title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: WC-135B aircraft flew 25 sorties in 1979 to try to ascertain whether a double flash in the South Atlantic that was detected by a Vela satellite was a nuclear weapons test, however, the result was inconclusive.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: The Constant Phoenix aircraft was active the day after Iran conducted Operation Martyr Soleimani, sending missiles into Al Asad Air Base in Al Anbar Governorate, western Iraq on January 8, 2020.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On October 6, 2006, Japan's Kyodo News agency reported that a US military aircraft, equipped to detect radiation from a nuclear test, took off from southern Japan. This was believed to be part of US efforts to prepare to monitor a North Korean nuclear test.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On October 9, 2006, North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) reported that the country had performed a successful underground nuclear test.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On October 13, 2006, CNN reported: "The U.S. Air Force flew a WC-135 Constant Phoenix atmospheric collection aircraft on Tuesday to collect air samples from the region. A preliminary analysis of air samples from North Korea shows 'radioactive debris consistent with a North Korea nuclear test', according to a statement from the office of the top U.S. intelligence official. The statement, from the office of Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte, was sent to Capitol Hill but not released publicly. CNN obtained it from a congressional source. The national intelligence office statement said the air samples were collected Wednesday, and analysis found debris that would be consistent with a nuclear test 'in the vicinity of Punggye' on Monday. The South Korean Defense Ministry told CNN that the United States has informed it that radioactivity has been detected." The aircraft was based at Offutt AFB and was sent to Kadena Air Base on Okinawa to operate during the sampling missions.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On June 17, 2009, JoongAng Daily reported, in reference to a purported May 25 nuclear test by North Korea: "The U.S. Air Force twice dispatched a special reconnaissance jet, the WC-135 Constant Phoenix from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, to collect air samples."


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On November 23, 2010, Sankei Shimbun reported that a WC-135 had been moved to Kadena Air Base in September 2010, in anticipation of a North Korean nuclear test.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On January 31, 2013, the WC-135W was reported to be conducting surveillance flights out of Kadena Air Base in anticipation of another North Korean nuclear test.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On January 6, 2016, the United States Air Force confirmed plans to soon deploy the WC-135 to test for radiation near North Korea to examine North Korea's claim that they had successfully conducted a hydrogen-bomb test on January 5 (EST).


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On September 8, 2016, it was reported that the WC-135 would soon begin surveillance flights near the Korean Peninsula after South Korean officials confirmed that North Korea conducted its fifth nuclear test at approximately 0:30 UTC.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On April 12, 2017, it was deployed to Okinawa amid rising tensions with North Korea. North Korea conducted a missile test on April 3, 2017.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On May 19, 2017, two Chinese Su-30 fighter jets intercepted a WC-135 over the East China Sea, prompting a formal complaint from the Pentagon.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On March 17, 2011, CNN reported that the WC-135W had been deployed from Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska to Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska. From there it assisted in detecting radioactive materials in the atmosphere around Japan, monitoring radioactivity released from the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant caused by the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami of March 11, 2011.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: In 1986, multiple WC-135Bs were deployed to Europe to help monitor the air after the Chernobyl disaster.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On February 17, 2017, it was reported that the WC-135C had been deployed to RAF Mildenhall. It was conjectured that this came in response to several reports of anomalous levels of iodine-131 coming from the Norwegian-Russian Border. As of April 10, 2017, there was no official cause of the iodine-131 release.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: Also by the end of July and in early August 2021 a WC-135W deployed to Europe and carried out measurements over the Baltic Sea and Sweden, using the callsign JAKE21. A connection is suspected with the technical problems of the Russian Oscar-II-class submarine "Orel", which subsequently had to be tugged back.


title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

text: On February 7, 2022, a WC-135W Constant Phoenix (Reg. 61-2667, Mode-S hex code AE0941) using callsign JAKE21 was observed on various publicly accessible flight trackers conducting a 14 hour round trip from RAF Mildenhall to the Eastern Mediterranean south of Cyprus. The same aircraft was also observed over the Baltic Sea on the 22nd of the same month, again using public flight trackers. On March 28, 2022, the same aircraft was again observed on public flight trackers, this time flying a brief mission up and down the East coast of Great Britain. On April 28, 2022, the same aircraft flew a similar mission up and down the East coast of England and Scotland, again using the callsign JAKE21


title: Jeevitha

text: Jeevitha or popularly known as Jeevitha Rajasekhar is an Indian actress, who has primarily worked in the Southern film industry (featuring in predominantly Tamil and Telugu language movies) of the Indian film industry. She was a prominent leading actress and was often cast as the second heroine during the 80s era. She's also a director and producer now. After marriage to her co-star-turned-husband Rajasekhar in 1991, Jeevitha chose to completely step away from the limelight of acting and further focused on her marriage and family. Instead, became a backbone strength to supporting her husband’s acting career. She later became a director and a producer for Rajasekhar’s films, many of which are remakes such as "Seshu" (2002).


title: James DeMonaco

text: James DeMonaco (born October 12, 1969) is an American screenwriter, director, and producer. He is best known for creating the "Purge" franchise, writing all five films in the series and directing the first three, "The Purge" (2013), "" (2014), and "" (2016).


title: James DeMonaco

text: DeMonaco's first produced screenplay was the Robin Williams comedy "Jack" (1996), directed by Francis Ford Coppola.


title: James DeMonaco

text: DeMonaco grew up in Brooklyn and Staten Island. He spent eight years in Paris, France, that led him to "put a microscope" on his life after seeing the difference in the relationship toward guns and violence in Paris compared to New York. DeMonaco is of Italian descent.


title: James DeMonaco

text: He and his wife, a doctor, were almost killed by a drunk driver in Brooklyn. In anger, his wife said "I wish we could all have one free one [a murder] a year", something which helped inspire the "Purge" series.


title: The Family Murders

text: The Family Murders is the name given to a series of five murders speculated to have been committed by a loosely connected group of individuals who came to be known as "The Family". This group was believed to be involved in the kidnapping and sexual abuse of a number of teenage boys and young men, as well as the torture and murder of five young men aged between 14 and 25, in Adelaide, South Australia, in the 1970s and 1980s.


title: The Family Murders

text: The name of the group stems from an interview a police detective gave on "60 Minutes", claiming the police were taking action "to break up the happy family". Only one suspect has been charged and convicted for the crimes: Bevan Spencer von Einem was sentenced in 1984 to a minimum of 24 years (later extended to a minimum 36-year term) for the murder of 15-year-old Richard Kelvin. The other murders remain unsolved.


title: The Family Murders

text: Police believe that up to 12 people, several of them high-profile Australians, were involved in the kidnappings. The suspects and their associates were linked mainly by their shared habits of "actively [having] sought out young males for sex," sometimes drugging and raping their victims.


title: The Family Murders

text: Von Einem was convicted in 1984 of the murder of Kelvin and sentenced to life imprisonment. In 1989, von Einem was charged with the murders of two other victims, Barnes and Langley, but the prosecution entered a "nolle prosequi" (voluntarily discontinue criminal charges) during the trial when crucial similar fact evidence was deemed inadmissible by the presiding judge. Von Einem was also one of the last people seen with a fourth victim, Muir, following his abduction.


title: The Family Murders

text: Apart from von Einem, three other core members are thought to be directly involved in the murders; while DNA testing re-commenced in 2008, no further charges have been laid. Suspect 1, an Eastern Suburbs businessman, is believed to have been with von Einem when Kelvin was abducted. Suspect 2, a former male prostitute and close friend of von Einem known as Mr B. Suspect 3, an Eastern Suburbs doctor.


title: The Family Murders

text: A cold case review was opened in March 2008 with a $1,000,000 reward available for anyone who provided information leading to a conviction. The reward carried an offer of immunity to accomplices, dependent on their level of involvement. Due to changes in the Forensic Procedures Act, which later allowed DNA samples to be taken from suspects in major indictable offences, all the suspects voluntarily submitted to DNA testing. The ongoing investigation featured in an episode of "Crime Stoppers" which went to air on 2 March 2009. The cold case review was completed in November 2010 with no charges being laid against any of the three key suspects.


title: The Family Murders

text: Some authorities do not recognise the term "The Family", stating that "[t]hey should not be given any title that infers legitimacy. These people have no such bond, only an association that with time probably no longer exists". Others, who have examined the cases, however, argue that there were many more victims. Criminologist Alan Perry of the University of Adelaide, has argued that the murders were part of widespread series of kidnappings and sexual assaults of boys that might number several hundred victims in South Australia from about 1973 to 1983.


title: The Family Murders

text: Alan Arthur Barnes, aged 16, murdered in 1979. He was last seen while hitchhiking being picked up by a white HQ Holden sedan carrying three or four people. His body had been severely mutilated and dumped in the South Para Reservoir, northeast of Adelaide. A post-mortem examination revealed that Barnes had died of massive blood loss from an anal injury, likely caused by the insertion of a large blunt object. His body also showed signs of beatings and torture. Noctec was found in his blood, suggesting he had been drugged.


