title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq returned to Arras in 1800. His father had died in 1799, so he hid in his mother's house for almost half a year before he was recognized and had to flee again. He assumed the identity of an Austrian and spent some time in a relationship with a widow, with whom he moved to Rouen in 1802. Vidocq built up a reputation as a businessman and finally felt secure enough to let his mother come live with him and the widow; but finally, his past caught up with him. He was arrested and brought to Louvres. There, he learned that he had been sentenced to death in absentia. With the help of the local procurator-general, Ransom, he filed an appeal and spent the following five months in prison waiting for a retrial. During this time, Louise Chevalier contacted him to inform him of their divorce. When it seemed that there would be no decision concerning his sentence, he decided to flee again. On 28 November 1805, while unattended for a moment, he jumped out of a window into the adjacent river Scarpe. For the next four years, he was a man on the run once again.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: He spent some time in Paris, where he witnessed the execution of César Herbaux, the man with whom his life had started a downward spiral. This event triggered a process of re-evaluation in Vidocq. With his mother and a woman he called Annette in his memoirs, he moved several times in the following years; but again and again, people from his past recognized him. He again tried to become a legitimate merchant, but his former wife found him in Paris and blackmailed him for money, and a couple of former fellow convicts forced him to fence stolen goods for them.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: On 1 July 1809, only a few days before his 34th birthday, Vidocq was arrested again. He decided to stop living on the fringes of society and offered his services as an informant to the police. His offer was accepted, and on 20 July, he was jailed in Bicêtre, where he started his work as a spy. On 28 October, he continued his work in La Force Prison. He sounded out his inmates and forwarded his information about forged identities and unsolved crimes through Annette to the police chief of Paris, Jean Henry.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: After 21 months of spying, Vidocq was released from jail on the recommendation of Henry. So as not to raise suspicions among the other inmates, the release (which took place on 25 March 1811) was arranged to look like an escape. Still, Vidocq was not really free, because now he was obliged to Henry. Therefore, he continued to work as a secret agent for the Paris police. He used his contacts and his reputation in the criminal underworld to gain trust. He disguised himself as an escaped convict and immersed himself in the criminal scene to learn about planned and committed crimes. He even took part in felonies in order to suddenly turn on his partners and arrest them. When criminals eventually began to suspect him, he used disguises and assumed other identities to continue his work and throw off suspicion.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: At the end of 1811, Vidocq informally organized a plainclothes unit, the "Brigade de la Sûreté" ("Security Brigade"). The police department recognized the value of these civil agents, and in October 1812, the experiment was officially converted to a security police unit under the Prefecture of Police. Vidocq was appointed its leader. On 17 December 1813, Emperor Napoleon I signed a decree that made the brigade a state security police force. From this day on, it was called the "Sûreté Nationale".


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. A year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates were ex-criminals like himself. He even hired them fresh from the prisons; for example, Coco Lacour, who would later become Vidocq's successor at the Sûreté. Vidocq described his work from this period:


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself still went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old cuckold. At one point, he even faked his own death.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: During 1814, at the beginning of the French Restoration, Vidocq and the Sûreté tried to contain the situation in Paris. He also arrested those who tried to exploit the post-revolutionary situation by claiming to have been aristocrats. During 1817, he was involved in 811 arrests, including those of 15 assassins and 38 fences. By 1820, his activities had reduced crime in Paris substantially. His annual income was 5,000 francs, but he also worked as a private investigator for fees. Rumors at the time claimed that Vidocq set criminals up, organizing break-ins and robberies and having his agents wait to collect the offenders. Even though some of Vidocq's techniques might have been questionable, there seems to be no truth to this.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Despite his position as chief of a police authority, Vidocq remained a wanted criminal. His forgery conviction had never been fully dismissed, so alongside complaints and denunciations, his superiors repeatedly received requests from the prison director of Douai, which they ignored. Finally, the Comte Jules Anglès, prefect of the Paris police, responded to a petition from Vidocq and requested an official pardon, which he received on 26 March 1817 from King Louis XVIII.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In November 1820, Vidocq married again, this time the destitute Jeanne-Victoire Guérin, whose origin is unknown, which at that time led to speculation. She came to live in the household at 111 Rue de l'Hirondelle, where Vidocq's mother and a niece of hers, the 27-year-old Fleuride Albertine Maniez (born March 22, 1793), also lived. In 1822, Vidocq befriended the author Honoré de Balzac, who began to use him as a model for several figures in his books. Vidocq's wife, who was ailing throughout their marriage, died in June 1824 in a hospital. Six weeks later, on 30 July 1824, Vidocq's mother died at age 80. She was buried with honours, and her requiem was performed in Notre Dame Cathedral.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Events of the 1820s affected the police apparatus. After the assassination of the Duc de Berry in February 1820, Police Prefect Anglès had to resign and was replaced by the Jesuit Guy Delavau, who set a high value on religiousness among his subordinates. In 1824, Louis XVIII died. His successor was the ultra-reactionary Charles X, during whose oppressive reign police agents were regularly withdrawn from their original activities. Finally, Vidocq's immediate superior, police chief Henry, retired and was succeeded by Parisot, who was soon superseded by the ambitious but also very formal Marc Duplessis. The antipathy between Vidocq and Duplessis was great. Time and time again, Duplessis complained about trivial matters, for example, that Vidocq's agents spent time in brothels and bars of ill repute. Vidocq's explanation that they had to do this to establish contacts and gather information was ignored. When Vidocq received two official warnings within a short time, he had had enough. On 20 June 1827, the 52-year-old handed in his resignation:


