clearwater by another staff member, along with her husband, to eat at Scientology's dining hall. The couple took the opportunity to flee when the staff member went inside to get breakfast; Cook jumped into the driver's seat, drove with her husband to the nearest car rental outlet and hired a car to drive up to her father's house in North Carolina. Before they got there, they were intercepted by Scientology officials and ordered to return to Clearwater. She spent three weeks under guard, at one point writing in a letter to her mother that if she was not released she "would take whatever steps necessary, like slitting my wrists" before finally signing a severance agreement. She later said that by that point, "I would have signed that I stabbed babies over and over again and loved it".


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Brousseau was not sent to the Hole, but what he saw of it made him decide to leave Scientology in 2010 after 33 years in the Church. He was struck by how "dozens of these people [in the Hole], they were just so alive, but I looked at them now and they were just husks. They wouldn't say or originate anything, they seemed to have no purpose, they were just like sheep. There's no way 100 people could be evil horrid [suppressive persons] and DM's the only [ethical] one. No way." He had known and been friends with some of those in the Hole for decades and could not bear what he was seeing. As he put it, "I can't stop it, but I can at least stop supporting it. So I left." He left a note in his room for his colleagues to find: "By now you've noticed I'm gone. I couldn't stand to see my Sea Org friends so mistreated. I won't support it anymore. Goodbye."


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: From 2009, several former Scientology executives began to speak out about the Hole, both to the media and to the FBI. Rathbun wrote in the New York "Daily News" in July 2012 that he had "decided that [he] had to speak out before someone was killed in the Hole". In June 2009, the "Tampa Bay Times" published a series of articles on the internal workings of Scientology titled "The Truth Rundown", detailing accounts of beatings and other episodes of violence between Miscavige and other top Scientology executives. The "Times" followed up in January 2013 with a detailed account of the Hole, supplemented by interviews with defectors from Scientology, while "The Village Voice" sought to compile a list of the executives said to have been incarcerated there. ABC News also reported on Cook's account of the Hole.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: According to Brousseau, the bad publicity led to reforms of the Hole. Its inmates were allowed to sleep in proper beds in the "Berthing" quarters elsewhere in the compound. He describes their new seven-days-a-week routine starting when "they got up, showered, then went to the dining hall at 9:30. They had thirty minutes for breakfast. Then they walked up to the Hole. They sat down at desks. I have no clue what work they did. They worked until 12:30 or 1 pm. Then they were marched back to the dining hall and had thirty minutes for lunch. Then they were marched back to the Hole and were there until 6 pm." After a thirty-minute dinner, they were taken to the study hall and stayed there "for two and a half hours, until about 9:30. Then they went to the Hole again to wrap up their day. At 11 or midnight, they'd get marched back to Berthing." Some of the restrictions on contacting people outside the Hole were also said to have been eased. However, other Scientology staff were still encouraged to avoid contact with the inmates: "You didn't talk to them, you looked the other way, you'd leave the area if you saw them, it's like the black plague." Brousseau commented: "You stayed away from these people. They're considered the worst of the worst."


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Attempts by law enforcement to investigate conditions at Gold Base have been blocked by legal difficulties and the unwillingness of those on the base to talk to police. According to Wright, who wrote an account of the Hole in his 2013 book "Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief", the Riverside County sheriff's office has never received a complaint from someone at the base about their treatment there, despite the many accounts of mistreatment. Wright attributes this to the fear that many Scientologists have of bringing shame upon Scientology and of being forced to break off contact with their families and friends.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: In 2009, the FBI opened an investigation into potential human trafficking offences by the Church of Scientology, after the accounts of defectors from Gold Base were published. The "Tampa Bay Times" reported that FBI aerial surveillance of the property showed columns of executives being escorted to and from the Hole. However, no action was taken against Scientology. The investigation ground to a halt after a ruling by a U.S. District Court judge in a case concerning Marc and Claire Headley's complaints against Scientology over their treatment at Gold Base.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: In 2009, Marc and Claire Headley sued Scientology under the federal Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000. In response, Scientology lawyers argued that the First Amendment prohibited the courts from considering "a forced labor claim premised upon ... social and psychological factors", because they concern "the beliefs, the religious upbringing, the religious training, the religious practices, the religious lifestyle restraints of a religious order".


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: Scientology acknowledged that the rules under which the Headleys lived included a ban on having children, censored mail, monitored phone calls, needing permission to have Internet access and being disciplined through manual labor. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals noted in a ruling given in July 2012 that Marc Headley had been made to clean human excrement by hand from an aeration pond on the compound with no protective equipment, while Claire Headley was banned from the dining hall for up to eight months in 2002. She lost as a result of subsisting on protein bars and water. In addition, she was coerced into having two abortions to comply with the Sea Org's no-children policy. The Headleys also experienced physical abuse from Scientology executives and saw others being treated violently.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: However, the court found that Scientology enjoyed the protection of the free exercise of religion clause in the First Amendment, and that it could use the "ministerial exemptions" in employment law to deflect litigation over its treatment of its members. The judge ruled that the First Amendment disallowed the courts from "examining church operations rooted in religious scripture". Bringing Scientology to account for how it disciplined its members was "precisely the type of entanglement that the religion clauses prohibit". However, the Ninth Circuit did suggest that other types of claims would withstand appellate review, such as assault, battery or "any of a number of other theories that might have better fit the evidence". The ruling has effectively meant that it is impossible to bring charges against Scientology based on claims of "trafficking in persons". As one attorney has put it, "Here is a court saying, albeit in a civil situation ... that there is nothing improper with this type of conduct and no ill motive can be imbued to the church." Former U.S. federal prosecutor Michael Seigel says that the ruling "doesn't seem to leave much room for hope of success on a criminal prosecution". The FBI investigation was dropped in 2011.


