title: Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I

text: "Episode I" was originally scheduled for release in July 2010, a timeframe Sega announced in February 2010. Months before the game's release, a prototype version was made available to users of the Xbox 360's game testing service PartnerNet. Screenshots and footage were leaked and widely distributed across the internet, and PartnerNet had to be temporarily shut down as a result. Though some video game journalists responded favorably to the leaked materials, fans reacted negatively. In May 2010, Sega announced that "Episode I" had been delayed to late 2010 in response to both internal and fan feedback; Iizuka later clarified that the delay was done so the developers could replace the mobile-exclusive levels with ones better suited for consoles.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I

text: "Episode I" was released on October 7, 2010, for iOS. Releases for other platforms soon followed: the Wii version was released via WiiWare in North America on October 11 and in Europe on October 15; the PlayStation 3 version was released via PlayStation Network in North America on October 12 and in Europe on October 13; and the Xbox 360 version was released via Xbox Live Arcade on October 13. Other releases included a Windows Phone version on June 15, 2011; a Windows version via Steam on January 19, 2012; an Android version on January 25, 2012; and a BlackBerry Tablet OS version on July 20, 2012. Additionally, both "Episode I" and "Episode II" were released for the Android-powered Ouya on July 9, 2013. In April 2016, the iOS version was updated for the first time in three years to modernize it for newer devices. Changes included support for widescreen and Retina displays, more detailed character models, and refined textures. The iOS version was initially split into separate versions for iPhone and iPad; the update discontinued the iPad version and made the iPhone one a "universal" application, meaning it works across all iOS devices. Later in 2016, the Xbox 360 versions of "Episode I" and "Episode II" were added to the Xbox One's catalog of backward compatible games.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I

text: "Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I" received generally positive reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. "IGN" Hilary Goldstein gave the game a score of 8.0 and an Editor's Choice award, calling it "short but sweet and well worth downloading." "GamesRadar+" Justin Towell gave it a score of 9/10, calling it "deserving of the name, "Sonic the Hedgehog 4"." "1UP.com" Kat Bailey gave it a B rank, praising the game's speed while criticizing some occasional poor design, such as boss battles and puzzles. GameTrailers gave it a 7.5, calling it a worthy investment for "Sonic" fans. "Digital Spy" gave it three out of five stars, with reviewer Liam Martin answering the question of whether or not it lived up to its hype: "Despite some issues with the size of the game and its difficulty (it's very easy), the answer is yes, but only just." "Eurogamer" Ellie Gibson gave it a 9/10, calling it "gloriously fun" and "brilliantly paced."


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I

text: The game's physics were met with major criticism, with the general consensus being that they were inferior to the momentum-based physics from the Genesis games. On YouTube, hundreds of gameplay videos were posted by fans showcasing several oddities.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I

text: The game was a commercial success, selling over a million copies across all platforms by 2011, according to Sega of America CEO Mike Hayes.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I

text: "Episode I" was envisioned as the first installment of an episodic video game trilogy. Shortly before "Episode I" release, Balough confirmed that Sega had planned the entire "Sonic 4" story. While he did not confirm the number of episodes, he said "[they] will definitely make up a larger game. After completing them all, you'll have experienced a larger overall story arc that lives up to the epic nature of earlier "Sonic"s." In August 2011, Iizuka stated that "Episode II" would not be released until 2012 (over a year after "Episode I") so Sonic Team could focus on "Sonic Generations". Ahead of "Episode II", Sega rereleased "Sonic CD" (1993) for modern consoles, and advertised it as a prequel to "Sonic 4".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I

text: "Episode II", released in May 2012, reintroduces Tails and Metal Sonic, and follows Sonic and Tails as they attempt to prevent Eggman and Metal Sonic from relaunching the Death Egg. Fan input from "Episode I" played a significant role in the development of "Episode II", as the developers worked to address aspects fans took issue with, such as the physics engine. "Episode II" was released on most platforms that "Episode I" was available on, although the Wii version was canceled due to hardware constraints. Players who own both episodes on a single platform unlock the ability to play as Metal Sonic in "Episode I" levels.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I

text: In March 2012, Iizuka announced that Sega did not plan to continue "Sonic 4" beyond "Episode II". In 2015, Australian developer Christian Whitehead said that he had been offered the opportunity to develop "Episode III" with Sega Studios Australia before that division was shut down, and he instead worked on remasters of "Sonic the Hedgehog" and "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" between 2012 and 2013. He said that while it was possible that "Episode III" could eventually be made, it was unlikely. Whitehead would go on to lead the development of "Sonic Mania" (2017), which, like "Sonic 4", acts as a sequel to the Genesis "Sonic" games. "Sonic 4" and "Sonic Mania" were frequently compared, with journalists viewing "Sonic 4" unfavorably in contrast to "Mania".


title: Jillian Ward

text: Jillian Ward (; ; born Jhyllianne Wardë; February 23, 2005) is a Filipina actress, singer, and vlogger. She is known for playing the title role of Gertrudis "Trudis" Capili-Ferrer in GMA Network's "Sine Novela", "Trudis Liit", Donna Marie "Mayi" Madreal-Escalante in the afternoon drama, "Prima Donnas", and Dra. Analyn Santos in the afternoon medical drama, "Abot-Kamay na Pangarap".


title: Jillian Ward

text: Jillian Ward was born as Jhyllianne Wardë on February 23, 2005, in Manila, Philippines, to Elson Penzon and Jennifer Wardë-Penzon. She first appeared in a commercial for "Promil". Before starring in GMA Network's TV remake of the classic film "Trudis Liit", she had played the role of Daldanika in "The Last Prince".


title: Jillian Ward

text: In November 2019, Ward founded her own business, "Wonder Tea Philippines", which was opened in Floridablanca as its first branch. It was followed by Guagua, San Fernando and Porac as their second, third and fourth branches.


title: Jillian Ward

text: In August 2020, Ward published her first YouTube vlog titled ""MY SECOND HOUSE' CONSTRUCTION TOUR"" featuring her 3-storey home in Pampanga.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: Bargain Hunt is a British television programme in which two pairs of contestants are challenged to buy antiques from shops or a fair and then sell them in an auction for a profit. It has aired on BBC One since 13 March 2000 in a daytime version, and from 22 August 2002 to 13 November 2004 in a primetime version.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: Bargain Hunt was originally presented by David Dickinson. From 2003 to January 2016 it was presented by Tim Wonnacott. In 2016 the format changed to a rota of hosts from a "team of experts" fronting the series.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: "Bargain Hunt" has undergone various TV formats and rule changes since it premiered in 2000. Most episodes are 45 minutes in length, though 30-minute versions and one-hour "live" editions have also been produced.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: Two teams – designated the "Reds" and the "Blues" – compete. Each team has two members, who wear fleeces that correspond to their team's colour. The contestants in most episodes are members of the public, though some shows feature teams of celebrity players instead. At the beginning of the show, each team is given a set amount of money with which to purchase antiques. The objective is to find items that will earn the team a profit when later sold at auction. Each team is accompanied by an antiques trade expert, though it is the contestants' decision whether to heed the advice given by their expert. After the contestants have completed their purchases and presented them to the host, home viewers are shown a "what the auctioneer thinks" segment in which the auctioneer appraises the buys and gives the auction estimate. At the auction, as each item is sold, the host compares the auction sale price to the price originally paid by the team, with the difference being either subtracted from or added to the team's total. If the final total shows a profit, the team receives that profit in cash; otherwise, the team receives nothing. The profit/loss does not take into account buyers' premium (commission) or Value Added Tax (a governmental sales tax).


title: Bargain Hunt

text: The show is punctuated by footage of the host visiting a place of historical interest, such as a stately home or museum, and talking about the items housed there.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: In the early David Dickinson-era episodes, teams were given £200 each, and could buy as many or as few items as they liked within the hour given to wander around a trade fair. The item rule was later changed so that teams have to buy three items. After Tim Wonnacott became host, the money was increased to £300, and a new feature called the "swap item" was introduced. Each expert chose an item of their own, and the team could replace one of their own choices with the "swap item" if they wished to. The host, when offering the option to a team, would often ask, "Swap or No Swap?" Originally, the experts were given an unspecified amount of money to buy the extra item; the rule was later changed so that the experts could only use whatever money was left of the team's £300 budget (the remaining money was referred to by Wonnacott as the "leftover lolly"). Under the revised rule, if a team used its entire budget, the expert could not choose a "swap item".


title: Bargain Hunt

text: The "swap" rule was changed again in 2006 (Series 14), becoming the "bonus buy". The expert is still given any "leftover lolly" to buy this bonus item, which is entered into the auction. Just after the auction of their own items, and before that of the bonus item, teams must decide whether the auction results of the bonus item should be added to their own auction lots. Teams can potentially add to their profit with the bonus item, but it can also subtract from a team's earnings if it loses money.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: In a series in 2014, an alternative bonus item was purchased by the expert with "Tim's Ton", (£100 provided by Tim). The teams then had to decide on whether to select the 'team's bonus buy' (bought with the leftover lolly), Tim's bonus buy (bought with Tim's ton) or neither. Tim would also make his prediction as to which bonus buy would make the larger profit or smaller loss (which he called Wonnacott's winner).