title: The Family Murders

text: Neil Fredrick Muir, aged 25, murdered two months after Barnes in August 1979. His remains had been dissected and neatly cut into many pieces, placed in a garbage bag and thrown into the Port River at Port Adelaide. Skin bearing tattoos had been removed and most of the body parts were placed in another garbage bag before being placed within the abdominal cavity. The head was tied to the torso with rope passed through the mouth and out through the neck. A post-mortem examination revealed that Muir had died of massive blood loss from an anal injury, likely caused by the insertion of a large blunt object and Noctec was found in his blood.


title: The Family Murders

text: Peter Stogneff, aged 14, murdered in August 1981. His skeletal remains were found in October 1982 later by a local farmer at Middle Beach, 50 km north of Adelaide. Stogneff's body had been cut into three pieces in a similar fashion to Muir. Little more could be determined as the remains had been accidentally burnt by the farmer while clearing his property of scrub.


title: The Family Murders

text: Mark Andrew Langley, aged 18, murdered in February 1982. His mutilated body was found in scrub in the Adelaide foothills nine days after his disappearance. Among the mutilations was a wound that appeared to have been cut with a surgical instrument that went from his navel to the pubic region and part of his small bowel was missing. The hair around the area had been shaved as it would have been in an operation in a hospital. The post-mortem revealed that Langley had died from a massive loss of blood from gross injuries to his anus, similar to Barnes. The sedative-hypnotic drug Mandrax, popular in the 1970s disco scene, was found in Langley's blood.


title: The Family Murders

text: Richard Dallas Kelvin, (born 4 December 1967) aged 15, murdered in July 1983. The son of popular local Nine Network news presenter Rob Kelvin, he was abducted a short distance from his North Adelaide home on 5 June. His body was found on 24 July by a geologist who was searching for moss-covered rocks near a dirt airstrip at Kersbrook. Kelvin was held captive for approximately five weeks and a post-mortem examination revealed that he had died of massive blood loss from an anal injury, likely caused by the insertion of a large blunt object. Analysis of Kelvin's bloodstream revealed traces of four hypnotic drugs, including Mandrax and Noctec. Trace evidence, including hair and fibres from von Einem's home, was found on Kelvin's body and clothing.


title: Eric Foner

text: Eric Foner (; born February 7, 1943) is an American historian. He writes extensively on American political history, the history of freedom, the early history of the Republican Party, African-American biography, the American Civil War, Reconstruction, and historiography, and has been a member of the faculty at the Columbia University Department of History since 1982. He is the author of several popular textbooks. According to the Open Syllabus Project, Foner is the most frequently cited author on college syllabi for history courses.


title: Eric Foner

text: Foner has published numerous books on the Reconstruction period, having published "" in 1989 and more than 10 other books on the topic. His online courses on "The Civil War and Reconstruction", published in 2014, are available from Columbia University on ColumbiaX.


title: Eric Foner

text: In 2011, Foner's "" (2010) won the Pulitzer Prize for History, the Lincoln Prize, and the Bancroft Prize. Foner previously won the Bancroft Prize in 1989 for his book "Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877". In 2000, he was elected president of the American Historical Association. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018.


title: Eric Foner

text: Foner was born in New York City, New York, the son of Jewish parents, Liza (née Kraitz), a high school art teacher, and historian Jack D. Foner, who was active in the trade union movement and the campaign for civil rights for African Americans. Eric Foner describes his father as his "first great teacher," and recalls how,


title: Eric Foner

text: deprived of his livelihood while I was growing up, he supported our family as a freelance lecturer. ... Listening to his lectures, I came to appreciate how present concerns can be illuminated by the study of the past—how the repression of the McCarthy era recalled the days of the Alien and Sedition Acts, the civil rights movement needed to be viewed in light of the great struggles of Black and White abolitionists, and in the brutal suppression of the Philippine insurrection at the turn of the century could be found the antecedents of American intervention in Vietnam. I also imbibed a way of thinking about the past in which visionaries and underdogs—Tom Paine, Wendell Phillips, Eugene V. Debs, and W. E. B. Du Bois—were as central to the historical drama as presidents and captains of industry, and how a commitment to social justice could infuse one's attitudes towards the past.


title: Eric Foner

text: After graduating from Long Beach High School in 1959, Foner enrolled at Columbia University, where he was originally a physics major, before switching to history after taking a year-long seminar with James P. Shenton on the Civil War and Reconstruction during his junior year. "It probably determined that most of my career has been focused on that period," he recalled years later. A year later, in 1963, Foner graduated "summa cum laude" with a Bachelor of Arts in history. He studied at the University of Oxford as a Kellett Fellow; he received a BA from Oriel College in 1965, where he was a member of the college's 1966 University Challenge winning team, though he did not appear in the final, having already returned to the US. After graduating from Oxford, Foner returned to Columbia where he earned his doctoral degree in 1969 under the supervision of Richard Hofstadter. His doctoral thesis, published in 1970 as "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War", explored the deeply rooted ideals and interests that drove the northern majority to oppose slavery and ultimately wage war against Southern secession.


title: Eric Foner

text: Foner is a leading authority on the Reconstruction Era. In a seminal essay in "American Heritage" in October 1982, later reprinted in "Reviews in American History", Foner wrote,


title: Eric Foner

text: In the past twenty years, no period of American history has been the subject of a more thoroughgoing reevaluation than Reconstruction—the violent, dramatic, and still controversial era following the Civil War. Race relations, politics, social life, and economic change during Reconstruction have all been reinterpreted in the light of changed attitudes toward the place of blacks within American society. If historians have not yet forged a fully satisfying portrait of Reconstruction as a whole, the traditional interpretation that dominated historical writing for much of this century has irrevocably been laid to rest.


title: Eric Foner

text: "Foner has established himself as the leading authority on the Reconstruction period," wrote historian Michael Perman in reviewing "Reconstruction". "This book is not simply a distillation of the secondary literature; it is a masterly account – broad in scope as well as rich in detail and insight. "This is history written on a grand scale, a masterful treatment of one of the most complex periods of American history," David Herbert Donald wrote in "The New Republic". C. Vann Woodward, in "The New York Review of Books", wrote, "Eric Foner has put together this terrible story with greater cogency and power, I believe, than has been brought to the subject heretofore."


title: Eric Foner

text: "It is wrong to think that, during the Civil War, President Lincoln embraced a single 'plan' of Reconstruction," he wrote. "Lincoln had always been willing to work closely with all factions of his party, including the Radicals on numerous occasions. I think it is quite plausible to imagine Lincoln and Congress agreeing to a Reconstruction policy encompassing basic civil rights for blacks (as was enacted in 1866) plus limited black suffrage, along the lines he proposed just before his death."


title: Eric Foner

text: As a visiting professor in Moscow in the early 1990s, Foner compared secessionist forces in the USSR with the secession movement in the US in the 1860s. In a February 1991 article, Foner noted that the Baltic states claimed the right to secede because they had been unwillingly annexed. In addition, he believed that the Soviet Union did not protect minorities while it tried to nationalize the republics. Foner identified a threat to existing minority groups within the Baltic states, who were in turn threatened by the new nationalist movements.


title: Eric Foner

text: In a "New York Times" op-ed, he criticized President Donald Trump's tweet calling for the preservation of Confederate monuments and heritage, stating that they represented and glorified white supremacy rather than collective heritage.


title: Eric Foner

text: Foner has made multiple appearance on shows such as "The Colbert Report" and "The Daily Show" to discuss US history.


title: Eric Foner

text: Journalist Nat Hentoff described Foner's "The Story of American Freedom" as "an indispensable book that should be read in every school in the land." "Eric Foner is one of the most prolific, creative, and influential American historians of the past 20 years," according to "The Washington Post". His work is "brilliant, important," a reviewer wrote in the "Los Angeles Times".


title: Eric Foner

text: In a review of "The Story of American Freedom" in the "New York Review of Books", Theodore Draper disagreed with Foner's conclusions, saying "If the story of American freedom is told largely from the perspective of blacks and women, especially the former, it is not going to be a pretty tale. Yet most Americans thought of themselves not only as free but as the freest people in the world."


title: Eric Foner

text: John Patrick Diggins of the City University of New York wrote that Foner's "Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877", was a "magisterial" and "moving" narrative, but compared Foner's "unforgiving" view of America for its racist past to his notably different views on the fall of communism and Soviet history.


title: Eric Foner

text: Foner's book "Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad" (2015) was judged "Intellectually probing and emotionally resonant by the "Los Angeles Times." His previous book "The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery" (2010) was described by "Library Journal" as "In the vast library on Lincoln, Foner's book stands out as the most sensible and sensitive reading of Lincoln's lifetime involvement with slavery and the most insightful assessment of Lincoln's—and indeed America's—imperative to move toward freedom lest it be lost."


title: Eric Foner

text: In 1989, Foner received the Avery O. Craven Award from the Organization of American Historians. In 1991, Foner received the Great Teacher Award from the "Society of Columbia Graduates". In 1995, he was named Scholar of the Year by the New York Council for the Humanities.


title: Eric Foner

text: Foner was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 2009 as a Bicentennial Laureate.


title: Eric Foner

text: In 2020, Foner was awarded the Roy Rosenzweig Distinguished Service Award from the Organization of American Historians which goes to an individual or individuals whose contributions have significantly enriched our understanding and appreciation of American history.


