title: Daniel Morgan

text: Bryce Metcalf, Bryce Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies (Strasburg, Va.: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc., 1938), page 108.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: Valkyria Chronicles 4 is a tactical role-playing game developed and published by Sega, with assistance from Media.Vision. It is the fourth main game in the "Valkyria Chronicles" series. It was released in Japan for the PlayStation 4 in March 2018, and worldwide, in addition for the Nintendo Switch, Windows, and Xbox One in September 2018. It was also ported to Stadia on December 8, 2020, and to Amazon Luna on July 8, 2021.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: "Valkyria Chronicles 4" is a strategy game in the style of the first three games in the series. It introduces a new soldier class known as the Grenadier, who can fire mortar rounds at enemies. If allied soldiers are present to provide battlefield information, they can fire without being seen by hostile forces. When a soldier in your army is on the verge of death, there is a fixed chance that a new system called "Brave" will be activated. When used, players can choose to either restore one Command Point (CP) and increase the ability of a nearby ally, counter the enemy's attack (if downed on enemy's turn) or restore Action Points (AP) to the unit and enable it to move and attack once in an invincible state (if downed on player's turn).


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: Claude Wallace and his childhood friends Kai Shulen and Raz join the Federation Army in order to fight the Empire in the Second Europan War, both to protect their home country of Gallia and avenge an Imperial attack on their hometown of Hafen. However, during training, Kai mysteriously disappears, leaving his sister Leena to take his place as "Kai". Claude, Raz, and Leena are able to pass training and join the elite Ranger Corps, with Claude being assigned command of Squad E.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: Squad E is then informed that the Empire has the upper hand, capturing a large amount of Federation territory as well as initiating an invasion of Gallia. Federation leaders decide to put all of their resources into Operation Northern Cross, a massive offensive with the objective of pushing straight to the Imperial capital of Schwartzgrad. The operation is initially successful, with Squad E managing to push through Imperial territory. Along the way, they are joined by another childhood friend, Riley Miller. Riley is initially mistrustful of Claude due to him running away from a fire that killed Riley's family, but eventually accepts his command when he proves his worth as a leader. Squad E continues the offensive by breaking the Siegval Line, Schwartzgrad's final line of defense. Along the way, they battle the elite Imperial tank unit Ausbruch, led by Klaus Walz, who considers Claude a worthy rival. However, despite the Federation's early success, winter comes earlier than expected, halting the unprepared Federation forces. Crippled by the snow and cold and weakened by stretched supply lines, the Federation forces are quickly routed by a massive Imperial counterattack. Squad E is forced to flee to the coast, where they are rescued by a trio of highly advanced Federation snow cruisers; massive warships that can travel over the ice of the Crystal Sea.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: After coming aboard one of the cruisers, the "Centurion", Claude is assigned by Captain Morgen to protect the warship as the fleet carries out Operation Cygnus, a contingency plan to attack Schwartzgrad from the sea in case Operation Northern Cross failed. Meanwhile, Walz is assigned to X-0, an elite Imperial science unit led by Lord Heinrich Belgar. Belgar tasks Walz with intercepting and capturing the Federation fleet, and teams him up with his chief strategic officer, Forseti and the Valkyria Crymaria. Forseti leads an attack on the fleet, prompting Squad E to respond, but Crymaria intervenes against Forseti's orders, and she loses control of her powers, destroying one of the cruisers and heavily damaging the "Centurion" before it escapes. Forseti is furious since their mission was to capture the cruisers intact, and he reveals to Walz that he has planted his sister as a spy aboard the "Centurion" in order to track its movements. Walz then witnesses how Crymaria is mistreated by her handlers and begins to show her compassion.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: Meanwhile, the crew of the "Centurion" tries to repair the damage to their ship, but its main reactor has been knocked offline, forcing the ship to run at a fraction of its speed on the backup engine. At the same time, Riley finds a young amnesiac girl named Angie in the engine room, and the crew assumes her to be a stowaway. Squad E begins to take a liking to Angie as she befriends everybody. During a raid on an Imperial supply base, Angie sneaks ashore and meets Crymaria, who realizes Angie is a Valkyria as well. It is also revealed that Forseti is the real Kai, now working for the Empire and manipulating Leena into spying for him. Leena decides to cut ties with Forseti, declaring her brother dead. Claude then receives word that the third ship in the fleet is under attack. Despite knowing it is a trap, Squad E attempts to rescue the ship, but it self destructs, creating a massive explosion. Knowing that the "Centurion" can't escape the blast unless at full speed, Angie places herself inside the reactor, revealing herself to be the power source. Captain Morgen is wounded during the fighting and reveals the true scope of Operation Cygnus to Claude. The reactors that power the snow cruisers use energy given off by Valkyria placed inside them. In addition, the reactors also double as weapons dubbed the "A2 bomb", powerful enough to destroy an entire city. Operation Cygnus' true objective isn't to invade Schwartzgrad, but completely destroy it with the A2 bomb.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: Claude is placed in command of the "Centurion" and he reluctantly proceeds with the mission. Walz and Crymaria attempt to stop him but are defeated. Crymaria loses control of her powers again after believing Walz was killed, but he appears and helps calm her down, promising her that they will live a happy life together after the war. The "Centurion" continues towards Schwartzgrad but is caught in a trap. Raz sacrifices himself to disable the trap and the ship continues on, plowing into the center of Schwartzgrad. Forseti boards the ship, intent on rescuing Angie since he had previously been part of the secret Federation program to acquire Valkyria for the reactor experiments, and his guilt motivated him to defect to the Empire. Leena shoots and kills Forseti before he can reach the reactor. Claude then prepares to detonate the A2 bomb, but the Empire offers a ceasefire to the Federation, ending the war with no clear victor. Belgar ignores the ceasefire and attacks the "Centurion", obsessed with seizing its reactor and perfecting the technology. Squad E is able to defeat and kill Belgar, but the "Centurion" is severely damaged and begins to sink. Claude is able to narrowly rescue Angie and Riley from the sinking ship.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: Afterwards, the Second Europan War comes to an end with neither the Federation nor Empire achieving a decisive victory, but everybody is glad to see peace return. Walz lives happily with Crymaria at his side. Squad E disbands and the survivors pursue their own interests while Claude, Riley, Leena, and Angie return to Hafen to live in peace.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: The game was produced by Kei Mikami, who was involved in the production of "Valkyria Revolution", and directed by Kohei Yamashita. The game's soundtrack was written by series composer Hitoshi Sakimoto, with the main theme, "Light Up My Life", being composed by Shilo and written and performed by Mai Kuraki.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: The development began around the end of 2015, after Yamashita had finished planning the project. From the start, the developers had the goal to build a worldwide audience for the "Valkyria Chronicles" series, with the concept of returning to the style of the original "Valkyria Chronicles" game while building upon developments from later games in the series: whereas the PlayStation Portable game "Valkyria Chronicles II" had been developed specifically with a Japanese audience in mind due to the popularity of the platform in that region, with "fantastical" characters and a school setting, "Valkyria Chronicles 4" uses a more grounded military setting with characters intended to feel like real people.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: In preparation for the game, the development team studied records of World War II troops, and used them as reference material. As part of the project, the developers began with developing "Valkyria Chronicles Remastered" for the PlayStation 4, to allow players to experience the main series' gameplay on a modern platform. Mikami states that the game touches on what was happening to the rest of Europa during the war. For the Japanese release, a series anniversary downloadable content pack was released, which includes a 25 track soundtrack CD that includes musical tracks from all four games.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: To promote the game's release in Japan, Sony released limited edition PlayStation 4 consoles themed around the game.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: "Valkyria Chronicles 4" has aggregate scores of 82/100 for the Switch, 83/100 for the PC, and 85/100 for the PS4 on Metacritic, signifying "generally favorable reviews".


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: During its initial March release on PS4, the game sold 76,778 physical copies within its first three weeks in Japan. After its release on the Switch in September, the game sold 5,596 physical copies within its first week in Japan.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: In June 2020, it is revealed by Sega that over one million copies of "Valkyria Chronicles 4" have been sold worldwide on all platforms.


title: Valkyria Chronicles 4

text: The game was nominated for "Best Strategy Game" at The Game Awards 2018, and for "Strategy Title of the Year" at the Australian Games Awards, and won the award for "Game, Franchise Role Playing" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, whereas its other nomination was for "Original Light Mix Score, Franchise".


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: Kingdom Come is a Germany-based rock band formed in 1987. The band was originally fronted by Lenny Wolf (born Frank Wöllschlager in Hamburg), until their hiatus in 2016. While there have been no constant Kingdom Come members throughout the band's history, their most recent lineup features four original members who left the band in 1989 and returned in 2018. Wolf was replaced by Keith St John in 2018. The group's 1988 debut album, "Kingdom Come", is to date their most internationally popular and biggest selling recording and features their most notable hit "Get It On".


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: The group was formed in 1987 in Hamburg, West Germany, after the breakup of Wolf's moderately successful rock project Stone Fury. Wolf recruited Italian-born bassist/keyboardist Johnny B. Frank and American musicians Danny Stag (lead guitar), Rick Steier (rhythm guitar) and James Kottak (drums). Stag and Frank had previously been members of the bands Industrials (CBS Int'l), WWIII and Population 5, which included bassist Prescott Niles (The Knack) and drummer Matt Sorum (The Cult, Guns N' Roses and Velvet Revolver). Frank was also at one point the keyboard player for Josie Cotton. Kingdom Come marked the first band where Wolf sang without playing guitar. The frontman later admitted that, for a while, it was a very awkward adjustment.


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: In 1988, the band released its debut LP, "Kingdom Come". The band's first single, "Get It On", was a big enough hit on AOR stations (most requested song for six weeks), that the band's eponymous debut went gold the day it was shipped (610,000 units sold). Their second single/video for the power ballad "What Love Can Be" received much airplay on US radio and MTV. By the time the single/video "Loving You" was released, the album had sold to platinum status in the United States, Germany and Canada, among other music markets. The band was chosen to open for the North American Monsters of Rock Tour 1988, supporting Dokken, Scorpions, Metallica and Van Halen. Following that, they were tapped to support Scorpions on their North American "Savage Amusement" tour.


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: In 1989, Kingdom Come released their next LP, called "In Your Face". It had sold a hardly modest 486,000 units, only 14,000 short of achieving their second Gold LP, when the band abruptly broke up for personal reasons in August 1989.


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: Around 1990, Wolf reformed Kingdom Come with a new lineup, which made one more international release on PolyGram, an album entitled "Hands of Time" (released in 1991), co-writing with harpist/songwriter Carol Tatum (Angels of Venice), which was recorded with several session guitarists and drummers, including future Poison guitarist Blues Saraceno and former Dancer drummer Bam Bamm Shibley, with Lenny Wolf himself playing the bass. By 1993, Wolf had returned to Germany to regroup. With a new, mostly German lineup, Kingdom Come remained active with several subsequent releases and tours in Europe under their collective belt. The band had kept recording albums and touring since then. In early 2013, Kingdom Come released studio album no. 13 "Outlier", which was produced by Lenny Wolf in his home recording studio. He also planned to tour again in 2013.


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: In 1992, Stag joined forces with onetime Foreigner vocalist Johnny Edwards, former Krokus drummer Jeff Klaven and bassist David Seaton to form Royal Jelly, which got the attention of A&R man Denny Cordell at Island Records in 1993. Cordell signed Stag and Royal Jelly to a recording contract. The band's first single, "Ceiling", reached number 22 with a bullet on the FM airplay charts before the band was lost in the shuffle of Cordell's death from lymphoma and the purchase and restructuring of Island by PolyGram. In 1995, after the demise of the band, a disillusioned Stag went back to Pittsburgh and immersed himself in the blues, to get back in touch with the source of his inspiration. Steier and Kottak went back to Kentucky and assembled the short-lived Wild Horses, who released an album on Atlantic Records. Both would later resurface in Warrant. James Kottak did not go unnoticed by Scorpions and eventually earned a place as their permanent drummer.


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: In 2014, the band reunited once again with guitarist Danny Stag, bassist Johnny B. Frank and drummer Hendrik Thiesbrummel for a series of concerts worldwide.


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: On 11 August 2016, Lenny Wolf stated that Kingdom Come was over. However, in June 2018, the original lineup of the band (minus Wolf) announced plans to tour that year and in 2019 by celebrating the 30th anniversaries of their self-titled debut album and its follow-up "In Your Face"; filling in for Wolf is Keith St. John, leaving no constant members throughout the band's existence. When asked in July 2018 on the "Rock Talk with Mitch Lafon" podcast about Wolf's absence, drummer James Kottak stated, "He's just kind of done. He wants to retire. He's got his life." In the same interview, Kottak expressed his desire to work on new material with Kingdom Come and added, "maybe Lenny will contribute some music towards it." Kottak later stated that Kingdom Come was not expected to release new music before 2021. In an April 2021 interview with MetalAsylum.net, vocalist Keith St. John stated that the group might consider releasing new material under a different name, due to yet-to-be solved issues with Wolf.


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: The musical style on Kingdom Come's debut album was very close to the early blues-rock style of English rock band Led Zeppelin, to the point that some listeners initially thought that Kingdom Come was actually a Led Zeppelin reunion. With a sound that was thought by many to be highly derivative of Led Zeppelin's, there was a backlash from critics, with the band being dubbed ""Kingdom Clone"" in the press.


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: Irish rock guitarist Gary Moore went one step further, with the track "Led Clones" from his "After the War" album. Moore, with Ozzy Osbourne on lead vocals, pokes fun at bands such as Kingdom Come on the track, criticizing their blatant use of Led Zeppelin's sound and image.


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: Vocalist Lenny Wolf further inflamed the situation in an interview with "Kerrang!" magazine where he alleged to have never heard of Led Zeppelin. Wolf has been adamant that his and Kingdom Come's greatest influences were The Beatles and AC/DC, particularly the Bon Scott era. Danny Stag is on record as having said that his biggest influence was Jimi Hendrix. These claims are backed up by the cover of the Beatles classic "Across the Universe" from "Ain't Crying for the Moon" and the hard rocking tribute "Bon Scott" (in honor of the late AC/DC frontman) from the same album. However, drummer James Kottak has stated that John Bonham was an influence on him and has "embraced the Led Zeppelin comparison anytime it came up." Kottak has also disputed Wolf's alleged claim that he had never heard of Led Zeppelin: "Of course he was kidding, but sarcasm doesn't translate well to print. I remember that quote was used as the headline and most people would see that and didn't bother reading the article."


title: Kingdom Come (band)

text: Years later, Wolf would say that the comparisons were "unjustified", yet "we took it as a compliment and were excited".


title: Pharmacognosy

text: Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and other natural substances as sources of drugs. The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".


title: Pharmacognosy

text: The word "pharmacognosy" is derived from two Greek words: ', (drug), and "gnosis" (knowledge) or the Latin verb "cognosco" (', 'with', and , 'know'; itself a cognate of the Greek verb , , meaning 'I know, perceive'), meaning 'to conceptualize' or 'to recognize'.


title: Pharmacognosy

text: The term "pharmacognosy" was used for the first time by the Austrian physician Schmidt in 1811 and by Anotheus Seydler in 1815 in a work titled "Analecta Pharmacognostica".


title: Pharmacognosy

text: Originally—during the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century—"pharmacognosy" was used to define the branch of medicine or commodity sciences (' in German) which deals with drugs in their crude, or unprepared form. Crude drugs are the dried, unprepared material of plant, animal or mineral origin, used for medicine. The study of these materials under the name ' was first developed in German-speaking areas of Europe, while other language areas often used the older term "materia medica" taken from the works of Galen and Dioscorides. In German the term "" ("science of crude drugs") is also used synonymously.


title: Pharmacognosy

text: As late as the beginning of the 20th century, the subject had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs both in their whole state and in powder form. Such branches of pharmacognosy are still of fundamental importance, particularly for botanical products (widely available as dietary supplements in the U.S., natural health products in Canada), quality control purposes, pharmacopoeial protocols and related health regulatory frameworks. At the same time, development in other areas of research has enormously expanded the subject. The advent of the 21st century brought a renaissance of pharmacognosy and its conventional botanical approach has been broadened up to molecular and metabolomic levels.


title: Pharmacognosy

text: In addition to the previously mentioned definition, the American Society of Pharmacognosy also defines pharmacognosy as "the study of natural product molecules (typically secondary metabolites) that are useful for their medicinal, ecological, gustatory, or other functional properties." Similarly, the mission of the Pharmacognosy Institute at the University of Illinois at Chicago involves plant-based and plant-related natural health products for the benefit of human health. Other definitions are more encompassing, drawing on a broad spectrum of biological subjects, including botany, ethnobotany, marine biology, microbiology, herbal medicine, chemistry, biotechnology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmaceutics, clinical pharmacy, and pharmacy practice.


title: Pharmacognosy

text: All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities. These phytochemicals are divided into (1) primary metabolites such as sugars and fats, which are found in all plants; and (2) secondary metabolites—compounds which are found in a smaller range of plants, serving more specific functions. For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used by plants to deter predation and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination. It is these secondary metabolites and pigments that can have therapeutic actions in humans and which can be refined to produce drugs—examples are inulin from the roots of dahlias, quinine from the cinchona, THC and CBD from the flowers of cannabis, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove.


title: Pharmacognosy

text: A typical protocol to isolate a pure chemical agent from natural origin is bioassay-guided fractionation, meaning step-by-step separation of extracted components based on differences in their physicochemical properties, and assessing the biological activity, followed by next round of separation and assaying. Typically, such work is initiated after a given crude drug formulation (typically prepared by solvent extraction of the natural material) is deemed "active" in a particular "in vitro" assay. If the end-goal of the work at hand is to identify which one(s) of the scores or hundreds of compounds are responsible for the observed "in vitro" activity, the path to that end is fairly straightforward:


title: Pharmacognosy

text: "In vitro" activity does not necessarily translate to biological activity in humans or other living systems.


title: Pharmacognosy

text: In the past, in some countries in Asia and Africa, up to 80% of the population may rely on traditional medicine (including herbal medicine) for primary health care. Native American cultures have also relied on traditional medicine such as ceremonial smoking of tobacco, potlatch ceremonies, and herbalism, to name a few, prior to European colonization. Knowledge of traditional medicinal practices is disappearing, particularly in the Amazon.


title: Pharmacognosy

text: With worldwide research into pharmacology as well as medicine, traditional medicines or ancient herbal medicines are often translated into modern remedies, such as the anti-malarial group of drugs called artemisinin isolated from "Artemisia annua" herb, a herb that was known in Chinese medicine to treat fever. However, it was found that its plant extracts had antimalarial activity, leading to the Nobel Prize winning discovery of artemisinin.


title: Fatima al-Fihri

text: Fatima bint Muhammad al-Fihri al-Quraysh () was an Arab woman who is credited with founding the al-Qarawiyyin mosque in 857–859 AD in Fez, Morocco. She is also known as "Umm al-Banayn". Al-Fihri died around 880 AD. The Al-Qarawiyyin mosque subsequently developed into a teaching institution, which became the University of al-Qarawiyyin in 1963. Her story is told by Ibn Abi Zar' (d. between 1310 and 1320) in "The Garden of Pages (Rawd al-Qirtas)" as founding the Qarawiyyin Mosque. Since she was first mentioned many centuries after her death, her story has been hard to substantiate and some modern historians doubt she ever existed.


title: Fatima al-Fihri

text: Little is known about her personal life, except for what was recorded by 14th century historian Ibn Abi-Zar’. Fatima was born around 800 AD in the town of Kairouan, in present-day Tunisia. She is of Arab Qurayshi descent, hence the nisba "al-Qurashiyya", 'the Qurayshi one'. Her family was part of a large migration to Fez from Kairouan. Although her family did not start out wealthy, her father, Mohammed al-Fihri, became a successful merchant. When he died, this wealth was inherited by Fatima, and her sister Maryam. It is with this money that they went on to leave their legacy. Al-Fihri was married, but both her husband and father died shortly after the wedding. Her father left his wealth to both Fatima and her sister, his only children. She and her sister Maryam were well-educated and studied the Islamic jurisprudence Fiqh and the Hadith, or the records of Prophet Muhammed. Both went on to found mosques in Fes: Fatima founded Al-Qarawiyyin and Maryam founded the Al-Andalusiyyin Mosque. This idea was spurred on by the fact that due to all the Muslims fleeing like Fatima and her family, they were all gathering immigrants that were devout worshippers keen on learning and studying their faith. With as many immigrants as there were, there was overcrowding and not enough space, resources, or teachers to accommodate them.


title: Fatima al-Fihri

text: The historicity of this story has been questioned by some modern historians who see the symmetry of two sisters founding the two most famous mosques of Fes as too convenient and likely originating from legend. Ibn Abi Zar is also judged by contemporary historians to be a relatively unreliable source. Historian Roger Le Tourneau doubts the truth of the traditional account of Fatima building the Qarawiyyin mosque and her sister Maryam building the Andalusiyyin Mosque. He notes that the perfect parallelism of two sisters and two mosques is too good to be true, and likely a pious legend. Jonathan Bloom, a scholar of Islamic architecture, also notes the unlikelihood of the parallelisms. He states that the traditional story of the founding of the mosque belongs more "to the realm of traditional collective imagination that the discipline of history" and points out that no part of the mosque is older than the tenth century.


title: Fatima al-Fihri

text: One of the biggest challenges to the traditional story is a foundation inscription that was rediscovered during renovations to the mosque in the 20th century, previously hidden under layers of plaster for centuries. This inscription, carved onto cedar wood panels and written in a Kufic script very similar to foundation inscriptions in 9th-century Tunisia, was found on a wall above the probable site of the mosque's original "mihrab" (prior to the building's later expansions). The inscription, recorded and deciphered by Gaston Deverdun, proclaims the foundation of "this mosque" () by Dawud ibn Idris (a son of Idris II who governed this region of Morocco at the time) in "Dhu al-Qadah" 263 AH (July–August of 877 CE). Deverdun suggested the inscription may have come from another unidentified mosque and was moved here at a later period (probably 15th or 16th century) when the veneration of the Idrisids was resurgent in Fes and such relics would have held enough religious significance to be reused in this way. However, scholar Chafik Benchekroun argued more recently that a more likely explanation is that this inscription is the original foundation inscription of the Qarawiyyin Mosque itself and that it might have been covered up in the 12th century just before the arrival of the Almohads in the city. Based on this evidence and on the many doubts about Ibn Abi Zar's narrative, he argues that Fatima al-Fihri is quite possibly a legendary figure rather than a historical one.


title: Fatima al-Fihri

text: According to Ibn Abi Zar', Fatima used the money inherited from her father to build the Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque, named for the immigrants from her city. When Fatima's community outgrew the mosque, she purchased a mosque built around 845 AD under the supervision of King Yahya ibn Muhammad and rebuilt it, doubling its size.


title: Fatima al-Fihri

text: The construction project was supervised by Fatima herself. As Tunisian historian Hassan Hosni Abdelwahab noted in his book "Famous Tunisian Women:" "She committed to only using the land she had purchased. She dug deep into the land, unearthing yellow sand, plaster, and stone to use, so as not to draw suspicion from others [for using too many resources]".


title: Fatima al-Fihri

text: The mosque took 18 years to construct. According to Moroccan historian Abdelhadi Tazi, Al-Fihri fasted until the project's completion. When it was finished, she went inside and prayed to God, thanking him for his blessings. She named it after the immigrants from her hometown of Kairouan.


title: Fatima al-Fihri

text: According to tradition, Fatima's sister, Mariam, also founded a similar mosque in the district across the river around the same time (859–60), with help from local Andalusian families, which became known as the Al-Andalusiyyin Mosque (Mosque of the Andalusians).


title: Data buffer

text: In computer science, a data buffer (or just buffer) is a region of a memory used to temporarily store data while it is being moved from one place to another. Typically, the data is stored in a buffer as it is retrieved from an input device (such as a microphone) or just before it is sent to an output device (such as speakers). However, a buffer may be used when moving data between processes within a computer. This is comparable to buffers in telecommunication. Buffers can be implemented in a fixed memory location in hardware—or by using a virtual data buffer in software, pointing at a location in the physical memory. In all cases, the data stored in a data buffer are stored on a physical storage medium. A majority of buffers are implemented in software, which typically use the faster RAM to store temporary data, due to the much faster access time compared with hard disk drives. Buffers are typically used when there is a difference between the rate at which data is received and the rate at which it can be processed, or in the case that these rates are variable, for example in a printer spooler or in online video streaming. In the distributed computing environment, data buffer is often implemented in the form of burst buffer that provides distributed buffering service.


title: Data buffer

text: A buffer often adjusts timing by implementing a queue (or FIFO) algorithm in memory, simultaneously writing data into the queue at one rate and reading it at another rate.


title: Data buffer

text: Buffers are often used in conjunction with I/O to hardware, such as disk drives, sending or receiving data to or from a network, or playing sound on a speaker. A line to a rollercoaster in an amusement park shares many similarities. People who ride the coaster come in at an unknown and often variable pace, but the roller coaster will be able to load people in bursts (as a coaster arrives and is loaded). The queue area acts as a buffer—a temporary space where those wishing to ride wait until the ride is available. Buffers are usually used in a FIFO (first in, first out) method, outputting data in the order it arrived.


title: Data buffer

text: Buffers can increase application performance by allowing synchronous operations such as file reads or writes to complete quickly instead of blocking while waiting for hardware interrupts to access a physical disk subsystem; instead, an operating system can immediately return a successful result from an API call, allowing an application to continue processing while the kernel completes the disk operation in the background. Further benefits can be achieved if the application is reading or writing small blocks of data that do not correspond to the block size of the disk subsystem, allowing a buffer to be used to aggregate many smaller read or write operations into block sizes that are more efficient for the disk subsystem, or in the case of a read, sometimes to completely avoid having to physically access a disk.


title: Data buffer

text: A buffer routine or storage medium used in telecommunications compensates for a difference in rate of flow of data, or time of occurrence of events, when transferring data from one device to another.


title: Data buffer

text: An early mention of a print buffer is the "Outscriber" devised by image processing pioneer Russel A. Kirsch for the SEAC computer in 1952:


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Konstantinos "Kostas" Mitroglou (, ; born 12 March 1988) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a striker. He is nicknamed "Mitrogoal" and "Pistolero" by fans due to his goalscoring abilities.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Raised in Germany, Mitroglou started his career at Borussia Mönchengladbach, where he established himself as an excellent prospect. He was signed by Olympiacos in the summer of 2007 and had two loan spells at Panionios and Atromitos before establishing himself in the team. He transferred to Premier League club Fulham in 2013 for a club record £12 million, and they were relegated in his only season, in which he was troubled by injury. He then returned to Olympiacos on loan and then to Benfica in Portugal, before joining the latter on a permanent basis in 2016. With Benfica, he would win five major honours, including back-to-back league titles, and set his single-season scoring record with 27 goals.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: A full international since 2009, Mitroglou has earned over 60 caps for the Greece national team. He was selected in their squads for UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou was born on 12 March 1988, in Krinides, Kavala, Greece, and emigrated as an infant with his parents from his native country to Germany. He grew up in Neukirchen-Vluyn, North Rhine-Westphalia. He began his career at TuS Preussen Vluyn. At age 11, he scored 24 goals in 16 matches. He then played for SV Neukirchen. In 2003, he joined MSV Duisburg. Later on, he joined Borussia Mönchengladbach. Mitroglou was a dominant player in the Under 19 Bundesliga. He scored 14 goals in 10 matches.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: After impressing at the 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, Mitroglou was signed by Greek champions Olympiacos. His first official goal for Olympiacos came in a 2–1 away win against Diagoras in the Greek Cup after an assist by Luciano Galletti. His first Superleague goal came in a 4–0 home win against Levadiakos.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: During the final stages of the season, Mitroglou played an important part in helping Olympiacos claim their 36th league title, scoring the last-minute winning goal (2–1) in their match against AEL, this time assisted by Mirnes Šišić. His first goal in the Superleague came in a 4–0 home win against Levadiakos. He then scored two goals in the last league fixture against Iraklis to seal a 3–1 win. He also scored in a 2–2 away draw against Iraklis in the Greek Cup semi-finals, after an assist from Michalis Konstantinou. In the 2007 Greek Super Cup, he scored the only goal as Olympiacos defeated AEL 1–0.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: For the 2008–09 season, Olympiacos appointed Ernesto Valverde as their new head coach, who dropped Mitroglou because he wanted his team to play a quicker and more offensive style of football. Mitroglou therefore made fewer appearances than the prior season. He scored in a 2–0 away win against Nordsjælland in the first round of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup. In the Superleague, he scored two goals in a home win 4–1 against Panionios.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: After Valverde left Olympiacos, Mitroglou saw increased playing time. He scored his first goal of the season against Sheriff Tiraspol in a 2–0 first leg away win in the UEFA Champions League play-offs, also scoring in the return leg (a 1–0 home win). Mitroglou scored the equalizing goal in an eventual 2–1 defeat of Standard Liège in a UEFA Champions League group stage match on 21 October 2009. He also scored in home wins against Asteras Tripoli (3–0) and Ergotelis (2–1). His next goal came in an away draw (2–2) against PAS Giannina after an assist by Dudu Cearense. He also scored a goal in a heavy 3–1 away loss to Panserraikos.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou scored both goals in a 2–0 win against rivals Panathinaikos after assists by Dudu Cearense and Jaouad Zairi. He added two more goals in a 5–1 home win against Levadiakos. He scored in the club's 2–1 loss to Bordeaux in the Champions League round of 16, which saw Olympiacos eliminated following a 3–1 aggregate loss. His next goal came in Olympiacos' 2–0 win against Atromitos.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Ernesto Valverde returned as head coach of Olympiacos for the 2010–11 season. Despite being a starter and scoring a spectacular goal in the opening league match against Iraklis (1–2 away loss), Mitroglou only made four more appearances as Valverde chose to use Kevin Mirallas and Marko Pantelić instead. Mitroglou participated in the international match "8th Match Against Poverty" on 14 December 2010 (held at the Georgios Karaiskakis Stadium) as a player in the Olympiacos All-Star team and scored two goals.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: In January 2011, Mitroglou joined Panionios on a six-month loan from Olympiacos. In his debut, he scored both goals in a historic 2–0 away win against Aris, the first for the club in 50 years. His next goals came at a 1–1 home draw against Panathinaikos and a 1–1 away draw against AEK Athens, the latter after an assist from Georgios Galitsios. He scored the winning goal (2–1) against Atromitos and converted a penalty at the 3–3 home draw against AEL. He added another one at a 1–1 away draw against Iraklis. He scored his last goal at the 2–1 away win against Kerkyra after an assist from Fanouris Goundoulakis. Mitroglou ended this year with nine goals in the Superleague, one with Olympiacos and eight with Panionios.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou was once again loaned, this time to Atromitos for the 2011–12 campaign. He scored his first goal at a 1–0 away win against Aris after an assist from Miguel Sebastián Garcia. He next scored at a 1–1 home draw against Panathinaikos after an assist of Denis Epstein. He scored two goals in a 2–1 home win against Panetolikos and one in a 1–0 away win against Doxa Drama. His next goal was at a 1–1 home draw against Levadiakos, once again assisted by Denis Epstein. He went on to score goals in the victories against Ergotelis (1–0) and OFI Crete (2–0).


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou's next goal came from the penalty spot in a 1–1 away draw against Panetolikos. He scored a goal in a 2–1 away win against PAS Giannina and scored two goals in another 2–1 away win against his former loan team Panionios. He next scored at a 2–0 home win against Doxa Drama and a 2–2 away draw against Levadiakos. He scored the winning goal (1–0) against Skoda Xanthi His next goal came with a penalty kick in a 2–2 away draw against Ergotelis.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou also scored a goal in the semi-finals of the Greek Cup against Asteras Tripoli, sending his team reach the final against parent club Olympiacos. He finished the season with 16 league goals, helping Atromitos to reach the Superleague play-offs for the first time, where he added one more goal in a 1–1 home draw against PAOK after an assist from Ilias Anastasakos. At the end of the campaign, he was voted the Superleague Greece Footballer of the Year.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: The 2012–13 season found Mitroglou back at parent club Olympiacos. After Ernesto Valverde left, Mitroglou was favoured by new head coach Leonardo Jardim. Mitroglou showed a good form in the pre-season training scoring a total of three goals, two of them in a friendly against Spanish side Málaga at the Karaiskakis Stadium. However, the season started a bit irregular for him, as he had to compete with first-choice striker Rafik Djebbour in the starting 11. He therefore did not receive much playing time and often played as a substitute. His first goal of the season came in a 2–1 away win against PAS Giannina after an assist from Djebbour. In the same match, he provided an assist on Olympicaos' second goal, scored by Djebbour.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: With Djebbour absent due to injury, Mitroglou was a starter for the second group game of the UEFA Champions League against Arsenal in the Emirates Stadium, where he scored the equalizer in an eventual 3–1 loss. He next scored a goal in a 2–0 home win against OFI Crete after an assist from Paulo Machado. He scored again in the Champions League by scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 away win against Montpellier after an assist from Djamel Abdoun. He also added another goal against Montpellier in the return fixture on 6 November as Olympiacos claimed a 3–1 victory.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou's scoring streak continued as he next scored two goals in a 4–0 away win against rivals AEK Athens, and one in each 2–0 victory against AO Kerkyra and Panachaiki, the latter being a Greek Cup fixture. He scored his fourth Champions League goal at the 2–1 home win against Arsenal. His first goal of 2013, came in a 3–0 home win against Veria, after an assist of Juan Pablo Pino. On 9 February, he scored the lone goal against Asteras Tripoli at the last minute of the match, giving Olympiacos the 1–0 away win. He scored the winning goal again at the 1–0 away win against AO Kerkyra.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou's next goals came in a comfortable 4–0 away win against Platanias and the classical derby against Panathinaikos, which ended 1–1. In the Greek Cup semi-finals against Panthrakikos, he scored two goals in the first leg to give a 6–2 home win and another two goals at the returning leg (2–1 away win) as Olympiacos progressed to the final 8–3 on aggregate. In the last league match, he scored the opening for a 2–1 home win against Panionios.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: During the pre-season preparation at Seefeld, Mitroglou scored a goal in a 2–1 friendly win against Azerbaijani club Simurq PIK.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On the second matchday of the Superleague Greece, he provided an assist to David Fuster in a 2–1 home win against Atromitos. On 1 September 2013, he scored his first career hat-trick in a 5–0 away win against Levadiakos after three assists from Fuster. He scored his second hat-trick on the next fixture in a 4–0 home win against Skoda Xanthi, becoming the first player in Olympiacos history—as well as the Greek League generally—to score two consecutive hat-tricks, while also having also scored in an international match between these two fixtures.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou scored his third hat-trick of the season on 2 October, scoring all three goals in a 3–0 away win against Anderlecht in the UEFA Champions League group stage. He became the first Greek player to complete a hat-trick in the Champions League, and along with Predrag Đorđević is one of only two Olympiacos players to have scored a hat-trick in the Champions League. Mitroglou's scoring streak continued as he scored another hat-trick four days later in a comfortable 6–0 home win against Veria, while also assisting a goal to Joel Campbell. His next goal came in an away win (1–4) against Platanias after an assist from Alejandro Domínguez, a match in which he also provided the assist for Javier Saviola's goal. On 24 October, Mitroglou assisted Domínguez's goal against Benfica in a 1–1 draw in the UEFA Champions League. He next scored two goals at a home win 5–1 against OFI Crete with two headers after two assists from Joel Campbell. He next scored the winning goal in an away win (1–0) against Panathinaikos. He next scored a goal at a home win 4–0 against PAOK after another assist from Joel Campbell.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On 27 November, Mitroglou suffered an injury in a 2–1 away loss against Paris Saint-Germain, keeping him on the sidelines for over a month. On 19 December, amid much transfer speculation, Mitroglou renewed his contract with Olympiacos until 2017. On 10 January 2014, he recovered to come on as a substitute against Atromitos.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On 31 January 2014, Mitroglou signed a four-and-a-half-year contract for a transfer fee believed in the region of £12 million with English Premier League club Fulham. On 22 February, he made his debut for Fulham in a 1–1 draw at West Bromwich Albion, replacing Hugo Rodallega after 61 minutes. Mitroglou was the highest transfer fee in Fulham's history, and despite Fulham pinning their hopes of staying in the Premier League on the Greece international, they were relegated in May 2014. Due to various injuries and fitness problems, Mitroglou played in only two more Premier League matches before the end of the 2013–14 season, starting only one, away against Cardiff City.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On 31 August 2014, Mitroglou returned to Olympiacos on a season-long loan from Fulham. He made his debut on 13 September, replacing Dimitris Diamantakos in the 55th minute of a 3–0 home win over OFI Crete. Three days later, he scored what proved to be the game winner in a 3–2 win over Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Champions League group stage.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On 6 August 2015, Mitroglou joined Portuguese champions Benfica on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut three days later, replacing compatriot Andreas Samaris for the final 18 minutes of a 0–1 loss to rivals Sporting CP in the 2015 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Municipal de Aveiro. In their first match of the Primeira Liga season against Estoril, he opened the scoring in a 4–0 win at the Estádio da Luz. On 11 September, he scored in each half of a 6–0 win in the league against Lisbon neighbours Belenenses.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On 23 January 2016, Mitroglou scored with a backheel goal in a 3–1 win against Arouca, and on 3 February, he scored a hat-trick against Belenenses in a 0–5 away victory. It was his first hat-trick in the season, scoring for the fifth consecutive match in a row. On 13 February, he opened the score in a 2–1 home loss against rivals Porto, struggling for the win before goalkeeper Iker Casillas made a save at close quarters to stop him from scoring the equalizer. One week later, he scored for the seventh match in a row by opening the score in a 1–3 win at Paços de Ferreira; at the final whistle, a Benfica supporter entered the field and knelt before Mitroglou, and then tried to shine his boots with a scarf. On 5 March, Mitroglou scored the only goal in the Lisbon derby at Sporting CP's Estádio José Alvalade, giving Benfica the lead in the league, ahead of their opponents. Later on, he scored a brace in a 5–1 home win against Braga in the Primeira Liga on 1 April, increasing his tally to 18 goals in the league, with 13 goals scored in 12 matches. He ended the league campaign with 20 goals in 32 matches, winning the Primeira Liga title on 15 May after a 4–1 home win over Nacional.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Two days after the league title celebrations, Benfica announced Mitroglou had signed a permanent contract with the club set to last until 2020, for a €7 million transfer fee, as disclosed by Football Leaks. On 18 January 2017, he scored a hat-trick in a 6–2 home win over Leixões in the Taça de Portugal quarter-finals. On 28 February 2017, Mitroglou scored twice against Estoril in the first leg of the Taça de Portugal semi-finals.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On 31 August 2017, French Ligue 1 club Marseille announced the signing of Mitroglou on a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €15 million to Benfica. On 28 September, Mitroglou made his competitive debut for Marseille in a 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage 1–0 away loss against Red Bull Salzburg, coming on as a substitute in the 79th minute for Maxime Lopez.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On 6 February 2018, Mitroglou scored his first hat-trick for Marseille—to go along with one assist,—in a 9–0 blowout win over Bourg-en-Bresse in the Coupe de France.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On 22 August 2019, PSV Eindhoven announced they would take on Mitroglou on a loan until the end of the 2019–20 season.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: On 25 January 2021, Mitroglou signed with Greek club, Aris. On 21 February, he scored his first goal with the new team in the Super League against his former club Olympiacos at the Karaiskakis Stadium, in a match ended 1–1.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou was first called up for the Greece national under-19 team in 2005. He scored a goal against the Netherlands in a 3–2 away win in 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification. He also scored two goals in a 3–1 home loss against Germany in the same campaign. Mitroglou also scored in a 2–0 away win against Italy, two goals in a 2–2 away draw against Croatia and a goal in a 4–0 home win against Sweden. He participated at the 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, in which he scored the only goal against Portugal at Linzer Stadion in the group stage, as well as in a 1–1 draw against Austria at the Waldstadion. In the knock-out stage, he scored a goal against Germany in a 3–2 win at Vorwärts Stadium. Mitroglou finished as the top goalscorer of the competition with three goals.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: In 2007, Mitroglou was promoted to the Greece under-21 team. He scored two goals in a 3–1 home win against Macedonia in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifiers, and later a goal in a 1–1 home draw against England and the only goal against Lithuania as the campaign continued.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: In 2009, Mitroglou was selected for the senior Greece side for the first time. He scored his first goal in a 3–2 away win over Norway on 15 August 2012. On 11 September 2012, he scored a goal in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Lithuania, which ended in a 2–0 victory. He went on to score both goals in a 2–0 away friendly win against Austria on 14 August 2013.


title: Kostas Mitroglou

text: Mitroglou scored the only goal in a victory over Liechtenstein, after an assist from Vasilis Torosidis, in their penultimate World Cup qualifying match on 6 September 2013. He scored two goals on 15 November in Greece's 3–1 home win against Romania in the first leg of their 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying play-off. Four days later, he scored the opening goal of the return leg in Romania, which ended in a 1–1 draw and sent Greece to the World Cup final stages in Brazil with a 4–2 aggregate victory.


title: SummerSlam (1999)

text: The 1999 SummerSlam was the 12th annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on August 22, 1999, at the Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Nine matches were contested at the event.


title: SummerSlam (1999)

text: SummerSlam is an annual pay-per-view (PPV), produced every summer by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) since 1988. Dubbed "The Biggest Party of the Summer," it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Royal Rumble, and Survivor Series, and was considered one of the "Big Five" PPVs, along with King of the Ring. It has since become considered WWF's second biggest event of the year behind WrestleMania. The 1999 event was the 12th event in the SummerSlam chronology and was scheduled to be held on August 22, 1999, at the Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.


title: SummerSlam (1999)

text: The main feud heading into SummerSlam was between Stone Cold Steve Austin, Triple H and Mankind over the WWF Championship. The previous month at Fully Loaded, Austin retained the WWF Championship by defeating The Undertaker in a first blood match when X-Pac interfered, allowing Austin to hit Undertaker with a television camera. Also at Fully Loaded, Triple H defeated The Rock in a Strap match to become the number one contender for the WWF Championship, thanks to the help of Billy Gunn and Chyna. In recent weeks, Triple H stated that he's been studying Austin for months to figure out how to beat him.


title: SummerSlam (1999)

text: On the August 9th episode of "Raw is War", it was revealed that Minnesota governor as well as fellow WWF legend Jesse "The Body" Ventura would be the special guest referee for the main event at SummerSlam. When Triple H came out and got in Ventura's face, WWF Commissioner Shawn Michaels set up a match between Austin, Triple H and Undertaker. When Austin was found mysteriously attacked in a stairwell, Michaels accused Triple H of being the attacker but Triple H denied it. Michaels then set up a Triple threat match with the title of number one contender on the line between Triple H, Undertaker and Chyna. Austin returned later that night and hit Triple H with a chair, then put Chyna on top allowing her to win the match and become number one contender.


title: SummerSlam (1999)

text: The following week, Triple H challenged Chyna to a match with her number one contender status on the line which Chyna accepted. Chyna again won the match after Mankind returned from a knee injury and attacked Triple H. Mankind then challenged Chyna for her number one contender status but Chyna refused to accept and low blowed Mankind, Michaels overruled Chyna and made the match. Mankind later defeated Chyna when Triple H attempted to interfere. Shane McMahon stated as owner of the WWF he was booking a match between Mankind and Triple H to determine the undisputed number one contender. Michaels agreed to the match and he and Shane named themselves as referees. When Mankind and Triple H covered each other, Michaels and Shane both counted to three but they argued over who is the number one contender. Ring announcer Tony Chimel announced that both men are winners and that there will be a Triple threat match at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (1999)

text: Another rivalry heading into SummerSlam was between Test and Shane McMahon. In July before Fully Loaded, Shane and the Mean Street Posse had started a feud with Test because of his relationship with Stephanie McMahon whom Shane feels was dating "beneath the family standards". Over the following weeks, Test had faced Posse member Joey Abs whom Shane had set up on a date with Stephanie. On the July 12 episode of "Raw is War", Test wrestled the Posse in a Gauntlet match but it ended in no contest when Shane interfered. When the Posse attempted to break Test's ankle, Stephanie came out and grabbed her brother from behind. Thinking that it was a referee, Shane backhand elbowed his sister and knocked her out. The following two weeks, Stephanie rejected Joey Abs and demanded that her brother and his friends stay out of her life. On the August 15 episode of "Sunday Night Heat", Shane challenged Test to a "Love her or Leave her" Greenwich Street Fight at SummerSlam. If Shane won Test and Stephanie could no longer see each other but if Test won Shane would give his blessing to them. Test agreed and accepted the challenge.


title: SummerSlam (1999)

text: The third rivalry heading into SummerSlam was between the teams of X-Pac and Kane against The Undertaker and Big Show for the WWF Tag Team Championship. After X-Pac interfered in Undertaker's first blood match with Stone Cold Steve Austin at Fully Loaded, Undertaker blamed X-Pac for costing him the WWF Championship and attacked him the next night on "Raw is War". Kane came to his partner's rescue and brawled with his brother until Big Show (whom Kane lost to at Fully Loaded) ran out to the ring and joined Undertaker in putting a beating on both of them. Then Undertaker and Big Show shook hands and formed an alliance. Two weeks later, Kane and X-Pac defeated the Acolytes to win the WWF Tag Team Championship. Road Dogg came out to celebrate with them however all three were attacked by Big Show and Undertaker leading to a Tag Team Championship match between the two teams at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (1999)

text: In 2014, Dylan Diot of 411Mania gave the event a rating of 7.5 [Good], stating, "This is one of the more underrated editions of SummerSlam. [I] was pleasantly surprised by just how much I enjoyed the show. The wrestling was consistent with plenty of good performances across the board. That Shane McMahon/Test match is sensational and it should have helped launch Test as a major star and it showed that Shane McMahon is actually a capable in ring performer. They kept the overbooking, swerves, and nonsensical booking to a minimum and it resulted in exciting matches and a great atmosphere. Go out of your way to check this out, it really is an underrated gem of a show."


title: Honda CBR1100XX

text: The Honda CBR1100XX Super Blackbird is a Honda motorcycle, part of the CBR series made from 1996 to 2007. The bike was developed to challenge the Kawasaki Ninja ZX-11 as the world's fastest production motorcycle, and Honda succeeded with a top speed of . Two years later the title passed to the Suzuki Hayabusa, which reached . The Blackbird is named after the Lockheed SR-71, also a speed record holder.


title: Honda CBR1100XX

text: In the mid 1990s, Honda was determined to produce the world's fastest production motorcycle and to take over the associated bragging rights and marketing impact, at the time held by Kawasaki's Ninja ZX11. This led to the creation of the CBR1100XX Super Blackbird. The Blackbird name is a nod to the Lockheed SR-71 aircraft, the world's fastest production aircraft.


title: Honda CBR1100XX

text: In the February 1997 issue of "Sport Rider" magazine, the CBR1100XX was tested at a top speed of , compared with for the ZX-11.


title: Honda CBR1100XX

text: Its supremacy over the ZX-11 was confirmed in April 2007 by "Motorcycle Consumer News", although the speeds achieved were slightly lower and the margin was narrower.


title: Honda CBR1100XX

text: In 1999, the Suzuki Hayabusa overtook the CBR1100XX. It was listed in the 2000 Millennium Edition of "Guinness World Records" as the world's fastest production bike with a top speed of Hayabusa is the Japanese term for the Peregrine Falcon, a species of raptor which preys on blackbirds.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Yoga philosophy is one of the six major orthodox schools of Hinduism, though it is only at the end of the first millennium CE that Yoga is mentioned as a separate school of thought in Indian texts, distinct from Samkhya. Ancient, medieval and most modern literature often refers to Yoga-philosophy simply as "Yoga". A systematic collection of ideas of Yoga is found in the "Yoga Sutras of Patanjali", a key text of Yoga which has influenced all other schools of Indian philosophy.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The metaphysics of Yoga is Samkhya's dualism, in which the universe is conceptualized as composed of two realities: "Puruṣa" (witness-consciousness) and "Prakṛti" (nature). "Jiva" (a living being) is considered as a state in which "puruṣa" is bonded to "Prakṛti" in some form, in various permutations and combinations of various elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind. During the state of imbalance or ignorance, one or more constituents overwhelm the others, creating a form of bondage. The end of this bondage is called liberation, or "mokṣa", by both the Yoga and Samkhya schools of Hinduism, and can be attained by insight and self-restraint.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The ethical theory of Yoga-philosophy is based on Yamas and Niyama, as well as elements of the Guṇa theory of Samkhya. The epistemology of Yoga-philosophy, like the Sāmkhya school, relies on three of six "Pramanas" as the means of gaining reliable knowledge. These include "Pratyakṣa" (perception), "Anumāṇa" (inference) and "Sabda" ("Āptavacana", word/testimony of reliable sources). Yoga-philosophy differs from the closely related non-theistic/atheistic Samkhya school by incorporating the concept of a "personal, yet essentially inactive, deity" or "personal god" (Ishvara).


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The origins of yoga-practice are unclear, but seems to have developed in ascetic milieus in the first millennium BCE. Some of its earliest discussions and of proto-Samkhya ideas are found in 1st millennium BCE Indian texts such as the Katha Upanishad, the Shvetashvatara Upanishad and the Maitri Upanishad.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The root of the word "Yoga" is found in hymn 5.81.1 of the Rig Veda, a dedication to rising Sun-god in the morning (Savitri), interpreted as "yoke" or "yogically control".


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The Rig Veda, however, does not describe Yoga philosophy with the same meaning or context as in medieval or modern times. Early references to practices that later became part of Yoga-philosophy, are made in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, the oldest Upanishad. Gavin Flood translates it as, "...having become calm and concentrated, one perceives the self ("atman"), within oneself." The practice of pranayama (consciously regulating breath) is mentioned in hymn 1.5.23 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (c. ~ 900 BCE), and the practice of pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses) is mentioned in hymn 8.15 of Chandogya Upanishad (c. ~ 800-700 BCE).


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The Katha Upanishad, dated to be from about the middle of the 1st millennium BCE, in verses 2.6.6 through 2.6.13 recommends a path to Self-knowledge akin to Samkhya, and calls this path "Yoga".


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Yoga-practice is also mentioned in foundational texts of other orthodox schools such as the Vaisesikha Sutras, Nyaya Sutras and Brahma Sutras.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Yoga as a separate school of thought is mentioned in Indian texts from the end of the 1st millennium CE. The systematic collection of ideas of the Yoga school of Hinduism is found in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. After its circulation in the first half of the 1st millennium CE, many Indian scholars reviewed it, then published their "Bhāṣya" (notes and commentary) on it, which together form a canon of texts called the "Pātañjalayogaśāstra" ("The Treatise on Yoga of Patañjali"). Yoga as a separate school of philosophy has been included as one of the six orthodox schools in medieval era Indian texts; the other schools are Samkhya, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. According to Bryant,


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: There are numerous parallels in the concepts in the Samkhya school of Hinduism, Yoga and the Abhidharma schools of thought, particularly from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century AD, notes Larson. Patanjali's Yoga Sutras may be a synthesis of these three traditions. From the Samkhya school of Hinduism, the Yoga Sutras adopt the "reflective discernment" ("adhyavasaya") of "prakrti" and "purusa" (dualism), its metaphysical rationalism, as well its three epistemic methods to gaining reliable knowledge. From Abhidharma Buddhism's idea of "nirodhasamadhi", suggests Larson, the Yoga Sutras adopt the pursuit of an altered state of awareness, but unlike Buddhism, which believes that there is neither self nor soul, Yoga is physicalist and realist like Samkhya in believing that each individual has a self and soul. The third concept that the Yoga Sutras synthesize into its philosophy is the ancient ascetic traditions of isolation, meditation and introspection.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Yoga-philosophy is Samkhya. In both, the foundational concepts include two realities: "Purusha" and "Prakriti". The "Purusha" is defined as that reality which is pure consciousness and is devoid of thoughts or qualities. The "Prakriti" is the empirical, phenomenal reality which includes matter and also mind, sensory organs and the sense of identity (self, soul). A living being is held in both schools to be the union of matter and mind. The Yoga school differs from the Samkhya school in its views on the ontology of "Purusha", on axiology and on soteriology.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The metaphysics of Yoga-Samkhya is a form of dualism. It considers consciousness and matter, self/soul and body as two different realities.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The Samkhya-Yoga system espouses dualism between consciousness and matter by postulating two "irreducible, innate and independent realities: Purusha and Prakriti. While the "Prakriti" is a single entity, the Samkhya-Yoga schools admit a plurality of the "Puruṣa"s in this world. Unintelligent, unmanifest, uncaused, ever-active, imperceptible and eternal Prakriti is alone the final source of the world of objects. The "Puruṣa" is considered as the conscious principle, a passive enjoyer ("bhokta") and the "Prakriti" is the enjoyed ("bhogya"). Samkhya-Yoga believes that the "Puruṣa" cannot be regarded as the source of inanimate world, because an intelligent principle cannot transform itself into the unconscious world. This metaphysics is a pluralistic spiritualism, a form of realism built on the foundation of dualism.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Yoga-philosophy adopts the theory of Guṇa from Samkhya. Guṇas theory states that three "gunas" (innate tendency, attributes) are present in different proportions in all beings, and these three are "sattva" guna (goodness, constructive, harmonious), "rajas" guna (passion, active, confused), and "tamas" guna (darkness, destructive, chaotic). These three are present in every being but in different proportions, and the fundamental nature and psychological dispositions of beings is a consequence of the relative proportion of these three "gunas". When "sattva" guna predominates an individual, the qualities of lucidity, wisdom, constructiveness, harmonious, and peacefulness manifest themselves; when rajas is predominant, attachment, craving, passion-driven activity and restlessness manifest; and when tamas predominates in an individual, ignorance, delusion, destructive behavior, lethargy, and suffering manifests. The guṇas theory underpins the philosophy of mind in Yoga school of Hinduism.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The early scholars of Yoga philosophy, posit that the "Puruṣa" (consciousness) by its nature is sattva (constructive), while "Prakriti" (matter) by its nature is tamas (chaotic). They further posit that individuals at birth have "buddhi" (intelligence, sattvic). As life progresses and churns this "buddhi", it creates "asmita" or "ahamkara" (ego, rajasic). When ego in turn is churned by life, "manas" (temper, mood, tamasic) is produced. Together, "buddhi", "ahamkara" and "manas" interact and constitute "citta" (mind) in Yoga school of Hinduism. Unrestrained modification of "citta" causes suffering. A way of life that empowers one to become ever more aware of one's consciousness and spirituality innate in "buddhi", is the path to one's highest potential and a more serene, content, liberated life. Patanjali's Yoga sutra begins, in verse 2 of Book 1, by defining Yoga as "restraining the "Citta" from "Vrittis"."


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Yoga school of Hinduism holds that ignorance is the cause of suffering and saṁsāra. Liberation, like many other schools, is removal of ignorance, which is achieved through discriminative discernment, knowledge and self-awareness. The "Yoga Sūtras" is Yoga school's treatise on how to accomplish this. "Samādhi" is the state where ecstatic awareness develops, state Yoga scholars, and this is how one starts the process of becoming aware of Purusa and true Self. It further claims that this awareness is eternal, and once this awareness is achieved, a person cannot ever cease being aware; this is moksha, the soteriological goal in Hinduism.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Book 3 of Patanjali's "Yogasutra" is dedicated to soteriological aspects of yoga philosophy. Patanjali begins by stating that all limbs of yoga are necessary foundation to reaching the state of self-awareness, freedom and liberation. He refers to the three last limbs of yoga as "sanyama", in verses III.4 to III.5, and calls it the technology for "discerning principle" and mastery of "citta" and self-knowledge. In verse III.12, the Yogasutras state that this discerning principle then empowers one to perfect "sant" (tranquility) and "udita" (reason) in one's mind and spirit, through intentness. This leads to one's ability to discern the difference between "sabda" (word), "artha" (meaning) and "pratyaya" (understanding), and this ability empowers one to compassionately comprehend the cry/speech of all living beings. Once a yogi reaches this state of "sanyama", it leads to unusual powers, intuition, self-knowledge, freedoms and kaivalya, the soteriological goal of the yogi.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The benefits of Yoga philosophy of Hinduism is then summarized in verses III.46 to III.55 of Yogasutras, stating that the first 5 limbs leads to bodily perfections such as beauty, loveliness, strength and toughness; while the last 3 limbs through "sanyama" leads to mind and psychological perfections of perceptiveness, one's nature, mastery over egoism, discriminative knowledge of purity, self and soul. This knowledge once reached is irreversible, states Yogasutra's Book IV.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Ethical rules in the texts of Yoga school of Hindu philosophy include both a theory of values through the observances of positive values and avoidance of negative, as well as an aesthetic theory on bliss from intrinsic and extrinsic perspectives. The values to be observed are called Niyamas, while those to be avoided are referred in the Yamas in Yoga philosophy.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Over sixty different ancient and medieval era texts of Yoga philosophy discuss "Yamas" and "Niyamas". The specific theory and list of values varies between the texts, however, "Ahimsa", "Satya", "Asteya", "Svādhyāya", "Kșhamā", and "Dayā" are among the predominantly discussed ethical concepts by majority of these texts.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Patanjali, in Book 2, explains how and why each of the above self restraints help in the personal growth of an individual. For example, in verse II.35, Patanjali states that the virtue of nonviolence and non-injury to others (Ahimsa) leads to the abandonment of enmity, a state that leads the yogi to the perfection of inner and outer amity with everyone, everything. Other texts of the Yoga school of Hinduism include Kṣamā (क्षमा, forgiveness), Dhṛti (धृति, fortitude, non-giving up in adversity), Dayā (दया, compassion), Ārjava (आर्जव, non-hypocrisy) and Mitāhāra (मितहार, measured diet).


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The "Niyamas" part of theory of values in the Yoga school include virtuous habits, behaviors and observances. The Yogasutra lists the niyamas as:


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: As with "Yamas", Patanjali explains how and why each of the above "Niyamas" help in the personal growth of an individual. For example, in verse II.42, Patanjali states that the virtue of contentment and acceptance of others as they are (Santoṣa) leads to the state where inner sources of joy matter most, and the craving for external sources of pleasant ceases. Other texts of the Yoga school expanded the list of values under "Niyamas", to include behaviors such as Āstika (आस्तिक, belief in personal God, faith in Self, conviction that there is knowledge in Vedas/Upanishads), Dāna (दान , charity, sharing with others), "Hrī" (ह्री, remorse and acceptance of one's past/mistakes/ignorance, modesty) "Mati" (मति, think and reflect, reconcile conflicting ideas) and "Vrata" (व्रत, resolutions and vows, fast, pious observances).


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Yoga school, like Samkhya school, considers "Pratyakṣa" or "Dṛṣṭam" (direct sense perception), "Anumāna" (inference), and "Śabda" or "Āptavacana" (verbal testimony of the sages or shāstras) to be the only valid means of knowledge or "Pramana". Unlike few other schools of Hinduism such as Advaita Vedanta, Yoga did not adopt the following three "Pramanas": "Upamāṇa" (comparison and analogy), "Arthāpatti" (postulation, deriving from circumstances) or "Anupalabdi" (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Yoga philosophy allows the concept of God, unlike the closely related Samkhya school of Hinduism which is non-theistic. Hindu scholars such as the 8th century Adi Sankara, as well many modern academic scholars describe the Yoga school as "Samkya school with God."


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The "Yoga Sutras of Patanjali" use the term "Isvara" in 11 verses: I.23 through I.29, II.1, II.2, II.32 and II.45. Ever since the Sutras' release, Hindu scholars have debated and commented on who or what is "Isvara". These commentaries range from defining "Isvara" as a "personal god" to a "special self" to "anything that has spiritual significance to the individual". Whicher explains that while Patanjali's terse verses can be interpreted both as theistic or non-theistic, Patanjali's concept of "Isvara" in Yoga philosophy functions as a "transformative catalyst or guide for aiding the yogin on the path to spiritual emancipation".


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Patanjali defines "Isvara" (Sanskrit: ईश्वर) in verse 24 of Book 1, as "a special Self (पुरुषविशेष, "puruṣa-viśeṣa")",


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: This sutra of Yoga philosophy of Hinduism adds the characteristics of "Isvara" as that special Self which is unaffected (अपरामृष्ट, "aparamrsta") by one's obstacles/hardships (क्लेश, "klesha"), one's circumstances created by the past or by one's current actions (कर्म, "karma"), one's life fruits (विपाक, "vipâka"), and one's psychological dispositions or intentions (आशय, ashaya).


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The most studied ancient and medieval era texts of the Yoga school of philosophy include those by Patanjali, Bhaskara, Haribhadra (Jain scholar), Bhoja, and Hemachandra.


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: References to the teachings of the Yoga school of Hinduism abound in ancient Indian texts of other orthodox schools of Hinduism, for example, verse 5.2.17 of Vaisheshika Sutra by Kanada, belonging to the Vaisheshika school of Hinduism and dated to be from the 1st millennium BCE, states


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The "Nyāya Sūtras" by Akshapada variously dated to be from 4th to 2nd century BCE, and belonging to the Nyaya school of Hinduism, in chapter 4.2 discusses the importance of Yoga as follows,


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The "Brahma Sutras" by Badarayana, estimated to have been completed in its surviving form in approx. 400-450 CE, while the original version might be ancient and composed between 500 BCE and 200 BCE, belonging to the Vedanta school of Hinduism, in chapter 2 assumes the existence of a text called Yoga Smriti. Scholars contest whether this text was a precursor or the same as Patanjali's Yogasutra, but either premise is uncertain. The verses of Brahma Sutras assert that dualism of the prevailing Yoga philosophy is refuted, as the value of Yoga is as a means to realization of the Self, not in propositions about Self that is in conflict with the Vedic texts. Radhakrishnan translates the text as follows,


title: Yoga (philosophy)

text: The "Yoga Vasistha" is a syncretic text on Yoga philosophy, variously dated to be from 6th- to 14th-century CE. It is structured as a dialogue between sage Vasistha of the Vedic era and the philosopher-king Rama of the Hindu epic "Ramayana". The text synthesizes elements of Vedanta, Jainism, Yoga, Samkhya, Saiva Siddhanta and Mahayana Buddhism. Among other things, the text discusses Yoga philosophy in its various chapters. In section 6.1, "Yoga Vasistha" introduces Yoga as follows,


title: Murari (film)

text: Murari is a 2001 Indian Telugu-language supernatural family drama film written and directed by Krishna Vamsi. The film features Mahesh Babu in the title role along with Sonali Bendre, Lakshmi, Sukumari, Kaikala Satyanarayana, and Gollapudi Maruthi Rao. The film marks Bendre's Telugu debut. Mani Sharma composed the music, while Ram Prasad handled the cinematography. Peter Hein debuted as action choreographer with this film. The film marked the last on-screen appearance of veteran Telugu actor Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry.


title: Murari (film)

text: The film revolves around the happy-go-lucky Murari whose Zamindar ancestors have been victims of Goddess Durga's generational curse since the mid-19th century. Every 48 years, the family's heirs lose their life in their early 30s due to this curse. No matter how many religious rituals are being performed since ages, the family loses its heirs. In this generation, Murari is the one to be succumbed by the curse. The film deals with Murari's redemption to overcome the curse through his spiritual will, and through his grandmother's self-sacrifice.


title: Murari (film)

text: The film released on 17 February 2001 to positive reviews and was commercially successful at the box office. "Murari" has been dubbed into Hindi as "Rowdy Cheetah" in 2015. It won three Nandi Awards including Second Best Feature Film. The film was remade in Kannada as "Gopi" (2006).


title: Murari (film)

text: Due to a curse on a family, a family member gets killed every forty-eight years. At the beginning of another such cycle, when a young man's life is at stake, his grandmother makes a huge sacrifice to revoke the curse.


title: Murari (film)

text: Set up in the 19th century, during Amavasya, the dark moon lunar phase, a greedy, and lavish alcoholic zamindar insults the principal deity Durga and attempts to steal the Panchaloha idol from the Royal Family's Temple in a state of inebriation so that he can repay his huge debt to the British officers. Subsequently, he, along with the British officers, are killed by the enraged Goddess Durga. The Goddess infuses a mythical curse on the family's heirs, and every 48 years on the day of Diwali, one male heir from the Royal Family is succumbed to death.


title: Murari (film)

text: The present year, 2001, denotes the end of another 48 years, and Murari, the grandson of Sabari, whose husband died 48 years back because of the curse, is expected to be the next heir to be succumbed to the curse. Murari lives with his father Sattipandu; sister-in-law Gopi; brothers Sreenayya, Baachi, and Soori; and their respective wives and kids; along with Sabari. Murari is named after Sabari's husband and thus is called with utmost respect by all family members (except Gopi, who calls him either by his name or as Kanayya (Kanhaiya)). Gopi treats Murari like her son and even decides to go for an abortion clandestinely so that she would not neglect him once she has her own offspring. Thus, since his childhood, Murari considers Gopi as his mother since his real mother died giving birth to him.


title: Murari (film)

text: In another village, a beautiful city-bred agricultural student Vasundhara lives along with her big combined family and is the cynosure of all eyes and affection in the family. Sattipandu and Vasundhara's father Chanti are blood-related, and Gopi is actually Chanti's niece and adopted daughter. These two families are separated because of a feud at Gopi's marriage because of Chanti's evil son Rambabu. Every year, Gopi is allowed to go there without any escort from her husband, and when a tussle happens regarding this, Sreenayya apologizes and tries to patch up with her. At that point, Murari learns of Gopi's sacrifice for him when he secretly listens their conversation. For the first time, Gopi gets an escort in the form of Murari after this incident. There after few incidents, Murari falls in love with Vasundhara but leaves the house because of a land dispute with Rambabu with Gopi staying back there for a few more days. Vasundhara tries to convey her love, but she has no chance and returns to Hyderabad.


title: Murari (film)

text: Back at Murari's hometown, the temple priest Seshayya learns that Murari is going to be the victim of Devi's curse, but he does not disclose the same to Sabari, who goes for a pilgrimage. Meanwhile with assurance from his father, Murari goes to Hyderabad and unites with Vasundhara. They return to Murari's house where Vasundhara lies that she came for agricultural research. Slowly, all the members of both families approve of the couple. Meanwhile Sabari, who returns from the pilgrimage, upon being informed by Seshayya that Murari would be subjected to death by Devi this year, refuses for the marriage. Rambabu announces the marriage of Vasundhara with her cousin Bullabbayi that day, and when informed by Chanti, Murari tries to quit the temple to save her but is stopped by Sabari. Then she reveals the dark secret that is about Durga's curse to her family when they all are at the temple offering prayers for redemption. Murari promises Sabari that he would come alive along with Vasundhara to complete Abhisheka.


title: Murari (film)

text: Murari goes to Vasundhara's place and saves her from Bullabbayi, but once they are about to leave, Murari is fatally stabbed by Bullabbayi unintentionally, and Vasundhara thus collapses on seeing Murari bleeding. In extreme pain, Murari realizes this as Goddess Durga's ploy, and with all his strength, manages to come back to the temple along with Vasundhara. He manages to convince everyone that he is safe and sound as he covered his wounds with soil and a cloth, but Soori notices blood stains. Before he could say anything, Murari tells him to call an ambulance immediately and takes part in the rituals despite extreme pain and internal bleeding. By the time the rituals of Abhisheka, Yajna, and Arti end, Murari's blood spills over the holy idol, invoking the soul spirit. As a result, Murari loses his consciousness and is in critical condition. Seeing this, Sabari drowns herself in the holy river as a sacrifice to the Goddess, and saves Murari's life. Murari revives and marries Vasundhara.


title: Murari (film)

text: When Krishna Vamsi visited a temple in a village, he came to know about a very famous person there whose three sons died under suspicious circumstances at regular intervals 4 years back. When he spoke to the local people, they said that the man killed a worker from lower cadre by hiring some goons and the wife of that murdered person came to this person's house and cursed that all his three sons would be dying within six months. After listening to them, he was intrigued by all these incidents. As a part of his research, he visited temples and observed the architecture, sculptures and also read books like "Autobiography of a Yogi" etc.


title: Murari (film)

text: He said in an interview, "I met highly qualified people like Sirivennela Sitaramasastri to enhance my knowledge in various things. I also studied the visions of our ancestors, who during their time have designed things like missiles, television, aircrafts etc." He added, "We always have an answer for any questions that start with 'what', 'how' and 'when'. But we do not have any reason or answer for questions starting with 'why'. I had this kind of backdrop in my mind and wanted to make a film. When a film in the combination of Mahesh Babu and Krishna Vamsi was announced, I though I should make all those mystic questions get a representation in this film." He wanted to incorporate Telugu culture and tradition with a festive mood and thus used a joint-family backdrop.


title: Murari (film)

text: Influenced by Hrishikesh Mukherjee's 1971 film "Anand", Krishna Vamsi wanted to kill Mahesh Babu's character in this film as he felt that except "Anand", no other film introduced a hero who would be dying very soon. During the story discussions, when he said the same to his team, none accepted. He aimed to go in reverse trend and form the film's screenplay as story writers used to create a problem and then introduced the hero to solve it in Telugu cinema. After meeting Mahesh Babu, Krishna Vamsi decided to use the story of Krishna for the family part. He clarified that it was not a true adaptation of Lord Krishna's life but he got inspired by the characterizations in Krishna's story.


title: Murari (film)

text: According to Krishna Vamsi, the near-death situations Murari faces in the film are inspired from the attacks of "rakshasas" on Krishna and the fatal attack in the climax was inspired from Lord Krishna's death in the hands of a "Yadava" hunter. Sri Sita Ramachandra Swamy temple at Ammapally near Shamshabad was selected for filming key scenes related to the curse part of the story and the temple gained prominence after the film's release. A strong belief in the film industry emerged that a film with scenes shot at the temple will do well at the box-office.


title: Murari (film)

text: Mahesh Babu acknowledged that this film was a crucial one in his career and noted in 2012 that the character of Murari was his favourite role. Sonali Bendre made her debut in Telugu with this film and it was her first collaboration with Krishna Vamsi. Lakshmi, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Prasad Babu, Gollapudi Maruthi Rao, Deekshitulu and Raghu Babu were a part of the film's principal cast. Ravi Babu played a negative role in the film. Actress Sukumari was selected to play the character of Sabari, Mahesh Babu's grandmother in the film which was one of her widely remembered role in Telugu cinema. Veteran film actor and religious guru Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry made a cameo appearance which was his last film. Prakash Raj played a cameo as the evil zamindar who was the first victim of the curse while Deekshitulu played the role of the temple's priest named Seshayya.


title: Murari (film)

text: Regarding Mahesh's character in the film, Krishna Vamsi said, "During that time, I met Mahesh Babu a couple of times. He has a 'mugdha manohara mohana roopam' meaning that Mahesh has very beautiful look which can mesmerize anyone. I was impressed to such an extent that I wanted to add 'Krishna tatvam' to that film, as 'mugdha manohara mohana roopam' is the first quality of Lord Krishna. Just like the way Krishna had herd of cows, hero in this film had an animal (elephant). I wanted to create the atmosphere of "Brundavanam". That's the reason why Mahesh is shown to be moving along with and surrounded by girls/women and kids."


title: Murari (film)

text: Sonali Bendre's characterization in the first half was based on Satyabhama and her characterization in the second half was based on Rukmini. Because of that, Krishna Vamsi incorporated a scene similar to "Rukmini Kalyanam" (Lord Krishna takes Rukmini away from her place and marries her without the knowledge of her people) in the second half where Murari's character saves Vasundhara from her evil brother and takes away her from her village to marry her.


title: Murari (film)

text: Lakshmi's character was based on Yasoda while Prasad Babu and Kaikala Satyanarayana's roles were partially inspired from Balarama's character. According to Krishna Vamsi, the other "Yadavas" in the film were the brothers and family members of hero while Ravi Babu's character was a mix of characterizations of Sisupala, Karna and Duryodhana. Two separated joint families like that of "Pandavas" and "Kauravas" were created though they are on good terms unlike the way portrayed in Lord Krishna's story.


title: Murari (film)

text: The songs and background score were composed by Mani Sharma. The album consisted of seven tracks. The soundtrack featured singers S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra, Jikki, Shankar Mahadevan, Udit Narayan, S. P. B. Charan, Sunitha, Anuradha Sriram and Harini. The lyrics were written by Veturi, Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry, Chandrabose and Suddala Ashok Teja.


title: Murari (film)

text: The film received positive reviews. "Idlebrain.com" rated the film 3.5/5 stating, "The credit for the success or failure of this film should go to Krishna Vamsi. This film is bound get a little bit of dissent from the viewers of C class areas. But, this film is classic masterpiece for the class audience and highly recommended for the Mahesh and Krishnavamsi fans. This film will be a good fare for the people if they watch this film with no expectations. Just watch this film to experience Krishna Vamsi paint the silver screen with his classic strokes."


title: Murari (film)

text: "fullhyd.com" rated the film 8/10 stating "Murari starts off on a good note with the desecration of the temple by Prakash Raj for money, and builds up an interesting story as to how three members of their family cursed by Devi Maa give up their lives. But the story soon loses its steam as we know for sure the sacrificial lamb. Murari is a typical "Hum Aapke Hain Kaun" kind of film with all the fun and laughter and the goodness among the people. It is good family movie with best cinematography and best performance by artists."


title: Flushing (physiology)

text: Flushing is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions. Flushing is generally distinguished, despite a close physiological relation between them, from blushing, which is milder, generally restricted to the face, cheeks or ears, and generally assumed to reflect emotional stress, such as embarrassment, anger, or romantic stimulation. Flushing is also a cardinal symptom of carcinoid syndrome—the syndrome that results from hormones (often serotonin or histamine) being secreted into systemic circulation.


title: Flushing (physiology)

text: Commonly referred to as the sex flush, vasocongestion (increased blood flow) of the skin can occur during all four phases of the human sexual response cycle. Studies show that the sex flush occurs in approximately 50–75% of females and 25% of males, yet not consistently. The sex flush tends to occur more often under warmer conditions and may not appear at all under lower temperatures.


title: Flushing (physiology)

text: During the female sex flush, pinkish spots develop under the breasts, then spread to the breasts, torso, face, hands, soles of the feet, and possibly over the entire body. Vasocongestion is also responsible for the darkening of the clitoris and the walls of the vagina during sexual arousal. During the male sex flush, the coloration of the skin develops less consistently than in the female, but typically starts with the epigastrium (upper abdomen), spreads across the chest, then continues to the neck, face, forehead, back, and sometimes, shoulders and forearms.


title: Flushing (physiology)

text: The sex flush typically disappears soon after reaching orgasm, but in other cases, may take up to two hours or more, and sometimes intense sweating occurs simultaneously.


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: The names of the city and county of Derry or Londonderry in Northern Ireland are the subject of a naming dispute between Irish nationalists and unionists. Generally, although not always, nationalists favour using the name "Derry", and unionists "Londonderry". Legally, the city and county are called "Londonderry", while the local government district containing the city is called "Derry City and Strabane". The naming debate became particularly politicised at the outset of the Troubles, with the mention of either name acting as a shibboleth used to associate the speaker with one of Northern Ireland's two main communities. The district of Derry and Strabane was created in 2015, subsuming a district created in 1973 with the name "Londonderry", which changed to "Derry" in 1984.


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: The earliest Irish name for the site of the modern city was , Old Irish for "oak wood of Calgach", after an unknown pagan. John Keys O'Doherty, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Derry from 1889 to 1907, sought to identify Calgach with Agricola's opponent Calgacus, whereas Patrick Weston Joyce says "Calgach", meaning "fierce warrior", was a common given name. A Celtic Christian monastery was founded at in the sixth century; Adomnán names Saint Columba as founder. The name was changed to "Daire Coluimb Chille", "oak wood of Columba", first mentioned in the Annals of Ulster for 1121. As the monastic site grew in prominence, the name was reduced to just "Doire" (now pronounced ). This was later anglicised to "Derry". In 1604, "Derrie" was granted its first royal charter as a city and county corporate by James I of England. The settlement was destroyed in 1608 by Cahir O'Doherty, Irish chieftain of Inishowen.


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: During the Plantation of Ulster by English and Scottish settlers, a new walled city was built across the River Foyle from the old site by the Irish Society, a consortium of the livery companies of the City of London. In recognition of the London investors, the 1613 charter stated "that the said city or town of Derry, for ever hereafter be and shall be named and called the city of Londonderry". The county was created by the same charter, largely based on the previous county of Coleraine, and named "Londonderry" after the new county town. A new city charter in 1662 confirmed the name "Londonderry" for the city. The Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 reformed the municipal corporation and renamed it from "The Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of Londonderry" to "The Mayor, Commonalty, and Citizens of Londonderry". Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, the city of Londonderry became the county borough of Londonderry, and the rest of the "judicial county" of Londonderry became the "administrative county" of Londonderry.


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: Historically, "Londonderry" was pronounced in Ireland as , with primary stress on the third syllable and secondary stress on the first syllable. In England, it was pronounced , with primary stress on the first syllable and the third syllable reduced or elided. This latter is still used for the Marquess of Londonderry's title; otherwise, the usual pronunciation now is with primary stress on the first syllable and secondary stress on the third syllable. In 1972, Lord Shackleton commented, "I very much hope that Ministers will stop talking about 'Londond'ry'. If they do not call it 'Derry' they might at least call it 'Londonderry'."


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: Before the outbreak of the Troubles in the late 1960s, the name was less contentious. While "Londonderry" was the official and formal name, most people in Northern Ireland called it "Derry" in informal speech. The name became a shibboleth when sectarian tensions increased. Samuel Lewis' 1837 "Topographical Dictionary of Ireland" said "It was originally and is still popularly called Derry ... the English prefix London was imposed in 1613 ... and was for a long time retained by the colonists, but has ... fallen into popular disuse". The 1837 Ordnance Survey Memoir of the area concurs, and remarks "this mode of abbreviation is usual in Ireland, whenever the name of a place is compounded of two distinct and easily separable words; thus ... Carrickfergus is shortened into "Carrick", Downpatrick into "Down", ... etc." Occasionally, acts of the Irish (pre-1801) or UK (post-1801) parliaments referred to the city or county as "Derry".


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: Administrative subdivisions of various types were named after the city, including the barony of North West Liberties of Londonderry, townland and poor law union [PLU; later superintendent registrar's district] of Londonderry, county districts of Londonderry Nos. 1 and 2, dispensary [later registrar's] districts of Londonderry Urban Nos. 1 and 2, and poor law [later district] electoral divisions of Londonderry Nos. 1 to 5 Urban. All these were obsolete by 1972. In the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the two-seat Westminster county constituency of Londonderry was split into two single-seat county divisions. The use of "Derry" rather than "Londonderry" in their names was proposed by Frank Hugh O'Donnell, who said he thought that "at the time when the London Companies were despairing of retaining their hold upon Derry this Amendment would be accepted by the House. The Amendment would be welcomed in the North of Ireland, where the county in question was always spoken of as Derry, and not as Londonderry." This amendment was defeated, on the basis that a county constituency name ought to match the official county name; but T. M. Healy then proposed keeping the county name but changing the division names, thus: Londonderry (North Derry division) and Londonderry (South Derry division). Only David Plunket opposed this, noting "the City of Londonderry was spoken of both as Derry and Londonderry. The name of Derry was given when it was spoken of as a separate division of the county." The Stormont constituencies of North, South, Mid and City of Londonderry were so named by statute in 1929, although a 1935 Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland map uses "Derry" instead of "Londonderry" for these. In the Stormont debate on the Electoral Law Act 1962, Harry Diamond proposed changing the constituency names to use "Derry".


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: In 1952, the Irish and Northern Ireland governments agreed to establish the Foyle Fisheries Commission via parallel acts of their respective legislatures with largely identical texts; one difference was a reference to "the county of Londonderry" in the Stormont act as opposed to "the county of Derry" in the Oireachtas act. The "Foyle Area" under jurisdiction of the commission combined the "Londonderry District" in Northern Ireland with the "Moville District" formed in 1926 from the part of the original Londonderry District which was now in the Irish Free State.


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: In 1958, when the newly launched made a courtesy visit to its namesake port, nationalist councillor James Doherty protested that it was "a foreign warship which had been called after a version of the name of the city".


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: In 1963 the BBC commissioned from Terry McDonald "A City Solitary", a documentary about the city scripted by John Hume and narrated by Brian Hannon. It ends by suggesting that Protestant [unionist] and Catholic [nationalist] citizens can together "build the bridge for Derry's future. A first symbol of that bridge could be the future full acceptance of the term "Londonderry", for in it is summed up the two great traditions of the city: "London", the fort of the ships, the siege tradition; "Derry", the oak grove of the native Irish."


title: Derry/Londonderry name dispute

text: This implicit acceptance by Hume of "Londonderry" was recalled in later decades when he was a leading nationalist politician.