title: Trocar

text: The word "trocar", less commonly "trochar", comes from French "trocart", "trois-quarts" (three-fourths), from "trois" 'three' and "carre" 'side, face of an instrument', first recorded in the "Dictionnaire des Arts et des Sciences", 1694, by Thomas Corneille, younger brother of Pierre Corneille.


title: Trocar

text: Originally, doctors used trocars to relieve pressure build-up of fluids (edema) or gases (bloating). Patents for trocars appeared early in the 19th century, although their use dated back possibly thousands of years. By the middle of the 19th century, trocar-cannulas had become sophisticated, such as Reginald Southey's invention of the Southey tube.


title: Trocar

text: Trocars are used in medicine to access and drain collections of fluid such as in a patient with hydrothorax or ascites.


title: Trocar

text: In modern times, surgical trocars are used to perform laparoscopic surgery. They are deployed as a means of introduction for cameras and laparoscopic hand instruments, such as scissors, graspers, etc., to perform surgery hitherto carried out by making a large abdominal incision, something that has revolutionized patient care. Today, surgical trocars are most commonly a single patient use instrument and have graduated from the "three-point" design that gave them their name to either a flat bladed "dilating-tip" product or something that is entirely blade free. This latter design offers greater patient safety due to the technique used to insert them.


title: Trocar

text: Trocar insertion can lead to a perforating puncture wound of an underlying organ resulting in a medical complication. Thus, for instance, a laparoscopic intra-abdominal trocar insertion can lead to bowel injury leading to peritonitis or injury to large blood vessels with hemorrhage.


title: Trocar

text: Trocars are also used near the end of the embalming process to provide drainage of bodily fluids and organs after the vascular replacement of blood with embalming chemicals. Rather than a round tube being inserted, the three-sided knife of the classic trocar would split the outer skin into three "wings" which was then easily sutured closed in a less obtrusive way, a trocar button can be used in place of a suture. It is attached to a suction hose, usually attached to a water aspirator, but an electric aspirator can also be used. The process of removing gas, fluids, and semi-solids from the body cavities and hollow organs using the trocar is known as aspiration. The instrument is inserted into the body two inches to the (anatomical) left and two inches up from the navel. After the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities have been aspirated, the embalmer injects cavity fluid into the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities, usually, using a smaller trocar attached via a hose connected to a bottle of high-index cavity fluid. The bottle is held upside down in the air so as to let gravity take the cavity fluid through the trocar and into the cavities, there is a small thumb hole attached to the fluid injector to control the flow of liquid. The embalmer moves the trocar in the same manner used when aspirating the cavities in order to fully and evenly distribute the chemical, it is recommended to use 1 bottle of cavity fluid for the thoracic cavity and 1 for the abdominal cavity.


title: Trocar

text: After cavity embalming has been finished, the puncture is commonly sealed using a small, plastic object resembling a screw, called a trocar button.


title: Trocar

text: Trocars are widely used by veterinarians not only for draining hydrothorax, ascites, or for introducing instruments in laparoscopic surgery, but for acute animal-specific conditions as well. In cases of ruminal tympany in cattle, a wide-bore trocar may be passed through the skin into the rumen to release trapped gas. In dogs, a similar procedure is often performed for patients presenting with gastric dilatation volvulus in which a wide-bore trocar is passed through the skin into the stomach to immediately decompress the stomach. Depending on the severity of clinical signs on presentation, this is often performed after pain management has been administered but prior to general anaesthesia. Definitive surgical treatment involves anatomical repositioning of the stomach and spleen followed by a right-sided gastropexy. Depending on the severity, partial gastrectomy and/or splenectomy may be indicated if the relevant tissues have necrosed due to ischemia caused by torsion/avulsion of the supplying vasculature.


title: Trocar

text: In the movie "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1967) Gabriel Oak, played by Alan Bates, uses a trocar to aspirate abdominal gasses from Bathsheba Everdene's herd of sheep who had strayed into a field of clover and were bloated.


title: Trocar

text: In the movie "True Lies", Arnold Schwarzenegger's character, having picked the lock on his handcuffs, uses a Patterson trocar to kill his guard prior to breaking the neck of his torturer.


title: UFC 245

text: UFC 245: Usman vs. Covington was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on December 14, 2019 at T-Mobile Arena in Paradise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.


title: UFC 245

text: A UFC Welterweight Championship bout between the current champion and winner Kamaru Usman and former interim champion Colby Covington served as the event headliner.


title: UFC 245

text: A UFC Featherweight Championship bout between the current champion Max Holloway and Alexander Volkanovski took place as the co-main event.


title: UFC 245

text: A UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship bout between the current champion Amanda Nunes (also the current UFC Women's Featherweight Champion) and the inaugural featherweight champion Germaine de Randamie also took place at the event. The pairing previously met in November 2013 at , with Nunes winning the encounter via TKO in the first round.


title: UFC 245

text: Santiago Ponzinibbio was expected to face former welterweight champion Robbie Lawler at the event. However, Ponzinibbio pulled out of the fight on October 12 citing a staph infection. Despite having over two months before the event, promotion officials elected to remove Lawler from the card entirely instead of having him face a replacement.


title: UFC 245

text: Sergio Pettis was briefly linked to a bout with Kai Kara-France at the event. However, Pettis revealed in early October that he was entertaining offers from other promotions after the completion of his previous contract and did not currently have a fight lined up with the promotion. Kara-France ultimately faced Brandon Moreno.


title: UFC 245

text: At the weigh-ins, former UFC Women's Flyweight Championship challenger Jessica Eye failed to make weight, coming in at 131 pounds, five pounds over the flyweight non-title fight limit of 126 pounds. She was fined 30% of her fight purse, which went to her opponent Viviane Araújo and the bout proceeded at a catchweight.


title: UFC 245

text: The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the Nevada State Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money and also does not include the UFC's traditional "fight night" bonuses. The total disclosed payout for the event was $4,084,000.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: The Chinese Taipei national football team represents Taiwan (the Republic of China) in international football and is controlled by the Chinese Taipei Football Association. Despite never qualifying for the FIFA World Cup, Chinese Taipei, then known as Republic of China, reached the semi-finals of the 1960 and 1968 AFC Asian Cups, finishing third in the former. The side also won gold at the 1954 and 1958 Asian Games, although the players in the team originated from British Hong Kong.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: The Chinese Taipei Football Association (CTFA) was founded in Mainland China as the China Football Association (CFA) in 1924 and relocated to Taiwan in 1949 at the end of the Chinese Civil War. Affiliated with FIFA in 1932 as "China", the country rejoined FIFA in 1954, first under the name "Taiwan", then renaming to "Chinese Taipei" in 1980.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: The team's greatest success came when they finished third at the AFC Asian Cup in 1960 as Taiwan. However, the players in the team originally came from Hong Kong, despite the Hong Kongese national team not being one of the best in Asia.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: Due to the political conflict with the People's Republic of China (China PR), Taiwan, now known as Chinese Taipei, was part of the Oceania Football Confederation and participated in the Oceanian World Cup qualifiers from 1975 to 1989.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: Chinese Taipei reached their highest FIFA World Ranking of 121st in July 2018, under the guidance of renowned English coach Gary White. Since his arrival in the autumn of 2017, White's strategies aimed not only to improve the national team, but also the standards of football on the island. An extended scouting operation looking for talents of Taiwanese heritage from abroad was also part of his plans. The cast proved to be successful when players such as Tim Chow, Will Donkin and Emilio Estevez were tapped in for the national team.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: In December 2017, Chinese Taipei hosted the CTFA International Tournament, an A-level competition that also included Laos, the Philippines and Timor-Leste. It was created to test the country's team in preparation for international friendlies and tournaments in future years. Chinese Taipei won all of their three games, winning the mini-tournament and their first official international trophy in 55 years. Thanks to the four goals he scored (two of which in the final match against Laos), striker Li Mao was deemed as the competition's top scorer.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: White led a successful period for the Chinese Taipei, including winning 7 FIFA international games in a row. Charged with taking Taiwan to their first AFC Asian Cup since 1968, White had taken over the guide of the national team halfway through the qualification campaign: eventually, he brought them to the third round of the qualifiers, missing a spot to the tournament (in favour of Bahrain and Turkmenistan) by just one point. White was then offered a contract by the Hong Kong national team and left his role in Taiwan in September 2018.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: Following the Englishman's departure, Taiwan went on a severe lack of satisfaction during the following year. Vom Ca-nhum, employed as a caretaker manager while he was guiding the Chinese Taipei U19 squad, had not been able to qualify his side to the final round of the EAFF E-1 Football Championship (even though they won their match against Mongolia). Then, another Englishman, Louis Lancaster, who previously assisted Gary White during his time on the island, was appointed as the main coach to take his first senior management position. However, things got even worse for the Chinese Taipei: in 2019, the team won just one out of the nine matches they played (a 2–0 win in a friendly against Hong Kong), and they were prematurely eliminated from the continental qualifiers for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, losing all of their first five games and getting thrashed by Australia (1–7), Kuwait (9–0) and Jordan (5–0). Following the shocking results in the first phase of the qualifiers, Lancaster was sacked in December 2019, and the federation soon decided to hire Vom Ca-nhum again, this time on a full basis, as he was one of the few coaches on the island to have already gained an AFC Pro A coaching license.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: Many of the team's home matches were played in the Chungshan Soccer Stadium in Taipei, which was closed in 2008. The stadium's capacity was slightly above 20,000 and is a football specific stadium.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: The qualification match for 2012 AFC Challenge Cup in February 2011 was played on Kaohsiung National Stadium, while the qualification match for 2014 FIFA World Cup in July 2011 was played at Taipei Municipal Stadium.


title: Chinese Taipei national football team

text: The following is a list of match results from the previous 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: Janice K. McGeachin (; born January 18, 1963) is an American far-right politician and businesswoman serving as the 43rd lieutenant governor of Idaho since January 2019. A member of the Republican Party, she was previously a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 2002 until 2012.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: Educated at the University of Arizona, McGeachin owned several businesses in Idaho Falls. She entered politics in 2002 when elected to a seat in the state house. She was elected lieutenant governor in the 2018 election, to serve with the governor, Brad Little. She is the first female lieutenant governor of Idaho. As lieutenant governor, McGeachin aligned herself with Donald Trump and frequently clashed with Little. She unsuccessfully challenged Little in the Republican primary for governor in the 2022 election.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin was born on January 18, 1963, in Las Cruces, New Mexico. She graduated from Skyline High School in Idaho Falls and earned her B.S. in finance and accounting from the University of Arizona.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin has had a number of business ventures. She owns an Irish pub in Idaho Falls and co-owns a wholesale automotive parts supply store and a torque converter remanufacturing facility with her husband.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin unsuccessfully ran for Bonneville County commissioner in 2000, her first bid for elected office. As a Republican, she was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 2002 to 2012. As chair of the state House Health and Welfare Committee, she cut Medicaid funding and voted against legislation to create a state-based health insurance exchange. An ally of the Tea Party movement, McGeachin was considered a possible Republican primary challenger to U.S. Representative Mike Simpson in 2010, but chose not to run.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin supported Mitt Romney in the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries and the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin was a delegate for Donald Trump at the 2016 Republican National Convention, and was vice-chair of Trump's Idaho campaign committee.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In April 2017, McGeachin filed to run for lieutenant governor of Idaho. In the voter pamphlet she wrote, she hoped to help the governor "by increasing our freedoms and liberties, free from the bonds of excessive government regulations. The federal government has become too restrictive in how we teach our kids, manage health care, build our roads and manage our resources." Her candidacy was supported by state Senator Dean Mortimer. McGeachin narrowly won the Republican primary election on May 15, 2018, with 28.9% of the vote, then defeated Democratic nominee Kristin Collum in the November general election. During the 2018 campaign, McGeachin took security guards with her to a debate at the Idaho Public Television station in Boise, although there was no known threat against her, and characterized them as "friends."


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In February 2019, McGeachin posted a photo on her Facebook page of her posing in front of her Idaho State Capitol door with two members of the 3 Percenters, an anti-government militia movement group. The men wore shirts promoting Todd Engel, who was sentenced to prison in connection with the Bundy standoff fatal encounter with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). For the caption, she wrote "Sending love to Todd Engel from the Idaho Capital and 'getting to know' the new Senate Pages." McGeachin faced public criticism for the photo and quickly deleted it. In a subsequent statement, McGeachin described the men as "two Second Amendment supporters who were here to support Todd Engel, an Idahoan who was treated unjustly by the court system," and said that she deleted the post after "a few people had begun erroneously assigning sinister motives which are contrary to my true character." The "Idaho Falls Post Register" editorial board criticized McGeachin for embracing the 3 Percenters and militia movement.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In February 2022, McGeachin appeared as a surprise video guest speaker at the America First Political Action Conference, hosted by prominent white nationalist Nick Fuentes. McGeachin was apparently one of the highest-ranking elected officials to address the far-right conference. McGeachin's speech to the conference was criticized by Democrats and some Republicans for its antisemitic and pro-Putin contents.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In 2021, McGeachin convened an "education indoctrination task force" co-chaired by fellow Republican Priscilla Giddings. The committee was premised on the notion that "the scourge of critical race theory, socialism, communism, and Marxism" was "infiltrating" the Idaho school and college system. Committee members discussed proposals to abolish the Idaho State Board of Education. Idaho teachers described McGeachin's committee as a McCarthyist attack on teachers and a distraction from the challenges faced by Idaho's education system in reality. The "Idaho Statesman" editorial board described the effort as "a manufactured witch hunt" driven by the "far-right fringe of Idaho's politics." The president-elect of the Idaho School Boards Association resigned from McGeachin's task force a week after its first meeting, writing that the task force seemed aimed at "partisan campaigning."


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In August 2021, a state judge fined McGeachin $750 for violating the Idaho Public Records Act by failing to turn over documents requested by the Idaho Press Club. The judge found that McGeachin acted "in bad faith" and that "It appears to the court that respondent would stop at nothing, no matter how misguided, to shield public records from the public." A civil suit brought against McGeachin by the Idaho Press Club was settled in November 2021, with a court ordered McGeachin to pay the club almost $29,000 in fees and costs. McGeachin submitted a supplemental budget request, seeking for that sum to be paid by taxpayer funds. The legislature declined McGeachin's request to have the costs of the settlement paid by the state budget. Separately, McGeachin's attorneys billed her almost $17,000 to defend her in the records lawsuit; McGeachin said in 2022 that the public did not pay for these legal fees.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: As lieutenant governor, McGeachin has had a strained relationship with the governor, Brad Little, despite the fact that Little is a fellow conservative Republican. McGeachin frequently criticized Little's strategy regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. The clashes intensified amid an intra-party split among Republicans on COVID-19 vaccinations, masks, and pandemic-related issues, on which traditional Republicans and the far-right disagreed.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In May 2020, Little said he had not spoken to McGeachin in weeks. During the pandemic, McGeachin repeatedly criticized Little for taking steps (such as closing physical businesses) to prevent the spread of the disease. In late-April 2020, McGeachin urged reopening all businesses in Idaho by April 30, and also spoke at a protest in eastern Idaho against stay-at-home directives. In a May 2020 editorial, McGeachin wrote that, "I lose sleep at night because the heavy hand of our government is hurting so many Idahoans." By July 2020, after the state's economy had reopened, Idaho saw a spike in coronavirus cases. In August 2020, McGeachin headlined a rally organized by the right-wing, conspiracist John Birch Society at the rally in Twin Falls, where speakers decried public health measures to combat the coronavirus. At the rally, McGeachin criticized Little and other state officials. In October 2020, McGeachin appeared in a video by the right-wing Idaho Freedom Foundation in which she wielded a gun and Bible, railed against COVID-19 public-health measures, and questioned whether "a pandemic may or may not be occurring."


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In November 2020, McGeachin submitted a proposal to Governor Little's Coronavirus Financial Advisory Committee, seeking to spend $17 million in federal COVID-19 aid funds to purchase and operate two "walk-through disinfectant cubes" at the Idaho state Capitol. McGeachin criticized the governor's coronavirus policies while touting the technology, although a National Institutes of Health study published months earlier determined that the use of "walk-through sanitation gates" was ineffective, possibly dangerous, and violates global health standards.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In July 2020, McGeachin condemned federal economic relief granted during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, McGeachin's Idaho Falls-based business accepted two partially forgivable loans, totaling $314,727, from the federal Paycheck Protection Program. After the company's acceptance of the PPP funds was publicized, McGeachin said that the company accepted the funds to counter what she called harm "by the heavy hand of government in 2020."


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In May 2021, after Little left the state to attend a Republican Governors' Association conference in Nashville, Tennessee, making McGeachin acting governor in his absence, she issued an executive order that barred the state and Idaho counties, cities, public school districts, and public universities from adopting mask mandates. McGeachin issued the order without consulting Little, and against the wishes of state health officials who had sought a statewide mask mandate, which Idaho has never had. On his return to Idaho one day later, Little rescinded McGeachin's order and said that her decision "to act solitarily on a highly politicized, polarizing issue without conferring with local jurisdictions, legislators, and the sitting Governor" was "simply put, an abuse of power." Little said that McGeachin's order "unilaterally and unlawfully" forbade local officials from determining public-health policies in their own jurisdictions and would have forbidden the state from enforcing protective measures for social workers from making home visits to at-risk patients, or for employees in state testing labs. Little also noted that her order duplicated a proposed bill that had failed to pass the state legislature. In July 2021, when Little was out of state on a different trip, McGeachin wrote a letter to the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, demanding information on what incentives Idaho healthcare providers may have "to impose vaccine mandates on their employees."


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin has used her office to promote misinformation to disparage COVID-19 vaccines. By fall 2021, Idaho had among the nation's lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates. A surge in COVID-19 cases first strained, and then surpassed, the capacity of the state's health care system. Overwhelmed by a surge of COVID-19 patients, the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare activated "crisis standards" that allowed hospitals in the state to ration healthcare. In August 2021, after announcing that she would challenge Little in the Republican primary for re-nomination as governor, McGeachin said that it was "shameful" for Little to ask Idahoans to show love for neighbors by getting vaccinated against COVID-19. McGeachin also opposes vaccine mandates.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In October 2021, while Little was out of state touring the Southern border, McGeachin, claiming power as acting governor in Little's absence, issued an executive order banning state officials from requiring proof of vaccination from employees and sought to ban employers from requiring vaccinations altogether. She also inquired with the Idaho National Guard about ordering troops to the U.S.-Mexico border that Little was visiting. The governor and lieutenant governor publicly feuded, and Little rescinded McGeachin's orders while he was still in Texas, saying that McGeachin's order was unauthorized because his "temporary presence in Texas on official business" did not impair his "ability to represent the people of Idaho thus necessitating action by another executive to ensure the continuity of state government."


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin was an Idaho presidential elector for the Republican slate in 2020, casting one of Idaho's four electoral votes for Donald Trump; the other Idaho electors that year were Melinda Smyser, Raul Labrador, and Rod Beck.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In December 2020, the month after Donald Trump lost the presidential election to Joe Biden, McGeachin, along with Little, Idaho's two Republican U.S. House members, and other Idaho Republican election officials, signed on to an amicus brief supporting Texas' attempt to overturn the results of the presidential election by rejecting millions of votes in four key states won by Biden. Legal experts dismissed the suit as meritless, and it was rejected by the Supreme Court.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In May 2021, McGeachin filed as a candidate seeking election as governor of Idaho in 2022, challenging incumbent governor Brad Little in the Republican primary. In announcing her candidacy, McGeachin attacked public health measures to combat the spread of COVID-19 and said that Idaho should reject federal funding to preserve "state sovereignty," although she did not give details. Trump endorsed McGeachin's candidacy. While addressing a crowd of fellow Republicans at a campaign appearance, McGeachin criticized the Boise Police Department and Boise State University for holding a conference to study right-wing extremism, and said of Dr. Anthony Fauci (the U.S. government's top infectious disease scientist): "we'll lock him up."


title: Janice McGeachin

text: In the May 17, 2022 Republican primary election, McGeachin lost to Little. Little won re-nomination with 52.81% of the vote, with McGeachin receiving 32.24% of the vote, Edward R. Humphreys receiving 10.96% of the vote, and an assortment of minor candidates receiving the rest. Of Idaho's 44 counties, McGeachin carried just four, all in the Idaho Panhandle. She will conclude her term as lieutenant governor on January 2, 2023.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin is part of the far-right wing of the Republican Party. She appeared at a rally for the Three Percenters, an anti-government militia movement group. She opposes abortion, same-sex marriage, and gun control. She opposes Medicaid expansion and was a leading opponent of 2018 Proposition 2, an initiative to expand Medicaid coverage to about 62,000 Idahoans. She opposes minimum wages, believing that government should play no role in determining wages. In the voter pamphlet, she contended, "The federal government has become too restrictive in how we teach our kids, manage health care, build our roads and manage our resources." She accused the Biden administration of seeking to indoctrinate schoolchildren in "Marxist, socialist ideology" and believes that Idaho should promote "state sovereignty" by rejecting federal funds for a variety of programs.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin and Republican Representative Larry C. Bradford were re-districted to 31A. McGeachin was unopposed for the Republican primary and the general election.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin was unopposed for the Republican primary. She won the general election with 71.19% of the vote against Democratic nominee Scott Cannon.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin was unopposed for the Republican primary. She won the general election with 73% of the vote against Scott Cannon.


title: Janice McGeachin

text: McGeachin was unopposed for the Republican primary and the general election. She announced on February 24, 2012, that she would not be seeking re-election.


title: Trophy

text: A trophy is a tangible, durable reminder of a specific achievement, and serves as a recognition or evidence of merit. Trophies are often awarded for sporting events, from youth sports to professional level athletics. In many sports medals (or, in North America, rings) are often given out either as the trophy or along with more traditional trophies.


title: Trophy

text: Originally the word trophy, derived from the Greek "tropaion", referred to arms, standards, other property, or human captives and body parts (e.g., headhunting) captured in battle. These war trophies commemorated the military victories of a state, army or individual combatant. In modern warfare trophy taking is discouraged, but this sense of the word is reflected in hunting trophies and human trophy collecting by serial killers.


title: Trophy

text: Trophies have marked victories since ancient times. The word "trophy", coined in English in 1550, was derived from the French "trophée" in 1513, "a prize of war", from Old French "trophee", from Latin "trophaeum", monument to victory, variant of "tropaeum", which in turn is the latinisation of the Greek τρόπαιον ("tropaion"), the neuter of τροπαῖος ("tropaios"), "of defeat" or "for defeat", but generally "of a turning" or "of a change", from τροπή ("tropē"), "a turn, a change" and that from the verb τρέπω ("trepo"), "to turn, to alter".


title: Trophy

text: In ancient Greece, trophies were made on the battlefields of victorious battles, from captured arms and standards, and were hung upon a tree or a large stake made to resemble a warrior. Often, these ancient trophies were inscribed with a story of the battle and were dedicated to various gods. Trophies made about naval victories sometimes consisted of entire ships (or what remained of them) laid out on the beach. To destroy a trophy was considered a sacrilege.


title: Trophy

text: The ancient Romans kept their trophies closer to home. The Romans built magnificent trophies in Rome, including columns and arches atop a foundation. Most of the stone trophies that once adorned huge stone memorials in Rome have been long since stolen.


title: Trophy

text: In ancient Greece, the winners of the Olympic games initially received no trophies except laurel wreaths. Later the winner also received an amphora with sacred olive oil. In local games, the winners received different trophies, such as a tripod vase, a bronze shield or a silver cup.


title: Trophy

text: Chalices were given to winners of sporting events at least as early as the very late 1600s in the New World. For example, the Kyp Cup (made by silversmith Jesse Kyp), a small, two-handled, sterling cup in the Henry Ford Museum, was given to the winner of a horse race between two towns in New England in about 1699. Chalices, particularly, are associated with sporting events, and were traditionally made in silver. Winners of horse races, and later boating and early automobile races, were the typical recipients of these trophies. The Davis Cup, Stanley Cup, America's Cup and numerous World Cups are all now famous cup-shaped trophies given to sports winners.


title: Trophy

text: Today, the most common trophies are much less expensive, and thus much more pervasive, thanks to mass-produced plastic/resin trophies.


title: Trophy

text: The oldest sports trophies in the world are the Carlisle Bells, a horse racing trophy dating back to 1559 and 1599 and were first awarded by Elizabeth I. The race has been run for over 400 years in Carlisle, Cumbria, United Kingdom. The bells are on show at the local museum, Tullie House, which houses a variety of historic artifacts from the area from Roman legions to present day.


title: Trophy

text: Contemporary trophies often depict an aspect of the event commemorated, for example in basketball tournaments, the trophy takes the shape of a basketball player, or a basketball. Trophies have been in the past objects of use such as two-handled cups, bowls, or mugs (all usually engraved); or representations such as statues of people, animals, and architecture while displaying words, numbers or images. While trophies traditionally have been made with metal figures, wood columns, and wood bases, in recent years they have been made with plastic figures and marble bases. This is to retain the weight traditionally associated with a quality award and make them more affordable to use as recognition items. Trophies increasingly have used resin depictions.


title: Trophy

text: The Academy Awards Oscar is a trophy with a stylized human; the Hugo Award for science fiction is a space ship; and the Wimbledon awards for its singles champions are a large loving cup for men and a large silver plate for women.


title: Trophy

text: A loving-cup trophy is a common variety of trophy; it is a cup shape, usually on a pedestal, with two or more handles, and is often made from silver or silver plate.


title: Trophy

text: Hunting trophies are reminders of successes from hunting animals, such as an animal's head mounted to be hung on a wall. There's also people who get their animals Taxidermy, where you can have just the head, or you can have the full animal stuffed; and put out for show.


title: Trophy

text: Perpetual trophies are held by the winner until the next event, when the winner must compete again in order to keep the trophy. In some competitions winners in a certain number of consecutive or non-consecutive events receive the trophy or its copy in permanent ownership.


title: Trophy

text: Trophies have been awarded for team, or individual accomplishments in sports. Many combat sports, such as boxing, mixed martial arts, and professional wrestling use championship belts as trophies; however, unlike most of the trophies mentioned below, a new one is not created every time a new champion is crowned; rather, the new champion takes the belt from the old one.


title: Trophy

text: Other notable trophies in the sport includes the Jules Rimet Trophy. The original was stolen in Brazil in 1983 and has never been recovered. Replicas were awarded to winning nations up to the retirement of the genuine trophy. However, prior to the 1966 final, The Football Association made an (unauthorised) replica in secret in gilded bronze for use in post-match celebrations due to security concerns – the genuine trophy was made out of close to 2 kg of pure gold. This has led to several conspiracy theories regarding which trophy was stolen – the FA replica, or the real trophy. FIFA purchased the replica for £254,500 (ten times the reserve price) in 1997, with the inflated price attributed to such rumours. This trophy is held on behalf of FIFA by the National Football Museum in Preston. The current FIFA World Cup trophy inscribe the names of the teams that won the award underneath the base of the trophy.


title: Trophy

text: A club that manages to win the Copa Libertadores trophy three consecutive times retain the trophy permanently. The current trophy has been used since 1975. Like the FIFA World Cup trophy, the winners of each edition of the tournament has their name inscribed on the trophy; unlike the FIFA World Cup trophy, a pedestal contains a list of winners in the form of badges. The current pedestal is the fourth in the trophy's history, having been used since 2009. The original trophy was awarded to Estudiantes de La Plata in 1970 (after their third win) – the present trophy is the third, identical edition.


title: Trophy

text: Until 2009, clubs that win the European Champion Clubs' Cup three times in successive seasons, or five times in total, were permitted to retain the trophy in perpetuity. The present trophy has been used since 2005–06 after Liverpool's fifth win in 2005. The original trophy was awarded to Real Madrid in 1966 (after their sixth win) — the present trophy is the sixth incarnation overall.


