title: Mexican Dirty War

text: The judicial investigation into State crimes against political movements was not opened until the end of the 71-year long PRI regime and the accession to power of Vicente Fox in 2000, which created the Special Prosecutor's Office for Social and Political Movements of the Past (FEMOSPP). However, despite revealing much about the history of the conflict, the FEMOSPP has not been able to finalize prosecutions against the main instigators of the Dirty War.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: In March 2019, the President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, publicly released the archives of the defunct Federal Security Directorate, which contain a great amount of previously undisclosed information about the Dirty War and the political persecution by the PRI governments in the 20th century. López Obrador stated that "We lived for decades under an authoritarian regime which limited freedoms and persecuted those who struggled for social change" and issued an official apology on behalf of the Mexican State towards the victims of the repression. López Obrador further stated that judicial action will be taken against the surviving perpetrators of the repression, and promised that the surviving victims will be able to claim compensation under the law.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: The war was characterized by a backlash against the active student movement of the late 1960s which ended in the Tlatelolco massacre at a 1968 student rally in Mexico City, in which 30 to 300 (according to official reports; non-governmental sources claim death toll in the thousands) students were killed, and in the Corpus Christi massacre, another massacre of student demonstrators in Mexico City on June 10, 1971.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: There were several barely connected groups fighting against the government during this period. Among the most important, the September 23 Communist League was at the forefront of the conflict, active in several cities throughout Mexico, drawing heavily from Christian Socialist and Marxist student organizations. They carried out confrontations with Mexican security forces, several kidnappings, and attempted to kidnap Margarita López Portillo, the sister of the president. In Guerrero, the Party of the Poor, fighting against landholder impunity and oppressive police practices in rural areas, was led by the ex-teacher Lucio Cabañas; they carried out ambushes of the army and security forces and the abduction of Guerrero's governor-elect.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: The legalization of left-wing political parties in 1978 along with the amnesty of imprisoned and at large guerrillas caused a number of combatants to end militant struggle against the government. However, certain groups continued fighting, and the National Human Rights Commission states the hostilities continued into 1982.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: In June 2002, a report prepared for Vicente Fox, the first president not from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 71 years, detailed the government's actions from 1964 to 1982. The report states, according to BBC News, that the Mexican army "kidnapped, tortured, and killed hundreds of rebel suspects" in the period and accused the Mexican state of genocide. The Mexican Special Prosecutor claimed the report was overly biased against the military and that it failed to detail crimes committed by rebels, including kidnappings, bank robberies, and assassinations. However, general consensus is that the report accurately assessed the government's culpability. Instead of ensuring the security of innocent civilians, it victimized them and killed them alike.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: The year 1960 marked the beginning of a decade of terror in the region of Guerrero as the state slowly began to deal with the citizens and peasants there ever-more violently. The state enacted the acts of suppression on Guerrero to keep the numerous different political reform movements stifled, as the local people over time grew agitated with the way the government was wielding its power and meddling with their rights. As the citizens grew more determined to speak out against the government in the 1960s, the PRI continued to increase its terror tactics in the region. While that was done to keep the populace under its control, the constant stream of violence pushed many guerrillas to consider raising up arms against the PRI.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: The rising of guerrilla groups in the 1960s and 1970s provided the state an excuse to focus its resources on suppressing the armed activities of the guerrillas. The army would become infamous for its tactics in repressing the rebels in the rural areas of Mexico, where such practices such as the death flights were initiated.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: This period of state violence in the state of Guerrero helped to bring about numerous guerrilla organizations. One of the groups was the Party of the Poor (PDLP), which was influenced by Marxism and people like Che Guevara. That group tended to be focused more on the rural regions like Guerrero, where they would be more likely to find support among the peasants there. The PDLP actions become more violent towards the rich after events such as the 1967 Atoyac massacre, where leaders like Lucio Cabañas tried to use the peasants anger to bring about true revolution.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: As the 1960s and 1970s would go on, the PDLP would gain attention around the nation for acts like its kidnapping of Ruben Figueroa who was a prominent leader of the PRI. While this act inspired those downtrodden by the government, this also marked the decline of the organization as the government began to focus more on taking out this guerrilla group. Eventually the army found and killed Cabañas on December 2, 1974 in an attempt to cause his movement to fall apart. Another school teacher turned revolutionary, Genaro Vázquez Rojas, founded the National Revolutionary Civic Association (ACNR) as a response to the governments actions in Guerrero. These two leaders and their movements emerged as the armed phase of this social struggle against a corrupt government, which would continue long after the deaths of the leaders.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: Torture was one of the many tools used by the PRI-run state in its drive to keep the numerous guerrilla groups and political dissidents repressed. While torture was illegal in many countries during this time, the numerous authoritarian regimes that sprung up from the Cold War used it to great effect. The Mexican state used torture to get information from captured rebels and guerrillas about attacks and plans. This torturing would be done at any number of clandestine detention centers, where guerrillas would be sent to before arriving at a legal prison so as the state's activities would be kept secret from outside sources. Typically both male and female guerrilla prisoners would be tortured at these areas. It was more common for women to be sexually assaulted by their guards. This, combined with other forms of physical and psychological gender-based transgressions leads some to believe that the state employed this form of gender policing to try and deter women from breaking the regime's social and political norms.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: The detaining and torturing of political prisoners became more systematic after the student uprisings in 1968, for the government decided that heavy-handed responses were necessary to deal with the unrest. This stage of violent and public repression of differing ideals was similar to the regimes of the Southern Cone governments, such as Argentina.


title: Mexican Dirty War

text: While Mexico's Dirty War has been over for a number of years, not much is known of the extent of the number of victims the war claimed, due to its elusive nature throughout its length. Part of the reason for this problem is that since there was no large-scale truth commission to bring justice to the perpetrators and closure for the victim's families, Mexico never had its "Pinochet moment" in regards to the war. From the early 2000s onward, some local investigations have been carried out by NGOs, providing some insight into the tactics and dynamics of the war, as well as the scale of crimes. One example, conducted by the Association of Relatives of Victims of Disappearance, Detention and Human Rights Violations in Mexico (AFADEM) documented over 470 disappearances at the hands of state forces during the 1970s just in the municipality of Atoyac. Another problem was the lack of response in the wake of the 2006 report by Carillo Prieto, which documented some of the atrocities inflicted by the PRI regime. Despite this evidence of numerous crimes that violated human rights, ex-president Echeverria and several other PRI officials had their cases dismissed and became free men. The failure by the government to address these problems of the past has been a cause of tension at times in Mexico, as citizens become distrustful of a state that does not address the old regime and its reign of terror.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: Leopold von Ranke (; 21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history. He was able to implement the seminar teaching method in his classroom and focused on archival research and the analysis of historical documents. Building on the methods of the Göttingen School of History, he was the first to establish a historical seminar. Ranke set the standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources (empiricism), an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics ("Außenpolitik"). He was ennobled in 1865, with the addition of a "von" to his name.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: Ranke also had a great influence on Western historiography and is considered a symbol of the quality of 19th century German historical studies. Ranke, influenced by Barthold Georg Niebuhr, was very talented in constructing narratives without exceeding the limits of historical evidence. His critics have noted the influence of Lutheranism in guiding his work, especially his belief that God's actions were manifest in the lives of men and history, a viewpoint that shaped his ideas that the German Empire was a manifestation of God's intent.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: Ranke was born in Wiehe, Thuringia, Saxony. Wiehe was then a part of the Electorate of Saxony. He came from a family of Lutheran pastors and lawyers. He was educated partly at home and partly in the high school at Schulpforta. His early years engendered a lifelong love of Ancient Greek, Latin and Lutheranism. In 1814, Ranke entered the University of Leipzig, where his subjects were Classics and Lutheran theology. At Leipzig, Ranke became an expert in philology and translation of the ancient authors into German. His teachers included Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann. As a student, Ranke's favorite authors were Thucydides, Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Barthold Georg Niebuhr, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Schelling and Friedrich Schlegel. Ranke showed little interest in the work of modern history because of his dissatisfaction with what he regarded as history books that were merely a collection of facts lumped together by modern historians.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: Between 1817 and 1825, Ranke worked as a schoolmaster teaching classics at the Friedrichs Gymnasium in Frankfurt an der Oder. During this time, he became interested in history in part because of his desire to be involved in the developing field of a more professionalized history and in part because of his desire to find the hand of God in the workings of history.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: In 1824, Ranke launched his career with the book "Geschichten der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514" ("Histories of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514") in which he used an unusually wide variety of sources for a historian of the age, including "memoirs, diaries, personal and formal missives, government documents, diplomatic dispatches and first-hand accounts of eye-witnesses". In that sense, he leaned on the traditions of philology but emphasized mundane documents instead of old and exotic literature.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: After the minister of education was impressed with the work of a historian who did not have access to the nation's great public libraries, Ranke was given a position in the University of Berlin, where he was a professor for nearly fifty years, starting in 1825. At the university, he used the seminar system and taught how to check the value of sources. Ranke became deeply involved in the dispute between the followers of the legal professor Friedrich Carl von Savigny, who emphasized the varieties of different periods of history, and the followers of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who saw history as the unfolding of a universal story. Ranke supported Savigny and criticized the Hegelian view of history as being a one-size-fits-all approach. Also during his time in Berlin, Ranke became the first historian to use the forty-seven volumes that comprised the diplomatic archives of Venice from the 16th and 17th centuries. Since many archives opened up during this time, he sent out his students to these places to recruit information. In his classrooms, he would discuss the sources that his students would find and would emphasize that history should be told "the way it happened". Therefore, he is often seen as "the pioneer of a critical historical science". Meanwhile, Ranke came to prefer dealing with primary sources as opposed to secondary sources.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: It was in Vienna where the friendship of Friedrich von Gentz and the protection of Klemens von Metternich opened to him the Venetian Archives, a fresh source, the value of which he first discovered; it is still not exhausted. He found time to write a short book entitled "Die Serbische Revolution" (1829) from material supplied to him by Vuk Karadžić, a Serb who had himself been witness to the scenes he related during the First Serbian Uprising in 1804. This was afterwards expanded into "Serbien und die Turkei im 19 Jahrhundert" (1879).