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq, who was a rich man after his resignation, became an entrepreneur. In Saint-Mandé, a small town east of Paris where he married his cousin Fleuride Maniez on 28 January 1830, he founded a paper factory. He mainly employed released convicts – both men and women. This caused an outrageous scandal in society and led to disputes. In addition, the machines cost money, the semi-skilled workers needed food and clothing, and the customers refused to pay marked prices with the argument that he had a seemingly cheaper workforce. The company did not last long; Vidocq went bankrupt in 1831. In the short time while he was away from Paris, both Delavau and Duplessis had to resign their posts, and the July Revolution of 1830 forced Charles X to abdicate. When Vidocq delivered a few useful tips that helped to solve a burglary in Fontainebleau and led to the arrest of eight people, the new police prefect, Henri Gisquet, again appointed him chief of the Sûreté.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Criticism of Vidocq and his organization grew. The July Monarchy caused insecurities in society, and there was a cholera outbreak in 1832. One of its victims was General Jean Maximilien Lamarque. During his funeral on 5 June 1832, a revolt erupted and the throne of "Citizen King" Louis-Philippe I was in danger. Allegedly Vidocq's group cracked down on the rioters with great severity. Not all of the police approved of his methods, and rivalries developed. A rumour arose that Vidocq had initiated the theft that led to his reinstatement himself to show his indispensability. One of his agents had to go to prison for two years because of that affair, but Vidocq's involvement could not be proved. More and more defenders claimed that Vidocq and his agents were not credible as eyewitnesses, since most of them had criminal pasts themselves. Vidocq's position was untenable, and on 15 November 1832, he once again resigned, using the pretext of his wife being ill.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: On the same day, the Sûreté was dissolved, then re-established without agents with criminal records, no matter how minor their offenses. Vidocq's successor was Pierre Allard.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 1833, Vidocq founded "Le bureau des renseignements" ("Office of Information"), a company that was a mixture of a detective agency and a private police force. It is considered to be the first known detective agency. Once again, he predominantly hired ex-convicts.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: His squad, which initially consisted of eleven detectives, two clerks and one secretary, pitted itself on behalf of businesspeople and private citizens against "Faiseurs" (crooks, fraudsters, and bankruptcy artists), occasionally using illegal means. From 1837, Vidocq quarreled constantly with the official police because of his activities and his questionable relations with various government agencies such as the War Department. On 28 November 1837, the police executed a search and seizure and confiscated over 3,500 files and documents. A few days later, Vidocq was arrested and spent Christmas and New Year in jail. He was charged with three crimes, namely the acquisition of money by deception, corruption of civil servants, and the pretension of public functions. In February 1838, after numerous witnesses had testified, the judge dismissed all three charges. Vidocq was free again.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq increasingly became the subject of literature and public discussions. Balzac wrote several novels and plays that contained characters modeled after Vidocq.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: The agency flourished, but Vidocq continued to make enemies, some of them powerful. On 17 August 1842, on behalf of Police Prefect Gabriel Delessert, 75 police officers stormed his office building and arrested him and one of his agents. This time, the case seemed to be clear. In an investigation of defalcation, he had made an illegal arrest and had demanded a bill of exchange for the embezzled money from the arrested fraudster. For the next few months, 67-year-old Vidocq was remanded into custody in the Conciergerie. On 3 May 1843, the first hearings finally took place before judge Michel Barbou, a close friend of Delessert. During the trial, Vidocq had to give testimony about many other cases, among them, the kidnappings of several women whom he had allegedly delivered to monasteries against their will at the behest of their families. Also, his activities as a money lender and the possible benefits from it were examined. Finally, he was sentenced to five years imprisonment and a fine of 3,000 francs. Vidocq immediately appealed, and through the intervention of political friends like Count Gabriel de Berny and the attorney general, Franck-Carré, he quickly got a new trial, this time with the chief judge of the "court royale". The hearing on 22 July 1843 took a matter of minutes, and after eleven months in the Conciergerie, Vidocq was free once again.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: The harm was done, however. The lawsuit had been very expensive, and his reputation was damaged. Business at the agency suffered. Moreover, Delessert tried to get him expelled from the city for being a former criminal. Although the attempt failed, Vidocq increasingly considered selling his agency, but he could not find a qualified and reputable buyer.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In the following years, Vidocq published several small books in which he depicted his life to directly refute the rumours that were being circulated about him. In 1844, he presented an essay on prisons, penitentiaries, and the death penalty. On the morning of 22 September 1847, his third wife, Fleuride, died after 17 years of marriage. Vidocq did not marry again, but until his death, he had several intimate partners.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 1848, the February revolution caused the abdication of "Citizen King" Louis-Philippe. The Second Republic was proclaimed, with Alphonse de Lamartine as the head of a transitional government. Although Vidocq had always been proud of his reception at the king's court and had boasted about his access to Louis-Philippe, he offered his services to the new government. His task was the surveillance of political opponents such as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, the nephew of Napoleon I. Meanwhile, the new government sank into chaos and violence. In the presidential election of 10 December 1848, Lamartine received less than 8,000 votes. Vidocq presented himself as a candidate in the 2nd Arrondissement but received only one vote. The clear winner, and thus president of the Second Republic, was Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who did not respond to Vidocq's offer to work for him.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 1849, Vidocq briefly went to prison one last time, on a charge of fraud. In the end, however, the case was dropped. He withdrew more and more into private life and accepted only small cases every now and then. In the last years of his life, he suffered great pain in his right arm, which had been broken and had never healed properly. Also, unwise investments had cost him a large portion of his assets, so he had to curb his living standard and live in rented accommodations. In August 1854, despite a pessimistic prognosis by his doctor, he survived a bout of cholera. Only in April 1857 did his condition deteriorate to the point he could no longer stand. On 11 May 1857, Vidocq died at the age of 81 in his home in Paris in the presence of his doctor, his lawyer and a priest.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: His body was brought to the church of Saint-Denys du Saint-Sacrement, where the funeral service was held. It is not known where Vidocq is buried, though there are some rumours as to the location. One of them, mentioned in the biography of Philip John Stead, claims that his grave is at the cemetery in Saint Mandé. There is a gravestone with the inscription "Vidocq 18". According to information from city officials, however, this grave is registered to Vidocq's last wife, Fleuride-Albertine Maniez.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In the end, his assets consisted of 2,907.50 francs from the sale of his goods and a pension of 867.50 francs. A total of eleven women came forward as owners of his testament, a document which they had received for their favours instead of presents. His remaining assets went to Anne-Heloïse Lefèvre, at whose house he had lived at the end of his life. Although Vidocq had no known children, Emile-Adolphe Vidocq, the son of his first wife, tried to get recognized as his son (even changing his last name for this purpose), but failed. Vidocq had left evidence which ruled out his paternity: he had been in prison at the time of Emile-Adolphe Vidocq's conception.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq is considered by historians as the "father" of modern criminology. His approaches were new and unique for that time. However, it should be said that a famous predecessor Antoine de Sartine who organised the secret police under the monarchy before the French Revolution influenced other governments of Europe, Catherine II of Russia, Maria Theresa of Austria, and the Pope. De Sartine is portrayed in the fictional detective French TV series Nicolas Le Floch. Nonetheless, Vidocq is credited with the introduction of undercover work, ballistics, criminology and a record keeping system to criminal investigation. He made the first plaster cast impressions of shoe prints. He created indelible ink and unalterable bond paper with his printing company. His form of anthropometrics is still partially used by French police. He is also credited with philanthropic pursuits – he claimed he never informed on anyone who had stolen out of real need.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: At the same time, his work was not acknowledged in France for a long time because of his criminal past. In September 1905, the Sûreté Nationale exhibited a painting series with its former heads. However, the first painting of the series showed Pierre Allard, Vidocq's successor. The newspaper "L'Exclusive" reported on 17 September 1905 that on obtaining information concerning the omission, they had gotten the answer that Vidocq had never been head of the Sûreté.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: When Vidocq gave his allegiance to the police around 1810, there were two police organizations in France: on the one side, there was the "police politique", an intelligence agency whose agents were responsible for the detection of conspiracies and intrigues; on the other, the normal police, who investigated common crimes such as theft, fraud, prostitution, and murder. Since the Middle Ages, those constables wore identification insignia that, over time, had developed to full uniforms. Unlike the often covertly operating political police, they were easy to spot. For fear of attack, they did not dare to enter some Parisian districts, limiting their efforts at crime prevention.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq persuaded his superiors to allow his agents, who also included women, to wear plain clothes and disguises depending on the situation. Thus, they did not attract attention and, as former criminals, also knew the hiding places and methods of criminals. Through their contacts, they often learned of planned crimes and were able to catch the guilty red-handed. Vidocq also had a different approach to interrogation. In his memoirs, he mentions several times that he did not take those arrested to prison immediately, but invited them to dinner, where he chatted with them. In addition to information about other crimes, he often obtained confessions in this non-violent way and recruited future informants and even agents.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: August Vollmer, the first police chief of Berkeley, California, and a leading figure in the development of criminal justice in the United States, studied the works of Vidocq and the Austrian criminal jurist Hans Gross for his reform of the Berkeley police force. His reform ideas were adopted by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and, as a result, also affected J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI. After Robert Peel established Scotland Yard in 1829, he sent a committee to Paris in 1832 to confer with Vidocq for several days. In 1843, two commissars of Scotland Yard traveled to Paris for further training. They spent only two days with Pierre Allard, who was head of the Sûreté by then. Then they went to Vidocq's private agency and, for one week, accompanied him and his agents in their work.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Jürgen Thorwald stated in his book "Das Jahrhundert der Detektive" (1964) that Vidocq had a photographic memory that allowed him to recognize previously convicted criminals, even in disguise. Biographer Samuel Edwards reported in "The Vidocq Dossier" about a trial against the fraudster and forger Lambert, in which Vidocq referred to his memory of the accused. Vidocq regularly visited the prisons to memorise the faces of the inmates and made his agents do the same. The English police adopted this method. Until the late 1980s, British investigators attended court hearings to observe the spectators in the public galleries and become aware of possible accomplices.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: As Vidocq said at Lambert's trial, while his memory was phenomenal, he could not require the same of his agents. Therefore, for each arrested person, he carefully set up an index card with a personal description, aliases, previous convictions, modus operandi, and other information. The card of forger Lambert contained, among other things, a handwriting sample. The index card system was retained not only by the French police, but also by police units in other countries. However, it soon revealed its weaknesses. By the time Alphonse Bertillon came to the Sûreté as clerk in 1879, the descriptions on the cards were not detailed enough anymore to really identify suspects. This caused Bertillon to develop an anthropometric system for personal identification called the bertillonage. The sorting of the card boxes, which by then already filled several rooms, was converted to body dimensions, the first of many attempts to improve the structure of the sorting. With the advent of the information age, the cards were digitised, and the card boxes were replaced by databases.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Forensic science did not yet exist during Vidocq's time. Despite numerous scientific papers, the police did not recognize its practical benefits, and this could not be changed by Vidocq. Nevertheless, he was not so averse to experiments as his superiors and usually had a small laboratory set up in his office building. In the archives of the Parisian police are reports of cases that he solved by applying forensic methods decades before they were recognized as such.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 1990, the "Vidocq Society" was founded in Philadelphia by forensic artist/sculptor Frank Bender (d. 2011). Its members are forensic experts, FBI profilers, homicide investigators, scientists, psychologists, coroners, and any other competent professionals. At their monthly meetings, they try to solve cold cases from around the world, free of charge and in accordance with their motto "Veritas veritatum" ("Truth generates truth"). The rolls of membership are closed and the number of members remains low enough to never exceed the number of years of Vidocq's life.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 1829, two journalists under the pseudonym of a criminal named Malgaret published the book "Mémoires d'un forçat ou Vidocq dévoilé" to expose criminal activities Vidocq allegedly had committed. Other police officers followed the example of Vidocq's memoirs and published their own autobiographies in the following years, among them the prefect of police, Henri Gisquet.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq's life story inspired many contemporary writers, many of them his closest friends. In Balzac's writings, he was regularly the model of literary figures: his experiences as a failed entrepreneur were used in the third part of "Illusions perdues", "Les Souffrances de l'inventeur"; in "Gobseck", Balzac introduced the policeman Corentin; but most clearly, the connection to Vidocq can be found in the figure of Vautrin. This character first appears in the novel "Le Père Goriot", then in "Illusions perdues", "Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes" (as the main character), "La Cousine Bette", "Le Contrat de mariage", and finally as the main character in the 1840 theatre play "Vautrin". Not only Vidocq as a person but also his methods and disguises inspired Balzac in his work.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In Victor Hugo's "Les Misérables" (1862), both main characters, the reformed criminal Jean Valjean and Police Inspector Javert, were modeled after Vidocq, as was the policeman Monsieur Jackal in "The Mohicans of Paris" (1854–1855) by Alexandre Dumas. He also was the basis for "Rodolphe de Gerolstein", who secured justice in the serial newspaper novel "The Mysteries of Paris" of Eugène Sue in the weekly newspaper "Journal des débats"; and he was the inspiration of Émile Gaboriau for "Monsieur Lecoq", one of the first scientific and methodical investigators who played the lead role in many adventures, who in turn was a major influence for the creation of Sherlock Holmes. It is also believed that Edgar Allan Poe was prompted by a story about Vidocq to create the first detective in fiction, C. Auguste Dupin, who appeared, for example, in the short story "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", which is considered the first detective story. Vidocq is also mentioned in "Moby Dick" ("Chapter 88: Schools and Schoolmasters") and "White Jacket" ("Chapter VI: The Quarterdeck Officers, etc.") by Herman Melville and "Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In the Sandman Slim series of urban fantasy books by Richard Kadrey, a fictionalized version of Vidocq is a friend and mentor to the protagonist James Stark. Kadrey's Vidocq has become immortal thanks to an alchemical accident and lives in modern-day Los Angeles.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Another contemporary novel that features Vidocq is Louis Bayard's "The Black Tower" (2008), though it is set in Restoration France.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq was a friend of the theater. During his lifetime, the Boulevard du Crime, a road with several theatres that regularly presented crime stories in the form of melodramas, was quite popular. One of these theatres was the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique, which was sponsored by Vidocq to a great extent. According to the biographer James Morton, Vidocq also submitted a play, but it was never produced. He also had plans to dabble in play acting but never carried them out.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Not only were many of Vidocq's paramours actresses, but many of his friends and acquaintances were also from the theatre scene. Among them was the famous actor Frédérick Lemaître, who among other things played the main role in Balzac's "Vautrin", a play which debuted on 14 March 1840 at Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin after numerous problems with censorship. Lemaître tried to adapt his appearance to that of Vidocq, on whom the character Vautrin was based. At the premiere, there were commotions because the wig Lemaître had used was also similar to the one of King Louis-Philippe. The play was banned by the French interior minister after that and not performed again.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: It was not only plays inspired by Vidocq that were shown in the theatre. His one life story also made it on stage several times, usually with his memoirs as a literary template. Especially in England, there was great enthusiasm for Vidocq. The memoirs had been rapidly translated into English, and a few months later, on 6 July 1829, the premiere of "Vidocq! The French Police Spy" was held at Surrey Theatre in the London Borough of Lambeth. The melodrama in two acts, produced by Robert William Elliston, was penned by Douglas William Jerrold, and the main character was played by TP Cooke. Although the critics, among them one from "The Times", were quite positive, the play was performed only nine times in the first month and then dropped.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In December 1860, some years after Vidocq's death, another play about him, written by F. Marchant, was presented in Britannia Theatre in Hoxton under the title "Vidocq or The French Jonathan Wild". It was included in the theatre program for only one week.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 1909, Émile Bergerat wrote the melodrama "Vidocq, empereur des policiers" in five acts and seven scenes. The producers Hertz and Coquelin rejected it, but Bergerat sued them successfully for 8,000 francs in damages. The play debuted in 1910 in Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt. Jean Kemm, who years later would also participate in a movie about Vidocq, took over the lead role.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: A film based on Vidocq's memoirs was released in France on 13 August 1909, a short black-and-white silent film "La Jeunesse de Vidocq ou Comment on devient policier". Vidocq was played by Harry Baur, who also portrayed him in two sequels: "L'Évasion de Vidocq" (1910) and "Vidocq" (1911). Under the direction of Jean Kemm, the silent movie "Vidocq" based on the memoirs appeared in 1922. The screenplay was written by Arthur Bernède and the main role was played by René Navarre. The first sound film, again entitled "Vidocq", appeared in 1939. Jacques Daroy directed André Brulé in the title role. The film focused largely on Vidocq's criminal career.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: On 19 July 1946, the first American film about Vidocq appeared – "A Scandal in Paris", with George Sanders as Vidocq and direction by Douglas Sirk. It showed the rise of a rogue in society, coupled with a love story. It was followed in April 1948 by the next French version of Vidocq's life story, "Le Cavalier de Croix-Mort", directed by Lucien Ganier-Raymond with Henri Nassiet in the lead.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: On 7 January 1967, the French television station ORTF showed the first of two television series, each with thirteen episodes. "Vidocq" starring Bernard Noël was still in black and white. The second series, "Les Nouvelles Aventures de Vidocq", the first in color, premiered on 5 January 1971 and starred Claude Brasseur.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 2001, under the direction of Pitof, Gérard Depardieu played Vidocq in the French science fiction film "Vidocq".


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 1989, the pilot episode "Trail" was devoted to Eugène Vidocq. The series was called "Adventure of Criminalistics" and was filmed in a Czechoslovakian–German co-production.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 2018, Jean-Francois Richet directed a film with Vincent Cassel as Vidocq, "The Emperor of Paris" ("L'Empereur de Paris").


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq's life inspired a comics series by Dutch artist Hans G. Kresse, which was published in the magazine "Pep" between 1965 and 1969. It was a realistic adventure series set during the Napoleonic era, where Vidocq is portrayed as a detective with a criminal past.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: "Assassin's Creed Unity" takes place during the French Revolution, and features a series of side missions based on investigating murders in Paris. While Arno, the main character, takes his assignments from the dozing chief of police, a youthful Vidocq can be found in the adjacent jail cell offering advice while pleading to be let out to help Arno solve cases.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq appears as a playable character in the adventure mystery game "Inspector Javert and the Oath of Blood".


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Around 1827, Vidocq wrote an autobiography, which he planned for the bookseller Émile Morice to publish in summer 1828. Honoré de Balzac, Victor Hugo, and Alexandre Dumas thought that the story was too short, so Vidocq found a new publisher, Louis-François L'Héritier. In December 1828, L'Héritier published the memoirs, which had grown to four volumes through the help of some ghostwriters. The work became a bestseller and sold over 50,000 copies in the first year.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: Oka Laila Kosam () is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Vijay Kumar Konda. Produced by Nagarjuna on his home banner Annapurna Studios, the film features Naga Chaitanya and Pooja Hegde. Anoop Rubens composed the music for this film while I. Andrew and Praveen Pudi handled the cinematography and editing departments respectively. The film released worldwide on 17 October 2014. This film marked the Telugu debut of Pooja Hegde.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: Karthik is a rich post graduate from ISB who completes his studies and returns to India after a world tour. One day, he spots Nandana and falls head over heels for her. However Nandana develops hatred for Karthik. When Karthik proposes to her, she rejects him point blank. Karthik's marriage was arranged with Nandana but unfortunately, he does not know this. The bride accidentally turns out to be Nandana. Karthik's maternal uncle Pandu returns from Dubai and because of his hatred towards Karthik, he plans to take revenge by jeopardizing his match when he finds out that Karthik actually loves Nandana, but Karthik finds out the truth and accepts to marry her. She is not interested in this marriage but she does not want to oppose her father due to her love for him. When she tries to reject the marriage, both their parents complete the procedures and they are pronounced engaged.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: Karthik has been writing a book titled "Oka Laila Kosam" which is a collection of his experiences with Nandana. Meanwhile, Karthik meets his friend at a pub and learns that she is being blackmailed by a goon regarding their private moments. Karthik fights the goons with his friends and solves the issues. Nandana is unable to get convinced that Karthik's love is sincere and believes that he is a flirt. The book "Oka Laila Kosam" gets published and Karthik is paid an amount of 25,000. As a part of his attempts to impress her, Karthik gets a star named as Nandana by acquiring a star certificate from International Star Registry with the money he earned. Though initially happy, she still is unable to believe him and tears the certificate into pieces. But she is unable to reject Karthik as she can't let her father disappointed by doing so. That night Karthik was drunken and was brutally attacked by a goon.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: On the day of marriage, at the venue, the police arrest Karthik for murdering the goon. Thus the marriage is halted much to the delight of Nandana. Before leaving, Karthik asks her whether she is happy now at least and leaves with a smile. This puzzles Nandana and it is known later that the case and arrest were fake and were planned by Karthik himself with the help of a rich businessman whose daughter's successful love affair had Karthik as the peace maker. Nandana meanwhile receives the book "Oka Laila Kosam" from Shahrukh who credits its writer as the owner of the pigeons she has. She reads the book which is her story and learns Karthik' sincerity from the words in the book. She meets Karthik and proposes to him before their respective families and they both unite.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: Vijay Kumar Konda was inspired by an incident that happened in Warangal a few years ago which was an acid attack on a girl named Swapnika by a cruel boy and developed a story where a boy persuades a girl to love him in a good way. He met Nagarjuna on the sets of "Manam" and narrated it to him and Naga Chaitanya. The project was announced officially in late July 2013 stating that the film would be produced by Nagarjuna himself on his home banner Annapoorna Studios. In early December 2013, the film was said to be titled as "Oka Laila Kosam", which was the title of a song from Naga Chaitanya's grandfather Akkineni Nageswara Rao's "Ramudu Kaadu Krishnudu". The film was formally launched at Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad on 12 December 2013. The film's cast and crew were declared at the event. The music was composed by Anoop Rubens. Cinematography was handled by I Andrews while editing was done by Praveen Pudi. Art director was P. S. Varma, fights were composed by Vijay and costumes were designed by Neeraja Kona. In a statement to the IANS, Vijay Kumar said that the film would have a healthy humor suitable for family viewing as he felt that not everybody were comfortable with the homosexual jokes in his debut film.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: In early October 2013, 2010 Miss Universe runner up Pooja Hegde was selected to play the heroine in the film marking her Telugu debut. Former anchor turned actor Shyamala was selected to play Naga Chaitanya's sister in the film which was supposed to be her debut as an actress though "Loukyam" released earlier. About his character in the film, Naga Chaitanya said that he is called Karthik, a 24-25-year-old guy who is not interested in marriage. Elaborating further, he said "He is a fun loving, light-hearted character, very giving and is willing to do anything for the people he loves – friends or family. He believes in love at first sight and is always on a journey to discover new things." Ali was selected to play the character of Naga Chaitanya's uncle in the film which was said to be a hilarious role.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: The principal photography commenced on 12 December 2013 in Hyderabad and the first schedule was wrapped up nearly on 26 December 2013. The second schedule began in January 2014 and some crucial scenes were shot in that schedule at Hyderabad. The second schedule was wrapped up on 11 January 2014. After a gap due to Akkineni Nageswara Rao's death, Naga Chaitanya joined the film's shoot in February 2014. In mid-February 2014, it was reported that the film is in its third and last major schedule and majority of the talkie part was said to be wrapped up with patchwork and songs remained to be shot. The shooting continued at Annapurna Studios where some crucial scenes on the lead were shot. At the same time, it was announced that the talkie part of the film would be wrapped up by April 2014 and after shooting the songs in abroad, the film's shoot will be wrapped up thus making it a summer release.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: On 18 March, Vijay declared that 60% of the film's shoot has been wrapped. In the end of March, a fight sequence was shot on Naga Chaitanya which was choreographed by Ram-Lakshman. The shoot then continued in locales of Hyderabad in mid-April 2014 where scenes on principal cast were shot. It was expected then that the principal photography would end in span of a month. On 20 May 2014 Pooja Hegde informed via Twitter that the film's talkie part has been wrapped up and only the songs are left to be shot. In the first week of June, it was reported that 3 songs will be shot at Switzerland from 12 to 25 June 2014. Because of the songs shoot, Chaitanya could not attend the promotional activities of "Autonagar Surya" prior to the film's release. The filming continued in the second week of July 2014 at Interlaken at Switzerland where a song was shot on the lead pair. Part of the song's shoot included the lead pair paragliding. On 2 August, it was announced that the film's shoot is in the final stages. A week later, the film entered post production phase.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: Anoop Rubens composed the film's soundtrack and the background score marking his second collaboration with Vijay Kumar Konda. In the second week of August 2014, Vijay revealed that the soundtrack would feature a remixed version of the song "Oka Laila Kosam" from the film "Ramudu Kaadu Krishnudu" after which this film is titled. It was reported in mid-August 2014 that the film's soundtrack is scheduled for a release on 15 August 2014 with one of the songs being launched at Hyderabad and two songs being launched at PVP Mall in Vijayawada. The film's soundtrack was purchased and marketed by Aditya Music.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: Later, the single track "Freedom" sung by Alphons Joseph and written by Vanamali was released between 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm in Maa Music and between 7:00 pm TO 8:00 pm in Red FM 93.5 by Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde and Vijay Kumar Konda. The songs "O Meri Janejana" sung by Javed Ali and written by Sri Mani, "Oka Laila Kosam" sung by S. P. B. Charan & Divya and written by Dasari Narayana Rao were released at PVP Mall in Vijayawada on happened on 23 August 2014.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: It was reported later that the complete soundtrack featuring 5 songs would be launched on 4 September 2014. However, it was launched the next day by the music label's streaming section in YouTube.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: Reviewing the soundtrack, "The Times of India" wrote "On the whole, the album looks good with a blend of melodies and fast paced numbers". The platinum disc function was held on 20 September 2014, at the Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad, which coincides with the 100th day celebrations of "Manam".


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: In mid-February 2014, the makers planned for a summer 2014 release. On 2 August 2014 the makers said that they are planning to release the film on 5 September 2014. The film's overseas theatrical screening & distribution rights were acquired by Blue Sky Cinemas. The release date was moved to 29 August 2014 because the post production earlier than expected. Nagarjuna later postponed the film indefinitely because of other major releases happening at that time.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: The film's release date was postponed to October end or early November 2014. The release date was finalized as 17 October 2014. There were no changes in the plan in view of the Uttarandhra districts being affected by Cyclone Hudhud. Naga Chaitanya said "I feel sad on seeing the pictures and hearing the news. Once normalcy is restored, we plan to re-release the film in those districts. For now only a few theaters in the affected regions will screen the film."


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: On 2 August 2014 the first look poster was launched which featured the lead pair. The film's trailer was released on 12 August 2014. The trailer registered positive response from the viewers and received 0.1 million views in YouTube in one day of its release. Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde, Vijay Kumar Konda and Anoop Rubens did a flash mob and entertained the huge crowd who attended the launch of two songs of the soundtrack at PVP Mall in Vijayawada on 17 August 2014 as a part of the film's promotion. However, the event ended on an ugly note as people were seen pushing each other while hooting and cheering for Chaitanya who tried to get closer to him and the situation soon got out of hand as a mini stampede ensued in the mall. The incident forced the police to resort to lathi charge to bring the crowd under control.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: Naga Chaitanya and Pooja Hegde promoted the film on the inaugural episode of the talk show "Ali Talkies" hosted by comedian Ali on 11 October 2014. As part of the promotional campaign, an event named "Vandha Lailala Kosam Naga Chaitanya" (Naga Chaitanya for 100 Lailas) was held at Annapurna 7 acres Studios on 13 October 2014. 100 girls and 100 boys all over the state have attended this event for whom special trailers of the film were screened. Anoop Rubens gave a live performance. Pooja Hegde's birthday celebrations were also held on the same stage.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: The film had its television premiere on 23 November 2014 on MAA TV. The film received a TRP rating of 13.16, one of the largest recorded for a film broadcast.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: Upon release the film got what the IB Times called "decent" reviews with the critics mostly praising the lead actors performances and the gripping screenplay. Ranjani Rajendra of "The Hindu" called it a "regular feel good fare" and wrote "Though there's nothing phenomenal in terms of storyline, Oka Laila Kosam makes for a good one-time watch with its fair share of laughs and entertainment." Hemanth Kumar of "The Times of India" wrote "Oka Laila Kosam is a simple love story which doesn't quite leave you with a big smile on your face, but it has enough mojo, if you are a big sucker for romance. After all, there's nothing more comforting than a happy ending in a romantic film" and rated it 3 out of 5. Suresh Kavirayani of "Deccan Chronicle" wrote "The director has concentrated more on the lead actor and has left the female lead in confusion and there is no clarity about her character. But overall it's a feel good film and you can watch it once for Chaitanya and Pooja Hegde" and rated it 3 out of 5. Veena of "Oneindia Entertainment" wrote "Vijay Kumar Konda's story and screenplay should really be appreciated for portraying the casual story magically, onscreen. Oka Laila Kosam is a good romantic entertainer. The movie includes all commercial elements and will be a hit movie in Naga Chaitanya's career again" and rated it 3 out of 5.


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: "IndiaGlitz" wrote "Barring a few well-crafted scenes and nice visuals, the film lacks a strong story to keep the story going. Once watchable for the taking" and rated it 2.75 out of 5. "IANS" wrote "At a running time of 150 minutes, you really wish you had the power to stop the film whenever you want. Alas, that option is out of the question .Oka Laila Kosam, which is partly refreshing, is messed up mostly as it suffers from clichéd storytelling." Rajitha S. of "The New Indian Express" wrote "The film starts on a boring note, but it gets racy until the end of first half. The second half has too many elements which makes it clear that director Vijay Kumar Konda wanted to attribute too many characteristics to Naga Chaitanya. Chaitanya though has done justice to the role, as a character Karthik is slightly overdone".


title: Oka Laila Kosam

text: "Oka Laila Kosam" opened to low occupancy in both single screens and multiplexes. The film collected on its first day at the global box office. The film collected in AP/Nizam region and nett in the rest of the world by the end of three days taking its global first weekend total to thus recovering 5% of the film's budget. The film netted approximately in its first week globally.


title: Niharica Raizada

text: Niharica Raizada (born 18 April 1990) is a Luxembourger actress. She was crowned as Miss India UK 2010 and was runner-up at Miss India Worldwide 2010. She is the granddaughter of former Bollywood musician O. P. Nayyar. She has worked in films like "Masaan", "6-5=2", "Damadol", "Total Dhamaal" (2018) and "Sooryavanshi" (2021).


title: Niharica Raizada

text: Niharica is the granddaughter of music composer O. P. Nayyar. She was born to Indian parents and was raised in Luxembourg. Her mother tongue is French and she also speaks Luxembourgish, German, English, Spanish, and Hindi. She has a sister Nirekhna Raizada and a brother Avneesh Raizada. She is a Medical Scientist by qualification and studied MRes in Translational Medicine at Imperial College London, and then did research in Cardiology at Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore), under a Fulbright scholarship. She got training in acting from New York Film Academy. She is trained in Indian classical music and ballet. Niharica was crowned Miss India UK 2010 and was also the first runner-up of Miss India Worldwide 2010. Niharica released one song for the brand Chambor in French. She was ranked 45 in the list of Times 50 Most Desirable Women of 2013, and rose to 44 in 2015.


title: Niharica Raizada

text: Niharica made her film debut in a Bengali film Damadol in 2013. She acted in a Gujarati film "Var to NRI J" in 2016. Niharica has done a film titled "Full 2 Jugaadu" in 2016 with Krushna Abhishek.


title: Niharica Raizada

text: She is the honorary cultural and arts ambassador between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Republic of India.


title: Niharica Raizada

text: Niharica Raizada has recently opened her own boutique production house, catering to the international and national market. The production house named Raizada Entertainments endeavours to deliver budget films with a societal message for the big screen.


title: Bank code

text: A bank code is a code assigned by a central bank, a bank supervisory body or a Bankers Association in a country to all its licensed member banks or financial institutions. The rules vary to a great extent between the countries. Also the name of bank codes varies. In some countries the bank codes can be viewed over the internet, but mostly in the local language.


title: Bank code

text: The (national) bank codes differ from the international Bank Identifier Code (BIC/ISO 9362, a normalized code - also known as Business Identifier Code, Bank International Code and SWIFT code). Those countries which use International Bank Account Numbers (IBAN) have mostly integrated the bank code into the prefix of specifying IBAN account numbers. The bank codes also differ from the Bank card code (CSC).


title: Bank code

text: The term "bank code" is sometimes (inappropriately) used by merchants to refer to the Card Security Code printed on the back of a credit card.


title: Bank code

text: As of February 2014 all countries in the Single Euro Payments Area have switched to an IBAN-based system for clearing (including TARGET2 for cross-border transfers). The national bank codes have been integrated into the IBAN definition, in most cases at the start of the new account number (starting at position 5 after the common prefix of two-letter country identifier and two check digits). This is valid for transfers in the euro currency. Countries which retain their own currency use their own system for transfers in their currency.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: The Red Party (; ; ) is a political party in Norway. It was founded in March 2007 by a merger of the Red Electoral Alliance and the Workers' Communist Party. A Marxist party, it has been described as left-wing and far-left on the political spectrum. In its political programme, the Red Party sets the creation of a classless society to be its ultimate goal, which the party says is "what Karl Marx called communism". The party's other goals are replacing capitalism with socialism, an expansive public sector and nationalisation of large enterprises. It has a revolutionary socialist ideology, which aims towards new legislatures taking power on behalf of the workers, though the party does not support violent armed revolution as espoused by its predecessors in the 1970s and 1980s. It strongly opposes Norway becoming a member of the European Union.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: The Red Party has 20 county council representatives nationwide and 193 municipal representatives. In the 2013 parliamentary election, it was the largest party that failed to win a seat. The party entered Parliament in the 2017 election, winning 2.4% of the vote and its first seat ever in the Storting. The last time a far-left party had representation in the Storting was when its predecessor party, the Red Electoral Alliance, won a seat in 1993. In the 2021 parliamentary election, the party achieved its best result ever, with 4.6% of the vote, securing eight seats in Parliament.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: The party supports the existing welfare state in Norway and high taxation upon the wealthy as a means of tackling continuing inequality in Norway. Since its formation, notable groups have merged with the party, the most notable example of this being the Trotskyist International Socialists. The party consists of various internal factions, including Trotskyists, Marxist–Leninists, and democratic socialists. One of the Red Party's primary objectives is to protect the Norwegian welfare state, calling for the government to spend 30 to 40 billion Norwegian krones on the public sector to counter the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Red politician Mimir Kristjansson said that the "right-wing parties have proved their willingness to dismantle the very foundation of our welfare state." According Kristjansson, the socialist parties, along with the Labour Party, need to be forced into a policy which strongly protects the welfare model for the poor. In the aftermath of the 2021 Norwegian parliamentary election, Kristjansson said that the political right promoted, funded by the right-wing fundraiser billionaire Stein Erik Hagen, and engaged in a Red Scare campaign "to brand the Red Party as supporters of Stalinist genocide and Communist dictatorship" in which the party is seen as "just as bad as Nazism", even though "it has fought long and hard to convince voters of their commitment to a democratic form of Marxist socialism built on the proud Norwegian labor movement's most radical traditions."


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: The results of the 2009 Norwegian parliamentary election, which were regarded as disappointing for the Red Party, led to some internal turmoil, with some members wanting the party to move ideologically closer to the Socialist Left Party. After being challenged on the party's position on liberal democracy in 2012, party leader Moxnes wrote in "Aftenposten" that "free speech, freedom of association, free elections, free media, and independent courts that guarantee rule of law for individuals are fundamental for a socialist society". The continued mention of communism in the party program has been a hotly debated topic in the party, with much of the leadership, including Moxnes, wanting to abandon mention of the ideology in favour of a purely democratic socialist line. The party voted to remain ideologically committed to communism in 2014, and, again, in 2019, by a majority in the national conference. The Red Party has been described as Marxist in the 2017 and 2021 parliamentary elections.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: The Red Party was founded on 7 March 2007 as a merger between the Red Electoral Alliance and the Workers' Communist Party. The two parties had shared the same history for decades, because the Workers' Communist Party founded the Red Electoral Alliance as an electoral party that would promote communist and socialist values. During the national convention held by the Red Electoral Alliance in February 2007, a faction within the party stated it would support the merger of the two parties if any references to communism in the new party program would be removed.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: During a secret meeting between the leading staff of both parties on 5 March, a vote was held, with most members supporting the merger. The Workers' Communist Party was official dissolved in April 2007. During the party's first national convention, three names were considered: Red Choice, Solidarity, and Red Cloth. When founded, the party saw it as its main mission to fill "the void" between it and the Red-Green Coalition. When talking about the party program, Torstein Dahle said: "We will bring up issues which have broad agreement among the people of Norway, but are unfortunately not reflected in the other parties' policies."


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: Torstein Dahle was unanimously elected party leader by members of the Workers' Communist Party and the Red Electoral Alliance in February 2007. This was met with criticism by outsiders, who claimed that Dahle would not be able to lead the party in a "new direction". The then leader of the Workers' Communist Party, Ingrid Baltzersen, was elected the party's deputy leader.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: On 23 July 2007, Dahle became subject to media attention when he said that the Taliban and other Afghan rebels had the full right to fight Norwegian soldiers stationed in Afghanistan. The attention occurred only days later with the death of a Norwegian army officer in the Logar Province as a Norwegian military unit came under hostile fire. Dahle later replied to the criticism, saying that he did not support the death of Norwegian military personnel.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: When planning for the 2007 Norwegian local elections, the party thought it had a realistic chance of gaining the mayorship in three municipalities. During the local elections, the party was forced to campaign under the banner of the Red Electoral Alliance, as the Election Committee had not approved its new name.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: Election researcher Bernt Aardal believed that Red would be able win votes from voters who usually voted for the Socialist Left Party. The reasoning behind this was that the Socialist Left became part of the ruling red–green coalition, and would constantly need to make compromises with the two other parties in the coalition. When confronted with his research, he replied: "This is not a large voter group. We've looked at some polls in the past that RV would give the party one or two seats in Parliament. It is difficult to say whether the new party will make a difference."


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: After experiencing what many described as a bad election, Trond Andresen, a leading political figure within the party, resigned. He said the party was going in a downward spiral and would meet the same fate as the Communist Party of Norway if it did not renew its image. Among several known candidates that were officially announced or rumoured to be running for party leader were Bjørnar Moxnes, Mona Bjørn, Asgeir Drugli, Mimir Kristjansson, and Ingeborg Steinholt.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: Turid Thomassen was voted in as party leader of Red in May 2010. Thomassen has long experience from both the Workers' Communist Party and the Red Electoral Alliance. The former leader of Red Youth (2004–2006), Bjørnar Moxnes, became deputy leader.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: Bjørnar Moxnes was elected party leader in May 2012. During Moxnes' leadership, the party has increased its vote share severalfold. The party first broke Norway's 4% election threshold in the 2021 parliamentary elections, and entered the Storting with 4,7% and 8 deputies. The party subsequently grew in polls, reaching 10,3% and placing third in a nationwide poll conducted in February 2022 in its highest poll result to date.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: The party's youth wing is Red Youth, which was founded in 1963, preceding the foundations of the Red Electoral Alliance and the Workers' Communist Party. The current leader of the youth wing is Alberte Bekkhus. Red Youth was highly supportive of the merging of the Red Electoral Alliance and the Communist Party, with Sandra Johansen, leader of Red Youth in Brønnøysund, claiming "it to have been difficult to be a youth party under two different parent parties".


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: Former Deputy Leader of the Red Electoral Alliance Marte Mjøs Persen left the party, believing there was a big generational gap between the older and younger members of Red. She further claimed that only the older members, who have their origins from the foundation of the Red Electoral Alliance and the Workers' Communist Party, controlled the party. Persen's statements were met with a positive response by fellow party members and outsiders. Mathias Furevik, who had served as Dahle's campaign manager, agreed with her accusations. Bergen City Council representative, Stine Akre, reluctantly agreed with Persen's accusations and said: "Red is now a party for middle-aged men, and has not been able to get rid of the generation gap. It also means that many younger people will get burned out before they move the party's direction." Persen shortly after joined the Labour Party.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: In the 2007 Norwegian local elections, the Red Party won 2.1% of the votes. After the 2007 county elections, Knut Henning Thygesen became the party's first and only mayor elected through a direct mayor election in the municipality of Risør.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: In the 2009 Norwegian parliamentary election, the result was 1.3% of votes, giving the party no seats in the parliament. The party came closest to winning a seat in Oslo, where it took nearly 4% of the vote. In 2009, electoral researcher Bernt Aardal commented that the Red Party would have won a single seat in Oslo during the 2009 elections had it not been for the fact that the voting system is designed to ensure that more MPs come from rural areas.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: In the 2011 Norwegian local elections, the party won 1.7% of the votes. The Oslo constituency was considered to be where the party had its best chance of gaining a seat in the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election but failed to win any seats. In the 2017 Norwegian parliamentary election, the party broke through in Oslo, with party leader Moxnes being elected for the first time.


title: Red Party (Norway)

text: In the 2021 Norwegian parliamentary election, the Red Party achieved 4.6% of votes and secured eight (8) seats in parliament, its largest share of the vote—and its largest parliamentary representation—to date.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and U.S. Attorney probe of trading in the shares of ImClone Systems resulted in a widely publicized criminal case, which resulted in prison terms for businesswoman and television personality Martha Stewart, ImClone CEO Samuel D. Waksal and Stewart's broker at Merrill Lynch, Peter Bacanovic.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: ImClone's stock price dropped sharply at the end of 2001 when its drug Erbitux, an experimental monoclonal antibody, failed to get the expected Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. It was later revealed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that prior to the announcement (after the close of trading on December 28) of the FDA's decision, numerous executives sold their stock. ImClone's founder, Samuel D. Waksal, was arrested in 2002 on insider trading charges for instructing friends and family to sell their stock, and attempting to sell his own. His daughter, Aliza Waksal, sold $2.5 million in shares on December 27. His father, Jack Waksal, sold $8.1 million in shares over the 27th and 28th; company executives followed suit. John B. Landes, the general counsel, sold $2.5 million in shares on December 6. Ronald A. Martell, the vice president for marketing and sales, sold $2.1 million in shares on December 11. Four other executives sold shares in the following weeks as well. Later, founder Waksal pleaded guilty to various charges, including securities fraud, and on June 10, 2003, was sentenced to seven years and three months in prison.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: Martha Stewart, the founder of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, also became embroiled in the scandal after it emerged that her broker, Peter Bacanovic, tipped her off that ImClone was about to drop. In response, Stewart sold about $230,000 in ImClone shares on December 27, 2001, a day before the announcement of the FDA decision. Stewart's involvement would have never come to light had Doug Faneuil, Bacanovic's assistant, not disclosed it to investigators. Although Stewart maintained her innocence, she was found guilty and sentenced on July 16, 2004, to five months in prison, five months of home confinement, and two years' probation for lying about a stock sale, conspiracy, and obstruction of justice.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: Ultimately a new clinical trial and FDA filing prepared by ImClone's partner Merck KGaA ("German Merck" not to be confused with the U.S. company of similar name) resulted in an FDA approval of Erbitux in 2004 for use in colon cancer.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: A Congressional hearing on improprieties at ImClone, held in October 2002, unveiled a culture of corruption dating back to 1986. This was the year that ImClone CEO Waksal first forged the signature of the company's general counsel John Landes (one of the three original employees of the company) for financial gain. Nonetheless, Landes defended Waksal's illegal actions at the hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, portraying the forgery as "a good-faith misunderstanding". The subcommittee's chairman, Jim Greenwood of Pennsylvania, replied, "My children know better than that, Mr. Landes." Further questioning about this and subsequent forgeries on Waksal's part revealed that neither Landes, the chief legal officer of the company, nor the company's outside directors reported Waksal's actions to proper authorities or made any moves to have Waksal removed as CEO. Instead, testimony revealed that they initiated their own internal investigation, which was never concluded.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: The FDA's February 2004 announcement of approval for use of Erbitux for treatment of colorectal cancer reported that conclusions were drawn from a trial involving 329 patients, of which 10.8% responded when Erbitux was used by itself, delaying tumor growth by 1.5 months. When used in conjunction with a standard treatment irinotecan, 22.9% of patients responded and tumor growth was delayed by approximately 4.1 months.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: In September 2001, Bristol-Myers Squibb committed $2 billion (including a $1 billion up-front cash payment) for less than 20% of ImClone due to what was called at the time the drug's "blockbuster" potential.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: In January 2006, the company was put up for sale but failed to find any buyers, likely because Erbitux by that time faced significant competition in the medical marketplace. ImClone directors withdrew the sale of the company in mid-2006.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: Waksal was arrested June 12, 2002, on charges of conspiring to commit insider trading. On October 15, he pleaded guilty to charges of securities fraud, bank fraud, obstruction of justice, and perjury.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: On March 3, 2003, he pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy and wire fraud for avoiding $1.2 million in sales taxes on $15 million in artwork. The art included works by Mark Rothko, Richard Serra, Roy Lichtenstein, and Willem de Kooning, purchased between June 2000 and October 2001. He did not pay the necessary taxes at the time of purchase, but paid in fall 2002.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: On June 10, 2003, Waksal was sentenced to seven years and three months in prison and ordered to pay more than $4 million in fines and back taxes, all the maximum punishments allowable under law. Waksal was released in 2009.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: On June 4, 2003, a federal grand jury in Manhattan indicted Stewart and her former broker, Peter Bacanovic on nine criminal counts. The government alleged that, by selling when she did, Stewart avoided losses of $45,673. The charges included securities fraud, obstruction of justice, and conspiracy. Stewart pleaded not guilty, saying she had a standing order with Bacanovic to sell her shares if ImClone stock fell below $60. Stewart resigned as CEO and chairman of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia on the same day she was indicted, but remained on the company's board.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: The day after her indictment, Stewart took out a full-page advertisement in "USA Today" and launched a website with an open letter of defense "to my friends and loyal supporters." She said, "I want you to know that I am innocent—and that I will fight to clear my name... The government's attempt to criminalize these actions makes no sense to me... I am confident I will be exonerated of these baseless charges."


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: On the day she was indicted, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filed a civil complaint against Stewart with charges of insider trading (for violating § 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and SEC Rule 10b-5). The civil charges were stayed pending the criminal proceeding.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: Stewart's trial was initially set for January 12, 2004, at the request of her lawyers who said they needed more time to analyze the evidence. The trial eventually began on January 20 in New York City presided over by U.S. District Judge Miriam Goldman Cedarbaum. During the trial, Stewart maintained her innocence.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: On February 27, 2004, Judge Cederbaum dismissed the charge of securities fraud, which could have led to up to ten years in prison and a $1 million fine. The judge found that "no reasonable juror can find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant lied for the purpose of influencing the market for the securities of her own company."


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: The jury deliberated for three days following the five-week trial. On March 5, 2004, Stewart was found guilty by the jury of eight women and four men on all four remaining counts: conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and two counts of making false statements to a federal investigator. She was found not guilty of one of the most publicized charges: having falsely claimed that there was an agreement to sell her shares when they fell to $60. The jury found that Stewart lied and obstructed justice on other grounds, including her claim that she was reminded of the prior $60 agreement and urged to sell on that basis.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: On July 8, a motion for a new trial was denied and sentencing was set for July 16. Stewart and Bacanovic were each sentenced to five months in prison, five months of home confinement, and two years' probation for lying about a stock sale, conspiracy, and obstruction of justice. Stewart was ordered to pay a $30,000 fine, while Bacanovic was fined $4,000. The judge stayed the sentence while they prepared their appeals.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: On September 15, 2004, accompanied by her lawyers and members of the board of directors of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Stewart held a press conference to announce her decision to begin serving her sentence as soon as possible while vowing to continue ahead with her appeal. The event was featured live on national television. On September 21, Judge Miriam Cedarbaum ordered her to surrender by October 8. On September 29, the Federal Bureau of Prisons announced that Stewart would serve her sentence at the federal prison camp near Alderson, West Virginia, denying her request to serve it at the federal prison in Danbury, Connecticut. She reported to Alderson Federal Prison Camp early in the morning on October 8. Alderson is a minimum security prison, the lowest level of security in the Bureau of Prisons. There are no fences, and inmates are generally free to walk around the compound unescorted. Stewart, who said her prison nickname was "M. Diddy", reportedly got along quite well with her fellow inmates and kept herself busy with assigned cleaning tasks. She was released on March 4, 2005.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: After being released from Alderson, Stewart began her home confinement at her estate in Bedford, New York. During the confinement, she was permitted to leave her property for up to 48 hours a week to conduct business, but was required to wear an electronic ankle monitor to monitor her location at all times. On January 6, 2006, a Federal Appeals court denied Stewart's appeal and upheld the jury's verdict.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: On March 8, 2004, Viacom pulled "Martha Stewart Living" from its CBS and UPN affiliates, after having moved the show during Stewart's trial from prime daytime timeslots into less desirable early-morning slots (e.g., 2:05am in New York); the show was distributed by another Viacom division, King World Productions. On March 15, Stewart resigned from the board of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia. Stewart had already resigned from the boards of The New York Stock Exchange and Revlon Cosmetics. On May 18, MSO announced that "Martha Stewart Living", was going into hiatus, with no announced date of return.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: On May 21, 2004, Larry Stewart (no relation), a United States Secret Service lab director who testified for the government against Martha Stewart, was charged with two counts of perjury. Stock in Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia jumped as much as 23 percent on the news. Larry Stewart was an expert witness about the ink on a broker's worksheet, testifying that the note about selling ImClone shares when it dropped below $60 was different from the rest of the ink on the document. The charges arose when Susan Fortunato, a Secret Service co-worker, complained that she had in fact done the analysis and that it had never been examined by Stewart. Although the jury at the perjury trial felt that Larry Stewart had taken unfair credit for the work done, it did not amount to perjury and he was found not guilty on October 5, 2004. The jury had trouble believing Fortunato, feeling that she had an axe to grind with Stewart.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: In October 2005, Stewart was informed that due to her status as a convicted felon in the United States, she was inadmissible for entry into Canada under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Stewart had planned to attend the Windsor Pumpkin Regatta in Nova Scotia. Within two days of the story's breaking, then Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Joe Volpe granted Stewart a temporary resident permit, thereby allowing her to temporarily enter Canada. Bad weather prevented her from attending, however.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: In June 2008, the UK Border Agency, operational since April 1, 2008, with new rules to safeguard British borders, refused to grant her a visa to enter the United Kingdom, because of her criminal conviction for obstructing justice. She had been planning to speak at the Royal Academy on fashion and leisure industry matters.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: In August 2006, the Securities and Exchange Commission announced that it had agreed to settle the related civil case against Stewart. Under the settlement, Stewart agreed to a five-year bar from serving as a director, or as the CEO, CFO (or other officer roles in which she would be responsible for preparing, auditing, or disclosing financial results), of any public company.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: She also agreed to pay the maximum penalty of three times the losses she avoided, or $195,000. Bacanovic agreed to pay penalties totaling about $75,000, and was barred associating with a broker, dealer or investment adviser.


title: ImClone stock trading case

text: "", based on her time in prison, starred Cybill Shepherd as Stewart and was aired by CBS in September 2005. A previous movie, "", also starring Shepherd, had been aired by NBC in 2003.


title: Teairra Marí

text: Teairra Marí Thomas (born December 2, 1987) is an American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress. At the age of 16, Jay-Z signed her to Def Jam and she released her first album, "Roc-A-Fella Records Presents Teairra Marí". After disappointing sales, she was let go from her recording contract in the middle of production for her second album "Second Round". In 2008, she returned to the music scene with the Pleasure P-assisted single "Hunt 4 U". After constant leaks, she re-recorded a second attempt at her second album titled "At That Point", which was later shelved. In 2010, she starred in the film "Lottery Ticket" alongside rappers Bow Wow and Ice Cube. Since 2010, she has released several mixtapes including features from Nicki Minaj, Soulja Boy, and Gucci Mane.


title: Teairra Marí

text: After Antonio "L.A." Reid heard Marí perform live, he offered her a contract. According to VP A&R at Island Def Jam Music Group Shakir Stewart, in an interview with HitQuarters, "Teairra was a star when she walked into the room. She captured the room when she did her audition. We fell in love with her from day one."


title: Teairra Marí

text: Marí worked with Jay-Z in his first collaboration project since becoming president of Def Jam Records, to create "Make Her Feel Good" along with producer Sean Garrett, the lead single from her debut album on Roc-A-Fella/Def Jam that reached number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #9 on the R&B charts. It was heavily played on BET but barely on MTV. The second single "No Daddy" had a video that led to commercial success on MTV. The video spent sixteen days on Total Request Live, reaching number four. Shortly after her third single "Phone Booth" was only sent to radio outlets and received a lukewarm response due to it not having a video and no promotion, she also made cameo appearances in various videos such as Biggie ("Nasty Girl"), 3LW ("Feelin You") Jay-Z ("Show Me What You Got") and played the leading lady in Sammie's video for "You Should Be My Girl". Teairra Marí's first album, Roc-A-Fella Records Presents Teairra Marí, was released on August 2, 2005 and was produced by Brian Michael Cox, Darkchild, Cool And Dre, Blackout Movement, The Trackboyz, Kwame and was co-executive produced by Sean Garrett. The album reached No. 5 on the Billboard 200 albums chart and No. 2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart while modeling and doing ads for the Roca Wear campaign. The album sold 248,000 copies according to Nielsen Soundscan, as of November 11, 2009. Teairra started work on her second album entitled "Second Round" in 2006. The first single "Play Me" was scheduled to be released in the fall but production was stopped in the middle of the album. She received a phone call from her label before her high school graduation to inform her that she was being dropped.


title: Teairra Marí

text: In 2008, Marí signed a lucrative deal with Violator but decided to split and landed a new development deal with Fo' Reel under the wing of Cudda Love (the man responsible for Nelly's success). She was working on a new album titled "At That Point" with producers Rico Love, The Runners, The Underdogs and more. Featured on the album were Nicki Minaj, Flo Rida, Pleasure P, Soulja Boy, Gucci Mane, Kanye West & Rick Ross. On January 12, 2009 Teairra Marí released a Benny Boom-directed music video for "Hunt 4 U", which features Pleasure P. The second official single released from "At That Point" is "Cause a Scene" featuring Flo Rida. It was produced by The Runners. The third official single from the album "Sponsor" featuring Gucci Mane & Soulja Boy was released digitally on February 2, 2010 and the video was shot at a mansion in Los Angeles and was released on March 8, 2010.


title: Teairra Marí

text: The album "At That Point" was scheduled to release the summer of 2010 but was eventually shelved due to so many tracks getting leaked online. She decided to reenter the studio to re-record the album with a new title.


title: Teairra Marí

text: Late 2009, Teairra Marí released her first mixtape "Don't Make Me Cause a Scene", hosted by DJ Papa Smurf. Besides throwing all her singles on there she released before she released "Sponsor", plus adding "Diamonds" (with Kanye West), and "Automatic" (with Nicki Minaj), and remixing, "Birthday Sex" (Jeremih), "Turn My Swagg On" (Soulja Boy), "Blame It" (Jamie Foxx, T-Pain), "Turning Me Off" (Keri Hilson), and "Best I Ever Had" (Drake). It also features an official remix to "Cause A Scene", featuring rappers Flo' Rida, and Rick Ross.


title: Teairra Marí

text: She released her second mixtape entitled "Point of No Return", hosted by DJ Drama on August 7, 2010. The mixtape contained leak songs like "I Know It's You", "Coins", "Find My Way Back", "Holla", and a song intended for the album called "Lights Go Down". She released 4 music videos to some of the songs she covered for the project. Usher's "Daddy's Home", covers to Drake's songs "Over" and his song "Find Your Love" titled "My Lovin'", and "Super High", a Rick Ross cover featuring a rapper named Cardan.


title: Teairra Marí

text: On August 17, 2010 she released "Sincerely Yours", a digital EP released via iTunes, featuring the single "Sponsor", and new songs like "Body", and "Stranger". It also features songs made for "At That Point" that had not leaked, "Emergency", "Operator", and "Might Get Lucky". She released music videos to "Body" and "Stranger". She performed "Body" on the Mo'Nique show.


title: Teairra Marí

text: She released her third mixtape entitled "The Night Before X-MAS" on Christmas Eve 2010. It features a remix to "Devil in a New Dress" by Kanye West with the help of Rick Ross and also Mr. Vegas's ballroom reggae song "Boy Shorts" with him on it, covers to Chris Brown's "Deuces" featuring fellow recording artist Dondria, her rendition of the Wiz Khalifa song "Black and Yellow" titled "U Know What It Is", a cover to Rick Ross's song "Aston Martin Music", Diddy – Dirty Money's "Loving You No More", and other songs such as "Stay", "Round And Round", and "Back It Up" featuring rapper YG. She made videos to "U Know What It Is" and "Stay".


title: Teairra Marí

text: Teairra went into the studio with Rico Love, executive producer of the album, in early March 2011 to work on new music for her album. A snippet of a song is heard in a clip of them recording the first single from the album, "That's All Me", which features Rico Love. The song samples one of Diddy's early hits, "It's All About the Benjamins". "That's All Me" is a single on DJ T. Neal's album "Not Your Average DJ", which features Rico Love and was also set to be included on Marí's album. Marí performed the new song for the first time at R&B Live in Hollywood, and later revealed on the set of the video that she had departed from Warner Bros and had signed a deal with Rico Love's label Division1. Due to the large amount of leftover material from the album, Marí released a fourth mixtape titled "Now or Never" on May 30, 2011.


title: Teairra Marí

text: "U Did That" was later released as the new first single from Teairra's second album, and was written and produced by Rico Love and co-produced by D-Town. Marí said that the single would be going for radio adds sometime in January 2012.


title: Teairra Marí

text: Marí then released a video of her and Rico Love in the studio and talking about the new album. "It's absolutely amazing the chemistry that Rico and I share. I couldn't ask for another partner in crime. [...] There are a lot of talented songwriters out there, but for me, my chemistry is with Rico and I haven't had a chemistry like this with anybody else. Everybody has their match and I think Rico is definitely my musical match." The song was later remixed featuring rapper 2 Chainz, and the music video was shot. Marí described the reasoning for the title of the album by saying "It's reminiscent of a new jack swing, like '90s R&B, bedroom music but with a bounce."


title: Teairra Marí

text: In 2009 she appeared in "The Magnificent Cooly-T", followed in 2010's "Lottery Ticket" playing opposite Bow Wow. During 2013, the cable network UP premiered her in "The Dempsey Sisters" with Lynn Whitfield, Denyce Lawton and Clifton Powell.


title: Teairra Marí

text: From 2011 to 2012, she had a supporting role on season two of the VH1 hit reality show "". In 2014, she appeared in a main role on the "Love & Hip Hop" spinoff "".


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Sadqay Tumhare () is a Pakistani biographical drama serial based on the life of the series own writer Khalil-Ur-Rehman Qamar. It is directed by Mohammed Ehteshamuddin and co-produced by Momina Duraid, Smina Humayun Saeed and Tariq Ahmad Shah. It stars Mahira Khan, Samiya Mumtaz and Adnan Malik, who made his acting debut with this serial.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Based on writer's own real life love story, the series which is set in the 1980's, revolves around Shano and Khalil who are engaged since childhood but their family's past threatens their love.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: "Sadqay Tumhare" was one of the most popular and acclaimed program of the year 2014–15. At annual Hum Awards, it won 10 nominations out of 15 while at Lux Style Awards it won 2 awards out of five including Best Actress for Khan and Best Writer for Qamar.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Set in the 1980s Pakistani society and based on the writer's real-life story, "Sadqay Tumhare" follows the story of Shano. On the very day when Shano was born, her maternal aunt, Inayat, lovingly asks Shano's mother, Rasheeda, for Shano's hand in marriage for her son, Khalil.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Cousins Shano and Khalil know about their engagement from a very young age but spent most of their childhood apart from one another as Shano is a village girl, and Khalil is from the big city. Shano is a simple small-town girl from Balgan, who takes her engagement seriously and shares her feelings often with her best friend, Humaira. At the same time, Khalil, who has been treated like the 'Prince of Punjab' his entire life and is rather arrogant, does not reciprocate the feelings that Shano feels for him. Shano is desperate to meet Khalil, as the two haven't met or seen each other for a long time. However, Khalil does not have any interest in meeting his fiancée. Shano felt this again; she would return from her grandmother's house hopeless and disappointed. But that night, Khalil has a dream in which he sees Shano, and that's when he decides to go. At the wedding, it is revealed that Rasheeda and her husband, Amin, have broken their promise and are ending the engagement. When Shano and Khalil see each other for the first time in 10 years, they immediately fall in love. They even try to meet in person, but Rasheeda prevents it. So Inayat and her husband, Abdul Rehman, tell them they will be coming the next week to their house to ask for a proper proposal for Shano.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Two days before Khalil's parents are supposed to come, Khalil comes to visit Shano. He finds out that her parents want her to marry her paternal cousin Fayaz. Shano's parents reject Khalil's parents proposal that Khalil marries Shano. Shano then writes to Khalil, and he sets off to meet her. Dr Maqsood tries to stop him knowing that Fayaz might hurt him, but he goes anyway. When Khalil gets there, Fayaz and his friends take him to a vacant space and beat him up. Khalil gets beaten up by all of them until he picks up a log and beats Fayaz and his friends until the Maulvi saves them. Despite both of their objections, Dr Maqsood plans for Shano and Khalil to marry in court. Khalil tells Shano that they will never elope.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Later on, Khalil and Shano end up making plans to get married with the help of Dr Maqsood. On the day they are supposed to get married, a marriage proposal for Shano comes from Humera's cousin, the inspector's son. Rasheeda says yes to the proposal and arranges for their nikkah (marriage) that same day. When night falls, and it is almost time for the ceremony, Humera helps Shano run away to Khalil. Everybody finds out that Shano ran away, so they search for her. Khalil takes Shano to their maternal grandmother's place, where their maternal uncle helps them, but when they're about to get married, the police and Shano's father (Amin) stop the marriage. Khalil hides Shano safely.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Khalil takes Shano to the mosque to get married. Her mother finds out about their plan and fakes hanging herself. Shano's sister informs the couple before the marriage happens.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Rasheeda emotionally blackmails Khalil and forbids any relationship between them. Khalil agrees. Later, Humaira tells Shano that it was all planned by her mother (Shano running away etc.).


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Khalil gets arrested for kidnapping Shano and forcing her to marry him. Shano says the truth in court, resulting in Khalil's case being thrown out. She goes to live with her grandmother. Shano's father promises to get Shano married to Khalil if she returns home. Shano agrees, and the date is fixed.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: A day before marriage, Rasheeda tells Amin that she still loves Abdul Rehman (Khalil's father), and Amin gets paralysed. While away at the hospital, Rasheeda admits her love to Abdul Rehman and gets all clingy. Dr Maqsood witnesses this and informs Shano. Khalil and his grandmother visit Shano at her house, where they stay to take care of her. On the other hand, Humaira (Shano's best friend) falls in love with Khalil. Humaira tells Shano that according to her priest, if Shano leaves Khalil, her father will get well. Shano chooses her father. Her father gets well.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: One day Khalil hugs Humaira to stop her cough because Humaira had done the same earlier. Shano is angry and tells Khalil the real reason they can never get married.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: His mother's ex-husband was an immoral person and seduced young Rasheeda. Inayat divorced him. Meanwhile, she told everything to Abdul Rehman, Rasheeda's fiancé at the time. He gets heartbroken and ends up marrying Inayat instead. Inayat was pregnant with her ex-husband's child at the time, so Khalil is not Abdul Rehman's son.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Khalil and Shano marry different people and try to live their lives. The story leaps to the year 1994 when Khalil becomes a successful banker; one day, while working in his office, he receives the news of Shano's. Khalil goes to her funeral and meets her husband, who seeks forgiveness from Khalil; Khalil forgives Shano's husband. It is revealed that Shano died due to depression after her separation from Khalil. But Khalil is very angry with Rasheeda and pushes her away. Amin, who is still paralysed, also asks for forgiveness, and Khalil forgives. Shano's sister asks Khalil to meet Shano's son, who she had named Khurram ("Kha" from Khalil and "ru" from Rukhsana, which was Shano's real name and "m" for Mohabbat. They had planned to name their child earlier). Before leaving, he looks at the roof of the house and sees Shano's spirit/shadow looking at him.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Writer of the serial, Khalil-Ur-Rehman Qamar said that the serial is based on a true story, his own life, ""There is no scene that has been added for the sake of the drama""


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: The serial was shot in many locations including rural areas of Interior Punjab. Other locations include Sialkot, Sambrial, Kotri and Karachi.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Besides the serial's airing on TV, it was also uploaded on YouTube. All the episode were available on YouTube which were later removed in 2017. Netflix launched Pakistani dramas in 2016 and the series rights was acquired by Netflix to stream it as VOD.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: Zee Zindagi made its shows available on Direct To Home Platform through a Value Added Service on 23rd May, 2022. The channel was made available on Tata Play as Tata Play Zindagi on Channel Number 154, on Dish and D2h as Zindagi Active on Channel Number 117 and on Airtel as Airtel Zindagi on Channel Number 102.


title: Sadqay Tumhare

text: The official.soundtrack of the serial "Haey Re Hum Sadqay Tumhare was performed by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan along with Beena Khan. The soundtrack was composed by Sahir Ali Bagga and Sohail Haider while the lyrics were written by Imran Raza."


title: Wetting

text: Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together. This happens in presence of a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not miscible with the first one. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force balance between adhesive and cohesive forces.


title: Wetting

text: Wetting is important in the bonding or adherence of two materials. Wetting and the surface forces that control wetting are also responsible for other related effects, including capillary effects.


title: Wetting

text: Wetting deals with three phases of matter: gas, liquid, and solid. It is now a center of attention in nanotechnology and nanoscience studies due to the advent of many nanomaterials in the past two decades (e.g. graphene, carbon nanotube, boron nitride nanomesh).


title: Wetting

text: Adhesive forces between a liquid and solid cause a liquid drop to spread across the surface. Cohesive forces within the liquid cause the drop to ball up and avoid contact with the surface.


title: Wetting

text: The contact angle (θ), as seen in Figure 1, is the angle at which the liquid–vapor interface meets the solid–liquid interface. The contact angle is determined by the balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. As the tendency of a drop to spread out over a flat, solid surface increases, the contact angle decreases. Thus, the contact angle provides an inverse measure of wettability.


title: Wetting

text: A contact angle less than 90° (low contact angle) usually indicates that wetting of the surface is very favorable, and the fluid will spread over a large area of the surface. Contact angles greater than 90° (high contact angle) generally mean that wetting of the surface is unfavorable, so the fluid will minimize contact with the surface and form a compact liquid droplet.


title: Wetting

text: For water, a wettable surface may also be termed hydrophilic and a nonwettable surface hydrophobic. Superhydrophobic surfaces have contact angles greater than 150°, showing almost no contact between the liquid drop and the surface. This is sometimes referred to as the "Lotus effect". The table describes varying contact angles and their corresponding solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interactions. For nonwater liquids, the term lyophilic is used for low contact angle conditions and lyophobic is used when higher contact angles result. Similarly, the terms omniphobic and omniphilic apply to both polar and apolar liquids.


title: Wetting

text: Liquids can interact with two main types of solid surfaces. Traditionally, solid surfaces have been divided into high-energy and low-energy solids. The relative energy of a solid has to do with the bulk nature of the solid itself. Solids such as metals, glasses, and ceramics are known as 'hard solids' because the chemical bonds that hold them together (e.g., covalent, ionic, or metallic) are very strong. Thus, it takes a large amount of energy to break these solids (alternatively, a large amount of energy is required to cut the bulk and make two separate surfaces), so they are termed "high-energy". Most molecular liquids achieve complete wetting with high-energy surfaces.


title: Wetting

text: The other type of solid is weak molecular crystals (e.g., fluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, etc.) where the molecules are held together essentially by physical forces (e.g., van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds). Since these solids are held together by weak forces, a very low amount of energy is required to break them, thus they are termed "low-energy". Depending on the type of liquid chosen, low-energy surfaces can permit either complete or partial wetting.


title: Wetting

text: Dynamic surfaces have been reported that undergo changes in surface energy upon the application of an appropriate stimuli. For example, a surface presenting photon-driven molecular motors was shown to undergo changes in water contact angle when switched between bistable conformations of differing surface energies.


title: Wetting

text: Low-energy surfaces primarily interact with liquids through dispersive (van der Waals) forces. William Zisman produced several key findings:


title: Wetting

text: Zisman observed that cos θ increases linearly as the surface tension (γ) of the liquid decreased. Thus, he was able to establish a linear function between cos θ and the surface tension (γ) for various organic liquids.


title: Wetting

text: A surface is more wettable when γ and θ is low. Zisman termed the intercept of these lines when cos θ = 1 as the critical surface tension (γ) of that surface. This critical surface tension is an important parameter because it is a characteristic of only the solid.


title: Wetting

text: Knowing the critical surface tension of a solid, it is possible to predict the wettability of the surface.


title: Wetting

text: Differences in wettability between surfaces that are similar in structure are due to differences in the packing of the atoms. For instance, if a surface has branched chains, it will have poorer packing than a surface with straight chains.


title: Wetting

text: An ideal surface is flat, rigid, perfectly smooth, chemically homogeneous, and has zero contact angle hysteresis. Zero hysteresis implies the advancing and receding contact angles are equal. In other words, only one thermodynamically stable contact angle exists. When a drop of liquid is placed on such a surface, the characteristic contact angle is formed as depicted in Figure 1. Furthermore, on an ideal surface, the drop will return to its original shape if it is disturbed. The following derivations apply only to ideal solid surfaces; they are only valid for the state in which the interfaces are not moving and the phase boundary line exists in equilibrium.


title: Wetting

text: Figure 3 shows the line of contact where three phases meet. In equilibrium, the net force per unit length acting along the boundary line between the three phases must be zero. The components of net force in the direction along each of the interfaces are given by:


title: Wetting

text: where α, β, and θ are the angles shown and γ is the surface energy between the two indicated phases. These relations can also be expressed by an analog to a triangle known as Neumann's triangle, shown in Figure 4. Neumann's triangle is consistent with the geometrical restriction that formula_2, and applying the law of sines and law of cosines to it produce relations that describe how the interfacial angles depend on the ratios of surface energies.


title: Wetting

text: Because these three surface energies form the sides of a triangle, they are constrained by the triangle inequalities, γ < γ + γ meaning that not one of the surface tensions can exceed the sum of the other two. If three fluids with surface energies that do not follow these inequalities are brought into contact, no equilibrium configuration consistent with Figure 3 will exist.


title: Wetting

text: If the β phase is replaced by a flat rigid surface, as shown in Figure 5, then β = π, and the second net force equation simplifies to the Young equation,


title: Wetting

text: which relates the surface tensions between the three phases: solid, liquid and gas. Subsequently, this predicts the contact angle of a liquid droplet on a solid surface from knowledge of the three surface energies involved. This equation also applies if the "gas" phase is another liquid, immiscible with the droplet of the first "liquid" phase.


title: Wetting

text: Consider the interface as a curve formula_4 for formula_5 where formula_6 is a free parameter. The free energy to be minimized is


title: Wetting

text: where formula_12 are Lagrange multipliers. By definition, the momentum formula_13 and the Hamiltonian formula_14 which is computed to be:


title: Wetting

text: Now, we recall that the boundary is free in the formula_16 direction and formula_6 is a free parameter. Therefore, we must have: