title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Due to Frank’s death, animosity between Zoe and Miguel increases. While walking on her own, Zoe is attacked by Max, but signals for help and is rescued by Miguel, Baca, Thomas, Lucy, and Derek. Realizing that Max is not fully a rotter, Zoe convinces Miguel to allow her to use Max’s blood to create a vaccine, and Miguel gives her 48 hours to create it, having been convinced by Frank’s wife, Elle.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Zoe and Elyse realize they need to test Max’s blood on blood samples from live rotters. She convinces Baca to help her by opening the gates to allow one rotter in and take a blood sample from it. Although this initially goes well, rotters burst through the gates, kill Thomas, and infect Elyse. Miguel kills several rotters and seals the doors to the compound, and, ignoring Zoe’s pleas that she can use the vaccine on her, kills Elyse.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Miguel tells Baca that he saw Zoe's name carved into Max's arm earlier. When Baca confronts Zoe about this, she tells him about Max’s rape attempt. Max steals the keys to his handcuffs from Alphonse during a scuffle. Max begins to taunt Zoe, telling her repeatedly, “You are mine,” before freeing himself and attempting to rape her again. However, Zoe manages to escape. Lily’s mother, whom Max had previously infected, chases after Lily and kills Derek. Max kills her and chases Lily to the motor pool.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: The remaining military personnel arrive, but Max opens the doors and allows a horde of rotters inside, which kill Elle and Lucy among several others. In the ensuing chaos, Lily flees outside, and Zoe chases after her with Max in pursuit. Baca attempts to go after them, but Miguel stops and threatens to shoot him at gunpoint. Both are then bitten by the rotters, and Miguel is ultimately killed while Baca manages to escape.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Max follows them into a greenhouse, where Zoe, hidden in mud, disembowels and decapitates him. Zoe and Lily walk back into the compound, where she finds Baca about to commit suicide to prevent reanimation. Zoe convinces Baca she can cure him with the vaccine and injects him with it, curing him as a result. Sometime later, High Rock Emergency Bunker has been repaired, and Zoe sends a message to any remaining survivors that they have the vaccine, while the rotters’ growls are heard from within a nearby forest.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: On July 10, 2013 it was announced that there would be a second remake of "Day of the Dead", titled "Day of the Dead: Bloodline". Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman, two of the producers behind "Texas Chainsaw 3D", had obtained the rights. Campbell, who had a small role in the first remake said, "We want to keep it as close to the Romero version as possible. To make sure that his fans are happy. These are not going to be zombies climbing walls and doing back flips like in "World War Z"."


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Campbell and Grobman held meetings with possible writers to figure out the best way to adapt the story. It began filming in June 2016.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: The film was originally planned to be released in 2017, although it was later announced that the release date had been delayed until January 5, 2018.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: The film was panned by critics and received overwhelmingly negative reviews. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of .


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Michael Gingold of "Rue Morgue" called the idea of a remake "a foolish and pointless exercise" and said the film's themes were "strictly and tediously standard-issue." Brian Tallerico on Rogerebert.com gave the film a star-and-a-half, stating there were a few well-choreographed action scenes, but "I was just watching people I didn’t care about yell at each other and make really stupid decisions." Matt Donato of "We Got This Covered" gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and stated, ""Day Of The Dead: Bloodline" somehow dethrones 2008's earlier remake attempt as an even more forgettable 'reimagining' (aka rip-off)."


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: In physics, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, named after William Rowan Hamilton and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, is an alternative formulation of classical mechanics, equivalent to other formulations such as Newton's laws of motion, Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is particularly useful in identifying conserved quantities for mechanical systems, which may be possible even when the mechanical problem itself cannot be solved completely.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is also the only formulation of mechanics in which the motion of a particle can be represented as a wave. In this sense, it fulfilled a long-held goal of theoretical physics (dating at least to Johann Bernoulli in the eighteenth century) of finding an analogy between the propagation of light and the motion of a particle. The wave equation followed by mechanical systems is similar to, but not identical with, Schrödinger's equation, as described below; for this reason, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation is considered the "closest approach" of classical mechanics to quantum mechanics.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: In mathematics, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation is a necessary condition describing extremal geometry in generalizations of problems from the calculus of variations. It can be understood as a special case of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation from dynamic programming.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The dot product notation between two lists of the same number of coordinates is a shorthand for the sum of the products of corresponding components, such as


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: shows that the Euler–Lagrange equations form a formula_8 system of second-order ordinary differential equations. Inverting the matrix formula_9 transforms this system into


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Let a time instant formula_11 and a point formula_12 in the configuration space be fixed. The existence and uniqueness theorems guarantee that, for every formula_13 the initial value problem with the conditions formula_14 and formula_15 has a locally unique solution formula_16 Additionally, let there be a sufficiently small time interval formula_17 such that extremals with different initial velocities formula_18 would not intersect in formula_19 The latter means that, for any formula_20 and any formula_21 there can be at most one extremal formula_22 for which formula_14 and formula_24 Substituting formula_22 into the action functional results in the Hamilton's principal function (HPF)


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The momenta are defined as the quantities formula_29 This section shows that the dependency of formula_30 on formula_31 disappears, once the HPF is known.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Indeed, let a time instant formula_11 and a point formula_33 in the configuration space be fixed. For every time instant formula_34 and a point formula_35 let formula_22 be the (unique) extremal from the definition of the Hamilton's principal function formula_37 Call formula_38 the velocity at formula_39. Then


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where one should substitute formula_40 and formula_41 after calculating the partial derivatives on the right-hand side. (This formula follows from the definition of Gateaux derivative via integration by parts).


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Assume that formula_42 is an extremal. Since formula_42 now satisfies the Euler–Lagrange equations, the integral term vanishes. If formula_42's starting point formula_33 is fixed, then, by the same logic that was used to derive the Euler–Lagrange equations, formula_46 Thus,


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Step 2. Let formula_48 be the (unique) extremal from the definition of HPF, formula_49 a vector field along formula_50 and formula_51 a variation of formula_52 "compatible" with formula_53 In precise terms, formula_54


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Step 3. We now substitute formula_60 and formula_61 into the expression for formula_62 from Step 1 and compare the result with the formula derived in Step 2. The fact that, for formula_63 the vector field formula_64 was chosen arbitrarily completes the proof.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Given the Hamiltonian formula_65 of a mechanical system, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation is a first-order, non-linear partial differential equation for the Hamilton's principal function formula_66,


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: \mathbf{\dot q} + \frac{\partial S}{\partial t}\right]^{\mathbf{q}=\xi(t)}_{\mathbf{\dot q} = \dot\xi(t)}.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Alternatively, as described below, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation may be derived from Hamiltonian mechanics by treating formula_75 as the generating function for a canonical transformation of the classical Hamiltonian


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The conjugate momenta correspond to the first derivatives of formula_66 with respect to the generalized coordinates


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: As a solution to the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, the principal function contains formula_79 undetermined constants, the first formula_2 of them denoted as formula_81, and the last one coming from the integration of formula_82.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The relationship between formula_83 and formula_1 then describes the orbit in phase space in terms of these constants of motion. Furthermore, the quantities


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: are also constants of motion, and these equations can be inverted to find formula_1 as a function of all the formula_87 and formula_88 constants and time.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is a "single", first-order partial differential equation for the function of the formula_2 generalized coordinates formula_90 and the time formula_34. The generalized momenta do not appear, except as derivatives of formula_66. Remarkably, the function formula_66 is equal to the classical action.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: For comparison, in the equivalent Euler–Lagrange equations of motion of Lagrangian mechanics, the conjugate momenta also do not appear; however, those equations are a "system" of formula_94, generally second-order equations for the time evolution of the generalized coordinates. Similarly, Hamilton's equations of motion are another "system" of 2"N" first-order equations for the time evolution of the generalized coordinates and their conjugate momenta formula_95.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Since the HJE is an equivalent expression of an integral minimization problem such as Hamilton's principle, the HJE can be useful in other problems of the calculus of variations and, more generally, in other branches of mathematics and physics, such as dynamical systems, symplectic geometry and quantum chaos. For example, the Hamilton–Jacobi equations can be used to determine the geodesics on a Riemannian manifold, an important variational problem in Riemannian geometry.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Any canonical transformation involving a type-2 generating function formula_96 leads to the relations


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: and Hamilton's equations in terms of the new variables formula_98 and new Hamiltonian formula_99 have the same form:


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: To derive the HJE, a generating function formula_96 is chosen in such a way that, it will make the new Hamiltonian formula_102. Hence, all its derivatives are also zero, and the transformed Hamilton's equations become trivial


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: so the new generalized coordinates and momenta are "constants" of motion. As they are constants, in this context the new generalized momenta formula_104 are usually denoted formula_81, i.e. formula_106 and the new generalized coordinates formula_107 are typically denoted as formula_108, so formula_109.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Setting the generating function equal to Hamilton's principal function, plus an arbitrary constant formula_110:


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Ideally, these "N" equations can be inverted to find the original generalized coordinates formula_116 as a function of the constants formula_117 and formula_118, thus solving the original problem.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Hamilton's principal function "S" and classical function "H" are both closely related to action. The total differential of formula_119 is:


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The HJE is most useful when it can be solved via additive separation of variables, which directly identifies constants of motion. For example, the time "t" can be separated if the Hamiltonian does not depend on time explicitly. In that case, the time derivative formula_124 in the HJE must be a constant, usually denoted (formula_125), giving the separated solution


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where the time-independent function formula_127 is sometimes called Hamilton's characteristic function. The reduced Hamilton–Jacobi equation can then be written