title: Eric Foner

text: Foner was married to screenwriter Naomi Foner (née Achs) from 1965 to 1977. She is the mother, by her second husband, of actors Jake and Maggie Gyllenhaal. Since 1982, Foner has been married to historian Lynn Garafola. They have a daughter.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6 or Global Goal 6) is about "clean water and sanitation for all". It is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015, the official wording is: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all." The goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress toward the targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe and affordable drinking water; end open defecation and provide access to sanitation, and hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies, implement IWRM, protect and restore water-related ecosystems. The two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water and sanitation support to developing countries, and to support local engagement in water and sanitation management.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In 2017, 2.2 billion people lacked safely managed drinking water and 4.2 billion people lacked safely managed sanitation. Three billion people worldwide lack basic hand-washing facilities at home. Two in five healthcare facilities world-wide have no soap and water, or alcohol-based hand rub (2016). The COVID-19 pandemic has made this goal increasingly important. However this pandemic could affect the ability of water utilities to meet this goal by increasing losses on revenues that would otherwise be used to make investments.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: SDG 6 is closely linked with other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For example, progress in SDG 6 will improve health SDG3 and improve school attendance, both of which contribute to alleviating poverty. In April 2020, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres said: “Today, Sustainable Development Goal 6 is badly off track" and it “is hindering progress on the 2030 Agenda, the realization of human rights and the achievement of peace and security around the world".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The United Nations (UN) has determined that access to clean water and sanitation facilities is a basic human right. However few countries have included a human right to water in enforceable legislation. Over 2 billion people in the world lack access to water that is free of health risks. By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more than 99% of their population. From 2000 to 2017, the global population that lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Ending open defecation will require the provision of toilets and sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of the population. To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly one-third of countries will need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Pakistan. This will require cooperation between governments, civil society and the private sector.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Safe drinking water and hygienic toilets protect people from disease and enable societies to be more productive economically. Attending school and work without disruption supports education and employment. Therefore, toilets at school and the workplace are included in the second target ("achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation and hygiene solutions address the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations, such as the elderly or people with disabilities.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In June 2019, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities." The report said that in 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of the population of the world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one that is "located on premises, available when needed, and free from contamination". By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of the world's population—used "at least a basic service", which included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water". However, in 2017, there were still 785 million people who lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people who [were] dependent on surface water." The report said that approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated with feces". The report warned that diseases, including "diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio" are transmitted by contaminated water, which cause about 485, 000 diarrhoeal deaths each year. It cautioned that 50% of the global population will be "living in water-stressed areas" by 2025. As of 2017, 22% of health care facilities in the least developed countries had no water service, with similar numbers lacking sanitation and waste management services.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: A review of SDG progress by the UN in 2020 found that "increasing donor commitments to the water sector will remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6". This is why the UN has put in place a unifying initiative that improves support to countries known as SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: SDG 6 has eight targets. Six of them are to be achieved by the year 2030, one by the year 2020, and one has no target year. Each of the targets also has one or two indicators which will be used to measure progress. In total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6. The main data sources for the SDG 6 targets and indicators come from the Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water. Each government must decide how to incorporate them into national planning processes, policies and strategies based on national realities, capacities, levels of development and priorities.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The first three targets relate to drinking water supply, sanitation services, and wastewater treatment and reuse.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: An SDG 6 Baseline Report in 2018 found that less than 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators. One reason is that many SDG 6 global indicators are new, and most have only limited time series, making it difficult to determine rates of progress.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The full title of Target 6.1 is: "By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: This target has one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 is the "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The definition of "safely managed drinking water service" is: "Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination." Between 2000 and 2015, the percentage of the global population using safely managed drinking water services has increased from 61 to 71 percent. But this remained unchanged in 2017. In total, 785 million people around the world still lacked basic drinking water services.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In 2017, only 71 percent of the global population used safely managed drinking water. This means that 2.2 billion people were still without safely managed drinking water in 2017.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Compared to 2017, 74% of the world's population will have access to safely managed drinking water in 2020. This is an improvement over the past, but 2 billion people still do not have access to safely managed drinking water, especially in rural areas and the least developed countries. In 2020, 771 million people still lack access to even basic drinking water services. 8 out of 10 of these people live in rural areas, and nearly half live in the least developed countries; none of the SDG regions are currently expected to have universal coverage by 2030, and in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people lacking access to safe managed drinking water has increased by more than 40% since 2000. At the current rate of progress, the global target of universal access to safely managed drinking water by 2030 would need to be quadrupled.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The full title of Target 6.2 is: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: This target has one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 is the "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The definition of "safely managed sanitation" service is: "Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite." Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Targets 6.1 and 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of the WASH sector and have the same custodian agency, the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP).


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The statistic in the 2017 baseline estimate by the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) is that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Globally, the proportion of the population using safely managed sanitation services increased from 28 percent in 2000 to 45 percent in 2017. Latin America and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and East and Southeast Asia recorded the largest increase. In total, there are still 701 million people around the world who still had to practice open defecation in 2017. This number had reduced in 2020 to 673 million persons who practised open defecation.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: As of 2017, two-thirds of countries lacked baseline estimates for SDG indicators on hand washing, safely managed drinking water, and sanitation services.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In 2017, about 60 percent of people worldwide have basic hand-washing facilities with soap and water at home. However, within the least developed countries, only 38 percent had such facilities, translating to about 3 billion people still without basic handwashing facilities at home.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In 2020, a report by the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development found that "Billions of people throughout the world still lack access to safely managed water and sanitation services and basic handwashing facilities at home, which are critical to preventing the spread of COVID-19". However, this same pandemic has most likely caused a reduction in access to safely managed sanitation.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Target 6.3 is formulated as "By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally". This is also a sanitation-related target, as wastewater treatment is part of sanitation.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The current status for Indicator 6.3.2 is that: "Preliminary estimates from 79 mostly high- and higher-middle income countries in 2019 suggest that, in about one quarter of the countries, less than half of all household wastewater flows were treated safely."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Preserving natural sources of water is very important to achieve universal access to safe and affordable drinking water.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Target 6.4 is formulated as "By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The current situation regarding water stress was summarized as follows: "In 2017, Central and Southern Asia and Northern Africa registered very high water stress – defined as the ratio of freshwater withdrawn to total renewable freshwater resources – of more than 70 percent". This is followed by Western Asia and Eastern Asia, with high water stress of 54 percent and 46 percent, respectively.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Target 6.5 is formulated as: "By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: A review in 2020 stated that: "In 2018, 60 percent of 172 countries reported very low, low and medium-low levels of implementation of integrated water resources management and were unlikely to meet the implementation target by 2030."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The same review stated that: "According to data from 67 countries, the average percentage of national transboundary basins covered by an operational arrangement was 59 percent in the period 2017–2018. Only 17 countries reported that all of their transboundary basins were covered by such arrangements."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Target 6.6 is: "By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: It has one indicator: Indicator 6.6.1 is the "Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: It is expected that the adverse effects of climate change can decrease the extent of freshwater bodies, thereby worsening ecosystems and livelihoods.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Target 6.a is: "By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling, and reuse technologies."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: It has one indicator: Indicator 6.a.1 is the "Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In 2015, global ODA allocations to the water sector totalled us $8.6 billion, including ensuring basic water supply and sanitation, and improving agricultural water resources and hydropower. However,80% of countries fail to meet water and sanitation targets because of insufficient funding [6].


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: SDG 6 is not going well because of poor policy implementation, staff shortages, inadequate funding, and the limited impact of aid money when consistent long-term investments are not put into place. Technological innovation and more effective management are the foundations for advancing SDG 6 in the context of aid funding shortfalls.Therefore, reducing capital expenditure can save a lot of costs. For rural areas in developing countries, it is necessary to use appropriate materials, optimize procurement and eliminate middlemen[7].