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: At the behest of the Prussian government, Ranke founded and edited the "Historische-Politische Zeitschrift" journal from 1832 to 1836. Ranke, who was a conservative, used the journal to attack the ideas of liberalism. In his 1833 article "The Great Powers" and his 1836 article "Dialogue on Politics", Ranke claimed that every state is given a special moral character from God and individuals should strive to best fulfill the "idea" of their state. Thus, in this way, Ranke urged his readers to stay loyal to the Prussian state and to reject the ideas of the French Revolution, which Ranke claimed were meant for France only.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: From 1834 to 1836, Ranke published "Die römischen Päpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert" ("The Popes of Rome, Their Church and State in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries") (3 vols.). As a Protestant, Ranke was barred from viewing the Vatican archives in Rome, but on the basis of private papers in Rome and Venice he was able to explain the history of the papacy in the 16th century. In this book, Ranke coined the term "Counter-reformation" and offered colorful portrayals of Pope Paul IV, Ignatius of Loyola and Pope Pius V. He promoted research into primary sources: ""I see the time approaching when we shall base modern history, no longer on the reports even of contemporary historians, except insofar as they were in the possession of personal and immediate knowledge of facts; and still less on work yet more remote from the source; but rather on the narratives of eyewitnesses, and on genuine and original documents".


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: The papacy denounced Ranke's book as anti-Catholic while many Protestants denounced it as not anti-Catholic enough, but he has been generally praised by historians for placing the situation of the Roman Catholic Church in the context of the 16th century and for his fair treatment of the complex interaction of the political and religious issues in that century. The British Roman Catholic historian Lord Acton defended Ranke's book as the most fair-minded, balanced and objective study ever written on the papacy of the 16th century.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: In 1841, his fame in its ascendancy, Ranke was appointed Historiographer Royal to the Prussian court. In 1845, he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: In Paris, Ranke met the Irish woman Clarissa Helena Graves (born 1808) from Dublin in July 1843. She had been educated in England and the Continent. They were engaged on 1 October and married in Bowness, England in a ceremony officiated by her brother Robert Perceval Graves, an Anglican priest.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: From 1847 to 1848, Ranke published "Neun Bücher preussicher Geschichte" (translated as "Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg and History of Prussia, during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries") in which he examined the fortunes of the Hohenzollern family and state from the Middle Ages to the reign of Frederick the Great. Many Prussian nationalists were offended by Ranke's portrayal of Prussia as a typical medium-sized German state rather than as a great power.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: From 1852 to 1861, Ranke published "French History Mainly in the 16th and 17th Centuries" (5 vols.), covering Francis I to Louis XIV and gaining him more praise for his impartiality despite being German.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: In a series of lectures given before future King Maximilian II of Bavaria in 1854, Ranke argued that "every age is next to God", by which he meant that every period of history is unique and must be understood in its own context. He argued that God gazes over history in its totality and finds all periods equal. Ranke rejected the teleological approach to history, by which each period is considered inferior to the period which follows. Thus, the Middle Ages were not inferior to the Renaissance, simply different. In Ranke's view, the historian had to understand a period on its own terms and seek to find only the general ideas which animated every period of history. For Ranke, history was not to be an account of man's "progress" because "[a]fter Plato, there can be no more Plato". Ultimately, "[h]istory is no criminal court".


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: For Ranke, Christianity was morally most superior and could not be improved upon. When he wrote "Zur orientalischen Frage. Gutachten" at the behest of the kaiser he framed the conflict with the Ottoman Empire as primarily religious in nature; the civil rights of Christians against Muslims in the Ottoman Empire could only be secured by the intervention of the Christian European nations.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: From 1854 to 1857, Ranke published "History of the Reformation in Germany" ("Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation"), using the ninety-six volumes of correspondence from ambassadors to the Imperial Diet he found in Frankfurt to explain the Reformation in Germany as the result of both politics and religion.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: From 1859 to 1867, Ranke published the six-volume "History of England Principally in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" ("Englische Geschichte vornehmlich im XVI and XVII Jahrhundert"), followed by an expanded nine-volume edition from 1870 to 1884, which extended his huge reach even farther. At this point, he was eighty years old, and devoted the rest of his career to shorter treatises on German history that supplement his earlier writings.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: The honors poured in when Ranke was ennobled in 1865, appointed a Prussian Privy Councillor in 1882 and given an honorary citizenship of Berlin in 1885. In 1884, he was appointed the first honorary member of the American Historical Association. In 1885, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. After his retirement in 1871, Ranke continued to write on a variety of subjects relating to German history such as the French Revolutionary Wars, Albrecht von Wallenstein, Karl August von Hardenberg, and King Frederick William IV of Prussia. In 1880, Ranke began a huge six-volume work on world history which began with ancient Egypt and the Israelites. By the time of his death in Berlin in 1886 at the age of 90, Ranke had reached only the 12th century, but his assistants later used his notes to take the series up to 1453.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: After his wife died in 1871, Ranke became half-blind, depending on assistants to read to him. A diary entry from January 1877 contains his mature thoughts about being a historian:


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: The proverb tells us that poets are born. Not only in the arts, but even in some scholarly fields, young men develop into full bloom, or at least display their originality. Musicians and mathematicians have the expectation of attaining eminence in early years. But a historian must be old, not only because of the immeasurable extent of his field of study, but because of the insight into the historical process which a long life confers, especially under changing conditions. It would hardly be bearable for him to have only a short span of experience. For his personal development requires that great events complete their course before his eyes, that others collapse, that new forms be attempted.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: After Ranke's death, Syracuse University purchased his collection. The Ranke Library of 25,000 books and other materials was ten times as large as the university's own.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: At the core of his method, Ranke did not believe that general theories could cut across time and space. Instead, he made statements about the time using quotations from primary sources, saying: "My understanding of 'leading ideas' is simply that they are the dominant tendencies in each century. However, these tendencies can only be described; they can not, in the last resort, be summed up in a concept". Ranke objected to philosophy of history, particularly as practiced by Hegel, claiming that Hegel ignored the role of human agency in history which was too essential to be "characterized through only one idea or one word" or "circumscribed by a concept". This lack of emphasis on unifying theories or themes led Rudolf Haym to denigrate his ideas as "the mindlessness of the empiricist". In the 19th century, Ranke's work was very popular and his ideas about historical practice gradually became dominant in western historiography. However, he had critics among his contemporaries, including Karl Marx, a former Hegelian, who suggested that Ranke engaged in some of the practices he criticized in other historians.


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: Ranke began his first book with the statement in the introduction that he would show the unity of the experiences of the "Teutonic" nations of Scandinavia, England and Germany and the "Latin" nations of Italy, Spain and France through the great "respirations" of the "Völkerwanderung" (great migration), the Crusades and colonization that in Ranke's view bound all of the nations together to produce modern European civilization. Despite his opening statement, Ranke largely treated all of the nations under examination separately until the outbreak of the wars for the control of Italy starting in 1494. However, the book is best remembered for Ranke's comment: "To history has been assigned the office of judging the past, of instructing the present for the benefit of future ages. To such high offices this work does not aspire: It wants only to show what actually happened ("wie es eigentlich gewesen ist")". Ranke's statement that history should embrace the principle of "wie es eigentlich gewesen ist" (meaning "how things actually were") was subsequently taken by many historians as their guiding principle. There has been much debate over the precise meaning of this phrase. Some have argued that adhering to the principle of "wie es eigentlich gewesen ist" means that the historian should document facts, but not offer any interpretation of these facts. Following Georg Iggers, Peter Novick has argued that Ranke, who was more of a romantic and idealist than his American contemporaries understood, meant instead that the historian should discover the facts and find the essences behind them. Under this view, the word "eigentlich" should be translated as "essentially", the aim then being to "show what essentially happened". Ranke went on to write that the historian must seek the "Holy hieroglyph" that is God's hand in history, keeping an "eye for the universal" whilst taking "pleasure in the particular".


title: Leopold von Ranke

text: While Ranke's methods remain influential in the practice of history, his broader ideas of historiography and empiricism are now regarded by some as outdated and no longer credible. They held sway among historians until the mid-20th century, when they were challenged by E. H. Carr and Fernand Braudel. Carr opposed Ranke's ideas of empiricism as naive, boring and outmoded, saying that historians did not merely report facts; they choose which facts they use. Braudel's approach was based on the "histoire problème". Remarking on the legacy of Ranke's dictum that historians should represent the past "wie es eigentlich gewesen ist" ("as it actually happened"), Walter Benjamin scathingly wrote that it represented "the strongest narcotic of the [19th] century".