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: To illustrate separability for other variables, a certain generalized coordinate formula_129 and its derivative formula_130 are assumed to appear together as a single function


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: In that case, the function "S" can be partitioned into two functions, one that depends only on "q" and another that depends only on the remaining generalized coordinates


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Substitution of these formulae into the Hamilton–Jacobi equation shows that the function "ψ" must be a constant (denoted here as formula_134), yielding a first-order ordinary differential equation for formula_135


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: In fortunate cases, the function formula_137 can be separated completely into formula_138 functions formula_139


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The separability of "S" depends both on the Hamiltonian and on the choice of generalized coordinates. For orthogonal coordinates and Hamiltonians that have no time dependence and are quadratic in the generalized momenta, formula_137 will be completely separable if the potential energy is additively separable in each coordinate, where the potential energy term for each coordinate is multiplied by the coordinate-dependent factor in the corresponding momentum term of the Hamiltonian (the Staeckel conditions). For illustration, several examples in orthogonal coordinates are worked in the next sections.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: In spherical coordinates the Hamiltonian of a free particle moving in a conservative potential "U" can be written


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is completely separable in these coordinates provided that there exist functions: formula_144 such that formula_145 can be written in the analogous form


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: This equation may be solved by successive integrations of ordinary differential equations, beginning with the equation for formula_149


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where formula_151 is a constant of the motion that eliminates the formula_149 dependence from the Hamilton–Jacobi equation


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where formula_156 is again a constant of the motion that eliminates the formula_154 dependence and reduces the HJE to the final ordinary differential equation


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where the foci of the ellipses are located at formula_161 on the formula_162-axis. The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is completely separable in these coordinates provided that formula_145 has an analogous form


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where : formula_165, formula_166 and formula_167 are arbitrary functions. Substitution of the completely separated solution


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: yields the reduced Hamilton–Jacobi equation (after re-arrangement and multiplication of both sides by the denominator)


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is completely separable in these coordinates provided that formula_145 has an analogous form


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where formula_178, formula_179, and formula_167 are arbitrary functions. Substitution of the completely separated solution


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The HJE establishes a duality between trajectories and wave fronts. For example, in geometrical optics, light can be considered either as “rays” or waves. The wave front can be defined as the surface formula_188 that the light emitted at time formula_189 has reached at time formula_190. Light rays and wave fronts are dual: if one is known, the other can be deduced.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: More precisely, geometrical optics is a variational problem where the “action” is the travel time formula_191 along a path,formula_192 where formula_193 is the medium's index of refraction and formula_194 is an infinitesimal arc length. From the above formulation, one can compute the ray paths using the Euler–Lagrange formulation; alternatively, one can compute the wave fronts by solving the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. Knowing one leads to knowing the other.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The above duality is very general and applies to "all" systems that derive from a variational principle: either compute the trajectories using Euler–Lagrange equations or the wave fronts by using Hamilton–Jacobi equation.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The wave front at time formula_190, for a system initially at formula_196 at time formula_197, is defined as the collection of points formula_198 such that formula_199. If formula_200 is known, the momentum is immediately deduced.formula_201


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Once formula_202 is known, tangents to the trajectories formula_203 are computed by solving the equationformula_204for formula_203, where formula_206 is the Lagrangian. The trajectories are then recovered from the knowledge of formula_203.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The isosurfaces of the function formula_208 can be determined at any time "t". The motion of an formula_66-isosurface as a function of time is defined by the motions of the particles beginning at the points formula_1 on the isosurface. The motion of such an isosurface can be thought of as a "wave" moving through formula_1-space, although it does not obey the wave equation exactly. To show this, let "S" represent the phase of a wave


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where formula_213 is a constant (Planck's constant) introduced to make the exponential argument dimensionless; changes in the amplitude of the wave can be represented by having formula_66 be a complex number. The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is then rewritten as


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: Conversely, starting with the Schrödinger equation and our ansatz for formula_216, it can be deduced that


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: The classical limit (formula_218) of the Schrödinger equation above becomes identical to the following variant of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation,


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: for a particle of rest mass formula_221 travelling in curved space, where formula_222 are the contravariant coordinates of the metric tensor (i.e., the inverse metric) solved from the Einstein field equations, and formula_223 is the speed of light. Setting the four-momentum formula_224 equal to the four-gradient of the action formula_137,


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: For a particle of rest mass formula_229 and electric charge formula_230 moving in electromagnetic field with four-potential formula_231 in vacuum, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation in geometry determined by the metric tensor formula_232 has a form


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: and can be solved for the Hamilton principal action function formula_66 to obtain further solution for the particle trajectory and momentum:


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where formula_254, implying the particle moving along a circular trajectory with a permanent radius formula_255 and an invariable value of momentum formula_256 directed along a magnetic field vector.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: For the flat, monochromatic, linearly polarized wave with a field formula_257 directed along the axis formula_258


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: implying the particle figure-8 trajectory with a long its axis oriented along the electric field formula_257 vector.


title: Hamilton–Jacobi equation

text: where formula_284 is the magnetic field magnitude in a solenoid with the effective radius formula_285, inductivity formula_286, number of windings formula_287, and an electric current magnitude formula_288 through the solenoid windings. The particle motion occurs along the figure-8 trajectory in formula_289 plane set perpendicular to the solenoid axis with arbitrary azimuth angle formula_290 due to axial symmetry of the solenoidal magnetic field.


title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles

text: Roger Federer defeated Marin Čilić in the final, 6–3, 6–1, 6–4 to win the gentlemen's singles title at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships. It was his record eighth Wimbledon men's singles title (surpassing Pete Sampras and William Renshaw) and 19th major title overall. Federer also became the second man in the Open Era, after Björn Borg in 1976, to win Wimbledon without losing a set. This was Federer's 70th appearance at a major, tying the record for male players, and a record-breaking 11th men's singles final at the same major tournament. In addition, with his third-round win over Mischa Zverev, Federer won his 317th Grand Slam singles match, surpassing Serena Williams' record. With his first-round win, Federer surpassed Jimmy Connors' record for most match wins at Wimbledon. In the same match, he hit his 10,000th ace, becoming only the third man to do so. The tournament marked the fifth time that Rafael Nadal and Federer won the French Open and Wimbledon, respectively, in the same year.


text: Andy Murray was the defending champion and top seed but was defeated by Sam Querrey in the quarterfinals - the second consecutive year in which Querrey beat the No. 1 seed at Wimbledon, after beating Novak Djokovic in the third round the previous year. Murray nonetheless retained the ATP No. 1 singles ranking, as Rafael Nadal, Stan Wawrinka, and Novak Djokovic failed to gain enough ranking points to surpass him.


text: This was also the first major since the 2009 French Open in which Murray, Nadal and Djokovic all failed to reach the semifinals, and the first time since 2004 that no player reached all four quarterfinals in a year. With his win over Murray, Querrey became the first American man to reach a Grand Slam semifinal since Andy Roddick at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships; it was also his second win over a world No. 1 player, the first being against Djokovic at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships.


text: For the first time since the 2005 Australian Open, David Ferrer was not seeded at a Grand Slam, and it was the first time since the 2004 US Open that Guillermo García López did not play at a Grand Slam, ending his streak of 50 consecutive Grand Slam appearances.


text: Wawrinka was attempting to complete the career Grand Slam but lost to Daniil Medvedev in the first round.


title: Ella Baker

text: Ella Josephine Baker (December 13, 1903 – December 13, 1986) was an African-American civil rights and human rights activist. She was a largely behind-the-scenes organizer whose career spanned more than five decades. In New York City and the South, she worked alongside some of the most noted civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including W. E. B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, A. Philip Randolph, and Martin Luther King Jr. She also mentored many emerging activists, such as Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, and Bob Moses, as leaders in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker criticized professionalized, charismatic leadership; she promoted grassroots organizing, radical democracy, and the ability of the oppressed to understand their worlds and advocate for themselves. She realized this vision most fully in the 1960s as the primary advisor and strategist of the SNCC. Biographer Barbara Ransby calls Baker "one of the most important American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential woman in the civil rights movement". She is known for her critiques of both racism in American culture and sexism in the civil rights movement.


title: Ella Baker

text: Ella Josephine Baker was born on December 13, 1903, in Norfolk, Virginia, to Georgiana (called Anna) and Blake Baker, and first raised there. She was the second of three surviving children, bracketed by her older brother Blake Curtis and younger sister Maggie. Her father worked on a steamship line that sailed out of Norfolk, and so was often away. Her mother took in boarders to earn extra money. In 1910, Norfolk had a race riot in which whites attacked black workers from the shipyard. Her mother decided to take the family back to North Carolina while their father continued to work for the steamship company. Ella was seven when they returned to her mother's rural hometown near Littleton, North Carolina.


title: Ella Baker

text: As a child, Baker grew up with little influence. Her grandfather Mitchell had died, and her father's parents lived a day's ride away. She often listened to her grandmother, Josephine Elizabeth "Bet" Ross, tell stories about slavery and leaving the South to escape its oppressive society. At an early age, Baker gained a sense of social injustice, as she listened to her grandmother's horror stories of life as an enslaved person. Her grandmother was beaten and whipped for refusing to marry an enslaved man her owner chose, and told Ella other stories of life as an African-American woman during this period. Giving her granddaughter context to the African-American experience helped Baker understand the injustices black people still faced.


title: Ella Baker

text: Ella attended Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, and graduated with valedictorian honors. Decades later, she returned to Shaw to help found SNCC.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker worked as editorial assistant at the "Negro National News". In 1930, George Schuyler, a black journalist and anarchist (and later an arch-conservative), founded the Young Negroes Cooperative League (YNCL). It sought to develop black economic power through collective networks. They conducted "conferences and trainings in the 1930s in their attempt to create a small, interlocking system of cooperative economic societies throughout the US" for black economic development. Having befriended Schuyler, Baker joined his group in 1931 and soon became its national director.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker also worked for the Worker's Education Project of the Works Progress Administration, established under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Baker taught courses in consumer education, labor history, and African history. She immersed herself in the cultural and political milieu of Harlem in the 1930s, protesting Italy's invasion of Ethiopia and supporting the campaign to free the Scottsboro defendants in Alabama. She also founded the Negro History Club at the Harlem Library and regularly attended lectures and meetings at the YWCA.


title: Ella Baker

text: During this time, Baker lived with and married her college sweetheart, T. J. (Bob) Roberts. They divorced in 1958. Baker rarely discussed her private life or marital status. According to fellow activist Bernice Johnson Reagon, many women in the Civil Rights Movement followed Baker's example, adopting a practice of dissemblance about their private lives that allowed them to be accepted as individuals in the movement.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker befriended John Henrik Clarke, a future scholar and activist; Pauli Murray, a future writer and civil rights lawyer; and others who became lifelong friends. The Harlem Renaissance influenced her thoughts and teachings. She advocated widespread, local action as a means of social change. Her emphasis on a grassroots approach to the struggle for equal rights influenced the growth and success of the civil rights movement of the mid-20th century.


title: Ella Baker

text: In 1938 Baker began her long association with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), then based in New York City. In December 1940 she started work there as a secretary. She traveled widely for the organization, especially in the South, recruiting members, raising money, and organizing local chapters. She was named director of branches in 1943, and became the NAACP's highest-ranking woman. An outspoken woman, Baker believed in egalitarian ideals. She pushed the NAACP to decentralize its leadership structure and to aid its membership in more activist campaigns at the local level.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker believed that the strength of an organization grew from the bottom up, not the top down. She believed that the branches' work was the NAACP's lifeblood. Baker despised elitism and placed her confidence in many. She believed that the bedrock of any social change organization is not its leaders' eloquence or credentials, but the commitment and hard work of the rank and file membership and their willingness and ability to engage in discussion, debate, and decision-making. She especially stressed the importance of young people and women in the organization.


title: Ella Baker

text: While traveling throughout the South on the NAACP's behalf, Baker met hundreds of black people, establishing lasting relationships with them. She slept in their homes, ate at their tables, spoke in their churches, and earned their trust. She wrote thank-you notes and expressed her gratitude to the people she met. This personalized approach was one important aspect of Baker's effectiveness in recruiting more NAACP members. She formed a network of people in the South who would be important in the continued fight for civil rights. Whereas some northern organizers tended to talk down to rural southerners, Baker's ability to treat everyone with respect helped her in recruiting. Baker fought to make the NAACP more democratic. She tried to find a balance between voicing her concerns and maintaining a unified front.


title: Ella Baker

text: Between 1944 and 1946, Baker directed leadership conferences in several major cities, such as Chicago and Atlanta. She got top officials to deliver lectures, offer welcoming remarks, and conduct workshops.


title: Ella Baker

text: In 1946, Baker took in her niece Jackie, whose mother was unable to care for her. Due to her new responsibilities, Baker left her full-time position with the NAACP and began to serve as a volunteer. She soon joined the NAACP's New York branch to work on local school desegregation and police brutality issues. She became its president in 1952. In this role, she supervised the field secretaries and coordinated the national office's work with local groups. Baker's top priority was to lessen the organization's bureaucracy and give women more power in the organization; this included reducing Walter Francis White's dominating role as executive secretary.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker believed the program should be primarily channeled not through White and the national office, but through the people in the field. She lobbied to reduce the rigid hierarchy, place more power in the hands of capable local leaders, and give local branches greater responsibility and autonomy. In 1953 she resigned from the presidency to run for the New York City Council on the Liberal Party ticket, but was unsuccessful.


title: Ella Baker

text: In January 1957, Baker went to Atlanta to attend a conference aimed at developing a new regional organization to build on the success of the Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama. After a second conference in February, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed. This was planned as a loosely structured coalition of church-based leaders who were engaged in civil rights struggles across the South. The group wanted to emphasize the use of nonviolent actions to bring about social progress and racial justice for southern blacks. They intended to rely on the existing black churches, at the heart of their communities, as a base of its support. Its strength would be built on the political activities of local church affiliates. The SCLC leaders envisioned themselves as the political arm of the black church.


title: Ella Baker

text: The SCLC first appeared publicly as an organization at the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. Baker was one of three major organizers of this large-scale event. She demonstrated her ability to straddle organizational lines, ignoring and minimizing rivalries and battles. The conference's first project was the 1958 Crusade for Citizenship, a voter registration campaign to increase the number of registered African-American voters for the 1958 and 1960 elections. Baker was hired as Associate Director, the first staff person for the SCLC. Reverend John Tilley became the first Executive Director. Baker worked closely with southern civil rights activists in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and gained respect for her organizing abilities. She helped initiate voter registration campaigns and identify other local grievances. Their strategy included education, sermons in churches, and efforts to establish grassroots centers to stress the importance of the vote. They also planned to rely on the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to protect local voters. While the project did not achieve its immediate goals, it laid the groundwork for strengthening local activist centers to build a mass movement for the vote across the South. After John Tilley resigned as director of the SCLC, Baker lived and worked in Atlanta for two and a half years as interim executive director until Reverend Wyatt Tee Walker started in the role in April 1960.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker's job with the SCLC was more frustrating than fruitful. She was unsettled politically, physically, and emotionally. She had no solid allies in the office. Historian Thomas F. Jackson notes that Baker criticized the organization for "programmatic sluggishness and King's distance from the people. King was a better orator than democratic crusader[, she] concluded."


title: Ella Baker

text: That same year, 1960, on the heels of regional desegregation sit-ins led by black college students, Baker persuaded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to invite southern university students to the Southwide Youth Leadership Conference at Shaw University on Easter weekend. This was a gathering of sit-in leaders to meet, assess their struggles, and explore the possibilities for future actions. At this meeting, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced "snick") was formed.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker saw the potential for a special type of leadership by the young sit-in leaders, who were not yet prominent in the movement. She believed they could revitalize the Black Freedom Movement and take it in a new direction. Baker wanted to bring the sit-in participants together in a way that would sustain the momentum of their actions, teach them the skills necessary, provide the resources that were needed, and also help them to coalesce into a more militant and democratic force. To this end she worked to keep the students independent of the older, church-based leadership. In her address at Shaw, she warned the activists to be wary of "leader-centered orientation". Julian Bond later described the speech as "an eye opener" and probably the best of the conference. "She didn't say, 'Don't let Martin Luther King tell you what to do,'" Bond remembers, "but you got the real feeling that that's what she meant."


title: Ella Baker

text: SNCC became the most active organization in the deeply oppressed Mississippi Delta. It was more open to women than the other prominent Civil Rights organizations, including the SCLC, where Baker witnessed extensive misogynistic teachings and the suppression of women activists. But widespread sexism and appeals to male supremacy pervaded its membership. After the conference at Shaw, Baker resigned from the SCLC and began a long and close relationship with SNCC. Along with Howard Zinn, she was one of SNCC's highly revered adult advisors, known as the "Godmother of SNCC".


title: Ella Baker

text: In 1961 Baker persuaded the SNCC to form two wings: one wing for direct action and the second wing for voter registration. With Baker's help SNCC, along with the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), coordinated the region-wide Freedom Rides of 1961. They also expanded their grassroots movement among black sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and others throughout the South. Ella Baker insisted that "strong people don't need strong leaders", and criticized the notion of a single charismatic leader of movements for social change. In keeping the idea of "participatory democracy", Baker wanted each person to get involved. She also argued that "people under the heel", the most oppressed members of any community, "had to be the ones to decide what action they were going to take to get (out) from under their oppression".


title: Ella Baker

text: She was a teacher and mentor to the young people of SNCC, influencing such important future leaders as Julian Bond, Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, Curtis Muhammad, Bob Moses, and Bernice Johnson Reagon. Through SNCC, Baker's ideas of group-centered leadership and the need for radical democratic social change spread throughout the student movements of the 1960s. For instance, the Students for a Democratic Society, the major antiwar group of the day, promoted participatory democracy. These ideas also influenced a wide range of radical and progressive groups that would form in the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Ella Baker

text: In 1964 Baker helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) as an alternative to the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party. She worked as the coordinator of the Washington office of the MFDP and accompanied a delegation of the MFDP to the 1964 National Democratic Party convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The group wanted to challenge the national party to affirm the rights of African Americans to participate in party elections in the South, where they were still largely disenfranchised. When MFDP delegates challenged the pro-segregationist, all-white official delegation, a major conflict ensued. The MFDP delegation was not seated, but their influence on the Democratic Party later helped to elect many black leaders in Mississippi. They forced a rule change to allow women and minorities to sit as delegates at the Democratic National Convention.


title: Ella Baker

text: The 1964 schism with the national Democratic Party led SNCC toward the "black power" position. Baker was less involved with SNCC during this period, but her withdrawal was due more to her declining health than to ideological differences. According to her biographer Barbara Ransby, Baker believed that black power was a relief from the "stale and unmoving demands and language of the more mainstream civil rights groups at the time." She also accepted the turn towards armed self-defense that SNCC made in the course of its development. Her friend and biographer Joanne Grant wrote that "Baker, who always said that she would never be able to turn the other cheek, turned a blind eye to the prevalence of weapons. While she herself would rely on her fists ... she had no qualms about target practice."


title: Ella Baker

text: From 1962 to 1967, Baker worked as the staff of the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF). Its goal was to help black and white people work together for social justice; the interracial desegregation and human rights group was based in the South. SCEF raised funds for black activists, lobbied for implementation of President John F. Kennedy's civil rights proposals, and tried to educate southern whites about the evils of racism. Federal civil rights legislation was passed by Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and 1965, but implementation took years.


title: Ella Baker

text: In SCEF, Baker worked closely with her friend Anne Braden, a white longtime anti-racist activist. Braden had been accused in the 1950s of being a communist by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Baker believed that socialism, the transitory phase toward communism, was a humane alternative to capitalism. She became a staunch defender of Braden and her husband Carl; she encouraged SNCC to reject red-baiting as divisive and unfair. During the 1960s, Baker participated in a speaking tour and co-hosted several meetings on the importance of linking civil rights and civil liberties.


title: Ella Baker

text: In 1967 Baker returned to New York City, where she continued her activism. She later collaborated with Arthur Kinoy and others to form the Mass Party Organizing Committee, a socialist organization. In 1972 she traveled the country in support of the "Free Angela" campaign, demanding the release of activist and writer Angela Davis, who had been imprisoned on charges of kidnapping and murder in the Marin County Civic Center attacks. Davis was eventually acquitted.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker also supported the Puerto Rican independence movement and spoke out against apartheid in South Africa. She allied with a number of women's groups, including the Third World Women's Alliance and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She remained an activist until her death on December 13, 1986, her 83rd birthday.


title: Ella Baker

text: In the 1960s, the idea of "participatory democracy" became popular among political activists, including those in the Civil Rights Movement. It took the traditional appeal of democracy and added direct citizen participation.


title: Ella Baker

text: You didn't see me on television, you didn't see news stories about me. The kind of role that I tried to play was to pick up pieces or put together pieces out of which I hoped organization might come. My theory is, strong people don't need strong leaders.


title: Ella Baker

text: According to Mumia Abu-Jamal, Baker advocated a more collectivist model of leadership over the "prevailing messianic style of the period". She was largely arguing against the structuring of the civil rights movement by the organization model of the black church. The black church then had largely female membership and male leadership. Baker questioned not only the gendered hierarchy of the civil rights movement but also that of the Black church.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker, King, and other SCLC members were reported to have differences in opinion and philosophy during the 1950s and 1960s. She was older than many of the young ministers she worked with, which added to their tensions. She once said the "movement made Martin, and not Martin the movement". When she gave a speech urging activists to take control of the movement themselves, rather than rely on a leader with "heavy feet of clay", it was widely interpreted as a denunciation of King.


title: Ella Baker

text: Baker's philosophy was "power to the people". If members worked together, she believed that a group's force could make significant changes.


title: Mark Takano

text: Mark Allan Takano ( ; born December 10, 1960) is an American politician and academic who has been the United States representative for California's 41st congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Takano became the first openly gay person of Asian descent in Congress upon taking office.


title: Mark Takano

text: Takano was born in 1960 in Riverside, California. His family was relocated and interned from California to a "War Relocation Camp" during World War II. He is "Sansei", that is, the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the United States. He attended La Sierra High School in the Alvord Unified School District, where he graduated as class valedictorian. In high school, he also participated in the Junior State of America, a national student-run organization centered around debate and civic engagement in young people, and was elected lieutenant governor of the Southern California State. He graduated from Harvard University with an AB in government in 1983 and from the University of California, Riverside with an MFA in creative writing for the performing arts in 2010.


title: Mark Takano

text: Takano taught British literature in public schools for 23 years. He was a member of the Republican Party through college, when he became a member of the Democratic Party. In 1990 he was elected to the Riverside Community College Board of Trustees. While on the board, he shepherded a measure that gave college employees domestic partner benefits.


title: Mark Takano

text: Takano ran for the United States House of Representatives in California's 43rd congressional district. He won a seven-candidate Democratic primary with 29% of the vote. Republican Ken Calvert defeated Takano by 519 votes, 47%–46%.


title: Mark Takano

text: Takano defeated Raven Lopez Workman in the Democratic primary, 70%–30%. During the campaign, Republican State Assemblyman Ray Haynes outed Takano, calling him a "homosexual liberal". In the general election, Calvert defeated Takano, 55%–38%.


title: Mark Takano

text: In July 2011, Takano announced he would run for the House in the newly redrawn 41st congressional district, established in the redistricting following the 2010 United States Census. Five candidates ran for the open seat. In the June 2012 open primary, John Tavaglione, a Republican who sat on the Riverside County Board of Supervisors, ranked first with 45% of the votes. Takano ranked second with 37%. In the November general election, Takano defeated Tavaglione, 58%–42%. Takano became the first openly gay non-white member of the House.


title: Mark Takano

text: After Corrine Brown's indictment on July 8, 2016, she temporarily stepped down as ranking member of the Veterans Committee, leaving Takano as acting ranking member until the end of the 114th Congress. When the Democrats took the House majority after the 2018 elections, Takano became the chair of the committee. He is currently the most junior chair of a major House committee.


title: Mark Takano

text: When Representative Bill Cassidy circulated a draft letter opposing an immigration reform bill in 2013, asking for signatures, Takano marked it up in red pen like a high school assignment and gave it an F, with comments like, "exaggeration – avoid hyperbole."


title: Mark Takano

text: Takano co-chairs the Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus and is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, the Congressional Arts Caucus, the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus, the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus, U.S.-Japan Caucus, and the Advanced Energy Storage Caucus.


title: Mark Takano

text: For his tenure as the chairman of the House Veterans' Affairs Committee in the 116th Congress, Takano earned an "A" grade from the nonpartisan Lugar Center's Congressional Oversight Hearing Index.


title: Mark Takano

text: As of 2022, Takano has a 100% rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America and an F rating from the Susan B. Anthony List for his abortion-related voting record. He opposed the overturning of "Roe v. Wade", calling it "offensive and radical".


title: Mark Takano

text: Takano supports gun control efforts. In the wake of the 2015 San Bernardino attack, he criticized Congress for its inability to pass gun control laws, describing the shooting in San Bernardino as "the cost of inaction."


title: Mark Takano

text: Takano endorsed Bernie Sanders in the presidential primary election, saying Sanders "has a bold vision" and "can get things done". After Sanders dropped out of the primaries, Takano endorsed Democratic nominee Joe Biden.


title: Mark Takano

text: Takano gardens and cooks. Every year, he gathers with his family in Riverside to make a large batch of teriyaki sauce using the family recipe.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: The Battle of Tewkesbury, which took place on 4 May 1471, was one of the decisive battles of the Wars of the Roses in England. King Edward IV and his forces loyal to the House of York completely defeated those of the rival House of Lancaster. The Lancastrian heir to the throne, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and many prominent Lancastrian nobles were killed during the battle or executed. The Lancastrian king, Henry VI, who was a prisoner in the Tower of London, died shortly after the battle, perhaps murdered. Tewkesbury restored political stability to England until the death of Edward IV in 1483.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: The term "Wars of the Roses" refers to the informal heraldic badges of the two rival houses of Lancaster and York, which had been contending for the English throne since the late 1450s. In 1461 the Yorkist claimant, Edward, Earl of March, was proclaimed King Edward IV and defeated the supporters of the weak, intermittently insane Lancastrian King Henry VI at the Battle of Towton. Lancastrian revolts in the far north of England were defeated in 1464, and the fugitive King Henry was captured and imprisoned the next year. His wife, Margaret of Anjou, and their 13-year-old son Edward of Westminster were exiled and impoverished in France. Edward IV's hold on the throne appeared to be secure, at least temporarily.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Edward owed his victory in large measure to the support of his cousin, the powerful 16th Earl of Warwick. They became estranged when Edward spurned the French diplomatic marriage that Warwick was seeking for him and instead married Elizabeth Woodville, widow of an obscure Lancastrian gentleman, in secret in 1464. When the marriage became public knowledge, Edward placed many of his new queen's family in powerful positions that Warwick had hoped to control. Edward meanwhile reversed Warwick's policy of friendship with France by marrying his sister Margaret to Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy. The embittered Warwick secured the support of Edward IV's brother George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, for a coup in exchange for Warwick's promise to crown Clarence king. Although Edward was imprisoned briefly, Clarence was unacceptable as monarch to most of the country. Edward was allowed to resume his rule, outwardly reconciled with Warwick and Clarence. Within a year, though, he accused them of fresh treachery and forced them to flee to France.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: With no hope of a reconciliation with King Edward, Warwick's best hope of regaining power in England lay in restoring Henry VI to the throne. Louis XI of France feared a hostile alliance of Burgundy under Charles the Bold and England under Edward. He was prepared to support Warwick with men and money, but to give legitimacy to any uprising by Warwick, the acquiescence of Margaret of Anjou was required. Warwick and Margaret were previously sworn enemies, but her attendants (in particular Sir John Fortescue, formerly Chief Justice during Henry VI's reign) and Louis eventually persuaded her to ally the House of Lancaster with Warwick. At Angers Warwick begged her pardon on his knees for all past wrongs done to her, and was forgiven. Prince Edward was betrothed to Warwick's younger daughter Anne (the marriage was eventually solemnised at Amboise on 13 December 1470 but may not have been consummated, as Margaret was seeking a better match for Edward once he was King). Finally they swore loyalty to Henry VI on a fragment of the True Cross in Angers Cathedral. However, Margaret declined to let Prince Edward land in England or to land there herself until Warwick had established a firm government and made the country safe for them.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Warwick landed in the West Country on 13 September 1470, accompanied by Clarence and some unswerving Lancastrian nobles, including the Earl of Oxford and Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke. As King Edward made his way south to face Warwick, he realised that Warwick's brother John, Marquess of Montagu, who had up until then remained loyal to Edward, had defected at the head of a large army in the north of England. Edward fled to King's Lynn, where he took ship for Flanders, part of Burgundy, accompanied only by his youngest brother Richard of Gloucester and a few faithful adherents.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: In London Warwick released King Henry, led him in procession to Saint Paul's cathedral, and installed him in Westminster palace. Warwick's position nevertheless remained precarious. His alliance with Louis of France and his intention to declare war on Burgundy was contrary to the interests of the merchants, as it threatened English trade with Flanders and the Netherlands. Clarence had long been excluded from Warwick's calculations. In November 1470 Parliament declared that Prince Edward and his (putative) descendants were Henry's heirs to the throne; Clarence would become King only if the Lancastrian line of succession failed. Unknown to Warwick, Clarence secretly became reconciled with his brother, King Edward.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: With Warwick in power in England, it was Charles of Burgundy's turn to fear a hostile alliance of England and France. As an obvious counter to Warwick, he supplied King Edward with money (50,000 florins), ships, and several hundred men (including handgunners). Edward set sail from Flushing on 11 March 1471 with 36 ships and 1200 men. He touched briefly on the English coast at Cromer but found that the Duke of Norfolk, who might have supported him, was away from the area and that Warwick controlled that part of the country. Instead, his ships made for Ravenspurn, near the mouth of the River Humber, where Henry Bolingbroke had landed in 1399 on his way to reclaim the Duchy of Lancaster and ultimately depose Richard II.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Edward's landing was inauspicious at first; the ships were scattered by bad weather and his men landed in small detachments over a wide area on 14 March. The port of Kingston-upon-Hull refused to allow Edward to enter, so he made for York, claiming rather like Bolingbroke that he was seeking only the restoration of the Duchy of York. He then began to march south. Near Pontefract Castle he evaded the troops of Warwick's brother Montagu. By the time Edward reached the town of Warwick he had gathered enough supporters to proclaim himself King again. The Earl of Warwick sent urgent requests for Queen Margaret, who was gathering fresh forces in France, to join him in England. He himself was at Coventry, preparing to bar Edward's way to London, while Montagu hastened up behind the King's army.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Edward, however, knew that Clarence was ready to turn his coat once again and betray Warwick, his father-in-law. He marched rapidly west and joined with Clarence's men, who were approaching from Gloucestershire. Clarence appealed to Warwick to surrender, but Warwick refused to even speak to him. Edward's army made rapidly for London, pursued by Warwick and Montagu. London was supposedly defended by the 4th Duke of Somerset, but he was absent and the city readily admitted Edward. The unfortunate and by now feeble Henry VI was sent back to the Tower of London. Edward then turned about to face Warwick's approaching army. On 14 April, they met at the Battle of Barnet. In a confused fight in thick fog, some of Warwick's army attacked each other by mistake, and at the cries of "Treachery!" his army disintegrated and was routed. Montagu died in the battle and Warwick was cut down trying to reach his horse to escape.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Urged on by Louis XI, Margaret finally sailed on 24 March. Storms forced her ships back to France several times, and she and Prince Edward finally landed at Weymouth in Dorsetshire on the same day the Battle of Barnet was fought. While Margaret sheltered at nearby Cerne Abbey, the Duke of Somerset brought news of the disaster at Barnet to her. She briefly wished to return to France, but Prince Edward persuaded her to gamble for victory. Somerset and the Earl of Devon had already raised an army for Lancaster in the West Country. Their best hope was to march northward and join forces with the Lancastrians in Wales, led by Jasper Tudor. Other Lancastrian forces could be relied upon to distract King Edward; in particular, a fleet under Warwick's relation, the Bastard of Fauconberg, was preparing to descend on Kent, where the Nevilles and Warwick, in particular, had always been popular.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: In London King Edward had learned of Margaret's landing only two days after she arrived. Although he had given many of his supporters and troops leave after the victory at Barnet, he was nonetheless able to rapidly muster a substantial force at Windsor, just west of London. It was difficult at first to determine Margaret's intentions, as the Lancastrians had sent out several feints that suggested they might be making directly for London, but Edward's army set out for the West Country within a few days.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: On 30 April Margaret's army had reached Bath, on its way towards Wales. She turned aside briefly to secure guns, reinforcements, and money from the city of Bristol. On the same day King Edward reached Cirencester. On hearing that Margaret was at Bristol, he turned south to meet her army. However, the Lancastrians made a feint towards Little Sodbury, about northeast of Bristol. Nearby was Sodbury Hill, an Iron Age hill fort that was an obvious strategic point for the Lancastrians to seize. When Yorkist scouts reached the hill there was a sharp fight in which they suffered heavy casualties. Believing that the Lancastrians were about to offer battle, Edward temporarily halted his army while the stragglers caught up and the remainder could rest after their rapid march from Windsor. However, the Lancastrians instead made a swift move north by night, passing within of Edward's army. By the morning of 2 May, they had gained the safety of Berkeley Castle and had a head start of over Edward.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: King Edward realized that the Lancastrians were seeking to cross the River Severn into Wales. The nearest crossing point they could use was at the city of Gloucester. He sent urgent messages to the governor, Sir Richard Beauchamp, ordering him to bar the gates to Margaret and man the city's defences. When Margaret arrived on the morning of 3 May, Beauchamp refused her summons to let her army pass, and she realized that there was insufficient time to storm the city before Edward's army arrived. Instead, her army made another forced march of to Tewkesbury, attempting to reach the next bridge at Upton-upon-Severn, further on. Edward meanwhile had marched no less than , passing through Cheltenham (then little more than a village) in the late afternoon. The day was very hot, and both the Lancastrians and Edward's pursuing army were exhausted. The Lancastrians were forced to abandon some of their artillery, which was captured by Yorkist reinforcements following from Gloucester.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: At Tewkesbury, the tired Lancastrians halted for the night. Most of their army were footmen and unable to continue further without rest, and even the mounted troops were weary. By contrast, King Edward's army was composed mainly of mounted men, who nevertheless dismounted to fight on foot as most English armies did during this period. Hearing from his "prickers" or mounted scouts of Margaret's position, Edward drove his army to make another march of from Cheltenham, finally halting from the Lancastrians. The Lancastrians knew they could retreat no further before Edward attacked their rear, and that they would be forced to give battle.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: As day broke on 4 May, the Lancastrians took up a defensive position a mile south of the town of Tewkesbury. To their rear were the River Avon and the Severn. Tewkesbury Abbey was just behind the Lancastrian centre. A farmhouse then known as Gobes Hall marked the centre of the Lancastrian position; nearby was "Margaret's camp", earthworks of uncertain age. Queen Margaret is said to have spent the night at Gobes Hall, before hastily taking refuge on the day of battle in a religious house some distance from the battlefield. The main strength of the Lancastrians' position was provided by the ground in front, which was broken up by hedges, woods, embankments, and "evil lanes". This was especially true on their right.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: The Lancastrian army numbered approximately 6,000, likely outnumbering the Yorkists by only a few hundred. As was customary at the time, it was organised into three "battles". The right battle was commanded by the Duke of Somerset. A stream, the Colnbrook, flowed through his position, making some of the ground difficult to traverse. The Lancastrian centre was commanded by Lord Wenlock. Unlike the other principal Lancastrian commanders, Wenlock had deserted the Lancastrian cause after the First Battle of Saint Albans, only to revert to the Lancastrians when he was deprived of the Lieutenancy of Calais. Prince Edward was present with the centre. At 17 Prince Edward was no stranger to battlefields, having been given by his mother the task of condemning to death Yorkist prisoners taken at the Second Battle of St Albans, but he lacked experience of actual command. The left battle was commanded by the Earl of Devon, another devoted Lancastrian. His battle, and part of the centre, occupied a low ridge known locally as the "Gastons". A small river, the Swilgate, protected Devon's left flank, before curving behind the Lancastrian position to join the Avon.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: The Yorkists numbered around 5,000–6,000 men. Like the Lancastrians, King Edward organised his army into three battles.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Edward's vanguard was commanded by his youngest brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Although he was only 18 years old, Richard was already an experienced commander and had led a division at the Battle of Barnet. Edward himself commanded the main battle, in which Clarence was also stationed. Edward was 29 years old and at the height of his prowess as a soldier. His lifelong friend and supporter Lord Hastings commanded the rear. He also was an experienced commander and, like Richard, had accompanied Edward into exile in the Low Countries and had led a battle at Barnet.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Although by tradition the vanguard occupied the right of the line of battle, several authors have conjectured from descriptions in near-contemporary accounts (such as the Historie of the arrivall of Edward IV) that Richard of Gloucester's division actually took position to the left of Edward's battle or that the divisions of Edward's army advanced in line ahead, with Edward's division leading.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Edward made one other important tactical disposition. To the left of his army was a thickly wooded park. Concerned that hidden Lancastrians might attack from this quarter, he ordered 200 mounted spearmen to occupy part of the woods and prevent the Lancastrians making use of them, or act on their own initiative if they were not themselves attacked. He then "displayed his bannars: dyd blowe up the trompets: commytted his caws and qwarell to Almyghty God, to owr most blessyd lady his mother: Vyrgyn Mary, the glorious Seint George, and all the saynts: and advaunced, directly upon his enemyes."


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: As they moved towards the Lancastrian position, King Edward's army found that the ground was so broken up by woods, ditches, and embankments that it was difficult to attack in any sort of order. However, the Yorkist archers and artillery showered the Lancastrians with arrows and shot. The Yorkists certainly had more guns than their enemies, and they were apparently better served.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Either to escape the cannonade and volleys of archery or because he saw an opportunity to outflank King Edward's isolated battle, the Duke of Somerset led at least part of his men via some of the "evil lanes" to attack Edward's left flank. Although taken by surprise, Edward's men resisted stoutly, beating back Somerset's attack among the hedges and banks. At the vital moment, the 200 spearmen Edward had earlier posted in the woods far out on the left attacked Somerset from his own right flank and rear, as Gloucester's battle also joined in the fighting.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Somerset's battle was routed, and his surviving troops tried to escape across the Severn. Most were cut down as they fled. The long meadow astride the Colnbrook leading down to the river is known to this day as "Bloody Meadow". Somerset galloped up to Wenlock, commanding the centre, and demanded to know why Wenlock had failed to support him. According to legend (recounted in "Edward Hall's" chronicle, written several years afterwards though from first-hand accounts), he did not wait for an answer but dashed out Wenlock's brains with a battleaxe before seeking sanctuary in the Abbey.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: As its morale collapsed, the rest of the Lancastrian army tried to flee, but the Swilgate became a deadly barrier. Many who succeeded in crossing it converged on a mill south of the town of Tewkesbury and a weir in the town itself, where there were crossings over the Avon. Here, too, many drowned or were killed by their pursuers.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Among the leading Lancastrians who died on the field were Somerset's younger brother John Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset, and the Earl of Devon. The Prince of Wales was slain on the field during the retreat by some of Clarence's men, despite pleading for help to Clarence, who had sworn allegiance to him in France barely a year before.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Many of the other Lancastrian nobles and knights sought sanctuary in Tewkesbury Abbey. King Edward attended prayers in the Abbey shortly after the battle. He granted permission for the Prince of Wales and others slain in the battle to be buried within the Abbey or elsewhere in the town without being quartered as traitors as was customary. However, two days after the battle, Somerset and other leaders were dragged out of the Abbey and ordered by Gloucester and the Duke of Norfolk to be put to death after perfunctory trials. Among them were Hugh Courtenay, cousin of the Earls of Devon, and Sir John Langstrother, the prior of the military order of St. John. The Abbey was not officially a sanctuary. It had to be reconsecrated a month after the battle, following the violence done within its precincts.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: A few days later Queen Margaret sent word to Edward from her refuge that she was "at his commandment".


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Edward was unable to rest after the battle. Lancastrians under Jasper Tudor were still active in Wales, and there was an ineffective rising in the North. Edward went to Coventry in the Midlands to make dispositions against the northern and Welsh Lancastrians, and give his army three days' rest. The most dangerous Lancastrian force, however, was that commanded by the Bastard of Fauconberg. As anticipated, he had landed at Sandwich and rapidly recruited a force from among the pro-Neville Kentishmen. Together with exiled Lancastrians and freebooters from several countries, his army may have numbered 16,000 or even 17,000 in total.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: On 14 May, he attacked London from the south. His men burned part of the suburb of Southwark, but were beaten back at London Bridge. The next day, they attacked Aldgate and Bishopsgate from the east. The garrison of the Tower of London, led by Earl Rivers, Queen Elizabeth's brother, who had been injured at Barnet, repulsed them. Citizens defending their property undoubtedly played a major role.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Had Fauconberg succeeded in capturing the city, he might also have captured Edward's wife and their children and released King Henry from the Tower. However, on hearing that Edward's army was approaching, he retreated to Sandwich. Like Margaret, he appeared to be dispirited by the news of Tewkesbury and the Prince's death, and later rather tamely surrendered himself and his ships. He was executed five months later after attempting to escape from custody.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: On his way to suppress Fauconberg and the Kentish rebels, Edward passed through London in triumph on 21 May, with the captive Queen Margaret beside him in a chariot. King Henry VI died in the Tower of London that night, at the hands of or by the order of Richard of Gloucester according to several near contemporary accounts. However, the most contemporary account only states that Gloucester was there 'along with many others' and the murder was almost certainly on the orders of the new King, Edward IV. The deposed king's death was announced in public that he had died "of pure displeasure and melancholy", but few believed this.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Gloucester later married Anne Neville, the younger daughter of Warwick and the widow of Henry and Margaret's son Edward.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: With the deaths of Somerset and his younger brother, the House of Beaufort, who were distant cousins of Henry VI and had a remote claim to succeed him, had been almost exterminated. Only the female line of Somerset's uncle, the 1st Duke of Somerset, remained, represented by Lady Margaret Beaufort and her son Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII). Henry escaped from Wales with Jasper Tudor, his paternal uncle, and remained in exile in Brittany for the remainder of Edward's reign. The year after the Battle of Tewkesbury however, Lady Margaret married Lord Stanley, one of King Edward's supporters, who later turned against Edward's brother Richard of Gloucester when he became King as Richard III and was instrumental in putting Henry Tudor on the throne.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Every year the battle is re-enacted on the second weekend in July at the Tewkesbury Medieval Festival. The event (founded in 1984) is one of the largest events of its kind in Europe, attracting enthusiasts from all over the world.


title: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: The Tewkesbury Battlefield Society erected a monument to the battle in the form of two sculptures high, of a victorious mounted knight and a defeated horse. Titled "Arrivall" after the contemporary account of the battle, the work was created by Phil Bews out of green oak wood felled in Gloucestershire, and was dedicated on the anniversary of the battle in 2014.


title: Revanth Reddy

text: Anumula Revanth Reddy (born 8 November 1969) is an Indian politician from Telangana. He is the Member of parliament (MP) in the 17th Lok Sabha, from the Indian National Congress representing the Malkajgiri constituency. He was a two-time Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing Kodangal constituency from Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in Andhra Pradesh Assembly between 2009 and 2014 and Telangana Assembly between 2014 and 2018. In October 2017, he left TDP and joined Congress. In June 2021, he was appointed the president of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee.


title: Revanth Reddy

text: Revanth Reddy was born on 8 November 1969 at Kondareddy Palli of Mahboobnagar district. He is a graduate in arts. He studied Bachelor of Arts from A. V. College, Osmania University in 1992.


title: Revanth Reddy

text: Revanth Reddy was a member of ABVP while he was a student. In 2006, he contested the local body elections and was elected as ZPTC member from Midjil mandal as an independent candidate.


title: Revanth Reddy

text: In 2007, Revanth Reddy was elected as a Member of Legislative Council (MLC) as an independent candidate. Later, he met Telugu Desam Party (TDP) chief N. Chandrababu Naidu and joined the Telugu Desam Party.


title: Revanth Reddy

text: In 2009 Revanth Reddy was elected to the Andhra Pradesh Assembly from Kodangal constituency with 46.45% votes as a TDP candidate. He won against the incumbent and five-time MLA Gurunath Reddy of Congress (INC).


title: Revanth Reddy

text: He contested 2014 undivided Andhra Pradesh elections and was elected to the Telangana Assembly from Kodangal with a majority of 14,614 votes against Gurunath Reddy. He was elected as the floor leader of Telugu Desam Party in Telangana Legislative Assembly.


title: Revanth Reddy

text: On 25 October 2017, TDP removed him as the floor leader of the Telangana TDP after reports surfaced that he would consider joining the Congress party. On 31 October 2017 he joined Congress.


title: Revanth Reddy

text: He contested the 2018 Telangana Assembly elections from Kodangal as a Congress candidate and lost to TRS candidate Patnam Narender Reddy, marking his first defeat in any election. On 20 September 2018, he was appointed one of the three working presidents of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee (TPCC).


title: Revanth Reddy

text: Revanth Reddy contested the 2019 general elections and won the Lok Sabha seat of Malkajgiri as a Congress candidate by a margin of 10,919 votes and securing 38.63% votes and defeated his nearest rival Marri Rajashekar Reddy of TRS.


title: Revanth Reddy

text: In June 2021, he was appointed the president of TPCC replacing N. Uttam Kumar Reddy. He was to take the new role on 7 July.


title: Revanth Reddy

text: On 31 May 2015, Revanth Reddy was arrested by the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) during a sting operation after bribing nominated MLA Elvis Stephenson to vote in favour of the TDP candidate in the Legislative Council election. He was remanded in judicial custody for 14 days. On 15 June 2015, the court extended remand for 15 more days till 29 June 2015. A criminal case under sections of Prevention of Corruption Act and sections 120-B (criminal conspiracy) – read with section 34 (common intention) of Indian Penal Code was registered against him along with two others - Bishop Sebastian Harry and Uday Simha. On 30 June, Telangana High Court gave conditional bail. TDP party members celebrated Revanth Reddy's release on 1 July 2015 with a rally. He is on bail and not allowed to cross Hyderabad without ACB permission.


title: Commercial aviation

text: Commercial aviation is the part of civil aviation that involves operating aircraft for remuneration or hire, as opposed to private aviation.


title: Commercial aviation

text: Commercial aviation is not a rigorously defined category. All commercial air transport and aerial work operations are regarded as commercial aviation, as well as some general aviation flights.


title: Commercial aviation

text: Commercial air transport is defined as an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire. It includes scheduled and non-scheduled air transport operations. Aerial work is defined as an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, advertisement, etc. General aviation includes commercial activities such as corporate and business aviation, as well as non-commercial activities such as recreational flying.


title: Commercial aviation

text: Most commercial aviation activities require at minimum a commercial pilot licence, and some require an airline transport pilot licence (ATPL). In the US, the pilot in command of a scheduled air carriers' aircraft must hold an ATPL. In the UK, pilots must hold an ATPL before they be pilot in command of an aircraft with 9 or more passenger seats.


title: Commercial aviation

text: Not all activities involving pilot remuneration require a commercial pilot licence. For example, in European Union Aviation Safety Agency states and the UK it is possible to become a paid flight instructor with only a private pilot licence. Nonetheless, in the UK, flight instruction is considered a commercial operation.


title: Commercial aviation

text: It is the purpose of the flight, not the aircraft or pilot, that determines whether the flight is commercial or private. For example, if a commercially licensed pilot flies a plane to visit a friend or attend a business meeting, this would be a private flight. Conversely, a private pilot could legally fly a multi-engine complex aircraft carrying passengers for non-commercial purposes (no compensation paid to the pilot, and a "pro rata" or larger portion of the aircraft operating expenses paid by the pilot).


title: Commercial aviation

text: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 began to regularize commercial aviation by establishing standards, facilitation, and promotion. An Aeronautical Branch was established in the Department of Commerce with William P. MacCracken Jr. as director. To promote commercial aviation, he told town fathers that "Communities without airports would be communities without airmail."


title: Commercial aviation

text: Writing for "Collier's" in 1929, he noted "Commercial aviation is the first industry inspired by hero-worship and built upon heros". He cited the promotion in South America by Herbert Dargue in early 1927. After his 1927 trans-Atlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh made a tour of the contiguous United States, paid for by the Daniel Guggenheim Foundation for the Promotion of Aeronautics. From that point, commercial aviation took off:


title: Commercial aviation

text: Roads were choked on Sundays, for weeks afterward, by motorists trying to get to Lambert Field, Lindbergh's home port in Saint Louis, to buy their first air hop. Hundreds of thousands of you went aloft for the first time that summer.


title: Commercial aviation

text: The Aeronautical Branch was charged with issuing commercial pilot licenses, airworthiness certificates, and with investigating air accidents.


title: Commercial aviation

text: After World War II, commercial aviation grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to transport people and cargo. The experience used in designing heavy bombers such as the Boeing B-29 Superfortress and Avro Lancaster could be used for designing heavy commercial aircraft. The Douglas DC-3 also made for easier and longer commercial flights. The first commercial jet airliner to fly was the British de Havilland DH.106 Comet. By 1952, the British state airline British Overseas Airways Corporation had introduced the Comet into scheduled service. While a technical achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures, as the shape of the windows led to cracks due to metal fatigue. The fatigue was caused by cycles of pressurization and depressurization of the cabin, and eventually led to catastrophic failure of the plane's fuselage. By the time the problems were overcome, other jet airliner designs had already taken to the skies.


title: Commercial aviation

text: Inspired by the major players such as the United States, the Soviet Union, Russia, France and Britain in the aviation industry. In the 1910s, Brazil and Argentina were among the first Latin American countries to possess the instruments of aircraft that were not all locally made, yet the aircraft was locally congregated. At that time, many individuals were interested to be pilots in Latin American countries, yet there were not sufficient resources and funding to support and promote the best interests of the aviation industry. Amidst these obstacles, Argentina and the Dominican Republic made efforts in creating jet aviation rather than creating and using propeller planes. In 1944, the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation attended by all Latin American countries except Argentina drafted the clauses of aviation law. The introduction of the jet fighter F-80 by the US in 1945 pushed the Latin American countries even further away from development of aviation industry because it was simply expensive to recreate the sophisticated technology of F-80.


title: Commercial aviation

text: The Latin American Civil Aviation Commission (LACAC) was formed in December 1973 "intended to provide civil aviation authorities in the region with an adequate framework for cooperation and coordination of activities related to civil aviation". In 1976, about seven percent of the world logged in the Latin American and Caribbean region. This contributed to the increase of average annual rate of air traffic. Subsequently, higher passenger load factor decided the profitability of these airlines.


title: Commercial aviation

text: According to C. Bogolasky, airline pooling agreements between Latin American airlines contributed to better financial performance of the airlines. The economic problems related to the "airline capacity regulation, regulation of non-scheduled operations, tariff enforcement, high operating costs, passenger and cargo rates."


title: Commercial aviation

text: Corporate social responsibility comprises an umbrella of responsibilities of an organization towards its community, stakeholders and shareholders. Organizations who are socially responsible fulfill their triple bottom line obligations and dedicate efforts to minimize negative impact on stakeholders and shareholders. According to "The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility" by Archie B. Carroll, there are four steps of social responsibility. First, economic responsibility of an organization is to produce profit and maximize the growth of an organization. Second, legal responsibility of an organization is to be compliant with all the laws and regulations. Third, ethical responsibility of an organization to create and follow standards of right decision-making considering how it affects all the stakeholders. Fourth, philanthropic responsibility of an organization to help the community and stakeholders by "giving back". The extent of fulfilling the four responsibilities define the corporate citizenship of an organization.


title: Commercial aviation

text: Delta and LATAM Airlines were the only two airlines listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, LATAM being the only airline company in the world to achieve 100% scores for efficiency, reliability and climate strategy in their corporate sustainability assessment. LATAM promotes their corporate citizenship in their 2016 Sustainability report. LATAM is affiliated with 6 countries which are Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, and Peru. LATAM accounts for 95% of South America's air traffic.


title: Yoni massage

text: Yoni massage or yonic massage, derived from the word "Yoni", a representation of the vulva which symbolizes the goddess Shakti, is a type of Tantric full-body massage. It primarily focuses on the labia, clitoris, g-spot, uterus, the breasts, the anus and other erogenous zones. The massage is viewed as therapeutic and is sometimes used as a method of relieving tension, pain, or general discomfort of the vagina. It has been claimed by some practitioners to be helpful to achieve fertilisation, although there is no scientific support for this claim.


title: Yoni massage

text: Contrary to some beliefs, the purpose of Yoni massage is not solely to achieve orgasm, although it commonly occurs during Yoni massage. This is presumably because of the higher rate of achieved orgasm during masturbation, compared to sexual intercourse. Due to the stimulation of the vulva, clitoris, g-spot and if desired also the anus build-up, and combined and constant stimulation to the erogenous zones during the massage, achieving orgasm via Yoni massage is probable.


title: Yoni massage

text: Yoni massage is sometimes offered in regular massage parlors, as well as parlors specializing in Tantric massage. Yoni massage is a fairly new branch within massage therapy, and is based on the interpretation of Taoist sexual practices by Joseph Kramer. It was originally a form of sex magic, and this is still somewhat incorporated in Yoni massage today.


title: Yoni massage

text: A Yoni massage consists of the masseuse, called the giver, and the receiver of the massage, called the Shakta. The receiver is almost always naked, whilst the giver is clothed. The Yoni massage consists of several steps, slowly and gradually providing a build-up to the eventual vaginal stimulation. The massage begins with the receiver lying on her stomach, exposing the other side of the body, called the Yang side. After the massage of her entire rear body and buttocks, the receiver turns around, lying on her back, and the masseuse massages the Yin side. The massage continues, slowly transforming from whole body massage, to breast massage, to stimulation of the vulva, and finally deep vaginal stimulation. Massage oil, like in many other forms of massage, is not only used, but is also an essential part of the massage, to provide a sufficient amount of lubrication.


title: Yoni massage

text: Depending on the training and preferences, the touches take place in many different variations, of which only a selection is shown here in the photographic representation on a vulva model. Unlike the silicone model, the vulva is usually still closed at the beginning and is only touched only from the outside. During sexual arousal, which is enhanced by the warm oil, it slowly opens.


title: Yoni massage

text: Practitioners use hands, and may use Yoni Eggs to stimulate the pelvic floor. Yoni Eggs are egg shaped and are usually made from some sort of stone, such as jade.


title: Yoni massage

text: 20. A good yoni massage will include deep breathing exercises to relax the body and open the heart and mind.


title: Park Soo-ah

text: Park Soo-ah (born Park Soo-young on July 31, 1992), previously known by the stage name Lizzy, is a South Korean singer and actress. She debuted as a new member of girl group After School (and later, its sub-unit Orange Caramel) in March 2010. Apart from her group's activities, she has also starred in various television dramas, including "All My Love" (2011) and "Angry Mom" (2015). She debuted as a solo artist with the digital single "Not an Easy Girl" in January 2015.


title: Park Soo-ah

text: In May 2018, she graduated from After School following the expiration of her contract, but remains a member of Orange Caramel. In July 2018, she was announced to have changed her promotion name to Park Soo-ah.


title: Park Soo-ah

text: Lizzy was born on July 31, 1992, in Busan, South Korea. She attended Kyung Hee University, majoring in Post Modern Music.


title: Park Soo-ah

text: Lizzy served as Son Dam-bi's backup dancer in 2009. She was first hinted to be joining After School when she joined the members on stage to perform a cover of Fin.K.L.'s "To My Boyfriend" at their first fan meeting event in 2010, while donning a mask to keep her identity a secret. Lizzy made her official debut as a member of After School when they released their third single "Bang!" on March 25, 2010. She was the youngest member of the group until E-Young joined the group in December 2010. In June 2010, Lizzy and her fellow After School members Raina and Nana formed a sub-unit named Orange Caramel and released their first mini-album featuring the lead single "Magic Girl".


title: Park Soo-ah

text: In 2011, Lizzy was briefly a cast member of the SBS variety show, "Running Man". That same year, she made her acting debut as a supporting character on MBC's sitcom, "All My Love". Her role in "Running Man" was often edited out, and she eventually left to focus on "All My Love". In November 2012, Lizzy was cast in MBC's weekend drama "Rascal Sons", where she had a more significant role.


