title: Phytoremediation

text: Hence, the plants reduce toxicity (with exceptions) and sequester the xenobiotics in phytotransformation. Trinitrotoluene phytotransformation has been extensively researched and a transformation pathway has been proposed.


title: Phytoremediation

text: Phytostimulation (or rhizodegradation) is the enhancement of soil microbial activity for the degradation of organic contaminants, typically by organisms that associate with roots. This process occurs within the rhizosphere, which is the layer of soil that surrounds the roots. Plants release carbohydrates and acids that stimulate microorganism activity which results in the biodegradation of the organic contaminants. This means that the microorganisms are able to digest and break down the toxic substances into harmless form. Phytostimulation has been shown to be effective in degrading petroleum hydrocarbons, PCBs, and PAHs. Phytostimulation can also involve aquatic plants supporting active populations of microbial degraders, as in the stimulation of atrazine degradation by hornwort.


title: Phytoremediation

text: Phytovolatilization is the removal of substances from soil or water with release into the air, sometimes as a result of phytotransformation to more volatile and/or less polluting substances. In this process, contaminants are taken up by the plant and through transpiration, evaporate into the atmosphere. This is the most studied form of phytovolatilization, where volatilization occurs at the stem and leaves of the plant, however indirect phytovolatilization occurs when contaminants are volatilized from the root zone. Selenium (Se) and Mercury (Hg) are often removed from soil through phytovolatilization. Poplar trees are one of the most successful plants for removing VOCs through this process due to its high transpiration rate.


title: Phytoremediation

text: Rhizofiltration is a process that filters water through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients. The pollutants remain absorbed in or adsorbed to the roots. This process is often used to clean up contaminated groundwater through planting directly in the contaminated site or through removing the contaminated water and providing it to these plants in an off-site location. In either case though, typically plants are first grown in a greenhouse under precise conditions.


title: Phytoremediation

text: Biological hydraulic containment occurs when some plants, like poplars, draw water upwards through the soil into the roots and out through the plant, which decreases the movement of soluble contaminants downwards, deeper into the site and into the groundwater.


title: Phytoremediation

text: Phytodesalination uses halophytes (plants adapted to saline soil) to extract salt from the soil to improve its fertility.


title: Phytoremediation

text: Breeding programs and genetic engineering are powerful methods for enhancing natural phytoremediation capabilities, or for introducing new capabilities into plants. Genes for phytoremediation may originate from a micro-organism or may be transferred from one plant to another variety better adapted to the environmental conditions at the cleanup site. For example, genes encoding a nitroreductase from a bacterium were inserted into tobacco and showed faster removal of TNT and enhanced resistance to the toxic effects of TNT.


title: Phytoremediation

text: Researchers have also discovered a mechanism in plants that allows them to grow even when the pollution concentration in the soil is lethal for non-treated plants. Some natural, biodegradable compounds, such as exogenous polyamines, allow the plants to tolerate concentrations of pollutants 500 times higher than untreated plants, and to absorb more pollutants.


title: Phytoremediation

text: A plant is said to be a hyperaccumulator if it can concentrate the pollutants in a minimum percentage which varies according to the pollutant involved (for example: more than 1000 mg/kg of dry weight for nickel, copper, cobalt, chromium or lead; or more than 10,000 mg/kg for zinc or manganese). This capacity for accumulation is due to hypertolerance, or "phytotolerance": the result of adaptative evolution from the plants to hostile environments through many generations. A number of interactions may be affected by metal hyperaccumulation, including protection, interferences with neighbour plants of different species, mutualism (including mycorrhizae, pollen and seed dispersal), commensalism, and biofilm.


title: Phytoremediation

text: As plants are able to translocate and accumulate particular types of contaminants, plants can be used as biosensors of subsurface contamination, thereby allowing investigators to quickly delineate contaminant plumes. Chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene, have been observed in tree trunks at concentrations related to groundwater concentrations. To ease field implementation of phytoscreening, standard methods have been developed to extract a section of the tree trunk for later laboratory analysis, often by using an increment borer. Phytoscreening may lead to more optimized site investigations and reduce contaminated site cleanup costs.


title: Photographic processing

text: Photographic processing or photographic development is the chemical means by which photographic film or paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image. Photographic processing transforms the latent image into a visible image, makes this permanent and renders it insensitive to light.


title: Photographic processing

text: All processes based upon the gelatin silver process are similar, regardless of the film or paper's manufacturer. Exceptional variations include instant films such as those made by Polaroid and thermally developed films. Kodachrome required Kodak's proprietary K-14 process. Kodachrome film production ceased in 2009, and K-14 processing is no longer available as of December 30, 2010. Ilfochrome materials use the dye destruction process. Deliberately using the wrong process for a film is known as cross processing.


title: Photographic processing

text: All photographic processing use a series of chemical baths. Processing, especially the development stages, requires very close control of temperature, agitation and time.


title: Photographic processing

text: The washing time can be reduced and the fixer more completely removed if a hypo clearing agent is used after the fixer.


title: Photographic processing

text: Modern colour negative film is developed with the C-41 process and colour negative print materials with the RA-4 process. These processes are very similar, with differences in the first chemical developer.


title: Photographic processing

text: In the RA-4 process, the bleach and fix are combined. This is optional, and reduces the number of processing steps.


title: Photographic processing

text: Transparency films, except Kodachrome, are developed using the E-6 process, which has the following stages:


title: Photographic processing

text: The Kodachrome process is called K-14. It is very involved, requiring 4 separate developers, one for black and white and 3 for color, reexposing the film in between development stages, 8 or more tanks of processing chemicals, each with precise concentration, temperature and agitation, resulting in very complex processing equipment with precise chemical control.


title: Photographic processing

text: In some old processes, the film emulsion was hardened during the process, typically before the bleach. Such a hardening bath often used aldehydes, such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. In modern processing, these hardening steps are unnecessary because the film emulsion is sufficiently hardened to withstand the processing chemicals.


title: Photographic processing

text: Black and white emulsions both negative and positive, may be further processed. The image silver may be reacted with elements such as selenium or sulphur to increase image permanence and for aesthetic reasons. This process is known as toning.


title: Photographic processing

text: In selenium toning, the image silver is changed to silver selenide; in sepia toning, the image is converted to silver sulphide. These chemicals are more resistant to atmospheric oxidising agents than silver.


title: Photographic processing

text: If colour negative film is processed in conventional black and white developer, and fixed and then bleached with a bath containing hydrochloric acid and potassium dichromate solution, the resultant film, once exposed to light, can be redeveloped in colour developer to produce an unusual pastel colour effect.


title: Photographic processing

text: Before processing, the film must be removed from the camera and from its cassette, spool or holder in a light-proof room or container.


title: Photographic processing

text: In amateur processing, the film is removed from the camera and wound onto a reel in complete darkness (usually inside a darkroom with the safelight turned off or a lightproof bag with arm holes). The reel holds the film in a spiral shape, with space between each successive loop so the chemicals may flow freely across the film's surfaces. The reel is placed in a specially designed light-proof tank (called a daylight processing tank or a light-trap tank) where it is retained until final washing is complete.


title: Photographic processing

text: Sheet films can be processed in trays, in hangers (which are used in deep tanks), or rotary processing drums. Each sheet can be developed individually for special requirements. Stand development, long development in dilute developer without agitation, is occasionally used.


title: Photographic processing

text: In commercial, central processing, the film is removed automatically or by an operator handling the film in a light proof bag from which it is fed into the processing machine. The processing machinery is generally run on a continuous basis with films spliced together in a continuous line. All the processing steps are carried out within a single processing machine with automatically controlled time, temperature and solution replenishment rate. The film or prints emerge washed and dry and ready to be cut by hand. Some modern machines also cut films and prints automatically, sometimes resulting in negatives cut across the middle of the frame where the space between frames is very thin or the frame edge is indistinct, as in an image taken in low light. Alternatively stores may use minilabs to develop films and make prints on the spot automatically without needing to send film to a remote, central facility for processing and printing.


title: Photographic processing

text: Some processing chemistries used in minilabs require a minimum amount of processing per given amount of time to remain stable and usable. Once rendered unstable due to low use, the chemistry needs to be completely replaced, or replenishers can be added to restore the chemistry to a usable state. Some chemistries have been designed with this in mind given the declining demand for film processing in minilabs, often requiring specific handling. Often chemistries become damaged by oxidation. Also, development chemicals need to be thoroughly agitated constantly to ensure consistent results. The effectiveness (activity) of the chemistry is determined through pre-exposed film control strips.


title: Photographic processing

text: Many photographic solutions have high chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD and BOD). These chemical wastes are often treated with ozone, peroxide or aeration to reduce the COD in commercial laboratories.


title: Photographic processing

text: Exhausted fixer and to some extent rinse water contain silver thiosulfate complex ions. They are far less toxic than free silver ion, and they become silver sulfide sludge in the sewer pipes or treatment plant. However, the maximum silver concentration in discharge is very often tightly regulated. Silver is also a somewhat precious resource. Therefore, in most large scale processing establishments, exhausted fixer is collected for silver recovery and disposal.


title: Photographic processing

text: Many photographic chemicals use non-biodegradable compounds, such as EDTA, DTPA, NTA and borate. EDTA, DTPA, and NTA are very often used as chelating agents in all processing solutions, particularly in developers and washing aid solutions. EDTA and other polyamine polycarboxylic acids are used as iron ligands in colour bleach solutions. These are relatively nontoxic, and in particular EDTA is approved as a food additive. However, due to poor biodegradability, these chelating agents are found in alarmingly high concentrations in some water sources from which municipal tap water is taken. Water containing these chelating agents can leach metal from water treatment equipment as well as pipes. This is becoming an issue in Europe and some parts of the world.


title: Photographic processing

text: Another non-biodegradable compound in common use is surfactant. A common wetting agent for even drying of processed film uses Union Carbide/Dow Triton X-100 or octylphenol ethoxylate. This surfactant is also found to have estrogenic effect and possibly other harms to organisms including mammals.


title: Photographic processing

text: Development of more biodegradable alternatives to the EDTA and other bleaching agent constituents were sought by major manufacturers, until the industry became less profitable when the digital era began.


title: Photographic processing

text: In most amateur darkrooms, a popular bleach is potassium ferricyanide. This compound decomposes in the waste water stream to liberate cyanide gas. Other popular bleach solutions use potassium dichromate (a hexavalent chromium) or permanganate. Both ferricyanide and dichromate are tightly regulated for sewer disposal from commercial premises in some areas.


title: Photographic processing

text: Borates, such as borax (sodium tetraborate), boric acid and sodium metaborate, are toxic to plants, even at a concentration of 100 ppm. Many film developers and fixers contain 1 to 20 g/L of these compounds at working strength. Most non-hardening fixers from major manufacturers are now borate-free, but many film developers still use borate as the buffering agent. Also, some, but not all, alkaline fixer formulae and products contain a large amount of borate. New products should phase out borates, because for most photographic purposes, except in acid hardening fixers, borates can be substituted with a suitable biodegradable compound.


title: Photographic processing

text: Developing agents are commonly hydroxylated benzene compounds or aminated benzene compounds, and they are harmful to humans and experimental animals. Some are mutagens. They also have a large chemical oxygen demand (COD). Ascorbic acid and its isomers, and other similar sugar derived reductone reducing agents are a viable substitute for many developing agents. Developers using these compounds were actively patented in the US, Europe and Japan, until the 1990s but the number of such patents is very low since the late-1990s, when the digital era began.


title: Photographic processing

text: Development chemicals may be recycled by up to 70% using an absorber resin, only requiring periodic chemical analysis on pH, density and bromide levels. Other developers need ion-exchange columns and chemical analysis, allowing for up to 80% of the developer to be reused. Some bleaches are claimed to be fully bio-degradable while others can be regenerated by adding bleach concentrate to overflow (waste). Used fixers can have 60 to 90% of their silver content removed through electrolysis, in a closed loop where the fixer is continually recycled (regenerated). Stabilizers may or may not contain formaldehyde.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), also known as autologous conditioned plasma, is a concentrate of platelet-rich plasma protein derived from whole blood, centrifuged to remove red blood cells. Though promoted to treat an array of medical problems, evidence for benefit is mixed as of 2020, with some evidence for use in certain conditions and against use in other conditions.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: As a concentrated source of blood plasma and autologous conditioned plasma, PRP contains several different growth factors and other cytokines that can stimulate healing of soft tissue and joints. There are some indications for use in sports medicine and orthopedics (acute muscle strains, tendinopathy and muscle-fascial injuries and osteoarthritis), or dermatology (androgenic alopecia, wound healing, and skin rejuvenation) or even in proctology (fistula-in-ano). For preparation of PRP, various protocols are used, with an underlying principle of concentrating platelets to 3–5 times physiological levels, then injecting this concentrate in the tissue where healing is desired. Besides the use in clinical practice PRP has been utilized for various tissue engineering applications in the context of bone, cartilage, skin, and soft tissue repair. It has been reviewed to serve as a source for the "delivery of growth factors and/or cells within tissue-engineered constructs, often in combination with biomaterials".


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: Evidence for benefit of PRP is mixed, with some evidence for use in certain conditions and against use in other conditions. It has been investigated for chronic tendinitis, osteoarthritis, in oral surgery, and in plastic surgery.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: A 2019 review found it not to be useful in rotator cuff disease. While an older review found that it may be useful. Tentative evidence supports its use in osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. A 2019 meta-analysis found that PRP might be more effective in reducing pain and improving function than hyaluronic acid in knee OA.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: A 2009 review found few randomized controlled trials that adequately evaluated the safety and efficacy of PRP treatments and concluded that PRP was "a promising, but not proven, treatment option for joint, tendon, ligament, and muscle injuries". As compared to other conservative treatments for non-surgical orthopedic illnesses (e.g. steroid injection for plantar fasciitis), evidence does not support the use of PRP as a conservative treatment. A 2018 review found that evidence was lacking for Achilles tendinopathy. A 2019 meta-analysis found that, for most outcomes in Achilles tendinopathy, PRP treatment did not differ from placebo treatment.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: A 2010 Cochrane review of use in sinus lifts during dental implant placement found no evidence of benefit. A 2013 review stated more evidence was needed to determine effectiveness for hair regrowth.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: A 2014 Cochrane review of PRP in musculoskeletal injuries found very weak evidence for a decrease in pain in the short term, and no difference in function in the short, medium or long term. There was weak evidence that suggested that harm occurred at comparable, low rates in treated and untreated people. Similarly, another 2017 review for treating pain on skin graft donor sites found the evidence for benefit was poor.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: It has not been shown to be useful for bone healing. A 2016 review of PRP use to augment bone graft found only one study reporting a difference in bone augmentation, while four studies found no difference.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: Adverse effects have been poorly studied. The single systematic review of the literature did not report of the types and number of adverse events. In 2019, Health Canada stated that most autologous cell therapies have little evidence showing they work and can pose risks, such as cross-contamination between people if equipment is not sterilized properly or potentially dangerous immune reactions. Health Canada stopped Canadian clinics from offering these types of services with a donor-patient model. Health Canada later clarified that PRP treatments harvested from, and given back to, the same person (in a single procedure) was not covered by its initial guidance as the procedure falls under health care provider regulatory bodies (rather than Health Canada).


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: There are four general categories of preparation of PRP based on its leukocyte and fibrin content: leukocyte-rich PRP (L-PRP), leukocyte reduced PRP (P-PRP; leukocyte reduced or pure PRP), leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin and pure platelet-rich fibrin (PRF).


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: The efficacy of certain growth factors in healing various injuries and the concentrations of these growth factors found within PRP are the theoretical basis for the use of PRP in tissue repair. The platelets collected in PRP are activated by the addition of thrombin and calcium chloride, which induces the release of the mentioned factors from alpha granules. The growth factors and other cytokines present in PRP include:


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: PRP is prepared by taking blood from the person, and then putting it through two stages of centrifugation designed to separate PRP from platelet-poor plasma and red blood cells. This is usually done by the clinic offering the treatment, using commercially available kits and equipment. The resulting substance varies from person to person and from facility to facility, making it difficult to understand how safe and effective any specific use is.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: PRP has received attention in the popular media as a result of its use by athletes. Use in an office setting is not approved by the FDA.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: In the 2010s, contentious cosmetic procedures marketed under the name of "vampire facials" grew in popularity, fueled by celebrity endorsement. These "vampire facials" generally center on PRP treatment, and usually (but not always) involve microneedling.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: PRP has also been injected into the vagina, in a procedure called "O-shot" or "orgasm shot", with claims that this will improve orgasms. There is no evidence, however, to support these claims.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: There are concerns from researchers studying PRP that it may be overused in a clinical setting including by for-profit unproven stem cell clinics, which market it for dozens of conditions mostly without evidence.


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: Some concern exists as to whether PRP treatments violate anti-doping rules. As of 2010, it was not clear if local injections of PRP could have a systemic impact on circulating cytokine levels, affecting doping tests and whether PRP treatments have systemic anabolic effects or affect performance. In January 2011, the World Anti-Doping Agency removed intramuscular injections of PRP from its prohibitions after determining that there is a "lack of any current evidence concerning the use of these methods for purposes of performance enhancement".


title: Platelet-rich plasma

text: In the early 1940s clinicians used extracts of growth factors and cytokines for healing. The term 'platet-rich plasma' was first used in 1954 by Kingsley and in the 1960s the first PRP blood banks were established, becoming popular by the 1970s. In the 1970s PRP was used in the field of hematology, originally for transfusions to treat thrombocytopenia. Ten years later it was used for maxillofacial surgeries. PRP was first used in Italy in 1987 in an open heart surgery procedure. In 2006 PRP was starting to be considered of potential use for both androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata, though research remained mixed.


title: Garou (singer)

text: Pierre Garand (born 26 June 1972), known by his stage name Garou (a diminutive of his last name "Garand"), is a Canadian singer and entertainer from Sherbrooke, Québec.


title: Garou (singer)

text: He is known for his work in the musical Notre-Dame de Paris (playing Quasimodo in both the original French and English casts) and the No. 1 hits "Belle", "Seul", "Sous le vent", and "La Rivière de notre enfance".


title: Garou (singer)

text: Garou was born in Canada. Garou began playing the guitar at the age of three at the encouragement of his father (he also plays piano and trumpet). He went on to serve in the military and started a band in 1992 called the Untouchables. In 1997, he was discovered by Luc Plamondon while singing American blues tunes in a Sherbrooke bar. He was drafted by Plamondon to play the role of Quasimodo in his musical Notre-Dame de Paris, which made him a star in France and propelled his career into action. He would play the role of Quasimodo for 3 years.


title: Garou (singer)

text: His first album "Seul" became the best-selling French album of 2001 and remains one of the best-selling French albums of all time, achieving 2 million sales in Europe and going three times platinum in Canada.


title: Garou (singer)

text: He continued his string of hits with a "live album" and his sophomore effort "Reviens" in 2003. Sales for his third album "Garou" remained strong and he released his English crossover "Piece of My Soul" in 2008. The album debuted at No. 2 in Canada and No. 3 in France. Despite this, the album became his first album in France not to reach platinum status although it became his best-selling album in North America in seven years. His next album, "Gentleman cambrioleur" features cover songs in French and English and became his first album to miss the top five in France, where it modestly peaked at No. 35, staying on the charts for 17 weeks. He released "Version Intégrale" in 2010 which became another Top 40 hit in France and Canada.


title: Garou (singer)

text: Garou performed the Jean-Pierre Ferland song "Un peu plus haut, un peu plus loin" (A Little Higher, A Little Farther) at the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Vancouver, British Columbia. He has also performed at the charity event Les Enfoirés for the past 19 years.


title: Garou (singer)

text: His latest effort "Rhythm and Blues" became his highest-peaking album in four years. It is his second covers album and pays tribute to classic R&B music.


title: Garou (singer)

text: He hosted the first two editions of "Destination Eurovision", the selection show to choose the French entry for the Eurovision Song Contest, for France 2.


title: Garou (singer)

text: Garou has become well known for his collaborations. He has worked with Luc Plamondon in Notre-dame de Paris. The single "Belle" was lifted from the musical and stayed atop the French charts for a record-breaking 18 weeks. The single remained the most successful song in French history until 2009. In 2000, he had a successful duet with Celine Dion. "Sous le vent" became his third number one single in France. In 2004 he worked with Michel Sardou for his fourth and final No. 1 single, "La Rivière de notre enfance". The following year he appeared with 15-year-old singer Marilou on "Tu es comme ça."


title: Garou (singer)

text: He has also worked with several popular songwriters, including Jean-Jacques Goldman and Pascal Obispo. For his first album in English, Garou collaborated with some of the biggest names in music. The single "Stand Up" was written by Rob Thomas. He also sang the song "First Day of My Life", which was a big hit all over Europe in 2006 for former Spice Girl Melanie C, written by Guy Chambers and Enrique Iglesias.


title: Garou (singer)

text: Born in the town of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Pierre "Garou" Garand was exposed to music from an early age. He began to learn guitar at the age of three and soon pursued other instruments; such as trumpet, piano and the organ.


title: Garou (singer)

text: Garou has a daughter, Emelie (born July 7, 2001), with his ex-girlfriend, Ulrika, a former model. After they broke up he dated a former Yemeni singer and entertainer Arwa Jassem known as Lahlouba. From 2007 to June 2010 he dated French singer Lorie.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: JAT Yugoslav Airlines Flight 367 was a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 aircraft (registration YU-AHT) which exploded shortly after overflying NDB Hermsdorf (located in or around Hinterhermsdorf, in the present-day municipality of Sebnitz), East Germany, while en route from Stockholm to Belgrade on 26 January 1972. The aircraft, piloted by captain Ludvik Razdrih and first officer Ratko Mihić, broke into three pieces and spun out of control, crashing near the village of Srbská Kamenice in Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic). Of the 28 on board, 27 were killed upon ground impact and one Yugoslav crew member, Vesna Vulović (1950–2016), survived. She holds the Guinness world record for surviving the highest fall without a parachute at .


title: JAT Flight 367

text: The secondary crew of JAT Flight 367, flying from Stockholm to Belgrade with stopovers in Copenhagen and Zagreb, arrived in Denmark on the morning of 25 January 1972. Flight 367 departed from Stockholm Arlanda Airport at 1:30 p.m. on 26 January. The aircraft, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32, landed at Copenhagen Airport at 2:30 p.m., where it was taken over by Vulović and her colleagues. "As it was late, we were in the terminal and saw it park," Vulović said. "I saw all the passengers and crew deplane. One man seemed terribly annoyed. It was not only me that noticed him either. Other crew members saw him, as did the station manager in Copenhagen. I think it was the man who put the bomb in the baggage. I think he had checked in a bag in Stockholm, got off in Copenhagen and never re-boarded the flight."


title: JAT Flight 367

text: Flight 367 departed from Copenhagen Airport at 3:15 p.m. At 4:01 p.m., an explosion tore through the DC-9's baggage compartment. The explosion caused the aircraft to break apart over the Czechoslovak village of Srbská Kamenice. Vulović was the only survivor of the 28 passengers and crew. Some reports stated Vulović was at the rear of the aircraft when the explosion occurred, but she has stated she was told that she was found in the middle section of the plane. She was discovered by villager Bruno Honke, who heard her screaming amid the wreckage. Her turquoise uniform was covered in blood and her stiletto heels had been torn off by the force of the impact. Honke had been a medic during World War II and was able to keep Vulović alive until rescuers arrived. Vulović was in a coma for 27 days and was temporarily paralyzed from the waist down, but survived. She continued working for JAT, holding a desk job.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: Between 1962 and 1982, Croatian nationalists carried out 128 terror attacks against Yugoslavian civilian and military targets. The Yugoslav authorities suspected that émigré Croatian terrorists ("Ustashe") were to blame for bringing down Flight 367. The day of the crash, a bomb exploded aboard a train travelling from Vienna to Zagreb, injuring six. A man, describing himself as a Croatian nationalist, called the Swedish newspaper "Kvällsposten" the following day and claimed responsibility for the bombing of Flight 367. No arrests have yet been made. The Czechoslovak Civil Aviation Authority later attributed the explosion to a briefcase bomb.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: The officially stated cause of the Flight 367 crash was challenged occasionally over the years by conspiracy theories. For example, in 1997 the Czech periodical "Letectví a kosmonautika" reported that the plane was shot down by mistake by Czechoslovak air defenses.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: The discussion about different aspects of the crash was reopened on 8 January 2009, when German news magazine "Tagesschau" featured a report by investigative journalists Peter Hornung and Pavel Theiner. Allegedly based on newly obtained documents mainly from the Czech Civil Aviation Authority, they concluded that it was "extremely likely" that the plane had been mistakenly shot down only a few hundred meters above the ground by a MiG fighter of the Czechoslovak Air Force, having been mistaken for an enemy aircraft while attempting a forced landing. All the evidence suggesting that the plane was destroyed at high altitude by explosives placed in a suitcase would be therefore have been forged by Czechoslovak secret police.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: As evidence that the DC-9 had broken up at a lower altitude, the journalists cited eyewitnesses from Srbská Kamenice, who had seen the plane burning but still intact below the low-hanging clouds, and confirmation of a Serbian aviation expert (who had been present at the crash site) that the debris area had been much too small for a crash from high altitude; it also referred to sightings of a second plane. According to Hornung, Flight 367 got into difficulties, "went into a steep descent and found itself over a sensitive military area", close to a nuclear weapons facility. However, Hornung himself stated that for his theory "there are only indications, no evidence".


title: JAT Flight 367

text: Vulović (who had no memory of the crash or the flight after boarding) referred to the claims that the plane attempted a forced landing or descended to such a low altitude as "nebulous nonsense". A representative of "Guinness World Records", according to the German paper "Die Tageszeitung", stated that "it seems that at the time Guinness was duped by this swindle just like the rest of the media."


title: JAT Flight 367

text: The Civilian Aviation Authority dismissed the conspiracy theory as media speculation, that appears from time to time. Its spokeswoman added that Authority experts would not comment on them and that findings of the official investigation are being questioned mostly because of the media attractiveness of the story.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: The Czech magazine "Technet" quoted a Czech army expert: "In case of violation of the air space, the incident would not be solved by anti-air missiles, but by fighter planes. Also it would not be possible to conceal such incident, as there would be approximately 150–200 people knowing about the incident. They would not have any reason to not tell about the incident today." A potential missile launch would be audible and especially visible for thousands of people long afterwards. He further claims that for the Yugoslav plane, it was technically impossible to dive in a "state of emergency" from the proven flight level to the low altitude and place where it was allegedly shot down. He also states that the debris area wasn't "too small" but that the main parts were more than 1.5 km apart. Additionally, the Czechoslovak Air Defense soldier who operated the radar on the day of the crash stated in a 2009 interview that any Czechoslovak jet fighters would be noticed by West German air defense.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: The main evidence against such a theory is the flight data obtained from the black box, which provided the exact data about the time, speed, direction, acceleration and altitude of the plane at the moment of the explosion. Both black boxes were opened and analysed by their respective service companies in Amsterdam in the presence of experts from Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and the Netherlands.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: Vulović's fall was the subject of a "MythBusters" episode, which concluded it was possible to survive the fall depending on how the wreckage someone was sitting in landed.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: Vulović holds the official record in the "Guinness Book of Records" for the highest fall survived without a parachute. Vulović received the Guinness prize from Paul McCartney.


title: JAT Flight 367

text: A major celebrity in Yugoslavia, Vulović was a frequent guest on national television shows such as "Maksovizija" by Milovan Ilić Minimaks up until the 1990s. She attended annual commemorations at the crash site, until they were stopped in 2002. The daughter of the firefighter that saved her bears her name, as well as a local hotel called Pension Vesna in the Czech Republic, near the site of the crash.


title: Boerum Hill

text: Boerum Hill (pronounced ) is a small neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, bounded by Schermerhorn Street to the north and Fourth Avenue to the east. The western border is variously given as either Smith or Court Streets, and Warren or Wyckoff Streets as the southern edge.


title: Boerum Hill

text: Smith Street and Atlantic Avenue are the neighborhood's main commercial districts. The Brooklyn High School of the Arts is in the neighborhood on Dean Street and Third Avenue. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 2 and is served by the NYPD's 84th Precinct.


title: Boerum Hill

text: Boerum Hill is named for the colonial farm of the Boerum family, which occupied most of the area during early Dutch settlement. According to the 1790 census, John Boerum's family owned at least two enslaved people.


title: Boerum Hill

text: Most of the housing in Boerum Hill consists of three-story row houses built between 1840 and 1870. Despite the "hill" in the name, the neighborhood is relatively flat; some parts sit atop former marshes that bordered Gowanus Creek. In the 1950s, all the neighborhoods south of Atlantic Avenue and west of Prospect Park were known generically as South Brooklyn. Boerum Hill in particular was sometimes called "North Gowanus." The name "Boerum Hill" was coined in early 1964 by Boerum Hill Association founder Helen Buckler, referencing the name of the colonial farmers.


title: Boerum Hill

text: From the early 1970s until about 2003, Boerum Hill was populated mostly by working class and middle-class African-American and Puerto Rican families. In recent decades, since about the late 1990s, gentrification has changed the neighborhood to one of mostly upper-class individuals, though working-class families still reside in the immediate area.


title: Boerum Hill

text: In the early twentieth century, many of the buildings were run as boarding houses. Nearby was the union hall for ironworkers, who came to the city to work on bridges and skyscrapers. The north end of Smith Street was the center of New York City's Mohawk community, who came mostly from "Akwesasne" and "Kahnawake", Mohawk reserves in Quebec, Canada. (Akwesasne extends across national boundaries into New York state.) Many of the Mohawk men were ironworkers, while their wives worked at a variety of jobs and created the community for their families. For 50 years, the Mohawk families called their neighborhood "Little Caughnawaga," after the homeland of Kahnawake. Many families would travel back to Kahnawake in the summer.


title: Boerum Hill

text: The Boerum Hill Historic District was first recognized and designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on November 20, 1973, after many years of advocacy by the Boerum Hill Association. The Boerum Hill Historic District was then listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Many of its buildings are landmarked.