title: The Hole (Scientology)

text: In January, 2012, Scientology brought a lawsuit against Cook for defamation after she sent an e-mail to 3,000 Church members criticizing its fundraising methods. The lawsuit against her was quickly settled without payment by any side on April 23, 2012 after Cook was permitted to testify for three hours regarding her description of conditions at the Hole.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: TAROM Flight 371 was a scheduled international passenger flight, with an Airbus A310 from Otopeni International Airport in Romania's capital Bucharest to Brussels Airport in Brussels, Belgium. The flight was operated by TAROM, the flag carrier of Romania. On 31 March 1995, the Airbus A310-324, registered as YR-LCC, entered a nose-down dive after takeoff and crashed near Balotești in Romania. All 60 people aboard were killed in the crash.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: Investigation of the crash revealed that a faulty auto-throttle reduced the left engine to idle during climb. While this was happening, the captain became incapacitated, leaving the first officer unable to respond properly to the failure as he spent most of his flying career flying Soviet-built planes with a different style Attitude Direction Indicator than on the A310. The crash was the deadliest plane crash in Romania's history. It was also the deadliest plane crash in TAROM's operational history.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: The aircraft involved in the crash was an Airbus A310-324 registered as YR-LCC and named "Muntenia" after one of Romania's historical regions. The Manufacturer's Serial Number (MSN) was 450, and the aircraft had its first flight in 1987. It was delivered to Pan American World Airways in August the same year registered as N814PA and named "Clipper Liberty Bell". Following Pan Am's bankruptcy in 1991, the aircraft was transferred to Delta Air Lines with the same registration. TAROM purchased the aircraft and took delivery of it in April 1994 where it was re-registered as YR-LCC. It was powered by two Pratt & Whitney PW4152 turbofan engines and had logged in 31,092 flight hours and 6,216 takeoff and landing cycles. Its airworthiness certificate was issued on 13 April 1994.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: The aircraft was carrying 49 passengers and 11 crew members. Thirty-two of the passengers were from Belgium, nine from Romania, three from the United States, two from Spain, and one each from France, Thailand, and the Netherlands.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: The captain of the flight was 48-year-old Liviu Bătănoiu. He had a total of 14,312 flying hours, with 1,735 on the Airbus A310. He graduated from the Aurel Vlaicu Military Aviation School in 1969. His last training on the type was on 12 November 1994 in a Swissair facility in Zurich, Switzerland.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: The first officer was 51-year-old Ionel Stoi. He had a total of 8,988 flying hours, 650 on the A310. The A310 was the first and only airplane that he had flown with a Western style Attitude Direction Indicator (ADI) which works oppositely from the ADIs on Soviet-built planes he had spent most of his career flying. He graduated from the Aurel Vlaicu Military Aviation School in 1968. His last simulator training on the type was on 21 September 1994, carried out at a Swissair facility in Zurich.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: TAROM Flight 371 took off at 09:06:44 local time (06:06:44 UTC) from runway 08R, with First Officer Stoi as the pilot flying. The crew knew about a pre-existing anomaly with the thrust levers, with Captain Bătănoiu stating that he would guard the throttles during the climb. Stoi then asked Bătănoiu to retract the flaps and slats. Bătănoiu retracted the flaps, but failed to retract the slats. Noticing this, Stoi asked his captain what was wrong. Bătănoiu told First Officer Stoi he felt sick, then fell silent, apparently having lost consciousness. To make matters worse, the plane's left engine moved itself back into idle, resulting in asymmetric thrust as the right engine remained at climb power. Worse still, the speed of the aircraft began to decrease and the aircraft was banking sharply to the left. Preoccupied with trying to wake Bătănoiu, Stoi did not notice the rapidly increasing left roll.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: At 09:08:18 local time, the engine thrust asymmetry reached its maximum value of 0.42 and the aircraft was now banking severely to the left at an angle of 45.09 degrees. The flight data recorder recorded an attempt to engage the autopilot and a continuous thrust reduction on engine no. 2. One second later the autopilot disengaged with an aural warning and the aircraft began to lose altitude rapidly. Flight 371 began to dive towards the ground. The aircraft rolled as its airspeed continued to increase. Stoi's inexperience with Western style ADIs and the thick cloud cover led him to not know which way the plane was banking and therefore couldn't apply sufficient corrective action to recover the aircraft from its left spiral dive. Upon seeing the Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR) gauge at 0.95, he cried out "That one has failed!" At this point, the aircraft was now nose diving with a pitch angle of -61.5 degrees. The aircraft violently crashed into the ground with tremendous force at 09:08:34 near Balotesti with a speed of , just 89 seconds after takeoff and 27 seconds after Captain Bătănoiu becoming incapacitated. The aircraft was completely destroyed on impact, killing everyone on board instantly.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: Bucharest control tower then frantically tried to contact Flight 371, but to no avail. The tower asked another aircraft flying in the vicinity to contact Flight 371, while requesting that the TAROM dispatcher contact Flight 371 as well. After confirming that Flight 371 had lost all contact, Bucharest control tower issued a "distress phase" on the flight. Search and rescue teams later found the crash site. The aircraft was pulverized on impact, leaving a deep crater on the field


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: Investigators discovered that there was a problem with the automatic throttle system (ATS), which controls the throttle of aircraft's engines. During their examination on the aircraft's logbook, they discovered that during the aircraft's climb after takeoff, engine no. 1 had a tendency to go back to idle when switching from take-off power to climb power. The reason was unknown. After maintenance by ground crew, the malfunction did not occur again until 16 March 1995. However, the ground crew warned about a possible recurrence of the malfunction. From the aircraft history record obtained from the FAA, a similar malfunction had been reported during its operation with Delta Air Lines. Delta performed the same actions that TAROM did.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: Airbus was aware of the ATS malfunction. This defect could cause either the jamming of both throttles and ATS disconnection, or one throttle moving to idle while the other remained above climb power without ATS disconnection. Investigators stated that the most probable cause of this malfunction was due to the excessive friction in the kinematic linkages between the throttle and the ATS coupling units. At the time of the accident, the Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM) issued by Airbus did not include the procedures to cope with this anomaly. However, the FCOM issued by TAROM and Swissair did include these procedures. The cockpit voice recorder also indicated that it appeared that Captain Bătănoiu had a health problem.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: In March 1995, a criminal investigation was started by the Prosecutor's Office attached to the Bucharest Tribunal with the objective of establishing the circumstances of the air crash.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: In 1997, the case was transferred from the Prosecutor's Office attached to the Bucharest Tribunal to Prosecutor's Office attached to the Bucharest Court of Appeal because of lack of legal competence. Since then, the case remains unsolved and in 2008, at the request of Prosecutor General Laura Codruța Kövesi, it has been revealed that the case files are completely missing.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: A monument dedicated to the memory of the ones who perished in the accident is located in the vicinity of the crash site.


title: TAROM Flight 371

text: In 2019, the accident was featured in the 6th episode of the 19th season of "Mayday" and "Air Crash Investigation". The episode is titled "Fatal Climb" and premiered on 24 January 2019.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: Jesús Valle Choque or Willyan Jesús Paye Choque (born July 25, 2000), known by his stage name Faraón Love Shady, is a Peruvian rapper, singer, songwriter, and Internet celebrity. He is noted for his extravagant dressing style and for writing songs that contain sexually explicit lyrics. He started as an influencer posting vlogs on his social media and later debuted in music with his first single "Sin condón" ().


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: Jesús Paye Amaru was born on July 25, 2000, in Arequipa, Peru, the third of seven siblings and the son of farming parents. He worked as a street vendor of different products and got on the buses to sing, as a source of work.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: Under the pseudonym of Faraón Love Shady, he began creating content on his social networks, mainly making challenges and video blogs of his life in Arequipa. His rise to fame at this stage is due to the fact that the Peruvian YouTuber Andynsane published a video about him. Jesús was presented as the "replacement for Tapir 590".


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: In August 2019, he debuted in music with his first single "Sin condón". In November 2019, he released his second single "Panocha", which was more successful and managed to position itself in YouTube trends in Peru.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: In June 2020, he publishes "Panocha Remix" in collaboration with Puerto Rican singers Jon Z and Ele A el Dominio. That same month, he released for Bolivian singer Qmayb the single "Una cunumi (Remix)" featuring J Gonzo, Ose, and Xvideo Token; and "Por el asterisco" with Puerto Rican rapper Kevvo.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: In August 2020, he released his most popular song on YouTube "Oh me vengo", with which he again ranked first in trends on YouTube in Peru and in four days reached the figure of one million views. That same month he released "Soy guapo". These two songs were the first he made with the record label Híbrido Gang Music, whose name alludes to what he calls his fans, "híbrido gang".


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: After the growth of his popularity, Love Shady was interviewed by media such as Trap House Latino, , and "Billboard Argentina". In November 2020, he was invited to the América Televisión TV show "El reventonazo de la chola", where he performed the song "Ponte mascarilla" with Peruvian singer La Tigresa del Oriente. Later, he participated in Trap Live Peru 2020, a virtual concert produced by Blackstar Records.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: In July 2021 he released "Duro 2 Horas Remix" featuring American-Uruguayan comedian and musician El Bananero.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: In September 2021, he published "Gamer Over Fantasmay", a diss directed to Argentine rapper Zaramay. Previously, both had discrepancies in social networks. The video clip on YouTube managed to enter the list of trends in Peru, Argentina, and other Spanish-speaking countries.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: In February 2022, he announces a tour of Mexico that includes presentations in Playa del Carmen, Cancún, Mexico City, Guadalajara , and Monterrey, during March month. However, the concerts were delayed until June, and some of them were canceled.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: In April 2022, he premiered his second diss, against the Puerto Rican rapper Residente, entitled "Freestyle Session #13: RIP resentido". The song generated a great impact on Internet, the video exceeded the figure of one million views in less than a day and ranked number one in YouTube trends. The context of the tiraera originates from the controversy between Residente and Colombian singer J Balvin, and, with it, the launch of "BZRP Music Sessions #49". Love Shady previously demonstrated his disagreement with Residente and his support for Balvin through stories on his Instagram account. Regarding the song, in an Instagram post where Faraón promotes the single, Residente commented: ""You're the best. I'm your fan. Keep hitting it hard and writing"", to which Jesús replied: ""Residente, thanks. Since you're wearing the 'R' I await your answer. This is resolved in the booth"", followed by a story: ""Thanks for accepting it, it's good to add one more fan, I've always hit him hard and that's only 13% of my potential.""


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: In May 2022, he performed a concert in Arequipa, his hometown, being his first concert in 2 years; followed by other presentations in Cochabamba, Chiclayo, Juliaca, Tingo María, Lima, Trujillo, Piura, and Tacna.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: In November 2022 he is announced as one of the artists present at the Electric Daisy Carnival electronic music festival, which will take place in February 2023 in Mexico.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: Faraón described himself as El Dios del Trap ("The God of Trap") and El Dios de la Versatilidad ("The God of Versatility"). His fans are known as "hibrído gang". His videos show him with different necklaces that attract the attention of the public, including many mocking reactions.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: Faraón cites American Reggaetón and trap singer Tekashi 6ix9ine as his favorite singer and has publicly expressed his support for 6ix9ine being released from jail. In addition, his hair highlights show great admiration for the artist. While many of his songs include sexually explicit lyrics, he has avoided lyrics that explicitly objectify or disrespect women. Faraón has stated that his music and lyrics are sexually explicit and "women shouldn't be offended because it is aimed at hot women who like to be talked dirty to," according to him, "that turns them on". His songs often speak of relationships and heartbreaks, inspired by what other artists are doing and what his audience wants.


title: Faraón Love Shady

text: As the Colombian singer J Balvin describes, "What do I think of Faraón Love Shady? It seems to me that he is a person who represents his country, in his own way and in his own style, each person has their or way of doing things."


title: Other World Kingdom

text: The Other World Kingdom (OWK) was a large, commercial BDSM and femdom facility, resort, and purported micronation, which opened in 1996 using the buildings and grounds of a 16th-century château located in the municipality of Černá in Žďár nad Sázavou District, Czech Republic. Although not recognized by any other country, it has maintained its own currency, passports, police force, courts, state flag, and state hymn.


title: Other World Kingdom

text: The Other World Kingdom was officially founded on June 1, 1996, and was open to visitors by the spring of 1997, after two years of construction costing £2 million.


title: Other World Kingdom

text: It provided a dominance and submission environment of a size and consistency not available at any other facility in the world.


title: Other World Kingdom

text: The land and buildings were offered for sale in 2008 with an asking price of eight million euros. The sale particulars suggested the property was suitable for use as a hotel, restaurant, residence, or old people's home. , it was still for sale. the OWK still owns the building and organizes regular events at the property.


title: Other World Kingdom

text: On May 24, 2016, Queen Patricia I created the Womania Empire and started a fundraiser to acquire land that will serve as the headquarters for the organization. The objective of Womania Empire is to create a new matriarchal BDSM society similar to what OWK was.


title: Other World Kingdom

text: The OWK styles itself as a matriarchy, where women rule. It also has strong BDSM and female dominance themes. The state's goal "is to get as many male creatures under the unlimited rule of Superior Women on as much territory as possible." The OWK had always billed itself as a state; it is, however, a private, for-profit enterprise with no connection to, nor sanctioning by, any recognized sovereign state.


title: Other World Kingdom

text: The OWK is supposedly ruled by Queen Patricia I, an absolute monarch whose coronation took place on May 30 and 31, 1997. She was able to amend laws and other legal issues. Her other roles include "Sublime Supreme Administrator" ("supervision over all activities within the Area and the Office of the Supreme Administrator"), "Sublime Administrator of the Treasury" (Financial issues) and of the queen's court and the queen's guard.


title: Other World Kingdom

text: Below the queen was a series of different classes. The first was the "Sublime Ladies" or "Ladies citizens," who form the Kingdom's nobility. To become a citizen, a woman had to fulfill certain criteria. These were:


title: Other World Kingdom

text: The next class was the queen's subjects. These were men who followed OWK law, obey the queen and pay her taxes, but have some rights such as "freedom to travel, own property and deal with such property, have children, change employment, enterprise and state his opinion." The lowest class is the "Slave" class. This was a male class who had forfeited all rights, were property of the queen or Sublime Ladies and were considered to be "on the level of a normal farm animal".