title: Bargain Hunt

text: Series 52 in 2019 brought a change to the rules with two challenges, the 'Big Spend Challenge' and the 'Presenter's Challenge' added. The teams have to spend at least £75 on one item, and buy an item relating to a specific category. Other changes include the contestants introducing themselves to camera, rather than to the presenter, and the bonus buy is now revealed to the contestants in the auction room after the sale of the first three items.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: On average, the majority of contestants' items lose money: the teams are paying retail prices at fairs, whereas auction prices are generally lower. Large profits are fairly rare, though it is not particularly unusual for contestants to take home a small profit. Teams achieving the difficult feat of earning a profit on all three items are awarded a "golden gavel"; originally a wooden trophy, but latterly a lapel pin.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: Four or five programmes are usually made at each antiques fair and filming can take all day. Programmes are named for where they are filmed, for example, Ardingly has hosted:


title: Bargain Hunt

text: Programmes are not necessarily broadcast in the sequence filmed, and one set of episodes can be split across different series.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: A separate celebrity version of the show premiered on 1 December 2008 on BBC Two featuring team pairs made up of one well-known personality accompanied by a friend or family member. The show is presented by Tim Wonnacott and the format is the same as the main show but Wonnacott's visit to see an antiques collection or stately home is replaced by a feature where each celebrity contestant discusses antiques with him. Wonnacott might show them a borrowed collection of antiques brought along for the show that he believes would interest the celebrity (this may be related to the occupation of the celebrity), and in turn the celebrity shows Wonnacott an antique or collectable belonging to themselves. There is no suggestion of what to do with any profit if the teams make any, but most decide to give it to charity. Series 2 began on 30 March 2009 and ended on 3 April 2009.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: Originally a daytime show when launched in 2000 with game host David Dickinson. Later a primetime version, hosted by Dickinson, was also made (2002–2004), which was similar to the daytime show except that the teams' budget was increased to £500. It was on this version of the show that the record was set for the greatest profit earned on "Bargain Hunt". A team led by Michael Hogben purchased a Royal Worcester box at Ardingly Fair for £140; the item made £800 in the live primetime auction.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: When Dickinson gave up the daytime show to concentrate on the primetime version, his place was taken by Tim Wonnacott, an antiques expert already well known to UK viewers as a long-standing expert on the "Antiques Roadshow".


title: Bargain Hunt

text: In April 2005 it was announced that the primetime version of "Bargain Hunt" had been axed; however the daytime version continued. Reruns of the daytime version (from the Dickinson era) also appear on BBC Entertainment and BBC America.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: The show occasionally features well-known contestants, such as "'Allo 'Allo!" stars Gorden Kaye and Sue Hodge.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: The show airs on the Australian Foxtel and Austar cable television channel, Lifestyle, at 6.30 pm weekdays. The show also airs on the Seven Network's digital station 7Two (Prime's 7Two, in Regional Areas), weekdays at 11am and 6.30pm.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: Several episodes recorded in late 2014 were presented by Anita Manning, Charlie Ross, Christina Trevanion, Natasha Raskin, Charles Hanson, and Paul Laidlaw whilst Wonnacott took part in the BBC 1 entertainment programme "Strictly Come Dancing".


title: Bargain Hunt

text: In December 2017, four of the "Bargain Hunt" antique experts Charlie Ross, James Braxton, Charles Hanson and Philip Serrell got together to create a Christmas single in aid of BBC Children in Need. The single was released digitally on independent record label Saga Entertainment and peaked at number 1 on the Amazon Rock Charts, number 1 on the Amazon Rock Best Sellers and number 1 on the Amazon Hot New Releases chart. It was a rock cover of the classic Christmas song "Sleigh Ride", written by Leroy Anderson & Mitchel Parish. It was recorded at Metropolis Studios in Chiswick.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: Following the death of expert David Barby on 25 July 2012, the programme paid tribute to him on 1 October 2012 by showing a montage of clips featuring his appearances on the show.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: On 15 October 2007, the 500th show was broadcast. This show differed from a normal show in that both teams were made up of experts – the red team featured David Barby and Philip Serrell (described as the "old" team), while the blue team featured Kate Bliss and Charles Hanson (deemed the "young" team); the "bonus items" were purchased by Tim Wonnacott himself. The teams were given £500 to spend, rather than the usual £300, with any profits going to charities chosen by the team members. The red team made a profit of £245, beating the blue team's break-even. The show also featured out-takes and memorable clips from previous shows.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: The programme marked its tenth anniversary on air with a week of special editions broadcast between 15 and 19 March 2010. These followed a similar format to the 500th episode, except that the teams were given only the usual £300 to buy items, with a separate £100 per team allotted for the bonus items.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: The programme marked its twentieth anniversary on air with a week of special editions broadcast between 19 and 23 October 2020. Only some of the usual rules applied. The teams had one hour and £300 pounds to buy three items to take to auction, shopping on their own, in a relay.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: On 28 September 2018, "Bargain Hunt" aired a special episode as part of BBC Music Day. The Red Team consisted of Bez and Rowetta from Happy Mondays and the Blue Team consisted of Jarvis Cocker and Candida Doyle from Pulp.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: The Red Team won the episode by earning a profit of £8. However, it was later discovered that Bez's girlfriend had bought two of the Red Team's items. As it was against the rules of the programme for friends and family of the teams to buy items the teams were selling, the Blue Team were made winners and Bez had to hand over £8 from his own pocket.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: On 26 September 2019, the second BBC Music Day special was shown with The Darkness (lead singer Justin Hawkins and bassist Frankie Poullain) competing against Feeder (lead singer Grant Nicholas and bassist Taka Hirose) at the Stamford Meadows antiques fair in Lincolnshire.


title: Bargain Hunt

text: In March 2003, ITV children's TV channel CITV's Saturday morning children's program "SMTV Live" introduced a parody sketch of the program entitled "Garbage Hunt" with presenter Des Clarke parodying Dickinson as "David Dustbin" looking at old unused merchandise from people's rubbish bins.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: Salvia divinorum, a psychoactive plant, is legal in most countries. Exceptions, countries where there is some form of control, include Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Norway, Poland, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Spain, Sweden, Armenia and 33 states and territories of the United States.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: In the United Kingdom, following a local newspaper story in October 2005, a parliamentary Early Day Motion was raised calling for "Salvia divinorum" to be banned there. However, it only received 11 signatures. A second Early Day Motion was raised in October 2008 attracting 18 signatures. The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, the independent body that advises UK government on drugs, has been asked to investigate further. On the 28 January 2016, the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 was passed. The act came into force on 26 May 2016, across the entire United Kingdom, making "salvia" illegal to possess with intent to supply, possess on custodial premises, supply, import for human consumption, or produce for human consumption. The two sponsors for the bill were Conservative House of Lords member Michael Bates and Conservative MP Theresa May.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: In such places where "Salvia divinorum" legislation exists, it varies in prohibitive degree from country to country. Australia has imposed its strictest 'Schedule 9' (US Schedule I equivalent or equivalent to class A in the UK) classification, for example, and Italy has also placed Salvia in its 'Table I' of controlled substances (also US Schedule I and class A equivalent). In Spain there are just controls focusing on the commercial trade of "Salvia divinorum", and private cultivation (growing one's own plants for non-commercial use) is not targeted.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: In the United States, Salvia is not regulated under the Controlled Substances Act but some states, including Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Missouri, Virginia, Tennessee, Texas, and others, have passed their own laws. Several other states have proposed legislation against Salvia, including Alabama, Alaska, California, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. Many of these proposals have not made it into law, with motions having failed, stalled or otherwise died, for example at committee review stages.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: National legislation for amendment of the Controlled Substances Act to place salvinorin A and "Salvia divinorum" in Schedule I at the federal level was proposed in 2002 by Representative Joe Baca (D- California). Those opposed to bill HR 5607 include Daniel Siebert, who sent a letter to Congress arguing against the proposed legislation, and the Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics (CCLE), who sent key members of the US Congress a report on "Salvia divinorum" and its active principle, along with letters from an array of scientists who expressed concern that scheduling "Salvia divinorum" would negatively impact important research on the plant. The bill did not pass.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: Salvia cultivation may prove difficult to police. The plant has a nondescript appearance; unlike cannabis the leaves are not distinctive and it does not have a distinctive odour. "Salvia divinorum" looks like and can be grown as an ordinary houseplant without the need of special equipment such as hydroponics or high-power lights.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: Concerns expressed by some politicians on the subject of Salvia echo those of the media. In November 2006, the morning after a story by news channel KSL was aired in Utah, warning its viewers about what it called "this dangerous herb", Utah State Representative Paul Ray (R) submitted a bill calling for its Schedule I classification in that state. KSL TV cameras were on Capitol Hill to see the paperwork filed, with KSL reporting - "Moments after our story ended, Utah Representative Paul Ray began writing a bill to ban Salvia." As he presented the bill Ray said - "It was upsetting to see we have a drug of that strength that's legal." and "We're basically going to make it illegal to possess or sell. Period." Ray's action was further supported by the news channel in a subsequent KSL editorial. Viewer feedback was unanimously more critical.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: Georgia State Senator John Bulloch (R) reportedly saw a report on an Atlanta television news station about the increased use of "Salvia divinorum". He was quoted as saying - "I thought, 'Why hasn't somebody already jumped on this?" before filing Senate Bill 295. "I hurriedly got legislative counsel to draft the bill... Everything that I read about it is it's considered to be a hallucinogenic drug... A lot of the reading that I've found on it says that it gives a quicker and more intense high than LSD." Senator Don Thomas (R) was reported as saying -"I just know about the publicity of the dangers of it, and the use of it, so my first impression is to ban anything of that nature."


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: In February 2007, the day after a Fox TV local news story on Salvia had aired in Milwaukee, Wisconsin state lawmaker Sheldon Wasserman (D), also a licensed physician, who had never heard of it before, spoke to Fox news in a follow-up report about then wanting to make it a Schedule I controlled substance.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: Comparisons to LSD and particular focus on "protecting our children" are also echoed by politicians. In June 2007 the Wisconsin State Journal newspaper ran a front-page headline cover story about Salvia, reporting that Representative Wasserman had recently begun seeking sponsors for a bill that would ban the manufacture and sale of "Salvia divinorum" for consumption in Wisconsin. Dr. Wasserman was reported as saying - "This bill is all about protecting our children" and "I want to stop the Salvia divinorum dealers who are pushing young people to experiment with a potentially dangerous substance."


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: In connection with his proposals to make "Salvia divinorum" and salvinorin A Schedule I controlled substances in Oregon, Representative John Lim (R) was quoted as saying - "From what I understand this drug is at least as dangerous as marijuana or LSD", and Seth Hatmaker, a spokesman for Lim - "I think it's only a matter of time before we find people addicted to this stuff".


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: In the state of Illinois, in support of his bill for Schedule I classification of "Salvia divinorum", Representative Dennis Reboletti (R) wrote in his own website that Salvia is a "powerful psychoactive plant which in appearance looks like marijuana but has the psychoactive properties of LSD." and "It's important that we in the legislature are proactive in protecting our children from highly addictive substances" [...] "For a drug to be classified as a Schedule 1 substance signifies that it's a highly dangerous and potentially lethal drug for its user. Hopefully, the passage of my bill will bring attention to "Magic Mint" and help law enforcement combat the future rise of this drug."


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: Other references and sources indicate however that "Salvia divinorum" does not look like marijuana. Its psychoactive properties are not like those of LSD, and that Salvia divinorum is not generally understood to be either addictive or toxic.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: Concerns about driving while under the influence of Salvia have also been expressed. Delaware State Senator Karen Peterson (D), who introduced Schedule I classification of "Salvia divinorum" in Delaware, said - "I, for one, don't want to be driving down Route 1 next to someone who is having an out-of-body experience" and "I thought this is not something that I would want people using driving around the streets of Delaware."


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: There has not been any evidence to suggest that Salvia use is problematic. Some "arguments" against Salvia have been of a preventative or imitative nature. North Dakota State Senator Randy Christmann (R) stated - "we need to stop this before it gets to be a huge problem not after it gets to be a huge problem" and New Jersey Assemblyman Jack Conners (D) argued -"Salvia divinorum use may not be a runway epidemic, but it's certainly is a phenomenon that warrants attention. We should take preventive steps now to prevent wholesale problems later on" In October 2005 MP John Mann raised an ultimately unsuccessful Early Day Motion calling for "Salvia divinorum" to be banned in the UK, saying - "The Australians have clearly found a problem with it. There's obviously a risk in people taking it."


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: The National Institute on Money in State Politics indicates the major sources of campaign contributions for US politicians. For example, Oregon State Representative John Lim's largest individual campaign sponsor in 2006 was the Oregon Beer & Wine Distributors Association. Lim argued for Schedule I classification of Salvia in Oregon. Senator Karen Peterson's second largest group campaign donations in 2006 came from 'Beer, Wine & Liquor' industries. Peterson introduced Schedule I classification of "Salvia divinorum" in Delaware. Tennessee State Senator Tim Burchett (R) sponsored Salvia legislation in Tennessee. In 2006 his second largest individual campaign donation came from the Tennessee Malt Beverage Association. In the same period alcohol and tobacco related contributions amounted to the fourth largest industry contributions for Representative Paul Ray in Utah. Alcohol related contributions also featured highly for Representative Dennis Reboletti in Illinois - 'Beer, Wine & Liquor' was his seventh highest industry contributor.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: Opponents of more prohibitive measures against Salvia argue that such reactions are largely due to an inherent prejudice and a particular cultural bias rather than any actual balance of evidence, pointing out inconsistencies in attitudes toward other more toxic and addictive drugs such as alcohol and nicotine. The worldwide number of alcohol-related deaths is calculated at over 2,000 people per day, in the US the number is over 300 deaths per day. While not objecting to some form of legal control, in particular with regard to the sale to minors or sale of enhanced high-strength extracts, most Salvia proponents otherwise argue against stricter legislation.


title: Legal status of Salvia divinorum

text: Those advocating consideration of "Salvia divinorum"'s potential for beneficial use in a modern context have two major arguments: First that Salvia Divinorum is a potent kappa opioid agonist and given its activity and modulatory effect on the kappa opioid receptor, and therefore similarity of its profile of effect to ibogaine, (used successfully to treat addiction around the world) that further research into its potential as a potent anti-addiction medication will be hindered by careless lawmaking. Secondly, advocates argue that more could be learned from Mazatec culture, where Salvia is not really associated with notions of drug taking at all and it is rather considered as a spiritual sacrament. In light of this it is argued that "Salvia divinorum" could be better understood more positively as an entheogen rather than pejoratively as a hallucinogen. Other entheogenic plants with continuing traditions principally of spiritual use include peyote (and other psychoactive cacti), iboga, virola, ayahuasca (an admixture of plants containing DMT + MAOI), and various types of psychoactive fungi. In fact, US legislation as it stands specifically allows two of these to be used in a spiritual context. The Native American Church is allowed to use peyote and União do Vegetal (or UDV) is permitted ayahuasca. Although not consistently granted (varying from state to state), the principal grounds for such concessions are constitutional, with further grounds following from the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.


title: Romanian identity card

text: The Romanian identity card () is an official identity document issued to every Romanian citizen residing in Romania. It is compulsory to obtain the identity card from 14 years of age. Although Romanian citizens residing abroad are exempt from obtaining the identity card, if they intend to establish a temporary residence in Romania, they may then apply for a provisional identity document (), which is valid for one year (renewable).


title: Romanian identity card

text: The identity cards are issued by the Directorate for Persons Record and Databases Management, subordinated to the Romanian Ministry of Administration and Interior.


title: Romanian identity card

text: The first identity documents were issued to Romanian citizens as a result of Decree No. 947 of 24.03.1921 which approved the Implementing Regulations of the Law nr.812 of 03.19.1915.


title: Romanian identity card

text: These documents were called bulletins registration office population and their contents match the information on your civil status, nickname, home address, occupation and semnalmentele holder (stature, hair, forehead, eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, chin, face, complexion special marks).


title: Romanian identity card

text: Although the regulation has established a pattern of ballot enrollment in public office, because they were made for each county, they were different in size, colour and sometimes even content.


title: Romanian identity card

text: Since 1949, which marked the establishment register in Romania, identity cards issued to Romanian citizens were printed uniquely throughout the country and called "Identity bulletin" ().


title: Romanian identity card

text: These included fewer than the previous data about the holder, the holder's photograph and they apply is issued valid for 10 years. In time, identity card content has undergone some changes in that, since 1980 it could be entered two shelf life, by applying a second photo on the first closing date. In this way, Romanian citizen may be the same ID card holder for 20 years. At first, the identity card was made 8 file their number is reduced to 4 in 1990.


title: Romanian identity card

text: Law No.105 of 1996 on the population register and ID card, as amended and supplemented, created the legislative framework for a new ID i.e. identity card.


title: Romanian identity card

text: As a result, in June 1997 work began issuing the new format of identity card. The new identity document was designed and released into the computerised system is intended to facilitate a number of advantages for both the state and the citizen. The identity card is the document issued to Romanian citizen and proving identity, home address and, where appropriate, address of residence of the proprietor. This document is issued from the age of 14 years. The structures empowered to issue identity documents are public community services for People subordinated to local and county councils and the General Council of the municipality (and the local councils of Bucharest Municipality sectors). The old identity bulletins issued without expiry date to senior citizens remained valid (for use in Romania).


title: Romanian identity card

text: The series of the ID card are formed of two letters, representing the abbreviation of the county (but not always) (the abbreviation is sometimes the same as the license plate indicative) or of the county's seat that issued the document.


title: Romanian identity card

text: The card contains the individual's "Cod Numeric Personal" (CNP), or Personal Numeric Code, a unique identifying number. The CNP is unique for each person which is used for taxation and other purposes


title: Romanian identity card

text: Since 2011, the Romanian Government tried implementing the more secure Electronic (Biometric) Identity Cards in line with the requirements of European Commission for general use, but the project fell short for a variety of reasons including privacy, religious freedom, cost and implementation strategy. In October 2019, the government rolled out an initiative for citizens to opt-in for an Electronic ID card with the aim of country-wide adoption by 2021. The first pilot programme was initiated in Cluj with the rest of the country to follow after. Cards from the non-electronic current model will continue to be valid until their designated expiry date.


title: Romanian identity card

text: Romanian citizens living abroad can apply for issuing first ID documents provided by law with diplomatic missions or consular offices in that State.


title: Romanian identity card

text: After age 55, the identity card is issued permanently valid (by making the validity date in excess of 40 years).


title: Romanian identity card

text: The Identity card can be used instead of the Passport for travel in a number of countries, see list in the infobox.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The London Borough of Bromley () is the southeasternmost of the London boroughs that make up Greater London, bordering the ceremonial county of Kent, which most of Bromley was part of before 1965. The borough's population is an estimated 332,336. It is named after Bromley, its principal town; other major towns are Penge, Hayes, West Wickham, Chislehurst, Beckenham and Orpington. The local authority is Bromley London Borough Council.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The borough is the largest in Greater London by area and occupies . The majority of the borough is Metropolitan Green Belt, including nearly all of the land south of the A232-A21 route between West Wickham and Pratt's Bottom. Consequently, it is also perhaps the most rural borough and contains more of the North Downs than any other, as that escarpment is broad between Bromley and Banstead. This is also reflected in its population density, which is the lowest of the 32 London boroughs.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: Most of the population lives in the north and west of the borough, with an outlier at Biggin Hill in the far south. The borough shares borders with the London Boroughs of Lewisham and Greenwich to the north, Bexley to the north-east, Southwark and Lambeth to the north-west, and Croydon to the west. It also borders the Sevenoaks District of Kent to the east and south, and the Tandridge District of Surrey to the south-west.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: Westerham Heights, the highest point in London and Kent at an altitude of 804 feet (245 m), is on the southern boundary. The Prime Meridian passes through Bromley.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The borough was formed on 1 April 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. It covered the areas of the Municipal Borough of Bromley, the Municipal Borough of Beckenham, Penge Urban District, Orpington Urban District and the Chislehurst part of Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District. The local government authorities that until then had administered those other areas were simultaneously abolished by the London Government Act on 1 April 1965.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: In 1969, after a local campaign, local government responsibility for the village of Knockholt was transferred to the neighbouring Sevenoaks Rural District: before 1965, it had been part of the Orpington Urban District.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The borough is partly urban and partly rural, the former to the north and very much part of the built-up area of suburban London.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The principal parts of the northern section, from west to east, are Beckenham, which includes Eden Park and Elmers End; Bromley with Bickley, Bromley Park and Bromley Common, Park Langley, Plaistow, Shortlands and Southborough; Chislehurst, with Elmstead and Sundridge. The built-up area around Orpington not only encompasses its direct outskirts of Chelsfield, Crofton, Derry Downs, Goddington, Kevingtown, and Petts Wood; it also includes the erstwhile separate settlements of Farnborough, Green Street Green, Pratt's Bottom, St Mary Cray and St Paul's Cray. Other smaller suburban areas include Penge, Anerley, and parts of nearby Crystal Palace including its park. In addition, parts of Mottingham, Sydenham, Swanley and Ruxley lie within the borough boundaries.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: There are two main built-up areas in the southern part of the borough: Hayes and West Wickham. Biggin Hill, Downe and Keston with Leaves Green and Nash are separate, smaller, rural settlements.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: Local attractions include Down House (the home of Charles Darwin), Chislehurst Caves, Holwood House (the home of William Pitt the Younger), Crofton Roman Villa, and the site of The Crystal Palace.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: Bromley is divided into 22 wards with a total of 58 council seats. These are currently represented by:


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: Bromley was under Conservative control from its creation until the local elections of 7 May 1998 when a Liberal Democrat/Labour coalition assumed power. After a number of by-elections and a defection, the Conservatives regained control on 5 July 2001.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The 22 wards are shown on the accompanying map. Ward names often straddle the named settlements and suburban areas above: their boundaries are fixed, whereas the latter are not.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 8,944. This rose slowly throughout the nineteenth century, as the district became built up; reaching 17,192 in the middle of the century. When the railways arrived, the rate of population growth increased. The population peaked in the 1970s, when industry began to relocate from London.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: In the 2011 UK Census, the borough had a population of 309,392. All major religions are represented, but of those stating a choice, 60.07% described themselves as Christian. In 2001, of the population, 43.47% were in full-time employment and 11.06% in part-time employment – compared to a London average of 42.64% and 8.62%, respectively. Residents were predominantly owner-occupiers, with 32.53% owning their house outright, and a further 42.73% owning with a mortgage. Only 1.42% were in local authority housing, with a further 12.74% renting from a housing association, or other registered social landlord.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The following shows the religious identity of residents residing in Bromley according to the 2001, 2011 and the 2021 censuses.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: Bromley is one of only six London Boroughs not to have at least one London Underground station within its boundaries. However, the borough has many railway stations served by London Overground, Thameslink, Southeastern and Southern. The borough also has several stops on the Tramlink network.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: driving a car or van, 27.4% of all residents aged 16–74; train, 5.1%; bus, minibus or coach, 5.1%; on foot, 4.3%; work mainly at or from home, 4.0%; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 2.3%; passenger in a car or van, 1.5%.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The borough is also home to an extensive libraries service, containing 14 branches, currently operated by Greenwich Leisure Limited under their trademark Better on behalf of Bromley council.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The Beckenham Comedy Cabaret, a monthly comedy cabaret event, hosted and run by Jody Kamali, has been running in the heart of Beckenham since 2015, usually on the last Friday evening of the month.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: London Fire Brigade has four fire stations within the London Borough of Bromley. The borough is the largest in the city: about 150 km. With just one pumping appliance, Orpington has one of the largest areas to cover in London, measuring 46.7 km. In 2006/2007, Orpington attended 1,308 incidents. There is also a high volume pump at the station. Beckenham, Bromley and Biggin Hill cover the rest of the borough with four pumping appliances and a hose layer.


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: In 2006/2007 just under 4000 incidents were attended in the borough. Noticeably, compared to 2005/2006 there was an 11% decrease in special service calls (road traffic collisions, chemical incidents, flooding etc.).


title: London Borough of Bromley

text: The locations a number of notable residents over the years have been lived have been recognised with "blue plaques" these residents include:


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: Incendiary ammunition is a type of ammunition that contains a chemical that, upon hitting a hard obstacle, has the characteristic of causing fire/setting flammable materials in the vincinity of the impact on fire.


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: The first time incendiary ammunition was widely used was in World War I, more specifically in 1916. At the time, phosphorus was the primary ingredient in the incendiary charge and ignited upon firing, leaving a trail of blue smoke. These early forms were also known as "smoke tracers" because of this. Though deadly, the effective range of these bullets was only 350 yards (320 m), as the phosphorus charge burned quickly. Incendiary bullets called "Buckingham" ammunition were supplied to early British night fighters for use against military zeppelins threatening the British Isles. The flammable hydrogen gas of the zeppelins made incendiary bullets much more deadly than standard ones which would pass through the outer skin without igniting the gas. Similarly, incendiary ammunition was used against non-rigid observation balloons. The British Royal Flying Corps forbade the use of incendiary ammunition for air-to-air combat with another airplane, as their use against personnel was at first considered to be a violation of the St. Petersburg Declaration. Pilots were permitted to deploy them against only zeppelins and balloons. Furthermore, they were required to carry written orders on their person when engaging these targets.


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: During World War II, incendiary bullets found a new use: they became one of the preferred types of ammunition for use in interceptor fighters. They were not nearly as effective at puncturing bomber aircraft as armor-piercing bullets, but were far more effective than standard bullets because they could also ignite fuel if they came into contact with a fuel tank or pipeline.


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: Belgian inventor de Wilde, who was living in Switzerland, invented a new bullet in 1938. In December of that year the British Air Ministry purchased the design. However, as the bullet had to be made by hand rather than mass-produced, Major C. Aubrey Dixon of the British Royal Arsenal at Woolwich developed a greatly improved bullet with similar incendiary capabilities. This was adopted by British forces as the 0.303 Incendiary B Mark VI. For security reasons, and to confuse the enemy, it was initially called 'de Wilde' ammunition, even though the design was almost entirely different from the original version. The B Mark VI incendiary bullet was packed with nitrocellulose, and a small steel ball was placed in the tip of the bullet to ensure that the chemical exploded on impact. As opposed to earlier designs, the B Mark VI was a true incendiary rather than tracer ammunition.


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: The B Mark VI incendiary bullets were first issued in June 1940 and tested operationally in the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire in the air battles over Dunkirk. The explosive power, coupled with the flash on impact which guided their aim, was much appreciated by pilots. The bullets were at first scarce, and as a result, a mix of ball, AP, Mk IV incendiary tracer and Mk VI incendiary were used until production increased to sufficient levels. By 1942 the standard loading for fixed .303s was half loaded with AP and half with incendiary bullets.


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: One fighter pilot who was shot down by incendiary ammunition while flying in the Battle of Britain describes his experience:


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: The British Mk VI bullet was copied by the United States in simplified form, for both their .30 and .50 aircraft bullets. The British then adopted the simplified design as the Mk VII bullet.


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: Incendiary projectiles, in particular those intended for armor penetration, are more effective if they explode after penetrating a surface layer, such that they explode inside the target. Additionally, targets with onboard electronics or computers can be damaged by metal fragments when they explode on the surface. Ignition is often delayed by varying means until after impact.


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: Some explosive projectiles, such as high-explosive incendiary bullets, contain an incendiary charge intended to ignite explosives within the shell.


title: Incendiary ammunition

text: Although not intended to start fires, tracer bullets can have a mild incendiary effect. This is particularly dangerous when they strike flammable substances or dry brush.


title: Story of the Eye

text: Story of the Eye () is a 1928 novella written by Georges Bataille that details the increasingly bizarre sexual perversions of a pair of teenage lovers, including an early depiction of omorashi fetishism in Western literature. It is narrated by the young man looking back on his exploits.


title: Story of the Eye

text: "Story of the Eye" consists of several vignettes, centered around the sexual passion existing between the unnamed late adolescent male narrator and Simone, his primary female partner. Within this episodic narrative two secondary figures emerge: Marcelle, a mentally ill sixteen-year-old girl who comes to a sad end, and Sir Edmund, a voyeuristic English émigré aristocrat.


title: Story of the Eye

text: The story starts with our narrator and Simone meeting at her villa three days after first being introduced through their families being distantly related. Shortly after, Simone instigates a dare from the narrator to sit in a saucer intended for the cat's milk, which she wins by sitting on the bowl with her vagina in the milk. They both masturbate to completion without any physical contact and, after cupping a feel of her vulva while Simone is resting in her mother's arms, the narrator goes home and masturbates throughout the night. This upsets Simone, and when they meet the next day she makes him promise to never masturbate without her again. They start a sexual relationship, though one absent of conversation or penetration.


title: Story of the Eye

text: Whilst having sex on the edge of a cliff they are approached by their friend Marcelle, who collapses crying into the grass upon the sight of their unorthodox sexual acrobatics. Simone and the narrator proceeds to rape Marcelle, and when it starts raining Simone starts masturbating in a puddle of mud.


title: Story of the Eye

text: About a week or so later the pair encounters Marcelle on the streets. Simone apologizes for what happened on the cliff and promises to never lay a hand on her again. Marcelle agrees to join them, and a few other teenagers, for tea at Simone's villa; though instead of tea they drink large amounts of champagne. Simone, pretending to be dead wasted, makes a bet that she can pee into a tablecloth in front of everyone at the party. One of the boys challenges her bet, and when he loses Simone pulls off his pants. Marcelle begs to leave, but the narrator repeats Simone's promise to not touch her. Simone falls onto the floor and starts spasming while begging the pants-less boy to pee on her. Marcelle announces she wants to take off her dress but after being touched briefly by the narrator she retires to a bridal wardrobe to masturbate. A violent orgy unfolds and Marcelle pisses herself in the wardrobe. Later yet, covered in blood and cuts, the narrator checks up on Marcelle who shrieks in terror upon seeing the blood- and piss-covered scene that had unfolded in the living room. Marcelle's continued screaming brings the parents of the teenagers to the villa, where Marcelle bites off her mother's face in a state of delirium. The police are called and the narrator decides to steal his dad's money and gun, flee his home and escapes into the woods.


title: Story of the Eye

text: The narrator moves in with Simone, bribing the villas servants in exchange for food and information about Marcelle. We learn that Marcelle has been admitted to a psychiatric ward, which upsets Simone. The couple concocts a plan to break Marcelle out of the ward, but their first attempt is ultimately unsuccessful and Simone ends up ill from their escape. While bedridden, Simone discovers a fetish for eggs and their experimentation culminates with Simone putting a soft-boiled egg inside her vagina while bathing.