title: Boerum Hill

text: In 2012, Boerum Hill had the sixth highest neighborhood median home prices among all New York City neighborhoods, and the highest of any neighborhood outside Manhattan.


title: Boerum Hill

text: Boerum Hill is known for its independent boutiques, restaurants and rows of brownstones. Boerum Hill is home of many artists who own art galleries in the neighborhood, including the "invisible dog" exhibition. Boerum Hill is home to many young families, and biking is popular in the neighborhood and nearby Prospect Park. The abundant cultural offerings (including The Invisible Dog Art Center, Roulette, Issue Project Room, and BAM), the thriving Smith Street restaurant row and Atlantic Avenue Design district.


title: Boerum Hill

text: The neighborhood has been featured in several contemporary creative works. It is the setting of Spike Lee's movie, "Clockers" (1995), which was filmed in the Gowanus Houses. It is the setting for two of Jonathan Lethem's novels: "Motherless Brooklyn" (1999), a crime mystery set on Bergen Street between Smith and Hoyt streets; and "The Fortress of Solitude" (2002), set primarily on one block in Boerum Hill (Dean Street between Nevins and Bond streets).


title: Boerum Hill

text: The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL)'s Pacific branch is at 25 Fourth Avenue near Pacific Street. Opened in 1905, it is Brooklyn's oldest Carnegie library.


title: Boerum Hill

text: WBAI 99.5 FM, a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station part of the Pacifica Network has studios and offices at 388 Atlantic Avenue.


title: Rajah Humabon

text: Rajah Humabon, later baptized as Don Carlos, (died April 27, 1521) was the Rajah of Cebu (an Indianized Philippine polity). Humabon was Rajah at the time of the arrival of Portuguese-born, Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines in 1521. There is no official record of his existence before the Spanish contact in 1521. The existing information was written by Magellan's Italian voyage chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta on Humabon and the indigenous Philippine peoples that existed prior to Spanish colonization.


title: Rajah Humabon

text: Rajah Humabon is cited as the reason for why Magellan fought in the Battle of Mactan, as the latter wanted to earn the trust of Humabon by helping him subdue his opponent Lapulapu, the datu of Mactan.


title: Rajah Humabon

text: There is no official record of the origins of Rajah Humabon prior to the arrival of Magellan. According to tradition, Humabon (also known as Sri "Hamabar") was the son of Sri Bantug, and the grandson of Sri Lumay. His ancestor, Sri Lumay, a native from Sumatra and a member of the Chola Dynasty, established the Rajahnate of Cebu, and sired at least four known sons, namely Alho, Ukob, Parang the Limp, and Bantug (father of Rajah Humabon).


title: Rajah Humabon

text: Sri Alho ruled a land known as "Sialo" which included the present-day towns of Carcar and Santander in the southern region of Cebu.


title: Rajah Humabon

text: Sri Ukob ruled a kingdom known as "Nahalin" in the north which included the present-day towns of Consolación, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen and Bantayan. He died in battle, fighting with the tribal group known as "magalos" from Mindanao.


title: Rajah Humabon

text: Sri Bantug, the youngest, ruled a kingdom known as "Singhapala" (a variation of the Sanskrit "Singha-Pura", "City of the Lion", which is also the root of "Singapore"),


title: Rajah Humabon

text: When Sri Bantug died Sri Parang became his successor, but due to his limp he passed the throne to Humabon. The phrase "Cata Raya Chita" was documented by historian Antonio Pigafetta to be a warning in the Malay language, from a merchant to the Rajah. Following Pigafetta's inscription, the phrase is creole Malay for ""Kata-katanya adalah raya cita-cita"". The phrase may mean "What they say is mainly ambitious": "kata-kata" ("words"), "–nya" (second person possessive), "adalah" ("is/are"), "raya" (great, main, large), "cita-cita" ("ambitious"). Another interpretation is that the phrase was spoken by merchants under the authority of Rajah Humabon was actually the Old Malay "Kota raya kita", meaning "We are of the great fortress": "Kota" ("fortress"), "Raya" ("great"), "Kita" ("we"). The meeting between Rajah Humabon and Enrique of Malacca, the slave accompanying Magellan's voyage, was documented by Antonio Pigafetta and Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and is evidence that Old Malay was understood in parts of what is now the Philippines.


title: Rajah Humabon

text: According to historical accounts, Rajah Humabon was among the first indigenous converted to Catholicism after he, his wives, and his subjects were baptized by the expedition's priest. On April 14, 1521, Humabon was christened "Carlos" in honor of King Charles I of Spain, while his chief consort, "Hara" Humamay was given the name "Juana", after Charles' mother, Joanna of Castile. He also made a blood compact with Magellan, as a sign of friendship; according to Pigafetta, it was Humabon who had requested Magellan to kill his rival, Lapulapu, the datu or chieftain of nearby Mactan Island.


title: Rajah Humabon

text: After the death of Magellan at the Battle of Mactan and the consequent failure of the Spanish to defeat Lapulapu, Humabon and his warriors plotted to poison the remaining Spanish soldiers in Cebu during a feast. Several men were killed, including the then-leaders of the expedition, Duarte Barbosa and João Serrão.


title: Rajah Humabon

text: According to the chronicler Pigafetta, Serrão, begging to be saved from the Cebuano tribesmen, allegedly referred to Enrique (Magellan's slave) as having instigated the massacre by claiming to Humabon that the Europeans planned to take over the rajahnate.


title: The Married Woman

text: The Married Woman is an Indian Hindi-language, romantic drama web series featuring Ridhi Dogra, Monica Dogra, Suhaas Ahuja, and Imaad Shah. Directed by Sahir Raza and produced by Juggernaut Productions, this web series is currently streaming on ALTBalaji and ZEE5. The trailer was released at a launch event in Mumbai on 13 February 2021. It is based on Manju Kapur's book, "A Married Woman".


title: The Married Woman

text: It is a story of two women, Astha and Peeplika, set in the backdrop of the 90s, where Astha is a dutiful housewife and a mother. Peeplika is an unconventional artist and has never been impressed by normal routines in her life. Astha sets out on a journey of self-discovery and meets Peeplika on the route. Astha sets herself free from the society pressures and boundaries when she finds an intense connection with Peeplika, something that she always longed for. All this happens amidst the riots after Babri Masjid demolition horrified the nation.


title: The Married Woman

text: Sweta Kaushal from "Hindustan Times" feels the show is a stereotypical act. It is all about politics and religion and the one which is heard mostly. She simply summarizes the review in the title: "Melodrama and Monologue kills the charm". Actors Riddhi and Monika Dogra have tried their best to act in spite of limited scope.


title: The Married Woman

text: Archika Khurana of "The Times of India" feels it is "A millieu of good performances challenging societal norms." The critics rating on TOI is 3/5 and average user rating goes to 3.5/5. The review ends with a solid line that says, "'The Married Woman' takes too long to make its point heard but it is the performances that hold your attention throughout".


title: The Married Woman

text: Shubham Kulkarni from koimoi.com says, "Ridhi Dogra's Performance Is The Only Hook In A Show That Talks About Homosexuality In The Daily Soap Way". He concludes the review saying, "The Married Woman ends up being yet another soap opera made with some gen Z elements for the digital arena". Rating: 2.5 stars.


title: Charlotte Attenborough

text: Charlotte Isabel Attenborough (born 29 June 1959) is a British stage, film and television actress known for her appearances in "Jane Eyre" (1996) and "Jeeves and Wooster" (1991, 93). She is the daughter of Richard Attenborough and Sheila Sim.


title: Charlotte Attenborough

text: Attenborough was born in 1959, the daughter of actor, filmmaker, entrepreneur, and politician Richard Attenborough, Baron Attenborough and the film and theatre actress Sheila Sim. She has one brother, director Michael Attenborough. Her sister Jane and her 14-year-old niece Lucy were killed in the Indian Ocean tsunami as it struck their villa on the coast of Thailand on 26 December 2004. Another niece, Alice, was seriously injured. Charlotte Attenborough is the niece of television naturalist Sir David Attenborough, John Attenborough and actor Gerald Sim.


title: Charlotte Attenborough

text: Attenborough had an uncredited role as a small child in the crowd in "Whistle Down the Wind" (1961) and made a brief cameo appearance in "Oh! What a Lovely War" (1969) when she was directed by her father Richard Attenborough. Charlotte Attenborough was educated at Lady Eleanor Holles School in London and the University of Bristol before training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) like her father before her, from where she left with an Acting Diploma in 1983.


title: Charlotte Attenborough

text: Her film roles include "Ezekiel" (1994) and Mary Rivers in "Jane Eyre" (1996), while television roles include Poopy Travis in "May We Borrow Your Husband?" (1986); Teasel in "The Play on One" (1989); Lucy in "Storyboard" (1989); Lucy Trent in "Making News" (1990); Verity in "The Ruth Rendell Mysteries" (1991); Margaret Froelich in "Sherlock Holmes and the Leading Lady" (1991); Stiffy Byng in "Jeeves and Wooster" (1991–1993); Prime Minister's Secretary in "Screen One" (1995) and Clinic Manager in "Ultraviolet" (1998).


title: Charlotte Attenborough

text: In 1987 she appeared as Sheila Birling in a production of "An Inspector Calls" at Theatr Clwyd, which transferred to London's Westminster Theatre. In 1989 she played Lucie Manette in an adaptation of "A Tale of Two Cities" for BBC Radio 4.


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: The Marvel Super Heroes is an American animated television series starring five comic book superheroes from Marvel Comics. The first TV series based on Marvel characters, it debuted in syndication on U.S. television in 1966.


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: Produced by Grantray-Lawrence Animation, headed by Grant Simmons, Ray Patterson, and Robert Lawrence, it was an umbrella series of five segments, each approximately seven minutes long, broadcast on local television stations that aired the show at different times. The series ran initially as a half-hour program made up of three seven-minute segments of a single superhero, separated by a short description of one of the other four heroes. It has also been broadcast as a mixture of various heroes in a half-hour timeslot, and as individual segments as filler or within a children's TV program.


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: The segments were "Captain America", "The Incredible Hulk", "Iron Man", "The Mighty Thor" and "The Sub-Mariner".


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: Sixty-five half-hour episodes of three seven-minute chapters were produced, for a total of 195 segments that ran initially in broadcast syndication from September to December 1966.


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: The series, produced in color, had extremely limited animation produced by xerography, consisting of photocopied images taken directly from the comics and manipulated to minimize the need for animation production. The cartoons were presented as a series of static comic-strip panel images; generally the only movement involved the lips when a character spoke, the eyes, and the occasional arm or leg, or a fully animated black silhouette. The series used the original stories largely in their entirety, showcasing Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and Don Heck art, among others, from the period fans and historians call the Silver Age of comic books.


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: Stan Lee, Marvel's editor and art director at the time, said in 2004 that he believed publisher Martin Goodman negotiated the deal with Grantray-Lawrence and that Lawrence chose the characters to be used. Lawrence rented Lee and his wife a penthouse apartment at 30 East 60th Street, near Madison Avenue, for Lee's use while he worked on the series. (Lee lived in Hewlett Harbor, New York, on Long Island, at the time.) Lee recalled, "I really don't remember any reaction from the Marvel artists involved. I wish I could claim to have written the [theme song] lyrics, because I think they're brilliant, but alas, I didn't". The songs were written by Jacques Urbont. In the meantime, Steve Krantz (who was distributing the series), made a deal to subcontract production of "The Mighty Thor" segments to Paramount Cartoon Studios (the animation division of Paramount Pictures, formerly known as Famous Studios), headed at that time by Fleischer Studios veteran Shamus Culhane.


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: Marvel announced the series in the "Marvel Bullpen Bulletins" of the November 1966 issues, stating in that monthly fan page's hyperbolic style that, "It won't be long before our swingin' super-heroes <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> make their star-studded debut on TV, appearing five nights a week — that's right, five — count 'em — five nights a week, for a half-hour each night. So you've just got time to make sure your set's in good working order — check your local paper for time and station — and prepare to have a ball!"


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: For WNAC-TV in Boston, Arthur Pierce portrayed Captain America in live-action segments for the show. Actors portraying other characters, including Dr. Doom, Hulk, and Bucky, also appeared in live-action segments. The segments were scripted by Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel.


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: Segments of the series appear on at least two VHS home video releases, containing three videocassettes each: "Marvel Superheroes: Triple Pack #1" (UPC #024543004127) and "Marvel's Mightiest Heroes: Triple Pack #2". Fox Video released a version titled "Marvel's Mightiest Super Heroes Gift Set" (EAN #0024543004134).


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: In 2003, Hulk segments giving his origin story appeared as an extra on the Buena Vista Home Entertainment DVD release of the 1996 animated television series "The Incredible Hulk".


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: In September 2004, Buena Vista Home Entertainment announced plans to release "The Marvel Superheroes Show" on June 28, 2005, as a five-DVD set titled "The 60's Superheroes". By February 2005, however, the release was off the schedule.


title: The Marvel Super Heroes

text: On May 21, 2007, the UK company Maximum Entertainment released four two-disc sets, for Region 2, each set containing 13 episodes of the Captain America, Iron Man, Sub-Mariner and Thor segments respectively, with each episode re-edited into continuous, half-hour segments. On August 25, 2008, the UK company Liberation Entertainment released a two-disc set of the Hulk segments, re-edited into 13 20-minute episodes.


title: Pieing

text: Pieing or a pie attack is the act of throwing a pie at a person. In pieing, the goal is usually to humiliate the victim while avoiding actual injury. For this reason the pie is traditionally of the cream variety without a top crust, and is rarely if ever a hot pie. In Britain, a pie in the context of throwing is traditionally referred to as a custard pie. An aluminium pie pan or paper plate filled with whipped cream or more typically, shaving foam can substitute for a real pie.


title: Pieing

text: Brought to a widespread audience as the 'pie-in-face' gag in silent film comedies, pieing may sometimes be intended as a harmless practical joke. However, it can also be used as a means of political protest directed against an authority figure, politician, industrialist, or celebrity, and perpetrators may regard the act as a form of ridicule.


title: Pieing

text: Non-consensual pieing is a punishable offence in criminal law, and depending on jurisdiction is a battery but may also constitute an assault. Non-consensual pieing may also be actionable as a civil wrong (tort) giving the victim of the pieing the right to recover damages in a lawsuit.


title: Pieing

text: Pieing and pie fights are a staple of slapstick comedy, and consensual pie "tosses" are also common charity fundraising events, especially in schools.


title: Pieing

text: Pieing has its origins in the "pie in the face" gag from slapstick comedy. It appears on stage in the music hall sketches of the English theatre impresario Fred Karno. It was first seen in film in the 1909 Essanay Studios silent film "Mr. Flip" starring Ben Turpin. In the story, Turpin has a pie pushed into his face for taking liberties with several women. Beginning in 1913 with "That Ragtime Band" and "A Noise from the Deep", filmmaker Mack Sennett became known for using one or two thrown pies in many of his comedy shorts. Sennett had a personal rule about who received the pies: "A mother never gets hit with a custard pie ... Mothers-in-law, yes. But mothers? Never."


title: Pieing

text: At least a half dozen films have been made incorporating extended pie-throwing battles. The first was Charlie Chaplin's "Behind the Screen" released in 1916. The definitive pie fight in film occurs in "The Battle of the Century" (1927) starring Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy, using 3,000 pies. Our Gang's "Shivering Shakespeare" (1930) winds up with an auditorium full of people throwing pies. The 1935 short subject "Keystone Hotel" featured a large pie-fight ending with the camera taking a pie. Another major pie-fight film appeared (their first one ever): The Three Stooges' "In the Sweet Pie and Pie" (1941). Pieing had become such an established gag in Hollywood comedy that the song "Make 'Em Laugh" from "Singin' In The Rain" (1952) concludes with the line "And then you get a great big custard pie in the face!" A film involving pies was the comedy, "The Great Race" (1965); known for having the largest pie fight in cinematic history. Its $200,000 pie-fight scene used 4,000 pies and one large cake, and took five days to shoot. Pie fights also featured in "Beach Party" (1963), "Smashing Time" (1967) and "Blazing Saddles" (1974). In "Bugsy Malone" (1976), the "splurge guns" resembled spud guns which fired custard. Original plans called for "Dr. Strangelove" (1964) to end with a pie fight; the scene, though filmed, was ultimately deemed excessively farcical by director Stanley Kubrick and removed from the final cut. Surviving stills from the excised pie fight have appeared online.


title: Pieing

text: There are many instances in the Looney Tunes series of cartoons where characters "pie" each other in the face. Bugs Bunny repeatedly hits Elmer Fudd with cream pies during a scene in "Slick Hare" (1947), and also shoves one in Elmer's face in "Hare Do". In "Shishkabugs" (1962), Bugs Bunny releases a spring-loaded pie into the face of the king, causing the royal cook Yosemite Sam to be led away to a dungeon. "Daffy Dilly" (1948) has Daffy Duck trying to cure a dying millionaire by getting him to laugh. After he achieves this inadvertently, by landing in a cake, Daffy is hired as a sort of household jester and ends the cartoon by getting repeatedly pelted with cakes and pies. Bugs himself gets pied in "Case of the Missing Hare", provoking him to spend the rest of the short wreaking revenge.


title: Pieing

text: Many comedy routines have used a pie as a gag, including ones performed by Soupy Sales and Monty Python, and those of clowns in many circus performances.


title: Pieing

text: A popular Nickelodeon reality show called "What Would You Do?" also features contraptions designed to hit participants in the face with multiple cream pies, often as punishment for losing, or sometimes as a reward for winning, a game performed on the show. The UK Saturday morning programme "Tiswas" had custard pies as a regular feature and even had a character called The Phantom Flan Flinger, a masked man who pied people.


title: Pieing

text: The World Custard Pie Throwing Championships take place annually in the village of Coxheath in Kent, England.


title: Pieing

text: On the ABC golf-themed game show "Holey Moley", contestants get pied by a clown if they attempt the Clowning Around hole and fail to get the ball in the hole on any attempt. This hole appeared only once, in the Season 2 finale of the show.


title: Pieing

text: The probable originator of pieing as a political act in the United States was Jim Retherford, former underground newspaper editor and ghost writer of Jerry Rubin's Do It!, who landed a cream pie in the face of former UC Berkeley president Clark Kerr in Bloomington, Indiana, October 14, 1969. Retherford's theatrics were widely reported in the U.S. and European press. The next pie was thrown by Tom Forcade, the founder of "High Times" magazine. In 1970, Forcade pied Otto N. Larsen, the Chairman of the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. Aron Kay, also a Yippie, went on to take up Forcade's pieing tactics. Kay pied, among many others, William F. Buckley Jr., Phyllis Schlafly, G. Gordon Liddy, E. Howard Hunt, and Andy Warhol. A disciple of Aron Kay, Thom Higgins, pied singer and anti gay-rights activist Anita Bryant in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1977 (audio footage of the incident is included in the Chumbawamba song "Just Desserts", an homage to the concept of pieing). Kay retired in 1992 after pieing right-wing activist Randall Terry. Kay appears in cartoon form in a 2003 animated music video, "Death penalty for pot" by Benedict Arnold and The Traitors, where he and Dana Beal pied George W. Bush and former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft (at 2 minutes and 33 seconds into the video).


title: Pieing

text: Concerning Kay, an article in the "San Francisco Examiner" says: "He considers the Three Stooges, whom he began watching on TV as a kid, as the true fathers of pie-throwing."


title: Pieing

text: A noted victim of pieing was Microsoft founder Bill Gates who was pied in Belgium in 1998. A computer game was later released in which Gates' head pops up around the screen and the object is to "pie" as many of his heads as possible in the allocated time. Other victims include designer Karl Lagerfeld, American singer Kenny Rogers, former Dutch finance minister Gerrit Zalm and media tycoon Rupert Murdoch.


title: Pieing

text: The anonymous Biotic Baking Brigade has pied or attempted to pie, among others, conservative pundits Ann Coulter and David Horowitz; and Fred Phelps, the controversial leader of the Westboro Baptist Church. Coulter has also been attacked by the "terrorist" group Al Pieda. The Canadian group the Entartistes, founded by Rhinoceros Party of Canada founder François Gourd, has also pied many, including then-Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien. In 2003 in the city of Calgary they pied Ralph Klein, the premier of the Canadian province of Alberta, saying in their press release: "Is it surprising to see Ralph Klein opposing the Kyoto Accord for the right of big corporations to pollute, the same corporations that finance his campaigns?"


title: Pieing

text: "The pie gives power back to the people because so many feel powerless in the face of big politicians and industrialists", explained Pope-Tart (a pseudonym), a member of the Entartistes. "Newsweek" columnist Gersh Kuntzman wrote that pieing "deserves to be one of the most celebrated traditions in our so-called culture."


title: Pieing

text: Sometimes pieing targets suffer the prank with good humor. Jean-Luc Godard was very pleased at being pied and said "this is what happens when silent movies meet talking pictures"; he intervened with the Cannes authorities on behalf of Noël Godin to prevent him from being arrested. Anti-gay campaigner Anita Bryant, upon being pied by a gay activist on television, joked that "at least it's a "fruit" pie", apparently making a pun on the derogatory term for a gay man ("fruit"). However, moments later she was in tears. By contrast, Bernard-Henri Lévy has on multiple occasions attacked Godin and his followers, and Ann Coulter pressed charges in 2005 when she narrowly evaded a pie at the University of Arizona. Activist David Horowitz said of his pieing, "These attacks are sinister. The person who throws a pie is saying, ‘I hate you. I don't want you to speak.' I never saw it coming. And it took away my dignity. When you're lecturing, you're supposed to have an authority. But a pie turns it into a food fight."


title: Pieing

text: On January 25, 2010, Canada's Fisheries and Oceans Minister Gail Shea was hit with a pie in her face while touring the Canada Centre for Inland Waters in Burlington, Ontario, in an act of protest against the seal hunt in Canada by animal rights group PETA. PETA said in a release that it was part of its campaign "to stop the government's ill-advised sanction of the slaughter of seals."


title: Pieing

text: On July 19, 2011, Rupert Murdoch was pied in London during a Parliamentary hearing on the News International phone hacking scandal.


title: Pieing

text: On May 9, 2017 Alan Joyce, the chief executive of Australian airline Qantas, had a speech interrupted by a man who shoved a pie in his face.


title: Pieing

text: According to former US president Donald Trump's former fixer Michael Cohen, his boss often referred to the Bill Gates incident and instructed his security detail to look out for flying pies. Trump has also expressed a disdain for fruit-based projectiles, stating under oath that "you can be killed if that happens.”


title: Pieing

text: On May 29, 2022, a man disguised as an elderly woman smeared cake on the glass case protecting the "Mona Lisa" in the Louvre. The man threw roses to onlookers and said in French that he performed the act because certain "people [are] destroying the planet".


title: Pieing

text: Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien was hit in the face with a pie by a protester in Prince Edward Island in 2000. His attacker initially was given a prison sentence, but subsequently received a conditional sentence.


title: Pieing

text: A woman who missed Alberta Premier Ed Stelmach with a pie at the annual Calgary Stampede breakfast in 2007, and hit a security official instead, was sentenced to 30 days in prison. So was a woman who threw a pie at Calgary Mayor Dave Bronconnier in the summer of 2007.


title: Pieing

text: In 2003, a protester who hit then-Alberta premier Ralph Klein in the face with a pie at the Stampede breakfast was convicted of assault and ordered to serve a 30-day intermittent prison sentence.


title: Pieing

text: In 2010, a PETA supporter threw a tofu cream pie at Canadian fisheries minister Gail Shea to protest the Canadian Government's support of seal hunting. The act was later condemned by Liberal MP Gerry Byrne as an act of terrorism.


title: Pieing

text: Comedian Jonathan May-Bowles (also known as Jonny Marbles) pied Rupert Murdoch in July 2011 during a highly publicized testimony before a British parliamentary committee in connection with the News International phone hacking scandal. May-Bowles was sentenced to serve a six-week prison sentence at Wandsworth Prison in London; this sentence was later reduced to four weeks.


title: Pieing

text: In August 2010, a Michigan State University student named Ahlam Mohsem, 23, threw a Dutch apple pie into Michigan Senator Carl Levin's face and was arrested on assault and battery charges. The police also charged a man who allegedly distracted the senator before the pie was thrown. Mohsem said she threw the pie with the aim of "bringing to light Sen. Levin's war crimes" as a "Zionist".


title: Pieing

text: In September 2016, Sacramento, California, mayor Kevin Johnson was attending a charity event at Sacramento Charter High School when a man approached him and hit him in the face with a cream pie. Johnson then punched his assailant. The perpetrator, Sean Thompson, was arrested on a felony charge of assaulting a public official and misdemeanor charge of battery on school.


title: Pieing

text: On 27 October 2011, the Spanish politician Yolanda Barcina was hit by three pies during a meeting in Toulouse, France. The pies were thrown by Gorka Ovejero Bengoa, Deputy Mayor of Arruazu at the time, Julio Martín Villanueva and Ibon García Garrido, protesting against a high-speed rail line. On 27 November 2013 a Spanish court condemned all three to a fine of 900 euros and two years in prison each. An accomplice who did not throw a pie was condemned to one year in prison. Yolanda Barcina claimed bodily harm, suffered because of "the hardness of French meringue pie".


title: Pieing

text: In September 2001, the Swedish king Carl XVI Gustaf was visiting Varberg when a 16-year-old boy threw a strawberry tart at him. Such an attack could possibly have counted as high treason under Swedish law, which would have warranted a long prison sentence. However, the perpetrator was only convicted of assault, as it could not be proven that his action was politically motivated. He was later ordered to pay day-fines. Two other boys, who had helped to prepare the attack by making the tart, were also fined.


title: Pieing

text: In 2014 The Sweden Democrats leader Jimmie Åkesson had a cake thrown at him and the perpetrator was sentenced to 2 months in jail and a fine of 5000 kr for the crime of harassment.


title: Pieing

text: At charity fundraisers, a pie-toss event usually involves a local celebrity, generally a person either in a position of authority or fame, who is intended as the "victim". People attending the event pay for or bid on the opportunity to smoosh the volunteer victim in the face with a pie; throwing is generally not allowed anymore as the impact can cause injury, and the smoosh is usually in slow-motion and applied without great pressure. Although this takes the element of chance out of the event, it allows the opportunity to smear pie more thoroughly in the victim's face and potentially through their hair. One additional option is allowing the person who has purchased or won the opportunity to use the pie to also fill it, usually with a variety of extremely messy dessert toppings: chocolate, cherries, caramel sauce, strawberry sauce, etc. Plastic bags for the victim to protect their clothing and hair are optional. Witnesses standing too close to the victim(s) may be splattered.


title: Pieing

text: Pie-in-the-face variants on the Ice Bucket Challenge also emerged in 2014, most commonly under the name "Pie In The Eye Challenge", in which the nominated person must receive a pie in the face instead of the bucket of iced water poured over the head. In some cases, individuals underwent both challenges in the same video. One particular occurrence of this, the late 2016 Waitress Pie Challenge, was initiated by the cast of the musical "Waitress" to raise awareness of breast cancer.


title: Pieing

text: In Major League Baseball, Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher A. J. Burnett (formerly of the New York Yankees and Philadelphia Phillies) pies teammates who drive in or score the winning run in a walk-off win (a game won on a hit by the last batter).


title: Pieing

text: Burnett's "pies" are filled with either shaving cream or whipped cream. Burnett has pied Alex Rodriguez, Johnny Damon, Melky Cabrera, Jorge Posada, Hideki Matsui, Nick Swisher (twice), Robinson Canó (twice), Francisco Cervelli, Juan Miranda, Mark Teixeira, Jerry Hairston Jr., Marcus Thames, Brett Gardner, Alex Presley, and most recently, Josh Harrison and Russell Martin. Burnett usually pies the player while he is being interviewed on the field by a TV reporter.


title: Pieing

text: Other players have become well-known and celebrated for their pieing. During his tenure as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies, utility infielder Tomás Pérez would commonly pie teammates during post-game interviews.


title: Pieing

text: The pieing tradition in baseball has extended beyond game-winning hits to any outstanding performance. Rookie Stephen Strasburg was pied by teammate John Lannan after his historic debut when he struck out 14 Pittsburgh batters. Matt Garza of the Tampa Bay Rays was pied by Evan Longoria after Garza pitched the first no-hitter in Rays history July 26, 2010. Most recently, Baltimore Orioles rookie Manny Machado was pied by teammates Robert Andino and Adam Jones after hitting two home runs (the youngest Oriole ever to do so) in only his second major league game.


title: Pieing

text: On July 26, 2010, the Florida Marlins left fielder Chris Coghlan injured himself while pieing teammate Wes Helms after Helms's single won the game in the bottom of the 11th inning. In response, manager Edwin Rodríguez said that there will be no more such celebratory antics.


title: Pieing

text: In the National Football League, the Indianapolis Colts' mascot Blue is known for pranking opposing fans and mascots and unsuspecting people with pies to the face. Blue has also pied the Colts' cheerleaders numerous times. When the Colts revealed their schedule for the 2022 NFL season on Instagram, Blue pied team employees dressed in t-shirts of each opposing team that the Colts were set to face in 2022.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: Fußball-Club Ingolstadt 2004 e.V., commonly known as FC Ingolstadt 04 or FC Ingolstadt, is a German football club based in Ingolstadt, Bavaria. The club was founded in 2004 out of the merger of the football sides of two other clubs: ESV Ingolstadt-Ringsee 1919 and MTV Ingolstadt 1881.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: ESV Ingolstadt (Eisenbahner-Sportverein Ingolstadt-Ringsee e.V.) was founded in 1919 as FC Viktoria. Two years later the football players of Turnverein 1861 Ingolstadt joined the club to form VfR Ingolstadt. A number of other clubs from the Ringsee district fused with this club, but to little effect. The club's achievement amounted to not more than a couple of seasons spent in the Gauliga Bayern in 1936–38. After World War II, the club was re-constituted as VfR Ingolstadt, changed its name to Erster Sportverein Ingolstadt (First Sports Club Ingolstadt) in 1951 and then changed it again to its current form in 1953 when "E" came to stand for Eisenbahner to reflect its affiliation with the railway.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: ESV Ingolstadt joined the Regionalliga Süd (II) in 1963 when the Bundesliga – Germany's professional football league – was formed. After bouncing between tiers II and III, capped with two seasons spent in 2. Bundesliga Süd from 1979 to 1981, the club began a descent through tier III to Landesliga Bayern-Süd (IV), last playing in 1993–94. The sports club itself carried on until it went bankrupt in the summer of 2004 and those football players there were left to join FC Ingolstadt 04. ESV continues to operate today offering a number of other sports activities while acknowledging FC 04 on its website.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: MTV Ingolstadt (Männer-Turn-Verein von 1881 Ingolstadt) is the city's largest sportsclub with 3,400 members and has an on-and-off relationship with its football side. The club was founded in 1881 and took up football in 1905. The footballers set up a separate club in 1924, but returned to the fold in 1933 at the direction of sports authorities in the Third Reich. After World War II occupying Allied authorities ordered the dissolution of all organizations in Germany, including sporting associations. The club was re-founded as Städtischer SV Ingolstadt 1881. Their original name was restored in 1948.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: MTV spent two seasons in 2. Bundesliga Süd after Amateurliga Bayern champion 1. FC Haßfurt declined promotion in 1978. When ESV faced bankruptcy in 2004, MTV allowed its footballers to leave to help form FC Ingolstadt.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: In 2004–05, newly formed FC Ingolstadt began play in the Oberliga Bayern (IV) and managed to finish second in their first season. Their success continued in 2005–06 when they captured the divisional title and won promotion. They finished their debut Regionalliga Süd (III) campaign 2006–07 with a fifth-place result. League restructuring was planned for the 2008–09 season with the introduction of a national third division and FC would have to finish their 2007–08 Regionalliga season in the top 10 to qualify. They exceeded that goal by finishing second and advancing to the 2. Bundesliga.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: Ingolstadt won its debut second division match, but the following months proved less successful for the club and by the mid-winter break they had dropped to 12th place. The latter half of the season proved even worse with the club only realizing 1 win in 18 matches. They finished the season in 17th place and were subsequently relegated to the 3. Liga.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: FC delivered a steady performance in third division play and ended their campaign in third place. A new promotion/relegation format accompanied the introduction of the 3. Liga and the club's finish earned them a play-off versus Hansa Rostock which had finished in 16th (third last) place in the 2. Bundesliga. Ingolstadt won both legs of the two match play-off and returned to the second division alongside the top two third tier teams which advanced automatically by virtue of their finishes.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: On 17 May 2015, they clinched the 2014–15 2. Bundesliga title and won promotion for the first time in their history to the Bundesliga. Ingolstadt finished 11th in the 2015-16 Bundesliga, but the following year they fell to 17th and were relegated back to the 2. Bundesliga.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: In the 2018–19 2. Bundesliga, Ingolstadt finished 16th and lost the relegation playoff against SV Wehen Wiesbaden on away goals.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: In the 2019–20 3. Liga qualified for the promotion playoffs, but suffered more heartbreak, as a last second goal from Fabian Schleusener saw Ingolstadt lose to FC Nürnberg on away goals.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: In the 2020–21 3. Liga, Ingolstadt were once again part of the relegation playoffs, and a 3-0 win over VfL Osnabrück in the first leg gave them the advantage heading into the second leg. Despite a 3-1 loss in the second leg, Ingolstadt won 4-3 on aggregate, and won promotion to the 2021–22 2. Bundesliga. The club were relegated back to the 3. Liga on the 31st matchday after a 2-2 draw against Karlsruhe.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: FC Ingolstadt 04 II played the 2011–12 season in the Regionalliga Süd after finishing runners-up in the Bayernliga and taking FC Ismaning's promotion spot after the later declined promotion. In the 2012–13 season the team played in the new Regionalliga Bayern.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: The club nickname Die Schanzer has a military background, meaning trenchmen or rampartmen. The official club anthem is called "Schanzer Herz", performed by Ingolstadt-based hard rock band Bonfire. The stadium's goal theme song is "Esellied", performed by South Tyrol band Volxrock. The pre-kick-off song is "Thunderstruck" by AC/DC.


title: FC Ingolstadt 04

text: The club has qualified for the first round of the German Cup ten times and the third round just once:


title: Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: "Don't Stop" is a song by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac, written by vocalist and keyboard player Christine McVie. The song was sung by guitarist Lindsey Buckingham and Christine McVie, and it was a single taken from the band's hit album "Rumours" (1977).


title: Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: One of the band's most enduring hits, "Don't Stop" was released as the third single from "Rumours", peaking at 3 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in October 1977. In the UK, "Don't Stop" followed "Go Your Own Way" as the second single from the album and peaked at No. 32.


title: Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: "Don't Stop" has been described musically as a pop rock song. It reflects Christine McVie's feelings after her separation from Fleetwood Mac's bass guitarist, John McVie, after eight years of marriage. "'Don't Stop' was just a feeling. It just seemed to be a pleasant revelation to have that 'yesterday's gone'," McVie remembers in "The Fleetwood Mac Story: Rumours and Lies", "It might have, I guess, been directed more toward John, but I'm just definitely not a pessimist."


title: Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: The song is widely misperceived as having one lead singer. However, Buckingham sings the first verse, while Christine McVie sings the second. Both singers sing the third verse simultaneously. The chorus features alternating vocals by Buckingham and Christine McVie.


title: Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: "Cash Box" said that "Mick Fleetwood and John McVie comprise a deadly rhythm section, especially when they're working with a straight ahead shuffle like this one."


title: Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: The song was the theme music for United States presidential candidate Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential campaign, and was played at the 1992 Democratic National Convention during its final night balloon drop. Upon winning the election, Clinton persuaded the group to perform the song for his inaugural ball in 1993.


title: Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: At the 2000 convention, Clinton ended his speech by saying, "Keep putting people first. Keep building those bridges. And don't stop thinking about tomorrow!" Immediately after the final sentence, the song began playing over the loudspeakers. The song was also played for Clinton's appearances at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 conventions.


title: Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: Additionally, the song was played at every Conservative Conference since 2013, during David Cameron's tenure as party leader.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: Rex Burkhead (born July 2, 1990) is an American football running back for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Nebraska and was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the sixth round of the 2013 NFL Draft. After four seasons with the Bengals, Burkhead spent his next four seasons with the New England Patriots, where he appeared in consecutive


title: Rex Burkhead

text: Burkhead was born in Winchester, Kentucky, and raised in the Dallas-Fort Worth area of Texas. He attended Plano Senior High School in Plano, Texas, where he played high school football for the Wildcats. Burkhead was on the varsity team for all four years of his high school career and even played in the division 5A basketball playoffs his senior year. As a junior, he rushed for 1,762 yards and 28 touchdowns, leading the school to a state semifinal appearance in the Texas 5-A football playoffs. He earned first-team all-district honors in basketball as a junior and senior, and as a freshman he was part of Class 5A state championship basketball team.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: As a freshman at the University of Nebraska in 2009, Burkhead played in nine games, rushing for 346 yards on 81 carries with three touchdowns. As a sophomore in 2010, Burkhead was second on the depth chart behind senior Roy Helu. Burkhead played in all 14 games as the backup, and rushed for 951 yards on 172 carries and seven touchdowns. In 2011, Burkhead took over as the starting running back as a junior. Nebraska had little experience at running back that season, and Burkhead got the majority of the carries, including a school-record 38 carries against the Iowa Hawkeyes. He ended up rushing for 1,357 yards on 284 carries with 15 touchdowns and was named a first team All-Big Ten selection. In 2012, with expectations high, Burkhead sprained his knee in the season opener and missed two games before re-injuring the knee four games later. Burkhead missed six games total in the season, but still finished with five touchdowns and 675 yards on 98 carries for a 6.9 yard average.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: He was considered the ninth or tenth best running back prospect for the 2013 NFL Draft and was ranked in the top 150 overall.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: He graduated from Nebraska in three-and-a-half years with a bachelor's degree in history. He earned repeated scholar-athlete awards throughout his career, including first-team CoSIDA Academic All-American in 2011 and 2012, and recognition as one of 15 National Football Foundation Scholar Athletes in 2012.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: After being selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the sixth round of the 2013 NFL Draft with the 190th overall pick, Burkhead signed with the team on May 13, 2013.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: Burkhead played in all four preseason games, rushing 28 times for 130 yards with one touchdown, and five receptions for 39 yards. However, plagued by a hamstring injury all season, he was active for only one of the team's 16 games, making his NFL debut on November 10 playing on special teams in a 20–17 loss to the Baltimore Ravens.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: In 2014, Burkhead played in nine games for the Bengals, mainly on special teams. On offense, he had nine rushes for 27 yards and his first career touchdown (against the Cleveland Browns) and seven receptions for 49 yards. He had the most productive game of his career in the Bengals' loss to the Indianapolis Colts, in which Burkhead started at wide receiver and totaled three receptions for 34 yards and one rush for 23 yards.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: Burkhead played in all 16 regular season games for the Bengals, seeing action primarily on special teams. As a running back, he rushed four times for four yards, while catching 10 passes for 94 yards and a receiving touchdown.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: Burkhead appeared in all 16 regular season games for the Bengals, including one start at running back. With regular playing time on offense, he rushed 74 times for 344 yards and two touchdowns. He also caught 17 passes for 145 yards. In the Bengals' Week 17 game against the Baltimore Ravens, Burkhead carried the ball 27 times for 119 yards.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: On March 14, 2017, Burkhead signed a one-year contract with the New England Patriots worth up to $3.15 million.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: On September 7, on "Thursday Night Football", Burkhead made his debut as a member of the Patriots. He was in the starting lineup and had three rushes for 15 yards and one reception for eight yards in the 42–27 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. On September 17, against the New Orleans Saints in Week 2, he recorded his first touchdown as a member of the Patriots when he hauled in a 19-yard pass from quarterback Tom Brady in the first quarter of the 36–20 victory. He finished the game with three receptions for 41 yards. On November 12, 2017, during Week 10 against the Denver Broncos, Burkhead had 10 rushes for 36 rushing yards, three receptions for 27 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown, and a blocked punt. He thus became the first player to both catch a touchdown pass and block a punt in the same NFL game since 1977. Burkhead finished his first season with the Patriots with 64 carries for 264 rushing yards and five rushing touchdowns and recorded 30 catches for 254 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns. In the playoffs, the Patriots defeated the Tennessee Titans in the without Burkhead, but Burkhead returned for the where he recorded one carry for five yards in the 24–20 victory against the Jacksonville Jaguars to reach Super Bowl LII. The Patriots lost 41–33 to the Philadelphia Eagles. Burkhead recorded three carries for 18 yards and caught a pass for 46 yards in the Super Bowl.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: On March 14, 2018, Burkhead signed a three-year contract extension with the Patriots. In Week 3 against the Detroit Lions, Burkhead suffered a neck injury and was placed on injured reserve on September 26, 2018. He was activated off injured reserve on November 26, 2018. The Patriots won the AFC East and earned the #2-seed for the AFC Playoffs.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: On January 13, 2019, Burkhead scored his first-ever postseason touchdown in the with a six-yard run against the Los Angeles Chargers in a game New England won 41–28. One week later, he scored the game-winning touchdown in overtime as part of the against the Kansas City Chiefs. The Patriots won the coin toss, which eventually set up the offense with a 1st and 10 at the Kansas City 15-yard line. Burkhead ran up the middle for 10 yards and another three yards on the next play setting up 1st and Goal. Burkhead ran again up the middle for a 2-yard touchdown, sending the Patriots to Super Bowl LIII. Before his overtime touchdown, Burkhead had previously scored a rushing touchdown with 39 seconds left to give the Patriots a 31–28 lead, though the Chiefs responded with a 39-yard field goal to force overtime. Burkhead finished the game with 12 carries for 41 yards and two rushing touchdowns and had the game's longest run from scrimmage (14 yards). He also had four receptions for 28 yards.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: During the Super Bowl, Burkhead finished with 43 rushing yards, had the longest rushing play of the game (26 yards, tied with Sony Michel), and led all running backs from both teams with a 6.1 yards-per-carry average, as the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams by a score of 13–3 in the lowest-scoring Super Bowl in history. In New England's three playoff games, Burkhead totaled seven receptions on seven targets for 45 yards and registered one tackle on special teams.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: In the 2019 season, Burkhead finished with 302 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns to go along with 27 receptions for 279 receiving yards in 13 games.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: In Week 3 of the 2020 season, Burkhead recorded 98 scrimmage yards to go along with two rushing touchdowns and one receiving touchdown in the 36–20 victory over the Las Vegas Raiders. In Week 10 against the Baltimore Ravens on "Sunday Night Football", Burkhead had two receiving touchdowns, including one thrown by wide receiver Jakobi Meyers on a trick play, during the 23–17 victory. On November 22, 2020, Burkhead suffered a season-ending knee injury in a 27–20 loss to the Houston Texans. He was placed on injured reserve on November 28, 2020. He finished the 2020 season with 67 carries for 274 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns to go along with 25 receptions for 192 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: On June 1, 2021, Burkhead signed a one-year, $1.5 million contract with the Houston Texans that included a $125K signing bonus. In Week 16, against the Los Angeles Chargers, Burkhead finished the game with a career high 149 rushing yards along with two touchdowns in the 41–29 victory. For his performance, Burkhead was named the FedEx Ground Player of the Week. Overall, in the 2021 season, Burkhead finished with 122 carries for 427 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns to go along with 25 receptions for 186 receiving yards.


title: Rex Burkhead

text: Burkhead was the 2012 winner of the Uplifting Athletes Rare Disease Champion award. He was awarded for his work with a 6-year-old suffering from a rare pediatric brain tumor called a low-grade glioma. Burkhead's commitment to community


title: Rex Burkhead

text: service has been personified by his friendship with that child, Jack Hoffman, a cancer patient from Atkinson, Nebraska. Jack contacted Nebraska in 2011, asking for a Burkhead photo. Burkhead offered to meet Jack, and his involvement in their relationship led to national notice when he arranged for Jack to suit up in a Cornhusker uniform and “run for a touchdown” in the 2013 Nebraska spring football game before a crowd of more than 60,000. President Barack Obama responded by inviting Jack and his family to the White House, and the family included Burkhead in its party. In honor of Jack Hoffman, Burkhead launched the Team Jack Foundation.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: On Sunday, September 8, 1935, United States senator and former Louisiana governor Huey Long was fatally shot at the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Long was an extremely popular and influential politician at the time, and his death eliminated a possible 1936 presidential bid against incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: Long was at the capitol to pass a redistricting bill to oust Judge Benjamin Henry Pavy, an opposition state judge. Shortly after passing the bill, Long was ambushed in a hallway by Carl Weiss, Pavy's son-in-law. According to the most widely accepted version of events, Weiss shot Long in the chest, and Long's bodyguards shot Weiss, killing him instantly. There remains some controversy over whether Weiss actually shot Long, with an alternative theory claiming that Weiss instead punched Long, who was then killed in the crossfire when his bodyguards opened fire on Weiss. Long was rushed to the Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, where emergency surgery failed to stop internal bleeding. He was pronounced dead at 4:10 a.m. on September 10, thirty-one hours after being shot.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: Over 200,000 people attended Long's funeral. His remains were buried on the grounds of the Louisiana State Capitol, which he had constructed. A statue of Long by Charles Keck was erected on his grave in 1940. Without Long as its leader, his Share Our Wealth movement collapsed, clearing the way for Roosevelt to be re-elected to the White House in a landslide. Long and Robert F. Kennedy of New York (in 1968) are the only two sitting United States senators to be assassinated.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: Huey Long rose to national stature in the early 1930s for his criticism of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal. Long instead proposed the Share Our Wealth program, which called for massive federal spending, a wealth tax, and wealth redistribution. Failing to pass legislation in the Senate, Long formed a national political organization, the Share Our Wealth Society. The network of local clubs operated outside of and in opposition to the Democratic Party and Roosevelt. By 1935, the society had over 7.5 million members in 27,000 clubs across the country. Long's Senate office received an average of 60,000 letters a week, resulting in Long hiring 48 stenographers to type responses. Long's newspaper "American Progress" averaged a circulation of 300,000, with some issues reaching 1.5 million.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: Long had previously acknowledged the possibility of his own death. Some even claimed that he had a morbid fascination with it. In a 1935 speech, he claimed that his political enemies had a plot to kill him with "one man, one gun, one bullet." Long had even sensationally claimed that Chicago gangsters were after him. His own right-hand-man, Gerald L. K. Smith, declared in 1935 that "the only way they will keep Huey Long from the White House is to kill him." In spring 1935, one of Long's opponents in Louisiana warned, "I am not gifted with second sight. ... But I can see blood on the polished floor of this Capitol. For if you ride this thing through, you will travel with the white horse of death."


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: On Sunday morning, September 8, 1935, Long left his twelfth floor suite at the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans. While leaving, the hotel's owner Seymour Weiss asked Long where the deduct box was. Long replied, "I'll tell you later, Seymour." The deduct box was never found. Long travelled to the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge in order to pass House Bill Number One, a re-redistricting plan which would oust political opponent Judge Benjamin Henry Pavy.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: At 9:20 p.m., just after passage of the bill effectively removing Pavy, Long left the House, followed by an entourage. As he proceeded down a corridor, Pavy's son-in-law Carl Weiss stepped out from behind a column, and, according to the official version of events, fired a single shot with an FN Model 1910 semi-automatic pistol from four feet (1.2 m) away. Long was struck in the torso, yelped, and ran down a hallway "like a hit deer", one witness claimed. Long's bodyguards, nicknamed the "Cossacks" or "skullcrushers", responded by firing at Weiss with their own pistols, killing him; an eyewitness report claimed that Weiss had been shot more than sixty times by the bodyguards. Long was able to run down a flight of stairs and across the capitol grounds, hailing a car to take him to the Our Lady of the Lake Hospital.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: Long was rushed to the hospital, where an emergency surgery was held to close perforations in his intestines. Long's condition improved within several hours and he appeared to be recovering. However, by the next morning it was realized that Long was hemorrhaging from his kidney. It was concluded that Long was too weak to survive from a second surgery. Long died at 4:10 a.m. on Tuesday, September 10, thirty-one hours after being shot According to different sources, his last words were either, "I wonder what will happen to my poor university boys" or, "God, don't let me die. I have so much to do". There has been controversy about whether Long could have survived with better surgical care – biographer T. Harry Williams concluded that Long died as a result of medical incompetence. Alan Brinkley wrote that Long's doctors "hopelessly bungled" the operation.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: The assassin Weiss was a well-respected 28 year-old ear, nose, and throat specialist from Baton Rouge. His father was president of the Louisiana Medical Society. Weiss was not involved in politics and had just had a son with his wife Yvonne, the daughter of Judge Pavy. It was rumored that Long referred to the Pavys as having "Negro blood", possibly motivating Weiss, but there is no written record of Long saying that. Weiss owned a gun which he often carried with him during house-calls, a common practice at the time. Weiss' house was not searched by the authorities after the shooting and there is no evidence that he premeditated the killing.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: At the time, Weiss's wife and their families did not accept his guilt. Indeed, Weiss's parents indicated that he had seemed quite happy earlier on the day that Long was shot.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: Although most believe that Weiss did confront Long, some claim that he only punched Long. In a 1935 affidavit, nurse Jewel O’Neal, who helped treat the dying Long, claimed that while treating Long's bruised lip, he told her, "That's where he hit me." Proponents of this theory claim that Long was caught in the crossfire as his bodyguards shot Weiss and was hit by one of the bullets which ricocheted off the marble walls.


title: Assassination of Huey Long

text: Francis Grevemberg, head of the Louisiana State Police in the 1950s, claimed in an affidavit that during a 1953 gambling raid, he heard three state troopers say that bodyguards Joe Messina and Murphy Roden opened fire on Weiss after he punched Long. He also claimed that one of Long's former security guards told him that Weiss's gun was removed from his car and planted at the scene. Grevemberg claims he was told not to investigate. Delmas Sharp Jr., the son of one of Long's bodyguards, claimed that in 1951 his father brought him to a bar owned by Messina. He stated that his father identified Messina as the man who killed Long. Messina turned his back on his colleague but did not deny the claim.