title: Park Soo-ah

text: In December 2012, Lizzy and indie rapper Andup released a collaborative single, "Cosmetic", for their single album "Cupcake Project". In the same month, Lizzy joined Sistar's Bora, 4Minute's Gayoon, Secret's Sunhwa and Kara's Jiyoung to form the project girl group Mystic White for the 2012 "SBS Gayo Daejun". They performed their single "Mermaid Princess" on the show, and the song's profits were donated to people in need.


title: Park Soo-ah

text: In July 2013, Lizzy made a cameo appearance in a Japanese horror drama "Evil Spirit Ward", playing the role of a Korean foreign student named Tehi. In 2014, she played a hair stylist named Hyeni in the film "Momo Salon." The film consisted of six ten-minute episodes, and was released on Naver TV Cast on September 2.


title: Park Soo-ah

text: In December 2014, Lizzy was cast as a member of the second season of Jeong Hyeong-don and Defconn's show, "Hitmaker". Lizzy, G.NA, 4Minute's Kwon So-hyun and Kara's Heo Young-ji became a girl group called Chamsonyeo (참소녀) for the show. The show began airing on January 16, 2015. She also had a supporting role in the film "Love Forecast", which was released on January 15. That same month, Lizzy replaced Kim Sung-eun as a co-MC of the food variety show, "Tasty Road".


title: Park Soo-ah

text: On January 23, 2015, Lizzy debuted as a solo singer with the trot song "Not An Easy Girl" (쉬운 여자 아니에요). The music video used footage from the 1961 film adaptation of "Chunhyangga", with Lizzy playing the protagonist. On February 11, she released a duet song, "Goodbye PMS", with comedian Park Myung-soo. The song was written by Duble Sidekick, who said PMS (which usually means premenstrual syndrome) refers to "a monster that creates all the worries and stress suffered by a high school girl." Lizzy also had a supporting role in MBC's drama "Angry Mom", which aired from March to May.


title: Park Soo-ah

text: In 2017, she joined as Main MC on the first season of "My Daughter's Men", being the only woman in the cast.


title: Park Soo-ah

text: On May 1, 2018, Lizzy graduated from After School following the expiration of her contract. On May 10, Lizzy joined Celltrion Entertainment. On July 3 it was announced that Lizzy had changed her promotional name to 'Park Soo-ah', and was cast in the web drama "I Picked Up a Celebrity on the Street". On September 12, it was revealed by Celltrion Entertainment that Park Soo Ah had joined the main cast of the upcoming SBS drama "Fates & Furies" alongside Lee Min-jung, Joo Sang-wook, So Yi-hyun and Lee Ki-woo. The drama began to air on December 1. She also had a cameo in "Devilish Charm".


title: Park Soo-ah

text: In 2019, she was cast in the app drama, "Kim Seul Gi Genius", which was scheduled to be released in May 2019, due to the delay in 2018. She is also part of the tvN's comedy drama, "Ugly Miss Young-ae 17".


title: Park Soo-ah

text: On May 18, 2021, Park hit a taxi with her car while driving in Cheongdam-dong, a neighborhood of Seoul. Upon the arrival of law enforcement at the scene, she was determined to have a blood alcohol content of 0.08. As a result, she was charged with a DUI and had her driver's license revoked. In August 2021, Celltrion Entertainment announced that Park Soo-Ah's contract had expired, and after coming to an agreement between both parties, it would not be renewed.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: Endemol Shine Group B.V. (stylized in all spaceless) was a Dutch production and distribution company of scripted and non-scripted content, responsible for programmes such as "Big Brother", "Deal or No Deal", "The Money Drop", "Fear Factor", "MasterChef", "Your Face Sounds Familiar", "Peaky Blinders", "Black Mirror", "Humans", "Grantchester" and "Tin Star".


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: In 2018, Endemol Shine Group had 700 productions on air across 270 platforms and channels. K7 Media report's Tracking the Giants: Top 100 Travelling TV Formats 2018-19 also recognized Endemol Shine Group as the production and distribution company with the most travelled formats in 2018.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: Formed in 2015 through a merger of Dutch television studio Endemol and Elisabeth Murdoch's UK-based studio Shine Group, Endemol Shine Group companies included Dragonfly, Kudos, and Princess Productions. It also included Shine TV which was founded in 2001 by Elisabeth Murdoch; and Metronome Film & Television, a Scandinavian-based production group. EndemolShine International was the group's international distribution arm responsible for the distribution of the various formats of the group. The group also established international companies Endemol Shine North America, Endemol Shine Australia, Endemol Shine India, Endemol Shine Germany, Endemol Shine France, and Endemol Shine Iberia.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: From 20 March 2019 to 3 July 2020, it was jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and Apollo Global Management, with each holding a 50% share. On 22 October 2019, French company Banijay announced its intent to acquire Endemol Shine from Disney and Apollo. On 30 June 2020, the European Commission approved Banijay's purchase of Endemol Shine. The purchase was completed on 3 July 2020.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: On 15 May 2014, Apollo Global Management and 21st Century Fox confirmed its intent to form a joint venture with funds managed by affiliates of Apollo, Endemol, Shine Group and CORE Media Group. Under the agreement, 21st Century Fox and the funds managed by affiliates of Apollo would jointly own and manage the new joint venture.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: On 10 October 2014, 21st Century Fox and funds managed by affiliates of Apollo announced a final agreement to create the group consists of Endemol, Shine Group and CORE Media. Under the terms of the agreement, 21st Century Fox and Apollo will jointly manage the newly created group, with each owning 50 per cent. Sophie Turner Laing, former Managing Director of Content at BSkyB, would serve as the group's CEO.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: On 27 October 2014, Shine Group announced Tim Hincks would become the president of the new joint venture.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: On 29 October 2014, Endemol announced Cris Abrego and Charlie Corwin will serve as the new joint venture's North America division Co-Chairmen and Co-CEOs.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: On 17 December 2014, 21st Century Fox and funds managed by affiliates of Apollo Global Management, LLC announced the completion of the transaction to create the group consists of Endemol, Shine Group and CORE Media, under the previously announced terms. The joint venture name 'Endemol Shine Group' was announced by Shine Group on the same day. Both Apollo and 21st Century Fox owning 50% of the joint venture that took place on 1 January 2015.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: On 15 January 2015, Endemol Shine Group announced appointing former Endemol UK CEO Lucas Church to be Chairman of Endemol Shine UK, former Endemol UK Chief Operating Officer Richard Johnston becoming CEO of Endemol Shine UK.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: In succeeding years, Endemol's eye and Shine Group's egg logos were replaced with Endemol Shine Group wordmark-only logo in closing credits of most of its-licensed shows, effectively making Endemol and Shine an in-name-only units of that company.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: Endemol was founded in 1994 by a merger of television production companies owned by Joop van den Ende and John de Mol, the name deriving from the combination of their surnames.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: Endemol specialised in formatted programming that can be adapted for different countries around the world as well as different media platforms. One notable success has been the "Big Brother" reality television show, with versions in many countries after the initial Dutch version. Other examples include "Deal or No Deal" (sold to over 75 countries), "The Money Drop" (sold in over 50 countries), "Fear Factor" (sold in 30 countries) and "Wipeout" (sold in over 35 countries). In recent years the company has also been expanding its English language drama output with shows such as titles such as "The Fall", "Peaky Blinders", "Ripper Street" and "Black Mirror" in the UK and "Hell on Wheels" in the USA. In November 2013 the company launched Endemol Beyond, an international division specialising in original content for digital video platforms such as YouTube.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: In April 2018, Fox and Apollo appointed Deutsche Bank and Aryeh Bourkoff's LionTree to handle a potential sale of Endemol Shine, following Fox's sale to The Walt Disney Company. William Morris Endeavor and Banijay had eyed an acquisition of Endemol Shine, with Banijay reported to have even entered advanced talks to buy the studio.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: On 29 August 2018, the RTL Group (which owns Fremantle) withdrew its bid for Endemol Shine. In September 2018, BBC Studios, along with Discovery, Inc. and Liberty Global (which each own 50% of All3Media) announced that they would not bid on the studio. ITV plc provisionally placed a bid on the studio but did not confirm an official bid as the sale is still only a potential scenario at this point. In October 2018, ITV plc withdrew from the auction. Sony Pictures Entertainment, DHX Media (now WildBrain) and Lionsgate also ruled out of the bidding. ProSiebenSat.1 Media (which owns Red Arrow Studios) was reported to be considered for a joint bid with Banijay, but the latter ruled itself out as well.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: Endemol Shine later made a statement that they had been in negotiations with several parties and were confident they would have an owner by end of November 2018. However, on 6 November 2018 it was reported that both Fox and Apollo have decided to suspend the selling process as a deal could not be reached by prospective buyers. In the meantime, Fox's 50% stake in the company was given to Disney. The report was published hours before European Commission's clearance of Disney's impending purchase of Fox on certain conditions.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: On 22 October 2019, Banijay officially announced its intent to acquire Endemol Shine from Disney and Apollo for over $2.2 billion. On 26 October 2019, Banijay announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire 100% of the equity of Endemol Shine Group. The merger was approved on 26 October 2019, pending antitrust approval.


title: Endemol Shine Group

text: On 30 June 2020, the European Commission approved Banijay's purchase of Endemol Shine. The purchase was completed three days later, and Endemol Shine was folded into Banijay. For a year, Banijay continued to use the Endemol Shine brand for many of its production divisions.