title: Story of the Eye

text: On their second attempt they manage to break Marcelle out of the ward, however her sanity is long gone and she is incapable of discerning what is happening around her. When brought back to the villa she immediately recognizes the wardrobe from the orgy and has a psychotic breakdown that ends in Marcelle hanging herself in the closet. Simone spreads her corpse out in the living room and the couple has penetrative sex for the first time next to the corpse, taking Simone's virginity.


title: Story of the Eye

text: To escape the legal consequences of Marcelle's suicide the couple flees to Spain where they meet Sir Edmund, a depraved aristocrat who is happy to accommodate their lifestyle. Edmund tells Simone about the tradition in the aristocracy to eat the testicles of a recently killed bull while watching bull-fighting and Simone demands the raw testicles of a bull be given to her when they are watching the famous matador El Granero. As Granero is impaled by a bull and his right eye is ripped out of its socket, Simone sticks one of the raw testicles up her vagina and has an orgasm at the same moment El Granero dies.


title: Story of the Eye

text: While sightseeing around Spain, Simone wets her dress laughing. They then visit the Church of Don Juan, where Simone seduces the priest, Don Aminado, by masturbating while confessing inside of the confessional. After an assortment of sexual debauchery with the priest, Sir Edmund undertakes a blasphemous parody of the Catholic Eucharist involving desecration of the bread and wine using Don Aminado's urine and semen before pinning the priest down as Simone strangles Don Aminado to death during his final orgasm. Simone demands the priest's right eye, and proceeds to insert the eye into her vagina. The scene ends with the narrator seeing Don Aminado's eye looking right at him out of the vagina. They escape punishment by donning disguises and making their way down to Andalusia, where they buy a yacht staffed by Africans to continue their adventures overseas, whereupon the story ends.


title: Story of the Eye

text: In a postscript, Bataille reveals that the character of Marcelle may have been partially inspired by his own mother, who suffered from bipolar disorder, while the narrator's father is also modeled after his own unhappy paternal relationship. In an English-language edition, Roland Barthes and Susan Sontag provide critical comment on the events.


title: Story of the Eye

text: Roland Barthes published the original French version of his essay "Metaphor of the Eye" in Bataille's own journal "Critique", shortly after Bataille's death in 1962. Barthes' analysis focuses on the centrality of the eye to this series of vignettes, and notices that it is interchangeable with eggs, bulls' testicles and other ovular objects within the narrative. He also traces a second series of liquid metaphors within the text, which flow through tears, cat's milk, egg yolks, frequent urination scenes, blood and semen.


title: Story of the Eye

text: Furthermore, he argues that he does not believe that "Story of the Eye" is necessarily a pornographic narrative, given that these structuring chains of metaphors do provide coherent underpinning sequences.


title: Therapy?

text: Therapy? are a Northern Irish rock band from Larne, formed in 1989 by guitarist-vocalist Andy Cairns and drummer-vocalist Fyfe Ewing. Therapy? recorded their first demo with Cairns filling in on bass guitar. To complete the lineup, the band recruited Larne bassist Michael McKeegan. The band signed with major label A&M Records in 1992, for which they released four albums, most notably "Troublegum" in 1994 and "Infernal Love" in 1995. Ewing's departure in early 1996 preceded the arrivals of his replacement Graham Hopkins, and Martin McCarrick on cello and guitar. Neil Cooper replaced Hopkins on drums in 2002. Following the departure of McCarrick in 2004, the band have remained a stable three-piece since.


title: Therapy?

text: Therapy? are currently signed to UK independent label Marshall Records. The band has released 15 full-length studio albums and has sold over two million albums worldwide.


title: Therapy?

text: While attending a charity gig at the Jordanstown Polytechnic in early 1989, Andy Cairns noticed Fyfe Ewing playing drums in a punk covers band. The two spoke afterwards and agreed to meet for rehearsal in Fyfe's house in Larne with Andy playing a small practice amp and Fyfe playing his kit with brushes. In April they recorded a four track demo tape ("Thirty Seconds of Silence") with Andy playing a bass guitar borrowed from Fyfe's classmate Michael McKeegan. Deciding to play live, they recruited McKeegan and played their debut gig at the Belfast Art College supporting Decadence Within on 20 August 1989. They followed this up with another four track demo tape ("Meat Abstract"). Their sound was becoming highly influenced by artists of the indie rock movement such as The Jesus Lizard, Big Black, and The Membranes as well as new beat disco acts such as Belgian outfit Erotic Dissidents.


title: Therapy?

text: Therapy? released its first single, called "Meat Abstract" in July 1990. The single was limited to 1,000 copies and released on the band's own Multifuckinational Records. During the summer of that year, the band made its first tour through the United Kingdom with The Beyond, catching the attention of influential DJ John Peel along the way. The band's early years followed the familiar pattern of hard graft on the local alternative music scene, with Cairns often putting in a full day at the Michelin tyre factory (where he worked as a quality controller), then speeding across Northern Ireland in order to make it to gigs. The band also took whatever support slot they could, opening for the likes of Loop, Ride, Teenage Fanclub, Inspiral Carpets, Tad, Fugazi and Ned's Atomic Dustbin. Therapy? quickly came to the attention of local music fans with their distinctively uncompromising style. Their use of guitar feedback as a "fourth instrument" and unconventional song structures, combined with a darkly original approach to lyrics and imaginative use of samples pulled from cult movies and obscure documentaries, led them to be spotted in 1990 by London-based independent label Wiiija Records. The move was helped by Lesley Rankine of Silverfish, who passed the band's first single on to Gary Walker of Wiiija.


title: Therapy?

text: The band's first album, July 1991's "Babyteeth", and its January 1992 follow-up, "Pleasure Death", were successful enough to earn the band a major label deal with A&M Records. Both albums were underground successes, hitting number 1 in the UK Indie Charts. The attention led to support slots with both Babes in Toyland and Hole on their respective UK tours. A compilation of the two albums entitled "Caucasian Psychosis" was prepared for the North American market, and the band embarked on their first U.S. tour in October 1992.


title: Therapy?

text: Their debut A&M record, "Nurse", made its way into UK's Top 40 Album Chart in November 1992, while lead single "Teethgrinder" became the band's first Top 40 single in both the UK and Ireland. The grunge revolution was in full swing, with US outfit Nirvana leading the way. Predictably, the media began to draw comparisons between the two bands. The heavy guitars and inventive drumming that was swiftly becoming Therapy?'s trademark led them more towards the grunge camp than away from it.


title: Therapy?

text: If there was one true "breakthrough" year in the band's history, it would almost certainly be 1993. The release of the "Shortsharpshock" EP catapulted Therapy? into the Top 40, peaking at nine, featuring the lead track "Screamager". The single led to the first of several appearances on the venerable UK music show Top of the Pops. Two more UK Top 40 EPs "Face the Strange" and "Opal Mantra" followed, as the band toured heavily on the European festival circuit, made two separate jaunts to the United States in support of Kings X initially, and then both Helmet and The Jesus Lizard, and played their debut shows in Japan. Compilations of the three EP's were released in the U.S. and Japan ("Hats Off to the Insane"), and in Europe ("Born in a Crash").


title: Therapy?

text: 1994 saw the release of the commercially successful "Troublegum" album in February which earned the band appearances at a string of rock and indie festivals, including Reading (third consecutive appearance), Donington and Phoenix in the UK alone, as well as a clutch of top 40 singles. It achieved a string of nominations in end-of-year polls, including a Mercury Music Prize nomination, and success at the Kerrang! Awards.


title: Therapy?

text: With impatience mounting for a new album, "Infernal Love" was released in June 1995. This time, the press reaction was lukewarm. The band had attempted to create a "cinematic" record with Belfast DJ David Holmes employed to link each track with "insanity", but in the eyes of many, had produced a disjointed piece over-subscribed with ballads. Despite a second consecutive Donington appearance at Metallica's request, and singles "Stories" and "Loose" charting in the UK earlier in the year, it was clear that Therapy? had changed direction. Although the string laden single "Diane" (originally by "Hüsker Dü") was a Top 10 hit in 15 European countries later in the year, much of the early momentum had gone.


title: Therapy?

text: Fyfe Ewing left the band in January 1996. The band quickly recruited Graham Hopkins to replace Ewing as well as the permanent addition of guest cellist Martin McCarrick, and steadily toured throughout the US and Canada in 1996.


title: Therapy?

text: After the tour wound up in October 1996, Therapy? finally took a long break. They reconvened after a few months and spent most of 1997 writing, rehearsing and recording the follow-up to "Infernal Love".


title: Therapy?

text: While the "Church of Noise" single in March 1998 failed commercially, it marked the return of the band following three years out of the spotlight. The "Semi-Detached" album transcended the trajectory of "Troublegum" and "Infernal Love" with their dark, broody atmosphere. However, promotion for the album was scant at best, due to problems at the A&M label, which culminated in the loss of their record deal with the company. Without label support, Cairns and McKeegan needed to finance the band's European tour in late 1998 themselves.


title: Therapy?

text: The band's sentiment towards newer alternative metal bands was expressed in the song "Ten Year Plan" from the band's uncompromising 1999 Ark21 album "Suicide Pact – You First", which was packed full of vitriol, discontent and barely-repressed musical aggression. This album revealed a fuller-sound, yet was noticeably lacking in songs suitable of mainstream-radio airplay.


title: Therapy?

text: The following year saw the release of the "So Much for the Ten Year Plan: A Retrospective 1990–2000" album which (in title at least) was a self-deprecating poke at the bands' difficulties with corporate rock in recent years. It also allowed the band to fulfill some outstanding obligations to Universal Music.


title: Therapy?

text: Therapy? recorded follow-up record "Shameless" in early 2001 in Seattle. The album, produced by the legendary Jack Endino, was released by Ark21 in September. Graham Hopkins, who was unhappy with his musical limitation within the band, quit in December 2001. Following Hopkins' departure, the band yet again found themselves without a drummer and a record deal.


title: Therapy?

text: The band toured Europe in 2002 with ex-3 Colours Red drummer Keith Baxter. Hopkins was permanently replaced in Therapy? by ex-The Beyond/Cable/Gorilla drummer Neil Cooper, while the band signed a new record deal with Spitfire Records.


title: Therapy?

text: This line-up lasted one album, the commercially inclined "High Anxiety". The bands' first home video release, a DVD entitled "Scopophobia" was released shortly afterwards, consisting of a full concert recorded live at Belfast's Mandella Hall in June 2003, promo videos and other extras. The band completed a UK tour at the end of 2003 as a three piece, due to McCarrick leaving the tour midway through owing to a perforated eardrum.


title: Therapy?

text: McCarrick left the band permanently in March 2004, and the band were now slimmed down to a permanent three piece again for the first time since 1995. "Never Apologise Never Explain" was released in September 2004 to an audience re-acquainted with the three-piece Therapy? and was reminiscent of the claustrophobic sound of their earlier material.


title: Therapy?

text: The following album "One Cure Fits All" was released in April 2006. The album, produced by Pedro Ferreira, was a return to the melodic tendencies of "High Anxiety" and again divided opinion among the band's fans.


title: Therapy?

text: On 19 September 2006, Therapy? performed an exclusive studio show of songs chosen by fans who had voted for their three favourite tracks from a lengthy list on the band's website. These votes were counted and the twelve tracks with the most votes were then performed and recorded (both as audio and video). In early 2007, these tracks became available to buy from the band's official website. The "Webgig" is no longer available to purchase. In addition to this release, the band received some attention from their old record company Universal Records (who own the rights to the band's material recorded on A&M Records) who released both a DVD of old promo clips ("") and a double-CD compilation of BBC sessions "(Music Through A Cheap Transistor)" in 2007. On the touring front, Therapy? focused on markets they had not usually played, including a slot at the NXNE festival in Canada, festival dates in Europe (one of which was as a late replacement for Helmet at the Nova Rock Festival) and a tour through countries such as Romania, Croatia and Serbia, even playing two gigs on Reunion Island, off the East African coast. The band ended 2007 by supporting New Model Army at their Christmas gig in Cologne.


title: Therapy?

text: Therapy? were a last minute replacement for Biffy Clyro on the Jägermeister Rock Liga tour of Germany which lasted five dates in February 2008. These dates were the only gigs played in 2008 as the band focused their energies exclusively on recording the new record. Therapy? began recording the new album in late July at Blast Studios in Newcastle and finished recording by late August. It was produced by Andy Gill. Video of rehearsals surfaced on Therapy?'s website offering previews of the new work, showcasing a more rythmetic jazz-influenced direction ("Rehearsal"), alongside a rough track typical of newer Therapy? output ("Clowns Galore"). The album, entitled "Crooked Timber", was released on 23 March 2009 via "Blast Records"/"Global Music". The band performed the new album in its entirety on selected live dates in May, played various European festivals throughout the summer (including a debut appearance at Oxegen in Ireland and a second outing at England's Download) and toured Europe extensively from October to December.


title: Therapy?

text: To mark the 20th anniversary of their debut commercial recording release, Therapy? performed for three consecutive nights at London's Monto Water Rats in March which were recorded for the bands' first official live album entitled "We're Here to the End", released in November. A deluxe gold edition of 2009's "Crooked Timber" album was released on 19 July. Therapy? also appeared at European festivals in the summer, including at Knebworth Sonisphere on 31 July when the band performed the "Troublegum" album in its entirety. Later in 2010, the band performed several "Troublegum & more" sets throughout Europe as part of their 20th anniversary celebrations.


title: Therapy?

text: In December 2010, the band began recording their thirteenth studio album, entitled "A Brief Crack of Light", in Newcastle's Blast Studio. The album recording was completed in February 2011 and mixing began in March. In late May 2011, the group announced a change of plan for the new album; another recording session was planned for June in order to record new songs that had emerged. Those songs were mixed in July 2011 and included, along with songs from the first session, for the new album. The album was released in February 2012. A preceding single and video entitled "Living in the Shadow of the Terrible Thing" was released in January 2012.


title: Therapy?

text: In May 2013, Cairns embarked on his first ever solo acoustic tour of the UK, as well as some dates in Europe. To especially mark the tour, he released a CD of acoustic material for sale exclusively at the shows, comprising 12 Therapy? songs, 6 original tracks freshly written for the tour and a cover version, all recorded in late April in Newcastle's Blast Studios


title: Therapy?

text: "The Gemil Box" was released on 18 November 2013; a career-spanning box set of rare and unreleased material. Contents included remastered versions of "Nurse", "Troublegum", "Infernal Love" and "Semi-Detached", three CDs of rare and unreleased tracks, a DVD of the band's 2010 Sonisphere performance of the "Troublegum" album, official bootlegs of London ULU '91 and London Mean Fiddler '92, a 12" vinyl of their early demo releases and a cassette of a live recording from Dublin 1990.


title: Therapy?

text: Deluxe Edition releases of both "Troublegum" and "Infernal Love" were released by Universal Music on 31 March 2014. The band promoted these releases with a series of retro video and audio uploads to their official YouTube channel, proceeding a short UK tour in early April. A compilation of singles from 1992 to 1998 followed on 14 April 2014 via "Spectrum Records", a subsidiary of Universal Music, entitled "Stories: The Singles Collection".


title: Therapy?

text: On 18 February 2014, the band began pre-production on studio album number 14 with producer Tom Dalgety in their now usual surroundings of "Blast Studios" in Newcastle. The session finished on 28 February with 18 tracks laid down in demo form. Having chosen 11 songs, the band began recording the album proper on 17 April 2014 and it was completed on 30 April 2014. The album, entitled "Disquiet", was released on the bands' new record label on 23 March 2015. Pre-orders of the album were announced on 23 February 2015 and included an instant download of two album tracks and an exclusive pre-order track called "We Kill People". A digital only single called "Still Hurts", featuring two more non-album tracks, was released on 9 March 2015.


title: Therapy?

text: The band began the first leg of their Disquiet Tour in the UK in March, before taking in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, and returning to the UK throughout April. Their performance in Utrecht was filmed by 'Quantum VR Media' for a future 360 VR release. In early May, Therapy? recorded a session for XFM, their 4th overall following previous sessions in 2001, 2004 and 2012. "Deathstimate" was released as a download only single on 30 October 2015. The single "Tides" was released on 15 April 2016, although it was available in early March to purchase on limited edition CD at the bands' UK tour performing the "Infernal Love" album in its entirety. Summer festivals on the European circuit followed, including a date at the Wacken Open Air in Germany. Therapy? performed a fully acoustic "Wood & Wire" tour through Belgium, Holland, Austria, Germany and the UK from 14 November until 1 December 2016. A newly recorded 11-track acoustic album entitled "Wood & Wire" was available for purchase on CD at these shows. A six date Irish "Wood & Wire" tour took place in April 2017.


title: Therapy?

text: On 21 July 2017, the band announced a double live acoustic album, "", for release on 21 August 2017. The album was recorded in London on 1 December 2016 during the "Wood & Wire" European tour.


title: Therapy?

text: On 15 January 2018 the band began recording their 15th studio album at Blast Recording in Newcastle with Chris Sheldon producing. Recording was completed on 6 February 2018. In March, the band completed a 22-date UK and Ireland tour supporting The Stranglers.


title: Therapy?

text: On 10 May 2018, the band announced via their social media that they signed a worldwide record deal with Marshall Records


title: Therapy?

text: "Absolutely delighted to announce we have signed to @marshallrecs for a worldwide deal! The first single, "Callow", from our 15th album "CLEAVE" will be released Fri May 25th 2018"


title: Therapy?

text: A second single, "Wreck It Like Beckett", was released as a digital download on 7 September 2018, preceding the release of "Cleave" on 21 September 2018, following an extensive Pledge Music pre-order campaign which featured signed CDs, coloured vinyl, black vinyl and test presses.


title: Therapy?

text: On 16 January 2020, the band announced that they would be releasing a greatest hits compilation, entitled "Greatest Hits (The Abbey Road Session)". The album featured newly re-recorded versions of 12 Top 40 UK singles spanning the albums "Nurse", "Troublegum", "Infernal Love", and "Semi-Detached", and was recorded at the venerable Abbey Road Studios in November 2019.


title: Therapy?

text: The band was due to embark on a European tour in support of the album beginning in March; however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, they postponed the tour until October 2020. In June 2020, they rescheduled the tour again for spring 2021. Once more, in March 2021, the tour was rescheduled to begin in January 2022. The over 18 months between the last show of 2019 and the first show of 2021 (a festival date in July which was one of only three gigs in 2021) was the longest the group has ever gone between shows in their existence. Therapy? spent the majority of 2022 touring the UK and Europe to celebrate their 30-year anniversary, since re-dubbed the "So Much for the 32 Year Plan" tour.


title: Therapy?

text: On 2 November 2021, the band announced that their major label debut Nurse would be reissued by Caroline Records on 26 November 2021. The remastered 2CD version contained b-sides and previously unreleased demo tracks. There was also a vinyl release.


title: Therapy?

text: On 8 November 2021, the band entered Marshall Studios with producer Chris Sheldon to work on their 16th studio album. "Hard Cold Fire" is due for release in early 2023.


title: Therapy?

text: Much has been made over the years of the unusual question mark suffix to the band's name. In early interviews the band said that the name was "really deep" and intended to raise the question "do you need therapy?", but in a 1992 interview guitarist Andy Cairns admitted that it was a chance design when he was working on the band's first record sleeve. Working with Letraset transfers, Cairns misaligned the band's name, and used the "?" icon to fill the space to the right. "And then we thought, well maybe we can bluff our way through when people start reading into it."


title: Therapy?

text: Therapy? collaborated with the short-lived rap group Fatal (part of the Soul Assassin camp, not to be confused with the hip hop artist Fatal) on the track "Come and Die" from the soundtrack to the 1993 film "Judgment Night". Cairns has contributed vocals and guitar to various recordings with different bands throughout the years – "Jonestown Mind" (1994) and "Waiting For Earthquakes" (2001) by The Almighty, "Rehab" (2000) by UK band Manchild, "Radio" (2001) by UK band Dog Toffee (although this version remains unreleased), "Gleason" (2002) by Northern Irish band Throat, "Get Your Groove On" (2003) by The Wildhearts, "F8" (2005) by This Is Menace, "The Second Triumvirate of Lavonia" (2009) by Italian band Inferno, "Crisis? What Crisis?" and "Ignite" (2014) by UK band Thirty Six Strategies and "Celebrating Sinking" (2015) by Ricky Warwick. Therapy? appear on the 2005 "Welt Turbojugend Tage" DVD, performing three songs live in Hamburg. Therapy?, along with Biohazard and Gunshot, contributed with remixes on Pitchshifter's 1995 album, "The Remix War".


title: Therapy?

text: Some of their songs were used in movies and video games. "Auto Surgery" and "Teethgrinder" are featured on Electronic Arts' video game "Road Rash" for the 3DO, Saturn, and PlayStation consoles while "Nowhere" is featured on EA Sports's video game "NCAA Football 2006" for the Xbox, Nintendo Gamecube, and PlayStation 2 consoles.


title: Therapy?

text: "Accelerator" appears in Dominic Sena's 1993 movie "Kalifornia" while "He's Not That Kind of Girl" and "God Kicks" appear in John Carney's 2001 movie "On The Edge", starring Cillian Murphy. "Screamager" and "Nowhere" are heard on the first series of the BBC sitcom "Game On". "Speedball" appears in the movie S.F.W.


title: Therapy?

text: Therapy? covered Black Sabbath's "Iron Man", and other songs such The Police's "Invisible Sun", The Misfits' "Where Eagles Dare", The Smiths' "Vicar in a Tutu" and Turbonegro's "Denim Demon". Cairns cited in his other favorite bands, Siouxsie and the Banshees for the album "Juju", and Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band for the album "Trout Mask Replica".


title: Therapy?

text: Influences from bands such as Sonic Youth, The Jesus Lizard, Hüsker Dü, Big Black, Killing Joke and Helmet can also be heard in Therapy?'s music.


title: Therapy?

text: The band's songs and artwork often reference the work of Irish novelist and playwright Samuel Beckett.


title: Mike Binder

text: Binder, descended from Russian-Jewish immigrants, grew up in the Detroit suburb of Birmingham. During the summers of 1966 through 1975, he attended Camp Tamakwa, a summer camp in Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada; that experience was the inspiration (and the filming location) for his 1993 film "Indian Summer".


title: Mike Binder

text: Beginning his career as a screenwriter and standup comedian, in March 1990 with the March 9 theatrical premiere of his first screenplay, "Coupe de Ville", directed by Joe Roth and co-produced by Binder, and his own HBO stand up comedy special, broadcast the following night.


title: Mike Binder

text: Binder gained further prominence with his 20-episode 2001-02 HBO comedy series, "The Mind of the Married Man", which he co-wrote, co-directed and starred in as the central character "Micky Barnes". That same year, his independently produced film "The Sex Monster" won "Best Film" and Binder won "Best Actor" at the 2001 Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen.


title: Mike Binder

text: Binder wrote and directed three mid-2000s films in which he also played supporting roles. The first, "The Upside of Anger", starring Joan Allen and Kevin Costner, premiered at the January 2005 Sundance Film Festival; thirteen months later, "Man About Town" with Ben Affleck, was first seen at the February 2006 Santa Barbara International Film Festival and, after another 13 months, "Reign Over Me" was released; Binder directed, wrote, and appeared in the film, starring Adam Sandler and Don Cheadle. His most recent film is 2014's "Black or White", starring Kevin Costner and Octavia Spencer.


title: Mike Binder

text: As an actor, Binder has appeared in Steven Spielberg's "Minority Report" with Tom Cruise, Rod Lurie's "The Contender" with Joan Allen, and Rebecca Miller's "The Private Lives of Pippa Lee" with Robin Wright Penn.


title: Mike Binder

text: Binder has directed most of the screenplays he has written, and has acted in many of them as well. As a writer, he has written screenplays for Steven Spielberg, Julia Roberts, Robert Zemeckis, Jim Carrey, Adam Sandler, Tim Allen and Reese Witherspoon.


title: Mike Binder

text: Binder's first novel, "Keep Calm", a thriller set in the UK, was published in 2016. He directed stand-up comedian Bill Burr's most recent Netflix comedy special "Paper Tiger". On October 4, 2020 his five-part documentary series on The Comedy Store, based on the years he spent there and interviews with most of the major alumni of the famous nightclub, aired on Showtime.


title: Duce Staley

text: Duce Staley (born February 27, 1975) is an American football coach and former player who is the assistant head coach and running backs coach for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served with the Philadelphia Eagles in various assistant coaching roles from 2011 to 2020.


title: Duce Staley

text: Staley played college football as a running back at South Carolina and was drafted by the Eagles in the third round of the 1997 NFL Draft, and during his playing career was best known for his tenure with the Eagles. Subsequently, he was a player with the Pittsburgh Steelers when they won Super Bowl XL against the Seattle Seahawks. Following the end of his playing career, Staley began his coaching career as a special teams quality control coach in 2011. He was promoted to the running backs coach in 2013 and given an additional role as assistant head coach in 2018. Staley was a coach with the Eagles when they won Super Bowl LII against the New England Patriots.


title: Duce Staley

text: Staley attended Airport High School in West Columbia, South Carolina and was an All-State wide receiver, and played running back sparingly.


title: Duce Staley

text: As a senior at the University of South Carolina in 1996, Staley was ranked 13th in the nation in rushing with 1,116 rushing yards. In his collegiate career at South Carolina, Staley attempted 345 rushes for 1,852 yards (5.4 yards per carry). He also caught 59 passes for 489 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Duce Staley

text: Staley was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1997 NFL Draft and played for the Eagles through the 2003 season. After his rookie season and the departure of Ricky Watters, Staley became the starter in a tumultuous 3–13 season which led to the dismissal of head coach Ray Rhodes. Under Andy Reid, Staley developed into the team's perennial leading receiver through Reid's screen-heavy West Coast offense. However, he played in only five games of the 2000 season due to a serious Lisfranc fracture. Staley also missed some playing time in 2001 due to a shoulder injury. Entering the 2003 season, Staley held out of training camp in an attempt to bargain for a new contract, as he was in the last year of his deal. With Correll Buckhalter coming back from a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and Brian Westbrook entering his second season, the Eagles decided not to budge. This resulted in shared playing time among the three, as Westbrook became the premier back by season's end. They were known as the "Three-Headed Monster". Consequently, the Eagles decided to not re-sign Staley.


title: Duce Staley

text: Staley signed a five-year, $14 million contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers on March 9, 2004. Staley had rooted for the Steelers when he was growing up. He instantly became the number one running back for his new team, and was seen as the eventual heir apparent for Jerome Bettis, who at the time had the sixth-most career rushing yards in NFL history.


title: Duce Staley

text: Staley played in 10 games in 2004, and rushed for 830 yards. He only scored one touchdown however, as Bettis took most goal-line carries, and eventually took over the starting job since Staley missed six games.


title: Duce Staley

text: In 2005, after both he and Bettis were injured, Willie Parker, an undrafted free agent, had a stellar season, and Staley, in another injury plagued season, was dropped to third-string, managing only 148 yards in five games, with a 3.9 yard per carry average. The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL, giving Staley his first ever championship.


title: Duce Staley

text: Staley played just one snap in the Steelers' 2006 season-opening win against the Dolphins. The Steelers signed former Packers' running back Najeh Davenport the next day, and deactivated Staley for the rest of the season. On December 3, 2006, the Steelers released Staley. In his three-year tenure with the team, Staley played in just 16 games.


title: Duce Staley

text: Staley officially retired as an Eagle during the Eagles-Giants game on December 9, 2007. At halftime, Staley was escorted onto the field by former teammates for his retirement celebration featuring a brief ceremony and two highlight videos.


title: Duce Staley

text: Staley became a coaching intern for the Philadelphia Eagles during the 2010 offseason. On February 8, 2011, Staley was promoted to special teams quality control coach. After the departure of Andy Reid, Staley remained on the new staff with Chip Kelly and was promoted to the team's running backs coach. Kelly was fired as the team's head coach in December 2015 and Staley was interviewed for the vacant head coaching job in January 2016. Staley was retained as the team's running backs coach by new head coach Doug Pederson on January 20, 2016. On February 4, 2018, Staley won his first Super Bowl as a coach, and second overall, as the Eagles defeated the Patriots, 41–33, in Super Bowl LII. On February 20, 2018, Staley was promoted to assistant head coach while maintaining his running backs coach position.


title: Duce Staley

text: On August 2, 2020, Eagles head coach Doug Pederson was diagnosed with COVID-19 during training camp. He planned to communicate with the team virtually during his quarantine, and he relinquished day-to-day head coaching duties to Staley in the interim. Pederson returned to the team on August 12.


title: Duce Staley

text: The "Duce Staley drill", a practice drill that Staley created to enhance players' footwork, was added to the NFL Scouting Combine in 2020.


title: Duce Staley

text: On January 25, 2021, Staley was hired by the Detroit Lions as their assistant head coach and running backs coach under head coach Dan Campbell.


title: Duce Staley

text: Staley is married to Maria Steadman, with three daughters and four sons. He is a native of Columbia, South Carolina, which is where he resides during the offseason. He underwent an innovative rehabilitation period prior to the 2001 season to become the first skill position NFL player known to return from a Lisfranc injury. He annually holds The Duce Staley Football Camp at West Chester University in Chester County, Pennsylvania, which benefits several charities, including First Steps Program in South Carolina, the Variety Club, and Direct Care for Kids. He launched the Catch 22 Foundation to help single mothers. He donated $25,000 to South Carolina Governor Jim Hodges First Steps early childhood education program in 1999 to help improve education in the state.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Millonarios Fútbol Club is a professional Colombian football team based in Bogotá, that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A. They play their home games at the El Campín stadium.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Millonarios was initially created in 1937 by students from the Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé. After the team initially was unsure about which name it would want to use: Unión and Juventud were originally favoured, it got under the influence of the city administration of Bogotá and operated as "Club Municipal de Deportes". Millonarios was formally founded on June 18, 1946, thanks to the efforts of Alfonso Senior Quevedo, who became the first chairman.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Considered to be one of the strongest clubs from Colombia, it is one of the most consistent clubs in the country. Millonarios has won 15 league titles, 3 Copa Colombia and a Superliga Colombiana, making it the second most successful team in Colombia. They have also been crowned continental champions by winning the Copa Simón Bolívar in 1972 and the Copa Merconorte in 2001. In addition, Millonarios managed to obtain the Small Club World Cup in 1953¹, a title of great importance and relevance for the time.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Millonarios is also one of only three teams that have played every first division tournament in the country, along with their traditional rivals Santa Fe and Atlético Nacional.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: In the early 1950s, Millonarios formed a team called the Ballet Azul, which was considered by several South American and European specialists as the best team in the world. It has been included in lists about the best football clubs of the world of all time elaborated by important international sports media, being the only Colombian team present in them. It is also ranked as the fourth best Colombian club of the 20th century and as the ninth best Colombian club so far in the 21st century. Millonarios is also credited as the third best Colombian team in the CONMEBOL club tournaments and ranks 51st in the official club ranking of the Copa Libertadores.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Millonarios greatly benefited from a major players' strike in the Argentinian league in 1948, which caused a great diaspora of players towards Colombia. The most successful period for the club was during the early 1950s due to the notable Argentinean presence. During this period with the squad that was known as "The Blue Ballet", that featured great players such as Alfredo di Stefano, Adolfo Pedernera, Néstor Rossi, Julio Cozzi, Antonio "Maestrico" Báez, Hugo Reyes, Reinaldo Mourin and other figures in Argentina, mainly from River Plate. Thanks to the great football that showed these players on the field, Millonarios was named by several media outlets in South America and Europe, as the best team in the world in the early 1950s.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: In 1951, Colombia was suspended by FIFA due to the recruitment of international players without a pass; the teams were forced to return all expatriate players that had participated in the tournament through irregular means. This edict marked the departure of di Stefano in February 1953, receiving bids from Barcelona and Real Madrid, who came to win the bid for the player. The Colombian national team was also banned from the 1954 FIFA World Cup for the same reason.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: In 1952, a group of Venezuelan sports entrepreneurs created the Small Club World Cup, a friendly competition that brought together leading European and South American teams. Millonarios was invited to participate in the 1952 and 1953 editions. In its first appearance, the team finished with seven points, behind Real Madrid (double tie 1–1) and Brazilian Botafogo (4–4 tie and defeat 0–2); the tournament was played in a two-round scheme, and involved host La Salle of Venezuela (double win 4–1 and 5–1).


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: In its participation in 1953, the team was crowned undefeated champion with 11 points, above River Plate of Argentina (5–1 win and 1–1 tie), Rapid Wien of Austria (double win 2–1 and 4–0) and Spanish Espanyol of Barcelona (double win 6–0 and 4–0). This friendly tournament is considered by some to be a predecessor of the Intercontinental Cup, now known as FIFA Club World Cup, though not its equivalent.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Millonarios had further improvement when former Manchester City assistant manager Juan Carlos Osorio was appointed as the new Millonarios' Manager, which led the club to 3rd position in the League Stage of the Mustang Cup, and 5th in the addition of all the year's performance, taking the club once again into the Copa Sudamericana, while the financial situation of the team also had a notable recovery. In July 2007, Osorio left Millonarios to manage Major League Soccer side Chicago Fire, and he was replaced with Martín Lasarte; after a brief, but very unsuccessful period with Lasarte, Millonarios then hired Argentinian Mario Vanemerak as their new manager. Under Vanemerak, Millonarios began to shine again, most notably in the Copa Sudamericana 2007, where they eliminated several powerful teams, most notably Brazilian champions São Paulo in the quarter-finals, thanks to two goals from Ricardo Ciciliano; although they had a less impressive performance in the local tournament.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Plagued by financial problems, and with no major titles in the last decade, the club finally initiated a bankruptcy process that led to its being bought by a society composed of about 4,000 fans, Azul & Blanco, SA This movement also meant a change in playing style which started with the hiring of Venezuelan coach Richard Páez. The change has proved successful, both financially and as related to championships. With Páez as coach, the team was able to win the Copa Colombia 2011 tournament, after winning both games against Boyacá Chicó, thus classifying to 2012 Copa Sudamericana. On June 24, 2012, it was confirmed that Hernán Torres would be the new coach.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: In Copa Sudamericana, the team was highly successful, reaching semi-finals after eliminating Inti Gas, Guaraní, and the Brazilians Palmeiras, and Gremio, being eliminated by runner-up, Tigre. This came as a relief after an embarrassing defeat to Real Madrid in a friendly match to honor Alfredo Di Stéfano.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Despite the defeat, the team played a great first phase in the Colombian tournament, classifying to the play-offs as the best team of the semester. After a very difficult series of matches, the team reached the Finals which were to be played against Independiente Medellín. The first match was played in Medellín, and ended in a 0–0 tie. The final game was played December 16, 2012 in Bogotá, and ended up 1–1, thus the result had to be determined by a penalty shootout. Goalkeeper Delgado managed to stop a final shoot, and Millonarios won its 14th championship, the first Fútbol Profesional Colombiano title in about 24 years.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: As the 2012 Finalización champion, Millonarios qualified to 2013 Copa Libertadores, where it played the second stage against Bolivian San José, Mexican Tijuana, and Brazilian Corinthians.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Under coach Ricardo Lunari, Millonarios started 2015 with three home victories against Patriotas, Cúcuta Deportivo and Cortuluá. Meanwhile, their debut in the Copa Colombia came with defeat against La Equidad.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: In the 2017 Finalización League, Millonarios achieved their 15th division title after defeating Santa Fe in a final that saw 2 goals at the ending of the second half. Said final ended with a tie, that concluded an aggregate 3–2 win over their home rival.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: Millonarios has forged many rivalries with several teams from the league, most notably with local rivals Santa Fe. This derby is popularly called "El Clásico Capitalino" (The Capital Classic). It is the only local derby that has been played every season since the beginning of Colombian professional football in 1948. On September 16, 2007, Millonarios completed 100 victories in their clashes in the Bogotá derby against Santa Fe in the 248th derby match with a 1-0 score. The goal was scored by Gerardo Bedoya. Currently, the number of wins for Millonarios is 120 against 88 for Independiente Santa Fe, so the difference in victories of the blue ones, it is still more than 30. A trend that has been maintained in recent years.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: As of 2015, Millonarios maintained a streak without losing to their crosstown rival Santa Fe with three draws and six victories. The most outstanding in the Torneo Apertura, when Millonarios eliminated Santa Fe from the top eight qualifiers in the last day of the regular phase with a score of 1-3. The goals were converted by Román Torres, Fernando Uribe and Rafael Robayo.


title: Millonarios F.C.

text: On March 19, 2017 Millonarios cut an undefeated of 22 matches from the "Cardenal" team. Millonarios won with a 3–0 score with goals by Andrés Cadavid, Ayron del Valle and Deiver Machado. On December 13 of the same year, the "Embajador" team and the "Cardenal" met in the final of the 2017 Finalización. In the first leg, where Millonarios were the home team, they won after a header from Matías de los Santos. In the second leg, played on December 17, Millonarios came back from an adverse result twice, first with a goal by Andrés Cadavid, and finally with one by Henry Rojas, for a 3-2 aggregate score, with which they won their 15th league championship. There are also strong rivalries with other teams such as Atlético Nacional, América de Cali, and Deportivo Cali.


title: Cheyenne (TV series)

text: Cheyenne is an American Western television series of 108 black-and-white episodes broadcast on ABC from 1955 to 1962. The show was the first hour-long Western, and was the first hour-long dramatic series of any kind, with continuing characters, to last more than one season. It was also the first series to be made by a major Hollywood film studio which did not derive from its established film properties, and the first of a long chain of Warner Bros. original series produced by William T. Orr.


title: Cheyenne (TV series)

text: The show starred Clint Walker, a native of Illinois, as Cheyenne Bodie, a physically large cowboy with a gentle spirit in search of frontier justice who wanders the American West in the days after the American Civil War. The first episode, "Mountain Fortress", is about robbers pretending to be Good Samaritans. It features James Garner (who had briefly been considered for the role of Cheyenne but could not be located until after Walker had already been cast) as a guest star, but with higher billing given to Ann Robinson as Garner's intended bride. The episode reveals that Bodie's parents were killed by Indians, tribe unknown. He was taken by Cheyenne Indians when he was an infant but left to be raised by a white family when he was 12. (One episode, 'West of the River' is inconsistent and states that he was taken when he was taken and then raised by the Cheyenne when he was 10 years old, and he left them by choice when he was 18 years old.) In the series, the character Bodie maintains a positive and understanding attitude toward the Native Americans, despite the death of his parents.


title: Cheyenne (TV series)

text: In Season 5, Episode 1 "The Long Rope", which originally aired on September 26, 1960, Cheyenne returns to the town where he was raised by a family (the Pierces) whose father/husband Jeff was lynched when he, Cheyenne, was a youth. This causes some confusion with the viewer as it was said that Cheyenne was raised by a Cheyenne tribe after unknown Indians had killed his parents, but the various accounts say that he left the tribe at 12 or 18.


title: Cheyenne (TV series)

text: The series began as a part of "Warner Bros. Presents", a "wheel program" that alternated three different series in rotation. In its first year, "Cheyenne" traded broadcast weeks with "Casablanca" and "Kings Row". Thereafter, "Cheyenne" was overhauled by new producer Roy Huggins and left the umbrella of that wheel.


title: Cheyenne (TV series)

text: "Cheyenne" ran from 1955 to 1963, except for a hiatus when Walker went on strike for better terms (1958–1959); among other demands, the actor wanted increased residuals, a reduction of the 50% cut of personal appearance payments that had to be turned over to Warner Bros., and a release from the restriction of recording music only for the company's own label.