title: Other World Kingdom

text: The site is in area, with several buildings, and a oval track, small lake and grassed lawns. The main building was the Queen's Palace, which was the residence of the monarch, and contains a banqueting hall, library, throne room, torture chamber, schoolroom, gym, and extensive basement prison, the cells of which could be hired. Additional visitor accommodation is provided in the Long House, including the Countess Elizabeth Báthory Chambers, complete with two torture chambers. This building also contains a swimming pool, pub, restaurant, and the Wanda Nightclub. The outdoor facilities are supplemented by a sawdust-covered indoor riding hall and stables.


title: Corey Dillon

text: Corey James Dillon (born October 24, 1974) is a former American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for ten seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals and New England Patriots. Dillon played college football at Washington and was selected by the Bengals in the second round of the 1997 NFL Draft.


title: Corey Dillon

text: Despite experiencing little team success, Dillon emerged as a standout player during his seven years in Cincinnati by setting several franchise records and receiving three Pro Bowl selections. During his last three seasons, he played for the Patriots, where he was named to a fourth Pro Bowl and contributed to New England's victory in Super Bowl XXXIX. He retired with over 11,000 rushing yards and is 20th in NFL rushing yards.


title: Corey Dillon

text: Born and raised in Seattle, Washington, Dillon attended Franklin High School, where he teamed with his cousin, Ed Raiford, to form one of the state's all-time twosomes for the Quakers football team. Dillon and Raiford garnered Parade, USA, Best In The West and Tom Flemming All-American awards. Both were two-sport standouts, Raiford also starred as an All-State basketball player while Dillon starred in baseball. An excellent baseball catcher, Dillon garnered All-Metro honors, and was selected by the San Diego Padres in the 1993 Major League Baseball draft.


title: Corey Dillon

text: Dillon played junior college football as a freshman at Garden City Community College in Kansas, and rushed for 1165 yards and 16 TDs in 1994. The following year, he played for Dixie State College in St. George, Utah, and rushed for 1899 yards and 20 TDs in 279 attempts. Dillon was chosen JC Offensive Back of the Year by College Sports magazine.


title: Corey Dillon

text: At the University of Washington in Seattle, he was known for using a very aggressive and punishing style of running. Dillon set the team all-time single-season records for rushing yards (1,695 yards) and touchdowns scored (24) in 1996. In the first quarter against San Jose State in mid-November, Dillon rushed for 222 yards and caught an 83-yard touchdown pass, setting NCAA records for both rushing yards and all-purpose yards (305) in one quarter. Dillon did not re-enter the game as the Huskies were comfortably ahead 25–0 by the end of the first quarter on a cold and rainy afternoon. The Dawgs led 43–3 at the half and won 53–10.


title: Corey Dillon

text: In the 1996 Holiday Bowl against Colorado, Dillon rushed for 140 yards and added 2 more touchdowns to his regular-season total of 23. He scored 5 TDs in 41–21 conquest of UCLA, earning "Sports Illustrated" National Player of the Week honors as he rushed for 145 yards and added 53 yards in receptions.


title: Corey Dillon

text: The Cincinnati Bengals selected Dillon in the second round of the 1997 NFL Draft, the 43rd overall pick. During his first season in 1997, Dillon rushed 39 times for 246 yards and 4 touchdowns in a 41–14 win over the Tennessee Oilers, breaking Jim Brown's rookie single-game record that had stood for 40 years. That game remains a Bengals rookie record for carries, yards, and touchdowns, and franchise record for touchdowns. His 1,129 yards that season is also still a Bengals rookie record.


title: Corey Dillon

text: For six seasons, Dillon was one of the few bright spots on otherwise struggling Bengals teams. Dillon voiced his frustrations with the team and owner Mike Brown, stating "we will never win with the Brown family in Cincinnati," after a 2001 game.


title: Corey Dillon

text: From 1997 to 2002, he rushed for over 1,000 yards each year, and made the Pro Bowl 3 times from 1999 to 2001. On October 22, 2000, Dillon set an NFL record for most yards rushed in one game (278 yards) against the Denver Broncos, breaking Walter Payton's single-game mark of 275 yards set in 1977. That record has since been broken by Jamal Lewis (295 yards) on September 14, 2003, and Adrian Peterson (296 yards) on November 4, 2007. Dillon's mark remains a franchise record for yards and yards-per-carry (12.64).


title: Corey Dillon

text: In the 2004 season, Dillon set career highs and franchise records with 1,635 rushing yards and 12 touchdowns. He was a major factor in the Patriots' win over the Indianapolis Colts in New England's first playoff game that season, rushing for 144 yards and catching 5 passes for 17 yards. New England won its third Super Bowl, due in no small part to the running game built around Dillon. He was the top rusher of Super Bowl XXXIX with 75 rushing yards and a touchdown, while also catching 3 passes for 31 yards, for 106 total yards. Overall, Dillon rushed for a total of 292 yards, caught 9 passes for 53 yards, and scored 2 touchdowns in New England's 3 postseason games.


title: Corey Dillon

text: In 2005, while injury problems plagued Dillon and he was not able to duplicate his stats from 2004, he remained a major contributor to the team, rushing for 733 yards and 12 touchdowns in 12 games. The Patriots used Dillon more frequently as a pass receiver, with 23 receptions for 193 yards and a touchdown, which was more receiving yards than he had gained in his past 2 seasons combined.


title: Corey Dillon

text: In the 2006 season, Dillon began sharing the team's rushing duties with rookie running back Laurence Maroney. With the retirement of Curtis Martin, he spent his final year as the NFL's active leader in career rushing yards. He finished the year with 812 rushing yards and a career-high 13 touchdowns, tied him for third in the league that season.


title: Corey Dillon

text: The Patriots released Dillon on March 2, 2007. Dillon subsequently told the "Boston Globe" in August that he would retire from the NFL. A month later, Dillon admitted to considering a comeback with the Patriots with the season-ending injury to RB Sammy Morris, but ultimately remained retired.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The poverty alleviation programs in India can be categorized based on whether it is targeted either for rural areas or urban areas in the country.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: Most of the programs are designed to target rural poverty as the prevalence of poverty is high in rural areas. Also targeting poverty is a great challenge in rural areas due to various geographic and infrastructure limitations. The programs can be mainly grouped into


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The five-year plans immediately after independence tried to focus on poverty alleviation through sectoral programs.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY) is the restructured, streamlined, and comprehensive version of the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY). It was started on 1 April 1999. The main aim of this program was the development of rural areas. Infrastructure like roads to connect the village to different areas made the village more accessible and other social, educational (schools) and infrastructure like hospitals. Its secondary objective was to give out sustained wage employment. This was only given to BELOW POVERTY LINE families and the fund was to be spent for individual beneficiary schemes for SCs and STs and 3% for the establishment of barrier-free infrastructure for the disabled people.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The NOAPS scheme came into effect on 15 August 1995. The scheme provides pensions to all old people who were above the age of 60 who could not fund themselves and did not have any means of subsistence. The pension that was given was ₹200 a month (now it is 2000 per month). This pension is given by the central government. The job of implementation of this scheme in states and union territories is given to panchayats and municipalities. The state's contribution may vary depending on the state.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The amount of old-age pension is ₹200 per month for applicants aged 60–79. For applicants aged above 80  years, the amount has been revised to ₹500 a month according to the 2011–2012 Budget. It is a successful venture.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (English: Universal Rural Employment Programme) was a scheme launched on 25 September 2001 by the Government of India to gain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor. From 21 February 2003, EAS became an allocation-based scheme.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana was launched by merging the provisions of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY). The programme is self-targeting in nature and aims to provide employment and food to people in rural areas who lived below the poverty line. The programme was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) was introduced by GOI throughout the country in August 1995 with the aim to provide immediate succor to those Below Poverty Line (BPL) families whose lone bread earner expires due to natural or accidental cause.The scheme aims to provide a lump sum family benefit of Rs 10,000/- to the bereaved households in case of the death of the primary breadwinner irrespective of the cause of death. The scheme is applicable to people in the age bracket of 18-64 years.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: This scheme provides a sum of ₹6000 to a pregnant mother in three installments. The women should be older than 19  years of age. It is given normally 12–8  weeks before the birth and in case of the death of the child the women can still avail it. The NMBS is implemented by almost all states and union territories with the help of panchayats and municipalities. During 1999–2000 the total allocation of funds for this scheme was 767.05  crores and the amount used was ₹4444.13  crore. It is for families below the poverty line. The scheme was updated in 2005-06 into Janani Suraksha Yojana with ₹1400 for every institutional birth.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The government started this scheme in 1999–2000 to provide food to senior citizens who cannot take care of themselves and are not under the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS), and who have no one to take care of them in their village. This scheme would provide 10  kg of free food grains a month for the eligible senior citizens. The allocation for this scheme in 2000-2001 was ₹100  crore. They mostly target groups of 'poorest of the poor and 'indigent senior citizens'...


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: IRDP in India is among the world's most ambitious programs to alleviate rural poverty by providing income-generated assets to the poorest of the poor.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: This program was first introduced in 1978–79 in some selected areas but covered all the areas by November 1980. During the sixth five-year plan (1980–85) assets worth 47.6 billion rupees were distributed to about 16.6 million poor families.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: During 1987–88, another 4.2 million families were assisted with an average investment of 4,471 per family or 19 billion rupees overall.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The major objective of the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) is to raise families of identified target group below the poverty line by creating sustainable opportunities for self-employment in the rural sector.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: Assistance is given in the form of subsidy by the government and term credit advanced by financial institutions (commercial banks, cooperatives, and regional rural banks.) The program is implemented in all blocks of the country as a centrally sponsored scheme funded on a 50:50 basis by the center and the states.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The target group under IRDP consists of small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, and rural artisans having annual income below ₹11,000 defined as the poverty line in the Eighth Plan. To ensure that benefits under the program reach the more vulnerable sectors of the society, it is stipulated that at least 50 percent of assisted families should be from scheduled castes and scheduled tribes with a corresponding flow of resources to them. Furthermore, 40 percent of the coverage should be of women beneficiaries and 3 percent of physically challenged persons.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: At the grassroots level, the block staff is responsible for the implementation of the program. The State Level Coordination Committee (SLCC) monitors the program at the state level whereas the Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment is responsible for the release of central share of funds, policy formation, overall guidance, monitoring, and evaluation of the program.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: This scheme aimed at creating housing for everyone. It was initiated in 1985. It aimed at creating 20  lakh housing units out of which 13  lakhs were in rural areas. This scheme also would give out loans to people at subsidized rates to make houses. It was started in 1999–2000. In 1999–2000, ₹1438.39  crore was used for this scheme, and about 7.98  lakh units were built. In 2000-01 a central outlay of ₹1710.00  crores was provided for this scheme. It improved the standard of living of rural areas: health, primary education, drinking water, housing, and roads.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: To augment wage employment opportunities by employing demand and by specific guaranteed wage employment every year to households whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work to thereby extend a security net to the people and simultaneously create durable assets to alleviate some aspects of poverty and address the issue of development in the rural areas.


title: Poverty alleviation programmes in India

text: The Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) is the nodal Ministry for the implementation of NREGA. It is responsible for ensuring timely and adequate resource support to the States and the Central Council. It has to undertake a regular review, monitoring, and evaluation of processes and outcomes. It is responsible for maintaining and operating the MIS to capture and track data on critical aspects of implementation and assess the utilization of resources through a set of performance indicators. MRD will support innovations that help in improving processes towards the achievement of the objectives of the Act. It will support the use of Information Technology (IT) to increase the efficiency and transparency of the processes as well as improve the interface with the public. It will also ensure that the implementation of NREGA at all levels is sought to be made transparent and accountable to the public. Now 100 to 150 days of work for all is provided.


title: Lockout (film)

text: Lockout (also known as MS One: Maximum Security) is a 2012 English-language French science fiction action film directed by James Mather and Stephen Saint Leger, and written by Mather, Saint Leger, and Luc Besson (with Besson serving as executive producer through EuropaCorp). It is both Mather and Saint Leger's feature directorial debuts. The film stars Guy Pearce, Maggie Grace, Vincent Regan, Joe Gilgun, Lennie James and Peter Stormare. The plot follows Snow (Pearce), a man framed for a crime he did not commit, who is offered his freedom in exchange for rescuing the President's daughter Emilie (Grace) from the orbital prison "MS One", which has been taken over by its inmates, led by Alex (Regan) and his psychotic brother Hydell (Gilgun).


title: Lockout (film)

text: Principal photography took place in Belgrade, Serbia. It premiered on 7 April 2012 at the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film, and was released on 13 April 2012 in North America and on 18 April 2012 in France.


title: Lockout (film)

text: A French court has ruled the film plagiarises the plot of the cult classic "Escape from New York" and its sequel, "Escape from L.A.".


title: Lockout (film)

text: In 2079, CIA operative Snow is arrested for murdering Colonel Frank Armstrong, who had uncovered evidence of a mole selling secrets about the United States space program. Secret Service director Scott Langral, on advice from the President, has Snow convicted of murder and espionage. Snow is sentenced to thirty years on the maximum security space penitentiary "MS One", where prisoners are kept in stasis for the length of their sentences. Snow's friend and fellow agent Harry Shaw tries to locate Snow's contact Mace, who knows where Frank's briefcase containing the stolen secrets is hidden.


title: Lockout (film)

text: Meanwhile, the President's daughter Emilie arrives on "MS One" to investigate claims that keeping prisoners in stasis can cause them to develop mental instability. The warden allows her to interview Hydell, a deranged prisoner. He manages to escape and releases all of the prisoners, starting a riot led by his brother Alex. Emilie is shot, and is captured along with others. Shaw convinces Langral and the President to send Snow to rescue Emilie, rather than risk her life in a siege. Snow is initially reluctant to go, but agrees after Shaw tells him that Mace is on "MS One" and could help Snow prove his innocence. Langral initially attempts to trick Alex into releasing Emilie, but Hydell disagrees and Snow is forced to infiltrate "MS One". Alex realizes that Emilie is the President's daughter and secures her, but she escapes with her bodyguard Hock and they hide in a secure room. A problem with the oxygen supply brings Hock to sacrifice his life by suicide in order to stop himself from using up oxygen so as to buy Emilie more time.


title: Lockout (film)

text: Snow breaks into the secure room and rescues Emilie after administering first aid for her wounds. Snow then changes Emilie's hair & clothing to conceal her gender, allowing them to walk through the prison population without being noticed. They find Mace, but the stasis has given him dementia and made him incoherent. Snow and Emilie bring Mace with them and attempt to reach the escape pod. With no one at the helm, the prison falls out of orbit and crashes into the International Space Station. The collision causes a hull breach, killing Mace. Snow brings Emilie to the escape pod, but discovers it has only one seat. Realizing that he has been sent there to die, he sends Emilie on her way, but she allows the pod to launch without her because she believes the remaining hostages will be killed. Hydell contacts Emilie and threatens the hostages unless she reveals her location; after she does, however, he kills them anyway.


title: Lockout (film)

text: Snow and Emilie discover evidence that the prisoners were being illegally used as test subjects. Alex finds and captures Emilie; he also shoots Snow, leaving him for dead. Alex learns that Hydell has killed all of the hostages; he contacts the President, threatening to let Hydell and the prisoners rape Emilie if they are not released. The President refuses to allow a siege and risk Emilie, causing Langral to temporarily relieve him of his command. Langral orders the destruction of "MS One". Hydell tries to rape Emilie as promised, but is stopped by Alex. Hydell and Alex fight, resulting in Alex's death. Hydell then tries to stab Emilie, but Snow arrives and knocks him out. Snow and Emilie flee from Hydell and the remaining prisoners. Meanwhile, Langral's men plant a bomb on the prison. Snow and Emilie use space suits and jump from "MS One" as it detonates. Using their suits, Snow and Emilie re-enter Earth's atmosphere and land safely in New York City, where Snow is arrested.


title: Lockout (film)

text: Emilie later realizes that Mace's incoherent rambling was actually a code revealing the location of Frank's briefcase. Examining the motel room where Frank was killed, Emilie realizes that Langral saw what he believed was Snow shooting Frank on a mirrored door which only showed part of what happened when in reality Snow was shooting at the actual assassin at the same time that Frank was shot. Snow gives the briefcase to Shaw, who unlocks it but is shocked to find it empty. Snow notes that he had not given Shaw the combination, and Shaw is revealed to be the mole and arrested. However, he believes that he will get off lightly as people like him are needed. Snow is released and his possessions returned, including a lighter given to him by Frank before his death. Examining the lighter, Snow finds a memory card containing the real secret information hidden inside. Emilie meets Snow and teases him after discovering his first name is Marion; the pair walk away together.


title: Lockout (film)

text: The cast also includes Jacky Ido as Hock, Emilie's bodyguard; Tim Plester as Mace, Snow's contact; Mark Tankersley as Barnes, the prison Warden; Anne-Solenne Hatte as Kathryn, Emilie's aide and friend; Peter Hudson as President Jeff Warnock, Emilie's father; and Miodrag Stevanovic as Frank Armstrong, a CIA agent.


title: Lockout (film)

text: Principal photography was scheduled to begin on 7 September 2010, in the Serbian capital city Belgrade. Much of the filming used green screens, rather than practical sets. The intended scenes were storyboarded in Dublin, Ireland to aid the actors in visualizing how the green screen scenes would appear after the completion of the CGI in post-production. Speaking about the experience, Grace stated: "You just have to suspend the voice in your head because you feel so silly reacting to nothing there. Having whole conversations with people that aren't there. I felt a little crazy the first time around."


title: Lockout (film)

text: Luc Besson produced the film. Besson also co-wrote the script with James Mather and Stephen Saint Leger, the directors.


title: Lockout (film)

text: FilmDistrict purchased the distribution rights to the film for a limited amount. In December 2011, FilmDistrict reached a deal to distribute its 2012 films including "Lockout" through Open Road Films for a fee.


title: Lockout (film)

text: The film grossed US$14,326,864 in the United States and Canada, and US$17,877,166 from other markets for a worldwide total gross of US$32,204,030.


title: Lockout (film)

text: "Lockout" opened to US$6.23 million from 2,308 theaters in the United States and Canada—an average of US$2,700 per theater—making it the number 9 film for the weekend. Pre-release tracking of the film had estimated that its opening-weekend gross would be between US$6–8 million. The film drew a large male audience, with men making up 65% of those in attendance and an even split between those under and over the age of 25.


title: Lockout (film)

text: Although Guy Pearce's role was generally well received, critical reaction for the film itself was mixed. On Metacritic the film has a score of 48 out of 100 from 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave it a 38% approval rating based on reviews from 123 critics, with an average score of 5 out of 10, and the site's consensus reads: "Guy Pearce does the best he can with what he's given, but "Lockout" is ultimately too derivative and shallow to build on the many sci-fi thrillers it borrows from." CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Lockout (film)

text: Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a C grade, writing: ""Lockout" floats like space junk in the final frontier." James Rocchi of "BoxOffice" magazine called the film: "A sleek, slick and shameless rip-off of John Carpenter's Snake Plissken films "Escape from New York" and "Escape from L.A.""


title: Lockout (film)

text: In 2015, director John Carpenter successfully sued the film's makers in the "Tribunal de grande instance de Paris" alleging "Lockout" plagiarized his films "Escape from New York" and "Escape from L.A.". The court awarded him damages of €20,000, "Escape from New York" screenwriter Nick Castle got €10,000, and €50,000 was given to StudioCanal. After Besson's appeal was rejected in July 2016, the claimant's total damages were increased to €450,000.


title: Pakistani Instrument of Surrender

text: The Pakistani Instrument of Surrender () was a written agreement between India, Pakistan, and the Provisional Government of Bangladesh that enabled the capitulation of 93,000 West Pakistani troops of the Armed Forces Eastern Command on 16 December 1971, thereby ending the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 with the formal establishment of the People's Republic of Bangladesh in erstwhile East Pakistan. It was the largest surrender in terms of number of personnel since the end of World War II.


title: Pakistani Instrument of Surrender

text: The event, known as Victory Day, is celebrated as a national holiday in Bangladesh; it is also celebrated by the Indian Armed Forces.


title: Pakistani Instrument of Surrender

text: The surrender ceremony took place at the Ramna Race Course in Dacca, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), on 16 December 1971: A. A. K. Niazi of the Pakistan Army formally surrendered to Jagjit Singh Aurora, an Indian Army officer and joint commander of the Bangladesh Forces. A. K. Khandker, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Forces, represented the Provisional Government of Bangladesh at the ceremony.


title: Pakistani Instrument of Surrender

text: Also present from the Pakistani Eastern Command were Mohammad Shariff of the Pakistan Navy and Patrick Desmond Callaghan of the Pakistan Air Force, both of whom signed the agreement alongside Niazi. Sagat Singh, Commander of the Indian IV Corps; Hari Chand Dewan, Commander of the Indian Eastern Air Command; and J. F. R. Jacob, Chief of Staff of the Indian Eastern Command; all acted as witnesses on behalf of India.


title: Pakistani Instrument of Surrender

text: The document is now public property under the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, and can be seen on display at the National Museum in the Indian capital of New Delhi. The text of the Instrument of Surrender is as follows:


title: Cape Malays

text: Cape Malays (, in Arabies script) also known as Cape Muslims or Malays, are a Muslim community or ethnic group in South Africa. They are the descendants of enslaved and free Muslims from different parts of the world who lived at the Cape during Dutch and British rule.


title: Cape Malays

text: Although the initial members of the community were from the Dutch colonies of South East Asia, by the 1800s the term "Malay" encompassed all practicing Muslims at the Cape, regardless of origin. They initially used Malay as a "lingua franca" and language of religious instruction, and this was one of the likely reasons that the community were referred to as "Malays".


title: Cape Malays

text: Malays are concentrated in the Cape Town area. Cape Malay cuisine forms a significant part of South African cuisine, and the community played an important part in the history of Islam in South Africa. The community played a part in developing Afrikaans as a written language, initially using an Arabic script.


title: Cape Malays

text: "Malay" was legally a subcategory of the Coloured race group during Apartheid, however the delineation of Malays and the remaining defined Coloured subgroups by government officials was often imprecise and subjective.


title: Cape Malays

text: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded and established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope, as a resupply station for ships travelling between Europe and Asia, which developed into the city of Cape Town. The Dutch had also colonised the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia), which formed a part of the Dutch Empire for several centuries, and Dutch Malacca, which the Dutch held from 1641 to 1824.


title: Cape Malays

text: Key figures in the arrival of Islam were Muslim leaders who resisted the Company's rule in Southeast Asia who, like Sheikh Yusuf, a Muslim scholar from Sulawesi were exiled to South Africa by the company. They were followed by slaves from other parts of Asia and Africa. Although it is not possible to accurately reconstruct the origins of slaves in the Cape, it has been estimated that roughly equal proportions of Malagasies, Indians, Insulindians (Southeast Asians) and continental Africans were imported to the Cape, with other estimates showing that the majority of slaves originated in Madagascar.


title: Cape Malays

text: Although the majority of slaves from South East Asia were already Muslims, along with many Indians, those from Madagascar and elsewhere in Africa were not. There were also skilled Muslim labourers called "Mardijkers" from Southeast Asia who settled in the Bo-Kaap area of Cape Town. The slaves from Asia tended to work in semi-skilled and domestic roles, and they made up a disproportionate share of 18th century manumissions, who subsequently settled in Bo-Kaap, while those from elsewhere in Africa and Madagascar tended to work as farm-hands, and were not freed at the same rate. In the latter part of the 18th century, conversions to Islam of the rural non-Asian slaves increased due to a Dutch colonial law that encouraged owners to educate their slaves in Christianity, and following their baptism, to allow them to buy their freedom; this consequently resulted in slaveowners, fearful of losing their slaves, not enforcing Christianity amongst them. This, in turn, allowed Islamic proselytisers to convert the slaves.


title: Cape Malays

text: After the British took the Cape, and began phasing out slavery in the first half of the 19th century, the newly-freed non-Asian Muslim rural slaves moved to Cape Town, the only centre of Islamic faith in the region. The South and Southeast Asians constituted the Muslim establishment in the colony, and the newly freed slaves subsequently adopted the Malay language used by the Asians. Thus, Malay was the initial "lingua franca" of Muslims, though they came from East Africa, Madagascar, and India, as well as Indonesia and established the moniker "Malay" for all Muslims at the Cape irrespective of their geographic origins, and by the 19th century, the term was used to describe anyone at the Cape who was a practicing Muslim, despite Afrikaans having overtaken Malay as the group's "lingua franca".


title: Cape Malays

text: The community adopted Afrikaans as a "lingua franca" to ease communication with between the Asian and non-Asian Muslims (who had adopted the Dutch used by their masters), and because the utility of Malay and the Malayo-Portuguese language were diminished due to the British ban on slave imports in 1808, reducing the need to communicate with newcomers. The non-Asian and Asian Muslims interacted socially despite the initial linguistic differences, and gradually blended into a single community.


title: Cape Malays

text: The founders of this community were the first to bring Islam to South Africa. The community's culture and traditions have also left an impact that is felt to this day. The Muslim community in Cape Town remains large and vibrant. It has expanded greatly beyond those exiles who started the first mosques in South Africa.


title: Cape Malays

text: People in the Cape Malay community predominantly speak Afrikaans, but frequently also English. They no longer speak the languages which their ancestors used, such as Malay although various Malay words and phrases are still employed in daily usage.


title: Cape Malays

text: Adaptations of traditional foods such as "bredie", "bobotie", "sosaties" and "koeksisters" are staples in many South African homes. Faldela Williams wrote three cookbooks, including "The Cape Malay Cookbook", which became instrumental in preserving the cultural traditions of Cape Malay cuisine.


title: Cape Malays

text: This cultural group developed a characteristic 'Cape Malay' music. An interesting secular folk song type, of Dutch origin, is termed the "nederlandslied". The language and musical style of this genre reflects the history of South African slavery; it is often described and perceived as 'sad' and 'emotional' in content and context. The "nederlandslied" shows the influence of the Arabesque (ornamented) style of singing. This style is unique in South Africa, Africa and probably in the world.


