title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Educated as a physician, Brundtland joined the Labour Party and entered the government in 1974 as Minister of the Environment. She became the first female Prime Minister of Norway on 4 February 1981, but left office on 14 October 1981; she returned as Prime Minister on 9 May 1986 and served until 16 October 1989. She finally returned for her third term on 3 November 1990. From 1981 to 1992 she was leader of the Labour Party. After her surprise resignation as Prime Minister in 1996, she became an international leader in sustainable development and public health, and served as Director-General of the World Health Organization and as UN Special Envoy on Climate Change from 2007 to 2010. She is also deputy chair of The Elders and a former vice-president of the Socialist International.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland belonged to the moderate wing of her party and supported Norwegian membership in the European Union during the 1994 referendum. As Prime Minister Brundtland became widely known as the "mother of the nation." Brundtland received the 1994 Charlemagne Prize, and has received many other awards and recognitions.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland was born in Oslo in 1939, the daughter of physician and politician Gudmund Harlem and Inga Margareta Elisabet Brynolf (1918–2005). She has a younger brother, Lars and a younger sister, Hanne.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: In 1963, Brundtland graduated with a medical degree, a cand.med. from the University of Oslo. She took her master's degree at Harvard University in 1965, as a Master of Public Health.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: From 1966 to 1969, she worked as a physician at the Directorate of Health ("Helsedirektoratet"), and from 1969 she worked as a doctor in Oslo's public school health service.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland became Norway's first female Prime Minister in 1981. She served as Prime Minister from February to October.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland became Norwegian Prime Minister for two further, and more durable, terms. The second ministry was from 9 May 1986 until 16 October 1989 and this cabinet became known worldwide for its high proportion of female ministers: nearly half, or eight of the total eighteen ministers, were female. The third ministry was from 3 November 1990 to 25 October 1996.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland became leader of the Labour Party in 1981 and held the office until resigning in 1992, during her third term as Prime Minister. In 1996, she resigned as Prime Minister and retired completely from Norwegian politics. Her successor as both Labour Party leader in 1992 and as Prime Minister in 1996 was Thorbjørn Jagland.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: In 1983, Brundtland was invited by then United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar to establish and chair the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), widely referred to as the Brundtland Commission. She developed the broad political concept of sustainable development in the course of extensive public hearings, that were distinguished by their inclusiveness. The commission, which published its report, "Our Common Future", in April 1987, provided the momentum for the 1992 Earth Summit/UNCED, which was headed by Maurice Strong, who had been a prominent member of the commission. The Brundtland Commission also provided momentum for Agenda 21.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: During her third ministry, the Norwegian government in 1993 took the initiative to sponsor secret peace talks between the Government of Israel led by Yitzchak Rabin – like Brundtland, leader of a Labour Party – and the PLO led by Yasser Arafat. This culminated with the signing of the Oslo Accords. For several years afterwards Norway continued to have a high-profile involvement in promoting Israeli-Palestinian peace, though increasingly displaced by the United States from its role as the mediator.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: After the end of her term as PM, Brundtland was then elected Director-General of the World Health Organization in May 1998. In this capacity, Brundtland adopted a far-reaching approach to public health, establishing a Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, chaired by Jeffrey Sachs, and addressing violence as a major public health issue. Brundtland spearheaded the movement, now worldwide, to achieve the abolition of cigarette smoking by education, persuasion, and increased taxation. Under her leadership, the World Health Organization was one of the first major employers to make quitting smoking a condition of employment.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Under Brundtland's leadership, the World Health Organization was criticized for increased drug-company influence on the agency.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland was recognized in 2003 by "Scientific American" as their 'Policy Leader of the Year' for coordinating a rapid worldwide response to stem outbreaks of SARS. Brundtland was succeeded on 21 July 2003 by Jong-Wook Lee. In 1994, Brundtland was awarded the Charlemagne Prize of the city of Aachen.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: In 2006 Brundtland was a member of the Panel of Eminent Persons who reviewed the work of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). In May 2007, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon named Brundtland, as well as Ricardo Lagos (the former president of Chile), and Han Seung-soo (the former foreign minister of South Korea), to serve as UN Special Envoys for Climate Change.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland's hallmark political activities have been chronicled by her husband, , in his two bestsellers, "Married to Gro" () and "Still married to Gro" ().


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland is also a member of the Club of Madrid, an independent organization of former leaders of democratic states, which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland is a founding member of The Elders, a group of world leaders originally convened by Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel and Desmond Tutu in order to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced the launch of the group on 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Brundtland has been active in The Elders' work, participating in a broad range of the group's initiatives. She has travelled with Elders delegations to Cyprus, the Korean Peninsula, Ethiopia, India and the Middle East. Brundtland has also been involved in The Elders' initiative on child marriage, including the founding of "Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage". She was appointed Deputy Chair of the group in 2013 and was succeeded in this role by Ban Ki-moon and Graça Machel in 2018.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland narrowly escaped assassination by Anders Behring Breivik on 22 July 2011. She had been on the island of Utøya hours before the massacre there to give a speech to the AUF camp; Breivik stated that he originally intended Brundtland to be the main target of the attack (along with Eskil Pedersen and Jonas Gahr Støre), but he had been delayed while travelling from Oslo. Breivik arrived on Utøya about two hours after Brundtland had left.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: During his trial in 2012, Breivik revealed detailed assassination plans for Brundtland. He told the court that he had planned to handcuff her and then record himself reading out a prepared text detailing her "crimes", before decapitating her on camera using a bayonet and uploading the footage to the internet. Breivik said that while Brundtland had been his main target, he had still planned to massacre everyone else on the island.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: She married Arne Olav Brundtland on 9 December 1960. They had four children; one is now deceased. They own a house in the south of France.


title: Gro Harlem Brundtland

text: Brundtland was operated on for uterine cancer in 2002 at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål. In 2008 it became known that during 2007 she had received two treatments at Ullevål, paid for by Norwegian public expenditures. Since she had previously notified the Norwegian authorities that she had changed residence to France, she was no longer entitled to Norwegian social security benefits. Following media attention surrounding the matter, Brundtland decided to change residence once more, back to Norway, and she also announced that she would be paying for the treatments herself. Brundtland has claimed to suffer from electrical sensitivity which causes headaches when someone uses a mobile phone near her.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: In philosophy, potentiality and actuality are a pair of closely connected principles which Aristotle used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his "Physics", "Metaphysics", "Nicomachean Ethics", and "De Anima".


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: The concept of potentiality, in this context, generally refers to any "possibility" that a thing can be said to have. Aristotle did not consider all possibilities the same, and emphasized the importance of those that become real of their own accord when conditions are right and nothing stops them.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Actuality, in contrast to potentiality, is the motion, change or activity that represents an exercise or fulfillment of a possibility, when a possibility becomes real in the fullest sense.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: These concepts, in modified forms, remained very important into the Middle Ages, influencing the development of medieval theology in several ways. In modern times the dichotomy has gradually lost importance, as understandings of nature and deity have changed. However the terminology has also been adapted to new uses, as is most obvious in words like "energy" and "dynamic". These were words first used in modern physics by the German scientist and philosopher, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Another more recent example is the concept of a biological "entelechy".


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: "Potentiality" and "potency" are translations of the Ancient Greek word (δύναμις). They refer especially to the way the word is used by Aristotle, as a concept contrasting with "actuality". The Latin translation of "dunamis" is , which is the root of the English word "potential", is also sometimes used in English-language philosophical texts.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: In his philosophy, Aristotle distinguished two meanings of the word . According to his understanding of nature there was both a weak sense of potential, meaning simply that something "might chance to happen or not to happen", and a stronger sense, to indicate how something could be done "well". For example, "sometimes we say that those who can merely take a walk, or speak, without doing it as well as they intended, cannot speak or walk". This stronger sense is mainly said of the potentials of living things, although it is also sometimes used for things like musical instruments.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Throughout his works, Aristotle clearly distinguishes things that are stable or persistent, with their own strong natural tendency to a specific type of change, from things that appear to occur by chance. He treats these as having a different and more real existence. "Natures which persist" are said by him to be one of the causes of all things, while natures that do not persist, "might often be slandered as not being at all by one who fixes his thinking sternly upon it as upon a criminal". The potencies which persist in a particular material are one way of describing "the nature itself" of that material, an innate source of motion and rest within that material. In terms of Aristotle's theory of four causes, a material's non-accidental potential is the material cause of the things that can come to be from that material, and one part of how we can understand the substance ("ousia", sometimes translated as "thinghood") of any separate thing. (As emphasized by Aristotle, this requires his distinction between accidental causes and natural causes.) According to Aristotle, when we refer to the nature of a thing, we are referring to the form, shape or look of a thing, which was already present as a potential, an innate tendency to change, in that material before it achieved that form, but things show what they are more fully, as a real thing, when they are "fully at work".


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Actuality is often used to translate both (ενέργεια) and (ἐντελέχεια) (sometimes rendered in English as "entelechy"). "Actuality" comes from Latin "" and is a traditional translation, but its normal meaning in Latin is 'anything which is currently happening'.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: The two words and were coined by Aristotle, and he stated that their meanings were intended to converge. In practice, most commentators and translators consider the two words to be interchangeable. They both refer to something being in its own type of action or at work, as all things are when they are real in the fullest sense, and not just potentially real. For example, "to be a rock is to strain to be at the center of the universe, and thus to be in motion unless constrained otherwise".


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Two examples of in Aristotle's works are pleasure and happiness (eudaimonia). Pleasure is an of the human body and mind whereas happiness is more simply the of a human being a human.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: , translated as movement, motion, or in some contexts change, is also explained by Aristotle as a particular type of . See below.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Aristotle invents the word by combining (, 'complete, full-grown') with (<nowiki>=</nowiki> "hexis", to be a certain way by the continuing effort of holding on in that condition), while at the same time punning on (, 'persistence') by inserting "telos" (, 'completion'). This is a three-ring circus of a word, at the heart of everything in Aristotle's thinking, including the definition of motion.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Sachs therefore proposed a complex neologism of his own, "being-at-work-staying-the-same". Another translation in recent years is "being-at-an-end" (which Sachs has also used).


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: , as can be seen by its derivation, is a kind of completeness, whereas "the end and completion of any genuine being is its being-at-work" (). The is a continuous being-at-work () when something is doing its complete "work". For this reason, the meanings of the two words converge, and they both depend upon the idea that every thing's "thinghood" is a kind of work, or in other words a specific way of being in motion. All things that exist now, and not just potentially, are beings-at-work, and all of them have a tendency towards being-at-work in a particular way that would be their proper and "complete" way.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Sachs explains the convergence of and as follows, and uses the word actuality to describe the overlap between them:


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Just as extends to because it is the activity which makes a thing what it is, extends to because it is the end or perfection which has being only in, through, and during activity.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Aristotle discusses motion () in his "Physics" quite differently from modern science. Aristotle's definition of motion is closely connected to his actuality-potentiality distinction. Taken literally, Aristotle defines motion as the actuality () of a "potentiality as such". What Aristotle meant however is the subject of several different interpretations. A major difficulty comes from the fact that the terms actuality and potentiality, linked in this definition, are normally understood within Aristotle as opposed to each other. On the other hand, the "as such" is important and is explained at length by Aristotle, giving examples of "potentiality as such". For example, the motion of building is the of the of the building materials "as building materials" as opposed to anything else they might become, and this potential in the unbuilt materials is referred to by Aristotle as "the buildable". So the motion of building is the actualization of "the buildable" and not the actualization of a house as such, nor the actualization of any other possibility which the building materials might have had.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: In an influential 1969 paper Aryeh Kosman divided up previous attempts to explain Aristotle's definition into two types, criticised them, and then gave his own third interpretation. While this has not become a consensus, it has been described as having become "orthodox". This and similar more recent publications are the basis of the following summary.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: and associate this approach with W.D. Ross. points out that it was also the interpretation of Averroes and Maimonides.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: This interpretation is, to use the words of Ross that "it is the passage to actuality that is ” as opposed to any potentiality being an actuality.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: The argument of Ross for this interpretation requires him to assert that Aristotle actually used his own word wrongly, or inconsistently, only within his definition, making it mean "actualization", which is in conflict with Aristotle's normal use of words. According to this explanation also can not account for the "as such" in Aristotle's definition.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: associates this interpretation with St Thomas of Aquinas and explains that by this explanation "the apparent contradiction between potentiality and actuality in Aristotle's definition of motion" is resolved "by arguing that in every motion actuality and potentiality are mixed or blended". Motion is therefore "the actuality of any potentiality insofar as it is still a potentiality". Or in other words:


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: The Thomistic blend of actuality and potentiality has the characteristic that, to the extent that it is actual it is not potential and to the extent that it is potential it is not actual; the hotter the water is, the less is it potentially hot, and the cooler it is, the less is it actually, the more potentially, hot.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: One implication of this interpretation is that whatever happens to be the case right now is an , as though something that is intrinsically unstable as the instantaneous position of an arrow in flight deserved to be described by the word that everywhere else Aristotle reserves for complex organized states that persist, that hold out against internal and external causes that try to destroy them.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: In a more recent paper on this subject, Kosman associates the view of Aquinas with those of his own critics, David Charles, Jonathan Beere, and Robert Heineman.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: , amongst other authors (such as Aryeh Kosman and Ursula Coope), proposes that the solution to problems interpreting Aristotle's definition must be found in the distinction Aristotle makes between two different types of potentiality, with only one of those corresponding to the "potentiality as such" appearing in the definition of motion. He writes:


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: The man with sight, but with his eyes closed, differs from the blind man, although neither is seeing. The first man has the capacity to see, which the second man lacks. There are then potentialities as well as actualities in the world. But when the first man opens his eyes, has he lost the capacity to see? Obviously not; while he is seeing, his capacity to see is no longer merely a potentiality, but is a potentiality which has been put to work. The potentiality to see exists sometimes as active or at-work, and sometimes as inactive or latent.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: , in his commentary of Aristotle's "Physics" book III gives the following results from his understanding of Aristotle's definition of motion:


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: The genus of which motion is a species is being-at-work-staying-itself (), of which the only other species is thinghood. The being-at-work-staying-itself of a potency (), as material, is thinghood. The being-at-work-staying-the-same of a potency as a potency is motion.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: The actuality-potentiality distinction in Aristotle is a key element linked to everything in his physics and metaphysics.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Aristotle describes potentiality and actuality, or potency and action, as one of several distinctions between things that exist or do not exist. In a sense, a thing that exists potentially does not exist, but the potential does exist. And this type of distinction is expressed for several different types of being within Aristotle's categories of being. For example, from Aristotle's "Metaphysics", 1017a:


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Within the works of Aristotle the terms and , often translated as actuality, differ from what is merely actual because they specifically presuppose that all things have a proper kind of activity or work which, if achieved, would be their proper end. Greek for end in this sense is telos, a component word in (a work that is the proper end of a thing) and also teleology. This is an aspect of Aristotle's theory of four causes and specifically of formal cause (, which Aristotle says is ) and final cause ().


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: In essence this means that Aristotle did not see things as matter in motion only, but also proposed that all things have their own aims or ends. In other words, for Aristotle (unlike modern science) there is a distinction between things with a natural cause in the strongest sense, and things that truly happen by accident. He also distinguishes non-rational from rational potentialities (e.g. the capacity to heat and the capacity to play the flute, respectively), pointing out that the latter require desire or deliberate choice for their actualization. Because of this style of reasoning, Aristotle is often referred to as having a teleology, and sometimes as having a theory of forms.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: While actuality is linked by Aristotle to his concept of a formal cause, potentiality (or potency) on the other hand, is linked by Aristotle to his concepts of hylomorphic matter and material cause. Aristotle wrote for example that "matter exists potentially, because it may attain to the form; but when it exists actually, it is then in the form".


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Teleology is a crucial concept throughout Aristotle's philosophy. This means that as well as its central role in his physics and metaphysics, the potentiality-actuality distinction has a significant influence on other areas of Aristotle's thought such as his ethics, biology and psychology.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: The active intellect was a concept Aristotle described that requires an understanding of the actuality-potentiality dichotomy. Aristotle described this in his "De Anima" (book 3, ch. 5, 430a10-25) and covered similar ground in his "Metaphysics" (book 12, ch.7-10). The following is from the "De Anima", translated by Joe Sachs, with some parenthetic notes about the Greek. The passage tries to explain "how the human intellect passes from its original state, in which it does not think, to a subsequent state, in which it does." He inferred that the / distinction must also exist in the soul itself:-


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: ...since in nature one thing is the material ["hulē"] for each kind ["genos"] (this is what is in potency all the particular things of that kind) but it is something else that is the causal and productive thing by which all of them are formed, as is the case with an art in relation to its material, it is necessary in the soul ["psuchē"] too that these distinct aspects be present;


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: the one sort is intellect ["nous"] by becoming all things, the other sort by forming all things, in the way an active condition ["hexis"] like light too makes the colors that are in potency be at work as colors [].


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: This sort of intellect is separate, as well as being without attributes and unmixed, since it is by its thinghood a being-at-work, for what acts is always distinguished in stature above what is acted upon, as a governing source is above the material it works on.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Knowledge [], in its being-at-work, is the same as the thing it knows, and while knowledge in potency comes first in time in any one knower, in the whole of things it does not take precedence even in time.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: This does not mean that at one time it thinks but at another time it does not think, but when separated it is just exactly what it is, and this alone is deathless and everlasting (though we have no memory, because this sort of intellect is not acted upon, while the sort that is acted upon is destructible), and without this nothing thinks.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: This has been referred to as one of "the most intensely studied sentences in the history of philosophy". In the "Metaphysics", Aristotle wrote at more length on a similar subject and is often understood to have equated the active intellect with being the "unmoved mover" and God. Nevertheless, as Davidson remarks:


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Just what Aristotle meant by potential intellect and active intellect – terms not even explicit in the "De anima" and at best implied – and just how he understood the interaction between them remains moot to this day. Students of the history of philosophy continue to debate Aristotle's intent, particularly the question whether he considered the active intellect to be an aspect of the human soul or an entity existing independently of man.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Already in Aristotle's own works, the concept of a distinction between and was used in many ways, for example to describe the way striking metaphors work, or human happiness. Polybius about 150 BC, in his work the "Histories" uses Aristotle's word "energeia" in both an Aristotelian way and also to describe the "clarity and vividness" of things. Diodorus Siculus in 60-30 BC used the term in a very similar way to Polybius. However, Diodorus uses the term to denote qualities unique to individuals. Using the term in ways that could translated as 'vigor' or 'energy' (in a more modern sense); for society, 'practice' or 'custom'; for a thing, 'operation' or 'working'; like vigor in action.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Already in Plato it is found implicitly the notion of potency and act in his cosmological presentation of becoming () and forces (), linked to the ordering intellect, mainly in the description of the Demiurge and the "Receptacle" in his Timaeus. It has also been associated to the dyad of Plato's unwritten doctrines, and is involved in the question of being and non-being since from the pre-socratics, as in Heraclitus's mobilism and Parmenides' immobilism. The mythological concept of primordial Chaos is also classically associated with a disordered prime matter (see also "prima materia"), which, being passive and full of potentialities, would be ordered in actual forms, as can be seen in Neoplatonism, especially in Plutarch, Plotinus, and among the Church Fathers, and the subsequent medieval and Renaissance philosophy, as in Ramon Lllull's Book of Chaos and John Milton's Paradise Lost.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Plotinus was a late classical pagan philosopher and theologian whose monotheistic re-workings of Plato and Aristotle were influential amongst early Christian theologians. In his "Enneads" he sought to reconcile ideas of Aristotle and Plato together with a form of monotheism, that used three fundamental metaphysical principles, which were conceived of in terms consistent with Aristotle's / dichotomy, and one interpretation of his concept of the Active Intellect (discussed above):-


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: This was based largely upon Plotinus' reading of Plato, but also incorporated many Aristotelian concepts, including the unmoved mover as .


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Other than incorporation of Neoplatonic into Christendom by early Christian theologians such as St. Augustine, the concepts of and (the morphological root of ) are frequently used in the original Greek New Testament. is used 119 times and is used 161 times, usually with the meaning 'power/ability' and 'act/work', respectively.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, St Gregory Palamas wrote about the "energies" (actualities; singular in Greek, or in Latin) of God in contrast to God's "essence" (). These are two distinct types of existence, with God's energy being the type of existence which people can perceive, while the essence of God is outside of normal existence or non-existence or human understanding, i.e. transcendental, in that it is not caused or created by anything else.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Palamas gave this explanation as part of his defense of the Eastern Orthodox ascetic practice of hesychasm. Palamism became a standard part of Orthodox dogma after 1351.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: In contrast, the position of Western Medieval (or Catholic) Christianity, can be found for example in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, who relied on Aristotle's concept of entelechy, when he defined God as , pure act, actuality unmixed with potentiality. The existence of a truly distinct essence of God which is not actuality, is not generally accepted in Catholic theology.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: The notion of possibility was greatly analyzed by medieval and modern philosophers. Aristotle's logical work in this area is considered by some to be an anticipation of modal logic and its treatment of potentiality and time. Indeed, many philosophical interpretations of possibility are related to a famous passage on Aristotle's "On Interpretation", concerning the truth of the statement: "There will be a sea battle tomorrow".


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Contemporary philosophy regards possibility, as studied by modal metaphysics, to be an aspect of modal logic. Modal logic as a named subject owes much to the writings of the Scholastics, in particular William of Ockham and John Duns Scotus, who reasoned informally in a modal manner, mainly to analyze statements about essence and accident.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Aristotle's metaphysics, his account of nature and causality, was for the most part rejected by the early modern philosophers. Francis Bacon in his "Novum Organon" in one explanation of the case for rejecting the concept of a formal cause or "nature" for each type of thing, argued for example that philosophers must still look for formal causes but only in the sense of "simple natures" such as colour, and weight, which exist in many gradations and modes in very different types of individual bodies. In the works of Thomas Hobbes then, the traditional Aristotelian terms, "", are discussed, but he equates them simply to "cause and effect".


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: There was an adaptation of at least one aspect of Aristotle's potentiality and actuality distinction, which has become part of modern physics, although as per Bacon's approach it is a generalized form of energy, not one connected to specific forms for specific things. The definition of energy in modern physics as the product of mass and the square of velocity, was derived by Leibniz, as a correction of Descartes, based upon Galileo's investigation of falling bodies. He preferred to refer to it as an or 'living force' (Latin ), but what he defined is today called kinetic energy, and was seen by Leibniz as a modification of Aristotle's , and his concept of the potential for movement which is in things. Instead of each type of physical thing having its own specific tendency to a way of moving or changing, as in Aristotle, Leibniz said that instead, force, power, or motion itself could be transferred between things of different types, in such a way that there is a general conservation of this energy. In other words, Leibniz's modern version of entelechy or energy obeys its own laws of nature, whereas different types of things do not have their own separate laws of nature. Leibniz wrote: ...the entelechy of Aristotle, which has made so much noise, is nothing else but force or activity ; that is, a state from which action naturally flows if nothing hinders it. But matter, primary and pure, taken without the souls or lives which are united to it, is purely passive ; properly speaking also it is not a substance, but something incomplete.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Leibniz's study of the "entelechy" now known as energy was a part of what he called his new science of "dynamics", based on the Greek word and his understanding that he was making a modern version of Aristotle's old dichotomy. He also referred to it as the "new science of power and action", (Latin and ). And it is from him that the modern distinction between statics and dynamics in physics stems. The emphasis on in the name of this new science comes from the importance of his discovery of potential energy which is not active, but which conserves energy nevertheless. "As 'a science of power and action', dynamics arises when Leibniz proposes an adequate architectonic of laws for constrained, as well as unconstrained, motions."


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: For Leibniz, like Aristotle, this law of nature concerning entelechies was also understood as a metaphysical law, important not only for physics, but also for understanding life and the soul. A soul, or spirit, according to Leibniz, can be understood as a type of entelechy (or living monad) which has distinct perceptions and memory.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: As discussed above, terms derived from and have become parts of modern scientific vocabulary with a very different meaning from Aristotle's. The original meanings are not used by modern philosophers unless they are commenting on classical or medieval philosophy. In contrast, , in the form of "entelechy" is a word used much less in technical senses in recent times.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: As mentioned above, the concept had occupied a central position in the metaphysics of Leibniz, and is closely related to his monad in the sense that each sentient entity contains its own entire universe within it. But Leibniz' use of this concept influenced more than just the development of the vocabulary of modern physics. Leibniz was also one of the main inspirations for the important movement in philosophy known as German Idealism, and within this movement and schools influenced by it entelechy may denote a force propelling one to self-fulfillment.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: In the biological vitalism of Hans Driesch, living things develop by "entelechy", a common purposive and organising field. Leading vitalists like Driesch argued that many of the basic problems of biology cannot be solved by a philosophy in which the organism is simply considered a machine. Vitalism and its concepts like entelechy have since been discarded as without value for scientific practice by the overwhelming majority of professional biologists.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: However, in philosophy aspects and applications of the concept of entelechy have been explored by scientifically interested philosophers and philosophically inclined scientists alike. One example was the American critic and philosopher Kenneth Burke (1897–1993) whose concept of the "terministic screens" illustrates his thought on the subject. Most prominent was perhaps the German quantum physicist Werner Heisenberg. He looked to the notions of potentiality and actuality in order to better understand the relationship of quantum theory to the world.


title: Potentiality and actuality

text: Prof Denis Noble argues that, just as teleological causation is necessary to the social sciences, a specific teleological causation in biology, expressing functional purpose, should be restored and that it is already implicit in neo-Darwinism (e.g. "selfish gene"). Teleological analysis proves parsimonious when the level of analysis is appropriate to the complexity of the required 'level' of explanation (e.g. whole body or organ rather than cell mechanism).


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: Caroline Rose Giuliani (born 1989) is an American filmmaker, political activist, and writer. She is the daughter of Rudy Giuliani, the former Mayor of New York City. Giuliani has received national media attention for publicly disagreeing with and criticizing her Republican father's politics and political endorsements.


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: Giuliani was born in 1989 to Donna Hanover, a journalist and television personality, and Rudy Giuliani, an attorney and Republican politician. She is of Italian descent on her father's side. Her paternal great-grandparents, Rodolfo and Evangelina Giuliani, were from Tuscany. Her great-uncle, Tullio "Leo" D'Avanzo, operated a loan sharking and gambling ring at a restaurant in Brooklyn. Her brother, Andrew Giuliani, served as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of the Office of Public Liaison for former U.S. President Donald Trump.


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: Prior to her birth, Giuliani's father had served as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York and as the United States Associate Attorney General. In 1993 her father was elected Mayor of New York City, and the family moved into Gracie Mansion in 1994, the official mayoral residence in Carl Schurz Park. In October 2000 her parents filed for divorce and her father moved out of Gracie Mansion in August of the following year. Giuliani continued to live at Gracie Mansion with her mother and brother until her father's term ended in December 2001. The family relocated to a home in East Manhattan. Her parents' divorce was finalized in 2002. In 2003 her father married Judith Nathan, a nurse and medical sales executive, and her mother married Edwin Oster, an attorney. In 2018 her father joined President Donald Trump's legal team. Giuliani has been estranged from her father since her parents' divorce.


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: Giuliani was raised in the Catholic faith and was baptized by Monsignor Alan Placa. She was educated at Trinity School, a private school in Manhattan that is part of the Ivy Preparatory School League, graduating in 2007. She attended Harvard College, where she studied theatre and film production. At Harvard, Giuliani served as the experimental theater coordinator of the Harvard Radcliffe Dramatic Club and interned with documentary filmmaker Ross McElwee. Giuliani also trained with the Atlantic Theater Company in New York, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, and Collaborative Arts Project 21, a partnership with New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: Giuliani is a filmmaker, writer, and director creating work focusing on mental health and human sexuality. Giuliani began her work in the film industry as a production assistant in Hollywood, working on the American Broadcasting Company's 2012-2013 supernatural drama "666 Park Avenue" and 2013-2014 sitcom "Trophy Wife", and HBO's 2013-2014 sitcom "Hello Ladies". After working as a production assistant, she became the assistant of Steve Beeks, the Co-President and Co-Chief Operating Officer of Lionsgate. She later worked for Gotham Group as an assistant to producer Jeremy Bell. She was promoted by Ellen Goldsmith-Vein and began running her own office as a junior manager and television coordinator. After leaving Gotham, she worked as the director's assistant on Netflix's 2019 romantic comedy "Someone Great".


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: In 2020 she created the psychological thriller film "Or (Someone) Else" about a woman struggling in an abusive relationship and the mental health ramifications of repressed anger.


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: On August 4, 2010, she was arrested by New York City police and charged with petty larceny for shoplifting from the Sephora store on East 86th Street. She was detained and later released. Represented by attorney Michael F. Bachner, Giuliani took a plea deal to perform one day of community service and had her criminal record cleared after a probation period of six months.


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: Despite coming from a prominent Republican family, Giuliani has supported Democratic candidates. During the 2008 United States presidential election, while her father was seeking the Republican nomination, she joined a Facebook group supporting Barack Obama called "One Million Strong for Barack", and posted on her profile that she was a "liberal." Giuliani left the Facebook group after online activity was reported in the media. She supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election, while her father was a vocal supporter of Donald Trump. In 2016, when questioned about her political beliefs contradicting with her father's, she stated, "he knows and is fully comfortable with it and thinks I have a right to my opinion."


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: On September 30, 2020, Giuliani tweeted a response to a tweet made by her father accusing Hunter Biden of being a liar. She stated, "I, for one, do not support spreading false gossip about a politician’s child."


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: On October 15, 2020, Giuliani wrote a piece for "Vanity Fair" titled "Rudy Giuliani Is My Father. Please, Everyone, Vote for Joe Biden and Kamala Harris", calling for American voters to end Donald Trump's "reign of terror" and encouraging them to "elect a compassionate and decent president." In response to her father being a Trump supporter, Giuliani stated, "I may not be able to change my father's mind, but together, we can vote this toxic administration out of office." She went on to say, "if being the daughter of a polarizing mayor who became the president's personal bulldog has taught me anything, it is that corruption starts with 'yes-men' and women, the cronies who create an echo chamber of lies and subservience to maintain their proximity to power." She accused the Trump administration of stoking "the injustice that already permeated" society, and criticized Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and his policies that rolled back protections for the LGBTQ community, women, immigrants, people with disabilities, and people of color. She went on to endorse former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden and Senator Kamala Harris for the 2020 United States presidential election, and praised Biden's plans to combat climate change. Giuliani later tweeted a photo of her and Harris.


title: Caroline Giuliani

text: On November 24, 2020, Giuliani wrote a second piece for "Vanity Fair", titled "Attention, Trumpworld: Self-Care Tips for Accepting the Reality That Trump Lost".


title: Body painting

text: Body painting is a form of body art where artwork is painted directly onto the human skin. Unlike tattoos and other forms of body art, body painting is temporary, lasting several hours or sometimes up to a few weeks (in the case of mehndi or "henna tattoos" about two weeks). Body painting that is limited to the face is known as "face painting". Body painting is also referred to as (a form of) "temporary tattoo". Large scale or full-body painting is more commonly referred to as body painting, while smaller or more detailed work can sometimes be referred to as temporary tattoos.


title: Body painting

text: Body painting with a grey or white paint made from natural pigments including clay, chalk, ash and cattle dung is traditional in many tribal cultures. Often worn during cultural ceremonies, it is believed to assist with the moderation of body heat and the use of striped patterns may reduce the incidence of biting insects. It still survives in this ancient form among Indigenous Australians and in parts of Africa and Southeast Asia, as well as in New Zealand and the Pacific islands. A semi-permanent form of body painting known as "Mehndi", using dyes made of henna leaves (hence also known rather erroneously as "henna tattoo"), is practiced in India, especially on brides. Since the late 1990s, Mehndi has become popular amongst young women in the Western world.


title: Body painting

text: Many indigenous peoples of Central and South America paint jagua tattoos, or designs with "Genipa americana" juice on their bodies. Indigenous peoples of South America traditionally use annatto, huito, or wet charcoal to decorate their faces and bodies. Huito is semi-permanent, and it generally takes weeks for this black dye to fade.


title: Body painting

text: Body painting is not always large pieces on fully nude bodies, but can involve smaller pieces on displayed areas of otherwise clothed bodies. There has been a revival of body painting in Western society since the 1960s, in part prompted by the liberalization of social mores regarding nudity and often comes in sensationalist or exhibitionist forms. Even today there is a constant debate about the legitimacy of body painting as an art form. The current modern revival could be said to date back to the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago when Max Factor Sr. and his model Sally Rand were arrested for causing a public disturbance when he body-painted her with his new make-up formulated for Hollywood films. Body art today evolves to the works more directed towards personal mythologies, as Jana Sterbak, Rebecca Horn, Michel Platnic, Youri Messen-Jaschin or Javier Perez.


title: Body painting

text: Body painting is sometimes used as a method of gaining attention in political protests, for instance those by PETA against Burberry.


title: Body painting

text: Body painting led to a minor alternative art movement in the 1950s and 1960s, which involved covering a model in paint and then having the model touch or roll on a canvas or other medium to transfer the paint. French artist Yves Klein is perhaps the most famous for this, with his series of paintings "Anthropometries". The effect produced by this technique creates an image-transfer from the model's body to the medium. This includes all the curves of the model's body (typically female) being reflected in the outline of the image. This technique was not necessarily monotone; multiple colors on different body parts sometimes produced interesting effects.


title: Body painting

text: Joanne Gair is a body paint artist whose work appeared for the tenth consecutive year in the 2008 "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue". She came to prominence with an August 1992 "Vanity Fair" "Demi's Birthday Suit" cover of Demi Moore. Her "Disappearing Model" was part of an episode of "Ripley's Believe It or Not!".


title: Body painting

text: Body painting festivals happen annually across the world, bringing together professional body painters and keen amateurs. Body painting can also be seen at some football matches, at rave parties, and at certain festivals. The World Bodypainting Festival is a three-day festival which originated in 1998 and which has been held in Klagenfurt, Austria since 2017. Participants attend from over fifty countries and the event has more than 20,000 visitors; the associated World Bodypainting Association promotes the art of bodypainting.


title: Body painting

text: Body painting festivals that take place in North America include the North American Body Painting Championship, Face and Body Art International Convention in Orlando, Florida, Bodygras Body Painting Competition in Nanaimo, BC and the Face Painting and Body Art Convention in Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Body painting

text: Australia also has a number of body painting festivals, most notably the annual Australian Body Art Festival in Eumundi, Queensland and the Australian Body Art Awards.


title: Body painting

text: In Italy, the Rabarama Skin Art Festival (held every year during the Summer and Autumn, with a tour in the major Italian cities), is a different event focused on the artistic side of body painting, highlighting the emotional impact of the painted body in a live performance more than the decorative and technical aspects of it. This particular form of creative art is known as "Skin Art".


title: Body painting

text: The 1960s supermodel Veruschka has inspired bodypaint artists, after influential images of her appeared in the 1986 book "Transfigurations" by photographer Holger Trulzsch. Other well-known works include Serge Diakonoff's books "A Fleur de Peau" and "Diakonoff" and Joanne Gair's "Paint a licious". More recently Dutch art photographer Karl Hammer has taken center stage with his combinations of body painting and narrative art (fantastic realism).


title: Body painting

text: Following the already established trend in Western-Europe, body painting has become more widely accepted in the United States since the early 1990s. In 2006 the first gallery dedicated exclusively to fine art body painting was opened in New Orleans by World Bodypainting Festival Champion and Judge, Craig Tracy. The Painted Alive Gallery is on Royal Street in the French Quarter. In 2009, a popular late night talk show "Last Call with Carson Daly" on NBC network, featured a New York-based artist Danny Setiawan who creates reproductions of masterpieces by famous artists such as Salvador Dalí, Vincent van Gogh, and Gustav Klimt on human bodies aiming to make fine art appealing for his contemporaries who normally would not consider themselves as art enthusiasts.


title: Body painting

text: Since 2005 the Australian visual artist Emma Hack has been creating photographs of painted naked human bodies that visually merge with a patterned background wall inspired by the wallpaper designs of Florence Broadhurst. Hack is best known for the Gotye music video for the song "Somebody That I Used to Know", which uses stop-motion animation body painting and has received over 800 million views on YouTube. Hack now creates her own canvas backgrounds and her work is often featured with live birds, representing nature. Hack's artworks are exhibited worldwide.


title: Body painting

text: Michel Platnic is a French–Israeli contemporary visual artist. He is known for his "living paintings". He uses multiple mediums including photography, video, performance body-painting and painting . Platnic builds three-dimensional cinema sets that are a backdrop for his video and photography works and then he paints directly on the body of the living models he places within the sets. Using this technique, Platnic brought to life several scenes of paintings made famous by artists Francis Bacon, Egon Schiele, David Hockney and Lucian Freud and placed them in a different context.


title: Body painting

text: Los Angeles artist, Paul Roustan, is known for his work in body painting and photography which spans both the fine art and commercial worlds. His body painting has garnered numerous awards, including winner of the North American Body Paint Championships.


title: Body painting

text: Trina Merry is a body painter known for camouflaging models into settings, backgrounds and, in her "Lust of Currency" series, famous paintings. Merry's collection was exhibited during Miami Art Basel in 2017 and at the Superfine! New York art fair in May 2018.


title: Body painting

text: Peruvian artist Cecilia Paredes is known for her style of painting her own body to camouflage herself against complex floral backgrounds and natural landscapes.


title: Body painting

text: Many artists work professionally as body painters for television commercials, such as the Natrel Plus campaign featuring models camouflaged as trees. Stills advertising also used body painting with hundreds of body painting looks on the pages of the world's magazines every year. Body painters also work frequently in the film arena especially in science fiction with an increasing number of elaborate alien creations being body painted.


title: Body painting

text: The "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue", published annually, has frequently featured a section of models that were body painted, attired in renditions of swimsuits or sports jerseys. Also "Playboy" magazine has frequently made use of body painted models. In the 2005 "Playmates at Play at the Playboy Mansion" calendar, all Playmates appeared in the calendar wearing bikinis, but Playmates Karen McDougal and Hiromi Oshima actually appeared in painted-on bikinis for their respective months.


title: Body painting

text: The success of body painting has led to many notable international competitions and a specific trade magazine ("Illusion Magazine") for this industry, showcasing work around the world.


title: Body painting

text: Face painting is the artistic application of nontoxic paint to a person's face. The practice dates from Paleolithic times and has been used for ritual purposes, such as coming-of-age ceremonies and funeral rites, as well as for hunting. Materials such as clay, chalk or henna have been used, typically mixed with pigments extracted from leaves, fruits or berries and sometimes with oils or fats.


title: Body painting

text: Many peoples around the world practice face painting in modern times. This includes indigenous peoples in places such as Australia, Papua New Guinea, Polynesia and Melanesia. Some tribes in Sub-Saharan Africa use the technique during rituals and festivals, and many of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America now use it for ceremonies, having previously also used it for hunting and warfare. In India it is used in folk dances and temple festivals, such as in Kathakali performances, and Mehndi designs are used at weddings. It is also used by Japanese Geisha and Chinese opera singers.


title: Body painting

text: In some forms of Western folk dance, such as Border Morris, the faces of the dancers are painted with a black pigment in a tradition that goes back to the Middle Ages. In the 18th century cosmetic face painting became popular with men and women of the aristocracy and the nouveau riche, but it died out in Western culture after the fall of the French aristocracy. During the 19th century blackface theatrical makeup gained popularity when it was used by non-black performers to represent black people, typically in a minstrel show. Its use ended in the United States with the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s at about the same time that face painting re-entered the popular culture as part of the hippie movement of the late 1960s, when it was common for young people to decorate their cheeks with flowers or peace symbols at anti-war demonstrations.


title: Body painting

text: In contemporary Western culture face painting has become an art form, with artists displaying their work at festivals and in competitions and magazines. Other western users include actors and clowns, and it continues to be used as a form of camouflage amongst hunters and the military. It is also found at entertainments for children and sports events.


title: Body painting

text: For several decades it has been a common entertainment at county fairs, large open-air markets (especially in Europe and the Americas), and other locations that attract children and adolescents. Face painting is very popular among children at theme parks, parties and festivals throughout the Western world. Though the majority of face painting is geared towards children, many teenagers and adults enjoy being painted for special events, such as sports events (to give support to their team or country) or charity fund raisers. Face painting is also a part of cosplay practice, and is enjoyed yearly by people who dress up as zombies to dance with the annual worldwide Thrill the World event on the Saturday before Halloween.


title: Body painting

text: Full face paint or a painted black nose is sometimes added when a person is dressed in an animal costume.


title: Body painting

text: Most theme parks have booths scattered around where a person can have a design painted on their face. A similar activity is the application of "instant tattoos", which are paint or ink-based designs that are put on as one unit and removed by means of water, alcohol, soap, or another mild solvent. More elaborate temporary tattoos may be made using stencils and airbrush equipment.


title: Body painting

text: It is common in armies all over the world for soldiers in combat to paint their faces and other exposed body parts (hands, for example) in natural colors such as green, tan, and loam for camouflage purposes. In various South American armies, it is a tradition to use face paint on parade in respect to the indigenous tribes.


title: Body painting

text: As well as paint, temporary tattoos can be used to decorate the body. "Glitter tattoos" are made by applying a clear, cosmetic-grade glue (either freehand or through a stencil) on the skin and then coating it with cosmetic-grade glitter. They can last up to a week depending on the model's body chemistry.


title: Body painting

text: Foil metallic temporary tattoos are a variation of decal-style temporary tattoos, printed using foil stamping technique instead of ink. On the front side, the foil design is printed as a mirror image in order to be viewed in the right direction once it is applied to the skin. Each metallic tattoo is protected by a transparent protective film.


title: Body painting

text: Modern water-based face and body paints are made according to stringent guidelines, meaning these are non-toxic, usually non-allergenic, and can easily be washed away. Temporary staining may develop after use, but it will fade after normal washing. These are either applied with hands, paint brush, and synthetic sponges or natural sea sponge, or alternatively with an airbrush.


title: Body painting

text: Contrary to the popular myth perpetuated by the James Bond film "Goldfinger", a person is not asphyxiated if their whole body is painted.


title: Body painting

text: Liquid latex may also be used as body paint. Aside the risk of contact allergy, wearing latex for a prolonged period may cause heat stroke by inhibiting perspiration and care should be taken to avoid the painful removal of hair when the latex is pulled off.


title: Body painting

text: The same precautions that apply to cosmetics should be observed. If the skin shows any sign of allergy from a paint, its use should immediately be ceased. Moreover, it should not be applied to damaged, inflamed or sensitive skin. If possible, a test for allergic reaction should be performed before use. Special care should be paid to the list of ingredients, as certain dyes are not approved by the US FDA for use around the eye area—generally those associated with certain reddish colorants, as CI 15850 or CI 15985—or on lips, generally blue, purple or some greens containing CI 77007. More stringent regulations are in place in California regarding the amount of permissible lead on cosmetic additives, as part of Proposition 65. In the European Union, all colorants listed under a CI number are allowed for use on all areas. Any paints or products which have not been formulated for use on the body should never be used for body or face painting, as these can result in serious allergic reactions.


title: Body painting

text: As for Mehndi, natural brown henna dyes are safe to use when mixed with ingredients such as lemon juice. Another option is Jagua, a dark indigo plant-based dye that is safe to use on the skin and is approved for cosmetic use in the EU.


title: Body painting

text: Hands and faces can be marbled temporarily for events such as festivals, using a painting process similar to traditional paper marbling, in which paint is floated on water and transferred to a person's skin. Unlike the traditional oil-based technique for paper, neon or ultraviolet reactive colours are typically used, and the paint is water-based and non-toxic.


title: Body painting

text: "Hand art" is the application of make-up or paint to a hand to make it appear like an animal or other object. Some hand artists, like Guido Daniele, produce images that are "trompe-l'œil" representations of wild animals painted on people's hands.


title: Body painting

text: Hand artists work closely with hand models. Hand models can be booked through specialist acting and modeling agencies usually advertising under "body part model" or "hands and feet models".


title: Body painting

text: The application of glitter and reflective ornaments to a woman's breasts, often in the shape of a bikini top or crop top and sometimes alongside nipple tassels, is known as glitter boobs. Like body paint, this decoration is popular with festivalgoers. Buttocks are also sometimes decorated in a similar manner, and the adornment of the a woman's pubic area is known as a vajazzle.


title: Body painting

text: Body painting features in various media. The popular TV variety show, "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In", featured bodies painted with comedic phrases and jokes during transitions. "The Pillow Book", a 1996 film by Peter Greenaway, is centred on body painting. The 1990 American film "Where the Heart Is" featured several examples of models who were painted to blend into elaborate backdrops as "trompe-l'œil". Skin Wars is a body painting reality competition hosted by Rebecca Romijn that premiered on Game Show Network on August 6, 2014.


title: Mark Boucher

text: Mark Verdon Boucher (born 3 December 1976) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer who played all three formats of the game. Boucher is regarded as one of the best wicket-keeper batsmen of all time, and holds the record for the most Test dismissals by a wicket-keeper, with 532 catches and 555 total dismissals.


title: Mark Boucher

text: He has represented Border, Warriors, South Africa, Africa XI, ICC World XI and Royal Challengers Bangalore and Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League. He is currently the head coach of the South African National Men's Cricket Team.


title: Mark Boucher

text: He had been a regular feature of the South African side since the 1997/1998 tour to Australia, until his retirement from international cricket in July 2012 after a serious eye injury against Somerset.


title: Mark Boucher

text: In 2021, during the Cricket South Africa's (CSA) Social Justice and Nation Building (SJN) transformation public hearings, Paul Adams claimed under oath that Mark Boucher and other teammates racially abused him by calling him a "brown shit" in a team song.


title: Mark Boucher

text: From the time he replaced Dave Richardson until his retirement, Boucher was South Africa's first-choice wicketkeeper and is widely regarded as one of, if not the, greatest wicketkeepers South Africa has ever had. He holds the record for the most dismissals (catches and stumpings) in Test cricket. He reached the record originally when he overtook the former Australian wicketkeeper Ian Healy in the first test of the Bank Alfalah Test Series versus Pakistan in Karachi on 3 October 2007 when he stumped Umar Gul off the bowling of Paul Harris. He then lost the record to Adam Gilchrist before regaining it when he caught Mushfiqur Rahim of Bangladesh in February 2008.


title: Mark Boucher

text: He once held the record for the highest score by a nightwatchman in Test cricket with 125 for South Africa v Zimbabwe at Harare in November 1999. On 12 March 2006 he hit the winning runs for South Africa against Australia in what had been the Greatest One Day International ever played.


title: Mark Boucher

text: Later in 2006, on 20 September, he made his maiden ODI century, hitting an unbeaten 147 against Zimbabwe from a mere 68 balls. His hundred came up off just 44 balls, the second-fastest ODI century ever by a South African after AB de Villiers. Boucher did benefit, however, from some very poor Zimbabwean fielding, being dropped no fewer than six times during his innings. He played over one hundred consecutive ODIs for his country and is one of only eleven players, including Hansie Cronjé and Shaun Pollock, to achieve this.


title: Mark Boucher

text: In February 2007 he and Jacques Kallis combined to hit Mohammad Asif for 28 runs off an over in an ODI at SuperSport Park in Centurion. It broke the South African record for most runs off an over which was previously held by both Shaun Pollock and Graeme Smith with 27. However, this was later broken by Herschelle Gibbs with 36 runs off one over, the most possible without no-balls or wides.


title: Mark Boucher

text: In the period while the team was under Shaun Pollock's leadership, Boucher was the regular vice-captain of the team and lead the team in tests four times. These matches include a victory over Australia, an achievement which Pollock could not manage.


title: Mark Boucher

text: Boucher started his 2007 Cricket World Cup campaign in good form with a 21-ball half-century, the then fastest in World Cup history (before being beaten by Brendon McCullum's 20-ball effort six days later) – scoring 75 not out against the Netherlands as South Africa scored 353 for 4 wickets in a rain-shortened World Cup match. However, this was overshadowed by Herschelle Gibbs's six sixes in an over, the 3rd time ever in world cricket and the first time in a One Day International match, and thus in the World Cup.


title: Mark Boucher

text: He became the first wicketkeeper in the history of test cricket to reach the milestone of 400 dismissals when he caught Danish Kaneria off the bowling of Makhaya Ntini on 10 October 2007 in the second test of the Bank Alfalah Test Series against Pakistan at Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore.


title: Mark Boucher

text: Despite being South Africa's consistent wicket-keeper for a long time, age meant that batsman AB de Villiers was given a chance with the gloves and he impressed. However, de Villiers is one of the team's best outfielders and therefore Boucher continued to feature in the team.


title: Mark Boucher

text: He participated in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 and the South African coach Corrie van Zyl said that both Boucher and Herschelle Gibbs have the chance to get back in the team. He stated that Boucher will get his chance in the team provided that he performs in the domestic ODI tournament and that both of them had a good chance in playing for the 2011 Cricket World Cup He was however still selected for the Test series against Pakistan and continues to be South Africa's number one test wicket-keeper Also during that time Boucher recovered from his six-week shoulder injury and stated that he is desperate for a return to international cricket. He stated that his main aim was to participate in the 2011 Cricket World Cup.


title: Mark Boucher

text: Boucher suffered a serious eye injury on 9 July 2012, after being struck on his left eye by a bail. He was not wearing a protective helmet or glasses when he was struck by the bail after leg-spinner Imran Tahir bowled Somerset's Gemaal Hussain. Following surgery to the eyeball, Boucher was ruled out of the rest of the tour. Due to the severity of the injury, Boucher—who had planned to retire at the end of the tour—retired from International Cricket on 10 July.


title: Mark Boucher

text: There was no damage to the retina, so it was felt that there was a chance for Boucher to recover some vision in the damaged eye. After undergoing two operations on his injured eye, surgeons announced that they were "cautiously optimistic".


title: Mark Boucher

text: Boucher was appointed head coach of the Titans in August 2016, despite having no prior coaching experience. He led the Titans to five domestic titles - two One Day Cups, two T20 Challenge titles and one four-day Sunfoil Series trophy.


title: Mark Boucher

text: Tributes included comments from Shaun Pollock and Kevin Pietersen. Pollock congratulated him on a great career, while Pietersen called for more support from fans and those involved in sports, saying "Let’s keep it going! Bouch is a fighter!".


title: Mark Boucher

text: On 23 August 2021, Boucher issued an apology for past racist behaviour, admitting to having participated in activities that were discriminatory and racially offensive. Boucher admitted to having been part of a group that sang offensive songs and used racial nicknames for non-Caucasian teammates. In the wake of the admission and apology, there were calls for Boucher to resign or be sacked as head coach of the South African Cricket team. Despite handing over a written submission as an apology for his conduct, some say that Boucher lacks common sense, lacks sensitivity and has a "lack of understanding of South Africa's racial history". The allegations regarding his racist conduct have also raised eyebrows over his coaching tenure with the South African side in the future, due to the possibility of the CSA terminating his contract.


title: Mark Boucher

text: Further investigations revealed that Boucher influenced the team's culture by dealing only with white players concerns regarding the Black Lives Matter movement and it was evident during the course of the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, with a minor few players on the South African side refusing to take a knee before the start of play. Boucher was also accused of having maintained poor player management during his coaching tenure with the assistant coach Enoch Nkwe. He was accused in the charge sheet for not delegating tasks to Nkwe as well as for not giving proper clarification to Nkwe which made it impossible for Nkwe to work with Boucher. In May 2022, Cricket South Africa (CSA) withdrew charges against him.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: Matija Nastasić (; born 28 March 1993) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Spanish La Liga club Mallorca and the Serbia national team.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: He began his career at Partizan, and after a loan to Teleoptik joined Italian side Fiorentina in 2011. After one season there he transferred to Manchester City for €15 million and a swap with Stefan Savić, winning the Premier League in 2014, despite injury problems. In 2015, he joined Schalke, where he remained for seven years, before returning to Fiorentina in 2021.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: Nastasić made his senior international debut for Serbia in 2012, and has gone on to earn over 30 caps.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: Matija Nastasić is a product of Partizan youth academy. Unable to find space in the Partizan first team setup, he was sent out on loan to Serbian second division side FK Teleoptik from Zemun. There, the young, left footed centre back made 21 appearances and caught the eye of Fiorentina sporting director at that time, Pantaleo Corvino, who signed him in a deal for €4 million.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: Nastasić spent some time in the Fiorentina youth side but, due to a lack of quality centre backs in the squad and suspensions and injuries, he trained with the first team on many occasions. Fellow Serbian and Fiorentina manager Siniša Mihajlović handed him his Serie A debut on 11 September 2011 in a 2–0 win against Bologna. He went on to make a further 25 appearances that season but one stood out more than any and it was during this performance that he announced himself to Italian and World football. It was a match between "La Viola" and Milan at the Stadio Artemio Franchi. Nastasić showed many of his qualities – tackling, comfort on the ball, tactical astuteness. It was these qualities that led to a deadline day transfer to English side Manchester City in a move worth €24.4 million, excluding the value of Stefan Savić who was given to Fiorentina as part of the exchange.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: Nastasić signed a five-year contract with Manchester City, ending on 30 June 2017. He was part of an exchange deal with Stefan Savić. He made his debut for the club on 18 September 2012, starting in a Champions League away fixture against Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. He made his Premier League debut on 29 September in a 2–1 win against Fulham. He cemented his place in the starting XI and his great form won him the club's Player of the Month Award for November. Quickly becoming a fan favourite, the youngster pushed 30-year-old Joleon Lescott out of the starting lineup in centre-back position and was selected to start in the 2013 FA Cup Final, a 1–0 defeat by Wigan Athletic. In May 2013, he was named Manchester City's Young Player of the Season.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: Nastasić had a less successful season in 2013–14, missing the majority of the campaign through injury. He made 13 league appearances and Manchester City won the Premier League title.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: On 13 January 2015, having not featured for City during the season, he was loaned to German club Schalke 04 for its remainder. He made his debut on 31 January, starting in a 1–0 home win over Hannover 96. Having not featured in the Champions League that season, he featured in both legs of Schalke's elimination by Real Madrid in the Last 16.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: On 11 March 2015, Schalke 04 activated the transfer clause on his loan deal, believed to be €12 million, and Nastasić signed a four-year contract with the German club.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: On 8 August 2015, Nastasić marked his season debut by scoring his first goal for the club, in a 5–0 win at MSV Duisburg in the first round of the DFB-Pokal.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: In June 2018, along with goalkeeper Ralf Fährmann, Nastasić sign a contract extension with Schalke to stay with the club until the summer of 2022.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: In August 2021, Nastasić signed for Fiorentina again following Schalke 04's relegation from the Bundesliga as a replacement for Germán Pezzella, who moved to Real Betis Balompie the same week.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: On 1 September 2022, Nastasić signed a one-year contract with Mallorca in Spain, with an option to extend.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: Having already represented Serbia's youth sides, Nastasić made his debut for the Serbian national team on 29 February 2012, in a match against Cyprus.


title: Matija Nastasić

text: He was named in Serbia's preliminary squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, but failed to make the 23-man final squad.


title: Namaste England

text: Namaste England () is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed and co-produced by Vipul Amrutlal Shah. The film is the sequel to 2007 film "Namastey London". The film stars Arjun Kapoor and Parineeti Chopra in lead roles besides Aditya Seal, Shreya Mehta and Alankrita Sahai in supporting roles. The principal shoot of the film began on 23 February 2018 in Amritsar, Punjab. It was released worldwide on 18 October 2018 to overwhelmingly negative reviews and emerged a box office disaster.


title: Namaste England

text: Param is a man residing in a small village within Punjab. During Dusshera, he goes to see Ravan Dhen with his friends where he meets Jasmeet and subsequently falls for her. Jasmeet is a young, ambitious and educated girl, whose grandfather and older brother are opposed to her seeking employment due to their conservative background. Jasmeet can't go against their decision but still dreams of independence from them. After their first meeting, Param and Jasmeet meet several more times, where she grows closer to Param. To get close to her, Param conceives a plan and asks a friend of his to marry one of Jasmeet's friends. At the time of the wedding, Param and Jasmeet spend time together, subsequently expressing their love for one another. Param eventually finds Jasmeet a part-time position at a jewellery store; however, her grandfather finds out about this and begins to search for another groom.


title: Namaste England

text: Param convinces his father to send a marriage proposal to Jasmeet's family. Jasmeet's grandpa happily agrees but on a condition that Jasmeet should not work after marriage. Soon they get married but during the wedding ceremony, Gurpreet, misbehaves with Param's father. Gurpreet is humiliated and vows to make sure that Param never gets a visa. One year later, they're still trying to get a visa but fail. Jasmeet expresses her extreme desire to settle down in London, England. She meets her school friend Harpreet who lives in London and gives the address of an illegal immigrant officer who can help them live in London. Param reveals to Jasmeet the officer suggested him to marry a British citizen for a visa and later on marry Jasmeet and live in London. Hearing this, Jasmeet immediately visits the lawyer and agrees for Param to get married but Param refuses. Jasmeeet tries to make him understand but in vain. Param's next option is to convince Gurpreet.


title: Namaste England

text: Param then goes to Gurpreet and tells him he is ready to apologize in front of everyone. Gurpreet says he forgave Param but Param's father has to apologize to him. Param doesn't agree. Soon the officer informs Jasmeet that he has secured her a job in the UK. Jasmeet delighted informs Param. While saying their goodbyes at the airport, Jasmeet blindsides Param by telling him that she's going on a marriage visa. The officer had arranged a man named Samar Singh Sandhu aka Sam who would pose as her husband. Sam has British citizenship and requires a girl to pose as his wife to please his elderly grandfather on his deathbed. Jasmeet and Sam meet and discuss their reasons for this marriage and assure each other that they are doing this for their own interests. Jasmeet goes to London without Param after revealing the truth of her marriage. Param's uncontrollable love encourages him to seek help from the officer to reach London by any means. Upon reaching London Param follows Jasmeet and introduces himself to her neighbour Alisha who falls for him and supports Param in winning back Jasmeet. On the other hand, Sam's grandpa passes away and he is consoled by Jasmeet.


title: Namaste England

text: Jasmeet begins to realize her mistake as Param's wedding preparations are in full swing. Jasmeet admits to Sam the truth and he advises Jasmeet to return to Param. Jasmeet informs Param of her breakup with Sam at the Indian Embassy where Param has surrendered and expresses her desire to leave London and return to India. At the end of the film, they are reunited.


title: Namaste England

text: The principal photography of the film began in late-February 2018. The film was shot in 75 locations including Amritsar, Patiala, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Paris, Brussels, London and Southampton. This is the second collaboration between Kapoor and Chopra after Ishaqzaade (2012) and followed by Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar (2021).


title: Namaste England

text: The album is composed by Mannan Shaah, Badshah and Rishi Rich the lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar, Master Rakesh and Badshah. The soundtrack rights were acquired by Sony Music India.


title: Namaste England

text: The first look of the movie was released on 14 August 2018, by Parineeti and Arjun on their Twitter handle.


title: Namaste England

text: During the promotional campaigns, the movie landed into controversy when one of the movie posters released had Indian map in the background from which, Aksai Chin region of Ladakh in Indian-administered Kashmir was missing.


title: Namaste England

text: The film was released on 18 October 2018. The film faced clash with Ayushmann Khurrana's Badhaai Ho which was released on the same day.


title: Namaste England

text: The film received mostly negative reviews from critics; out of 16 reviews, only 4 received equal to or more than a 2-star rating.


title: Namaste England

text: Zee News and The Statesman, both posting the same IANS review, gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, saying that the film "has a pure heart," and that "the cast performs with sincerity that sometimes gets stagey. While Arjun and Parineeti look comfortable in each other`s company, some of their romantic moments together are done with the over-cute impishness that seems way out of line." The reviewer also noted that most of the secondary characters seem more entertaining than the leads: "Aditya Seal as Parineeti`s trophy-husband succeeds in making his character of a spoilt NRI brat anything but a jerk...Seal does well for himself." The film is beautifully shot by Yiannis Manolopoulos, and that "While the narrative serenades the effervescent mood, a serious tone is allowed to creep in with a statement on the issue of illegal migrants in Europe."


title: Namaste England

text: Urvi Parikh of Rediff.com gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, and says that the film is "all things that the Akshay Kumar-Katrina Kaif starrer Namastey London was not." She notes that "Vipul Shah fails to give us a crisp storyline, hard-hitting dialogues and memorable punch lines." She notes that the movie tries to deal with women's empowerment, but "the depiction is so wrong that at the end of it, you only feel sorry for the crew." She praised actress Mallika Dua and actor Aditya Seal, noting that they do a fairly good job with the material they are given. But she also noted that the film "drags after a point. You neither sympathise with the actors nor empathise with them."


title: Namaste England

text: Rachit Gupta of The Times of India gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, noting that the lead pair Kapoor and Chopra had "crackling chemistry in Ishaqzaade and still look great together, but their characters are so poorly crafted that even their best efforts can't salvage the story." He particularly praised Chopra, noting that "Parineeti, in particular, tries very hard to add some semblance of respect with her performance, but it just doesn't work out." He also praised Alankrita Sahai, saying that she had "a glamorous avatar, looks great on-screen, but her role doesn't offer any chance to perform, either." In a more critical sense, he added the while the locations and cinematography is at times beautiful, "even if you do come to terms with the regressive values of the characters, the ho-hum screenplay makes 'Namaste England' a lot tougher to sit through." He noted the long-drawn first half, with a twist at the interval, "but then the second half dives into over-the-top comedy and melodrama." He also criticized the background score, which "feels like it belongs in a campy 90s comedy." Overall Gupta was slightly disappointed with the film, noting that "'Namaste England' has a lot of promise, but the film just isn't able to shake off the ill-effects of clichéd storytelling. This one's a classic case of love's labour lost."


title: Namaste England

text: Mayur Sanap of The Deccan Chronicle also gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, saying it is "Easy on the eye, difficult on the senses." Sanap praised the chemistry between the two leads and said that they seem like a natural fit together; yet that the film as a whole is "forced and takes the audience for granted." Sanap says that the film tries to have everything that a good Bollywood romance film should have, but that the film is the latest attempt of the "makers' futile attempt at encashing popular movie brand." Sanap says that its greatest shortcoming is that it is "neither a compelling tearjerker nor an epic romance. It's a film with no heart, no sense, just a series of orchestrated, contrived scenes..." Sanap commends Kapoor for being 'sincere' but that there is nothing about him the audience "hasn't seen before..." and that Parineeti "lacks gravitas. There is glossiness instead of authenticity..." In conclusion he says, "The film had the potential to be a real crowd-pleaser, but it feels forced, confused, and takes the audience for granted. It is better to say good-bye to this one."


title: Namaste England

text: Udita Jhunjhunwala of First Post gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars, saying that its "romance suffers from a dull, infantile script." She said that the lead characters struggle to "bring their A-game," but that the script was so "infantile" that it was hard to blame them entirely. She noted that she enjoyed some of the minor characters, saying that "These friends and their attempts to play cupid are the most, and perhaps only really entertaining, part of this juvenile story." Overall, Jhunhunwala felt the film was underwhelming: "The loose direction, tepid interaction between the leads, an immature premise, dull locations, and Jasmeet and Param’s illogical actions are exasperating. Namaste England is so dated in its ideas, storytelling and design that it even makes a stimulating city like London look rusty."


title: Namaste England

text: Charu Thakur of India Today also gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars, saying that "Arjun and Parineeti are forgettable in stale film." He noted a multitude of issues: "an ammunition of boredom in terms of a sketchy plotline, bad acting, lazy script, silly dialogues and a sleep-inducing love story with almost zero chemistry." Thakur also called the film very predictable and the performances of the actors as "straight-faced" and "so off the mark that they will make even a newcomer look better in front of them." Finally, Thakur concluded by urging the reader to "skip Namaste England," calling it a "complete waste of time."


title: Namaste England

text: Kunal Guha of Mumbai Mirror also gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars, summarizing the film by saying: " The lack of conflict or chemistry between the lead couple, tedious dialogue and a mumbling monologue on how being an Indian is a matter of well-deserved pride (similar to the one in Namaste London (2007), minus the impact) restrict this story from taking any definitive direction." Guha noted that the film could have been a chance for the lead actors to "salvage their scattered careers and conjure the same magic they brought to the screen as newcomers," but that the scripted material doesn't give them that opportunity. He noted that the director Shah would have "had his mind and heart in the right place" due to well-done past films, but that he didn't deliver this time. Finally, Guha addresses that the film made a "desperate attempt to draw empathy for the sorry lives of illegal immigrants," which only worked minimally well.


title: Namaste England

text: Jyoti Sharma Bawa of the Hindustan Times gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, and panned it, saying that it was "a film that should end careers." She said that beyond the somewhat serious handling of a social issue, the film is "so silly and tedious that the one star I have given it feels like my good deed of the year done." She goes on to criticize much of the film's structure, saying it had "a puerile storyline, hammy performances and dialogues so dreary, they leave you seething with murderous rage." The movie also felt 'highly regressive' to Bawa and she also criticized Kapoor's acting as hammy, and Chopra as "half-baked" and hard to identify with.


title: Namaste England

text: Shubra Gupta of The Indian Express also gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, calling it "just a plain bad film," noting that its predecessor "Namaste London" was at least engaging, but that this film had none of its appeal. She said "a better film could have made something of the heartbreak and challenges people face when leaving their country for another. But Namaste England is not that film. It's been a while since I’ve seen something so clichéd and charmless."


title: Namaste England

text: Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV also gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, and criticized the poorly fleshed-out script and acting from Kapoor and Chopra. He noted that the previous film in the series, Namaste London, had at least a serviceable story and was entertaining enough at times, but that this film had no such redeeming qualities and that the "lazily scripted film is aggravated by rank bad acting. Neither Arjun Kapoor nor Parineeti Chopra, together on the big screen for the first time after the infinitely better Ishaqzaade (2012), manage to rise above the muck that they are made to wade through."


title: Namaste England

text: Times Now News also gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, noting that although the film is a sequel to Namaste London, it's good moments "aren't even a tad bit close to the magic woven by" its predecessor, and calling it "quite underwhelming." They noted that although the film tried to have a meaningful issue addressed, "the treatment seems dated. The storyline and plot, both, are underwhelmingly half-cooked." The songs were mostly forgettable; although it picks up in the second half, it's "mostly packed with melodrama." The review concludes by stating,"With a wafer-thin plot, a week screenplay and nothing that will hook you to the film, Namaste England is a dramatic love story that falls short on both – the right kind of love and a story – and leaves you feeling that the film is way behind time."


title: Namaste England

text: Suhani Singh of India Today also gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, calling it "an exasperating romantic drama with astounding levels of ludicrousness." She says that it "begins with the dullest, most unimaginative boy-meets-girl story and it only goes downhill from there." She was especially critical of the writers, who noted that their characters "laugh needlessly and excessively or say things like 'How profound' or 'So beautiful' at random intervals." In conclusion, Singh was left unimpressed, saying "If Namaste England tries to say anything at all, it's that it is easier to get married and harder to stay in love. Only it's got the most nonsensical way to tell it."


title: Namaste England

text: Nandani Ramnath of Scroll.in calls the film a "tedious affair from start to finish." Ramnath found the scope of the film unimpressive, stating: "There is barely a moment of relief from the tedium of watching the leads go through the motions and tuning into the poorly written dialogue and endlessly uninvolving moments." She was particularly critical of Kapoor, who she said "flubs all his scenes, whether romantic or nationalistic (what’s a movie set on foreign soul without a speech celebrating the wonders of the homeland?)."


title: Namaste England

text: Rohit Vats of News 18 gave the film 0.5 out of 5 stars, and said that the film "falls way short of expectations, and that Arjun Kapoor and Parineeti Chopra have been given a very thin script to play with." He noted that it had potential, and was right "on-paper," but that ultimately it was "a shoddy tale enacted by clueless actors, a highly sexist understanding of the Indian diaspora in London and brazenly forced songs." He also notes that the film feels outdated and that there is a slut-shaming sequence by Chopra's character which feels out of place. In summary, Vats says, "At 141-minute duration, Namaste England goes nowhere and seems like that odd star in the space which all your childhood friends talked about but nobody could see and locate. You still don't know if it was even there or not."


title: Namaste England

text: Rajeev Masand of News18 gave the film 0 out of 5 stars, panning it almost entirely: "This is a movie about stupid people who do stupid things while stupidly trying to convince themselves and others that they’re doing it for love." He criticized the plot for being unconvincing and shallow, its twists as predictable, and the characters as vapid. He particularly called out Chopra's character as selfish and manipulative: "Add that to the fact that Jasmeet is also fantastically foolish, and you’ve got a heroine with practically no redeeming qualities whatsoever." He called Kapoor's character a "doormat," having "no self-respect," but ultimately admitted that the script itself was so bad that not even " Aamir Khan or Meryl Streep" could better it. In conclusion, Masand mused: "It’s hard to apply a traditional rating yardstick to a film that’s bereft of logic, one that possesses not even a modicum of common sense or plausibility. I’m going to skip rating Namaste England. Yes, this is that kind of awful film."


title: Namaste England

text: Rahul Desai of Film Companion also gave the film 0 out of 5 stars and panned the film, calling it "the most unwatchable Hindi film of 2018," and that it is "so insufferably stupid and senseless that even the strategy of inserting the horrid trailer of a movie named Rangeela Raja...fails to elevate our relative perception of Vipul Amrutlal Shah's bogus opus." He also said that the "most expressive actor in this film is a tractor in Pind, which does a wheelie (presumably out of shock)." Post the interval, Desai said that the film turns into "a mild-mannered Ajnabee, complete with the swinging and creepy mind-games, and attempts to deliver social commentary on the epidemic of undocumented immigration and starry-eyed dreams." Desai also heavily criticized Kapoor, noting that "each year, he looks more and more like a disinterested man forced to participate in the family business. It's not just the way he recites his lines; it's his cluelessness between them that suggests he is yet to learn that acting is primarily about reacting."


title: Namaste England

text: Namaste England performed poorly on its first day, collecting Rs 10.5 million despite being released on a holiday. There were certain issues with distributors in Madhya Pradesh as multiplex chains did not allow the film to release in single screens, giving preference to the other film releasing on the same day, "Badhaai Ho". By the second and third days, the film drew in about 1.4 crore more, to bring the total to approximately Rs. 1.90 crore. By 22 October 2018, four days after its release, the film managed to make only Rs. 25.5 million. In overseas the film was released in 58 screens but opened with ₹5321,000. This was concerning to analysts who had noted that it was released on a Thursday, and had the benefit of an extended weekend; they were also surprised that the combined star power of both Kapoor and Chopra, who ordinarily would be able to draw audiences by name alone, did not create a strong box office draw for this film. They concluded that poor reviews, with accompanying poor word of mouth, prevented the film from earning as much as it otherwise could have.


title: Namaste England

text: On 26 October, the film was pulled from cinemas just before the start of its second week, since box office collections were considerably poorer than expected (Rs. 30 million) for the entire first week. As the film had not managed to make even Rs. 40 million, its distributors decided to limit its release early.


title: Jimmy Bain

text: James Stewart Bain (19 December 1947 – 23 January 2016) was a Scottish musician, best known for playing bass guitar in the bands Rainbow and Dio. He also worked with Kate Bush and Thin Lizzy frontman Phil Lynott, co-writing on his solo albums.


title: Jimmy Bain

text: Bain was born in Newtonmore, Badenoch and Strathspey, Highland, and played in several provincial amateur bands as a young teen. His parents and younger brothers relocated to Vancouver. By this point, he was playing professionally in "Street Noise". However, he did join his family for a brief stay in Canada. Before returning to Scotland, getting his band Harlot and then hitting the London music scene, Bain joined Harlot in early 1974, after turning down a job with The Babys.


title: Jimmy Bain

text: Bain was asked to join Rainbow after Ritchie Blackmore had watched him performing at The Marquee in London. He recorded the studio album "Rising" with them and played on their following world tour. While on the tour, he played on Rainbow's first live album, "On Stage". In January 1977, Bain was sacked from the band. He then toured Europe with John Cale.


title: Jimmy Bain

text: In 1978, Bain formed a band called Wild Horses. Jimmy was the lead vocalist, songwriter, as well as bassist for the band, which also included ex-Thin Lizzy guitarist Brian Robertson, drummer Clive Edwards (Pat Travers, Uli Jon Roth's Electric Sun) and guitarist Neil Carter (who went on to UFO and Gary Moore). Wild Horses released two albums on EMI in Europe, "Wild Horses" (1980) and "Stand Your Ground" (1981), the latter featuring John Lockton (ex-The Next Band) in place of Carter, before Robertson and Edwards both left in June 1981. Robertson joined Motörhead the following year while Edwards joined former Whitesnake guitarist Bernie Marsden's S.O.S.


title: Jimmy Bain

text: Bain regrouped Wild Horses as a five-piece with ex-Lautrec members Reuben Archer (vocals) and Laurence Archer (guitar), and The Next Band's Frank Noon (drums), but they disbanded shortly after. Jimmy then worked with the former Family main-man Roger Chapman, Roy Harper, Gary Moore, and Kate Bush (on 1982's "The Dreaming").


title: Jimmy Bain

text: Bain co-wrote with his close friend Phil Lynott for the Lizzy man's two solo albums. A keyboard player as well as a bassist, he toured the material playing keyboards with Lynott's band. Their song, "Old Town" was re-recorded by The Corrs in 1999, and became a big hit worldwide.


title: Jimmy Bain

text: He was secretly brought in by the German hard rockers Scorpions to play bass guitar on their 1984 album "Love at First Sting". The leader of the band, rhythm guitarist Rudolf Schenker, wanted him to join the Scorpions as full-time bassist, but their management wanted to keep the line-up German, so Francis Buchholz was brought back and Bain's bass tapes were deleted.


title: Jimmy Bain

text: In 1983, Bain linked up again with ex-Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio for the band Dio. A central figure within Dio, Bain co-wrote "Rainbow in the Dark", "Holy Diver" and two additional songs which appear on their 1983 released first album, "Holy Diver". Bain co-wrote several other songs for the following albums, "The Last in Line" (1984), "Sacred Heart" (1985), "Intermission" (1986), "Dream Evil" (1987) and "Killing the Dragon" (2002).