title: Trophy

text: Four trophies have served as an award (out of five made) for the winner of the FA Cup. The first (1871–1895) was stolen in Birmingham and melted down, the second (1896–1910) was presented to Lord Kinnaird and is held by David Gold, the chairman of Birmingham City after private auction in 2005. The third (1910–1992) was retired after the 1992 final due to fragility and is held by The Football Association; two exact replicas of it were made, one of which has been awarded to the winners (1993–2013), the other remains as a backup in case of damage to the primary trophy. The same design was recast and was unveiled in 2014 to be more durable.


title: Trophy

text: The United States military also issues a type of trophy which are known as "non-portable decorations". This indicates that the trophy carries the status of a military award, but is not meant to be worn on a uniform but rather is presented for static display. Such military trophies include athletic excellence awards, unit excellence awards, and superior service awards presented annually to the top service member of a command.


title: Trophy

text: Many professional associations award trophies in recognition of outstanding work in their respective fields. Some examples of such awards include:


title: Trophy

text: In hunting, although competition trophies like those mentioned above can be awarded, the word "trophy" more typically refers to an item made from the body of a killed animal and kept as a keepsake. See taxidermy.


title: Goggles

text: Goggles, or safety glasses, are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes. They are used in chemistry laboratories and in woodworking. They are often used in snow sports as well, and in swimming. Goggles are often worn when using power tools such as drills or chainsaws to prevent flying particles from damaging the eyes. Many types of goggles are available as prescription goggles for those with vision problems.


title: Goggles

text: The Inuit and Yupik peoples carved snow goggles from the antlers of caribou, wood, and shell to help prevent snow blindness. The goggles were curved to fit the user's face and had a large groove cut in the back to allow for the nose. A long thin slit was cut through the goggles to allow in a small amount of light, diminishing subsequent ultraviolet rays. The goggles were held to the head by a cord made of caribou sinew.


title: Goggles

text: In the early 20th century, goggles were worn by drivers of uncovered cars to prevent irritation of the eyes by dust or wind. Likewise in the first ten years after the invention of the airplane in 1903 goggles became a necessity as wind blow became more severe as aircraft speeds increased and as protection against bugstrikes at high altitudes. The first pilot to wear goggles was probably Charles Manly in his failed attempt to fly Samuel Langley's aerodrome in 1903.


title: Goggles

text: Goggles are often worn as a fashion statement in certain subcultures, most often as part of the cybergoth subculture. They are usually worn over the eyes or up on the forehead to secure 'falls': a type of long, often brightly coloured, synthetic hairpiece. Fans of the steampunk genre or subculture also frequently wear steampunk-styled goggles, particularly when performing in a live action role-playing game.


title: Goggles

text: Goggles are also frequently used by anime and manga characters as a fashion statement. For example, it is an idiosyncrasy of team leader characters in the "Digimon" anime to wear goggles. Other notable characters who wear goggles are the young Naruto Uzumaki and Konohamaru from Naruto, Matt from "Death Note" and Usopp from "One Piece".


title: Goggles

text: Goggles are available for horses used in speed sports such as horse racing. In some traditions of horse mounted bullfighting, the horse may wear a protective cloth over its eyes.


title: Goggles

text: Goggles have been used on military working dogs, for protection in harsh conditions, such as sandstorms and rotorwash from helicopters. One of the brands of these types of goggles are Doggles.


title: Osvaldo Benavides

text: Osvaldo Benavides (born June 14, 1979, in Mexico City, Mexico), is a Mexican actor, writer, producer and cinematographer.


title: Osvaldo Benavides

text: Born in Mexico City, Mexico, currently resides in Tepoztlán, Morelos. Osvaldo began acting at age 9 years. He has participated in musical theater rods as: "El Graduado" and "Todos eran mis hijos".


title: Osvaldo Benavides

text: Benavides began his career in television from an early age, on the telenovela "El abuelo y yo", along to Gael García Bernal, and Ludwika Paleta. Two years later, in 1995 he played Nandito, the lost son of "María la del Barrio", thanks to his character, he won in the edition 14th TVyNovelas Awards for Best Young Lead Actor. In that same year he also participated in the telenovela "El premio mayor" as Chicles. In 1996 he played Lazarito in the telenovela "Te sigo amando", along to Claudia Ramírez, and Luis José Santander, and won again at the 16th TVyNovelas Awards as Best Young Lead Actor. In 1998, he participated in the telenovela "Preciosa", and later in the film "La primera noche", with the latter he made his film debut, and for which he stood out. In the year 2000, he participated in telenovela "Locura de amor", and again stood out in the cinema as Rocco, in the film "Por la libre".


title: Osvaldo Benavides

text: In 2001, he participated in the film "Piedras verdes", a film about the philosophical-spiritual discovery of the protagonist. In that same year he also participated in the film "La segunda noche", and "Seres humanos". In 2002, he appeared in "Daniela", and two years later he played Damián in the telenovela "Piel de otoño", and in 2006 to Curioso, in the film "Un mundo maravilloso". After these last two productions, he moved away from the world of telenovelas and the acting for eleven years.


title: Osvaldo Benavides

text: In 2022, Osvaldo began filming Noche de Bodas (Wedding Night); Osvaldo will direct and star in the production. On October 12, 2022, during a break in filming on Majahual beach in Oaxaca Mexico, two actors, Marco Antonio Curiel Pérez and Luis Manuel Gutiérrez, died by drowning. The two men who worked as extras on the production could not escape the sea due to high tide. A third actor managed to be rescued successfully.


title: Globulin

text: The globulins are a family of globular proteins that have higher molecular weights than albumins and are insoluble in pure water but dissolve in dilute salt solutions. Some globulins are produced in the liver, while others are made by the immune system. Globulins, albumins, and fibrinogen are the major blood proteins. The normal concentration of globulins in human blood is about 2.6-3.5 g/dL.


title: Globulin

text: The term "globulin" is sometimes used synonymously with "globular protein". However, albumins are also globular proteins, but are "not" globulins. All other serum globular proteins are globulins.


title: Globulin

text: Globulins exert oncotic pressure. Their deficiency results in loss of carrier functions of globulins, oedema due to decreased oncotic pressure, and susceptibility to infections due to decreased gamma-globulins (immuno-globulins) leading to decreased production of antibodies.


title: Globulin

text: Globulins exist in various sizes. The lightest globulins are the alpha globulins, which typically have molecular weights of around 93 kDa, while the heaviest class of globulins are the gamma globulins, which typically weigh about 1193 kDa. Being the heaviest, the gamma globulins are among the slowest to segregate in gel electrophoresis.


title: Globulin

text: Globulin proteins exist not only in other animal species, but also in plants. Vicilin and legumin, from peas and other legumes, function as protein storage within seeds. These proteins can cause allergic reactions if they bind with human IgE antibodies.


title: Globulin

text: Pseudoglobulins are a class of globulins that are more soluble in ammonium sulfate than euglobulins. Pseudoglobulins are also soluble in pure water, while euglobulins are not.


title: James C. Scott

text: James C. Scott (born December 2, 1936) is an American political scientist and anthropologist specializing in comparative politics. He is a comparative scholar of agrarian and non-state societies, subaltern politics, and anarchism. His primary research has centered on peasants of Southeast Asia and their strategies of resistance to various forms of domination. "The New York Times" described his research as "highly influential and idiosyncratic".


title: James C. Scott

text: Scott received his bachelor's degree from Williams College and his MA and PhD in political science from Yale. He taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison until 1976 and then at Yale, where he is Sterling Professor of Political Science. Since 1991 he has directed Yale's Program in Agrarian Studies. He lives in Durham, Connecticut, where he once raised sheep.


title: James C. Scott

text: Scott was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey, in 1936. He attended the Moorestown Friends School, a Quaker Day School, and in 1953 matriculated at Williams College in Massachusetts. On the advice of Indonesia scholar William Hollinger he wrote an honors thesis on the economic development of Burma. Scott received his bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1958, and his PhD in political science from Yale University in 1967.


title: James C. Scott

text: Upon graduation, Scott received a Rotary International Fellowship to study in Burma, where he was recruited by an American student activist who had become an anti-communist organizer for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Scott agreed to do reporting for the agency, and at the end of his fellowship, took a post in the Paris office of the National Student Association, which accepted CIA money and direction in working against communist-controlled global student movements over the next few years.


title: James C. Scott

text: Scott began graduate study in political science at Yale in 1961. His dissertation on political ideology in Malaysia, which was supervised by Robert E. Lane, analysed interviews with Malaysian civil servants. In 1967, he took a position as an assistant professor in political science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. As a Southeast Asia specialist teaching during the Vietnam War, he offered popular courses on the war and peasant revolutions. In 1976, having earned tenure at Madison, Scott returned to Yale and settled on a farm in Durham, Connecticut with his wife. They started with a small farm, then purchased a larger one nearby in the early 1980s and began raising sheep for their wool. Since 2011, the pastures on the farm have been grazed by two Highland cattle, named Fife and Dundee.


title: James C. Scott

text: Scott's first books were based on archival research. He is an influential scholar of ethnographic fieldwork. He is unusual for conducting his primary ethnographic fieldwork only after receiving tenure. To research his third book, "Weapons of the Weak", Scott spent fourteen months in a village in Kedah, Malaysia between 1978 and 1980. When he had finished a draft, he returned for two months to solicit villagers' impressions of his depiction, and significantly revised the book based on their criticisms and insight.


title: James C. Scott

text: During the Vietnam War, Scott took an interest in Vietnam and wrote "The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia" (1976) about the ways peasants resisted authority. His main argument is that peasants prefer the patron-client relations of the "moral economy", in which wealthier peasants protect weaker ones. When these traditional forms of solidarity break down due to the introduction of market forces, rebellion (or revolution) is likely. Samuel Popkin, in his book "The Rational Peasant" (1979), tried to refute this argument, showing that peasants are also rational actors who prefer free markets to exploitation by local elites. Scott and Popkin thus represent two radically different positions in the formalist–substantivist debate in political anthropology.


title: James C. Scott

text: In "" (1985) Scott expanded his theories to peasants in other parts of the world. Scott's theories are often contrasted with Gramscian ideas about hegemony. Against Gramsci, Scott argues that the everyday resistance of subalterns shows that they have not consented to dominance.


title: James C. Scott

text: In "Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts" (1990) argues that subordinate groups employ strategies of resistance that go unnoticed. He terms this "infrapolitics." Scott describes the public interactions between dominators and oppressed as a "public transcript" and the critique of power that goes on offstage as a "hidden transcript." Groups under domination—from bonded labor to sexual violence—thus cannot be understood merely by their outward appearances. In order to study the systems of domination, careful attention is paid to what lies beneath the surface of evident, public behavior. In public, those that are oppressed accept their domination, but they always question their domination offstage. On the event of a publicization of this "hidden transcript", oppressed classes openly assume their speech, and become conscious of its common status.


title: James C. Scott

text: Scott's book "Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed" (1998) saw his first major foray into political science. In it, he showed how central governments attempt to force "legibility" on their subjects, and fail to see complex, valuable forms of local social order and knowledge. A main theme of this book, illustrated by his historic examples, is that states operate systems of power toward 'legibility' in order to 'see' their subjects correctly in a top-down, modernist, model that is flawed, problematic, and often ends poorly for subjects. The goal of local 'legibility' by the state is 'transparency' from the top down, from the top of the tower or the center/seat of the government, so the state can effectively operate upon their subjects. The details and arguments amplify Foucault's central notions of governmentality and operations of power.


title: James C. Scott

text: Scott uses examples like the introduction of permanent last names in Great Britain, cadastral surveys in France, and standard units of measure across Europe to argue that a reconfiguration of social order is necessary for state scrutiny, and requires the simplification of pre-existing, natural arrangements. In the case of last names, Scott cites a Welsh man who appeared in court and identified himself with a long string of patronyms: "John, ap Thomas ap William" etc. In his local village, this naming system carried a lot of information, because people could identify him as the son of Thomas and grandson of William, and thus distinguish him from the other Johns, the other children of Thomas, and the other grandchildren of William. Yet it was of less use to the central government, which did not know Thomas or William. The court demanded that John take a permanent last name (in this case, the name of his village). This helped the central government keep track of its subjects, but it lost local information.


title: James C. Scott

text: Scott argues that in order for schemes to improve the human condition to succeed, they must take into account local conditions, and that the "high-modernist" ideologies of the 20th century have prevented this. He highlights collective farms in the Soviet Union, the building of Brasilia, and Prussian forestry techniques as examples of failed schemes.


title: James C. Scott

text: In "The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia", Scott addresses the question of how certain groups in the mountainous jungles of Southeast Asia managed to avoid a package of exploitation centered around the state, taxation, and grain cultivation. Certain aspects of their society seen by outsiders as backward (e.g., limited literacy and use of written language) were in fact part of the "Arts" referenced in the title: limiting literacy meant lower visibility to the state. Scott's main argument is that these people are "barbaric by design": their social organization, geographical location, subsistence practices and culture have been carved to discourage states to annex them to their territories. Addressing identity in the Introduction, he wrote:


title: James C. Scott

text: Published in August 2017, "Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States" is an account of new evidence for the beginnings of the earliest civilizations that contradict the standard narrative. Scott explores why we avoided sedentism and plow agriculture; the advantages of mobile subsistence; the unforeseeable epidemics arising from crowding plants, animals, and grain; and why all early states are based on millets, cereal grains and unfree labor. He also discusses the “barbarians” who long evaded state control, as a way of understanding continuing tension between states and non subject peoples.


title: James C. Scott

text: In "" from 2012 Scott says that "Lacking a comprehensive anarchist worldview and philosophy, and in any case wary of nomothetic ways of seeing, I am making a case for a sort of anarchist squint. What I aim to show is that if you put on anarchist glasses and look at the history of popular movements, revolutions, ordinary politics, and the state from that angle, certain insights will appear that are obscured from almost any other angle. It will also become apparent that anarchist principles are active in the aspirations and political action of people who have never heard of anarchism or anarchist philosophy."


title: James C. Scott

text: Scott is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been awarded resident fellowships at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Study, and the Science, Technology and Society Program at M.I.T. He has also received research grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Guggenheim Foundation, and was president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1997. In 2020 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.


title: Cessna 414

text: The Cessna 414 is an American light, pressurized, twin-engine transport aircraft built by Cessna. It first flew in 1968 and an improved variant was introduced from 1978 as the 414A Chancellor.


title: Cessna 414

text: The pressurized 414 was developed to appeal to owners of unpressurized, twin-engined aircraft, and was based on the fuselage of the Cessna 421 and used the wing design of the Cessna 401. The 414 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit and a retractable tricycle landing gear. It is powered by two wing-mounted 310 hp (231 kW) Continental TSIO-520-J horizontally opposed, six-cylinder engines. The prototype, registered N7170C, first flew on 1 November 1968, and production aircraft were available in a number of optional seating arrangements and avionics packages. The name Chancellor was used for models marketed from 1976. An improved variant the Cessna 414A Chancellor was introduced in 1978 with the major change being a redesigned and increased-span wing with integral fuel tanks and an extended nose to give more baggage space.


title: Cessna 414

text: Many supplemental type certificates exist for the aircraft that allow upgrades to improve performance. Common are engine and aerodynamic modifications, including winglets.


title: Cessna 414

text: In 1974, American Jet Industries built a turboprop-powered conversion of the Cessna 414, named the Turbo Star Pressurized 414, using Allison 250-B17B engines. Scenic Airlines of Las Vegas purchased the rights to the design in 1977.


title: Cessna 414

text: Thielert has offered engine conversions using their Centurion Engines. This involves the installation of FADEC-controlled aviation diesel piston engines that run on commonly available jet fuel. Thielert claims increased power and improved fuel economy over other available conventional piston engines.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: Alice Marie Harris (March 6, 1932 – August 6, 1942), known under the pseudonym Anna, was a feral child from Pennsylvania who was raised in isolation because she was an illegitimate child. From the age of five months to six years, she was kept strapped down in the attic of her home, malnourished and unable to speak or move. She was discovered and rescued in 1938, but died at the age of ten before she was able to fully recover from hemorrhagic jaundice. She is often compared to the feral children cases of Isabelle and Genie.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: Anna was born March 6, 1932, in Perryopolis, Pennsylvania, about outside of Uniontown. She was the second illegitimate child of her mother, Martha, who was 27 at the time of her discovery. She lived with her father, David, a widower farmer who strongly disapproved of her indiscretions. After Anna was found, Martha married a man named George I. Eisenhauer. She died in Philadelphia in 1959. David died at the age of 72 in 1948. His other children included daughter, Catherine, and sons, Jacob and Harold.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: Anna was born in a nurse's private home and was brought to the family farm, but shortly after was sent to live at Martha's friend's house. A local minister considered adopting her, but decided against it when he discovered she had vaginitis. At the age of three weeks, she was sent to live in a children's home. There, she was said to be "terribly galled and otherwise in very bad shape". After eight weeks in the home, Martha was called to come collect her. In her place, she sent a man and his wife to see her in hopes of adopting her, but the agency refused to give permission because they disapproved of the couple. Later, Martha came herself and gave her to the couple. A short time after, a social worker found her at this home and attempted to convince Martha and David to take her back. At this time, she was over four months old. She was taken to another children's home where a medical examination revealed she had vaginitis, umbilical hernia, and a skin rash. She was sent to a private foster home after three weeks in the children's home.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: Because Martha and David could not pay for the child's care, Anna was sent back to live on the family farm at the age of five and a half months. In an attempt to avoid her father's anger, Martha kept her in an attic-like room on the second floor. Martha was busy working on the farm during the day and occasionally went out at night. Anna was given only enough care to keep her alive and received no instruction or positive attention. She was fed virtually nothing but cow's milk and was strapped down to a chair or cot for the majority of her early life. An article in the "New York Times" stated that she had been kept in the attic room, which was without windows or ventilation, for two years, and then kept for three years more in the storage room in the second floor. However, a later report in the "American Journal of Sociology" by Kingsley Davis considers it “doubtful that the child's hands at the time of discovery were tied. It is more likely that she was confined to her crib in the first period of life and at all times kept locked in her room to keep her from falling down the steep stairs leading immediately from the door and to keep the grandfather from seeing her. It is doubtful if the child was ever kept in the attic, as the report also stated”.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: When interviewed by officers, David Harris stated, "I made her keep it up there, care for it and feed it as a sort of punishment. I forgave her first [illegitimate child], but not the second". The same "New York Times" article quotes Martha: "My father wouldn't let me bring it downstairs. He said he didn't want to see it around. I had to run up and down, up and down, to feed and take care of it. I had to feed it all the time. It was awfully hard". The father's name was withheld, but Martha said he was a well-to-do farmer.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: Anna was discovered around February 6, 1938, by E. M. Smith of the Western Pennsylvania Humane Society about seventeen miles from Uniontown. The humane officer found her after a report had been filed from the Woman's Club of Star Junction. Other reports had also been spread that a child was kept in the house, yet she was never seen by visitors. When she was found, the Humane officer reported that: "The child was dressed in a dirty shirt and napkin. Her hands, arms, and legs were just bones, with skin drawn over them, so frail she couldn't use them. She never grew normally, and the chair on which she lay, half reclining and half sitting was so small the child had to double her legs partly under her". The chair that she was found in was tilted backwards to lean on a coal bucket with her arms tied above her head, leaving her unable to talk or move. Charges of negligence to a minor were brought against David and Martha. The former was freed after Judge J. Russell Carr dismissed the case for lack of evidence. Dr John Kerr of Connellsville testified at the trial. He declared: "it was about the most deplorable condition I have ever seen in all those years". He testified Anna had a severe lack of muscle, abnormal bones, and that she couldn't see or hear. He believed that, had she been properly nourished, she would have been a "normal" child. Martha claimed that she tried feeding her meat and other solid foods but that they made her gag. She denied the statements that she had been kept imprisoned in an attic.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: When Anna was first rescued, Drs. J. F. Kerr and D. F. Newell assessed that she was undernourished, that the bones in her legs were softened and twisted out of normal shape and that she was suffering from rickets. She was also believed to be deaf as she didn't respond to others. It was later discovered as she recovered that the deafness was functional rather than organic. She additionally could not walk, talk, and showed little signs of intelligence. Once she was determined a ward of the county and placed in the Fayette County Home, she began improving rapidly. She had gained seven pounds by the end of summer 1938 but continued to struggle with simple speech and walking. She was enrolled in the Margaret Duer Judge school for "sub-normal" children. By the age of 9, she began developing signs of speech and was approaching social norms. She could respond to simple commands, feed herself, and remember some people, but she still could not speak, and had the approximate intelligence of a 1-year-old child.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: A report filed on November 6, 1939 describes her state as follows: "Anna walks about aimlessly, makes periodic rhythmic motions of her hands, and, at intervals, makes guttural and sucking noises. She regards her hands as if she had seen them for the first time. It was impossible to hold her attention for more than a few seconds at a time-not because of distraction due to external stimuli but because of her inability to concentrate. She ignored the task in hand to gaze vacantly about the room. Speech is entirely lacking. Numerous unsuccessful attempts have been made with her in the hope of developing initial sounds. I do not believe that this failure is due to negativism or deafness but that she is not sufficiently developed to accept speech at this time...The prognosis is not favorable".


title: Anna (feral child)

text: The last report filed regarding Anna, dated June 22, 1942, said that she could follow directions, identify a few colors, build with blocks, and differentiate between attractive and unattractive pictures. She had a good sense of rhythm and loved a doll. She talked mainly in phrases but would repeat words and try to carry on conversation. She habitually washed her hands and brushed her teeth.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: Anna died on August 6, 1942, at age 10. Her death was caused by hemorrhagic jaundice, a form of jaundice in which injury and anemia are present. There is no cited evidence that her condition was linked to her isolation followed by pneumonia. The Fayette County commissioners paid for her funeral and burial in Delaware Cemetery, near the Judge School in Milford where she had last lived.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: Anna's case is commonly compared to the study of another feral child named Isabelle, because of their similar upbringings. They were both raised in isolation for a similar amount of time, but Isabelle was able to recover much faster and achieve greater mental development. She was born one month after Anna and was discovered nine months after her. Similarly to her, Isabelle was forced into isolation because she was an illegitimate child. During her six and a half years of isolation, she lived with her deaf and mute mother. She had no concept of relationships, no verbal skills, and was malnourished. Following her discovery, she was hospitalized and her apathetic behavior was closely monitored. She was then transferred to a ward with children where she became socialized and learned to imitate the other children. She also began language training with a skilled team of doctors and within eighteen months had gained the understanding and use of an estimated 1500–2500 words, enabling her to produce complex sentences and correctly use inflection morphology, pronouns, and prepositions by the age of eight.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: As soon as a year and a half after her discovery, Isabelle was energetic and fully mobile. By fourteen, she was excelling in public school. Her recovery is clearly different than Anna. In both cases they had very low intellectual abilities when they were discovered and introduced into the world. Their differences arise, however, when one considers that two years after Isabelle's discovery she was deemed to be recovered and a fully functioning girl, but prior to Anna's death she only ever reached the level of socialization of a two or three-year-old child. The varying recovery between them is suspected to be the result of Anna having less initial mental capacity prior to isolation or to her receiving a lesser standard of care and verbal training during her recovery than Isabelle's team of skilled doctors and physiologists offered her. Some also account her recovery to the fact that she was in isolation with her mother. However, the exact reason is hard to pinpoint because Anna died at the age of ten before this could be investigated any further.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: Another case Anna is commonly compared to is feral child Genie. While growing up, her father became convinced that she was severely intellectually disabled, causing him to withhold from her care and attention. At approximately the time she reached the age of 20 months, this belief of his caused him to keep her as socially isolated as possible and until she reached the age of 13 years and 7 months he kept her locked alone in a room. During this time, she was strapped to a child's toilet or bound in a crib. This caused her arms and legs to remain completely immobilized. Her father forbade anyone from interacting with her, provided her with almost no stimulation of any kind, and left her severely malnourished and unable to mobilize. The extent of her isolation prevented her from being exposed to any significant amount of speech or human interaction, and as a result she did not acquire language during her childhood, similar to Anna. Her abuse came to the attention of Los Angeles child welfare authorities on November 4, 1970, and this caused a media frenzy.


title: Anna (feral child)

text: Following her discovery, Genie was followed by scientists, physiologists, and linguists. She has lived much longer than Anna and is believed to be 60 or 61 years old (as of 2017), but she has yet to acquire a functional first language. Unlike Anna, psychologists and linguists continue to frequently discuss her to this day, and there is considerable academic and media interest in her development and the research team's methods, since her case has demonstrated the necessity of early language stimulation in the left hemisphere of the brain to start. The discoveries made through her following and scientific testing relate to Anna because it explains that Anna's lack of language stimulation during her isolated childhood are the basis for why she was never able to acquire the verbal communication skills expected of her age up until the time of her early death.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Pirates is a 1986 adventure comedy film written by Gérard Brach, John Brownjohn, and Roman Polanski and directed by Polanski. It was inspired by Polanski's love of classic pirate films, as well as Disneyland's "Pirates of the Caribbean" attraction. Polanski began planning the film in 1976 as a follow up to the iconic "Chinatown", but production was delayed several times due to lack of funding and Polanski's fleeing the United States to avoid rape allegations.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: It was screened out of competition at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival, and was a box-office bomb, though the costume design was nominated for an Academy Award.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: In 1659, an infamous English pirate Captain Red, and his cabin boy Jean-Baptiste, nicknamed "Frog", are lost on a raft without supplies in the ocean. They are picked up by the galleon "Neptune" and thrown into the brig, where they meet the ship's cook Boomako. Boomako has been imprisoned after being caught attempting to steal a golden Aztec throne that is being secretly transported in the hold. Captain Red becomes obsessed with capturing the throne for himself. Meanwhile, Frog falls in love with Maria-Dolores, the niece of Maracaibo's governor, who is travelling on the "Neptune" as a passenger.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Captain Linares dies and the command of the ship is taken over by his ruthless and ambitious first mate, lieutenant Don Alfonso de la Torré who is also in love with Maria-Dolores, though she does not reciprocate his feelings. Red and Frog, put to work along with "Neptune's" crew, make an attempt at instigating a mutiny. In response, Don Alfonso has them sentenced to death along with a few other mutineers. Captain Red launches an open rebellion, which proves successful.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Putting himself in command of the "Neptune", Captain Red directs the ship to a pirate cove, led by his old associate Dutch. Meeting his former crewmates, Captain Red throws a party and imprisons Don Alfonso and his officers. However, one of Dutch's hostages releases them while the pirates are partying. Don Alfonso and his men return to the "Neptune" and retake the ship, sailing away with the golden throne in the morning. Using the money he has gained from Dutch, Captain Red purchases an old brig and pursues the "Neptune" to Maracaibo.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: At night, Captain Red, Frog, and Boomako sneak into the governor's residence with Maria-Dolores as their hostage. Red plans to use her as a bargaining chip and force her wealthy uncle to exchange her for the golden throne. Although the governor proves to be unsympathetic for his niece's fate, he becomes more cooperative after Captain Red tortures him instead, finding out that he is suffering from gout. As Red demands, the governor provides him with a document that entitles him to confiscate the golden throne, posing as the governor's secret messenger. However, Red and Frog fail to carry the throne out of the bay and are later captured by Don Alfonso, who puts them in prison. Maria-Dolores visits them in their cell. She reveals her feelings toward Jean-Baptiste as the two embrace and share a kiss. Maria-Dolores returns to the "Neptune", which soon sets off to Spain again, with Don Alfonso promoted to captain.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: The pirates, informed by Boomako of what has happened, assault the prison the following night, releasing Red and Frog. Captain Red pursues the "Neptune" and launches an assault on the galleon. Red sinks his own ship, making retreat impossible, and secretly orders Boomako to prepare a boat in order to make off with the golden throne. In the heat of battle, Frog finds Maria-Dolores and duels with Don Alfonso over her. However, in the end, he remains loyal to Captain Red, abandoning the fight with Don Alfonso in order to aid his leader in capturing the throne. With the "Neptune" burning and beyond repair, her remaining crew and passengers flee on the boat, while Red, Frog, and Boomako make off in one of their own with the golden throne in their possession. With Maria-Dolores out of his reach now, a furious Frog throws insults at Don Alfonso, who tries to shoot him in retaliation. However, Maria-Dolores intervenes desperately, disrupting his aim, and Boomako is shot dead instead. Red and Frog then leave the scene, abandoning their surviving crewmates in the water.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Riding on the success of the highly acclaimed "Chinatown", Roman Polanski began to write a screenplay for a swashbuckling adventure film called "Pirates" alongside his regular collaborator, Gerard Brach.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: "I feel like doing something entertaining", he said in 1976. "I feel like doing something I would like to see. I'm a great customer of Disneyland. Everytime I go on the pirates' ride I think I would like to do a film."


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Polanski recalled that at the time "movies were very much loaded with messages and the desire to educate. "Pirates" was somehow a reaction to that", he said later. "I think the young audience will enjoy it more than the adults, and that's really what I intended."


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Originally, Polanski intended Jack Nicholson to play the central role of Captain Thomas Bartholomew Red, a grizzled old pirate, and Polanski himself would play Red's sidekick. Then complications arose partially due to the enormous fees Nicholson was demanding. (According to Polanski, when Nicholson was asked what exactly he wanted, he replied, "I want "more".")


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Polanski also wanted Isabelle Adjani to play the female lead. When production was postponed, he made "The Tenant" instead, which he rewrote for Adjani. In 1976, he said he aimed to make "Pirates" the following year in England and Malta and that he would act in the film but only play a small role.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: However, production was put back even further after Polanski was arrested in California in 1977 on charges including rape by use of drugs of a minor Polanski fled the United States to avoid sentencing.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: While in France, Polanski made "Tess". In September 1980 he announced he had signed a deal with Filmways to make "Pirates". In October Arnon Milchan announced he would produce the film, which would be shot in Tel Aviv the following year at a budget of $24 million. Milchan would build a studio there at a cost of $2.5 million, which would have a marine tank. The film would have no major names, as all the money would go into special effects and the set. Polanski called the film "a comedy adventure, in the style of 'Treasure Island' or that Disneyland pirate ride, the kind of thing you dream of as a child." Co-writer Brach called it "a classical, stereotypical story, on which I worked very hard in order not to do something foolish."


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: The people who finance films don't care what your personal problems are, your image, whatever. They're interested in figures. They look them up the same way an insurance company does. And they know that if they spend $5 million or $6 million, $10 million on a film by me, their risk is quite limited. But once you have a subject complicated, more ambitious, like "Pirates", even if you have a delightful script and great enthusiasm, even if you promise them heaven, they are afraid. That has nothing to do with my legal problems in America. What do they care for it? Do you think that they have a moral streak in them, that they really hesitate?


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Both Filmways and Milchan ultimately dropped out. Production restarted later in Paris, this time with a different production company, Carthago Films, and a new producer, Tarak Ben Ammar, who had pioneered Tunisia as a filming location.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: In May 1983, Universal Studios agreed in a memo to provide two-thirds of the budget of "Pirates", then estimated at $28 million. Six months later there was a studio shake up and Universal pulled out. By this stage Ben Ammar had already invested $8 million. He could not find a new distributor.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: As late as January 1984 Polanski still hoped to cast Jack Nicholson. Nastassja Kinski, who had been in Polanski's "Tess", was going to be the female lead.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Two months before production began, Dino de Laurentiis, who would release the film in Europe, arranged a deal with MGM/UA worth $9.5 million. Ben Ammar raised the additional funding from three other banks.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: "I really feel like making a film for a young audience", said Polanski shortly before filming. "Gerard and I have got a great script. It's exciting and it's funny and I expect to have a wonderful time making it. We're using the stereotypes and cliches of old pirate movies and books such as "Treasure Island" to explain the whole mythology so dear to kids."


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: By February 1984 Michael Caine was attached as the lead. By April Caine was out and Rob Lowe was being discussed as his sidekick. Eventually Walter Matthau agreed to play the lead and Cris Campion, a French rock drummer, signed on as his sidekick.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: "I didn't like the script", said Matthau. "I didn't understand the script. First it was the ship against the pirates, then the pirates against the ship, then the ship against the pirates. I didn't think it was funny or adventurous or anything. And the thought of swimming and climbing and duelling on one leg for five or six months in Tunisia didn't appeal to me. It was my youngest son Charlie who changed my mind. He said, 'You gotta take it, Poppa. You'll get to work with Roman Polanski, one of the great directors today. It's an open-air part that could change your career."


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: By the time shooting began the budget had blown out to $40 million – Matthau and Polanski each commanded $1 million and the galleon built for the film cost $7–8 million, with $10 million spent on constructing two sound stages.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: The full scale galleon was built in a shipyard in the port of Port El Kantaoui situated at the city of Sousse, Tunisia, adjacent to the Tarak Ben Ammar Studios, which had been constructed exclusively for this production. An accurate replica above the waterline, but sporting a steel hull and a 400 HP auxiliary engine, the "Neptune" was and still is entered into the Tunisian naval registry, and is currently a tourist attraction in the port of Genoa, where its interior can be visited for a 6 euro fee. The galleon was not finished until 21 April 1985, five months later than intended, and ran into a storm.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: "Another producer might have torn his hair out by now, or developed an ulcer or swallowed lots of tranquilizers", said Ben Ammar during the shoot. "But it's only a movie... Sure it's important to me that "Pirates" be a hit, but it's also important that by building the boat in this country, where unemployment stands at around 20 percent, I gave 2,400 people work for two years. Yes, Polanski does seem to be disaster-prone, but his talent is so great that wonderful actors like Matthau and the top European technicians all wanted to work here with him. "Pirates" is giving my staff lessons in filmmaking money couldn't buy."


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: "I find Polanski riveting and fascinating", said Matthau. "He's like an orchestra conductor. He gives you a sound, but you play it as you want. If you get inspired, he leaves you alone. This is an extreme example, but if you could get a black cat to jump onto your neck, he'd put it in the movie."


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Ammar and fellow producer Thom Mount were unhappy with the involvement of MGM/UA and eventually raised the funds to buy them out of the film. Cannon Films agreed to distribute.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: On 14 May 2010, actress Charlotte Lewis and her attorney Gloria Allred accused director Roman Polanski of predatory sexual conduct against her when she was 16 years old, claiming that Polanski insisted that she sleep with him in return for casting her in "Pirates".


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: The film's original estimated budget, while Polanski was aligned with Paramount on the picture, was $15 million, but the final budget is estimated to have been US$40 million. The reported gross box office revenues in the United States was $1.64 million and $6.3 million worldwide.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Cannon Films outbid outside film distributors Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and De Laurentiis Entertainment Group to serve as the American distributor of the film.


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: "We make mistakes", said Globus of Cannon. ""Pirates" was one of them. . . . We will lose $1 million or $2 million. . . . It hurts. It teaches us a very big lesson that we should not even take for distribution a picture which we don't have all the rights."


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: "For character and atmosphere I would give it four stars", said Matthau. "I would not give it four stars for plot and action. I will say that Polanski is a genius for making an atmosphere seem real. Most films have a counterfeit quality to them."


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 27% approval rating based on eleven reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Pirates (1986 film)

text: Colin Greenland reviewed "Pirates" for "White Dwarf" #85, and stated that "Polanski being Polanski has made everything look so disgusting and filthy and diseased it's also too realistic, if anything. There's a bit where the desperado duo are forced to eat a boiled rat – oh you've heard about that bit, have you?"


title: Jalebi Baby

text: "Jalebi Baby" is a Punjabi-English song sung and produced by Canadian-Indian singer, rapper and producer Tesher, first released on November 13, 2020 by Namah Music Group and Capitol Records. Following the viral success of the track, a remix with American singer Jason Derulo was released on May 28, 2021. "Jalebi Baby" was written by Hitesh Sharma, with additional lyrics added for the remix by Jason Derulo.


title: Jalebi Baby

text: In 2020, after his debut with the single "Young Shahrukh", Tesher independently released "Yummy Jalebi", a remix of Justin Bieber's "Yummy" with "Jalebi Bai" from the soundtrack of Bollywood film "Double Dhamaal". The song went viral on social media platforms including TikTok and Instagram for a verse featuring original vocals from Tesher. In response to popular demand, he released a version that removed "Yummy" and extended his verse to a full original song with his own rapping in Punjabi and English. The new song, entitled "Jalebi Baby", was released for digital download and streaming on November 13, 2020 as his second major label single.


title: Jalebi Baby

text: "Jalebi Baby" achieved viral success on TikTok, which caught the attention of American singer Jason Derulo. Derulo approached Tesher to feature on the song, and a remix version with the duo was released for digital download and streaming on May 28, 2021. The official music video for the remix, directed by Gil Green, was released on July 13, 2021.


title: Jalebi Baby

text: "Jalebi Baby" is composed in the key of D minor for both the original and the remix, with a tempo of 93 beats per minute. The song title refers to a well-known South Asian and Middle Eastern sweet known as jalebi. Tesher posted on his Instagram page that "He can tell you the 2021 song of the summer is literally about an Indian sweet. And that's got to count for something". However, the lyrics were intended by Tesher as a double entendre, with the titular jalebi taking on a more risqué meaning. In an interview with "PopShift", Tesher admitted, "For me personally … when I say, 'Baby let me eat it, I just want to see it,' I’m not talking about jalebis. And I’ll leave it at that."


title: Jalebi Baby

text: On July 7, 2021, Tesher and Jason Derulo performed "Jalebi Baby" together live on "Today". On May 15, 2022, Tesher performed "Jalebi Baby" live with Simu Liu at the Juno Awards of 2022, which were held at Toronto's Budweiser Stage.


title: Jalebi Baby

text: Upon release, "Jalebi Baby" became a viral sensation, topping the Shazam charts in 25+ countries and amassing over 100 million combined global streams by May. The track became Tesher's second after "Young Shahrukh" to peak at number one on the UK Asian Music Chart and remained atop the chart for seven consecutive weeks. The song also debuted at number 20 on the Top Triller Global chart on the issue dated February 20, 2021 and at number 16 on "Billboard"'s World Digital Song Sales chart on the issue dated May 29, 2021.


title: Jalebi Baby

text: "Jalebi Baby" entered at number 186 on the "Billboard" Global 200 chart and at number 116 on the "Billboard" Global Excl. U.S. chart on the issue dated June 12. The track also steadily rose on the World Digital Song Sales chart to a peak of number 3 for two weeks in July. The song debuted at number 17 in the inaugural edition of India's top 20 international singles chart on June 21 and rose to a peak of 7 for three weeks starting on July 26, becoming Tesher's first top-ten hit in the country. It was a success in Europe as well, charting in Austria, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, and Switzerland. "Jalebi Baby" amassed over 200 million global streams as of July 2021. Outside Europe, the song also topped the charts in India, the US, and Canada.


title: Jalebi Baby

text: Following the release of the music video, "Jalebi Baby" gained traction globally. After weeks of static or downward motion on the "Billboard" Global 200 charts, in the week ending July 15 streams rose 26% to 12.8 million and sales rose 6% to 2,100 worldwide. The song shot from number 142 to 119 on the July 24-dated Global Excl. U.S. chart and re-entered the Global 200 at number 187, approaching its original peaks. This was the first week in which Derulo was credited on the Global charts, as the remix outperformed the original in chart activity for the first time. The following week, the track reached new peaks at number 80 on the Global 200 and number 50 on the Global Excl. U.S. chart. The song entered the Pop Airplay chart at number 39 on the week of August 14.


title: Jalebi Baby

text: "Jalebi Baby" featured in the second episode of the Disney+ original television series "Ms. Marvel", which stars Iman Vellani as Kamala Khan, the first Muslim superhero in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The song plays as Kamala meets her crush Kamran shirtless for the first time. Tesher was delighted by the inclusion of his song, stating "It's no secret I'm a big Marvel fan so being Kamala Khan's mental thirsting soundtrack is an absolute dream come true for me. The best part of all this, however, is that I can officially say that I exist in the MCU."


title: Asylum seeker

text: An asylum seeker is a person who leaves their country of residence, enters another country and applies for asylum (i.e., international protection) in that other country. An asylum seeker is an immigrant who has been forcibly displaced and might have fled their home country because of war or other factors harming them or their family. If their case is accepted, they become considered a refugee. The terms "asylum seeker", "refugee" and "illegal immigrant" are often confused.


title: Asylum seeker

text: A person becomes an asylum seeker by making a formal application for the right to remain in another country and keeps that status until the application has been concluded. The relevant immigration authorities of the country of asylum determine whether the asylum seeker will be granted protection and become an officially recognized refugee or whether asylum will be refused and the asylum seeker becomes an illegal immigrant who may be asked to leave the country and may even be deported.


title: Asylum seeker

text: In North American English, the term asylee is also used. An asylee can either be an asylum seeker, as defined above, or a person whose claim for asylum was accepted and asylum was granted. On average, about 1 million people apply for asylum every year.


title: Asylum seeker

text: The asylum seeker may be recognised as a refugee and given refugee status if their circumstances fall into the definition of "refugee" according to the 1951 Refugee Convention or other refugee laws—such as the European Convention on Human Rights, if asylum is claimed within the European Union. However, signatories to the refugee convention create their own policies for assessing the protection status of asylum seekers, and the proportion of asylum applicants who are accepted or rejected varies each year from country to country.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Asylum as an institution is not restricted to the category of individuals who qualify for refugee status. On the contrary, this institution predates the birth of the international regime for the protection of refugees.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Asylum seekers who have committed crimes against peace, a war crime or a crime against humanity, or other serious non-political crimes, or whose actions are contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations, are excluded from international protection.


title: Asylum seeker

text: The 1951 Convention, in Article 1, endorses a single definition of the term "refugee". Its emphasis is on protection from political or other forms of persecution. The Convention defines a refugee as: someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.


title: Asylum seeker

text: As of 1 July 2013, there were 145 parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and 146 to the 1967 Protocol. These states are bound by an obligation under international law to grant asylum to people who fall within the definition of Convention and Protocol. The refugee definitions of 1951 and 1967 are the strictest and most exclusive and persons who fall within this definition are called Convention refugees and their status is called Convention refugee status. Persons who do not fall within this definition may still be granted complementary forms of protection, if they fall within other refugee definitions.


title: Asylum seeker

text: The practical determination of whether a person is a refugee or not is most often left to certain government agencies within the host country. In some countries the refugee status determination (RSD) is done by the UNHCR. The burden of substantiating an asylum claim lies with the claimant, who must establish that they qualify for protection.


title: Asylum seeker

text: In many countries, country-of-origin information is used by migration officials as part of the assessment of asylum claims, and governments commission research into the accuracy of their country reports. Some countries have studied the rejection rates of their migration officials making decisions, finding that individuals reject more applicants than others assessing similar cases—and migration officials are required to standardise the reasons for accepting or rejecting claims, so that the decision of one adjudicator is consistent with what their colleagues decide.


title: Asylum seeker

text: The refugee definition of the 1951 Convention is universally binding, but there are many other definitions according to which protection may be offered to people who do not fall within this definition.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Subsidiary protection is an international protection for persons seeking asylum who do not qualify as refugees. It is an option to get asylum for those who do not have a well-founded fear of persecution (which is required for refugee status according to the 1951 Convention), but do indeed have a substantial risk to be subjected to torture or to a serious harm if they are returned to their country of origin, for reasons that include war, violence, conflict and massive violations of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and European Union law have a broader definition of who is entitled to asylum.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Temporary protection visas are used to persons in Australia who applied for refugee status after making an unauthorised arrival. It is the main type of visa issued to refugees when released from Australian immigration detention facilities and they are required to reapply for it every three years.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Asylum seekers may be given refugee status on a group basis. Refugees who went through the group status determination are also referred to as prima facie refugees. This is done in situations when the reasons for seeking refugee status are generally well known and individual assessment would otherwise overwhelm the capacities of assessors. Group determination is more readily done in states that not only have accepted the refugee definition of the 1951 Convention, but also use a refugee definition that includes people fleeing indiscriminate or generalized violence, which are not covered in the 1951 Convention.


title: Asylum seeker

text: For persons who do not come into the country as part of a bigger group individual asylum interviews are conducted to establish whether the person has sufficient reasons for seeking asylum.


title: Asylum seeker

text: In many countries, asylum applicants can challenge a rejection by challenging the decision in a court or migration review panel. In the United Kingdom, more than one in four decisions to refuse an asylum seeker protection are overturned by immigration judges.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Whilst waiting for a decision asylum seekers have limited rights in the country of asylum. In most countries they are not allowed to work and in some countries not even to volunteer. In some countries they are not allowed to move freely within the country. Even access to health care is limited. In the European Union, those who have yet to be granted official status as refugees and are still within the asylum process have some restricted rights to healthcare access. This includes access to medical and psychological care. However, these may vary depending on the host country. For instance, under the Asylum Seekers Benefits Act ("Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz") in Germany, asylum seekers are outside primary care and are limited to emergency health care, vaccinations, pregnancy and childbirth with limitations on specialty care. Asylum seekers have greater chance of experiencing unmet health needs as compared to the general German population. Asylum seekers also have greater odds of hospital admissions and at least one visit to a psychotherapists relative to the German general population.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Research suggests cross-sector collaboration is key to assist refugees and asylum seekers resettle and integrate into receiving communities, workplaces and schools.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Non-governmental organizations concerned with refugees and asylum seekers have pointed out difficulties for displaced persons to seek asylum in industrialized countries. As the immigration policy in many countries often focuses on the fight of illegal immigration and the strengthening of border controls, it deters displaced persons from entering territory in which they could lodge an asylum claim. The lack of opportunities to legally access the asylum procedures can force displaced persons to undertake often expensive and hazardous attempts at illegal entry.


title: Asylum seeker

text: In recent years, the public as well as policy makers of many countries are focusing more and more on refugees arriving through third country resettlement and pay less and less attention to asylum seekers and those who have already been granted refugee status but did not come through resettlement. Asylum seekers have even been referred to as 'queue jumpers', because they did not wait for their chance to be resettled.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Legal interpreters are assigned to assist asylum seekers throughout interviews and court proceedings. These legal interpreters reflect the training they received in the training program they were certified in. The accuracy of the legal interpretation may vary depending on the training received from the interpreter and potential biases they carry coming into the interpreting session. Lack of training in asylum settings may influence interpretation sessions.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Quality of life of asylum seekers and refugees is highly correlated with the mental health status. The presence of mental disorders like depression or PTSD is mainly due to the forced migration and the resettlement in host countries.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Because asylum seekers often have to wait for months or years for the results of their asylum applications and because they are usually not allowed to work and only receive minimal or no financial support, destitution is a considerable risk.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Asylum seekers usually get some kind of support from governments whilst their application is processed. However, in some countries this support ends immediately once they are given refugee status. But the fact that they were given refugee status does not mean that they were already given all the documents they need for starting their new lives.


title: Asylum seeker

text: Long waiting times significantly reduce the likelihood to obtain a job and the social integration of refugees.