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In 2019, a document by the UN found that: "Following several years of steady increases and after reaching $9 billion in 2016, official development assistance (ODA) disbursements to the water sector declined by 2 percent from 2016 to 2017. However, ODA commitments to the water sector jumped by 36 percent between 2016 and 2017, indicating a renewed focus by donors on the sector."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: One year later in April 2020 it was stated that "ODA disbursements to the water sector increased to $9 billion, or 6 per cent, in 2018, following a decrease in such disbursements in 2017".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Over 2 billion people lack properly managed drinking water. An additional 1.6 billion are subjects of poor sanitation. If the status quo persists, the world will not have enough water to meet demand by 2030 hence making it impossible to meet SDG 6- safe drinking water and sanitation for all.  Climate change is also making the situation of water availability worse as it negatively impacts on world water systems through increased incidents of drought, floods, and rainfall unreliability. To overcome the problem of water crisis, the Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) collaborates with several countries to make water available to its citizen. In 2020, GWSP collaborated with the Dominican Republic in the province of Espaillat to renovate and adopt innovative ways of water collection and treatment where the water treatment system has been dysfunctional since 2004. This has improved sanitation, hygiene, and availability of clean drinking water.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Target 6.b is: "Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: It has one indicator: Indicator 6.b.1 is the "Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected the urban poor living in the slums with little or no access to clean water. The pandemic has shown the importance of sanitation, hygiene and adequate access to clean water to prevent diseases. According to the World Health Organization, handwashing is one of the most effective actions one can take to reduce the spread of pathogens and prevent infections, including the COVID-19 virus.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The world is being asked to wash hands multiple times in a day, wash and sanitize every object brought from outside, and sanitize all public transport at a certain interval in a day. The water consumption, as well as the wastewater generation all across the globe, has now increased manifold. The UN-Habitat is working with partners to facilitate access to running water and hand washing in informal settlements. With the increased exploitation of water resources in 2020 its reported that by 2030 700 million people might be displaced by water scarcity.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Clean water and sanitation are not only affected by macro-environmental trends but they are also affected by large-scale industrial targets and water consumption habits. As developing nations in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-South-East Asia become more affluent, these countries have unique challenges to recycle and protect water ecosystems. At the establishment of Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, the previous MDGs had left 663 million needing improved water access.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In 2019, GLAAS report (UN-Water Global Analysis And Assessment Of Sanitation And Drinking-Water) found that only 6 of 101 countries were fully equipped with financial and human resources to tackle cleaning and sanitizing water supplies within their own countries. Less than 15% of countries are adequately meeting the goal of properly funding clean water and sanitation efforts within their own countries. This funding shortfall affects other areas relating to SDG 6 and its progress indicators. For example, while clean drinking water efforts have been funded relatively well, sanitation, waste-water management, and hygiene areas have stalled in their progress towards 2030.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Much of the focus in the next decade is on Sub-Saharan African countries that will likely not meet their targets if growing funding is not secure within the next decade. For example in two countries in North-Eastern Africa where utilities taxes are higher than their surrounding regions, public utilities are still not able to keep up with the regular demand for water. In further complicating the issue, multi-level governance remains an important factor in efficiently directing funds to where they are needed. Sustainable water management practices are only possible if there is a local solution for Sub-Saharan Africa that integrates existing water management techniques and practices.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General. The most recent one is from April 2020. The report before that was from May 2019.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Additionally, updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website which is managed by the United Nations.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Monitoring national-level progress of SDG 6 through internationally agreed indicators has been the focus of intense scrutiny and considerable resourcing by international organizations and national governments. Indicators for SDG 6 are monitored and reported on at an international level by United Nations (UN) custodian agencies under the UN-Water managed Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 (IMI), although national data and results will form the basis of all monitoring and reporting.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In many cases, surrogate indicators will have to be used to measure progress (or the lack of it). Thus, implementation of the SDGs implies continuous monitoring and periodic evaluation to check whether the direction and pace of development are right. Robust indicators will do two things: enable the SDG targets to act as a management tool to help countries and the global community create evidence-based implementation strategies and allocate resources accordingly; and act as a report card to measure SDG progress.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The SDGs are highly interdependent. Therefore, the provision of clean water and sanitation for all is a precursor to achieving many of the other SDGs. WASH experts have stated that without progress on Goal 6, the other goals and targets cannot be achieved.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: For example, sanitation improvements can lead to more jobs (SDG 8) which would also lead to economic growth. SDG 6 progress improves health (SDG 3) and social justice (SDG 16). Recovering the resources embedded in excreta and wastewater (like nutrients, water, and energy) contributes to achieving SDG 12 (sustainable consumption and production) and SDG 2 (end hunger). Ensuring adequate sanitation and wastewater management along the entire value chain in cities contributes to SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and SDG 1 (no poverty).


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Sanitation systems with a resource recovery and reuse focus are getting increased attention. They can contribute to achieving at least fourteen of the SDGs, especially in an urban context.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) has made it its mission to help achieve Targets 6.2 and 6.3. Global organizations such as Oxfam, UNICEF, WaterAid and many small NGOs as well as universities, research centers, private enterprises, government-owned entities etc. are all part of SuSanA and are dedicated to achieving SDG 6.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In the US there are over three thousand tax-exempt organizations working on issues related to UN SDG 6, according to data filed with the Internal Revenue Service –IRS and aggregated by X4Impact. X4Impact, with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, Hewlett Foundation, and Giving Tech Labs, created a free online interactive tool Clean Water and Sanitation in the US.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: The United Nations has listed Sustainable Development (SDG) Goal 6 as the aim to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all people (United Nations, 2022). I am specifically going to discuss this goal in a Canadian context as this information has not been acknowledged in Wikipedia’s literature on this topic. The aim of the Canadian goal has been described as “Canadians have access to drinking water and use it in a sustainable manner” (Statistics Canada, 2021), below are the current indicators of what needs to be achieved to reach this goal:


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: I will be explicitly writing about Indicator 6.1.1, given the lack of meaningful action that has been taken towards the ongoing issues of water quality and adequate sanitation measures on Indigenous reserves in Canada. This part of the Canadian SDG has yet to be achieved, and the progress towards meeting this goal has been minimal thus far.  It has been reported that in 2021 almost half of the drinking water advisories on Indigenous reservations were lifted, yet 7 more were added during the same time span (Statistics Canada, 2022 ). In 2022, Indigenous Services Canada stated that there are at least 29 communities in Canada with boil water advisories in effect (Richardson, 2022). This is significant to the discussion around SDGs in Canada, because ultimately the overall goal of clean water and sanitation access for all Canadians as long as there are disparities in Indigenous communities around water quality and sanitation measures.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: water quality, human health, water-related hazards, sustainable development, water supply, and ecological concerns…, involves a balance between the protection of resources and the enhancement of livelihoods, Determinants of water security include water availability for ecosystem services as well as acceptable quality and quantity for human uses. Water security is presented in the literature as meeting short and long-term needs to enable access to sufficient water quality, at a fair price, for human health, safety, welfare, and productive capacity…linked to the political, social, and economic power of people in society… (Indigenous perspectives on water security, pg. 1).


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Although Canada, like many high-income countries, have made advancements in providing accessible safe water and sanitation measures, significant gaps in terms of access and quality of these necessities persist in “...historically marginalized, rural, informal, and Indigenous communities” (Mattos et. al, 2021, pg. 1). Such disparities are prevalent in Indigenous communities in Canada, even though the country’s government has signed on to the UN’s sustainable development goals (Mattos et. al, 2021, pg. 2). Notably, a “… lack of community water distribution systems, inadequate technology, lack of federal funding, and land use activities that affect source water quality” all contribute to one in five Indigenous communities on reservations being under a boil water advisory at a time (Awume et. al, 2020, pg. 1-2). These social inequities have resulted in disproportionate rankings of quality of life between Indigenous communities and the rest of Canada, whereby Canada has been one of the “...top placement in the UN Human Development Index, yet Canadian Indigenous peoples rank 78th on the same scale” (Asiniwasis, 2021, pg 188).


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: It is crucial to understand the historical and ongoing water crisis among Indigenous communities in Canada, along with how and why SDG Goal 6 has had minimal progress in these communities since Canada has signed onto the goal of achieving clean water and sanitation for all Canadians.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Numerous barriers and challenges from multiple levels of government have contributed to the existing disparities between Indigenous communities and the rest of Canada. Some specific issues cited in recent literature “...include  lack of local capacity, inadequate funding, justice and discrimination issues, cultural obstacles, and specific technical challenges…[and] environmental injustice and racial discrimination” (Mattos et. al, 2021, pg. 4, 6), along with “ … inequitable resource distribution, sociopolitical and governance challenges…” (Arsenault et. al, 2018, pg. 2). Ultimately, these obstacles can all be linked to the historical and ongoing impacts from colonialism in Canada, which have expropriated land ownership and decision making abilities towards issues of water, sanitation, and health from the Indigenous communities who are directly impacted from these inequities (Mattos et. al, 2021, pg. 6). A significant issue in government jurisdiction lies within the fact that the Canadian government is “highly fragmented”, meaning that “… federal or provincial governance bodies have delegated water management responsibility to communities…” (Arsenault et. al, 2018, pg. 2); Specifically, the responsibility around water governance in Indigenous communities has been divided among “...Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Health Canada, Environment Canada and First Nations community leadership…” and has caused severe difficulties around accountability measures (Arsenault et. al, 2018, pg. 5). Given that the Canadian 2030 Agenda states that “All federal departments and agencies are responsible for integrating the 2030 Agenda into their work. They are also responsible for contributing to advancing the SDGs within their areas of responsibility” (Government of Canada, 2021, pg. 3). Evidently, such issues of accountability for action will hinder the level of progress and development that can be made towards achieving water quality and sanitation measures on Indigenous reservations.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In the emerging literature on Indigenous water quality, sanitation, and overall health, several recommendations to current measures toward improving the quality and access to these needs have been discussed, and should be taken into account and applied in all future action towards achieving SDG 6 in Canada. First and foremost, it is absolutely necessary that treaties made between all Indigenous communities in Canada and the Canadian government are recognized and fulfilled in their entirety (Mattos et. al, 2021, pg. 7). This will ensure that all discriminatory actions that have prevented social change from occurring in regards to water security and sanitation are abolished and transformative change to these conditions can be pursued (Mattos et. al, 2021, pg. 6). This means that “racist, nationalist, and colonial policies must be terminated and replaced with equitable legislation and regulations to protect and improve access for historically marginalized communities” (Mattos et. al, 2021,  pg. 6). It is essential that the definition of water security is expanded in Western science and education to include Indigenous knowledge in water management and planning as Indigenous understanding of “...water security encapsulates a meaning that transcends the material definition offered by conventional, western science” (Awume et. al, 2021, pg. 10); “An “Indigenous perspective” introduces human values and relationships to water that includes respect for water and ethical decisions about water” (Awume et. al, 2021, pg. 7).