title: Cape Malays

text: Cape Malay music has been of great interest to academics, historians, musicologists, writers and even politicians. The well-known annual Cape Town Minstrel or Carnival street festival is a deep-rooted Cape Malay cultural event; it incorporates the Cape Malay comic song or "moppie" (often also referred to as "ghoema" songs). The barrel-shaped drum, called the 'ghoema', is also closely associated with Cape Malay music


title: Cape Malays

text: The Cape Malay identity can be considered the product of a set of histories and communities as much as it is a definition of an ethnic group. Since many Cape Malay people have found their Muslim identity to be more salient than their "Malay" ancestry, in some contexts they have been described as "Cape Malay", or "Malays" and others as "Cape Muslim" by people both inside and outside of the community. Cape Malay ancestry includes people from South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Khoekhoe. Later, Muslim male "Passenger Indian" migrants to the Cape married into the Cape Malay community, with their children being classified as Cape Malay.


title: Cape Malays

text: It is estimated that there are about 166,000 people in Cape Town who could be described as Cape Malay, and about 10,000 in Johannesburg. The picturesque Malay Quarter of Cape Town is found on Signal Hill, and is called the "Bo-Kaap".


title: Cape Malays

text: Many Cape Malay people also lived in District Six before they, among many other South African people of diverse ethnicity, were forcefully removed from their homes by the apartheid government and redistributed into townships on the Cape Flats.


title: Cape Malays

text: Connections between Malaysians and South Africans improved when South Africa rejoined the international community. The latter's re-entry was welcomed by the Malaysian government and many others in the Southeast Asian region. Non-governmental organisations, such as the Federation of Malaysia Writers' Associations, have since set on linking up with the diasporic Cape Malay


title: Cape Malays

text: community. There is also an increase in the interest of the food, culture and heritage of Cape Malay descendants around the world.


title: Triclosan

text: Triclosan (sometimes abbreviated as TCS) is an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in some consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments. It is similar in its uses and mechanism of action to triclocarban. Its efficacy as an antimicrobial agent, the risk of antimicrobial resistance, and its possible role in disrupted hormonal development remains controversial. Additional research seeks to understand its potential effects on organisms and environmental health.


title: Triclosan

text: Triclosan was developed in 1966. A 2006 study recommended showering with 2% triclosan as a regimen in surgical units to rid patients' skin of methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA). While finding benefit for consumers and no proven risk to human health, but assumed risk of antibiotic resistance, in December 2017, the FDA announced that "consumer antiseptic washes" containing triclosan or 23 other ingredients marketed as antimicrobials were prohibited without pre-market approval. The FDA did find that triclosan in Colgate Total toothpaste helped prevent gingivitis.


title: Triclosan

text: Triclosan was used as a hospital scrub in the 1970s. Since then, it has expanded commercially and is now a common ingredient in soaps (0.10–1.00%), shampoos, deodorants, toothpastes, mouthwashes, cleaning supplies, and pesticides. It is part of consumer products, including kitchen utensils, toys, bedding, socks, and trash bags.


title: Triclosan

text: As of 2017, there were five registrations for triclosan with the EPA. The antimicrobial active ingredient is added to a variety of products where it acts to slow or stop the growth of bacteria, fungi, and mildew. In commercial, institutional, and industrial equipment uses, triclosan is incorporated in conveyor belts, fire hoses, dye bath vats, or ice-making equipment as an antimicrobial. Triclosan may be directly applied to commercial HVAC coils, where it prevents microbial growth that contributes to product degradation.


title: Triclosan

text: In the United States, by 2000, triclosan and triclocarban (TCC) could be found in 75% of liquid soaps and 29% of bar soaps, and triclosan was used in more than 2,000 consumer products.


title: Triclosan

text: In healthcare, triclosan is used in surgical scrubs and hand washes. Use in surgical units is effective with a minimum contact time of approximately two minutes. More recently, showering with 2% triclosan has become a recommended regimen in surgical units for the decolonization of patients whose skin carries methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA). Two small uncontrolled case studies reported the use of triclosan correlated with reduction in MRSA infections.


title: Triclosan

text: Triclosan is also used in the coatings for some surgical sutures. There is good evidence these triclosan coated sutures reduce the risk of surgical site infection.


title: Triclosan

text: The World Health Organization, the American College of Surgeons and the Surgical Infection Society point out the benefit of triclosan-coated sutures in reducing the risk for surgical site infection.


title: Triclosan

text: Triclosan has been employed as a selective agent in molecular cloning. A bacterial host transformed by a plasmid harboring a triclosan-resistant mutant "FabI" gene (mFabI) as a selectable marker can grow in presence of high dose of triclosan in growth media.


title: Triclosan

text: Some studies suggest that antimicrobial hand soaps containing triclosan provide a slightly greater bacterial reduction on the hands compared to plain soap. , the US FDA had found clear benefit to health for some consumer products containing triclosan, but not in others; for example the FDA had no evidence that triclosan in antibacterial soaps and body washes provides any benefit over washing with regular soap and water.


title: Triclosan

text: A Cochrane review of 30 studies concluded that triclosan/copolymer-containing toothpastes produced a 22% reduction in both dental plaque and gingival inflammation when compared with fluoride toothpastes without triclosan/copolymer. There was weak evidence of a reduction in tooth cavities, and no evidence of reduction in periodontitis.


title: Triclosan

text: A study of triclosan toothpastes did not find any evidence that it causes an increase in serious adverse cardiac events such as heart attacks.


title: Triclosan

text: A study by Colgate-Palmolive found a significant reduction in gingivitis, bleeding, and plaque with the use of triclosan-containing toothpaste. An independent review by the Cochrane group suggests that the reduction in gingivitis, bleeding, and plaque is statistically significant (unlikely to occur by chance) but not clinically significant (unlikely to provide noticeable effects).


title: Triclosan

text: Triclosan is used in food storage containers although. This use is banned in the European Union since 2010.


title: Triclosan

text: This organic compound is a white powdered solid with a slight aromatic, phenolic odor. Categorized as a polychloro phenoxy phenol, triclosan is a chlorinated aromatic compound that has functional groups representative of both ethers and phenols. Phenols often demonstrate antibacterial properties. Triclosan is soluble in ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, and strongly basic solutions such as a 1M sodium hydroxide solution, but only slightly soluble in water. Triclosan can be synthesized from 2,4-dichlorophenol.


title: Triclosan

text: Under a reflux process, 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-methoxydiphenyl ether is treated with aluminium chloride.


title: Triclosan

text: The United States Pharmacopeia formulary has published a monograph for triclosan that sets purity standards.


title: Triclosan

text: At high concentrations, triclosan acts as a biocide with multiple cytoplasmic and membrane targets. However, at the lower concentrations seen in commercial products, triclosan appears bacteriostatic, and it targets bacteria primarily by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis.