title: The Day Today

text: In addition to the character Alan Partridge and many of the cast and writers, there are other crossovers between the fictional worlds of "On the Hour", "The Day Today" and the radio and television series of "Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge". With the exception of Patrick Marber, the entire main cast of "The Day Today" take guest roles in "I'm Alan Partridge", in addition to writers Peter Baynham, Arthur Mathews and Graham Linehan. Marber is, however, seen in a photograph on the wall of Peartree Productions.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: Santa Maria de Montserrat () is an abbey of the Order of Saint Benedict located on the mountain of Montserrat in Monistrol de Montserrat, Catalonia, Spain. It is notable for enshrining the image of the Virgin of Montserrat. The monastery was founded in the 11th century and rebuilt between the 19th and 20th centuries, and still functions to this day, with over 70 monks. There have always been roughly 80 monks in residence.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The monastery is northwest of Barcelona, and can be reached by road, train or cable car. The abbey's train station, operated by FGC, is the terminus of a rack railway connecting with Monistrol, and two funiculars, one connecting with Santa Cova (a shrine and chapel lower down the mountain) and the other connecting with the upper slopes of the mountain. At above the valley floor, Montserrat is the highest point of the Catalan lowlands, and stands central to the most populated part of Catalonia. Montserrat's highest point, Sant Jeroni, can be reached by footpaths leading from the monastery. From Sant Jeroni, almost all of Catalonia can be seen, and on a clear day the island of Mallorca is visible.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: Montserrat, whose name means 'serrated mountain', is ideally located to play an important role in the cultural and spiritual life of Catalonia. It is Catalonia's most important religious retreat and groups of young people from Barcelona and all over Catalonia make overnight hikes at least once in their lives to watch the sunrise from the heights of Montserrat. The Virgin of Montserrat is Catalonia's favourite saint, and is located in the sanctuary of the Mare de Déu de Montserrat, next to the Benedictine monastery nestling in the towers and crags of the mountain. The Escolania, Montserrat's Boys’ Choir, is one of the oldest in Europe, and performs during religious ceremonies and communal prayers in the basilica.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The basilica houses a museum with works of art by many prominent painters. The "Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat", a publishing house, one of the oldest presses in the world still running, with its first book published in 1499.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: Initial construction of the basilica of Montserrat began in the 16th century, and its complete reconstruction began in the year 1811, after being destroyed in the Peninsular War.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: In 1881 the Pope Leo XIII granted it the status of minor basilica. The facade was realized in 1901, work of Francisco de Paula del Villar y Carmona in Plateresque Revival style, with sculptural reliefs of Venanci and Agapit Vallmitjana i Barbany.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: After the Spanish Civil War a new façade of the church was built (between 1942 and 1968), the work of Francesc Folguera i Grassi and decorated with sculptural reliefs of Joan Rebull ("St. Benedict", "Proclamation of the dogma of the Assumption of Mary by Pius XII" and "St. George", with a representation of the monks who died during the Spanish Civil War), as well as the inscription "Urbs Jerusalem Beata Dicta Pacis Visio" ("Blessed city of Jerusalem, called the vision of peace"). At the foot of the frieze with the relief of St. George is sculpted the phrase "Catalonia will be Christian or it will not be", attributed to the bishop Josep Torras i Bages, which has been assumed as a political motto of Catholic root.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: This facade precedes the church proper, which is accessed through an atrium. Here are the 16th century sepulchres of Juan de Aragón y de Jonqueras, 2nd count of Ribagorza and Bernat II of Vilamarí. There are also several sculptures: "St. John the Baptist" and "St. Joseph" (1952), of Josep Clarà, and "St. Benedict" (1962), by Domènec Fita i Molat. There are also the paintings "Visit of the Catholic Monarchs to Montserrat" and "Visit of Don John of Austria to Montserrat" (1921) by Francesc Fornells-Pla. The square that precedes the church (called del Abat Argeric, built in 18th century) is decorated with sgraffitos (1956) of Josep Obiols i Palau and the friar Benet Martínez, which represent the history of Montserrat and the main basilicas of the world. The square also houses various sculptures: "St. Anthony Mary Claret" (1954), by Rafael Solanic; "John I of Aragon" (1956) and "St. Gregory the Great" (1957), by Frederic Marès; and "St. Pius X", by F. Bassas. On one side is the baptistery (1958), with a portal sculpted by Charles Collet, and inside a mosaic made by Santiago Padrós (1918-1971) and a drawing of the "Baptism of Jesus" by Josep Vila-Arrufat. Next to the baptistery there is a sculpture of "St. Ignatius of Loyola", a work by Rafael Solanic.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The church is of a single nave, 68.32 meters long and 21.50 wide, with a height of 33.33 meters. It is supported by central columns, carved in wood by Josep Llimona i Bruguera, representing the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel. At the head is the main altar, decorated with enamels (1928) of Montserrat Mainar, depicting various biblical scenes, such as "The Last Supper", "The Weddings of Cana" and "The Multiplication of Loaves and Fishes". The 15th century cross on the altar is the work of Lorenzo Ghiberti. On the altar there is a shrine of octagonal form. In the chancel there are various paintings by Alexandre de Riquer, Joan Llimona, Joaquim Vancells, Dionís Baixeras and Lluís Graner.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: Just above the main altar is located the room of the Virgin that is accessed after crossing a portal of alabaster (Porta Angèlica) in which are represented various biblical scenes, work of Enric Monjo (1954). The mosaics on the walls represent the "Saints Mothers" (left) and the "Saints Vírgins" (right), the work of the friar Benet Martínez. Next comes the Throne Room (1944-1954), the work of Francesc Folguera, decorated with paintings by Josep Obiols ("Judit who Cuts Off Holofernes's Head", "Esther's Wedding with the Persian King Asuero") and Carlo Maratta ("Birth of Jesus"). The Fountain of the Virgin is also found here, with reliefs of Charles Collet representing the miracles of Jesus. The Throne of the Virgin is embossed silver, work of the goldsmith Ramon Sunyer, with two reliefs made by Alfons Serrahima and designed by Joaquim Ros i Bofarull that represent the "Nativity" and the "Visitation", and an image of "St. Michael" by Josep Granyer. Here is a 12th-century statue of the Virgin on which are placed some angels that hold the crown, the scepter and the lily of the Virgin, the work of Martí Llauradó, covered by a baldachin. The Sala del Cambril is a circular chapel with three apses, built between 1876 and 1884 by Villar i Carmona with the collaboration of his assistant, a young Antoni Gaudí. The vault is decorated by Joan Llimona ("The Virgin Welcomes the Romeros") and the figures of angels and the sculpture of St. George are of Agapit Vallmitjana. The windows are of Antoni Rigalt i Blanch. The exit of the room is carried out by the Camí de l'Ave Maria, where it is customary to make offerings in the form of candles. Here stands out a statue of the "Angel of the Annunciation" by Apel·les Fenosa, as well as a maiolica ceramic depicting the Virgin, the work of Joan Guivernau.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: Around the central nave there are several chapels. On the right are the Saint Peter chapel with the image of St. Peter by Josep Viladomat (1945); the St. Ignatius of Loyola chapel by Venanci Vallmitjana with a painting of the St. Ignaitious by Ramir Lorenzale (1893); the St. Martin of Tours chapel, work of Josep Llimona, with the images of St. Martin, St. Placidus and St. Maurus (1898); the St. Joseph Calasanz chapel with an altarpiece of Francesc Berenguer (1891); and that of St. Benedict with a painting of the founding saint of the Benedictine Order (1980) by Montserrat Gudiol. On the left are the chapel of Santa Escolàstica, with sculptures (1886) by Enric Clarasó and Agapito Vallmitjana; the chapel of del Santíssim (1977), work of Josep Maria Subirachs, with a singular image of Christ realized in negative, where only the face, the hands and the feet are seen, with a light that illuminates the face to him; the Holy Family chapel, where the painting "The Flight to Egypt", by Josep Cusachs (1904); the Santo Cristo chapel, with an image of Josep Llimona (1896); and the chapel of the Immaculada Concepció (1910) a Modernisme work by Josep Maria Pericas, with a stained glass window by Darius Vilàs.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The basilica was restored between 1991 and 1995 by Arcadi Pla i Masmiquel. In 2015 Sean Scully restyled Santa Cecilia Chapel which is next to the abbey.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The pipe organ of the church of Montserrat dates from 1896 and was moved to the presbytery in 1957. This pipe organ is very deteriorated. A new pipe organ was inaugurated in 2010 and follows the design of the Catalan pipe organs that are located next to the church. It is an important work of Catalan musical craftsmanship that places Montserrat at an international musical level. This pipe organ is designed by Albert Blancafort, built by "Blancafort, orgueners de Montserrat," and financed by popular subscription and the social work of the "Caixa de Penedes". The pipe organ is located on the side of the nave, as is traditional in Catalonia, offering a very good sound throughout the temple.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The cloister of the monastery is the work of the architect Josep Puig i Cadafalch (1929). It is two floors, supported by stone columns. The lower floor communicates with the garden and has a fountain in its central area. On the walls of the cloister, the visitor can see old pieces, some of 10th century. The extensive garden includes the Chapel of Sant Iscle and Santa Victòria, Romanesque, access to the buildings of the novitiate and the choir and several sculptures, such as the marble of the "Good Shepherd" of Manolo Hugué or some of the sculptures that Josep de San Benet made in the 18th century for the bell tower of the monastery and that were never installed.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The refectory is from the 17th century and it was rebuilt in 1925 by Puig i Cadafalch. The central part has a mosaic that represents Christ, while in the opposite area the visitor can see a triptych with scenes from the life of St. Benedict.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The legend places the finding of the statue of the Virgin of Montserrat around 880. Then began the cult of the "Moreneta" virgin, which materialized in four earlier hermitages in the 9th century: Santa Maria, Sant Iscle, Sant Pere and Sant Martí. However, the origin of the monastery is uncertain. It is known that around 1011 a monk from the monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll came to the mountain to take charge of the monastery of Santa Cecília de Montserrat, thus leaving the monastery under the orders of Abbot Oliba of Ripoll. Santa Cecília did not accept this new situation, so Oliba decided to found the monastery of Santa Maria in the place where there was an old hermitage of the same name (1025). As of 1082, Santa Maria gained an abbot of her own and ceased to depend on the abbot of Ripoll. This hermitage had become the most important of all those that existed in the mountain thanks to the statue of the Virgin that was venerated in it since 880.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: In 1811 and in 1812, during Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the abbey was twice burned down and sacked by Napoleon's troops, and many of its treasures were lost. In 1835, the abbey was closed until restoration in 1844.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: In 1880, Montserrat celebrated 1000 years of existence. On 11 September 1881, to coincide with the Catalan national day Pope Leo XIII proclaimed the Virgin of Montserrat patron of Catalonia.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The Spanish Civil War saw the violent suppression of the Abbey of Montserrat. Of the 278 priests and 583 religious men and women killed in Catalonia by Republican forces, 22 were monks of the Abbey of Montserrat. The Spanish Republican authorities and the authorities of the Generalitat de Catalunya, such as Lluís Companys, Ventura Gassol and Joan Casanovas, tried to stop anticlerical violence and helped many priests and religious people to hide and leave the country.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: Though Franco never accepted Hitler's invitation to join WWII on the Axis side, Nazi leaders were regular visitors to Spain. During a visit to Spain in 1940, Heinrich Himmler, the head of the Schutzstaffel, took the opportunity to visit the monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: During the rule of Francisco Franco, Santa Maria de Montserrat was seen as a sanctuary for scholars, artists, politicians and students. Franco's men were often waiting for wanted people a few miles down the road.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: From the 1940s onward, Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey was often seen as a symbol of Catalan nationalism. On 27 April 1947, a Mass was held to celebrate the Enthronement of the Virgin of Montserrat, and attended by over 100,000 people. At the Mass, prayers were publicly said in the Catalan language, defying the government's language policies.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: Amid other activities, the Abbey of Montserrat played a remarkable part in continuing to publish in Catalan. They created and promoted, among others, some children's publications (L'Infantil, Tretzevents) and some cultural and religious journals (Serra d'Or, Qüestions de vida cristiana). In 1958, tile Abbey founded the Estela Press to promote religious books in Catalan (Masot i Muntaner, 1986). In 1971 the PAM Press (Publications of the Montserrat's Abbey) became official (Faulí, 1999, pp. 35–9). The abbey was also active in providing shelter to intellectuals and clandestine political activists from a wide political spectrum.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: In December 1970, 300 Spanish artists and academics held a sit-in at the abbey to protest against the death sentences meted out to 16 Basque ETA terrorists in Burgos. In response, the police sealed off the monastery. The protesters were eventually removed from the monastery grounds, but their actions helped convince the Francoist government to commute the death sentences.


title: Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey

text: The opening chapter of Dan Brown's 2017 novel "Origin" is set in Santa Maria de Montserrat, where in the book's plot a crucial secret meeting is held between an outspoken Atheist and major Catholic, Jewish and Muslim clergymen.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: HC CSKA Moscow (1946–present, , "Central Sports Club of the Army, Moscow") is a Russian professional ice hockey club based in Moscow. The club is a member of the Tarasov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). It is referred to in the West as "Central Red Army" or the "Red Army Team" for its past affiliation with the Soviet Army, popularly known as the Red Army. CSKA won more Soviet championships and European cups than any other team in history. It is owned by Russia's largest oil company, Rosneft, which is in turn majority-owned by the Russian government.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: In addition to nine division titles and record six Continental Cups, CSKA has reached the Gagarin Cup Finals five times, winning in 2019 and 2022. The club also became the first one to win both the Continental Cup and the Gagarin Cup in the same season.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: In 2018, after more than 50 seasons at the old Ice Palace, the team moved to a new arena, which is now called CSKA Arena, their present home arena in Moscow.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: The club was founded in 1946 as CDKA ("Centralnyy Dom Krasnoy Armii" – Central House of the Red Army, referring to the Army community centre in Moscow). It was known as CDSA (with Red Army changed to Soviet Army) from 1952 – 1954, as CSK MO (Central Sports Club of the Ministry of Defense) from 1955 – 1959, and acquired its current name in 1960.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: CSKA won 32 Soviet regular season championships during the Soviet League's 46-year existence, far and away the most in the league's history; no other team won more than five. This included all but six from 1955 to 1989 and 13 in a row from 1977 to 1989. By comparison, no NHL team has won more than five Stanley Cups in a row since the NHL took "de facto" control of the trophy in 1926.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: CSKA was just as dominant in the European Cup. They won all but two titles from 1969 to 1990, including 13 in a row from 1978 to 1990. The team's first coach was Anatoli Tarasov, who would later become famous as the coach of the Soviet national team. Tarasov coached the Red Army Team, either alone or with co-coaches, for most of the time from 1946 to 1975. The team's greatest run came under Viktor Tikhonov, who was coach from 1977 to 1996—serving for most of that time as coach of the national team.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: The Red Army Team was able to pull off such a long run of dominance during the Soviet era because the entire CSKA organization was a functioning division of the Soviet Army. As all able-bodied Soviet males had to serve in the military, the team was able to literally draft the best young hockey players in the Soviet Union onto the team. All players were commissioned officers in the Soviet Army. There was a substantial overlap between the rosters of the Red Army Team and the Soviet national team, which was one factor behind the Soviets' near-absolute dominance of international hockey from the 1950s through the early 1990s. By the late 1980s, however, the long run of Red Army dominance caused a significant dropoff in attendance throughout the league.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: One of the most feared lines in hockey history was the "KLM Line" of the 1980s. The name came from the last names of the three players, Vladimir Krutov, Igor Larionov, and Sergei Makarov. Together with defensemen Viacheslav Fetisov and Alexei Kasatonov, they were known as the "Green Unit" because they wore green jerseys in practice. The five-man unit formed a dominant force in European hockey throughout the decade. All five players were later permitted to go to the NHL in 1989, with mixed results. Krutov had the shortest NHL career, lasting only one season in Vancouver; Makarov (who won the Calder Memorial Trophy in 1990) and Kasatonov were out of the NHL by 1997; Fetisov and Larionov won the Stanley Cup twice together with Detroit before Fetisov retired in 1998; Larionov would win a third Cup with Detroit in 2002, before retiring from New Jersey in 2004.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: Not surprisingly, discipline was quite strict, especially under Tikhonov. His players practiced for as many as 11 months a year, and were confined to training camp (an Army barracks) most of that time even if they were married. However, it became less restrictive after the collapse of the Soviet Union.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: CSKA played 36 games against NHL teams from 1975 to 1991 and finished with a record of 26 wins, 8 losses, and 2 ties. 34 of these games were played in Super Series, including the tour of North America in 1975/1976. The Super Series also introduced eventual Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender Vladislav Tretiak of the CSKA squad to North American ice hockey fans. On New Year's Eve 1975, CSKA played the Montreal Canadiens, widely regarded as the league's finest team (and that year's eventual Stanley Cup winners). The game ended with a 3–3 draw, but was widely hailed as one of the greatest games ever played.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: Another memorable game was played on 11 January 1976 against the Philadelphia Flyers, who at the time were the defending Stanley Cup Champions and were known as the "Broad Street Bullies" for their highly physical play. The game was notable for an incident where, after a body check delivered by Philadelphia's Ed Van Impe, the CSKA's top player, Valeri Kharlamov (like Tretiak eventually a Hall of Famer), was left prone on the ice for a minute. CSKA coach Konstantin Loktev pulled his team off the ice in protest that no penalty was called. They were told by NHL president Clarence Campbell to return to the ice and finish the game, which was being broadcast to an international audience, or the Soviet Hockey Federation would not get paid the fee that they were entitled to. They eventually complied and lost the game 4–1.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: CSKA Moscow alumni have made a large impact on the NHL. In the mid-1990s, Sergei Fedorov, Vladimir Konstantinov, and Vyacheslav Kozlov had established themselves as key members of the Detroit Red Wings when they were joined by Fetisov and Larionov, forming the Russian Five. These five players would play an integral role in the Wings' consecutive Stanley Cup championships in 1997 and 1998. Dmitri Mironov joined the 1998 squad, following Konstantinov's career-ending injury on 13 June 1997; since Konstantinov was kept on the roster despite his injury, the 1998 squad marks the largest contingent of CSKA veterans (six) to win the Stanley Cup.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: During the late '80s and early '90s CSKA positions significantly weakened. After a conflict with Tikhonov, CSKA major stars including Fetisov, Larionov, Krutov and Makarov left the team to make their careers in the NHL. During the 90s they were followed by younger talents like Bure, Fedorov and Samsonov.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: CSKA Moscow played a series of exhibitions games, and an all-star game with the American Hockey Association as part of the 1992–93 season.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: For a time in the late 1990s and early 2000s, it was briefly unofficially known as "the Russian Penguins" after the Pittsburgh Penguins bought an interest in the team. The Russian Penguins played 13 games in the International Hockey League as part of the 1993–94 IHL season.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: In 1996 after a conflict with management of the club, Tikhonov created his own separate team called HC CSKA that spent two seasons in the Russian Superleague and eventually reunited with the original CSKA in 2002.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: Although CSKA has remained one of the strongest teams in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it did not win a title in the KHL or its predecessors until 2015, when the club finished first in the regular season and became Russian champion for the first time in a long time, but failed to win the Gagarin Cup. From 2008 to 2016, the team did not advance past the conference semifinals of the Gagarin Cup playoffs; they missed the playoffs altogether in 2011. In the 2015–16 season, the team advanced all the way to the Gagarin Cup final; however, they lost that series to Metallurg Magnitogorsk in seven games. In the 2018–19 season, CSKA won its first Gagarin Cup, after beating Avangard Omsk in four games.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Joakim Nordstrom and Lucas Wallmark elected to leave the team. After losing 2021 Gagarin Cup final to Avangard Omsk, CSKA returned to the final next year to win its second Gagarin Cup against Metallurg Magnitogorsk.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: Soviet League Championship "(32, record)": 1947–48, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1954–55, 1955–56, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: "Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTW = Overtime/shootout wins; OTL = Overtime/shootout losses; Pts = Points; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against"


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: These are the top-ten-point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed "Soviet/CIS/IHL/RUS 2/RSL/KHL" regular season.


title: HC CSKA Moscow

text: "Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game


title: White Elephant (2022 film)

text: White Elephant is an American action film directed by Jesse V. Johnson and written by Johnson and Erik Martinez, based on a story by Johnson. It stars Michael Rooker, Bruce Willis, Olga Kurylenko, and John Malkovich.


title: White Elephant (2022 film)

text: Gabriel Tancredi, a former Marine turned mob enforcer, breaks his code of conduct to save a police officer, Vanessa, who witnessed a failed assassination attempt ordered by Arnold Solomon, his friend and ruthless mob boss.


title: White Elephant (2022 film)

text: The film was shot in the state of Georgia, beginning in April 2021. "White Elephant" is one of the last films to star Bruce Willis, who retired from acting because he was diagnosed with aphasia. Director Jesse V. Johnson, who previously worked with Willis when he himself was a stuntman, told the "Los Angeles Times" that "it was clear that he was not the Bruce I remembered". Willis's lines were filmed at a quicker pace at the suggestion of his assistant, Stephen J. Eads. Several crew members recalled Willis appearing confused on set. One of the crew members said, "It was less of an annoyance and more like: 'How do we not make Bruce look bad?'. Someone would give him a line and he didn't understand what it meant. He was just being puppeted." Production supervisor Terri Martin said, "He just looked so lost, and he would say, 'I'll do my best.' He always tried his best." Johnson would later be asked if he wanted to film another movie with Willis but the director declined the offer, stating, "it was decided as a team that we would not do another. We are all Bruce Willis fans, and the arrangement felt wrong and ultimately a rather sad end to an incredible career, one that none of us felt comfortable with."


title: White Elephant (2022 film)

text: The film was released in select theaters in the United States by RLJE Films and on streaming on AMC+ on June 3, 2022.


title: White Elephant (2022 film)

text: Roger Moore of "Movie Nation" gave a negative review and wrote, "judging from the inane script, the unhurried direction...and by the destruction wrought when machine guns tear up cars, houses and people (nothing graphic enough to be honest), it's obvious that the budget here went to actors and ordinance." Dom Sinacola of "Paste" also gave a negative review, summarizing the film was "like the work of an artist still searching for inspiration."


title: White Elephant (2022 film)

text: Tae Kwon Do Life Magazine praised Michael Rooker's performance in the film, "This is his best performance, by far. He is very memorable in this role."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Friends is the fourteenth studio album by American rock band the Beach Boys, released on June 24, 1968, through Capitol Records. The album is characterized by its calm and peaceful atmosphere, which contrasted the prevailing music trends of the time, and for its brevity, with five of its 12 tracks running less than two minutes long. It sold poorly, peaking at number 126 on the US "Billboard" charts, the group's lowest US chart performance to date, although it reached number 13 in the UK. Fans generally came to regard the album as one of the band's finest.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: As with their two previous albums, "Friends" was recorded primarily at Brian Wilson's home with a lo-fi production style. The album's sessions lasted from February to April 1968 at a time when the band's finances were rapidly diminishing. Despite crediting production to "the Beach Boys", Wilson actively led the entire project, later referring to it as his second unofficial solo album (the first being 1966's "Pet Sounds"). Some of the songs were inspired by the group's recent involvement with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and his Transcendental Meditation practice. It was the first album to feature songs from Dennis Wilson.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: One single was issued from the album: "Friends", a waltz that reached number 47 in the US and number 25 in the UK. Its B-side was the Dennis co-write "Little Bird". In May, the group scheduled a national tour with the Maharishi, but it was canceled after five shows due to low ticket sales and the Maharishi's subsequent withdrawal. A standalone single, "Do It Again", was released in July. It reached the US top twenty, became their second number one hit in the UK, and was included on foreign pressings of "Friends".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Friends" received favorable reviews in the music press, but like their records since "Smiley Smile" (1967), the album's simplicity divided critics and fans. Despite the failure of a collaborative tour with the Maharishi, the group remained supporters of him and his teachings. Dennis contributed more songs on later Beach Boys albums, eventually culminating in a solo record, 1977's "Pacific Ocean Blue". In 2018, session highlights, outtakes, and alternate takes were released for the compilation "Wake the World: The Friends Sessions".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: In September and December 1967, the Beach Boys released "Smiley Smile" and "Wild Honey", respectively. Music fans were generally disappointed that the band twice failed to deliver on the hype surrounding their unreleased album "Smile", which was advertised as the follow-up to the sophistication of "Pet Sounds" and "Good Vibrations" (both 1966). Instead, the group were making a deliberate choice to produce music that was simpler and less refined. Commenting on "Wild Honey", Mike Love said the band made a conscious decision to be "completely out of the mainstream for what was going on at that time, which was all hard rock/psychedelic music. [The album] just didn’t have anything to do with what was going on."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Wild Honey" saw a reduced share of involvement from the group's producer and principal songwriter, Brian Wilson. Although "Wild Honey" charted higher than "Smiley Smile" in the US, it was ultimately the group's lowest-selling album to that point. Apart from a two-week US tour in November 1967, the band was not performing live during this period, and their finances were rapidly diminishing. That same month, the group stopped wearing their longtime striped-shirt stage uniforms in favor of matching white, polyester suits that were similar to a Las Vegas show band.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Dennis Wilson, Al Jardine, and Mike Love were among the many rock musicians who discovered the teachings of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi following the Beatles' public endorsement of his Transcendental Meditation technique in August 1967. In December, the touring group attended a lecture by the Maharishi at a UNICEF Variety Gala in Paris and were moved by the simplicity and effectiveness of his meditation process as a means to obtaining inner peace. They were invited to meet the Maharishi in his hotel room the same day, and according to Brian, "they came back and <nowiki>[</nowiki>Carl was] just floating. ... it got to me through him." He recalled that he had "already been initiated" beforehand, but "for some ridiculous reason I hadn't followed through with it, and when you don't follow through with something you can get all clogged up. ... we're all meditating together now."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: In a January 1968 interview, Brian stated that the group was unsure what their next production would be, but that "it won't be very long now until I come up with a song about meditation. It shouldn't be more than a month." He also expressed an interest in "pull[ing] out of conventional sound making and get[ting] into sounds that have never been made before ever." In early February, the group performed scattered gigs in the US with Buffalo Springfield. The Beach Boys attended the Maharishi's public appearances in New York and Cambridge, Massachusetts, after which he invited Love to join the Beatles at his training seminar in Rishikesh in northern India. Love stayed there from February 28 to March 15. In his absence, the rest of the group began recording the album that would become "Friends".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Friends" was recorded primarily at the Beach Boys' private studio, located within Brian's Bel Air home, from late February to early April 1968. It was written, performed, or produced mainly by the Wilson brothers with what Stebbins terms "a strong assist" from Al Jardine. Jardine remembered how he still "felt that [Brian] had a lot to offer. ... We wrote [most of the "Friends" music] at his house right under that beautiful stained glass "Wild Honey" cover window." He added: "We'd get together in the morning. A lot of activity took place in the kitchen. ... We were in there as much as in the studio. God, we ate well."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: It was the first Beach Boys album not to consistently have Brian as primary composer, and the first to feature significant songwriting contributions from other group members. Asked as to the level of Wilson's input, band archivists Mark Linett and Alan Boyd said that Wilson led the entire project, even on the songs that he did not compose. In a 1976 interview, Wilson referred to "Friends" as his second "solo album", following "Pet Sounds". Stephen Desper was recruited as the band's recording engineer, a role he would keep until 1972. He was recently contacted to convert Brian's semi-portable home recording set-up to a more permanent "full-fledged recording studio with the capacity of any other". Session musicians were used more than on "Smiley Smile" and "Wild Honey", but in smaller configurations than on the Beach Boys' records from 1962 through 1966.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: From February 20 or 27 to March 15, the band tracked "Little Bird", "Be Here in the Mornin", and "Friends". After Love returned from his retreat, they began recording "When a Man Needs a Woman", "Passing By", "Busy Doin' Nothin'", "Wake the World", "Meant for You", "Anna Lee, the Healer", and "Be Still". By the spring of 1968, the Beach Boys were overdue to submit an album to Capitol, and so Brian rushed to finish the "Friends" album while his bandmates were on tour. Sessions concluded with "Diamond Head" on April 12. Desper mixed the album for stereo. It was the band's first album to be mixed and released exclusively in true stereo, as the band's releases since "The Beach Boys Today!" (1965) had only been available in mono or Duophonic.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: The LP has a relatively short length; only two of its 12 tracks last longer than three minutes, and five run short of two minutes. In author Jon Stebbins' description, the album "reflects the peaceful and quietly centered aura" that the band had gained from their introduction to Transcendental Meditation. Bruce Johnston described the album as a conscious attempt to make something "really subtle ... that wasn't concerned with radio". Retrospectively, the album may be viewed as the final installment in a consecutive three-part series of lo-fi Beach Boys albums. Columnist Joel Goldenburg believes the lightly produced album was the closest the group ever came to sunshine pop, a genre they had influenced but never fully embraced.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: For the album's 1990 CD liner notes, Brian recalled that he "had a good thing rollin' in my head. The bad things that had happened to me had taken their toll and I was free to find out just how much I had grown through the emotional pain that had come my way. ... I think that the Beach Boys’ sound was evolving right along." The few tracks where he served as primary author contained his usual composing trademarks, such as unexpected harmonic changes, descending stepwise progressions, and unusually structured musical phrases. As on much of his compositions of the period, there was a heavy influence drawn from Burt Bacharach.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Subject matter ranges from Transcendental Meditation to bearing children and "doin' nothin'". "Rolling Stone"s Jim Miller characterized "Friends" as a "return to "Smiley"s dryness, minus the weirdness". Musicologist Daniel Harrison said Miller's observation was only true of "Meant for You", and that the remaining songs "have few of the formal or harmonic quirks of the earlier album, though there is no lack of clever and interesting effects, such as the bass harmonica line in 'Passing By' or the repetitive monophonic organ line in the break of 'Be Here in the Morning.'" The group's influences, according to rock critic Gene Sculatti, seemed to derive "primarily from "Pet Sounds", "Smiley Smile", "Wild Honey", and little else. The characteristic innocence and somewhat childlike visions imparted to their music are applied directly to the theme of the album: friendships. As usual, the lyrics tend to be basic, yet as expressive as they need to be; words, like individual voices or instruments, are all part of the larger whole of music".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Johnston was unhappy with the group's "wimpy" songs and opined that the new material—with the sole exception of the title track—did not represent Brian "at full strength". When asked why the band did not pursue harder rock styles, Jardine responded that "for Carl and me, we were painting a canvas. Jimi [Hendrix] was one of the best in the world, but they were more of a performance phenomenon, representing an era. ... We didn't have that need, because I think it’s a need." Brian similarly felt no pressure to make "heavy" music: "We never needed to. It's already been done."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Meant for You" is a 38-second introduction to the album and the shortest song in the group's catalog. It was originally conceived as "You'll Find it Too", with a longer runtime of about two minutes, and featured additional lyrics about a pony and a puppy.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Friends" is a waltz that was originally composed in 4/4 time. The song was arranged and co-written by Brian, who described it as his favorite on the album. "Wake the World" was the first original songwriting collaboration between Brian and Jardine. It was another song that Brian said was "my favorite cut [on the album]. It was so descriptive to how I felt about the dramatic change over from day to night." The song is the first on the album that demonstrates his then-recent "a-day-in-a-life-of" songwriting habit.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Be Here in the Mornin'" and "When a Man Needs a Woman" were written about some particular comforts of Brian's daily life. The former is another waltz and features the Wilsons' father Murry contributing a bass vocal. The song makes a passing lyrical reference to the Wilsons' cousin Steve Korthof, road manager Jon Parks, and Beach Boys manager Nick Grillo. Parks and Korthof themselves shared a writing credit on "When a Man Needs a Woman". The song was inspired by Marilyn Wilson's pregnancy with her and Brian's first child Carnie, although the lyric suggests that Brian thought it would be a boy.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Passing By" is wordless, with the melody hummed by Brian. The piece had discarded lyrics written for it: "While walking down the avenue / I stopped to have a look at you / And then I saw / You were just passing by".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Anna Lee, the Healer" is about a masseuse Mike Love encountered in Rishikesh. The arrangement consists only of vocals, piano, bass, and hand drumming.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Little Bird" was composed by Dennis Wilson with poet Stephen Kalinich, which Brian said "blew my mind because it was so full of spiritualness. He was a late bloomer as a music maker. He lived hard and rough but his music was as sensitive as anyone's." The bridge section incorporates elements of "Child Is Father of the Man", a then-unreleased song from "Smile". According to Kalinich, Brian composed virtually the entirety of "Little Bird", but chose not to receive an official writing credit.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Be Still", another Dennis/Kalinich song, only features Dennis' singing and Brian playing organ. Biographer Peter Ames Carlin compared the song to a "Unitarian hymn" and interpreted the lyrics to be a description of "the sacred essence of life and the human potential to interact with God."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: The final three tracks are genre experiments that break stylistically from the rest of the album. "Busy Doin' Nothin'" is a flirtation with bossa nova, one of several autobiographic slice-of-life songs written by Brian during this era, and one of the only tracks on the album where he exclusively used session musicians. The lyrics contain step-by-step instructions on how to find his house, albeit without mentioning where to start: "Drive for a couple miles / You'll see a sign and turn left / For a couple blocks ... "


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Diamond Head" is an instrumental exotica lounge jam that echoed the use of extended forms from "Smile", and is the album's longest piece at 3 minutes and 39 seconds. Biographer Mark Dillon surmised that it was likely inspired by the group's visit to Hawaii during the previous year.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Transcendental Meditation" contrasts all that comes before it with its raucous tone. Asked about the song, Dennis explained that the group "wanted to get away from anything that sounded too pompous, too religious. It would have been easy to do something peaceful, very Eastern, but we were trying to reach listeners on all levels." Jardine viewed it as a weak effort.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Leftover tracks from the sessions include "Untitled #1", "Away", "Our New Home" (or "Our Happy Home"), "New Song" (unofficially known as "Spanish Guitar"), "You're As Cool As Can Be", covers of Burt Bacharach and Hal David's "My Little Red Book" and Buffalo Springfield's "Rock & Roll Woman", a demo for "Time to Get Alone", and an early version of "All I Wanna Do". "Our Happy Home" was described by music journalist Brian Chidester as "a short, bouncy riff that maintains the gentle air of the "Friends" sessions". It was later reworked as "Our Sweet Love" for their 1970 album "Sunflower". "All I Wanna Do" was also reworked for "Sunflower". "New Song" contains a melody that was recycled for "Transcendental Meditation". "You're As Cool As Can Be" is an instrumental of unknown authorship that features an upbeat piano melody played by Brian. "Away" was a song Dennis wrote with touring musician Billy Hinsche in December 1967.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: On April 5, 1968, the band began "the Million Dollar Tour", a series of self-financed concerts across the US South. These shows, which included Buffalo Springfield and Strawberry Alarm Clock as supporting acts, were poorly attended due in part to the political mood following the assassination of Martin Luther King that April. Six of the 35 dates were canceled, while two were rescheduled. They lost $350,000 in expected revenue (equivalent to $ in ). Mike Love arranged that the group tour the US with the Maharishi in May. According to Nick Grillo, the band hoped that touring with the Maharishi would recuperate some of their financial losses. The Beatles also became disenchanted with the Maharishi and the Spiritual Regeneration Movement and publicly expressed their concerns around this time, which had a detrimental effect on the guru's standing among music fans. In Stebbins' description, the Maharishi became a pariah.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: The shows with the Maharishi were advertised as "The Most Exciting Event of the Decade!" and comprised a set of songs by the Beach Boys followed by the Maharishi's lecture on the benefits of meditation. The tour started on May 3 and ended abruptly after five shows. A performance at the Singer Bowl in Queens, New York was canceled twenty minutes before the group were scheduled to perform when only 800 people showed up to the 16,000-capacity venue. Writing in "New York" magazine, Loraine Alterman reported on the hostile audience reaction to the Maharishi but said that the songs the band included from "Friends" worked well beside the group's previous hits "because they were happy and full of love". She added that, unlike the Maharishi's lecture, the song "Transcendental Meditation" "did not tax anyone's brain. It just repeated how transcendental meditation 'makes you feel grand' against a moving beat."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Because of the disappointing audience numbers and the Maharishi's subsequent withdrawal to fulfill film contracts, the remaining 24 tour dates were canceled at a cost estimated at $250,000 for the band (equivalent to $ in ). Afterward, Love and Carl told journalists that the racial violence following King's assassination was to blame for the tour's demise. Carl said: "A lot of people just would not let their children out. Nobody wants to get hurt." He added that the group's goal was to appeal mainly to young people, "but not the teeny-boppers", while Love commented that the shows were "not put together for commercial purposes". In his 2016 autobiography, Love wrote: "I take responsibility for an idea that didn't work. But I don't regret it. I thought I could do some good for people who were lost, confused, or troubled, particularly those who were young and idealistic but also vulnerable, and I thought that was true for a whole bunch of us."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Lead single "Friends" was issued on April 8 and reached number 47 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it their lowest-charting single in six years. On June 4, the Beach Boys appeared on "The Les Crane Show" and discussed their support of the Maharishi. The "Friends" album followed on June 24. On July 2, the group embarked on a three-week US tour with further dates continuing throughout August, including some stops in Canada. Their setlists included "Friends", "Little Bird", and "Wake the World". Several supporting musicians accompanied the group (keyboardist Daryl Dragon, bassist Ed Carter, percussionist Mike Kowalski, and a brass section). Bruce Johnston said performing the "Friends" songs caused him to "wince" and that it was difficult to maintain the "subtle" nature of the songs in a live setting.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: The LP was packaged with a cover artwork, designed by David McMacken, that depicted the band members in a psychedelic visual style. Love remembered that the group lacked "savvy marketing and design", and that while in Rishikesh, Paul McCartney had urged him "to take more care of what you put on your album covers". Matijas-Mecca said the artwork "did nothing to convince anyone that the Beach Boys were in touch with anything in particular". Johnston opined that the cover came second to "Pet Sounds" for the worst "in the history of the music business".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: On July 6, "Friends" debuted on the "Billboard" Top LPs chart at number 179 and subsequently peaked at number 126 while artists such as the Doors and Cream occupied the top positions. On July 8, the band released "Do It Again" as a standalone single backed with "Wake the World". "Do It Again" was recorded within the prior two months as a self-conscious throwback to the group's early surf songs, and the first time they had embraced the subject matter since 1964. It reached the top twenty in the US and was a number one hit in the UK. When "Friends" was issued in Japan, the song was included in the album's track list.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Love recalled that the album's commercial failure caused Capitol to "panic". On August 5, the label issued the greatest hits album "Best of the Beach Boys Vol. 3" to recuperate from the LP's poor sales. Matijas-Mecca wrote that this was a sign that the label had "given up" on the group, repeating a tactic they used after the release of "Pet Sounds" and again with "Smiley Smile". While the first two volumes were quickly certified as gold records, biographer David Leaf said that the label was "more than a little horrified to watch [the third volume] sink like a stone, unable to even outperform "Friends"." A collection of Beach Boys backing tracks, "Stack-o-Tracks", was issued by Capitol on August 19. The album became the first Beach Boys LP that failed to chart in the US and UK. "Friends" ended its 10-week stay on the "Billboard" charts on September 7. Ultimately, the album's record sales in the US (estimated at 18,000 units) were the group's worst to date. In the UK, the album fared better, reaching number 13 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: "Friends" received a number of positive reviews, but according to historian Keith Badman, most were published "too late to influence sales". According to a "Mojo" retrospective, the band's remaining fanbase reacted to the album with the abandonment of "any hope that Brian Wilson would deliver a true successor to his 1966 masterwork", "Pet Sounds". Stebbins noted that its "quirky gentleness in the context of political protests, race riots, and the war-torn social landscape of 1968 [made] it about as square a peg as one can imagine". Music critic Richie Unterberger said that the group lost most of their audience by being "less experimental" with their music.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Upon release, a "Billboard" reviewer predicted that "the group should score high on the charts" with the album and highlighted "Anna Lee, the Healer" and "Transcendental Meditation" as "catchy numbers". "Rolling Stone"s Arthur Schmidt wrote in his review of the album: "Everything on the first side is great. ... Listen once and you might think this album is nowhere. But it's really just at a very special place, and after a half-dozen listenings, you can be there." "Jazz & Pop"s Gene Sculatti reported that there were detractors of the Beach Boys who most frequently took issue with the band's "apparently excessive immersion in and identification with mass culture and 'commercialism'". In spite of such criticisms, he deemed "Friends" "[perhaps] their best" work yet, calling it "the culmination of the efforts and the results of their last three LPs. ... It is another showcase for what is the most original and perhaps the most consistently satisfying rock music being created today."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: In his review for "NME", Allen Evans commented on the brevity of several of the tracks and described "Transcendental Meditation" as "a weirdo piece" and "Passing By" as "quite delightful" in its use of "voices … as instruments". He concluded: "Varied and interesting, though maybe not their best LP." Writing in the same publication's annual for 1968, Keith Altham reported that "Do It Again" "seemed like two steps backwards" but had nevertheless re-established the Beach Boys as hit-makers, while "Friends" received "considerable criticism from critics who complained that one entire side of the album lasted just a few minutes longer than the hit single 'MacArthur Park'". In "Disc & Music Echo", Penny Valentine wrote of the "Friends" single, "Whither the progressive Beach Boys? ... If The Beach Boys are as bored as they sound, they should stop bothering ... They are no longer the brilliant Beach Boys. They are grey and they are making sad little grey records." "Record Mirror"s David Griffiths referred to "Transcendental Meditation" as "the most disappointing Beach Boys track of the year".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: In its 1990 liner notes, David Leaf wrote that "Friends" was since reevaluated as "one of the Beach Boys' finest artistic efforts," whereas critic Will Hermes wrote in 2019: "The music from this period has generally been considered subpar by the impossible-to-match standards set by "Pet Sounds"". AllMusic's Donald A. Guarisco described the album as a "cult favorite" among hardcore fans and highlighted the title track as "mellow", "lovely", and "a good example of the Beach Boys' late-'60s output: it is far less musically complex than 'California Girls' or 'Wouldn't It Be Nice' but possesses a homespun charm all its own."


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: An uncredited writer for "Mojo" opined that "Given distance and hindsight ... "Friends" is a uniquely rewarding Beach Boys album that, excepting "Pet Sounds", is the group's most sonically and thematically unified." Music journalist and Saint Etienne co-founder Bob Stanley called the album a "lost gem" with a "timeless quality in its simplicity, underlined by the basic instrumentation". "The A.V. Club" contributor Noel Murray said the album was "lovely" and one of the group's "warmest and most spiritual records". "Brooklyn Vegan"s Andrew Sacher characterized it as "the most underrated Beach Boys album", "prettier and less quirky" than "Smiley Smile" and "Wild Honey", and lamented that it is not as widely praised as the Byrds' contemporary effort "The Notorious Byrd Brothers".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Jason Fine wrote in the 2004 edition of "The Rolling Stone Album Guide": "If you can get past sappy wannabe-hippie tracks such as 'Wake the World' and 'Transcendental Meditation', the album is gorgeous, with standout moments including 'Meant for You', one of Mike Love’s finest vocals, and Brian’s 'Busy Doin' Nothin'". In his review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger said that, relative to its unveiling in 1968, "Today [the album] sounds better, but it's certainly one of the group's more minor efforts", adding that the production and harmonies "remained pleasantly idiosyncratic, but there was little substance at the heart of most of the songs." In 1971, Robert Christgau dismissed "Friends" as the band's "worstever" work. Biographer Steven Gaines described the LP as "boring" and "emotionless". It was voted number 662 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums 3rd Edition (2000).


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: In his book "", Gary Lachman describes "Friends" as "the Beach Boys TM album" and considers their public association with the Maharishi to have been a "disastrous flirtation" that, for Dennis Wilson, was soon superseded by a more damaging personal association with the Manson Family cult. Despite the ignominy of the tour, the Beach Boys remained ardent supporters of the Maharishi and Transcendental Meditation. They continued to record songs inspired by the Maharishi or his teachings, including both "He Come Down" and "All This Is That" on 1972's "Carl and the Passions", and both "Everyone's in Love with You" and "T M Song" on 1976's "15 Big Ones". Subsequent albums would also see Dennis contribute more songs, eventually culminating in a solo record, 1977's "Pacific Ocean Blue".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: Stebbins recognizes "Friends" as marking "the true beginning of the Beach Boys as a group of six relatively equal creative partners". It was the last Beach Boys album where Brian held most of the writing or co-writing credits until 1977's "The Beach Boys Love You". The band's following album "20/20" was released in February 1969, with a substantial portion of the LP consisting of leftover singles recorded in 1968 and outtakes from earlier albums. Brian produced virtually none of the newer recordings.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: In the summer of 1969, Brian worked with Stephen Kalinich to produce a spoken-word LP, "A World of Peace Must Come", which included an extended run-through of "Be Still". The album was not released until 2008. Shortly after the sale of Sea of Tunes, friend Stanley Shapiro persuaded Brian to rewrite and rerecord a number of Beach Boys songs to restore his public and industry reputation. After contacting fellow songwriter Tandyn Almer for support, the trio spent a month reworking cuts from "Friends", including "Passing By", "Wake the World", "Be Still", and the album's title track. As Shapiro handed demo tapes to A&M Records executives, they found the product favorable before they learned of Wilson and Almer's involvement, and refused to support the project. Most of these recordings remain unreleased.


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: In November 1974, a double album reissue that paired "Friends" and "Smiley Smile" hit number 125 on the "Billboard" 200. Brian cited "Friends" as his favorite Beach Boys album, and said that while "Smile" "had potential ... "Friends" has been good listening no matter what mood I'm in." He rerecorded "Meant for You" for his 1995 solo album "I Just Wasn't Made for These Times" and performed songs from the "Friends" album live with Jardine in 2019. Among cover versions of the "Friends" tracks: Pizzicato Five recorded "Passing By" for their album "Sister Freedom Tapes" (1996), and the High Llamas contributed a version of "Anna Lee, the Healer" to the tribute album "" (2000). Noel Murray remarked that without "Friends", "the High Llamas probably wouldn't exist." Lo-fi musician R. Stevie Moore based his 1975 song "Wayne Wayne (Go Away)" on "Friends".


title: Friends (The Beach Boys album)

text: On December 7, 2018, Capitol released "Wake the World: The Friends Sessions", a digital-only compilation. Included are session highlights, outtakes, and alternate versions of "Friends" tracks, as well as some unreleased material by Dennis and Brian Wilson. It is the successor to "1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow" from the previous year. Along with "", "Wake the World" was not issued on physical media due to the record company's wish not to interfere with the release of "The Beach Boys with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra".


title: Intersection (road)

text: An intersection or an at-grade junction is a junction where two or more roads converge, diverge, meet or cross at the same height, as opposed to an interchange, which uses bridges or tunnels to separate different roads. Major intersections are often delineated by gores and may be classified by road segments, traffic controls and lane design.


title: Intersection (road)

text: At intersections, turns are usually allowed, but are often regulated to avoid interference with other traffic. Certain turns may be not allowed or may be limited by regulatory signs or signals, particularly those that cross oncoming traffic. Alternative designs often attempt to reduce or eliminate such potential conflicts.


title: Intersection (road)

text: At intersections with large proportions of turning traffic, turn lanes (also known as turn bays) may be provided. For example, in the intersection shown in the diagram, left turn lanes are present in the right-left street.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Turn lanes allow vehicles, to cross oncoming traffic (i.e., a left turn in right-side driving countries, or a right turn in left-side driving countries), or to exit a road without crossing traffic (i.e., a right turn in right-side driving countries, or a left turn in left-side driving countries). Absence of a turn lane does not normally indicate a prohibition of turns in that direction. Instead, traffic control signs are used to prohibit specific turns.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Turn lanes can increase the capacity of an intersection or improve safety. Turn lanes can have a dramatic effect on the safety of a junction. In rural areas, crash frequency can be reduced by up to 48% if left turn lanes are provided on both main-road approaches at stop-controlled intersections. At signalized intersections, crashes can be reduced by 33%. Results are slightly lower in urban areas.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Turn lanes are marked with an arrow bending into the direction of the turn which is to be made from that lane. Multi-headed arrows indicate that vehicle drivers may travel in any one of the directions pointed to by an arrow.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Traffic signals facing vehicles in turn lanes often have arrow-shaped indications. North America uses various indication patterns. Green arrows indicate protected turn phases, when vehicles may turn unhindered by oncoming traffic. Red arrows may be displayed to prohibit turns in that direction. Red arrows may be displayed along with a circular green indication to show that turns in the direction of the arrow are prohibited, but other movements are allowed. In some jurisdictions, a red arrow prohibits a turn on red. In Europe, if different lanes have differing phases, red, yellow and green traffic lights corresponding to each lane have blacked-out areas in the middle in the shape of arrows indicating the direction(s) drivers in that lane may travel in. This makes it easier for drivers to be aware which traffic light they need to pay attention to. A green arrow may also be provided; when it is on, drivers heading in the direction of the arrow may proceed, but must yield to all other vehicles. This is similar to the right turn on red in the US.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Disadvantages to turn lanes include increased pavement area, with associated increases in construction and maintenance costs, as well as increased amounts of stormwater runoff. They also increase the distance over which pedestrians crossing the street are exposed to vehicle traffic. If a turn lane has a separate signal phase, it often increases the delay experienced by oncoming through traffic. Without a separate phase, left crossing traffic does not get the full safety benefit of the turn lane.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Alternative intersection configurations, formerly called unconventional intersections, can manage turning traffic to increase safety and intersection throughput. These include the Michigan left/Superstreet (RCUT/MUT) and continuous flow intersection (CFI/DLT), to improve traffic flow, and also interchange types like Diverging diamond interchange (DDI/DCD) design as part of the Federal Highway Administration's Every Day Counts initiative which started in 2012.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Vulnerable road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and individuals using motorized scooters and similar devices. Compared to people who are in motor vehicles (like cars and trucks), they are much more likely to suffer catastrophic or fatal injuries at an intersection.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Intersections generally must manage pedestrian as well as vehicle traffic. Pedestrian aids include crosswalks, pedestrian-directed traffic signals ("walk light") and over/underpasses. Traffic signals can be time consuming to navigate, especially if programmed to prioritise vehicle flow over pedestrians, while over and underpasses which rely on stairs are inaccessible to those who can't climb them. Walk lights may be accompanied by audio signals to aid the visually impaired. Medians can offer pedestrian islands, allowing pedestrians to divide their crossings into a separate segment for each traffic direction, possibly with a separate signal for each.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Some intersections display red lights in all directions for a period of time. Known as a pedestrian scramble, this type of vehicle all-way stop allows pedestrians to cross safely in any direction, including diagonally. All green for non motorists is known from the crossing at Shibuya Station, Tokyo.


title: Intersection (road)

text: In 2020, NHTSA reported that more than 50% of pedestrian deaths in the United States (3,262 total) were attributed to failure to yield the right of way-- which typically occurs at intersections.


title: Intersection (road)

text: Poor visibility at junctions can lead to drivers colliding with cyclists and motorcyclists. Some junctions use advanced stop lines which allow cyclists to filter to the front of a traffic queue which makes them more visible to drivers.


title: Intersection (road)

text: A European study found that in Germany and Denmark, the most important crash scenario involving vulnerable road users was:


title: Intersection (road)

text: These findings are supported by data elsewhere. According to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, roughly half of all U.S. car crashes occurred at intersections or were intersection related in 2019.


title: Intersection (road)

text: In the case of railways or rail tracks the term at grade applies to a rail line that is not on an embankment nor in an open cut. As such, it crosses streets and roads without going under or over them. This requires level crossings. At-grade railways may run along the median of a highway. The opposite is grade-separated. There may be overpasses or underpasses.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Ripple (specifically ripple voltage) in electronics is the residual periodic variation of the DC voltage within a power supply which has been derived from an alternating current (AC) source. This ripple is due to incomplete suppression of the alternating waveform after rectification. Ripple voltage originates as the output of a rectifier or from generation and commutation of DC power.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Ripple (specifically ripple current or surge current) may also refer to the pulsed current consumption of non-linear devices like capacitor-input rectifiers.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: As well as these time-varying phenomena, there is a frequency domain ripple that arises in some classes of filter and other signal processing networks. In this case the periodic variation is a variation in the insertion loss of the network against increasing frequency. The variation may not be strictly linearly periodic. In this meaning also, ripple is usually to be considered an incidental effect, its existence being a compromise between the amount of ripple and other design parameters.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Ripple is wasted power, and has many undesirable effects in a DC circuit: it heats components, causes noise and distortion, and may cause digital circuits to operate improperly. Ripple may be reduced by an electronic filter, and eliminated by a voltage regulator.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: A non-ideal DC voltage waveform can be viewed as a composite of a constant DC component (offset) with an alternating (AC) voltage—the ripple voltage—overlaid. The ripple component is often small in magnitude relative to the DC component, but in absolute terms, ripple (as in the case of HVDC transmission systems) may be thousands of volts. Ripple itself is a composite (non-sinusoidal) waveform consisting of harmonics of some fundamental frequency which is usually the original AC line frequency, but in the case of switched-mode power supplies, the fundamental frequency can be tens of kilohertz to megahertz. The characteristics and components of ripple depend on its source: there is single-phase half- and full-wave rectification, and three-phase half- and full-wave rectification. Rectification can be controlled (uses Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs)) or uncontrolled (uses diodes). There is in addition, active rectification which uses transistors.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Various properties of ripple voltage may be important depending on application: the equation of the ripple for Fourier analysis to determine the constituent harmonics; the peak (usually peak-to-peak) value of the voltage; the root mean square (RMS) value of the voltage which is a component of power transmitted; the ripple factor "γ", the ratio of RMS value to DC voltage output; the conversion ratio (also called the rectification ratio or "efficiency") "η", the ratio of DC output power to AC input power; and form-factor, the ratio of the RMS value of the output voltage to the average value of the output voltage. Analogous ratios for output ripple current may also be computed.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: An electronic filter with high impedance at the ripple frequency may be used to reduce ripple voltage and increase or decrease DC output; such a filter is often called a smoothing filter.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: The initial step in AC to DC conversion is to send the AC current through a rectifier. The ripple voltage output is very large in this situation; the peak-to-peak ripple voltage is equal to the peak AC voltage minus the forward voltage of the rectifier diodes. In the case of an SS silicon diode, the forward voltage is 0.7V; for vacuum tube rectifiers, forward voltage usually ranges between 25 and 67V (5R4). The output voltage is a sine wave with the negative half-cycles inverted. The equation is:


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Reducing ripple is only one of several principal considerations in power supply filter design. The filtering of ripple voltage is analogous to filtering other kinds of signals. However, in AC/DC power conversion as well as DC power generation, high voltages and currents or both may be output as ripple. Therefore, large discrete components like high ripple-current rated electrolytic capacitors, large iron-core chokes and wire-wound power resistors are best suited to reduce ripple to manageable proportions before passing the current to an IC component like a voltage regulator, or on to the load. The kind of filtering required depends on the amplitude of the various harmonics of the ripple and the demands of the load. For example, a moving coil (MC) input circuit of a phono preamplifier may require that ripple be reduced to no more than a few hundred nanovolts (10V). In contrast, a battery charger, being a wholly resistive circuit, does not require any ripple filtering. Since the desired output is direct current (essentially 0Hz), ripple filters are usually configured as low pass filters characterized by shunt capacitors and series chokes. Series resistors may replace chokes for reducing the output DC voltage, and shunt resistors may be used for voltage regulation.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Most power supplies are now switched mode designs. The filtering requirements for such power supplies are much easier to meet owing to the high frequency of the ripple waveform. The ripple frequency in switch-mode power supplies is not related to the line frequency, but is instead a multiple of the frequency of the chopper circuit, which is usually in the range of 50kHz to 1MHz.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: A capacitor input filter (in which the first component is a shunt capacitor) and choke input filter (which has a series choke as the first component) can both reduce ripple, but have opposing effects on voltage and current, and the choice between them depends on the characteristics of the load. Capacitor input filters have poor voltage regulation, so are preferred for use in circuits with stable loads and low currents (because low currents reduce ripple here). Choke input filters are preferred for circuits with variable loads and high currents (since a choke outputs a stable voltage and higher current means less ripple in this case).


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: The number of reactive components in a filter is called its "order". Each reactive component reduces signal strength by 6dB/octave above (or below for a high-pass filter) the corner frequency of the filter, so that a 2nd-order low-pass filter for example, reduces signal strength by 12dB/octave above the corner frequency. Resistive components (including resistors and parasitic elements like the DCR of chokes and ESR of capacitors) also reduce signal strength, but their effect is "linear", and does not vary with frequency.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: A common arrangement is to allow the rectifier to work into a large smoothing capacitor which acts as a reservoir. After a peak in output voltage the capacitor supplies the current to the load and continues to do so until the capacitor voltage has fallen to the value of the now rising next half-cycle of rectified voltage. At that point the rectifier conducts again and delivers current to the reservoir until peak voltage is again reached.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: If the RC time constant is large in comparison to the period of the AC waveform, then a reasonably accurate approximation can be made by assuming that the capacitor voltage falls linearly. A further useful assumption can be made if the ripple is small compared to the DC voltage. In this case the phase angle through which the rectifier conducts will be small and it can be assumed that the capacitor is discharging all the way from one peak to the next with little loss of accuracy.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: where formula_19is the amount of charge. The current and time formula_20is taken from start of capacitor discharge until the minimum voltage on a full wave rectified signal as shown on the figure to the right. The time formula_21would then be equal to half the period of the full wave input.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: For the RMS value of the ripple voltage, the calculation is more involved as the shape of the ripple waveform has a bearing on the result. Assuming a sawtooth waveform is a similar assumption to the ones above. The RMS value of a sawtooth wave is formula_29 where formula_30 is peak voltage. With the further approximation that formula_30 is formula_32, it yields the result:


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Another approach to reducing ripple is to use a series choke. A choke has a filtering action and consequently produces a smoother waveform with fewer high-order harmonics. Against this, the DC output is close to the average input voltage as opposed to the voltage with the reservoir capacitor which is close to the peak input voltage. Starting with the Fourier term for the second harmonic, and ignoring higher-order harmonics,


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: This is a little less than 0.483 because higher-order harmonics were omitted from consideration. (See Inductance.)


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: There is a minimum inductance (which is relative to the resistance of the load) required in order for a series choke to continuously conduct current. If the inductance falls below that value, current will be intermittent and output DC voltage will rise from the average input voltage to the peak input voltage; in effect, the inductor will behave like a capacitor. That minimum inductance, called the "critical inductance" is formula_42 where R is the load resistance and f the line frequency. This gives values of L = R/1131 (often stated as R/1130) for 60Hz mains rectification, and L = R/942 for 50Hz mains rectification. Additionally, interrupting current to an inductor will cause its magnetic flux to collapse exponentially; as current falls, a voltage spike composed of very high harmonics results which can damage other components of the power supply or circuit. This phenomenon is called flyback voltage.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: The complex impedance of a series choke is effectively part of the load impedance, so that lightly loaded circuits have increased ripple (just the opposite of a capacitor input filter). For that reason, a choke input filter is almost always part of an LC filter section, whose ripple reduction is independent of load current. The ripple factor is:


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: In high voltage/low current circuits, a resistor may replace the series choke in an LC filter section (creating an RC filter section). This has the effect of reducing the DC output as well as ripple. The ripple factor is


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Similarly because of the independence of LC filter sections with respect to load, a reservoir capacitor is also commonly followed by one resulting in a low-pass Π-filter. A Π-filter results in a much lower ripple factor than a capacitor or choke input filter alone. It may be followed by additional LC or RC filter sections to further reduce ripple to a level tolerable by the load. However, use of chokes is deprecated in contemporary designs for economic reasons.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: A more common solution where good ripple rejection is required is to use a reservoir capacitor to reduce the ripple to something manageable and then pass the current through a voltage regulator circuit. The regulator circuit, as well as providing a stable output voltage, will incidentally filter out nearly all of the ripple as long as the minimum level of the ripple waveform does not go below the voltage being regulated to. Switched-mode power supplies usually include a voltage regulator as part of the circuit.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Voltage regulation is based on a different principle than filtering: it relies on the peak inverse voltage of a diode or series of diodes to set a maximum output voltage; it may also use one or more voltage amplification devices like transistors to boost voltage during sags. Because of the non-linear characteristics of these devices, the output of a regulator is free of ripple. A simple voltage regulator may be made with a series resistor to drop voltage followed by a shunt zener diode whose Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) sets the maximum output voltage; if voltage rises, the diode shunts away current to maintain regulation.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Ripple current is a periodic non-sinusoidal waveform derived from an AC power source characterized by high amplitude narrow bandwidth pulses.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Ripple current results in increased dissipation in parasitic resistive portions of circuits like ESR of capacitors, DCR of transformers and inductors, internal resistance of storage batteries. The dissipation is proportional to the current squared times resistance (IR). The RMS value of ripple current can be many times the RMS of the load current.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: Ripple in the context of the frequency domain refers to the periodic variation in insertion loss with frequency of a filter or some other two-port network. Not all filters exhibit ripple, some have monotonically increasing insertion loss with frequency such as the Butterworth filter. Common classes of filter which exhibit ripple are the Chebyshev filter, inverse Chebyshev filter and the Elliptical filter. The ripple is not usually strictly linearly periodic as can be seen from the example plot. Other examples of networks exhibiting ripple are impedance matching networks that have been designed using Chebyshev polynomials. The ripple of these networks, unlike regular filters, will never reach 0 dB at minimum loss if designed for optimum transmission across the passband as a whole.


title: Ripple (electrical)

text: The amount of ripple can be traded for other parameters in the filter design. For instance, the rate of roll-off from the passband to the stopband can be increased at the expense of increasing the ripple without increasing the order of the filter (that is, the number of components has stayed the same). On the other hand, the ripple can be reduced by increasing the order of the filter while at the same time maintaining the same rate of roll-off.


title: Feeld

text: Feeld (previously called 3nder) is a location-based online dating application for iOS and Android that facilitates communication between people interested in ethical non-monogamy, polyamory, casual sex, kink, swinging, and other alternative relationship models and sexual preferences. According to a review from The New York Times, over a third of users are on the app with a partner, and 45 percent identify as something other than heterosexual.


title: Feeld

text: 3nder was launched in the UK in July 2014 and in the US in 2015. As of August 1, 2016, it had had over 1.6M downloads on iOS and its users make 10 million connections a month. Major updates to the interface were released December 2017 then in August 2022.


title: Feeld

text: Feeld is developed by Feeld Ltd., an independent remote startup company founded in 2014 by Bulgarian-born designer Dimo Trifonov.


title: Feeld

text: Trifonov conceived the app after his girlfriend Ana Kirova told him that she had feelings for other people. Once the concept was developed, Trifonov bought a $15 online template to create a holding page and saw immediate demand.


title: Feeld

text: Feeld (initially known as 3nder) received its first seed round from UK-based group, Haatch. The app was launched as 3nder in the UK in July 2014 and in the US in 2015. In October 2015, 3nder Ltd. was awarded $500,000 in seed funding from a pair of unnamed angel investors.


title: Feeld

text: In May 2016, Tinder's parent company Match Group (a part of IAC) sued 3nder Ltd., alleging trademark infringement over its name. Match Group "wants its smaller competitor to shut down and erase its presence from the web entirely to avoid ‘confusion’ between the two apps, claiming the alleged similarity gives 3nder an ‘unfair advantage’", based on the "supposed pronunciation of 3nder". In August 2016, the app was renamed Feeld.


title: Feeld

text: The basic app is free to use to match with and message with other members, with optional in-app purchases available to obtain additional features.


title: Feeld

text: Members discreetly sign into the app using their email address, Sign in with Apple, or Facebook. They build their profile, choosing between 20 sexuality and 19 gender options, and can pair their account with their partner, if they have one. Users can then choose who they'd like to see (singles, couples, genders) and refine their search based on geographical search area, age, relationship type and sexual preferences. The app then presents other users' profiles to look at.


title: Feeld

text: Liking or Disliking indicate interest or disinterest in another's profile, and uniquely for dating apps, users can decide to “skip” a profile to make a choice later. When two users like each other, they become "Connections" and can start to message each other.


title: Feeld

text: As well as showing other members around them, the app also offers the ability to visit and meet members in other cities through "Cores". It also offers Virtual Cores as a way to connect over like-minded interests, regardless of geographical location.


title: Feeld

text: A paid subscription called Majestic offers additional features called Who Likes You, Filter by Desires, Incognito and Private Photos; it also gives members one complimentary Ping per day. Incognito allows members to hide from others members they haven't yet Liked, providing additional privacy; members who have logged in with Facebook can also opt to hide their profile from their Facebook friends.


title: Feeld

text: Members may also send "Pings", to immediately notify another member of their interest without having to wait for the other person to see them and like them back. Pings can be acquired as in-app purchases.


title: Feeld

text: There is also a paid feature called "Uplift", which allows members to be shown ahead of other profiles in their area for some time, thus decreasing the time it will take to connect with other members.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: In mathematics, the limit of a sequence is the value that the terms of a sequence "tend to", and is often denoted using the formula_1 symbol (e.g., formula_2). If such a limit exists, the sequence is called convergent. A sequence that does not converge is said to be divergent. The limit of a sequence is said to be the fundamental notion on which the whole of mathematical analysis ultimately rests.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: Limits can be defined in any metric or topological space, but are usually first encountered in the real numbers.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: The Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea is famous for formulating paradoxes that involve limiting processes.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: Leucippus, Democritus, Antiphon, Eudoxus, and Archimedes developed the method of exhaustion, which uses an infinite sequence of approximations to determine an area or a volume. Archimedes succeeded in summing what is now called a geometric series.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: Grégoire de Saint-Vincent gave the first definition of limit (terminus) of a geometric series in his work "Opus Geometricum" (1647): "The "terminus" of a progression is the end of the series, which none progression can reach, even not if she is continued in infinity, but which she can approach nearer than a given segment."


title: Limit of a sequence

text: Newton dealt with series in his works on "Analysis with infinite series" (written in 1669, circulated in manuscript, published in 1711), "Method of fluxions and infinite series" (written in 1671, published in English translation in 1736, Latin original published much later) and "Tractatus de Quadratura Curvarum" (written in 1693, published in 1704 as an Appendix to his "Optiks"). In the latter work, Newton considers the binomial expansion of ("x" + "o"), which he then linearizes by "taking the limit" as "o" tends to 0.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: In the 18th century, mathematicians such as Euler succeeded in summing some "divergent" series by stopping at the right moment; they did not much care whether a limit existed, as long as it could be calculated. At the end of the century, Lagrange in his "Théorie des fonctions analytiques" (1797) opined that the lack of rigour precluded further development in calculus. Gauss in his etude of hypergeometric series (1813) for the first time rigorously investigated the conditions under which a series converged to a limit.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: The modern definition of a limit (for any ε there exists an index "N" so that ...) was given by Bernard Bolzano ("Der binomische Lehrsatz", Prague 1816, which was little noticed at the time), and by Karl Weierstrass in the 1870s.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: In the real numbers, a number formula_3 is the limit of the sequence formula_4, if the numbers in the sequence become closer and closer to formula_3, and not to any other number.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: In other words, for every measure of closeness formula_30, the sequence's terms are eventually that close to the limit. The sequence formula_4 is said to converge to or tend to the limit formula_22.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: If a sequence formula_4 converges to some limit formula_22, then it is convergent and formula_22 is the only limit; otherwise formula_4 is divergent. A sequence that has zero as its limit is sometimes called a null sequence.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: These properties are extensively used to prove limits, without the need to directly use the cumbersome formal definition. For example, once it is proven that formula_60, it becomes easy to show—using the properties above—that formula_61 (assuming that formula_62).


title: Limit of a sequence

text: If a sequence tends to infinity or minus infinity, then it is divergent. However, a divergent sequence need not tend to plus or minus infinity, and the sequence formula_80 provides one such example.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: A Cauchy sequence is a sequence whose terms ultimately become arbitrarily close together, after sufficiently many initial terms have been discarded. The notion of a Cauchy sequence is important in the study of sequences in metric spaces, and, in particular, in real analysis. One particularly important result in real analysis is the "Cauchy criterion for convergence of sequences": a sequence of real numbers is convergent if and only if it is a Cauchy sequence. This remains true in other complete metric spaces.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: This coincides with the definition given for metric spaces, if formula_82 is a metric space and formula_104 is the topology generated by formula_105.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: A limit of a sequence of points formula_97 in a topological space formula_107 is a special case of a limit of a function: the domain is formula_108 in the space formula_109, with the induced topology of the affinely extended real number system, the range is formula_107, and the function argument formula_11 tends to formula_112, which in this space is a limit point of formula_108.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: In a Hausdorff space, limits of sequences are unique whenever they exist. Note that this need not be the case in non-Hausdorff spaces; in particular, if two points formula_22 and formula_115 are topologically indistinguishable, then any sequence that converges to formula_22 must converge to formula_115 and vice versa.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: The definition of the limit using the hyperreal numbers formalizes the intuition that for a "very large" value of the index, the corresponding term is "very close" to the limit. More precisely, a real sequence formula_4 tends to "L" if for every infinite hypernatural "H", the term formula_119 is infinitely close to "L" (i.e., the difference formula_120 is infinitesimal). Equivalently, "L" is the standard part of formula_119:


title: Limit of a sequence

text: where the limit exists if and only if the righthand side is independent of the choice of an infinite "H".


title: Limit of a sequence

text: Sometimes one may also consider a sequence with more than one index, for example, a double sequence formula_124. This sequence has a limit formula_3 if it becomes closer and closer to formula_3 when both "n" and "m" becomes very large.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: In other words, for every measure of closeness formula_30, the sequence's terms are eventually that close to the limit. The sequence formula_124 is said to converge to or tend to the limit formula_22.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: Note that the double limit is different from taking limit in "n" first, and then in "m". The latter is known as iterated limit. Given that both the double limit and the iterated limit exists, they have the same value. However, it is possible that one of them exist but the other does not.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: If a sequence tends to infinity or minus infinity, then it is divergent. However, a divergent sequence need not tend to plus or minus infinity, and the sequence formula_162 provides one such example.


title: Limit of a sequence

text: For a double sequence formula_144, we may take limit in one of the indices, say, formula_164, to obtain a single sequence formula_165. In fact, there are two possible meanings when taking this limit. The first one is called pointwise limit, denoted


title: Limit of a sequence

text: In this definition, the choice of formula_27 is independent of formula_169. In other words, the choice of formula_27 is "uniformly applicable" to all natural numbers formula_169. Hence, one can easily see that uniform convergence is a stronger property than pointwise convergence: the existence of uniform limit implies the existence and equality of pointwise limit:


title: Limit of a sequence

text: For a double sequence formula_144, we may take limit in one of the indices, say, formula_164, to obtain a single sequence formula_165, and then take limit in the other index, namely formula_197, to get a number formula_115. Symbolically,


title: Limit of a sequence

text: This limit is known as iterated limit of the double sequence. Note that the order of taking limits may affect the result, i.e.,


title: Limit of a sequence

text: A sufficient condition of equality is given by the Moore-Osgood theorem, which requires the limit formula_201 to be uniform in "m".


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At , the museum is New York City's second largest and contains an art collection with around 1.5 million objects. Located near the Prospect Heights, Crown Heights, Flatbush, and Park Slope neighborhoods of Brooklyn, the museum's Beaux-Arts building was designed by McKim, Mead and White.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: The Brooklyn Museum was founded in 1898 as a division of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and was planned to be the largest art museum in the world. The museum initially struggled to maintain its building and collection, only to be revitalized in the late 20th century, thanks to major renovations. Significant areas of the collection include antiquities, specifically their collection of Egyptian antiquities spanning over 3,000 years. European, African, Oceanic, and Japanese art make for notable antiquities collections as well. American art is heavily represented, starting at the Colonial period. Artists represented in the collection include Mark Rothko, Edward Hopper, Norman Rockwell, Winslow Homer, Edgar Degas, Georgia O'Keeffe, and Max Weber. The museum features the Steinberg Family Sculpture Garden, which features salvaged architectural elements from throughout New York City.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: The roots of the Brooklyn Museum extend back to the 1823 founding by Augustus Graham of the Brooklyn Apprentices' Library in Brooklyn Heights. The Library moved into the Brooklyn Lyceum building on Washington Street in 1841. Two years later the institutions merged to form the Brooklyn Institute, which offered exhibitions of painting and sculpture and lectures on diverse subjects. In 1890, under its director Franklin Hooper, Institute leaders reorganized as the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and began planning the Brooklyn Museum. The museum remained a subdivision of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, along with the Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the Brooklyn Children's Museum until the 1970s when all became independent.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: Opened in 1897, the Brooklyn Museum building is a steel frame structure clad in masonry, designed in the neoclassical style by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White and built by the Carlin Construction Company. The original design for the Brooklyn Museum proposed a structure four times as large as what was built from 1893 through 1927, when construction ended. After Brooklyn became part of greater New York City in 1898, support for the project diminished. Daniel Chester French, the sculptor of the statue of Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial, was the principal designer of the pediment sculptures and the monolithic figures along the cornice. The figures were created by 11 sculptors and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. French also designed the two allegorical figures "Brooklyn" and "Manhattan" currently flanking the museum's entrance, created in 1916 for the Brooklyn approach to the Manhattan Bridge and relocated to the museum in 1963.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: By 1920, the New York City Subway reached the museum with a subway station; this greatly improved access to the once-isolated museum from Manhattan and other outer boroughs.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: The Brooklyn Institute's director Franklin Hooper was the museum's first director, succeeded by William Henry Fox who served from 1914 to 1934. He was followed by Philip Newell Youtz (1934–1938), Laurance Page Roberts (1939–1946), Isabel Spaulding Roberts (1943–1946), Charles Nagel, Jr. (1946–1955), and Edgar Craig Schenck (1955–1959).


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: Thomas S. Buechner became the museum's director in 1960, making him one of the youngest directors in the country. Buechner oversaw a major transformation in the way the museum displayed art and brought some one thousand works that had languished in the museum's store rooms and put them on display. Buechner played a pivotal role in rescuing the Daniel Chester French sculptures from destruction due to an expansion project at the Manhattan Bridge in the 1960s. During that period, Donelson Hoopes was hired as Curator of Paintings and Sculptures from 1965 to 1969.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: Duncan F. Cameron held the post from 1971 to 1973, with Michael Botwinick succeeding him (1974–1982) and Linda S. Ferber acting director for part of 1983 until Robert T. Buck became director in 1983 and served until 1996. From 1992 to 1995, Stephanie Stebich served as assistant director.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: The Brooklyn Museum changed its name to Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1997, shortly before the start of Arnold L. Lehman's term as director. On March 12, 2004, the museum announced that it would revert to its previous name. In April 2004, the museum opened the James Polshek-designed entrance pavilion on the Eastern Parkway facade. In September 2014, Lehman announced that he was planning to retire around June 2015. In May 2015, Creative Time president and artistic director Anne Pasternak was named the museum's next director; she assumed the position on September 1, 2015.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: The Brooklyn Museum, along with numerous other New York institutions, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, is part of the Cultural Institutions Group (CIG). Member institutions occupy land or buildings owned by the City of New York and derive part of their yearly funding from the city. The Brooklyn Museum also supplements its earned income with funding from Federal and State governments, as well as with donations by individuals and organizations.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: In 1999, the museum hosted the Charles Saatchi exhibition "Sensation", resulting in a court battle over New York City's municipal funding of institutions exhibiting controversial art, eventually decided in favor of the museum on First Amendment grounds.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: In 2005, the museum was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, in turn funded by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.


title: Brooklyn Museum

text: Major benefactors include Frank Lusk Babbott. The museum is the site of the annual Brooklyn Artists Ball which has included celebrity hosts such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Liv Tyler.