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: In order to do so, stakeholders concerned with water access and sanitation must work towards building reciprocal relationships between government bodies and Indigenous communities that respects traditional land ownership and Indigenous governance over their own environmental practices and health (Duignan et. al, 2022, pg. 7-8). Practical means of reciprocity in future research and development around water security includes developing “…exposure models and risk management strategies that are more reflective of the population’s social and cultural practices” (Daley et. al, 2022, pg. 2). Given that women hold a vital role in the leadership of Indigenous communities, women need to be at the forefront of all decision making and research processes for achieving water security (Duignan et. al, 2022, pg. 8). This goal will be best fulfilled by supporting Indigenous communities to achieve self determination, which can be achieved by assisting in the development of community based leadership programs and focusing on opportunities that give Indigenous communities control over their land, health, communities, and the environment (Mattos et. al, 2021 pg. 7).


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Arsenault, R., Diver, S., McGregor, D., Witham, A., & Bourassa, C. (2018). Shifting the framework of Canadian water governance through Indigenous research methods: Acknowledging the past with an eye on the future. Water, 10(1), 1-18. doi:10.3390/w10010049


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Asiniwasis, R. N., Heck, E., Amir Ali, A., Ogunyemi, B., & Hardin, J. (2021). Atopic dermatitis and skin infections are a poorly documented crisis in Canada's Indigenous pediatric population: It's time to start the conversation. Pediatric Dermatology, 38(S2), 188-189. doi:10.1111/pde.14759


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Awume, O., Patrick, R., & Baijius, W. (2020). Indigenous perspectives on water security in Saskatchewan, Canada. Water, 12(3), 1-14. doi:10.3390/w12030810


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Daley, K., Jamieson, R., Rainham, D., Hansen, L. T., & Harper, S. L. (2022). Microbial risk assessment and mitigation options for wastewater treatment in Arctic Canada. Microbial Risk Analysis, 20, 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.mran.2021.100186


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Duignan, S., Moffat, T., & Martin-Hill, D. (2022). Be like the running water: Assessing gendered and age-based water insecurity experiences with Six Nations First Nation. Social Science & Medicine, 298, 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114864


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Government of Canada. (2021). Canada’s Federal Implementation Plan for the 2030 Agenda. Retrieved from Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada website: <nowiki>https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/esdc-edsc/documents/programs/agenda-2030/Implementation-Plan_layout_EN_Web.pdf</nowiki>


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Mattos, K. J., Mulhern, R., Naughton, C. C., Anthonj, C., Brown, J., Brocklehurst, C., … Smith, A. (2021). Reaching those left behind: Knowledge gaps, challenges, and approaches to achieving SDG 6 in high-income countries. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 11(5), 849-858. doi:10.2166/washdev.2021.057


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Richardson, L. (2022, March 7). Process to apply for First Nations drinking water compensation now open. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/process-to-apply-for-first-nations-drinking-water-compensation-now-open/</nowiki>


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Statistics Canada. (2021, June 22). The Canadian indicator framework for the sustainable development goals. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-26-0004/112600042021001-eng.htm</nowiki>


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: Statistics Canada. (2022, September 28). Sustainable development goals: Goal 6, clean water and sanitation. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-637-x/2022001/article/00006-eng.htm</nowiki>


title: Sustainable Development Goal 6

text: United Nations. (2022). Goal 6 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6</nowiki>


title: Bright Memory

text: Bright Memory (), also known as Bright Memory: Episode 1, is a first-person shooter action video game developed by Chinese-based FYQD Personal Studio.


title: Bright Memory

text: Created by a single developer in his spare time, it was initially released through Steam's Early Access program for Microsoft Windows on 12 January 2019, eventually leaving early access on 25 March 2020. Additionally, the game was released for mobile platforms between 2019 and 2020, as well as for the Xbox Series X/S as one of its launch titles on 10 November 2020.


title: Bright Memory

text: Instead of creating an "Episode 2", the game was remade and expanded in both gameplay and story into a full-length title called Bright Memory: Infinite (), released on Windows and Xbox Series X/S in 2021. Players who have bought the Windows version of "Bright Memory" will be able to get "Bright Memory: Infinite" for free.


title: Bright Memory

text: "Bright Memory" is a first-person shooter with melee elements. Players take control of Shelia, who, in addition to using guns and a sword, also has supernatural abilities such as psychokinesis and unleashing energy blasts. All forms of attack can be combined as desired and the game will award letter grades to creative combinations similar to "Devil May Cry". Success in combat awards experience points that can be used to augment the character's skills and to unlock more abilities such as stopping time. Additionally, some areas feature puzzles that need to be solved. The early access version of the first episode features about an hour of gameplay with the developer announcing another two hours of gameplay by the end of 2019 with more episodes in the following years.


title: Bright Memory

text: Protagonist Shelia is tasked by the Science Research Organization (SRO) for which she works to prevent SAI, a military organization, from acquiring a legendary ancient power that can reawaken the dead. The game takes place in a "Land of Sky" located above the Arctic consisting of levitating land masses which are home to ancient creatures.


title: Bright Memory

text: "Bright Memory" was developed by Zeng "FYQD" Xiancheng using Unreal Engine 4 with development work taking place in the developer's spare time. Zeng first previewed the game in a trailer in 2017 and received financial support through Epic Games's Unreal Dev Grants.


title: Bright Memory

text: An early access version of "Episode One" was released worldwide on 12 January 2019. The game supports the Oculus Rift virtual reality goggles.


title: Bright Memory

text: In January 2019, Zeng admitted on a post on Sina Weibo that he has used some enemy models without acquiring a license and modified them for use in the game but did not specify which models or which games they were from. In reaction, Zeng announced that he would use the money from the game's sales to hire an art designer and reach out to the original rights holders.


title: Bright Memory

text: "Bright Memory: Episode 1" received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic, for having occasional bugs and almost unintelligible instructions, as it was translated from Chinese. Nevertheless, "Rock Paper Shotgun" opined that the game has both the look and feel of a shooter game developed with a large budget, and 'wipes the floor' compared to some much higher priced games. The music and translation were criticized as was the short length since the game does not feature any endless mode.


title: Bright Memory

text: "Bright Memory: Infinite" received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Scotland the Brave

text: "Scotland the Brave" () is a Scottish patriotic song, one of three often considered an unofficial Scottish national anthem (the others being "Flower of Scotland", and "Scots Wha Hae").


title: Scotland the Brave

text: The tune probably originated in the late 19th century. The earliest known printing of the tune was in the "Utah Musical Bouquet," January 1878, and the earliest known version printed in Scotland is in "The National Choir," 1891.


title: Scotland the Brave

text: The lyrics commonly used now were written about 1950 by Scottish journalist Clifford Leonard Clark "Cliff" Hanley for singer Robert Wilson as part of an arrangement by Marion McClurg. Another set of lyrics also often heard were sung by Canadian singer John Charles McDermott; they are closely based on the poem "Let Italy Boast" by James Hyslop, which was first published in 1821 in "The Edinburgh Magazine". However, Hyslop intended his poem to be sung to the melody of Sir Walter Scott of Abbotsford, 1st Baronet's "Boat Song" from "The Lady of the Lake" and not "Scotland the Brave".


title: Scotland the Brave

text: "Scotland the Brave" is also the authorised pipe band march of the British Columbia Dragoons of the Canadian Armed Forces.


title: Scotland the Brave

text: "Scotland the Brave" was played before matches involving the Scotland national football team at the 1982, 1986, and 1990 FIFA World Cups. "Flower of Scotland" was subsequently adopted by Scotland for use at FIFA-sponsored events, after its usage by the Scottish rugby union team.


title: Scotland the Brave

text: In June 2006, the song rated second in an online poll with more than 10,000 votes to determine Scotland's favourite unofficial anthem, losing only to "Flower of Scotland". The song was used to represent Scotland in the Commonwealth Games until it was replaced by "Flower of Scotland" from the 2010 games onwards.


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: The UCI men's road racing world rankings are a point system which is used to rank men's road cycling riders. Points are accrued over a rolling 52 weeks in three categories (Individual, Nations and Teams).


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: Also Year-End rankings exist, based on 12-month period in both Individual and Nations categories. All points available are determined on the importance level and for its prestige at each race.


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: On 10 January 2016, a complete new 52-week rolling basis ranking system was introduced in road cycling (same as ATP in tennis), incorporating both World Tour and Continental Circuit races.


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: Between 1948 and 2016 all rankings were Year-End, with no similarity to complete new 52 weeks system (copy of ATP) introduced in 2016:


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: Year-end ranking included Giro, TdF, Vuelta, Milan–San Remo, Tour of Flanders, Paris–Roubaix, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, Lombardia, Paris–Tours, Paris–Brussels and Tour de Suisse.


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: Riders must have participated in at least one of the three races in each organizing country (Belgium, France and Italy) to appear in the top season rider final classification1.


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: It was the Challenge Desgrange-Colombo successor ranking. It rewarded the season best rider who had been the most consistent in the biggest races (points were awarded over the entire cycling season).


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: Ranking was divided into three categories: Super Prestige Pernod (the best rider of the year), Prestige Pernod (the best French rider) and Pernod Promotion (the best French under 25).


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: Ranking was designating the best cyclist of the season. It was organized by Professional Cycling Federation (FICP) from the 1984 to 1992 and by Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) from 1993 to 2004.


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: UCI Road World Cup system that operated from 1989-2004, was successor of Super Prestige Pernod. It consisted of ten one-day events, designating the best rider of the season.


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: UCI ProTour ranking (and the second-tier UCI Continental Circuits) was successor of UCI Road World Cup. It was a series of road bicycle races in Europe, Australia and Canada designating the best rider of the season.


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: The ProTour rankings were replaced with a World Ranking system for 2009-2010, though this only considered a small number of ProTour and other high-prestige races, and was then merged into the World Tour in 2011.


title: UCI Men's road racing world ranking

text: UCI World Tour ranking merged with ex UCI ProTour ranking in 2011. It was designating the best rider and the best team of the season between 2009 and 2018; and the best nation of the season between 2009 and 2016.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: Robert Warren Miller (born May 23, 1933) is an American billionaire, entrepreneur, co-founder of DFS (Duty Free Shops), and sailing champion. He is the father of Crown Princess Marie-Chantal of Greece, Princess Alexandra von Fürstenberg, and Pia Getty, dubbed by tabloids and high society as The Miller Sisters.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: Miller was born in Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, on May 23, 1933, son of Ellis Warren Appleton Miller (Concord, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 7 February 1898 – May 1986), a bookkeeper and a salesman, and descendant of several Mayflower passengers, and wife (Cambridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 15 September 1923) Sophia "Sophie" June Squarebriggs (Prince Edward Island, 10 June 1899 – Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, 20 March 1998), a Canadian-born former governess. Miller's ancestry is rooted in the British North American colonial elite, and descends over time from Henry I of England , Louis IV of France , and William I of Scotland. He is also descended from Isaac Samuel (Poland/Prussia, ca. 1785 – Boston, Massachusetts, 29 June 1872), a Jewish merchant.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: Miller attended Cornell University School of Hotel Administration and graduated in 1955, with a Bachelor of Science in Hotel Administration. He was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and the Irving Literary Society.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: The concept of "duty-free shopping" – offering high-end concessions to travelers, free of import taxes – was in its infancy when, with Chuck Feeney, Miller founded DFS on November 7, 1960.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: DFS began operations in Hong Kong, where it still maintains its corporate headquarters, later expanding to Europe and other continents. DFS' first major breakthrough came in the early 1960s, when it secured the exclusive concession for duty-free sales in Hawaii and Hong Kong, allowing it to market its products to Japanese travelers. DFS eventually expanded to off-airport duty-free stores and large downtown Galleria stores, and became the world's largest travel retailer. In 1996, Feeney's interests were acquired by Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (LVMH), the French luxury goods group, for $1.63 billion.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: Miller kept his shares and remains a significant minority shareholder (38%) in DFS alongside LVMH, which bought out Feeney's share. More recently, Miller targeted the emergence of mainland China's economic elite. To present its new merchandise, DFS has moved beyond the airport liquor store venue and into store environments, seeking to market the broadest portfolio of brand names in the travelling marketplace.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: In 2010, the DFS Group had an estimated sales of about €2.2 billion. As of 2012, it has 150 stores in 15 Pacific states. Its downtown activities operate under the Galleria name.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: Miller was named the November 2010 Personality of the Month by The Moodie Report in recognition of his advancement of the luxury goods industry's cause. That year, Duty Free Shops (DFS) celebrated its 50th anniversary at the DFS Galleria Sun Plaza store in Hong Kong, with a gala attended by 2000 guests, and featuring a performance by Wyclef Jean.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: In 1973, Miller founded Search Investment Group Ltd, an international investment company of which he is CEO and chairperson. The Search investment Group Ltd is a large shareholder in Ortelius Capital Partners, which is an investment firm founded by Miller's son-in-law HRH Prince Pavlos of Greece and Mr. Peter DeSorcy. He is also principal of SAIL advisors (Search Alternative Investments Ltd), global investors in hedge funds. Along with other assets, Miller is currently ranked the 68th wealthiest person in the UK, down from 22nd in 2003.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: In October 2003, Miller's monohull yacht, the Mari-Cha IV, set a new world record, becoming the first monohull ever to cross the Atlantic Ocean in under seven days. During the same crossing, the yacht also broke the 24-hour distance record, by sailing . Both he and his son-in-law Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece, son of King Constantine II of Greece were crew members.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: On April 30, 2005, the Mari-Cha IV won the Rolex Transatlantic Challenge and broke the century-old record for a west-to-east transatlantic crossing established by Charlie Barr. It completed the 2,925-nautical mile passage across the North Atlantic between New York and England in a time of 9 days, 15 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds—a full 2 days, 12 hours, 6 minutes and 56 seconds faster than the record set 100 years earlier. During the record-breaking crossing, Miller pushed the Mari-Cha IV beyond its limits in poor weather, and the mainsail headboard and the headboard cars on both mainsail and mizzen broke.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: Miller is married since ca. August 3, 1965 to Ecuadorian-born María Clara "Chantal" Pesantes Becerra (Guayaquil, 25 June 1940), daughter of Servando Pesantes Chanduy (Mapasingue, near Guayaquil, 1949), construction worker, and wife Beatriz Becerra. They have three daughters: Pia (b. 1966), Marie-Chantal (b. 1968), and Alexandra (b. 1972).


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: He owns the Gunnerside Estate in Yorkshire, one of the largest sporting country estates in Great Britain.


title: Robert Warren Miller

text: Miller is a trustee of the Asia Society, the Independent non-executive director and Member of the Remuneration Committee of Hong Kong and Shanghai Hotels Ltd., and presidential councilor and trustee emeritus of Cornell University.


title: Hove

text: Hove is a seaside resort and one of the two main parts of the city of Brighton and Hove, along with Brighton in East Sussex, England. Originally a "small but ancient fishing village" surrounded by open farmland, it grew rapidly in the 19th century in response to the development of its eastern neighbour Brighton, and by the Victorian era it was a fully developed town with borough status. Neighbouring parishes such as Aldrington and Hangleton were annexed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The neighbouring urban district of Portslade was merged with Hove in 1974. In 1997, as part of local government reform, the borough merged with Brighton to form the Borough of Brighton and Hove, and this unitary authority was granted city status in 2000.


title: Hove

text: Old spellings of Hove include Hou (Domesday Book, 1086), la Houue (1288), Huua (13th century), Houve (13th and 14th centuries), Huve (14th and 15th centuries), Hova (16th century) and Hoova (1675). The etymology was disputed at length during the 20th century as academics offered several competing theories. Suggestions included an Old Norse word meaning "hall", "sanctuary" or "barrow", in reference to the Bronze Age barrow near the present Palmeira Square; an Old English phrase "æt þæm hofe" meaning "at the hall"; the Old English "hufe" meaning "shelter" or "covering"; and the Middle English "hofe" meaning "anchorage". No other places in Britain are called Hove, and single-syllable names as a whole are rare in Sussex. The modern name was originally pronounced "Hoove" (). The present pronunciation () "is comparatively recent".


title: Hove

text: Northern parts of Hove are built on chalk beds, part of the White Chalk Subgroup found across southeast England. There are also extensive areas of clay and sandy soil: areas of Woolwich Formation and Reading Formation clay, pockets of clay embedded with flint, and a large deposit of brickearth in the Aldrington area. Hove's beaches have the characteristics of a storm beach, and at high tide are entirely shingle, although low tide exposes sand between the sea-defence groynes, varying in extent from beach to beach. The water is then very shallow and suitable for paddling. On spring tides a greater expanse of sand is exposed beyond the end of the sea defences. The mean height above sea level of land in the old parish of Hove varied between and . After Hove became a borough and expanded to incorporate land from neighbouring parishes, the highest point was approximately above sea level. There are no rivers in Hove, but Westbourne Gardens at the western boundary of the old parish is named after the "West Bourne", which was still visible in the 19th century but which now runs underground, and a map of 1588 shows another stream called East Brook.


title: Hove

text: Until the 19th century the parish was mostly agricultural. Three farms—Wick, Goldstone and Long Barn—dominated the area and owned most of the land, which was of good quality: agricultural writer Arthur Young described it as "uncommonly rich". Crops including oats, barley, corn and various vegetables were grown. Only in the 1870s were the last of the market gardens near Hove Street built over, and barley was grown near Eaton Road until the county cricket ground was built. Water was provided by wells west of Hove Street and between the coast road and the sea (the latter was destroyed in the Great Storm of 1703). The chalybeate spring on the Wick Farm estate was also used, especially by shepherds who drove their sheep between Hove, the South Downs and nearby villages along ancient drove roads. Some local shepherds supplemented their income by catching larks and northern wheatears and selling them for their meat; the latter were popular among fashionable visitors to Brighton. The birds were common on the hills and valleys around Hove, such as Goldstone Bottom. The practice died out when wheatears became a protected species in the late 18th century. The urban growth of Hove has shifted sheep-farming to more isolated parts of the South Downs, but several drove roads survive today as roads or footpaths. Hove Street and its northward continuation Sackville Road were originally known as "Hove Drove" and led on to the Downs. A long west–east route which crossed West Blatchington, Hove and Preston parishes on its way to Lewes now bears the names The Droveway, The Drove and Preston Drove. The section called The Droveway, on which the Goldstone Waterworks was built in the 1860s, had to be maintained as a right of way when Hove Park was built. A long diagonal footpath once known as Dyer's Drove runs for several miles from Portslade-by-Sea on to the Downs, and Drove Road in Portslade village may have been used since Roman times.


title: Hove

text: A large Sarsen stone called the Goldstone stood on farmland northwest of the village, now part of Hove Park. Links with druids were claimed; and some 19th-century sources stated it was part of a ring of stones similar to Stonehenge, and that the others were buried in a pond at Goldstone Bottom, one of the coombes (small dry valleys) between the Downs and the sea. The Goldstone was dug up and buried by a farmer, but was unearthed and re-erected in a new position in the park in 1906.


title: Hove

text: Hove has little ancient woodland. Only two small areas survive: one in St Ann's Well Gardens, and The Three Cornered Copse in the Tongdean area. The latter covers and belonged to the Marquess of Abergavenny until Hove Borough Council bought it in January 1935. Trees in the copse include ash, beech, elm and sycamore, although more than 120 mature beech trees were blown down in the Great Storm of 1987.


title: Hove

text: Much of Hove is urbanised, but in 1994 there were of downland—about 37.5% of the total acreage of the then borough. In common with other parts of the South Downs, much of land has been used as sheep pasture, but crop farming also takes place and large areas of land were claimed for military training during World War II. Toads Hole Valley, a triangular site south of the Brighton Bypass, is "the last piece of unspoiled downland in Hove". It has been privately owned since 1937 and has been proposed for urban development for many years: in 2002 it was stated that "controversy rages over the future use of this land".


title: Hove

text: Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).


title: Hove

text: Fossilised remains from the Pleistocene era have been found in three locations in Hove: an molar from "Elephas antiquus", excavated from the garden of a house in Poplar Avenue; teeth from a juvenile elephant deep in the soil at Ventnor Villas; and a prehistoric horse's tooth in the soil near Hove Street.


title: Hove

text: During building work near Palmeira Square in 1856–57, workmen uncovered a substantial burial mound. A prominent feature of the landscape since 1200 BC, the -high tumulus yielded, among other treasures, the Hove amber cup. Made of translucent red Baltic amber and approximately the same size as a regular china tea cup, the artefact can be seen in the Hove Museum and Art Gallery. Only one other has been found in Britain. Also buried in the coffin in which the amber cup was found were a stone battle-axe, a whetstone and a bronze dagger whose appearance is characteristic of the Wessex culture.


title: Hove

text: There are entries for Brighton and Portslade (Bristelmestune and Porteslage) and small downland settlements like Hangleton (Hangetone), but nothing for the location of Hove itself.


title: Hove

text: The first known settlement in Hove was around the 12th century when St Andrew's Church was established. Hove remained insignificant for centuries, consisting of just a single street running north–south some 250 m from the church, which by the 16th century was recorded as being in ruins.


title: Hove

text: Hangleton Manor is a well-preserved 16th-century flint manor building. It is believed to have been built c. 1540 for Richard Bel(l)ingham, twice High Sheriff of Sussex, whose initials are carved into a fireplace, and whose coat of arms adorns a period plaster ceiling. The Manor is currently serving as a pub-restaurant and whilst it was once on open downland, it is now surrounded by the 20th-century Hangleton housing estate.


title: Hove

text: In 1723 a traveller, the antiquary John Warburton, wrote, 'I passed through a ruinous village called Hove which the sea is daily eating up and is in a fair way of being quite deserted; but the church being quite large and a good distance from the shore may perhaps escape'. Nevertheless, in around 1702 The Ship Inn had been built at the seaward end of the main street, and was therefore vulnerable to erosion of the coast.


title: Hove

text: In 1724, Daniel Defoe wrote in reference to the south coast, 'I do not find they have any foreign commerce, except it be what we call smuggling and roguing; which I may say, is the reigning commerce of all this part of the English coast, from the mouth of the Thames to the Land's End in Cornwall."


title: Hove

text: The fertile coastal plain west of the Brighton boundary had significant deposits of brickearth and by c.1770 a brickfield had been established on the site of what would become Brunswick Square. Later, other brickfields were established further west, remaining until displaced by housing development.


title: Hove

text: The census of 1801 recorded only 101 residents to Brighton's 7,339. By 1821, the year the Prince Regent was crowned George IV, the population had risen to 312, Brighton's too had trebled to 24,429 with the dwellings still clustered on Hove Street, surrounded by an otherwise empty landscape of open farmland. This relative isolated location of Hove, compared to Brighton, was ideal for smuggling and there was considerable illicit activity. Hove smugglers became notorious, with contraband often being stored in the now partially repaired St. Andrew's Church. Tradition has it that The Ship Inn was a favourite rendezvous for the smugglers, and in 1794 soldiers were billeted there. In 1818 there was a pitched battle on Hove beach between revenue men and smugglers, from which the latter emerged as the victors. As part of the concerted drive by Parliament to combat smuggling, a coastguard station was opened at the southern end of Hove Street in 1831, next to The Ship Inn.


title: Hove

text: Also at the bottom of Hove Street was the bull-ring. At a bull-bait in 1810 the bull escaped, scattering spectators before being recaptured and dragged back to the ring. This was the last bull-bait to take place in Hove.


title: Hove

text: In the years following the Coronation of 1821 the Brunswick estate of large Regency houses boasting a theatre, riding schools and their own police was developed on the seafront near the boundary with Brighton. Although within Hove parish the residents of these elegant houses studiously avoided the name of the impoverished village a mile to the west as an address. Straggling development along the coast loosely connected the estate to fashionable Brighton, so that name was used instead.


title: Hove

text: Dating from 1822, the Brighton to Shoreham turnpike crossed the north of Hove parish along the route of the present Old Shoreham Road.


title: Hove

text: The Brighton General Gas Light Company was formed in 1825. Production of coal gas was notorious for the foul smell it produced, and was only sited in the poorest areas. The company acquired land in the fields between Hove Street and the ruins of St. Andrew's Church, and in 1832 built a gasworks on a two-acre site. The process required substantial tonnage of coal, delivered by horse-drawn cart on the unmade tracks in the vicinity, and removal of by-products including coke, coal tar, sulphur and ammonia by the same means. With a tall chimney and two gasometers next to the churchyard, this industrial site was a considerable intrusion on the impoverished populace of Hove, although not for rapidly growing but still-distant Brighton, which was the main centre of consumption. Being situated in Hove avoided the duty of £1 per 8 tons levied on coal by the Brighton Town Act of 1773. A gasworks built east of Brighton in 1819, and therefore similarly exempt, was supplied by sailing brigs grounding at high tide, the crew tipping the coal down chutes into horse-drawn carts then re-floating on the next tide. This method, risky for the vessel and also inherently dirty and disruptive, may have been used at Hove until eventually superseded. The railway arrived in 1840 whilst several miles along the coast Shoreham Harbour was increasing its coal trade. By 1861 the site had doubled in size and there were now five gasometers, ranging in size from small to large. Due to spiralling demand, in 1871 a large new works was built at Portslade-by-Sea in Shoreham Harbour, and by 1885 all gas manufacture in Brighton and Hove had been transferred there. The Hove site, in a by now primarily residential area, was then used for storage only.


title: Hove

text: By 1831 the development of the eastern end of the parish had increased the population to 1,360 but this brought few economic benefits to Hove village itself, with the historian Thomas Horsfield describing it in 1835 as 'a mean and insignificant assemblage of huts'.


title: Hove

text: St Andrew's Church was reconstructed and enlarged to its present form in 1836, to the design of the architect George Basevi (1794–1845), and features prominently in the background of paintings of the period. About this time, a very substantial and tall wall was built between the churchyard and adjoining gasworks, remaining in place to this day.


title: Hove

text: The flat coastal plain was useful for sport as from 1848 to 1871 England's oldest county club, Sussex County Cricket Club, used the Royal Brunswick Ground in Hove, situated roughly on the site of present-day Third and Fourth Avenues. In 1872 the club moved to the present County Cricket Ground, Hove.


title: Hove

text: Two further large estates were developed between Hove village and Brunswick, and both avoided using the name Hove: Cliftonville was designed, laid out and initially developed under Frederick Banister from the late 1840s; and West Brighton Estate in the 1870s.


title: Hove

text: West of Brunswick, the seafront of West Brighton Estate forms the end of a series of avenues, in numerical order beginning with First Avenue, mostly composed of fine Victorian villas built as another well-integrated housing scheme featuring mews for artisans and service buildings. Grand Avenue, The Drive, and the numbered avenues were developed through the 1870s and 1880s, with many of the buildings constructed by William Willett.


title: Hove

text: Hove's wide boulevards contrast with the bustle of Brighton, although many of the grand Regency and Victorian mansions have been converted into flats. Marlborough Court was once the residence of the Duchess of Marlborough, aunt of Winston Churchill. The Irish nationalist leader and Home Rule MP Charles Stewart Parnell used to visit his lover, the already married Kitty O'Shea at the house she rented in 1883 in Medina Villas, Hove. In the subsequent divorce action the cook alleged that Captain O’Shea returned home unexpectedly and Parnell beat a hasty retreat by climbing over the balcony and down a rope ladder. Parnell died at Hove in 1891 after marrying Kitty following her divorce.


title: Hove

text: Over 600 men from Hove were killed in the First World War. After the armistice, the town established a war memorial committee to decide on commemoration of the dead. The committee commissioned Sir Edwin Lutyens, the architect responsible for the Cenotaph on London's Whitehall which became the focus of national remembrance services. Lutyens proposed a similar cenotaph for Hove and went as far as constructing a wooden mock-up which was displayed on Hove Lawns but the committee rejected the design. The eventual result was a statue of Saint George atop a column, situated in the centre of Grand Avenue. The memorial does not contain the names of the fallen, which are instead recorded on a bronze plaque in Hove Library.


title: Hove

text: At the outbreak of war, the recently completed Hove Marina leisure centre was immediately requisitioned as a training base for new officers of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) and was given the title . The establishment opened on 11 September 1939 and later expanded into Lancing College. By the end of the war, the base had trained 22,508 British, Commonwealth and allied officers for active sea service.


title: Hove

text: On 22 September 1939, the second Anglo-French Supreme War Council was held at Hove Town Hall to discuss the progress of the war and define future strategy. The British delegation included the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax, while the French party was led by the Minister of Defence and Prime Minister of France, Édouard Daladier and Commander-in-Chief of the Armies, Maurice Gamelin. Also present was Sir Alexander Cadogan who related that the town hall staff had only been told to expect some government officials, with the result that the prime minister was greeted with the exclamation; "Chamberlain! !".


title: Hove

text: The Brighton and Hove area was subjected to heavy bombing by the "Luftwaffe" between 1940 and 1944, known collectively as the "Brighton Blitz", which resulted in the deaths of 198 civilians.


title: Hove

text: The ancient parish of Hove originally consisted of only and in 1801 had a population of just 101. In 1829, local landowners petitioned parliament for powers to improve the Brunswick Town area of Hove with paving, lighting and drainage, resulting in the appointment of a body known as the Brunswick Commissioners in the following year. Subsequently, further commissioners were appointed for West Hove and to administer the Hove Police, all three bodies being united by the Hove Commissioners Act of 1873. In 1893 the civil parish of Aldrington was joined to Hove and in 1894, the Hove Commissioners were replaced by an Urban District Council. Finally in 1898 the Municipal Borough of Hove received its royal charter. This was enlarged in 1927 by the addition of the parishes of Preston Rural and Hangleton along with parts of West Blatchington and Patcham. The corporation consisted of a mayor, ten aldermen, and thirty councillors, elected from ten wards. The first town hall was built in 1882. On 1 April 1997 Brighton Borough Council and Hove Borough Council were merged to form Brighton and Hove City Council.


title: Hove

text: While it was still a separate entity, Hove had its own coat of arms. The escutcheon's official heraldic description is "Tierced in pairle: 1. Or a saltire azure voided argent; 2. Gules two pairs of leg-irons interlaced argent; 3. Checky or and azure three martlets or, all in a border ermine charged with six martlets or". The design incorporates several features relevant to Hove's history. The ships of the French raiders who repeatedly attacked the coast in the Brighton and Hove area in the 16th century are represented by the crest. The saltire of Saint Andrew and the leg-shackles of Leonard of Noblac refer to the ancient parish churches of Hove and Aldrington, St Andrew's and St Leonard's respectively. William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey held land in the Rape of Lewes at the time of the Norman Conquest including the territory covered by Hove; his colours were blue and gold, represented by the chequerboard pattern in the background of the shield.


title: Hove

text: The town centre received substantial renovation in the late 1990s when the popular George Street was pedestrianised. Some concern about the pedestrianisation and its impact (supposedly killing trade) was expressed by residents, the local newspaper "The Argus", and small locally owned shops. However these fears proved unfounded. In 2003 these small shops were joined by the centre's first large supermarket (a Tesco), built on the site of a former gasometer.


title: Hove

text: Ecclesiastically, Hove was part of a joint parish with Preston between 1531 and 1879. The newly separate parish of Hove was then split several times in the late 19th and 20th centuries as the population grew and more Anglican churches were built. St Andrew's Church near the top end of Hove Street was the ancient parish church but was in ruins by the 1830s, when it was rebuilt in a Neo-gothic style. St Helen's Church at Hangleton, lightly restored in the 1870s, retains the style of a simple Sussex downland church. St Peter's Church was abandoned and fell to ruins in the 17th century when West Blatchington became depopulated, but it was rebuilt in the 1890s. St Leonard's, the parish church of Aldrington, was also ruinous until 1878 when local population growth necessitated its restoration.


title: Hove

text: A second church dedicated to St Andrew opened on the Brunswick estate in 1828. St John the Baptist's was built on Palmeira Square in 1852, followed by St Patrick's nearby in 1858 and Holy Trinity in central Hove in 1864. St Barnabas served the poorer areas around Sackville Road from 1883; All Saints on Eaton Road dates from 1889 to 1891; St Philip's was built in 1895 as a second church for Aldrington, and opened a mission hall (now Holy Cross Church) in the Poets' Corner area in 1903; St Thomas the Apostle opened on Davigdor Road in 1909; St Agnes was built north of Hove station in 1913; Bishop Hannington Memorial Church opened in West Blatchington in 1939; and The Knoll estate has been served by St Richard's Church since 1961, replacing an 1930s church hall. Four of these churches have closed: St Agnes in 1977, St Andrew's in Brunswick Town in 1990, St Thomas in 1993 and Holy Trinity in 2007. All Saints Church, a Grade I-listed building by John Loughborough Pearson, became the parish church of Hove in 1892.


title: Hove

text: The Church of the Sacred Heart was Hove's first Roman Catholic church. It was founded in 1876 by St Mary Magdalen's Church in Brighton, whose first priest left money in his will for a church in Hove. Work was delayed by disputes over the site, but after land on Norton Road was secured construction started in 1880 and the west end was finished in 1887. The Sacred Heart in turn founded a mission church in 1902 to serve the Aldrington and Portland Road areas of Hove. St Peter's Hall was used until the "startling" basilica-style red-brick St Peter's Church was opened in 1915. Mass was said in Hangleton from the 1940s in a hall and at the Grenadier pub, but in the 1950s land on Court Farm Road was bought for a church and St George's Church opened in 1968. It serves West Blatchington and Hangleton, and is now part of a joint parish with Southwick and Portslade.


title: Hove

text: Hove was included in the Lewes and Brighton Methodist Circuit from 1808, although at times during the 19th century no Methodists (Wesleyan, Primitive or Bible Christian) lived in the area. A secondhand tin tabernacle was erected on Portland Road for Wesleyans in 1883, and the present Hove Methodist Church was built on the site in 1896. A Bible Christian chapel was built in 1905 on Old Shoreham Road but never thrived; it closed in 1947 and was sold to a charity. Primitive Methodists worshipped at a large chapel on Goldstone Villas from 1878 until 1933. It was converted into offices in 1968.


title: Hove

text: Hove's General Baptist congregation developed in the 1870s and met in a gymnasium and a tin tabernacle until Holland Road Baptist Church opened in 1887. A deacon from the church started holding Baptist meetings in a new church building on the Hangleton estate in 1957. It now has the name Oasis Church. A former Congregational mission hall in Aldrington, built in 1900, is home to the Baptist-aligned New Life Christian Church. Stoneham Road Baptist Church was founded in 1904 by the Holland Road church to serve the Poets' Corner area. It closed and was demolished in 2008. Baptists also met in Connaught Terrace from 1879, and Strict Baptists worshipped at Providence Chapel on Haddington Street from 1880 until 1908.


title: Hove

text: A Congregational chapel was built on Ventnor Villas in 1870, and 41 years later St Cuthbert's Presbyterian Church opened on Holland Road. After the two denominations merged in 1972 to form the United Reformed Church, the congregations came together in 1980 at the Ventnor Villas premises. These were renamed Central United Reformed Church and continue to serve as the main centre for that denomination in Hove. St Cuthbert's was demolished in 1984. In 1938 trustees of the Congregational chapel founded another on the Hangleton estate. Hounsom Memorial Church is also now part of the United Reformed Church.