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: Pop, stylized in all caps as POP, is a British free-to-air children's television channel owned by Narrative Entertainment UK Limited targeting audiences aged 6 to 10. Launched on 29 May 2003 as "Toons&Tunes" by Chart Show Channels (CSC) Media Group, it later took on its current name and got sold to Sony Pictures Entertainment, who in turn sold it and its local channels to its current owner in 2021.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: Pop was originally launched on 29 May 2003 by Chart Show Channels (CSC) Media Group as "Toons&Tunes". Toons&Tunes was then later rebranded as its current name, "Pop" (formerly stylised as "pop" and "POP!"), on June 2003.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: In the channel's early years, links were presented by Rorry, a lime green dragon with a Scottish accent, who was animated live. He was accompanied by Purrdy, a dragon/cat hybrid who also appeared in the original Tricky programme on ITV1, it was sometimes followed by a programme known as "The Cheeky Monkey Show" which features the live links of the animated coloured monkeys known as "The Cheeky Monkeys," that was later known by appearing on its sister channel Tiny Pop until its retirement at the end of June 2009.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: Originally, the network focused on music videos with animated programming also part of the schedule, but with the numerous music video network options on British television at the time, this focus was quickly abandoned in 2004, when the animated content became much more prominent. Music videos continued to be carried on and off until 2010, before eventually being abandoned entirely.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: In September 1, 2020, Pop rebranded its on-air identity, with the premiere of "". And on the same day, starting with "", the network became the new British home of the "Pokémon" anime, moving from its previous broadcasters, ITV1 and CITV.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: On November 9, 2022, Narrative Entertainment announced the launch of a new FAST channel, Pop Kids, to stream on Samsung TV Plus, the new FAST network airs shows from Pop and Tiny Pop.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: On 20 March 2014, Pop was launched on Freeview. Prior to April 2016, Pop was only available in areas where there is a local TV channel. On 1 April 2016, Pop moved to a wider coverage nationwide freeview mix, becoming available to over 90% of the country. The capacity vacated by Pop on the local multiplex was used to transmit Kix from 7 April 2016. Pop +1 moved to LCN channel 128, to release 127 for use by Kix, but was otherwise unaffected, continuing to broadcast locally to Manchester only.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: Pop programming in addition to content from sister channels Pop Max and Tiny Pop are available to stream on demand from the free TV service and mobile app Pop Playerand since May 2022, available on Freeview Channel 208.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: A time shift feed called Pop +1 was available until 2008, when it was replaced by Kix!; in turn, that network's +1 feed was discontinued on 14 July 2014 with Pop +1's return.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: A FAST channel launched on Samsung TV Plus in November 2022. It shows a list of programs from across Pop and Tiny Pop.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: On 4 May 2017, Sony Pictures Television Networks launched an Italian version of Pop as their first Italian free-to-air offering, with a similar line-up of programming to the UK channel. The network closed alongside its sister channel Cine Sony on 11 July 2019, after Mediaset purchased both network slots from Sony. Pop's old slot would be used for Boing Plus.


title: Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

text: The Pakistani version of Pop is operated by Edutainment (Pty.) Ltd. under the license from Sony Pictures Television.


title: Passive electronically scanned array

text: A passive electronically scanned array (PESA), also known as passive phased array, is an antenna in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions (that is, a phased array antenna), in which all the antenna elements are connected to a single transmitter (such as a magnetron, a klystron or a travelling wave tube) and/or receiver.


title: Passive electronically scanned array

text: The largest use of phased arrays is in radars. Most phased array radars in the world are PESA. The civilian microwave landing system uses PESA transmit-only arrays.


title: Passive electronically scanned array

text: A PESA contrasts with an active electronically scanned array (AESA) antenna, which has a separate transmitter and/or receiver unit for each antenna element, all controlled by a computer; AESA is a more advanced, sophisticated versatile second-generation version of the original PESA phased array technology. Hybrids of the two can also be found, consisting of subarrays that individually resemble PESAs, where each subarray has its own RF front end. Using a hybrid approach, the benefits of AESAs (e.g., multiple independent beams) can be realized at a lower cost compared to true AESAs.


title: Passive electronically scanned array

text: Pulsed radar systems work by connecting an antenna to a powerful radio transmitter to emit a short pulse of signal. The transmitter is then disconnected and the antenna is connected to a sensitive receiver which amplifies any echos from target objects. By measuring the time it takes for the signal to return, the radar receiver can determine the distance to the object. The receiver then sends the resulting output to a display of some sort. The transmitter elements were typically klystron tubes or magnetrons, which are suitable for amplifying or generating a narrow range of frequencies to high power levels. To scan a portion of the sky, the radar antenna must be physically moved to point in different directions.


title: Passive electronically scanned array

text: In 1959, DARPA developed an experimental phased array radar called Electronically Steered Array Radar ESAR. The first module, a linear array, was completed in 1960. It formed the basis of the AN/FPS-85.


title: Passive electronically scanned array

text: Starting in the 1960s new solid-state devices capable of delaying the transmitter signal in a controlled way were introduced. That led to the first practical large-scale passive electronically scanned array, or simply phased array radar. PESAs took a signal from a single source, split it into hundreds of paths, selectively delayed some of them, and sent them to individual antennas. The radio signals from the separate antennas overlapped in space, and the interference patterns between the individual signals was controlled to reinforce the signal in certain directions, and mute it in all others. The delays could be easily controlled electronically, allowing the beam to be steered very quickly without moving the antenna. A PESA can scan a volume of space much quicker than a traditional mechanical system. Thanks to progress in electronics, PESAs added the ability to produce several active beams, allowing them to continue scanning the sky while at the same time focusing smaller beams on certain targets for tracking or guiding semi-active radar homing missiles. PESAs quickly became widespread on ships and large fixed emplacements in the 1960s, followed by airborne sensors as the electronics shrank.


title: Anthropologie

text: Anthropologie is an American clothing retailer with approximately 200 stores across the U.S., Canada, and the UK that offers an assortment of clothing, jewelry, home furniture, decoration, beauty products, and gifts.


title: Anthropologie

text: Anthropologie is part of URBN brands, which includes Urban Outfitters, Free People, BHLDN, and Terrain.


title: Anthropologie

text: In 1970, former Lehigh University roommates and later University of Pennsylvania Wharton Business School classmates Richard Hayne and Scott Belair were in need of a project for an entrepreneurial class, and they decided to open a retail store called Free People. According to some sources, Hayne's ex-wife Judy Wicks co-founded the company with him. After opening up another store, Urban Outfitters, Hayne imagined the concept behind Anthropologie, aiming to give 30- to 45-year-old women a store that offers products reflecting their personal style.


title: Anthropologie

text: In autumn 1992, Anthropologie opened in Wayne, Pennsylvania. This first free-standing store was opened in a refurbished automobile shop. In 1998, the brand launched a mail-order catalog. To further customer access, Anthropologie launched a website that same year.


title: Anthropologie

text: In 2009, Anthropologie opened its first international store in London, England. This brand followed the other brands in URBN to expand to the United Kingdom. In some of the new stores built in recent years, there has been a petite shop and dining options in the stores.


title: Anthropologie

text: In October 2019, Urban Outfitters revealed Anthropologie Home Outlet in Pittsburgh, which focuses only on home furnishings.


title: Anthropologie

text: In April 2021, Hillary Super stepped down as CEO of Anthropologie and Tricia D. Smith, a 26-year veteran of Nordstrom, took over as Anthropologie’s global CEO.


title: Anthropologie

text: In 2018, following an exposé of the mohair industry in South Africa, Anthropologie joined other fashion retailers in banning the sale of products that contained the goat-derived fur. However, in 2020, Anthropologie became a target of protests when it ignored calls from PETA to ban the sale of items that are made with alpaca hair.


title: Anthropologie

text: Anthropologie partners with artists and designers from around the world to create collections in apparel, accessories, and home. Collaborators have included Tracy Reese, Peter Som, Collette Dinnigan, Mara Hoffman, Liya Kebede, Byron Lars, Ekaterina Kukhareva (2014), Chris Benz, Kit Kemp, Vera Neumann, Amber Lewis, Joanna Gaines and Claire Desjardins.


title: Gomphothere

text: Gomphotheres are any members of the diverse, extinct taxonomic family Gomphotheriidae. Gomphotheres were elephant-like proboscideans, but do not belong to the family Elephantidae. They were widespread across Afro-Eurasia and North America during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs and dispersed into South America during the Pleistocene following the Great American Interchange. Gomphotheriidae in its broadest sense is probably paraphyletic with respect to Elephantidae, which contains modern elephants. While most famous forms such as "Gomphotherium" had long lower jaws with tusks, which is the ancestral condition for the group, after these forms became extinct, the surviving gomphotheres had short jaws with either vestigial or no lower tusks (brevirostrine), looking very similar to modern elephants, an example of parallel evolution. By the end of the Early Pleistocene, gomphotheres became extinct in Afro-Eurasia, with the last two genera, "Cuvieronius" persisting in southern North America and "Notiomastodon" having a wide range over most of South America until the end of the Pleistocene, when they became extinct following the arrival of humans.


title: Gomphothere

text: The relationships of gomphotheres to other proboscideans remain unclear, and to some extent the grouping is a wastebasket taxon to refer to proboscideans that cannot be assigned to other groups. Gomphotheres originated in Africa during the Miocene, and arrived in Eurasia after the connection of Africa and Eurasia during the Early Miocene around 19 million years ago, in what is termed the "Proboscidean Datum Event". "Gomphotherium" arrived in North America around 16 million years ago. "Notiomastodon" and "Cuvieronius" dispersed into South America after 2 million years ago as part of the Great American Biotic Interchange due to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. The last known gomphothere native to Eurasia was "Sinomastodon", which became extinct at the end of the Early Pleistocene.


title: Gomphothere

text: Gomphotheres differed from elephants in their tooth structure, particularly the chewing surfaces on the molar teeth. The earlier species had four tusks, and their retracted facial and nasal bones prompted paleontologists to believe that gomphotheres had elephant-like trunks.


title: Gomphothere

text: Both the genus "Gomphotherium" and family Gomphotheriidae were erected by the German zoologist Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister (1807-1892) in 1837.


title: Gomphothere

text: The term gomphothere as historically used ("sensu lato") is paraphyletic, containing all proboscideans more derived than mammutids, but less derived than elephantids. The term gomphothere "sensu stricto" refers specifically to trilophodont gomphotheres. The genera "Anancus", "Morrillia", "Paratetralophodon", and "Tetralophodon", but also the families Choerolophodontidae and Amebelodontidae, were formerly classified as gomphotheres "sensu lato". Tetralophodont gompotheres are more closely related to the Elephantidae and amebelodonts and choerolophodonts more primitive than trilophodont gomphotheres. In 2019, a study using collagen sequencing found "Notiomastodon" to form a clade with the American mastodon, rather than closer to the Elephantidae, as had previously been supposed. The idea that the Mammutidae and Gomphotheriidae are closely related was supported by a morphological study in 2020, which noted the similarity of the molars of the newly resurrected mammutid genus "Miomastodon" and those of "Gomphotherium subtapiroideum/tassyi". However this was contradicted by a 2021 study using Mitochondrial DNA from "Notiomastodon", which again found a closer relationship with elephants. Phylogeny of trilophodont gomphotheres according to Mothé et al., 2016:


title: Gomphothere

text: Isotopic analyses of South American gomphotheres suggest a wide diet for "Notiomastodon platensis", except for the fossils unearthed at the localities in Santiago del Estero and La Carolina in Ecuador. Isotope analyses suggested an exclusive C4 diet, whereas every other South American locality indicates an exclusive C3 or mixed C3 and C4 diets. The results also support the latitudinal gradient of C3 and C4 grasses. The stereomicrowear analyses for "N. platensis" exhibited average scratch and pit values, which place it within the extant mixed-feeder morphospace and the higher frequency of fine scratches indicated the ingestion of C3 grasses.


title: Gomphothere

text: Alternatively, the presence of coarse and hypercoarse scratches along with gouges and large pits suggests the ingestion of foliage and lignified portions. The plant microfossil analysis recovered fragments of conifer tracheid and vessel elements with a ray of parenchyma cells, which corroborates the consumption of woody plants, pollen grains, spores, and fibers.


title: Gomphothere

text: The Aguas de Araxa gomphotheres were generalist feeders and consumed wood elements, leaves, and C3 grasses. "Cuvieronius" specimens from Chile were exclusively C3 plant eaters, whereas specimens from Bolivia and Ecuador are classified as having a mixed C3 and C4 diet. "Notiomastodon" showed a wider range of dietary adaptations. Specimens from Quequen Salado in Buenos Aires Province were entirely C3 feeders, whereas the diet of specimens from La Carolina Peninsula in Ecuador was exclusively C4.


title: Gomphothere

text: The results confirm that ancient diets cannot always be interpreted solely from dental morphology or extrapolated from present relatives. The data from Middle and Late Pleistocene periods indicate that over time, a shift occurred in dietary patterns away from predominantly mixed feeders to more specialized feeders. This dietary evolution may have been one of the factors that contributed to the disappearance of South American gomphotheres at the end of the Pleistocene. Climatic change and human predation have also been discussed as possible causes of extinction.


title: Gomphothere

text: Gomphothere remains are common at South American Paleo-Indian sites. Examples include the early human settlement at Monte Verde, Chile, dating to around 14,000 years ago, and the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (Tibitó, 11,740  years ago), and the Valle del Magdalena of Colombia. In 2011, remains dating between 10,600 and 11,600 years ago were also found in the El Fin del Mundo (End of the World) site in Sonora, Mexico's Clovis location – the first time such an association was found in a northern part of the continent where gomphotheres had been thought to have gone extinct 30,000 years ago. As announced in July 2014, the "position and proximity of Clovis weapon fragments relative to the gomphothere bones at the site suggest that humans did in fact kill the two animals there. Of the seven Clovis points found at the site, four were in place among the bones, including one with bone and teeth fragments above and below. The other three points had clearly eroded away from the bone bed and were found scattered nearby."


title: W postcode area

text: The W (Western and Paddington) postcode area, also known as the London W postcode area is a group of postcode districts covering part of central and part of West London, England. The area originates from the Western (W1) and Paddington (W2-14) districts of the London postal district. This area covers 35 postcode districts and around 18,554 live postcodes.


title: W postcode area

text: The Western district consists of the single original W1 postal district. The area that it covers is high-density and so has been subdivided into a number of smaller postcode districts. When districts are used for purposes other than the sorting of mail, such as use as a geographic reference and on street signs, the W1 subdivisions continue to be classed as one 'district'. In June 2000, there was a recoding of the area, with the W1M, W1N, W1P, W1R, W1V, W1X and W1Y districts being replaced.


title: W postcode area

text: Deliveries for W1 (and for WC1 and WC2) came from the Western District Office on Rathbone Place until it was decommissioned. It was a stop on the former London Post Office Railway, which has been mothballed since 2003. The Western District Office was initially on Wimpole Street, which was also a stop on the London Post Office Railway.


title: W postcode area

text: The Paddington district has 13 postcode districts (W2–14). Other than W2, the districts are arranged alphabetically, run from W3 (Acton) to W14 (West Kensington) and radiate westwards. The Paddington Head District Sorting Office was the western terminus of the London Post Office Railway, which ran to the Eastern District Office, at Whitechapel.


title: W postcode area

text: The approximate coverage of the postcode districts, with the historic postal district names shown in "italics":


title: W postcode area

text: Postcode districts W1 and W2 are central to London, and W3 to W14 are mostly further west. The boundaries of the area and its numbered districts have changed over time and are the result of the working requirements of the Royal Mail. The boundaries do not coincide with the local authority areas. W1 is almost entirely in the City of Westminster, with a small part in the London Borough of Camden. W2 to W14 cover the northwestern part of the City of Westminster, the northern parts of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and the eastern parts of the London Boroughs of Ealing and Hounslow, as well as very small parts of the London Boroughs of Brent and Camden.


title: W postcode area

text: The TV series "W1A" satirises the goings-on at the BBC's Broadcasting House in Portland Place, whose memorable postcode is W1A 1AA.


The 2020 United States presidential election in Idaho was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Idaho voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, incumbent President Donald Trump, and running mate Vice President Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, and his running mate California Senator Kamala Harris. Idaho has four electoral votes in the Electoral College.


title: 2020 United States presidential election in Idaho

text: Trump easily carried Idaho on Election Day, winning 63.9% of the vote to Biden’s 33.1%. Trump's percentage was higher than the 59.2% he received in 2016 due to the lack of third-party voters (namely Evan McMullin of neighboring Utah), but his margin of victory slightly declined, shrinking from 31.8% in 2016 to 30.8% in 2020.


text: Prior to the election, all news organizations expected Trump to win the state handily. Idaho is one of the most staunchly Republican states in the nation, and has not backed a Democrat for President since 1964, when Lyndon B. Johnson very narrowly carried the state amidst a national landslide.


text: Trump carried 41 of the state's 44 counties. Biden won Blaine County, home to Sun Valley and several other prime ski resorts; Latah County, home to the college town of Moscow; and Teton County, a highly affluent suburb of Teton County, Wyoming. Although he did not carry the state's most populous county, Ada County, home to the rapidly growing state capital Boise, which no Democrat has carried since Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1936 landslide, Biden slightly improved on Barack Obama's 2008 result and lost Ada by less than four points. Biden's result of 46.4% and his margin of loss in the county were the highest and lowest for a Democratic presidential nominee since 1940, when Roosevelt won 49% of the county's vote, consequently losing by less than two points.


text: Per exit polls by the Associated Press, Trump's strength in Idaho came from white voters, especially those in rural areas, who comprised 91% of the electorate and backed Trump by 64%–32%. Trump also received strong support from Caucasian Protestants, who backed him with 71% of their vote.


text: These slates of electors were nominated by each party in order to vote in the Electoral College should their candidate win the state:


title: Giant armadillo

text: The giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), colloquially tatu-canastra, tatou, ocarro or tatú carreta, is the largest living species of armadillo (although their extinct relatives, the glyptodonts, were much larger). It lives in South America, ranging throughout as far south as northern Argentina. This species is considered vulnerable to extinction.


title: Giant armadillo

text: The giant armadillo prefers termites and some ants as prey, and often consumes the entire population of a termite mound. It also has been known to prey upon worms, larvae and larger creatures, such as spiders and snakes, and plants. Some giant armadillos have been reported to have eaten bees by digging into beehives.


title: Giant armadillo

text: The giant armadillo is the largest living species of armadillo, with 11 to 13 hinged bands protecting the body and a further three or four on the neck. Its body is dark brown in color, with a lighter, yellowish band running along the sides, and a pale, yellow-white head. These armadillos have around 80 to 100 teeth, which is more than any other terrestrial mammal. The teeth are all similar in appearance, being reduced premolars and molars, grow constantly throughout life, and lack enamel. They also possess extremely long front claws, including a sickle-shaped third claw up to in length, which are proportionately the largest of any living mammal. The tail is covered in small rounded scales and does not have the heavy bony scutes that cover the upper body and top of the head. The animal is almost entirely hairless, with just a few beige colored hairs protruding between the scutes.


title: Giant armadillo

text: Giant armadillos typically weigh around when fully grown, however a specimen has been weighed in the wild and captive specimens have been weighed up to . The typical length of the species is , with the tail adding another .


title: Giant armadillo

text: Giant armadillos are found throughout much of northern South America east of the Andes, except for eastern Brazil and Paraguay. In the south, they reach the northernmost provinces of Argentina, including Salta, Formosa, Chaco, and Santiago del Estero. There are no recognised geographic subspecies. They primarily inhabit open habitats, with cerrado grasslands covering about 25% of their range, but they can also be found in lowland forests.


title: Giant armadillo

text: Giant armadillos are solitary and nocturnal, spending the day in burrows. They also burrow to escape predators, being unable to completely roll into a protective ball. Compared with those of other armadillos, their burrows are unusually large, with entrances averaging wide, and typically opening to the west.


title: Giant armadillo

text: Giant armadillos use their large front claws to dig for prey and rip open termite mounds. The diet is mainly composed of termites, although ants, worms, spiders and other invertebrates are also eaten. Little is currently known about this species' reproductive biology, and no juveniles have ever been discovered in the field. The average sleep time of a captive giant armadillo is said to be 18.1 hours.


title: Giant armadillo

text: Armadillos have not been extensively studied in the wild; therefore, little is known about their natural ecology and behavior. In the only long-term study on the species, that started in 2003 in the Peruvian Amazon, dozens of other species of mammals, reptiles and birds were found using the giant armadillos' burrows on the same day, including the rare short-eared dog ("Atelocynus microtis"). Because of this, the species is considered a habitat engineer, and the local extinction of "Priodontes" may have cascading effects in the mammalian community by impoverishing fossorial habitat. Additionally, the giant armadillo was once key to controlling leaf cutter populations which could destroy crops, but they can also damage crops themselves when digging through soil.


title: Giant armadillo

text: Female giant armadillos have two teats and have a gestational period of about five months. Evidence points to only giving birth once every three years. Little is known with certainty about their life history, although it is thought that the young are weaned by about seven to eight months of age, and that the mother periodically seals up the entrance to burrows containing younger offspring, presumably to protect them from predators. Although they have never bred in captivity, a wild-born giant armadillo at San Antonio Zoo was estimated to have been around sixteen years old when it died.


title: Giant armadillo

text: Hunted throughout its range, a single giant armadillo supplies a great deal of meat, and is the primary source of protein for some indigenous peoples. In addition, live giant armadillos are frequently captured for trade on the black market, and invariably die during transportation or in captivity. Despite this species' wide range, it is locally rare. This is further exacerbated by habitat loss resulting from deforestation. Current estimates indicate the giant armadillo may have undergone a worrying population decline of 30 to 50 percent over the past three decades. Without intervention, this trend is likely to continue.


title: Giant armadillo

text: The giant armadillo was classified as vulnerable on the World Conservation Union's Red List in 2002, and is listed under Appendix I (threatened with extinction) of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.


title: Giant armadillo

text: The giant armadillo is protected by law in Colombia, Guyana, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Suriname and Peru, and commercial international trade is banned by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). However, hunting for food and sale in the black market continues to occur throughout its entire range. Some populations occur in protected reserves, including the Parque das Emas in Brazil, and the Central Suriname Nature Reserve, a massive 1.6-million-hectare site of pristine rainforest managed by Conservation International. Such protection helps to some degree to mitigate the threat of habitat loss, but targeted conservation action is required to prevent the further decline of this species.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: East Lansing is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Most of the city lies within Ingham County with a smaller portion extending north into Clinton County. At the 2020 Census the population was 47,741. Located directly east of the state capital of Lansing, East Lansing is well-known as the home of Michigan State University. The city is part of the Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: East Lansing is located on land that was an important junction of two major Native American groups: the Potawatomi and the Fox. By 1850, the Lansing and Howell Plank Road Company was established to connect a toll road to the Detroit and Howell Plank Road, improving travel between Detroit and Lansing, which cut right through what is now East Lansing. The toll road was finished in 1853, and included seven toll houses between Lansing and Howell.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: Michigan State University was founded in 1855 and established in what is now East Lansing in 1857. For the first four decades, the students and faculty lived almost entirely on the college campus. A few commuted from Lansing, and that number increased when a streetcar line was built in the 1890s, but there were few places to live in the then-rural area surrounding the campus.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: That started to change in 1887, when professors William J. Beal and Rolla C. Carpenter created Collegeville, along what is now Harrison Road and Center and Beal Streets, north of Michigan Avenue. Few faculty were attracted to the location, and the first residents were "teamsters and laborers". In 1898, the College Delta subdivision (including what is now Delta Street) had the support of the college itself, which provided utilities, and several professors built homes there (one of which survives today at 243 W. Grand River Ave.). Other subdivisions followed.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: At that time, the post office address was "Agricultural College, Michigan". A school district encompassing the nascent community was created in 1900. In 1907, incorporation as a city was proposed under the name "College Park"; the legislature approved the charter but changed the name to "East Lansing". The first seven mayors, starting with Clinton D. Smith in 1907 and Warren Babcock in 1908, were professors or employees of the college.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: The city charter in 1907 prohibited the possession, sale, or consumption of alcoholic beverages, and East Lansing was a "dry" city until voters modified the charter provision in 1968. In the 21st Century, downtown East Lansing has enjoyed a construction boom. Multiple city center complexes have resulted in the redevelopment of large parts of the historic downtown area, at a greatly increased population density.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: Since 1998, East Lansing has expanded its borders through the use of 425 Agreements. The city is currently in three 425 Agreements with Bath Township, DeWitt Township, and Meridian Township, and has effectively added thousands of acres of land to its border.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: The city has also made use of annexation of surrounding township lands in recent years. It annexed the of the Four Winds Golf Course in Meridian Township in 2001, and another of the township in 2006. The city also annexed from DeWitt Township the land that is currently the East Lansing Soccer Complex.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: The city's downtown area is centered around Grand River Avenue, a wide, tree-lined boulevard that evolved out of the 19th-century plank road that connected Lansing to Detroit. Grand River Avenue and Michigan Avenue serves as a dividing line between the Michigan State University campus and the rest of the city. The street is lined with an eclectic mix of restaurants, retail shops, book stores and more. The downtown area has a little taste of everything, from the electricity of Spartan pride to the small-town feel of a café, marketplace or sandwich shop. Immediately north of downtown are college town neighborhoods, where students and year-round residents can live close to the city's vibrant downtown and MSU's beautiful campus. In the northernmost tier of the city are several new housing subdivisions and student-oriented apartment complexes as well as a growing amount of office development.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: East Lansing has more than 25 neighborhoods, many of which have neighborhood associations that sponsor social events, attend to neighborhood issues, and often advocate for neighborhood interests in meetings of the City Council and city commissions.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: A section of the city has been designated a Historic District, and a Historic District Commission has been established by the City Council. In addition, many landmark structures in the older neighborhoods have been identified within a Landmark Structures Historic District of the Historic Preservation Code.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 48,579 people, 14,774 households, and 4,811 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 15,787 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 78.4% White, 10.6% Asian, 6.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.0% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.4% of the population.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: There were 14,774 households, of which 13.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.7% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 67.4% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.80.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: The median age in the city was 21.6 years. 7.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 62.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.6% were from 25 to 44; 9.2% were from 45 to 64; and 6.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 46,525 people, 14,390 households, and 5,094 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,136.6 per square mile (1,596.7/km). There were 15,321 housing units at an average density of 1,362.2 per square mile (525.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 80.91% White, 8.21% Asian, 7.40% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 2.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.69% of the population.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: There were 14,390 households, out of which 16.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.6% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 64.6% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.82.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 9.0% under the age of 18, 58.6% from 18 to 24, 16.4% from 25 to 44, 9.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: The median income for a household in the city was $28,217, and the median income for a family was $61,985 (these figures had risen to $29,885 and $81,941 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $43,767 versus $30,556 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,333. About 11.0% of families and 34.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: East Lansing has a council-manager government, in which the city council appoints one of its members as mayor and another as mayor pro tem – a city council member with extra ceremonial duties who chairs council meetings in the mayor's absence. The city council consists of 5 at-large council members who are elected in non-partisan elections to 4-year terms in November of odd-numbered years. The city council chooses the city manager, the city's chief administrative officer. The manager is appointed by and answers to the council.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: The current Mayor is Ron Bacon, who was elected to the city council in 2021. Jessy Gregg is the current Mayor Pro Tem and was elected to city council in 2019. The other members of the city council are Lisa Babcock, elected in 2019; Dana Watson, elected in 2021; and George Brookover, elected in 2021.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: An important aspect of East Lansing's government is its system of commissions. The commission members are ordinary East Lansing citizens appointed by the city council and advised by members of the city staff. Commissions may propose or review policies in their bailiwicks and make recommendations to the council. Major East Lansing commissions and boards include those for Planning, Zoning, Housing, Transportation, and Parks and Recreation. Other commissions and boards that also involve active engagement of ordinary citizens play a role in East Lansing's governance.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: East Lansing Government founded the Technology Innovation Center, an incubator for technology start-ups.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: Michigan State University, a member of the Big Ten Conference, is the largest education institution in the State of Michigan (9th largest in the United States), reflecting East Lansing's history as a college town. MSU has more than 200 programs of study including two in human medicine (MD and DO) and one veterinary medicine school (DVM), a law school (JD, L.L.M., and M.J.), and numerous PhD programs. There is also a Master of Arts in Technology (MAET) program.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: Nearby Lansing is home to several other colleges, including Thomas M. Cooley Law School which is the largest law school in the United States (by attendees), Davenport University, and Lansing Community College.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: This city is covered by the East Lansing Public Schools district, which has an enrollment of just over 3,400 students in grades K-12. The district also includes small portions of neighboring Lansing, Lansing Township, and Meridian Township. The district consists of six elementary schools, one middle school (MacDonald Middle School), and East Lansing High School. One fifth of the district's students come from outside of East Lansing through Michigan's Schools of Choice program.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: Capital Area Transportation Authority (CATA) provides public bus transit throughout East Lansing, Lansing, and surrounding areas.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: The Northern Tier Trail is a shared-use pedestrian and bicycle path system connecting some parts of the northern half of the city; the Lansing River Trail begins on the campus of Michigan State University and extends west into downtown Lansing and then north towards the airport.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: Amtrak and Indian Trails, provide intercity rail and bus services at the Capital Area Multimodal Gateway, which is located at 1240 South Harrison Road, within walking distance of the Michigan State University main campus. CATA transportation is also based out of the CAMG.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: Amtrak offers daily service to East Lansing on its Port Huron to Union Station, Chicago train, the Blue Water. Two class one freight railroads serve the city including Canadian National Railway (CN) and CSX Transportation (CSXT).


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: Bus transportation is offered between East Lansing and Detroit Metro Airport twelve times daily by Michigan Flyer.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: The Capital Region International Airport in nearby Lansing offers a number of non-stop domestic and international flights as far as Cancún; connections between East Lansing and the airport are offered by CATA (with a transfer in downtown Lansing); rental cars are also available at the airport.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: Three major interstates and one U.S. Highway serve the East Lansing area including: Interstate 96 (I-96), I-69, I-496, and U.S. Highway 127 (US 127).


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: The city has several neighborhoods of detached, single-family houses within a mile of the Michigan State University campus. Under a 2004 city zoning ordinance, several of those neighborhoods have used a petition process to establish zones that prohibit or severely restrict renting. The net size of the area where renting is prohibited has increased since 2004.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: East Lansing has a very large student population; in 2006 the city's population was about 45,931, while the university's 2006–07 enrollment was 45,520. Granted, not all students enrolled live in East Lansing or on campus.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: From March 29 to April 2, 2006, East Lansing hosted the USA Hockey National Tournament. The age group that competed contained players from the U-14 Tier 2 division. States were represented with teams from Massachusetts, Michigan, Alaska, Nebraska, Florida, California, Connecticut, Indiana, New York, and Pennsylvania. In the end, The "LA" Hockey Club representing California won.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: In 2007, the City of East Lansing celebrated its Centennial. The celebration began in January 2007 with a kick-off press conference at the Marriott Hotel in downtown East Lansing. Events throughout the year included an old fashion concert, a birthday party, and a historic homes tour. A fireworks show took place in August, along with many more events throughout the year. With Michigan State University's Sesquicentennial ice cream flavor such a huge success, the City of East Lansing contracted Melting Moments ice cream shop to develop a Centennial ice cream flavor. All downtown businesses were encouraged to take part in Centennial festivities. The Peoples Church on West Grand River Avenue also celebrated its 100th birthday in 2007.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: The Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab was a toy lab set that was produced by Alfred Carlton Gilbert, who was an American athlete, magician, toy-maker, business man, and inventor of the well-known Erector Set. The Atomic Energy Lab was released by the A. C. Gilbert Company in 1950. The kit's intention was to allow children to create and watch nuclear and chemical reactions using radioactive material.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: Gilbert believed that toys were the foundation in building a "solid American character", and many of his toys had some type of educational significance to them. Gilbert was even dubbed "the man who saved Christmas" during World War I when he convinced the US Council of National Defense not to ban toy purchases during Christmas time.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: The Atomic Energy Lab was just one of a dozen chemical reactions lab kits on the market at the time. Gilbert’s toys often included instructions on how the child could use the set to put on his own "magic show". For parents, he pushed the idea that the sets' use of chemical reactions directed their children toward a potential career in science and engineering.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: In 1954, Gilbert wrote in his autobiography, "The Man Who Lives in Paradise", that the Atomic Energy Laboratory was "the most spectacular of [their] new educational toys". Gilbert wrote that the Government encouraged the set's development because it believed the lab would aid public understanding of atomic energy and emphasize its constructive aspects. Gilbert also defended his Atomic Energy Laboratory, stating it was safe, accurate, and that some of the country's best nuclear physicists had worked on the project.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: The lab contained a cloud chamber allowing the viewer to watch alpha particles traveling at , a spinthariscope showing the results of radioactive disintegration on a fluorescent screen, and an electroscope measuring the radioactivity of different substances in the set.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: Gilbert's original promotions claimed that none of the materials could prove dangerous. The instructions encouraged laboratory cleanliness by cautioning users not to break the seals on three of the ore sample jars, for "they tend to flake and crumble and you would run the risk of having radioactive ore spread out in your laboratory. This will raise the level of the background count", thus impairing the results of experiments by distorting the performance of the Geiger counter.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: The Gilbert catalog copy included the reassurance that "All radioactive materials included with the Atomic Energy Lab have been certified as completely safe by Oak-Ridge Laboratories, part of the Atomic Energy Commission."


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: A product catalog described the set as follows: "Produces awe-inspiring sights! Enables you to actually SEE the paths of electrons and alpha particles traveling at speeds of more than 10,000 miles per SECOND! Electrons racing at fantastic velocities produce delicate, intricate paths of electrical condensation – beautiful to watch. Viewing Cloud Chamber action is closest man has come to watching the Atom! Assembly kit (Chamber can be put together in a few minutes) includes Dri-Electric Power Pack, Deionizer, Compression Bulb, Glass Viewing Chamber, Tubings, Power Leads, Stand, and Legs."


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: Among other activities, the kit suggested "playing hide and seek with the gamma ray source", challenging players to use the Geiger counter to locate a radioactive sample hidden in a room.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: In 2006, the pop culture publication "Radar Magazine" called the lab set one of "the 10 most dangerous toys of all time, ... exclud[ing] BB guns, slingshots, throwing stars, and anything else actually intended to inflict harm", because of the radioactive material it included (it was number 2 on the list; number 1 was lawn darts).


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: The professional journal "IEEE Spectrum" published a more-detailed review in 2020, discussing the kit in the context of the history of science education kits and safety concerns. It described the likely radiation exposure as "minimal, about the equivalent to a day’s UV exposure from the sun", provided that the radioactive samples were not removed from their containers, in compliance with the warnings in the kit instructions.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: The "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" published a brief article on the web, which featured Voula Saridakis, a curator at the Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) hosting a detailed video tour of the Atomic Energy Lab components. She concluded by saying that the kit failed to sell because of its high price, and not due to any safety concerns at the time.


title: Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory

text: Unlike other A.C. Gilbert Company chemistry sets, the Atomic Energy Lab was never popular and was soon taken off the shelves. Fewer than 5,000 kits were sold, and the product was only offered in 1950 and 1951. Gilbert believed the Atomic Energy Lab was commercially unsuccessful because the lab was more appropriate for those who had some educational background rather than the younger crowd that the A.C. Gilbert Company aimed for. Columbia University purchased five of these sets for their physics lab.


title: Bulgaria Air

text: Bulgaria Air () is the flag carrier airline of Bulgaria, with its headquarters at Sofia Airport in Sofia. The company is owned by Chimimport AD and is a leader in terms of local market share. The airline operates short and medium haul aircraft to destinations in Europe, the Middle East, and Russia. Focus cities in Bulgaria are Burgas and Varna. In 2018 the company carried a total of 1.267 million passengers on 5,995 flights.


title: Bulgaria Air

text: The airline was established in 2002 as a successor to the insolvent Balkan Bulgarian Airlines and commenced operations on 4 December that year. By order of the Minister of Transport and Communications it was declared the national flag carrier in November 2002. Bulgaria Air began operations using the name Balkan Air Tour. The airline was known by that name for just a short period of time. The name "Bulgaria Air" and the initial logo were determined in a public competition. Bulgaria Air was privatised in 2006; although it was rumoured that the government wanted to sell the carrier to a major foreign investor, a group of locally owned companies, led by Hemus Air, emerged as the buyer with Italian airline Air One being the only other contender. Hemus Air reportedly paid €6.6 million and promised to invest a further €86 million over the next five years. Since then, all flights and operations of Hemus Air and its subsidiary Viaggio Air are under the name and management of the merged company, Bulgaria Air.


title: Bulgaria Air

text: In November 2008, Bulgaria Air became a full member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA). In mid-2011 Bulgaria Air announced that they had completed a thorough analysis of its routes and had decided to acquire the new Embraer 190 aircraft. The delivery of the first new Embraer 190 aircraft occurred in March 2012. In February 2020, the airline’s CEO Yanko Georgiev stated that the carrier was in talks with two aircraft manufacturers to place an order for a single-aisle jet. They plan to order 5-6 of these aircraft to modernise their fleet and to extend their network with more aircraft available.


title: Bulgaria Air

text: Bul Air is the charter brand of Bulgaria Air. The company was founded in 1954, but after merging with the Bulgarian national carrier TABSO became part of "Balkan Bulgarian Airlines". In 2015 the company was revived by Bulgaria Air.


title: Bulgaria Air

text: Fly More is the name of the Bulgaria Air frequent flyer program. There are three levels of membership: Basic, Silver and Gold Privilege. Central Cooperative Bank is issuing Visa Classic and Visa Gold co-branded Credit Cards with Bulgaria Air.


title: Bulgaria Air

text: In November 2002 public contests were held in Bulgaria to determine a name and logo for the new airline. Thousands of people showed their creativity and voiced their opinions. After searching through the submissions, the name and logo were chosen. The design was used for about four years, until 2006, when an improved, more professional design was introduced. After the full fleet integration of Hemus Air and Viaggio Air, a new livery had to be developed once again. In mid-2010, the first Bulgaria Air Airbus A319 was rolled out wearing the finalised colour scheme.


title: Bulgaria Air

text: In 2010 Bulgaria Air and LSG Sky Chefs created a new airline catering company called Silver Wings. The total investment for Bulgaria Air reaches to $1.3 million. Future investment plans envision a new canteen to serve the airport staff at Sofia Airport.


title: Bulgaria Air

text: "Bulgaria On Air: The In-Flight Magazine" - Bulgaria Air's in-flight magazine. Its first edition was in 2003. In April 2011 the in-flight magazine was extended with an edition which is distributed in some hotels and shopping centres, "Bulgaria On Air: The Business Magazine".


title: Bulgaria Air

text: Bulgaria Air operates 22 routes from Sofia Airport, including two domestic routes to Burgas and Varna.


title: Bulgaria Air

text: Bulgaria Air performs charter flights for over 60 leading tour operators, air transport brokers, airlines, and other companies of the aviation and tourist industries. During the summer season the airline mainly operates flights from Bourgas and Varna airports to destinations in Germany, Israel, Lebanon, Poland, and Russia. In addition, the company operates charter flights from Sofia airport to popular holiday destinations in Egypt, Greece, Italy, Spain, Tunisia, and Turkey.


title: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism

text: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism or ovo-lacto vegetarianism is a type of vegetarianism which forbids animal flesh but allows the consumption of animal products such as dairy and eggs. Unlike pescetarianism, it does not include fish or other seafood. A typical ovo-lacto vegetarian diet may include fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, meat substitutes, nuts, seeds, soy, cheese, milk, yogurt and eggs.


title: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism

text: In India, such vegetarians are known as Eggetarian which is a portmanteau of egg and vegetarian (vegetarianism usually refers to lacto-vegetarianism in India).


title: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism

text: The terminology stems from the Latin "" meaning "milk" (as in 'lactation'), "" meaning "egg", and the English term "vegetarian", so as giving the definition of a vegetarian diet containing milk and eggs.


title: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism

text: In the Western world, ovo-lacto vegetarians are the most common and most traditional type of vegetarian. Generally speaking, when one uses the term "vegetarian", an ovo-lacto vegetarian is assumed. Ovo-lacto vegetarians are often well-catered for in restaurants and shops, especially in some parts of Europe and metropolitan cities in North America.


title: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism

text: In Indian religions like Hinduism and Buddhism, most individuals are either raised as ovo-lacto vegetarians or lacto vegetarians.


title: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism

text: The Bible Christian Church was a Christian vegetarian sect founded by William Cowherd in 1809. Cowherd was one of the philosophical forerunners of the Vegetarian Society founded in 1847. The Bible Christian Church promoted the use of eggs, dairy and honey as God's given food per "the promised land flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8).


title: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism

text: Many Seventh-day Adventist followers are ovo-lacto vegetarians and have recommended a vegetarian diet, which may include milk products and eggs, since late 19th century.


title: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism

text: Lacto-ovo vegetarian diets have a high overall diet quality compared to non-vegetarian diets. Lacto-ovo vegetarian diets have positive effects on blood lipids such as lowering low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol and are associated with a reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha () is an Indian television drama series which was aired from 2 March 2021 to 9 October 2021 on StarPlus. The series is a remake of Star Jalsha's Bengali series "Sanjher Baati". Set in Dwarka and produced by Full House Media, it starred Vijayendra Kumeria, Richa Rathore and Narayani Shastri.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: The story begins with Darsh Rawal receiving an award for his photographic skills at an event in Paris. Despite being deprived of his eyesight, Darsh possesses amazing photography skills. He can sense and visualize the complete world through his mind, and never lets his disability bring him down. But soon, his mother Rajvi becomes concerned about his marriage. Elsewhere in Dwarka, Nandini prepares for her sister, Bansuri's marriage, but is caught in a storm near the sea harbor. Darsh risks his life and saves Nandini. Bansuri's prospective mother-in-law, Vanlata then demands huge sums of money and a variety of other gifts as dowry from Nandini for her sister's wedding. Lying about requesting a washing machine, Vanlata forces Nandini to accompany her sister as a household helper until she buys one.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Elsewhere, Rajvi hosts a party to celebrate Darsh's success and homecoming to Dwarka after three years, but he is insulted by some guests for being disabled. Rajvi becomes very tense upon listening to them and vows to find a suitable bride for her son in 30 days who would heartily accept him with all his shortcomings. Rajvi fixes Darsh's marriage with Tosha, but the alliance does not work out. Due to a misunderstanding, Rajvi takes a disliking to Nandini and asks her to leave Dwarka while Darsh falls for Nandini. Rajvi fixes his marriage with his childhood friend, Nirali, unaware that she is already married to Aman (Raakla) after both Tosha and Nirali's truth is revealed, Rajvi starts liking Nandini.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Darsh admits that he has fallen in love with Nandini and Rajvi goes to request Nandini's hand for marriage. Vanlata (initially) taunts her and refuses, but later agrees to Darsh and Nandini's marriage on the condition that Shobhit has to marry Gunjan. Rajvi pleads to Shobhit, who jumps at the chance to redeem himself for causing Darsh's blindness. Rajvi and Shobhit reunite. While Darsh and Nandini's romance brews, Gunjan taunts Shobhit and takes advantage of his kindness. Knowing that Darsh always wanted his wedding to take place in Goa, Nandini tells Rajvi and soothes the family to leave for Goa for the weddings. On the wedding day, Nandini is kidnapped by Moped, who attempts to marry her, but she escapes. Namrata lies to Shamika about Nandini and convinces her to sit in Nandini's place.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: But Darsh realizes that she isn't Nandini, leaving Rajvi to confront the family for taking such a decision without her knowledge. Nandini returns to the mandap and the two weddings proceed. During the marriage rituals, Charmi tells Darsh in private that Nandini told Rajvi that she will marry Darsh only if Shobhit marries Gunjan. Darsh fumes with anger and vows to get revenge on Nandini, not aware that Vanlata made the deal without Nandini's knowledge. Shobhit meanwhile vows to create a rift between Darsh and Nandini for ruining his chance to marry Charmi, unaware that Darsh already hates Nandini because of the misunderstanding. Soon the Rawals witness Darsh and Nandini fight, and learn why he hates Nandini. Rajvi takes a strong stand for Nandini and tells him that Vanlata was behind it, and Nandini did not know anything.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Darsh tries to apologize for ruining Nandini's life, but she leaves and returns to her village in Okha. While Darsh goes after her to win her back, Shobhit is left devastated when he learns that Charmi has died. Despite his attempts to win her back, Nandini refuses to return home with Darsh. Bansuri and Rajvi create a plan due to which Nandini is forced to return to the Rawals. She agrees to work as Darsh's assistant until she pays back the wedding expenses. Darsh meets Ritesh, who Shobhit plans to use to separate Darsh and Nandini. He deliberately causes Darsh to doubt Nandini and Ritesh's relationship, even going as far as to get pictures taken out of context. The family confronts Nandini for betraying Darsh. Nandini is left heartbroken and leaves the Rawals.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Charmi is revealed to be alive and confronts Shobhit for his evil intentions against Darsh and Nandini. Shocked and left feeling guilty, he confesses to the family about Nandini's innocence and her surprise operation to regain Darsh's eyesight. He leaves with Darsh to find Nandini. On the other hand, Nandini witnesses a fatal car accident and attempts to help the passengers, during which she drops her purse and phone. Shobhit reaches the accident spot and misunderstands that the deceased woman is Nandini. As Darsh undergoes his operation, the Rawals are left devastated with the news of Nandini's assumed demise and decide to hide it from Darsh. Nandini adopts Vini, who believes that she is her mother.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Nandini raises Vini as her daughter and vows to pay back the loan that Jhunjhunwala has borrowed with interest. While Shobhit and Gunjan live separately, preparations for Nandini's terahvin begin at the Rawal mansion. Darsh decides to head home a day earlier than expected as he desires to meet Nandini. This leaves the Rawals shocked and unable to perform Nandini's terahvin. Darsh removes his eye patches and assumes Charmi to be Nandini. Later, Darsh reaches Porbandar to thank Mr. Jhunjhunwala and Darsh feels that Charmi is not Nandini, but he convinces himself that Charmi is Nandini.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Later, Darsh recognizes the real Nandini and confronts Rajvi for hiding the truth. He also realizes that Rajvi told Charmi to pretend to be Nandini. Rajvi was told that they did the last rites of Nandini, but little did she know that Nandini was alive and she saw her two days earlier. Darsh breaks all ties with Rajvi and rushes to Nandini. He confesses his love to Nandini and they reunite. Rajvi gets stabbed and Darsh gets arrested. Later, it is revealed that Gunjan stabbed Rajvi. Rajvi regains consciousness and Charmi kills Gunjan.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: After being proven innocent, Darsh is released from prison. Charmi becomes obsessed Darsh and wants to remove Nandini from his life.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Darsh and Shobhit's sister, Namrata returns home after (apparently) being physically abused by her husband, Aatish, but this is later revealed to be a lie, as she is actually trying to get a divorce from her husband, because she can't stand living in a poor area, the Rawals presses charges against Aatish for domestic violence (initially) unaware that they have been deceived by Namrata. But Nandini discoveries that Aatish is in fact innocent and tries to expose Namrata's true colours to the Rawals.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Initially, Nandini's attempts were stopped by both Charmi and Namrata respectively, but she ultimately exposes Namrata's true colours, as well as proving that Aatish is innocent to the Rawals, after which they apologise to both Aatish and Nandini respectively for not believing them regarding Namrata's true colours, but they also disown Namrata for good due to her disgusting actions, as well as the fact that she had deceived them into (unknowingly) committing a sin for own selfish benefit.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Nandini comes across a woman named Toral who is mentally unstable. After Toral enters Rawals' house, Rajvi starts to get insecure. After a series of events, Charmi's crimes are exposed and she is arrested and sent the prison for her crimes, even after Charmi's crimes were exposed, she still tries to justify her disgusting actions by stating that everything that she did was for Darsh, but in truth, everything she did was actually for herself, proving just how delusional and mentally unstable Charmi truly is.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Toral is also revealed to be Darsh's biological mother who was admitted to a mental health institution for treatment 28 years ago. Vipul marries Rajvi so that Darsh becomes her son. Nandini is revealed to be pregnant and the series ends on a happy note.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Earlier, Shivin Narang was approached to play Darsh before Vijayendra Kumeria was signed by the makers. In an interview Kumeria called his blind role to be the most difficult character of his career.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Vijayendra Kumeria took inspiration from various films having impaired protagonists, attended workshops and reduced weight to fit into Darsh's character. Actress Richa Rathore, who was cast as Nandini, attended several workshops to understand and master the Gujarati dialect.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: Based on the backdrop of Dwarka in Gujarat, the series is mainly filmed at Film City in Mumbai. Some initial sequences were shot in Dwarka in early February 2021.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: On 14 April 2021, due to the sudden COVID-19 Rules set by the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Uddhav Thackeray, the shooting halted. Later, the production house planned to move their shoot location to Goa until next hearings from the government but after Goa too announced a lockdown, the sets were once again shifted to Silvassa, Gujarat.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: The first promo was released on 8 February 2021 featuring the leads, and the show premiered on 2 March 2021.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: From 2 March 2021 to 4 September 2021, "Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha" aired every Monday to Saturday from 6:00 PM IST to 6:30 PM IST. The premiere episode of the show garnered 1.1 TRP while averaging 1.0 TRP in its debut week.


title: Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha

text: The title song "Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha" is a remake of the song "Aapki Nazron Ne Samja" from the 1962 film Anpadh, originally composed by Madan Mohan, written by Raja Mehdi Ali Khan and sung by Lata Mangeshkar. The song was recreated for the series with the music composed by Sargam Jassu and Nakash Aziz and sung by Palak Muchhal and Sreerama Chandra.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: Elisabeth Farnese (Italian: "Elisabetta Farnese", Spanish: "Isabel Farnesio"; 25 October 169211 July 1766) was Queen of Spain by marriage to King Philip V. She exerted great influence over Spain's foreign policy and was the "de facto" ruler of Spain from 1714 until 1746. From 1759 until 1760, she governed as regent.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: Elisabeth was born at the Palazzo della Pilotta in Parma, the daughter of Odoardo Farnese and Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg. Her mother later married her uncle Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: Elisabeth was raised in seclusion in an apartment in the Palace in Parma. She had a difficult relationship with her mother, but was reportedly deeply devoted to her uncle-stepfather. She could speak and write Latin, French, and German and was schooled in rhetoric, philosophy, geography and history, but, reportedly, she found no interest in her studies and lacked intellectual interests. She was a better student within dance, studied painting under Pietro Antonio Avanzini and enjoyed music and embroidery. She survived a virulent attack of smallpox.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: Because of the lack of male heirs of her father, her uncle-stepfather, and her youngest uncle, who all succeeded one another, preparations were made for the succession of the Duchy of Parma through the female line (her). She consequently received many marriage proposals. Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont and Francesco d'Este, Hereditary Prince of Modena both asked for her hand but negotiations eventually failed, as well as Prince Pio della Mirandola. The Duchy of Parma would later be inherited by her first son, Infante Carlos. After his accession to the Spanish throne, the title passed on to her third son, Infante Felipe. It was he who founded the modern day House of Bourbon-Parma.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: On 16 September 1714 she was married by proxy at Parma to Philip V of Spain. The marriage was arranged by the ambassador of Parma, Cardinal Alberoni, with the concurrence of the Princesse des Ursins, the "Camarera mayor de Palacio" of the King of Spain. She had stipulated to Philip that the marriage would not be consummated until she was decked with the jewels of her choosing. Her request delayed sailing of a fleet of 12 vessels commanded by Captain General Don Antonio de Echeverz y Zubiza and Captain Don Juan Esteban de Ubilla, which was already scheduled to bring the accumulated wealth of three years from the New World to Spain. On July 30, 1715, a hurricane struck the treasure fleet which led to 11 ships hitting the deadly reefs and sinking near present-day Vero Beach, Florida.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: The marriage was arranged because of the sexual need of Philip V, as his religious scruples prevented him from having a sexual life outside of marriage and he had insisted upon his conjugal rights almost until the last days of his previous consort's life. Elisabeth was a natural choice for Philip V because of the traditional Spanish interests in Italian provinces, and she was the heir of the Parmesan throne. The Parmese ambassador convinced the all-powerful Princess des Ursins to give her crucial consent to the marriage by convincing her that Elisabeth was a simple-minded person, accustomed to nothing but needlework and embroidery and easy to control and dominate as a replacement for the previous, cooperative queen consort. In parallel, Alberoni informed Elisabeth that the king "wishes to be governed" by others and that she would be an unhappy queen unless she swiftly took control, and that she would also be liked by the Spaniards if she removed the influence of the French party headed by the princess des Ursins.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: Elisabeth left Parma in September and traveled to Spain by land in a retinue led by Marquis Schotta and Ippolita Ludovisi, Princess de Piombino. Originally intended to travel by sea, she became ill in Genova, and the plans were therefore altered. On her way to Spain, she met the Prince of Monaco and the French ambassador, who forwarded her gifts from the King of France. Elisabeth spent several days in Bayonne in November as guest of her maternal aunt, the Queen Dowager Maria Anna of Spain. At the Franco-Spanish border, she was met by Alberoni, who spent several days warning her against des Ursins. Upon entrance to Spain, she refused to part with her Italian retinue in exchange for a Spanish one, as had originally been planned.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: On 23 December at Jadraque, Elisabeth met the Princesse des Ursins, who as her newly appointed Mistress of the Robes wished to present herself before Elisabeth met Philip V at Guadalajara. The princess had sent out spies who reported that Elisabeth was in fact not at all a timid person who would be easy to control. Elisabeth received des Ursins and asked to speak with her privately. Shortly after, the party could hear the sounds of a violent argument, after which des Ursins was arrested, fired, and immediately escorted over the border to France. There have been many different versions of this incident, and different suggestions as to how it occurred. Alberoni informed the king that Elisabeth had acted with his best interests at hand, and when Philip met Elisabeth at Guadalajara 24 December, he quickly fell in love with her at first sight, just as he had with his former spouse.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: Elisabeth enjoyed hunting and wore male riding attire while doing so. She was described as an excellent shot and rider, and often hunted with the king. Early on, she became overweight because of her great appetite. She spent extravagantly, on both herself and her confidants. Her circle of confidants consisted, except her nurse Laura Pescatori, of her Italian doctor Cervi and Marquis Scotti, who were also a part of her Italian retinue. Her favorites among her ladies-in-waiting was first her Flemish attendant La Pellegrina, who acted as the go-between for her and minister Patino, and the Duchess of Saint-Pierre; after the former had married and the latter departed for France in 1727, she favored the Marchioness Las Nieves, who had the task to act as the queen's informant and who by 1736 was said to be the one who should be courted for supplicants to the queen. She respected her chief lady-in-waiting, Countess de Altamira, who managed her ladies-in-waiting very strictly.


title: Elisabeth Farnese

text: Initially, Queen Elisabeth was popular because her dismissal of des Ursins made her seem as the savior of Spain from French dominance, but her complete dominance of the monarch soon made her as unpopular as des Ursins. Elisabeth was also unpopular among the Spanish nobility for the decline of formal Spanish etiquette court life, and pamphlets of the "Spanish party" typically accused her of keeping the king in slavery, benefiting foreigners and trying to murder her step-sons.