title: A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal

text: Walt and Jesse meet Tuco and his men at a junkyard, where they hand him approximately half a pound of meth. Tuco is furious that Walt's end of the bargain was not kept and pays him only $17,000. Nevertheless, Walt says he still wants the $70,000 Tuco promised upfront. Tuco agrees to $52,500, which adds up to $65,625, but threatens dire consequences if the next quota is not met. To make up for it, Walt promises to have four pounds of meth at the next meeting.


title: A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal

text: At Skyler's baby shower, Marie Schrader presents her with an expensive white gold baby's tiara. In the yard, Walt and Hank have a philosophical conversation about the dividing line between legal and illegal behavior. That night, Walt tells Skyler that he is planning to spend a weekend at a holistic medical clinic after she expressed a desire for alternative therapy. In reality, he is cooking meth with Jesse. Skyler goes to return the tiara and is detained in the store – it turns out that Marie stole it, but Skyler matches her description. She feigns going into labor, persuading them to let her go. Skyler later confronts Marie about the theft, who calmly denies it.


title: A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal

text: Walt has a plan to manufacture the meth using different precursors, and gives Jesse a list of chemicals and equipment to acquire with the cash fronted by Tuco. Jesse gets everything Walt requested except methylamine, which is kept tightly controlled. Jesse knows of a chemical warehouse with men willing to steal and sell the methylamine for $10,000. Walt decides they will steal the methylamine themselves by using thermite. At night, Walt and Jesse trespass into the warehouse, subdue a security guard by locking him in a portable toilet and place the thermite on a locked door, which melts the metal when lit. The two steal a 40-gallon drum of methylamine and escape.


title: A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal

text: The next day, Walt and Jesse have mechanical troubles when attempting to start the RV that prevent it from driving. Faced with a deadline, they set up to cook in Jesse's basement, unaware of a house viewing that afternoon. Jesse guards the door to the basement while Walt synthesizes the chemicals, and once a man asks to see the basement, Jesse demands that everyone leaves. When Walt arrives back home, he learns of Marie's theft and wonders if Skyler would ever turn him in for a crime. At the next meeting with Tuco, Walt supplies 4.6 pounds of meth. Despite its blue hue, it is still the same quality and Tuco hands over $91,000. When one of Tuco's men makes an offhanded remark to Walt, Tuco becomes furious and beats the man until he is unconscious.


title: A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal

text: The episode was written by Peter Gould and directed by Tim Hunter; it aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on March 9, 2008.


title: A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal

text: The episode title is a reference to the 1996 film "Fargo", in which Jerry Lundegaard used the phrase while discussing the kidnapping of his wife.


title: A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal

text: In 2019 "The Ringer" ranked "A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" as the 35th best out of the 62 total "Breaking Bad" episodes. Vulture.com ranked it 28th overall.


title: Jamieson Price

text: Jamieson K. Price is an American actor, best known for his deep and booming voice in numerous anime and video games. He is known as the voice of the Count of Monte Cristo in "Gankutsuou", Sojiro Sakura in "Persona 5", Ovan in ".hack//G.U.", and Galbalan, and Milton Grimm from "Ever After High". Price also had a part in the 2000 movie "The Patriot".


title: Jamieson Price

text: Price became interested in acting as a young child, starting from when he was in the fourth grade and later did theatre performances even during his adolescent and young adult years. In high school, Price got involved with dramatic interpretations-(focusing on poetry and prose reading) as well as voice competitions in his teens and became Virginia State Champion in his senior year of high school which later lead him to get into acting and voice acting by a close friend of his during the late 90s after graduate school. He eventually got a job in the voice acting business by Dorothy Fahn who is a friend of his wife Bethany who was very interested in his deep voice; aside from acting/voice acting, he has also done work for fight choreography as well as a theatrical technician.


title: Jamieson Price

text: Price has been married to his wife Bethany Price since December 31, 1993, who works as a director, audition/stage coach, and an acting instructor. He has three children-(2 daughters and 1 son); Dane-(an actor and musician), Cynthia-(an actress and dancer), and Meghan-(a chiropractor). Jamieson Price is also involved with a few podcasts, one of them being "Crypto-Z".


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The gun laws of New Zealand are contained in the "Arms Act 1983" statute, which includes multiple amendments including those that were passed subsequent to the 1990 Aramoana massacre and the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Nearly 300,000 licensed firearm owners own and use New Zealand's estimated 1.5 million firearms. Gun licences are issued at the discretion of the police provided they consider the person to be of good standing and without criminal, psychiatric or drug issues; as well as meeting other conditions such as having suitable storage facilities. Several different categories of licence are permitted, with the most common, "A Category", permitting access to sporting configuration rifles and shotguns.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Tighter regulation was imposed immediately after the Aramoana massacre in 1990, the Scottish Dunblane and Australian Port Arthur massacres in 1996. After the Christchurch mosque shootings in 2019, legislation to restrict semi-automatic firearms and magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds, and provide an amnesty and buyback of such weapons was introduced and passed by the New Zealand parliament 119 to 1.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Gun laws in New Zealand focus mainly on vetting firearm owners, rather than registering firearms or banning certain types of firearms. Firearms legislation is provided for in the New Zealand's gun laws: the Arms Act 1983,


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Arms Amendment Act 1992, and Arms Regulations 1992 and associated regulations. About 250,000 people hold a New Zealand firearms licence. On 10 April 2019 new bills passed placing heavier restrictions on semi automatic firearms a 'buy back' scheme took place which saw Nz$200 million of government funds go to prohibited firearm owners.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Under New Zealand law, "some lawful, proper, and sufficient purpose" is needed to use, discharge or carry any firearm, airgun, or similar weapon. The person carrying, using, or discharging the weapon is obliged to prove the purpose was lawful, proper, and sufficient. This requirement applies even if the person can legally possess the weapon. Exactly what constitutes a lawful, proper, and sufficient purpose is not defined in legislation and must be proven on a case-by-case basis. Hunting game, pest control and agricultural uses, sports, collection, and theatrics are all normally acceptable purposes but personal protection and self-defence are not.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The New Zealand firearm licence limits the grounds upon which an individual can carry a gun. The minimum legal age to own a gun is 16.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: It is established New Zealand law and public policy that allowing privately owned guns to be carried by people who provide personal protection to VIPs, whether foreign or domestic, is not appropriate. Armed protection, if necessary, should be provided by the New Zealand Police or the New Zealand Defence Forces. The New Zealand Police has a Diplomatic Protection Service (DPS) that trains and provides protection officers to protect VIPs. DPS protection officers, unlike most New Zealand police officers, are routinely armed while on duty. A temporary exception was made for the 1999 APEC Summit, hosted in Auckland. The Arms Act was specifically amended to allow authorised personal protection officers of foreign dignitaries to carry their own firearms. This exception expired on 30 September 1999.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In the Arms Code, a manual on firearms safety, the New Zealand Police advise that "[t]he law does not permit the possession of firearms 'in anticipation' that a firearm may need to be used in self-defence."


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: While the Crimes Act 1961 allows a person to use reasonable force to defend oneself or another person against assault or entry into a dwelling house, that force needs to be proportionate to any force being used to effect the assault or entry and not excessive. Preemptive action in anticipation of a threat or retribution after the threat has passed are both considered excessive force by the courts. Even police actions when confronting armed offenders that results in death or injury of anyone are thoroughly investigated by the police, the Independent Police Conduct Authority and, in cases of death, the coroner.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: There have been a number of cases where a member of the public has been justified in discharging a firearm that injured or killed an assailant. In 2006 a gun shop employee shot a machete-wielding armed robber with a handgun that was hidden under the counter. The court dismissed the charges that police laid. In April 2009, a Chinese restaurant and takeaways shop owner shot a masked armed robber with the robber's own gun after wrestling it from him. Police decided against laying charges.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The driver of a vehicle is deemed to be the person who is in possession of any firearm in that vehicle, unless they can prove otherwise.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Possessing a firearm or other weapon that could cause bodily injury or intimidate with the threat or fear of violence is an aggravating factor in criminal offending and can be a criminal offence on its own. Police responses to such behaviour can have potentially lethal consequences. The Police Armed Offenders Squad are an armed response unit are trained to resolve incidents that involve firearms using proportionate force; in the case of an armed offender this may result in the offender being shot.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Registration is not required under the law but the police carry out a regime similar to registration for all but "A Category" firearms. Firearms in any other category require a "permit to procure" before they are transferred.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: To possess prohibited ammunition need to be either A director or curator of a bona fide museum or bona fide collector of ammunition.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Registration is not required under the law but the police carry out a regime similar to registration for all firearms other than "A Category". Firearms in any other category require a "permit to procure" before they are transferred.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Except under the direct supervision of a licence holder, a person who possesses or uses firearms needs to hold a firearms licence issued by the police. New Firearms licences are issued for 5 years and renewals thereafter for 10 years, but can be revoked at any time if police believe the person is no longer fit and proper to possess a firearm.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Visitors to New Zealand can apply from overseas for a 1-year visitor's licence based on their existing licence in their country of residence, though frequent visitors are encouraged to apply for a 10-year licence. Licence holders who possess or use pistols, restricted or prohibited firearms, as well as collectors, require additional endorsements. Firearms dealers and their employees need an annual dealer's licence for their place of business. Only licence holders can buy, sell, or exchange firearms; permits to procure are needed for restricted firearms and licence holders must have appropriate and current endorsements. Importing or exporting personally owned firearms requires additional permits, and the importer or exporter must be a current licence holder with appropriate endorsements.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: To become licensed, the applicant must be a "fit and proper" person over the age of 16. They also need to have adequate secure storage for firearms, attend a safety program administered by the Mountain Safety Council, pass a written safety test, pay the requisite fee, and supply passport-standard photographs with their application. Police also individually interview the applicant and two referees, one of whom must be a close relative and the other unrelated, to determine the applicant's suitability for a licence. The applicant's residence is also visited to check for appropriate storage of firearms and ammunition and to ensure any other people living there are not a security risk.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Having criminal associations or a history of domestic violence almost always leads to a licence being refused. An application can be refused if the applicant has indicators of drug or alcohol abuse, criminal associations, a history of domestic violence, or a physical, mental health or disability issue that would prevent them possessing or using a firearm safely. Previous denied applications or revoked licences may also be cause for denial.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: A standard licence allows the use of "A Category" firearms. To possess firearms of another category, one must receive an endorsement by meeting additional requirements:


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Anyone buying firearms or ammunition, whether privately or from a dealer, must show their firearms licence. In addition, a permit to procure must be obtained prior to the transfer of pistols, military-style semi-automatics and restricted weapons. Sales can be made by mail-order, but a police officer must sign the order form to verify that the purchaser has a firearms licence. Previously, New Zealand allowed for the ownership of military-style semi-automatic weapons, which they refer to as MSSAs, and a legal loophole allowed many people to purchase them without a special designated licence. The loophole exists as MSSAs are classified by their parts so slight modifications can mean an MSSA can be purchased with a regular licence (Rosie Perper).


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Firearms first arrived in New Zealand with European traders and were traded in large numbers to the native Māori. This partly led to the Musket Wars of the early 19th century. As a largely agricultural society of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, long guns were a familiar tool for many people and outdoor pursuits involving guns, such as hunting, were often a source of food, and sometimes provided an income as well. The first gun control laws were enacted in 1845, but early regulations were ineffective until the passage of the "Arms Act" in 1860, which required licences and registration of firearms and firearm dealers. Early laws were mainly targeted at Māori during the New Zealand Wars in the Waikato and Taranaki, and were largely suspended at the end of the 1880s. By about 1910 the laws were ignored and unenforced, as crime and the threat of political unrest were minimal.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Strikes in 1912 and 1913, a Communist revolution in Russia, and large numbers of ex-military guns coming into the country after World War I were used as justification for a new law in 1920. The new law required the registration of all firearms and issue of a "permit to procure" before a firearm was transferred. Semi-automatic pistols were banned and a special permit was needed for other pistols (e.g. revolvers), with the intent of discouraging the carrying of concealed weapons. Few changes were seen for the next forty years as crime remained low and the country avoided political violence.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Increasing gun crime in the 1960s led to greater police use of registration records, which were generally inaccurate or out-of-date. A project to check the register began in 1967, and found that 66 percent of entries were inaccurate in some way, with many guns not to be found at all. Police thought that the register was largely useless, and that substantial resources would be needed to keep it up-to-date. It was believed that the government would be unlikely to provide the resources required to update the register and that it would be politically difficult to demand registration information from firearm owners.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Various new laws were introduced in the 1970s and 80s, proposing more government checks, registration of shotguns (which had been abandoned) and individual licensing. An internal police report in 1982 criticised the proposals, saying there was no evidence that registration of guns helped to solve crimes, and that registration would use time and money better spent on other police work. This policy was adopted by the government in the 1983 Act.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The 1983 Arms Act abandoned registration for most long guns, as Parliament felt it was prohibitively expensive and not particularly useful. The philosophy of the new system was to control users, rather than firearms. Police were required to conduct a background check before a licence would be issued (though existing owners would be issued a licence automatically), but once a person had a licence there was no requirement to register long guns or obtain a permit-to-procure when they were sold or lent. The Arms Code advises firearms owners to transport their firearms in a padded cover or hard case, so guns are now rarely seen in public.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Special restrictions applied to restricted weapons and pistols, which needed to be registered. However, the new sport of target pistol shooting became more popular, and pistol club shooters can own pistols with a special "B" endorsement.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: After the Aramoana massacre in November 1990, John Banks, the Minister for Police, announced that the government would ban what he and others described as "Rambo-style" weapons and substantially tighten gun laws generally. The law was eventually passed in 1992 and required written permits to order guns or ammunition by mail order, restricted ammunition sales to firearms licence holders, added photographs to firearms licences, required licence holders to have secure storage for firearms at their homes (which would be inspected before a licence was issued), and, controversially, required all licence holders to be re-vetted for new licences, which would be valid for only 10 years.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The law also created the new category of "military-style semi-automatic", which like the Federal Assault Weapons Ban two years later in the United States, mainly covered the appearance rather than the functionality of the guns. These required a special endorsement, security and registration in the same manner as pistols, but could be used wherever A-category guns could. However, sales of high-capacity magazines and other parts distinguishing MSSA guns from the latter was not regulated, creating a legal loophole which was exploited by criminals afterwards.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In 2019 after the Christchurch mosque shootings John Banks said that he was "haunted" by not being able to persuade his cabinet colleagues to ban semi-automatic guns after the Aramoana massacre in 1990.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: After two shootings by police in 1995, the government ordered an inquiry into police procedures for storing and using firearms. Before the review started, massacres overseas at Dunblane, Scotland, and Port Arthur, Australia led the government to expand the scope of the review to encompass gun control generally. The police reported in May 1996 that the system was sound and that no major changes were needed.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The government decided in August 1996 to order an independent report, this one led by former judge Sir Thomas Thorp. His report was released in June 1997 and was the most comprehensive and detailed review of the 150 years of firearms controls in New Zealand. Thorp's report explored how New Zealand had arrived at its existing legislation, its underlying principles, its effectiveness compared to other countries, its administration and cost. Thorp made numerous detailed recommendations in 28 different areas. His recommendations called for many new restrictions on legal gun ownership, including setting up a separate Firearms Authority to overhaul the licensing process, restricting ammunition sales to just the firearms owned, banning various firearms features, that licences be renewed every three years to keep track of changes of address and that all guns be registered. The recommendation for a register was particularly unpopular with firearm owners.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Criminologist Greg Newbold appraised Thorp's recommendations and concluded that while Thorp's report was a valuable snapshot of firearms and their use in New Zealand, it would be politically difficult to implement most recommendations and would depend on the additional resources the government was prepared to devote to implementing them, though he doubted their cost effectiveness in any case. Newbold also argued that none of Thorp's recommendations would have prevented any of the post-1990 massacres, because criminals would still have access to unlawful guns that were not subject to any controls, in any case only another massacre would generate enough political will to implement Thorp's recommendations.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In April 1999, in anticipation of the APEC summit September of that year the Arms Amendment Act 1999 was passed, giving the power to authorise "any foreign personal protection officer" to carry "firearms, airguns, pistols, and restricted weapons, and such quantities and types of ammunition as are specified...", but this automatically expired on 30 September 1999.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The National government in 1999, its last year in office, introduced an Arms Amendment (No. 2) Bill to implement the recommendations, and the bill was supported by the new Labour government. After the strong weight of submissions made against the bill when it was in select committee, the government was persuaded that the changes were unneeded and would be difficult to implement. Due to the opposition, the bill was withdrawn. The government then introduced a much reduced Arms Amendment (No. 3) Bill, which increased penalties for distribution, manufacture and use of illegal weapons. It has been in select committee since 2005, and the government has not shown any sign of proceeding with it. In March 2012, an order of the day for a second reading of the Arms Amendment (No. 3) Bill was discharged.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In August 2009, the police decided that any firearm, including single-shot bolt-action rifles, with a free-standing pistol grip that could allow the firearm to be shot inaccurately from the hip would be defined as an MSSA. However, the High Court rejected this attempt in Lincoln v Police [2010] BCL 194; 33 TCL 11/2. Parliament subsequently amended the Arms Act as a result of the court decision.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In 2015, a TV reporter demonstrated how to subvert processes to purchase a gun by mail-order. Police promptly changed their mail-order processes and commenced a criminal investigation.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In March 2016, after Police seized 14 illegally owned MSSA weapons in a raid in south Auckland and 4 officers were shot during an armed siege in Kawerau, Parliament's Law and Order Select Committee announced an "Inquiry into issues relating to the illegal possession of firearms in New Zealand". In their final report in June 2017 the committee made 20 recommendations, of which the National government accepted 7 and modified another.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In July 2017 a doomsday prepper Quinn Patterson, 56, used MSSA weapons to kill two property inspectors, wound a contractor accompanying them and skirmish with police for several hours before taking his own life. Even though he was denied a firearms licence in 2016 on the grounds that he was not a "fit and proper person", he befriended a former soldier with a type A licence, bought arms on his name and equipped them with large-capacity magazines, an investigation found later (the friend was sentenced to 12 months of home detention).


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The government introduced the "Arms (Firearm Prohibition Orders and Firearms Licences) Amendment Bill" to implement several of the recommendations shortly before the 2017 election but it lapsed with the change of government. It was subsequently drawn as a member's bill but it failed to pass at the first reading. The Minister also directed Police to improve their administrative processes and consultation with the firearms community.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern was the chair of an executive committee which in 2018 ushered through amendments to the Arms Regulations 2002, to allow Police to accept and process various applications concerning firearms licences and weapons transactions electronically. The Arms (Electronic Transactions) Amendment Regulations 2018 were published in the "Gazette" on 20 December 2018. Previously under the Arms Act, if someone wanted to become a gun dealer, get a firearms licence, import a restricted weapon, or get a permit to buy a military-style semi-automatic, they had to physically deliver an application to their nearest police station. The regulations also allow for a buyer of a restricted weapon to show that weapon to police by video call – whereas in the past they had to take it into the station.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In the wake of the mosque shootings in Christchurch, Prime Minister Ardern announced: "Our gun laws will change, now is the time... People will be seeking change, and I am committed to that." Ardern continued by stating, "There have been attempts to change our laws in 2005, 2012 and after an inquiry in 2017. Now is the time for change." Attorney-General David Parker was later quoted as saying that the government would ban semi-automatic guns, but he subsequently backtracked, saying that the government had not yet committed to anything and that regulations around semi-automatic weapons was "one of the issues" the government would consider. On 20 March 2019, Ardern announced that all military style semi-automatics and assault rifles would be banned. The first step in this process was taken on 21 March by reclassifying most semi-automatic firearms as "military style semi-automatic firearms" for the purpose of the Arms Act 1983, pursuant to section 74A(c) of the statute.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: On 10 April 2019, the Government passed the Arms (Prohibited Firearms, Magazines, and Parts) Amendment Act 2019, banning semi-automatic firearms, magazines, and parts. The Arms Amendment Bill was supported by all parties except the opposition ACT Party's sole MP David Seymour. In addition, the government announced an amnesty and buy-back scheme for prohibited firearms and components, which was later extended to 20 December 2019. As part of the buy-back program, the New Zealand Police organized a series of nationwide local collection events for gun owners to hand in prohibited firearms. By 22 July, over 2,000 guns had been handed in at buyback events in Auckland and Wellington over the past weekend.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: On 22 July 2019, Prime Minister Ardern announced a second series of gun reforms including creating a national firearms register, tighter restrictions on who can obtain a firearms licence, and a ban on overseas visitors buying guns in New Zealand while still allowing them to bring personal firearms into the country. The New Zealand Police's union, the Police Association, has supported the establishment of a national gun register and welcomed the government's proposed reforms. Police Minister Stuart Nash announced that the Government would be drafting a new bill to codify these proposed reforms, which would be in August with a three-month select committee process to follow. In late August, a draft version of the Government's proposed new gun laws was leaked to the opposition National Party. National gun spokesperson Brett Hudson claimed that new legislation could lead to doctors "dobbing" in patients.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: On 13 September 2019, Prime Minister Ardern and Police Minister Nash announced that the Government would be introducing an Arms Legislation Bill in late September. This bill would create a firearms register in order to stop the flow of guns to criminal groups. It attracted criticism from the National Party and gun lobby groups, who claimed it would punish lawful firearm owners and gun clubs instead of criminals. According to Al Jazeera and Reuters, more than 19,100 firearms and 70,800 gun accessories have been surrendered to the gun amnesty as of mid September 2019. According to the Small Arms Survey, New Zealand has the 17th highest rate of civilian gun ownership with 1.5 million firearms distributed over a population of under 5 million.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: On 5 February 2022 the government introduced a new law the Firearms Prohibition Order (FPO) Bill for its first reading.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: On 31 May 2022 it was announced that a five-year $13 million contract for a gun registration database had been signed with the "Objective Corporation" an Australian firm.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In early November 2022, the Government introduced the Arms Act Amendment Bill to stop gun licenses from expiring until Police were able to resolve a backlog of renewing firearms licenses. At the time, there were 12,000 people on the waitlist for a new firearms license. Of this figure, half had been on the waitlist for six months or longer, 1569 had been waiting for at least a year, and 72 have been waiting for two years or more.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The New Zealand Police administer and enforce the Arms Act 1983. New Zealand is one of the few countries in the world where police officers routinely go unarmed. They are issued Bushmaster XM-15 semi-automatic rifles, Glock 17 gen 4 pistols, and Tasers, which are normally carried in patrol cars and not on the officers. However, the Police Association, which represents police officers themselves, has called for gun registration and routine arming of police because officers report that they more frequently encounter criminals who are prepared to use firearms against police, or find firearms at crime scenes or during the execution of search warrants.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The New Zealand Police Association, the police union / service association, has repeatedly lobbied for greater access to firearms for police officers, as well as stricter regulations on licensed firearm owners.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The Sporting Shooters Association of New Zealand is a part-time lobby group that is usually only active at elections and when there are government calls for gun control laws. It is smaller than COLFO.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The National Shooters Association is a nationwide civilian gun owners association that took the forefront in a 2009 legal challenge against unauthorised police interference with gun regulations. Its executive is largely made up of former members of the Practical Shooting Institute, a predecessor group which had similar success bringing court action against police interference in 1990.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Previously influential groups that are generally no longer active include the Coalition for Gun Control, and Gunsafe NZ. These groups were led by activist Philip Alpers and Mike Meyrick, a former police officer and lawyer.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: New Zealand's main political parties, Labour and National, generally treat gun control as a bi-partisan issue. Both supported the passage of the Arms Amendment (No. 3) Bill.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The Outdoor Recreation party was formed in 2001 to support hunting and sport fishing. It failed to gain any seats in 2002, and again in 2005, when, with the United Future party, it contested the election.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The Green Party supports an increase in legislative restrictions on public access to firearms. The Greens' policies include the full ban of private ownership of all semi-automatic firearms and the reintroduction of a national firearms registry.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The New Zealand First party supports the rights of New Zealanders to own and use firearms safely and responsibly for hunting, sport, pest control, target shooting, and Home Defence (Castle doctrine). The party does not support calls for universal gun registration, preferring the licensing of individual users. New Zealand First believes restrictions on firearm ownership by type should be dictated by functionality rather than appearance.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The ACT Party was the only party to vote against the Arms Amendment Bill. The ACT party oppose the ban on semi-automatics, oppose calls for an arms register and also oppose magazine restrictions for firearms. After the Christchurch Massacre the Act party claimed they supported change but argued that the legislation parliament passed was rushed and unjust.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The Thorp inquiry found that reliable information was not available to answer basic questions about the number and types of firearms owned, used, traded, sold by the army, lost, stolen, or destroyed; people owning and using firearms legally or illegally; surrendered, revoked or refused firearms licences; re-licensing compliance; crime committed with firearms; and the cost of administering licensing and enforcement.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Nearly 250,000 people held a New Zealand Firearms licence in 2018. In 1997, Thorp found that in 1982, prior to the introduction of lifetime licences, police had estimated there were about 300,000 firearms owners who could apply for a lifetime firearms licence under the 1983 Act. By 1991, there were 327,000 lifetime licence holders who were required to reapply for a 10-year photographic licence or surrender their lifetime licence. Thorp estimated that by 1998 only 204,000 would do so, given a 60% call-in compliance rate, which suggested between 90,000 and 120,000 licence holders had not responded to the call-in notices, likely because of difficulties in contacting them. Poor record keeping by police of surrendered lifetime licences prior to 1994 further complicated matters.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The number of people who own or use guns in New Zealand is not known. Anyone over the age of 18 can own or use an air gun or antique firearm; these do not need to be registered provided the gun is not a restricted weapon. A range of firearms that are used as agricultural or construction tools do not require a firearms licence. Holding a firearms licence does not imply a person owns the gun they possess or use; the firearm could be owned by a business or organisation, club, dealer, or another licence holder, or be part of a deceased person's estate and held on trust for safekeeping. Thorp noted that a 1989 survey found that 9% of licence holders did not own a firearm. A survey conducted for Thorp's 1997 review found 20% of New Zealand's households had a gun, with about 1.8 gun users per household. These statistics provide an estimate between 350,000 and 400,000 New Zealand gun users.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: There are an estimated 1.5 million firearms in the New Zealand civilian armory, although this figure may simply be extrapolated from estimates made by Thorp in 1997 and could therefore be an overestimate.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: In 1997, Thorp estimated there were between 750,000 and a million firearms in New Zealand, He also believed about three-fifths were rifles and about two-fifths were shotguns, though the exact ratio is uncertain because different surveys used provided different estimates. Details of the majority of firearms are often known only to their owners.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: The number of unlawfully held firearms is even more uncertain. Thorp estimated that there were between 10,000 and 25,000 firearms owned by people with criminal intent, along with possibly another 100,000 "grey guns", held by unlicensed individuals, but not intended for criminal purposes.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Since only pistols and military style semi-automatic firearms need to be registered with police, their numbers are more certain, though changes in legislation mean that if a firearm was not registered at the time, it might remain unregistered.


title: Gun law in New Zealand

text: Apart from the Thorp report, most statistical information about firearms numbers, licensing and trading is available only from the New Zealand Police. Although the police publish some information in annual reports or when reporting to Select Committees, most information is made available only as a result of requests for Official Information. In June 2018, police announced that they would proactively publish responses to Official Information Act requests that contained data or information about firearms that might be of wide public interest.


title: AMT Hardballer

text: The AMT Hardballer is a series of pistols that are part of the 1911 platform (based on the .45 ACP M1911) made by Arcadia Machine & Tool (AMT) from 1977 to 2002. The Hardballer was the first entirely stainless steel 1911 pattern pistol. Other features included adjustable rear sights and a lengthened grip safety.


title: AMT Hardballer

text: A longslide version of the Hardballer with a top-mounted helium-neon laser sight was used by Arnold Schwarzenegger's Terminator character in the 1984 film, "The Terminator".


title: AMT Hardballer

text: A version of the Hardballer, usually with a suppressor, is a signature feature of the videogame series HITMAN, which refer to it as the Silverballer following copyright issues.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt's acting career began playing boy characters on Radio New Zealand in the early 1970s. She is best known for her role as Gemma in the 1980s TV drama series "Gloss". Harcourt spent three years acting on the show, and her character was so despicable that people spat at and insulted Harcourt in public. Harcourt received a nomination in the 1989 Film and TV Awards for best actress for the role.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt graduated from Toi Whakaari, New Zealand Drama School, in 1984. In 1990, a sponsored year at London's Central School of Speech and Drama led to an exploration of drama therapy in psychiatric institutions, with the deaf, and in prisons – the latter inspiring her collaboration with writer William Brandt for the solo play "Verbatim", where Harcourt acted, solo, portraying nine characters, inmates' relatives, and victims' families.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt was also a pioneer of verbatim theatre in New Zealand, in creating "Verbatim" (1993), in collaboration with William Brandt and "Portraits" (1997) in collaboration with Stuart McKenzie. Performed in front of people convicted of violent crimes, Harcourt says "Verbatim" "was a reflection back at the people on the inside; what their mothers, their sisters and their children had said about them". The show was well received in New Zealand theatres, at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, and from the inmates themselves. Harcourt recollected one inmate, a year after the show, asking her where the other actresses were who had starred, having remembered the distinct characters that Harcourt portrayed solo so distinctly that he remembered them as separate, individual women. The Sunday Star-Times described "Verbatim" as "a small miracle of dramatic theatre". The NZ Times said Harcourt's performance was "frightening in its stamina and emotional range". In The Guardian, reviewer Michael Billington praised "Verbatim" as "a remarkable solo show about violence.”


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt and her mother, Kate, appeared together in "Flowers From My Mother's Garden", a collection of shared anecdotes, reminiscences and stories centered on their relationship and family, and co-written by Harcourt and her husband, Stuart McKenzie. The play was commissioned by the 1998 International Festival of the Arts and has been staged in Auckland, Dunedin and Christchurch.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt's first short film as a director, "Voiceover", written and produced by husband Stuart McKenzie, won Best Short Film at the 1997 NZ Film and Television Awards, and her first play as a director won several awards at the Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards including Best Actor and Best Set Design.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt is a partner in the company MAP Film Productions, alongside McKenzie and producer/director Neil Pardington. She has appeared in short films directed by each, including Pardington's "The Dig" (which was invited to Cannes as part of a special NZ showcase) and McKenzie's darkly comic "Ends Meat"'. She also executive produced the short A&E (Accident & Eternity) in 2006, and co-produced "For Good" in 2003.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt is currently an acting technique tutor for The Actors Program, Auckland, New Zealand. She was the Head of Acting at Toi Whakaari, New Zealand Drama School, for seven years, and is widely acknowledged for her contributions to the school.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: As well as coaching NZ actors and casts, Harcourt has expanded her professional scope to include overseas actors in Australia and America, including Anna Sophia Robb and Carrie Underwood. As part of her role on the board of Film New Zealand, she also helps to market New Zealand actors to overseas film-makers.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt was the acting coach on a number of international and local feature films, including "Bridge to Terabithia" (Best Actress 2008 Young Artist Awards as well as Best Ensemble Cast) directed by Gabor Csupo, Jane Campion's "Bright Star" (in competition for the 2009 Palme d'Or), Peter Jackson's "The Lovely Bones" and "Heavenly Creatures", Jonathan King's "Under the Mountain" (Best Foreign Actress China's Golden Lion), Gaylene Preston's "Home By Christmas" (London Film Festival 2010), Yvonne MacKay's TV series "Kaitangata Twitch" (finalist for the 2010 Prix de Jeunesse, platinum winner WorldFest Houston), and Taika Waititi's "Boy" (Sundance 2010, winner Best Film NZFTV Awards 2010). Harcourt also teaches Professional Level – Teen Acting for Stage and Screen, as the head tutor at Scots College Creative and Performing Arts School.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: In 1993, Harcourt received the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal, and in the 2002 Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours, she was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to theatre and the community.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt has twice been awarded Best Actress at the Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards ("A Doll's House" and "Biography of my Skin"). She has won New Zealand Film and TV Awards for Best Short Film ("Voice Over") and was a finalist as Best Actress ("Act of Murder" and "Gloss") and as Best Supporting Actress ("Duggan" and "For Good" (2003)). Harcourt has received the Media Peace Prize ("Verbatim"). She was also nominated for Best Performance by a Supporting Actress, a General TV Award, for "Tangiwai" in 2011. In 2014, Harcourt was named NEXT Woman of the Year in the Arts & Culture category.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: In 2018, Harcourt received the Art and Culture Award at the New Zealand Women of Influence Awards. In the same year, she received the Award for Achievement in Film at the Women in Film and Television New Zealand Awards.


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt is the daughter of Dame Kate Harcourt (née Fulton) and Peter Harcourt. Her younger brother Gordon Harcourt was a presenter on "Fair Go".


title: Miranda Harcourt

text: Harcourt is married to Stuart McKenzie. Together they have three children: Peter (born 1998), Thomasin McKenzie (born 2000), and Davida (born 2006).


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" is a song by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson and the title song from her fifth studio album, "Stronger" (2011). Originally titled as "What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)", the song served as the album's second single on January 17, 2012, through RCA Records. Written by Jörgen Elofsson, Ali Tamposi, and David Gamson, with additional writing and production by Greg Kurstin, "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" is an uptempo song which draws from the genres of dance-pop and electropop. Its lyrical content mainly explores themes of empowerment and recovery following a heartbreak, with the chorus inspired by a Friedrich Nietzsche quotation: "That which does not kill us makes us stronger."


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: In the United States, "Stronger" became her third song to top the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, staying at the top for three non-consecutive weeks, surpassing "A Moment Like This" (2002) and "My Life Would Suck Without You" (2009) as her longest-running number-one single on the chart. It also topped fifteen other "Billboard" charts, including Adult Pop Songs, Adult Contemporary, Hot Dance Club Songs, and Pop Songs charts, more than any other song Clarkson has ever released. Internationally, "Stronger" topped the national charts of Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia and attained a top-ten position in over fifteen countries around the world, eventually selling over five million copies worldwide. Its success helped its parent album to sustain commercial longevity for over a year. "Stronger" merited consideration for several industry awards—including three Grammy Award nominations, and a World Music Award nomination.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: The song's accompanying music video was filmed by Shane Drake, which incorporates the theme of a global flash mob dance, featuring submitted videos of people dancing to the song. The music video garnered positive reception from critics who felt that its overall impact was exuberant. It earned Clarkson a nomination for a MuchMusic Video Award. With its continued success, she performed "Stronger" on several live award shows and television appearances around the world, debuting it during the first season of "The X Factor" (US) and performing it on the 37th season of "Saturday Night Live", the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards, and the 2012 American Music Awards. Clarkson also included the song in the set list of her Stronger Tour and on the encore set of her 2012 Summer Tour with The Fray.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: Originally titled as "What Doesn't Kill You", "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" was written by Jörgen Elofsson, Ali Tamposi, David Gamson, and Greg Kurstin in September 2010. In an interview with "American Songwriter", Tamposi revealed that the song was inspired by the Friedrich Nietzsche adage ("That which does not kill us makes us stronger") that her mother told her as advice. Although Tamposi found the phrase saccharine, she submitted it as an idea to Elofsson and Gamson during their writing sessions. Elofsson originally intended "Stronger" for Leona Lewis, who turned it down in the process. Tamposi's manager, Tom Maffei, then had one of his producers, Matty Trump, produce a demo track, later pitched to RCA A&R executive Jeff Aldrich, who gave the song to Clarkson. Tamposi revealed that Clarkson had also altered a lyric from the track. Aldrich had then commissioned Greg Kurstin, whom Clarkson wanted to collaborate with, to produce and add additional writing to the final version. Kurstin recalled, "I rethought the music part of it, I guess. It had a different tempo, beat, chords, and I kinda just came up with that guitar riff that goes into the verse, and that was the first thing that I kinda contributed just changed the feel of the song." The song's uplifting theme of empowerment led Clarkson to name her fifth studio album "Stronger". saying that it is one of her favorite songs in the album, she said, "Everybody loves the message 'What doesn't kill you makes you stronger.' It's a perfect representation of my life."


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: "Stronger" is a dance-pop and electropop song with a length of three minutes and 41 seconds. According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation, it is set in a common time and has a moderately fast tempo of 116 beats per minute. Written in the key of A minor, it follows the chord progression Am–F–C-G/B. Clarkson's vocals span two octaves, from G to G. The song begins with a "rumbling guitar" and a "shimmering synth" riff as Clarkson sings the opening line "You know the bed feels warmer / Sleeping here alone." Jason Lipshutz of "Billboard" noted that the guitar riff in the verses is reminiscent of Clarkson's "Since U Been Gone" which narrates an anthem of personal reinvention, and dancing. The bridges contain pulsating beats with synth and electric guitar that display some elements of electronic sound. During the chorus, the song explodes into an upbeat dance-pop number, complete with guitars and electronic drums as Clarkson sings "What doesn't kill you makes you stronger / Stand a little taller / Doesn't mean I'm lonely when I'm alone." Jonathan Keefe of "Slant" felt nobody else could sell the song's "ginormous chorus" better than Clarkson. Lyrically, "Stronger" explores the theme of moving on from an inimical relationship. In an interview, Clarkson remarked that the song doesn't refer to a specific person, stating "I didn't have a bad breakup or anything, I just think life is about relationships so I always write all about these different ones going on in my life. And I don't have a filter, so it's pretty verbatim." Jason Scott of Blogcritics felt that out of all tracks in "Stronger," Clarkson's vocals are best and trendiest in "What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)".


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: In an interview with MTV News prior to the song's release, Clarkson compared "Stronger" to "Since U Been Gone" (2004). She commented, "We've already rehearsed it, and it's so much fun. It's like this big dance anthem. That'll be the one [that's] kinda like "Since U Been Gone", [with] people jumping up and down to [it], and it's just kind of really inspiring, so I can't wait to perform that one."


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: After returning from a vacation on Tahiti, Clarkson found out over 50 of her newly recorded demo material were leaked online, including "Stronger". She commented that the leak felt worse than being physically robbed. In an attempt to counter-attack the leakage, RCA finally debuted the song online on October 5, 2011, three weeks ahead of the album's release. An acoustic version of the song appears in Clarkson's second extended play, "iTunes Session". The song was featured in a heavily-aired Toyota Camry commercial featuring Clarkson and other celebrities. "Stronger" was officially released as the album's second single to mainstream radio on January 17, 2012. A dance remixes of the song were made available on February 3, 2012. On February 17, 2012, it was released as a CD single.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: Jenna Hally Rubenstein of "MTV Buzzworthy" compared it to "Since U Been Gone," which has "a super radio-friendly hook." Elizabeth Lancaster of MTV Newsroom listed it as one of five key tracks in "Stronger," writing "Upbeat yet soulful, the chorus will drag you up and onto the floor to dance the heartache away alongside her." Grady Smith of "Entertainment Weekly" thought that the song's "belty pop/rock wheelhouse" should please fans of the sound. He later added that "Clarkson might have been better off releasing "What Doesn’t Kill You" as the first track from "Stronger."" Another positive reception came from Glenn Gamboa of "Newsday", who praised Clarkson for "infusing her tales of empowerment after a breakup with her unique combo of vulnerability and sass." Jonathan Keefe of "Slant" thought that the song is "tailor-made for radio play" and that "the chilly electro-pop that Greg Kurstin brings to the verses, suggests a top forty version of Robyn's "Call Your Girlfriend" (2010). On March 5, 2013, "Billboard" ranked the song at number two in its list of Top 100 American Idol Hits of All Time. Additionally, it also appeared at number two of Clarkson's Top 15 Biggest "Billboard" Hot 100 hits through the week ending April 29, 2017.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: Chris Willman of Reuters criticized the lyrics, commenting that "Never mind how tired that tune's titular phrase is. For a laugh, look up the YouTube video in which some wag mashed together a medley of 30 different songs that already borrowed "That which does not kill me makes me stronger" as a lyrical hook." Kevin Ritchie from "Now Magazine" emphasized that the lyrics are "about as clichéd as a mission statement can get, but it also makes for a solid pop song." Robert Copsey of "Digital Spy" gave the song four stars out of five, writing "The message behind her song may already be a well-worn, almost clichéd lesson, but as she continues to prove, there's little shame in coming out with the expected."


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: In the United States, "Stronger" topped sixteen "Billboard" charts, marking career highs for Clarkson. Boosted by digital sales following the release of "Stronger", the song debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart as an album cut at number 64 on the week ending October 30, 2011. It dropped out the following week before returning at number 99 on week ending November 20, 2011. Following its release as a single, "Stronger" re-entered "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 58 after Clarkson performed it on "Saturday Night Live" on the week ending January 21, 2012. On the week ending January 28, 2012, the song climbed to number 21, as well as debuting at number 38 on Adult Pop Songs. The following week, it became her tenth top ten song on the Hot 100 chart as it advanced to number 8 due to the strength of a number 11 to number 3 jump on Hot Digital Songs and vault on Hot 100 Airplay from number 71 to number 44. With "Mr. Know It All" (2011) having peaked at number 10 on the Hot 100, "Stronger"'s ascent to number 8 marked the first time Clarkson has had a string of consecutive top ten hits since 2004–2005, when she had four consecutive top-ten hits from her second studio album, "Breakaway" (2004). That same week, it debuted at number 30 on Pop Songs and at number 40 on Hot Dance Club Songs. On the week ending February 11, "Stronger" bounded from number 8 to number 2 on the Hot 100 as it topped the Hot Digital Songs chart fueled by 225,000 downloads, becoming her second song to top the Hot Digital Songs after "My Life Would Suck Without You" (2009). The following week, it ascended to the top of the Hot 100, becoming her third number 1 single in the country after "A Moment Like This" and "My Life Would Suck Without You". It held the top spot for another week, before descending to number 4 on the week ending March 3, 2012. That same week, it became her first song to top the Hot Dance Club Songs, making Clarkson only first artist ever to have topped the Hot 100 and each of the Hot Dance Club Songs, Hot Country Songs, Adult Contemporary, and Adult Pop Songs charts. The week after, it returned to number 1 on the Hot 100 for the third time, thus becoming her longest-reigning number 1 single in the United States. On the week ending March 24, 2012, "Stronger" became Clarkson's fourth song to top the Pop Songs chart and her first in six years. It also became her first song to top the Hot 100 Airplay on the week ending April 7, 2012, her fourth song to top the Adult Pop Songs on the week ending March 10, 2012, and her second song to top the Adult Contemporary chart on the week ending June 16, 2012. In its 2012 Year-End issue, "Billboard" ranked "Stronger" number 7 on the Year-End Hot 100, marking the first time Clarkson has had a Year-End top ten single on the chart in seven years since "Since U Been Gone" and "Behind These Hazel Eyes" (2005). "Billboard" also ranked it as number 1 on Year-End Adult Contemporary, number 2 on the Year-End Adult Pop Songs, number 11 on the Year-End Pop Songs, and number 35 on the Year-End Hot Dance Club Songs charts.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: "Stronger" also outpaced its predecessor "Mr. Know It All" in the international charts except in Australia, Germany, Japan, Scotland, and South Korea. It topped the national charts of Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia and became her biggest hit in over 18 other countries, including Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Luxembourg, Portugal, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. "Stronger" is also her first single to enter the national charts of Finland, Brazil, Iceland, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal, and Romania. In Canada, it debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 chart at number 64 on the week ending November 12, 2011, eventually peaking at number 3. In the United Kingdom, debuted on the Official UK Charts at number 21 on the week ending January 14, 2012, eventually peaking at number 8 for three non-consecutive weeks as her eighth career top ten single. The song performed better in Scotland, where it attained a peak of number 5. In Ireland, the song debuted at 40 on January 19, 2012, and ascended to number four. In Denmark, after debuting at number 11 on the Danish Singles Chart on the week ending January 20, 2012, it attained a top ten position at number 8 after two weeks. In France, the song debuted at number 187 and peaked at number 26, becoming her first song to chart in six years since "Because of You" (2006). In the Netherlands, the song debuted on the Single Top 100 at number 96 on the week ending January 7, 2012, and peaked at number 59. In Austria, it entered the Ö3 Austria Top 40 at number 27 and peaked at number 6. In Belgium, it attained a position on Ultratop 50 in Flanders at number 25, but failed to enter the Ultratop 50 in Wallonia by reaching only the top of the Walloon Ultratip chart. Elsewhere in Europe, it attained a top ten position in Czech Republic, Hungary, Luxembourg, and Finland; and a top forty position in Norway, Switzerland, Germany, and Sweden. In Australia, it peaked in the Australian Singles Chart at number 18. In New Zealand, it peaked on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 4.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: "Stronger" also marked career-highs in Clarkson's commercial performance. It became her first song to cross the 3 and 4 million marks in digital downloads, becoming her best-selling single in the United States and the United Kingdom. September 10, 2017, "Stronger" had sold over 4,954,000 copies in the United States. In the United Kingdom it sold over 546,000 copies as of April 24, 2016. The song sold over 5 million copies worldwide.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: The song has been ranked 567th by Billboard on its 600 most massive smashes over the chart's six decades.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: "Stronger" has been recognized with accolades from the music press. "Entertainment Weekly" ranked the song as the tenth best single of 2011. In December 2012, Popjustice ranked "Stronger" at number 1 on their "Top 45 Singles of 2012" list, stating that "this song is timeless in its amazingness" and claiming that no one "but Kelly Clarkson who could have pulled off this tune." The song's music video was nominated for Best International Artist Video at the "2012 MuchMusic Video Awards". At the "2012 Teen Choice Awards", the song received two nominations, Choice Single by a Female Artist and Choice Break-Up Song. "Stronger" received three Grammy Award nominations for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 55th ceremony.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: On November 21, 2011, Clarkson announced on her website that she wanted to incorporate a global flash mob into the accompanying music video of "Stronger". She posted: "I'm shooting my video for "What Doesn't Kill You" and I'd like everyone to join me in my global flash mob! Check out the routine in the video below. Learn it with me and get your cameras ready to record you and your friends rocking these moves in a unique location that shows where you are in the world. Submit your clip using the form below and maybe you'll see it in my music video!! I can't wait to see your submissions. Remember to be creative, but keep it safe and legal! Thanks for participating!"


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: The music video premiered on VEVO on December 14, 2011. Directed by Shane Drake, the video begins with Clarkson in a video control room, watching select flash mob videos submitted by various participants in different monitors. Throughout the video, scenes of Clarkson performing the song in three different settings (alone in a stage, with her band in a garden square, and in the control room) alternate with various flash mob videos. Towards the end of the video, Clarkson, along with the people in the garden square, forms a flash mob featuring a same choreography.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: Critical reception towards the accompanying music video was positive. Prior to its release, Jenna Halley Rubenstein of "MTV Buzzworthy" predicted that the video would depict women who triumphed over broken relationships as a homage to self-sufficiency. However, she praised the different treatment of the video, complimenting the synchronized dancing and thought that Clarkson kept it classy. Leah Collins of "The Vancouver Sun" interpreted that the video depicts Clarkson developing a sense of strength and endurance as well as an ability to lead a large-scale dance routine after surviving a trauma. Erin Strecker of "Entertainment Weekly" enjoyed Clarkson's goofy expressions and perceived the video as "Since U Been Gone" round two. Rand Duren of "The Dallas Morning News" also reiterated that the music video is a reminiscent of "Since U Been Gone" and that it was great seeing more dancing and movement from Clarkson. Contessa Gayles of AOL.com described the song as "powerful" and "uplifting" and she believed that the music video did the song justice. Trent Maynard of 4Music had a positive response towards the video and deemed Clarkson's look as properly fit in the video. He concluded his review writing, "Nobody has a sense of humor quite like the original American Idol. Oh Kelly, you're the best." The same opinion was echoed by Robbie Daw of "Idolator" who thought the video was fun especially "when Kelly herself joins the giant mob at the very end." He also stated that his personal favorite clip in the video was "the girls who do the moves underwater with fish swimming all around them." The video placed fourth for VH1's Top 20 Videos of the Year for 2012.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: Clarkson first performed "Stronger" in live concerts, she first performed it in a Sony-sponsored concert held at The Troubador in Los Angeles on October 19, 2011. On November 9, 2011, she performed the song at Z100's annual Jingle Ball concert at Madison Square Garden. She also performed an acoustic version the song on the "VH1 Unplugged: Kelly Clarkson" special which premiered on VH1 on November 18, 2011. "Stronger" has been performed prominently in her fourth headlining tour, the Stronger Tour.


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: Clarkson also promoted "Stronger" in live television events, the first live televised performance of the song was on November 23, 2011, during "The X Factor" (US) results show. On December 18, 2011, she performed the song on VH1 Divas Celebrates Soul television special. On January 7, 2012, she performed it along with "Mr. Know It All" on the 37th season of "Saturday Night Live". On June 6, 2012, Clarkson performed it on the British television series "This Morning". Clarkson also performed a medley of the "Stronger" with the succeeding single "Dark Side" on various television events, such as at the season finale of the fourteenth season of "Dancing with the Stars" on May 22, 2012, and at the "2012 MuchMusic Video Awards" on June 17, 2012. On June 8, 2018, Clarkson performed it on "Today."


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: Amber Riley, Naya Rivera, and Heather Morris performed the song in the season three episode of "Glee", "On My Way", which aired on February 21, 2012. Raymund Flandez of "The Wall Street Journal" described the trio's performance as "fine, fierce and fabulous." Their version of "Stronger" debuted on the Hot 100 at number 66 on the week ending March 3, 2012 as "What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)".


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: On March 22, 2012, it was first performed by Diandra Flores on the sixth season of the Finnish television series "Idols". On April 11, 2012, it was covered by Hollie Cavanagh, Joshua Ledet and Jessica Sanchez in the eleventh season of "American Idol". On May 12, 2012, it was performed by Joelle Moses after will.i.am's recommendation on the first series of "The Voice UK".


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: Clarkson also performed the song with Jordan Meredith on the television series "Duets", where she is also a mentor. On March 16, 2012, the song was performed by various participants during the season finale of the fifth season of the Danish television series "X Factor". On October 28, 2013, Tessanne Chin covered the song on Season 5 of NBC's singing competition, "The Voice" for her performance in the Knockout round vs. Ashley DuBose (who performed "Hey, Soul Sister" by Train).


title: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)

text: In 2018, Dove Cameron and China Anne McClain recorded a version with slightly altered lyrics for Disney's "Descendants" franchise.


title: Glass Tiger

text: Glass Tiger is a Grammy Award-nominated Canadian rock band from Newmarket, Ontario that formed in 1983. The band has released five studio albums. Its 1986 debut album, "The Thin Red Line", went quadruple platinum in Canada and gold in the United States. Two singles from that album, "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)" and "Someday", reached the U.S. Top 10.


title: Glass Tiger

text: In Newmarket, Ontario, vocalist Alan Frew and bassist Wayne Parker (both from local band Onyx), along with keyboardist Sam Reid (from River Drive Park band The End), were recruited by drummer Mike Hanson with the intention of forming a new band. At the time, Hanson was the lead singer and drummer of The End. After The End disbanded the new partnership from the ashes of both bands successfully formed the band Tokyo; that band later developed into Glass Tiger in 1983. Guitarist Al Connelly joined the band in 1983.


title: Glass Tiger

text: In 1986, Glass Tiger released its first album, "The Thin Red Line"; it was produced by Jim Vallance (who co-wrote two songs) and Bryan Adams made a memorable vocal cameo on the lead single "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)". This album went quadruple platinum in Canada and gold in the United States. Two of its songs, "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)" and "Someday", reached the Top 10 in the U.S. charts. Glass Tiger won three 1986 Juno Awards: Album of the Year for "The Thin Red Line", Single of the Year for "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)", and Most Promising Group of the Year. The album's producer, Jim Vallance, was named Composer of the Year. The band won two more Juno Awards in 1987 and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Artist. The band performed in the United States as part of the Raised on Radio Tour and on Tina Turner's European Break Every Rule Tour.


title: Glass Tiger

text: The band released a second album, "Diamond Sun", in 1988. The album was certified triple platinum in Canada and featured the single "I'm Still Searching", which peaked at #2 in Canada. Hanson left the band in 1988 following the release of "Diamond Sun".


title: Glass Tiger

text: Glass Tiger's third album, "Simple Mission", was released in 1991 by Capitol Records. The album received radio play in Canada and Europe. It was certified platinum in Canada.


title: Glass Tiger

text: The band went on hiatus in 1993. After pursuing other projects, the band reformed in 2003 with new drummer Christopher McNeil and began touring again.


title: Glass Tiger

text: In March 2009, Glass Tiger and members of the NHL alumni visited Canadian Forces stationed in Kandahar, Afghanistan. The visit included live performances and footage was shown on an episode of "Entertainment Tonight Canada". The band returned to Afghanistan for a second performance in 2010.


title: Glass Tiger

text: In 2012, Glass Tiger toured across Canada with the band Roxette, and performed as part of Penticton, BC's "Rock The Peach Music Fest" On July 1, 2013, Glass Tiger performed a free concert in Leduc, Alberta as part of a Canada Day Celebration. Glass Tiger performed at a number of festivals in the summer of 2017. On September 23, 2017, Glass Tiger performed at Canada Games Plaza in Prince George, British Columbia. The free concert was held to thank the city for receiving over 11,000 evacuees from the southern interior who had been displaced by various wildfires.


title: Glass Tiger

text: In February 2018, to celebrate 31 years of making music together, the band released an album entitled "31". Produced by Scottish/Canadian country artist Johnny Reid, the album includes special guest contributions from Julian Lennon ("Thin Red Line"), Alan Doyle ("My Song"), Véronic DiCaire ("Someday") and Susan Aglukark and David R. Maracle ("Diamond Sun").


title: Glass Tiger

text: In May 2019, Glass Tiger released their fifth studio album, "33". Following the release of "33", the band joined Corey Hart on his Never Surrender cross-Canada tour in June 2019. The band continued to perform a number of headlining shows throughout the summer and performed as part of the Sopot International Song Festival in Poland.


title: Glass Tiger

text: NB: "My Song" (1988) missed the "Billboard" Hot 100, but peaked at number 71 on the "Cash Box" Top 100 Singles chart.


title: Glass Tiger

text: NB: "Don't Forget Me" and "Someday" both reached the "Billboard" AC chart, peaking at #30 and #4 respectively.


title: Monteriggioni

text: Monteriggioni is a "comune" in the province of Siena in the Italian region of Tuscany. It borders on the communes of Casole d'Elsa, Castellina in Chianti, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Colle di Val d'Elsa, Poggibonsi, Siena, and Sovicille. The town is architecturally and culturally significant; it hosts several piazzas, and is referenced in Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy".


title: Monteriggioni

text: Monteriggioni is a medieval walled town, located on a natural hillock, built by the Sienese in 1214–19 as a front line in their wars against Florence, by assuming command of the Via Cassia running through the Val d'Elsa and Val Staggia to the west.


title: Monteriggioni

text: During the conflicts between Siena and Florence in the Middle Ages, the city was strategically placed as a defensive fortification. It also withstood many attacks from both the Florentines and the forces of the Bishop of Volterra. In 1554 the Sienese were able to place control of the town's garrison to Giovannino Zeti, who had been exiled from Florence. In 1554, in an act of reconciliation with the Medicis, Zeti simply handed the keys of the town over to the Medicean forces— considered a "great betrayal" by the town's people.


title: Monteriggioni

text: The roughly circular walls, totalling a length of about and following the natural contours of the hill, were built between 1213 and 1219. There are 14 towers on square bases set at equidistance, and two portals or gates. One gate, the Porta Fiorentina opens toward Florence to the north, and the other, the Porta Romana, faces Rome to the south. The main street within the walls connects the two gates in a roughly straight line.


title: Monteriggioni

text: The main town square, the Piazza Roma, is dominated by a Romanesque church with a simple, plain façade. Other houses, some in the Renaissance style (once owned by local nobles, gentry, and wealthy merchants) face into the piazza. Off the main piazza smaller streets give way to public gardens fronted by the other houses and small businesses of the town. In more hostile times, these gardens provided vital sustenance when enemies gathered around the walls during sieges.


title: Monteriggioni

text: The Tuscan poet Dante Alighieri used the turrets of Monteriggioni to evoke the sight of the ring of giants encircling the Infernal abyss.


title: Monteriggioni

text: Monteriggioni also plays a significant role in the games "Assassin's Creed II" and "", both of which are loosely based around certain key historical events in Renaissance Italy. It is home to protagonist Ezio Auditore and his uncle Mario, who live in the fictional Villa Auditore, which is based on Villa di Maiano.


title: Monteriggioni

text: All public schools within the commune are a part of the "Istituto Comprensivo Statale di Monteriggioni", School District #38.


title: Monteriggioni

text: Monteriggioni is headed by a mayor (') assisted by a legislative body, the ', and an executive body, the '. Since 1995, the mayor and members of the ' are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1945 to 1995 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The ' is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called '. The offices of the ' are housed in a building usually called the ' or "".


title: Monteriggioni

text: Since 1995, the mayor of Monteriggioni is directly elected by citizens, originally every four, then every five years. The current mayor is Andrea Frosini (PD), elected on 26 May 2019 with 43.3% of the votes.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 – 3 January 1795) was an English potter, entrepreneur and abolitionist. Founding the Wedgwood company in 1759, he developed improved pottery bodies by systematic experimentation, and was the leader in the industrialisation of the manufacture of European pottery.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: The renewed classical enthusiasms of the late 1760s and early 1770s were of major importance to his sales promotion. His expensive goods were in much demand from the upper classes, while he used emulation effects to market cheaper sets to the rest of society. Every new invention that Wedgwood produced – green glaze, creamware, black basalt, and jasperware – was quickly copied. Having once achieved efficiency in production, he obtained efficiencies in sales and distribution. His showrooms in London gave the public the chance to see his complete range of tableware.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Wedgwood's company never made porcelain during his lifetime, but specialised in fine earthenwares and stonewares that had many of the same qualities, but were considerably cheaper. He made great efforts to keep the designs of his wares in tune with current fashion. He was an early adopter of transfer printing which gave similar effects to hand-painting for a far lower cost. Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution that helped drive the Industrial Revolution in Britain, Wedgwood is credited as a pioneer of modern marketing. He pioneered direct mail, money back guarantees, self-service, free delivery, buy one get one free, and illustrated catalogues.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: A prominent abolitionist fighting slavery, Wedgwood is remembered too for his "Am I Not a Man And a Brother?" anti-slavery medallion. He was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family, and he was the grandfather of Charles and Emma Darwin.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Born in Burslem, Staffordshire, the eleventh and last child of potter Thomas Wedgwood (d. 1739) and Mary Wedgwood ("née" Stringer; d. 1766), Josiah was raised within a family of English Dissenters; he was the grandson of a Unitarian minister and was an active Unitarian. By the age of nine, he was proving himself to be a skilled potter. He survived a childhood bout of smallpox to serve as an apprentice potter under his eldest brother Thomas Wedgwood IV. Smallpox left Josiah with a permanently weakened knee, which made him unable to work the foot pedal of a potter's wheel. As a result, he concentrated from an early age on designing pottery and then making it with the input of other potters. The pottery created in his father's and brother's business was inexpensive and low quality, black and mottled in color.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: In his early twenties, Wedgwood began working with the most renowned English pottery-maker of his day, Thomas Whieldon, who eventually became his business partner in 1754. Wedgwood also began to study the new science of chemistry, seeking to understand the materials science of fire, clay, and minerals and to develop better clays and glazes for potter-making. Following an accident in 1762, Wedgwood met Joseph Priestley, another Dissenter and a chemist who gave Wedgwood advice on chemistry.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Wedgwood's experimentation with a wide variety of techniques coincided with the burgeoning of the nearby industrial city of Manchester. Inspired, Wedgwood leased the Ivy Works in the town of Burslem. From 1768 to 1780 he partnered with Thomas Bentley, a businessman from a landowning family who was socially sophisticated and had an astute taste. Over the course of the next decade, his experimentation (and a considerable injection of capital from his marriage to a richly endowed distant cousin) transformed the sleepy artisan works into the first true pottery factory.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: In January 1764 Wedgwood married Sarah Wedgwood (1734–1815), his third cousin. They had eight children:


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Wedgwood was keenly interested in the scientific advances of his day and it was this interest that underpinned his adoption of its approach and methods to revolutionise the quality of his pottery. His unique glazes began to distinguish his wares from anything else on the market.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: By 1763, he was receiving orders from the highest-ranking people, including Queen Charlotte. Wedgwood convinced her to let him name the line of pottery she had purchased "Queen's Ware", and trumpeted the royal association in his paperwork and stationery. Anything Wedgwood made for the Queen was automatically exhibited before it was delivered. In 1764, he received his first order from abroad. Wedgwood marketed his Queen's Ware at affordable prices, everywhere in the world British trading ships sailed. In 1767 he wrote, "The demand for this sd. Creamcolour, Alias, Queen Ware, Alias, Ivory, still increases – It is amazing how rapidly the use of it has spread over the whole Globe."


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: He first opened a warehouse at Charles Street, Mayfair in London as early as 1765 and it soon became an integral part of his sales organization. In two years, his trade had outgrown his rooms in Grosvenor Square. In 1767, Wedgwood and Bentley drew up an agreement to divide decorative wares between them, the domestic wares being sold on Wedgwood's behalf. A special display room was built to beguile the fashionable company. Wedgwood's in fact had become one of the most fashionable meeting places in London. His workers had to work day and night to satisfy the demand, and the crowds of visitors showed no sign of abating. The proliferating decoration, the exuberant colours, and the universal gilding of rococo were banished, the splendours of baroque became distasteful; the intricacies of "chinoiserie" lost their favour. The demand was for purity, simplicity and antiquity. To encourage this outward spread of fashion and to speed it on its way Wedgwood set up warehouses and showrooms at Bath, Liverpool and Dublin in addition to his showrooms at Etruria and in Westminster. Great care was taken in timing the openings, and new goods were held back to increase their effect.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: The most important of Wedgwood's early achievements in vase production was the perfection of the black stoneware body, which he called "basalt". This body could imitate the colour and shapes of Etruscan or Greek vases which were being excavated in Italy. In 1769, "vases was all the cry" in London; he opened a new factory called Etruria, north of Stoke. Wedgwood became what he wished to be: "Vase Maker General to the Universe". Around 1771, he started to experiment with Jasperware, but he did not advertise this new product for a couple of years.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Sir George Strickland, 6th Baronet, was asked for advice on getting models from Rome. Gilding was to prove unpopular, and around 1772, Wedgwood reduced the amount of "offensive gilding" in response to suggestions from Sir William Hamilton. When English society found the uncompromisingly naked figure of the classics "too warm" for their taste, and the ardor of the Greek gods too readily apparent, Wedgwood was quick to cloak their pagan immodesty – gowns for the girls and fig leaves for the gods were usually sufficient. Just as he felt that his flowerpots would sell more if they were called "Duchess of Devonshire flowerpots", his creamware more if called Queensware, so he longed for Brown, James Wyatt, and the brothers Adam to lead the architect in the use of his chimneypieces and for George Stubbs to lead the way in the use of Wedgwood plaques.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Wedgwood hoped to monopolise the aristocratic market and thus win for his wares a special social "cachet" that would filter to all classes of society. Wedgwood fully realised the value of such a lead and made the most of it by giving his pottery the name of its patron: Queensware, Royal Pattern, Russian pattern, Bedford, Oxford and Chetwynd vases for instance. Whether they owned the original or merely possessed a Wedgwood copy mattered little to Wedgwood's customers. In 1773 they published the first "Ornamental Catalogue", an illustrated catalogue of shapes. A plaque, in Wedgwood's blue pottery style, marking the site of his London showrooms between 1774 and 1795 in Wedgwood Mews, is located at 12, Greek Street, London, W1.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: In 1773, Empress Catherine the Great ordered the (Green) Frog Service from Wedgwood, consisting of 952 pieces and over a thousand original paintings, for the Kekerekeksinen Palace ("palace on a frog swamp" ), later known as Chesme Palace. Most of the painting was carried out in Wedgwood's decorating studio at Chelsea. Its display, Wedgwood thought, 'would bring an number of People of Fashion into our Rooms. For over a month the fashionable world thronged the rooms and blocked the streets with their carriages. (Catharine paid £2,700. It can still be seen in the Hermitage Museum.) Strictly uneconomical in themselves, these productions offered huge advertising value.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: As a leading industrialist, Wedgwood was a major backer of the Trent and Mersey Canal dug between the River Trent and River Mersey, during which time he became friends with Erasmus Darwin. Later that decade, his burgeoning business caused him to move from the smaller Ivy Works to the newly built Etruria Works, which would run for 180 years. The factory was named after the Etruria district of Italy, where black porcelain dating to Etruscan times was being excavated. Wedgwood found this porcelain inspiring, and his first major commercial success was its duplication with what he called "Black Basalt". He combined experiments in his art and in the technique of mass production with an interest in improved roads, canals, schools, and living conditions. At Etruria, he even built a village for his workers. The motto, "Sic fortis Etruria crevit," was inscribed over the main entrance to the works.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Not long after the new works opened, continuing trouble with his smallpox-afflicted knee made necessary the amputation of his right leg. In 1780, his long-time business partner Thomas Bentley died, and Wedgwood turned to Darwin for help in running the business. As a result of the close association that grew up between the Wedgwood and Darwin families, Josiah's eldest daughter would later marry Erasmus' son.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: To clinch his position as leader of the new fashion, he sought out the famous Barberini vase as the final test of his technical skill. Wedgwood's obsession was to duplicate the Portland Vase, a blue-and-white glass vase dating to the first century BC. He worked on the project for three years, eventually producing what he considered a satisfactory copy in 1789.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: In 1784, Wedgwood was exporting nearly 80% of his total produce. By 1790, he had sold his wares in every city in Europe. To give his customers a greater feeling of the rarity of his goods, he strictly limited the number of jaspers on display in his rooms at any given time.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: After passing on his company to his sons, Wedgwood died at home, probably of cancer of the jaw, in 1795. He was buried three days later in the parish church of Stoke-on-Trent. Seven years later a marble memorial tablet commissioned by his sons was installed there.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: One of the wealthiest entrepreneurs of the 18th century, Wedgwood created goods to meet the demands of the consumer revolution and growth in prosperity that helped drive the Industrial Revolution in Britain. He is credited as a pioneer of modern marketing, specifically direct mail, money back guarantees, travelling salesmen, carrying pattern boxes for display, self-service, free delivery, buy one get one free, and illustrated catalogues. Wedgwood is also noted as an early adopter/founder of managerial accounting principles in Anthony Hopwood's "Archaeology of Accounting Systems." Historian Tristram Hunt called Wedgwood a "difficult, brilliant, creative entrepreneur whose personal drive and extraordinary gifts changed the way we work and live."


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: He was a friend, and commercial rival, of the potter John Turner the elder; their works have sometimes been misattributed. For the further comfort of his foreign buyers he employed French-, German-, Italian- and Dutch-speaking clerks and answered their letters in their native tongue.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Wedgwood belonged to the fifth generation of a family of potters whose traditional occupation continued through another five generations. Wedgwood's company is still a famous name in pottery today (as part of Waterford Wedgwood; see Waterford Crystal), and "Wedgwood China" is sometimes used as a term for his Jasperware, the coloured stoneware with applied relief decoration (usually white), still common throughout the world.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Wedgwood was a prominent slavery abolitionist. His friendship with Thomas Clarkson – abolitionist campaigner and the first historian of the British abolition movement – aroused his interest in slavery. Wedgwood mass-produced cameos depicting the seal for the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade and had them widely distributed, which thereby became a popular and celebrated image. The Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion was the most famous image of a black person in all of 18th-century art. The actual design of the cameo was probably done by either William Hackwood or Henry Webber who were modellers in his Stoke-on-Trent factory.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: From 1787 until his death in 1795, Wedgwood actively participated in the abolition-of-slavery cause. His "Slave Medallion" brought public attention to abolition. Wedgwood reproduced the design in a cameo with the black figure against a white background and donated hundreds to the society for distribution. Thomas Clarkson wrote: "ladies wore them in bracelets, and others had them fitted up in an ornamental manner as pins for their hair. At length the taste for wearing them became general, and thus fashion, which usually confines itself to worthless things, was seen for once in the honourable office of promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom".


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: The design on the medallion became popular and was used elsewhere: large-scale copies were painted to hang on walls and it was used on clay tobacco pipes.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: He was elected to the Royal Society in 1783 for the development of a pyrometer, a device to measure the extremely high temperatures that are found in kilns during the firing of pottery.


title: Josiah Wedgwood

text: He was an active member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham often held at Erasmus Darwin House and is remembered on the Moonstones in Birmingham.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Eugène-François Vidocq (; 24 July 1775 – 11 May 1857) was a French criminal turned criminalist, whose life story inspired several writers, including Victor Hugo, Edgar Allan Poe and Honoré de Balzac. The former criminal became the founder and first director of the crime-detection Sûreté nationale as well as the head of the first known private detective agency. Vidocq is considered to be the father of modern criminology and of the French police department. He is also regarded as the first private detective.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Eugène François Vidocq was born in Arras, northern France, during the night of 23/24 July 1775, in the Rue du Miroir-de-Venise, nowadays the Rue Eugène-François Vidocq. He was the third child of Henriette Françoise Vidocq (maiden name Dion, 1744–1824) and her husband, the baker Nicolas Joseph François Vidocq (1744–1799).


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Little is known about his childhood; most of it is based on his ghost-written autobiography and a few documents in French archives. His father was well educated and, for those days, very wealthy, since he was also a corn dealer. Vidocq had six siblings: two older brothers (one of whom had died before he was born), two younger brothers and two younger sisters.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq's teenage years were a turbulent time period. He is described as being fearless, rowdy and cunning, very talented, but also very lazy. He spent much time in the armories (fighting halls) of Arras and acquired a reputation as a formidable fencer and the nickname "le Vautrin" ("wild boar"). By stealing, he provided himself with some level of comfort.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: When Vidocq was thirteen years old, he stole his parents' silver plates and spent the proceeds from them within a day. Three days after the theft, he was arrested and brought to the local jail, "Baudets". Only ten days later, he learned that his father had arranged his arrest to teach him a lesson. After a total of fourteen days, he was released from prison, but even this did not tame him.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: By age fourteen, he had stolen a large amount of money from the cash box of his parents' bakery and left for Ostend, where he tried to embark to the Americas; but he was defrauded one night and found himself suddenly penniless. To survive, he worked for a group of traveling entertainers. Despite regular beatings, he worked hard enough to get promoted from stable boy to playing a Caribbean cannibal who eats raw meat. He ends up living with puppeteers to get away from them. However, he was banished from them because he flirted with the young wife of his employer. He then worked some time as an assistant of a peddler, but as soon as he neared Arras, he returned to his parents seeking forgiveness. He was welcomed by his mother with open arms.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: On 10 March 1791, he enlisted in the Bourbon Regiment, where his reputation as an expert fencer was confirmed. According to Vidocq, within six months, he challenged fifteen people to a duel and killed two. Despite not being a model soldier and causing difficulties, he spent only a total of fourteen days in jail. During those two weeks, Vidocq helped a fellow inmate successfully escape.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: When France declared war against Austria on 20 April 1792, Vidocq participated in the battles of the First Coalition, including the Battle of Valmy in September 1792. On 1 November 1792, he was promoted to corporal of grenadiers, but during his promotion ceremony, he challenged a fellow non-commissioned officer to a duel. This sergeant major refused the duel, so Vidocq hit him. Striking a superior officer could have led to a death sentence, so he deserted and enlisted in the 11th Chasseurs, concealing his history. On 6 November 1792, he fought under General Dumouriez in the Battle of Jemappes.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In April 1793, Vidocq was identified as a deserter. He followed a general, who was fleeing after a failed martial coup, into the enemy camp. After a few weeks, Vidocq returned to the French camp. A chasseur-captain friend interceded for him, so he was allowed to rejoin the chasseurs. Finally, he resigned from the army because he was no longer welcome.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: He was eighteen years old when he returned to Arras. He soon gained a reputation as a womanizer. Since his seductions often ended in duels, he was imprisoned in "Baudets" from 9 January 1794 to 21 January 1795.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: On 8 August 1794, when he was barely nineteen, Vidocq married Anne Marie Louise Chevalier, after a pregnancy scare. No child resulted, and the marriage was not happy from the start, and when Vidocq learned that his wife had cheated on him with the adjutant, Pierre Laurent Vallain, he left again for the army. He did not see his wife again until their divorce in 1805.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq did not stay long in the army. In autumn 1794, he spent most of his time in Brussels, which was then a hideout for crooks of all kinds. There, he supported himself by small frauds. One day, he was apprehended by the police, and as a deserter, he had no valid papers. When asked for his identity, he described himself as Monsieur Rousseau from Lille and escaped while the police tried to confirm his statement.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In 1795, still under the alias of Rousseau, he joined the "armée roulante" ("flying army"). This army consisted of "officers" who in reality had neither commissions nor regiments. They were raiders, forging routes, ranks and uniforms but staying away from the battlefields. Vidocq began as a lieutenant of chasseurs but soon promoted himself to a hussar captain. In this role, he met a rich widow in Brussels who became fond of him. A co-conspirator of Vidocq's convinced her that Vidocq was a young nobleman on the run because of the French Revolution. Shortly before their wedding, Vidocq confessed to her. Then he left the city, but not without a generous cash gift from her.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In March 1795, Vidocq moved to Paris, where he squandered all his money entertaining women. He went back north and joined a group of Bohemian gypsies, which he later left for a woman he had fallen in love with, Francine Longuet. When Francine left him for a real soldier, he beat both of them. The soldier sued him, and in September 1795, Vidocq was sentenced to three months in the prison "Tour Saint-Pierre" in Lille.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Vidocq was twenty and quickly adapted to life in prison. He befriended a group of men, among them Sebastien Boitel, who had been sentenced to six years for stealing. Then Boitel was suddenly released, but the next day, the local inspector noticed that the pardon was forged. Vidocq claimed two fellow inmates, Grouard and Herbaux, had asked to use his cell (as a soldier, Vidocq had a cell all to himself) to write something of an unknown nature because the common room was too noisy. Both inmates claimed, however, that he helped in the fabrication and that the whole thing had been his idea. Thus, Vidocq was not released after the three months.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In the following weeks, Vidocq escaped several times with the help of Francine, but was always captured soon again. After one of his escapes, Francine caught him with another woman. He disappeared for a few days, and when he was finally picked up again by police, he was told that Francine had been found with multiple knife wounds. Now, he was not only accused of forgery but also attempted murder. Francine later claimed that the wounds were self-inflicted and the charge was dropped. Vidocq's contact with Francine stopped when she was convicted and sentenced to six months in prison for aiding the escapes.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: After a long delay, his trial for document forgery began. On 27 December 1796, Vidocq and a second accused, César Herbaux, were found guilty and sentenced to eight years of hard labour.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: In the prison of Bicêtre, Vidocq was to wait several months for the transfer to the Bagne in Brest to toil in the galleys. A fellow inmate taught him the martial art of savate, which was later to prove useful to him. An escape attempt on 3 October 1797 failed and precipitated his placement in a dungeon for eight days.


title: Eugène François Vidocq

text: Finally, on 21 November, he was sent to Brest. On 28 February 1798, he escaped dressed as a sailor. Only a few days later, he was apprehended due to a lack of papers, but the police did not recognize him as an escaped convict. He claimed to be Auguste Duval, and while officials checked this claim, he was put into a prison hospital. There he stole a nun's habit and escaped in disguise. In Cholet, he found a job as a cattle drover and, in this capacity, passed through Paris, Arras, Brussels, Ancer and finally Rotterdam, where he was shanghaied by the Dutch. After a short career as a privateer, he was arrested again and taken to Douai, where he was identified as Vidocq. He was transferred to the Bagne in Toulon, arriving on 29 August 1799. After a failed escape attempt, he escaped again on 6 March 1800 with the help of a prostitute.