title: Paco León

text: He has also had notable film roles, as an OCD patient in "Toc Toc" and a playboy in "The Tribe". As a voice and dubbing actor, he has had roles in "Valiant" and "Madagascar", and as a film director, his debut was the 2012 "Carmina or Blow Up", for which he was nominated for a Goya as Best Directorial Debut. His mother and sister star in the film, and were both nominated for acting Goyas. His third directorial feature was "Kiki, Love to Love", in which he stars and was similarly multi-nominated. For his 2014 film, "Carmina and Amen", the "El Confidencial" writer Juan Manuel Fernández suggested that he was becoming "the new Pedro Almodóvar", particularly highlighting the funeral scene that opens "Carmina y amén" and saying it has "a poetry only comparable to" the opening scene of "Volver". Fernández also notes how both León and Almodóvar are influenced by the women in their lives, that they both often work with a sibling, and celebrate their mothers in their films.


title: Paco León

text: In 2018, he created "Arde Madrid" with his wife at the time, Anna R. Costa, a black and white miniseries about Ava Gardner, in which he also played Gardner's chauffeur. From 2018 to 2020, he portrayed trans woman María José Riquelme on "The House of Flowers". Regarding working on "The House of Flowers", León says working with Verónica Castro was an honour.


title: Paco León

text: In 2019, profiling the actor, Dann Dulin wrote that León's "persona and popularity are akin to a James Franco or Jake Gyllenhaal".


title: Paco León

text: Shooting of León's four feature ("Rainbow") wrapped by October 2021. Penned alongside Javier Gullón, it consists of a loose adaptation of "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz". It is set for a 2022 release.


title: Paco León

text: León's mother is . He has one sister, María León, who is also an actress. Both his mother and sister starred as characters based on themselves in the films "Carmina or Blow Up" (2012) and "Carmina and Amen" (2014), which Paco wrote and directed. María and Paco also play siblings in "The House of Flowers". León met the Catalan playwright Anna Rodríguez Costa in 2006 in a play, going on to act in a short she directed later that year; she was also an acting teacher to María. León said that at the time they met, he had a boyfriend, but knew that he wanted to be with her. The couple have been together since 2006 and wrote the screenplay for "Arde Madrid" together. They have a daughter (born 2010), and Costa's son Eloi (born c. 1994) is León's stepson. Costa also appears in "Carmina and Amen".


title: Paco León

text: He is openly bisexual, and actively campaigns for HIV/AIDS causes. He has several friends living with the disease and has worked with organisations including Fundación Triángulo, Apoyo Positivo, StopSIDA, and the Fight Against AIDS Foundation since at least 2009, which largely offer support to the LGBT+ community in Spain, as well as fundraising for the work of eminent HIV researcher Bonaventura Clotet. León has said that he became aware of the AIDS epidemic when Rock Hudson died, but has also had a scare personally.


title: Paco León

text: León became the subject of media attention when he promised to tweet a nude photo of himself after gaining one million Twitter followers, which he did in October 2013; he posted a video running naked across a golf course to celebrate a million followers on Instagram in 2019, following this up with more nudes. He is a relatively private person and does not often give press interviews.


title: Mestizo Colombians

text: Mestizo Colombians refers to Colombians who are of European (mostly Spaniard) and Amerindian ancestry.


title: Mestizo Colombians

text: The 2018 Census reported that 87% of the population do not consider part of some the recognised ethnic groups, being mostly Mestizos and Whites.


title: Mestizo Colombians

text: External sources found Mestizos are the main racial group in Colombia, making up between 49% and 58% of country's population.


title: Mestizo Colombians

text: Genetic studies estimate that admixture of Colombians varies between 45.9% European, 33.8% Amerindian, and 20.3% African ancestry; and 62.5% European, 27.4% Amerindian, and 9.2% African ancestry.


title: Mestizo Colombians

text: In a genetic research published in 2014, 77% of Colombians sampled self identified as of mixed ancestry and their average admixture was 60% European, 29% native Amerindian and 11% Subsaharan African.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: Thomas Michael Nichols (born December 7, 1960) is an American writer, academic specialist on international affairs, and retired professor at the U.S. Naval War College. His work deals with issues involving Russia, nuclear weapons, and national security affairs.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: Born in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Nichols grew up in Chicopee, Massachusetts, where he attended public schools in the 1960s and 1970s. His paternal grandparents were Greek immigrants, and his mother is of Irish descent. He stated in a speech at The Heritage Foundation that he did not come from an educated family, noting that his parents were "both Depression era kids who dropped out of high school".


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: Nichols was awarded a BA degree in political science from Boston University in 1983, an MA degree in political science from Columbia University in 1984, a certificate from the Harriman Institute of Columbia University in 1985, and a PhD in government from Georgetown University in 1988. His doctoral thesis was "The politics of doctrine: Khrushchev, Gorbachev and the Soviet military".


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: Nichols is an undefeated five-time "Jeopardy!" champion and was, at one time, one of the game's all-time top players.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: Following completion of his doctorate at Georgetown University, in 1989 Nichols received a faculty appointment at Dartmouth College. He remained there until 1997.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: In 1997, Nichols became professor of strategy at the U.S. Naval War College, a position he retained until 2008. Subsequently, Nichols was named professor of national security affairs at the war college. He retired in 2022. He also is a senior associate of the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs New York City.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: Concurrent during his tenure at Dartmouth, Nichols served as legislative aide (personal staff for defense and foreign affairs) to U.S. Senator John Heinz (R-Pennsylvania).


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: In 2005, Nichols was appointed to visiting and adjunct faculty roles at La Salle University and Harvard University, respectively.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: In 2008, Nichols was named a fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: Nichols describes himself as a Never Trump conservative. During the 2016 presidential campaign, Nichols argued that conservatives should vote for Hillary Clinton, whom he detested, because Trump was "too mentally unstable" to serve as commander-in-chief.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: Nichols continued that type of argument for the 2018 midterm elections and advocated that Republicans could save the party by electing as many Democrats as possible in that election.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: Following the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court of the United States, Nichols announced on October 7, 2018, that he would leave the Republican Party to become an independent. He claimed that Senator Susan Collins's "yes" vote on the confirmation convinced him that the Republican Party exists to exercise raw political power. He stated that the Republicans have become a threat to the rule of law and to constitutional norms. Nichols also criticized the Democratic Party for being "torn between totalitarian instincts on one side and complete political malpractice on the other". He said that with the exception of Senators Chris Coons, Sheldon Whitehouse, and Amy Klobuchar, the Democratic party's behavior during the Kavanaugh hearings was “detestable”.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: In an opinion column published in 2019, Nichols cited the Mueller Report to argue that Trump failed in his role as a citizen and then as commander-in-chief, by not doing more to prevent and punish the Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: In April 2022, Nichols was quoted regarding the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, stating: "If Putin's goal was to cement his grip on power by making Russia hated for decades to come, well, congratulations, I guess."


title: Tom Nichols (academic)

text: After his previous marriage ended in divorce, Nichols married his current wife Lynn in 2014. Nichols has one daughter; the family lives in Middletown, Rhode Island. He is a Greek Orthodox Christian.


title: Computer speakers

text: Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers sold for use with computers, although usually capable of other audio uses, e.g. for an MP3 player. Most such speakers have an internal amplifier and consequently require a power source, which may be by a mains power supply often via an AC adapter, batteries, or a USB port. The signal input connector is often a 3.5 mm jack plug (usually color-coded lime green per the PC 99 standard); RCA connectors are sometimes used, and a USB port may supply both signal and power (requiring additional circuitry, and only suitable for use with a computer). Battery-powered wireless Bluetooth speakers require no connections at all. Most computers have speakers of low power and quality built in; when external speakers are connected they disable the built-in speakers. Altec Lansing claims to have created the computer speaker market in 1990.


title: Computer speakers

text: Computer speakers range widely in quality and in price. Computer speakers sometimes packaged with computer systems are small, plastic, and have mediocre sound quality. Some computer speakers have equalization features such as bass and treble controls. Bluetooth speakers can be connected with a computer by using an Aux jack and compatible adaptor.


title: Computer speakers

text: More sophisticated computer speakers can have a subwoofer unit to enhance bass output. The larger subwoofer enclosure usually contains the amplifiers for the subwoofer and the left and right speakers.


title: Computer speakers

text: Some computer displays have rather basic speakers built-in. Laptop computers have built-in integrated speakers, usually small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: Leafcutter ants, a non-generic name, are any of 47 species of leaf-chewing ants belonging to the two genera "Atta" and "Acromyrmex".


title: Leafcutter ant

text: These species of tropical, fungus-growing ants are all endemic to South and Central America, Mexico, and parts of the southern United States. Leafcutter ants can carry twenty times their body weight and cut and process fresh vegetation (leaves, flowers, and grasses) to serve as the nutritional substrate for their fungal cultivates.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: "Acromyrmex" and "Atta" ants have much in common anatomically; however, the two can be identified by their external differences. "Atta" ants have three pairs of spines and a smooth exoskeleton on the upper surface of the thorax, while "Acromyrmex" ants have four pairs and a rough exoskeleton. The exoskeleton itself is covered in a thin layer of mineral coating, composed of rhombohedral crystals that are generated by the ants.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: Next to humans, leafcutter ants form some of the largest and most complex animal societies on Earth. In a few years, the central mound of their underground nests can grow to more than across, with smaller radiating mounds extending out to a radius of , taking up and containing eight million individuals.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: Winged females and males leave their respective nests "en masse" and engage in a nuptial flight known as the "revoada" (Portuguese) or "vuelo nupcial" (Spanish). Each female mates with multiple males to collect the 300 million sperm she needs to set up a colony.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: Once on the ground, the female loses her wings and searches for a suitable underground lair in which to found her colony. The success rate of these young queens is very low, and only 2.5% will go on to establish a long-lived colony. To start her own fungus garden, the queen stores bits of the parental fungus garden mycelium in her infrabuccal pocket, which is located within her oral cavity. Colonies are generally founded by individual queens haplometrosis. Because colonies with multiple queens over the lifespan of the colony have been found by a large number of investigators by Weber 1937, Jonkman 1977, Huber 1907, Moser & Lewis 1981, Mariconi & Zamith 1963, Moser 1963, and Walter et al 1938 it is believable that some colonies have multiple foundresses termed pleometrosis. Pleometrosis "is" confirmed only for "Atta texana" by Vinson 1985.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: In a mature leafcutter colony, ants are divided into castes, based mostly on size, that perform different functions. "Acromyrmex" and "Atta" exhibit a high degree of biological polymorphism, four castes being present in established colonies—minims, minors, mediae, and majors. Majors are also known as soldiers or dinergates. "Atta" ants are more polymorphic than "Acromyrmex", meaning comparatively less difference occurs in size from the smallest to largest types of "Acromyrmex".


title: Leafcutter ant

text: Their societies are based on an ant–fungus mutualism, and different species of ants use different species of fungus, but all of the fungi the ants use are members of the family Lepiotaceae. The ants actively cultivate their fungus, feeding it with freshly cut plant material and keeping it free from pests and molds. This mutualistic relationship is further augmented by another symbiotic partner, a bacterium that grows on the ants and secretes chemicals; essentially, the ants use portable antimicrobials. Leaf cutter ants are sensitive enough to adapt to the fungi's reaction to different plant material, apparently detecting chemical signals from the fungus. If a particular type of leaf is toxic to the fungus, the colony will no longer collect it. The only two other groups of insects to use fungus-based agriculture are ambrosia beetles and termites. The fungus cultivated by the adults is used to feed the ant larvae, and the adult ants feed on leaf sap. The fungus needs the ants to stay alive, and the larvae need the fungus to stay alive, so the mutualism is obligatory.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: The fungi used by the higher attine ants no longer produce spores. These ants fully domesticated their fungal partner 15 million years ago, a process that took 30 million years to complete. Their fungi produce nutritious and swollen hyphal tips (gongylidia) that grow in bundles called staphylae, to specifically feed the ants. "Leucoagaricus gongylophorus" is the most commonly documented fungi farmed by higher attine ant species.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: Leafcutter ants have very specific roles in taking care of the fungal garden and dumping the refuse. Waste management is a key role for each colony's longevity. The necrotrophic parasitic fungus "Escovopsis" threatens the ants' food source and thus is a constant danger to the ants. The waste transporters and waste-heap workers are the older, more dispensable leafcutter ants, ensuring the healthier and younger ants can work on the fungal garden. The "Atta colombica" species, unusually for the Attine tribe, have an external waste heap. Waste transporters take the waste, which consists of used substrate and discarded fungus, to the waste heap. Once dropped off at the refuse dump, the heap workers organise the waste and constantly shuffle it around to aid decomposition. A compelling observation of "A. colombica" was the dead ants placed around the perimeter of the waste heap.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: In addition to feeding the fungal garden with foraged food, mainly consisting of leaves, it is protected from "Escovopsis" by the antibiotic secretions of Actinomycetota (genus "Pseudonocardia"). This mutualistic micro-organism lives in the metapleural glands of the ant. Actinomycetota are responsible for producing the majority of the world's antibiotics today.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: When the ants are out collecting leaves, they are at risk of attack by some species of phorid flies, parasitoids that lay eggs into the crevices of the worker ants' heads. Often, a minim will sit on a worker ant and ward off any attack.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: Also, the wrong type of fungus can grow during cultivation. "Escovopsis", a highly virulent fungus, has the potential to devastate an ant garden, as it is horizontally transmitted. "Escovopsis" was cultured, during colony foundation, in 6.6% of colonies. However, in one- to two-year-old colonies, almost 60% had "Escovopsis" growing in the fungal garden.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: Nevertheless, leafcutter ants have many adaptive mechanisms to recognize and control infections by "Escovopsis" and other micro-organisms. The most common known behaviors rely on workers reducing the number of fungal spores by grooming, or removing an infected piece of the fungus garden and throwing it away at the waste dump (described as weeding).


title: Leafcutter ant

text: Leafcutter ants prefer disturbed habitats, likely due to higher concentrations of pioneer plant species. These are more attractive food sources because pioneer plants have lower levels of secondary metabolites and higher nutrient concentrations than the shade-tolerant species that will come later.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: In some parts of their range, leafcutter ants can be a serious agricultural pest, defoliating crops and damaging roads and farmland with their nest-making activities. For example, some "Atta" species are capable of defoliating an entire citrus tree in less than 24 hours.


title: Leafcutter ant

text: A promising approach to deterring attacks of the leafcutter ant "Acromyrmex lobicornis" on crops has been demonstrated. Collecting the refuse from the nest and placing it over seedlings or around crops resulted in a deterrent effect over a period of 30 days.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: Matthew Santoro (born July 16, 1985) is a Canadian Twitch streamer, YouTuber, and social media influencer. He compiles top ten lists and "50 Amazing Facts" videos on his main channel. Other channels he owned, for vlogging and gaming, are no longer available.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: Santoro most frequently uploads top ten lists, such as "10 Forbidden Places You’re Not Allowed to Visit!" and "10 Extremely BIZARRE Phobias People Actually Have!".


title: Matthew Santoro

text: Santoro grew up in Welland, Ontario and later moved St. Catharines, Ontario. He is of Italian descent through his father, while his mother is French-Canadian. In May 2015, he moved to Toronto, Ontario. A fan of Drake and hip-hop culture, Santoro often refers to Toronto as "The 6ix".


title: Matthew Santoro

text: In January 2016, he uploaded a video titled "My Abuse Story". He tearfully talked about an unnamed romantic partner, who he claimed was manipulative and forced him to turn his friends and family away in favour of her and she had also psychologically and physically abused him during their relationship. It was claimed by his friend, Rob Gavagan (né Dyke), that the "unnamed partner" mentioned in the video was Nicole Arbour.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: Santoro moved to Los Angeles in the first week of January 2017 and possesses a U.S. green card but maintains Canadian citizenship.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: On October 21, 2017, Santoro released a video revealing that he suffers from clinical depression. He has made several update videos explaining his progress and he has since been doing better.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: On July 27, 2020, Santoro explained that after moving back to Toronto, someone or some group stole a trailer from the moving company that housed most of his belongings, leaving him nothing other than what he had moved back to Toronto with himself. The stolen trailer was found on July 30, and its contents were returned to Santoro on July 31, although some items were still missing, and several were damaged.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: On December 2, 2022, Santoro uploaded a video to YouTube titled "I'm back!", in which he addresses his hiatus from posting videos for over a year. In it, Santoro talks about the hardships he faced during the COVID-19 pandemic and its negative effect on his mental health.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: After Santoro graduated from Brock University with a Master of Accountancy in 2010, he became an accountant. He also started making videos on YouTube that year, mostly skits. In 2012 he got laid off from his accounting job. He described that experience in a vlog titled "I Lost My Job Today". He then started focusing on his YouTube career and thus began posting videos weekly. Also during this time, he recalls in an interview, that he noticed that his opinionated fact compilation videos, such as his top ten lists and "50 Amazing Facts To Blow Your Mind" series, were viewed more than his other videos. That made him begin uploading those types of videos more frequently. He believes that his more frequent of uploading of these videos helped increased his viewership from only a few thousand per video in the past, to the millions he currently has. He is able to make a career out of YouTube through the money he earns from ad revenue, which is more than what he made as an accountant. In 2016, Santoro was caught by other YouTube personalities plagiarizing content word-for-word from Listverse, and as a result, Santoro stated that he would cite sources in his videos from then on, including retroactively adding citations to videos he has already uploaded.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: In a tweet published on August 15, 2021, Santoro announced that he was leaving YouTube after 10 years of uploading, in favor of streaming on Twitch.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: Santoro has been a special guest narrator on CinemaSins' "Everything Wrong With..." series. He was featured in the "" video which was published on October 10, 2014. He also collaborated with Matthias, creating a song, "The Booty Song", and Barely Political in their video, "YouTube Complaints 2015". Santoro and Vsauce3 collaborated with The Muppets, in a video titled, "What if Quicksilver Ran Past You?", which was the first video in the Muppet collaboration initiative on YouTube.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: He collaborated with Lilly Singh, Olga Kay, Toby Turner, and Arnold Schwarzenegger, among others, in "Terminator Genisys: The YouTube Chronicles," a promotional series for the 2015 film "Terminator Genisys".


title: Matthew Santoro

text: In July 2018, Santoro released the 100th episode of his "50 Amazing Facts" video series; for the occasion, Santoro had each fact presented by a different YouTuber. Those who took part included Rhett and Link, Kanwer Singh, Daym Drops, MatPat, Hank Green, iJustine, and the Fine Brothers.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: Santoro is the host of Quest Nutrition's "Food for Thought" webseries. The first episode, "10 Incredible Facts About Chicken", premiered on May 28, 2015.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: Santoro, along with Yousef Saleh Erakat, Soledad O'Brien and will.i.am hosted the Global Citizen 2015 Earth Day event. On September 26, 2015, Santoro, along with AsapScience, Stephen Colbert and Hugh Jackman hosted the Global Citizen festival.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: In June 2015, Santoro obtained a global publishing deal from Penguin Books for his book, titled "MIND=BLOWN", which was released on August 9, 2016.


title: Matthew Santoro

text: Santoro retired with the title of #1 "most loved" Periscoper in the world with over 177 million hearts on the live streaming app Periscope on November 11, 2015.


title: Durham Bulls

text: The Durham Bulls are a Minor League Baseball team of the International League and the Triple-A affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays. They are located in Durham, North Carolina, and play their home games at Durham Bulls Athletic Park, which opened in 1995.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Established as the Durham Tobacconists in the North Carolina League in 1902, the team subsequently disbanded and restarted numerous times. After a 10-year hiatus, it was reestablished as the Durham Bulls and played in the North Carolina State League from 1913 to 1917. The Bulls were members of the Piedmont League from 1920 to 1933 and for a second time from 1936 to 1943. Durham competed in the Carolina League from 1945 to 1971. For the latter part of this stretch, they merged with a team from Raleigh, becoming the Raleigh-Durham Mets (1968), Raleigh-Durham Phillies (1969), and Raleigh-Durham Triangles (1970–1971). The Durham Bulls returned as members of the Carolina League in 1980. They were replaced by an International League team in 1998. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's (MLB) reorganization of the minors in 2021, they were placed in the Triple-A East, but this was renamed the International League in 2022.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Durham has won 17 league championships. They won the Piedmont League championship six times (1922, 1924, 1925, 1930, 1940, and 1941). Though not affiliated with any MLB team for the first four, the Bulls were a farm club for the Cincinnati Reds and Brooklyn Dodgers, respectively, for the last two. They won the Carolina League championship on three occasions: in 1957 with the Detroit Tigers, 1967 with the New York Mets, and 1969 with the Philadelphia Phillies. The Bulls have won the International League championship eight times (2002, 2003, 2009, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2021, and 2022), all as an affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays. Durham has gone on to win three Triple-A National Championship Games (2009, 2017, and 2022).


title: Durham Bulls

text: The 1988 film "Bull Durham", starring Kevin Costner, Tim Robbins, and Susan Sarandon, featured the Bulls and Durham Athletic Park, the team's stadium at the time. Most of the filming was done at the ballpark following the end of the 1987 season.


title: Durham Bulls

text: The Bulls were founded in 1902 as the Durham Tobacconists. The official date when the franchise formed was March 18. William G. Bramham, later President of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (Minor League Baseball), was the first owner. The Tobacconists took the field for the first time on April 24 in an exhibition game against Trinity College. Their first game in the North Carolina League was at Charlotte on May 5 against the Hornets, and their first home game was against the New Bern Truckers on May 12. The league, however, folded in July, not having played a full season.


title: Durham Bulls

text: In December 1912, the Durham Tobacconists re-formed as the Durham Bulls in the North Carolina State League. Their first game was on April 24, 1913, at Hanes Field on the Trinity College campus (now the East Campus of Duke University). They defeated the Raleigh Capitals 7-4. On May 30, 1917, however, the North Carolina State League folded due to America's joining of the Allied Powers during World War I. The Bulls were declared league champions, even though the season was shortened to only 36 games.


title: Durham Bulls

text: On October 31, 1919, the Bulls joined the Piedmont League, a minor league with clubs scattered around Virginia and North Carolina. Seven years later, in 1926, the team moved from Hanes Field to El Toro Park. The park was dedicated on July 26 by the Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis, who put on a show by riding a real bull, the team mascot, onto the playing field.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Six years later, in 1932, the team became affiliated with the National League's Philadelphia Phillies, the first of ten teams that the Bulls have been affiliated with. The next year, the city of Durham purchased El Toro Park, renaming it the Durham Athletic Park after the 1933 season. The Bulls were unable to operate for the 1934 and 1935 seasons due to the Great Depression. Meanwhile, a team from Wilmington, North Carolina who also played in the Piedmont League and was a Cincinnati Reds affiliate called the Wilmington Pirates relocated to Durham and was going to replace the Bulls. The Bulls franchise, however, was re-activated by having the operations of the Wilmington ball club integrated into the Bulls. The Reds then switched affiliations from the former Wilmington ball club to the Bulls and the Bulls continued as the same franchise. On the evening of June 17, 1939, the Durham Athletic Park burned to the ground hours after the Bulls defeated the Portsmouth Cubs 7-3. The groundskeeper, Walter Williams, who was asleep under the grandstand when the blaze began, was able to escape though the fire nearly killed him. Damage costs were more than $100,000. In a remarkable two-week turnaround, Durham Athletic Park was functioning again by July 2, with the old wooden grandstand replaced by concrete and steel. Temporary bleachers were also added and seated 1,000. The crowd that day saw the Bulls beat the Charlotte Hornets 11-4.


title: Durham Bulls

text: A new Durham Athletic Park was finally completed in April 1940, in time for an exhibition game between the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox, which attracted 5,574 fans. Only 1,587 turned out ten days later for the Bulls' first game of the season. On September 5, 1943, the last-place Bulls played their last Piedmont League game, beating Richmond 15-5. The following year, the Piedmont League became an all-Virginia league, and there was no baseball in Durham in 1944.


title: Durham Bulls

text: In 1945, a second Carolina League formed. On April 27 the reactivated Bulls played their first game in the new league, defeating the Burlington Bees 5-0. Three years later, in September 1948, Tom Wright, a former Bulls outfielder, became the first Carolina League player to make it to the majors when he debuted with the Boston Red Sox. Three years after that, the Bulls helped make history when their 5-4 loss to the Danville Leafs featured the first black player in Carolina League history, Percy Miller Jr., who played for the Leafs. It would not be until April 18, 1957, that the Bulls fielded African-American players, when third baseman Bubba Morton and pitcher Ted Richardson took the field in a loss to Greensboro. That season also saw the first Carolina League All-Star game played in Durham.


title: Durham Bulls

text: In 1967, the Bulls became a New York Mets affiliate. One year later, the Bulls were renamed the Raleigh-Durham Mets. The franchise was renamed because the Bulls acquired the nearby Raleigh Pirates and merged with them. The team still maintained their affiliation with the Mets, playing half of their home games at Durham Athletic Park and half at Devereaux Meadow in Raleigh. The team switched affiliations from the Mets to the Philadelphia Phillies and were renamed the Raleigh-Durham Phillies for the 1969 season. The team hadn't been affiliated with the Phillies since the 1932 season. The Phillies abandoned the franchise and the team became independent, renaming themselves the Raleigh-Durham Triangles for the 1970 season. The team played as the Triangles from 1970–1971 and remained independent for both seasons. The franchise disbanded again before the 1972 season, and baseball would not return to Durham until 1980. Also, minor league baseball in Raleigh ended for good.


title: Durham Bulls

text: For the 1980 season, the Raleigh-Durham Triangles were reformed and renamed back to the Durham Bulls. On June 22 of that same year, the local CBS affiliate, then WTVD in Durham, broadcast the Bulls game locally, the first time that the Bulls had ever been featured on television. The team also became an affiliate of the Atlanta Braves that season and would remain so until 1998.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Team owner Miles Wolff began pushing for a new ballpark for the Bulls in 1988 in order to attract Triple-A baseball, but stadium plans were pushed back for years. When the film "Bull Durham" was released in mid-1988, it led to a major resurgence of local popular interest in the team and their ballpark. Both the real Bulls and their movie counterparts played in the High-A Carolina League in the late 1980s. On August 30, 1990, a crowd of 6,202 made the Bulls the first Class-A team in history to pass the 300,000 mark in attendance for a season.


title: Durham Bulls

text: The Bulls were sold to the Raleigh-based Capitol Broadcasting Company in 1991. Capitol president Jim Goodmon initially proposed building the new stadium near Raleigh-Durham International Airport, but after city leaders in Durham offered to renovate the old ballpark or help build a new stadium, the current downtown Durham site was secured. In July 1992, the Bulls unveiled their current mascot, Wool E. Bull, a moniker submitted by Durham resident Jim Vickery out of a pool of 500, inspired by the otherwise unrelated novelty song oldie, "Wooly Bully". The "E" in his name stands for "education." The next June, the Bulls retired the number 18 belonging to Joe Morgan, the first hall of famer to play for the Bulls, who was a member of the 1963 club (Chipper Jones, who played for the Bulls in 1992, was the second, elected in 2018). Morgan's number remained the only one retired by the club for many years; he attended the ceremony where his number was retired. The team also retained the snorting bull sign that was used in "Bull Durham" and it remained at Durham Athletic Park until both team and sign left after the 1994 season.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Durham Bulls Athletic Park opened its doors in 1995, complete with a new snorting bull sign. The 1997 season was the final one in which the Bulls were an affiliate of the Atlanta Braves and also their last year in the High-A Carolina League. In 1998, the franchise moved two levels up to Triple-A and joined the International League (IL), in part because of their popularity as the main team in "Bull Durham", and also because the Triple-A leagues needed two more teams to accommodate affiliates for the Major League Baseball expansion teams Tampa Bay Devil Rays and Arizona Diamondbacks. Wolff's dream of attracting Triple-A baseball came true when the Bulls became the Triple-A affiliate of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now Tampa Bay Rays), who have remained their parent club ever since. DBAP expanded its seating capacity due to the move. 1998 also saw the Bulls play their first game outside the United States when they played road games against the Ottawa Lynx (now the Lehigh Valley IronPigs), though it would be another year before they recorded their first win in Canada.


title: Durham Bulls

text: The Bulls' second appearance on film was in "The Rookie", released in 2002. It starred Dennis Quaid as Jim Morris, a baseball pitcher who is now retired. The real Jim Morris did play for the Bulls briefly during the 1999 season and was then called up to the major leagues on September 18, 1999, at the age of 35. He made his debut against Royce Clayton of the Texas Rangers, striking him out on four pitches. Morris made four more appearances later that year.


title: Durham Bulls

text: The 2001 season saw the Bulls set single-game (10,916 on July 23) and full-season (505,319 set on September 1) attendance records. The Bulls celebrated their 100th anniversary season in 2002. On September 12, 2002, the Bulls won their first IL championship, defeating the Buffalo Bisons 2-0 for the Governors' Cup. In 2003, Durham became the first club in the 119-year history of the championship to sweep back-to-back final playoff series, defeating the Pawtucket Red Sox.


title: Durham Bulls

text: After missing the playoffs for the 2005 and 2006 seasons, the Bulls captured the 2007 South Division title with an 80-64 regular season record. Durham defeated the Toledo Mud Hens in a three-game sweep during the first round of the playoffs, but were defeated three games to two in the Governors' Cup Final by the Richmond Braves (now Gwinnett Braves). 2007 was also the first season of Charlie Montoyo as Bulls manager, replacing Bill Evers. In 2008, with a record of 74-70 the Bulls would once again win the South Division. After defeating the Louisville Bats three games to one in the first round, the Bulls again lost the championship, this time in four games to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees.


title: Durham Bulls

text: In 2009, they won the division for a third consecutive season with an 83-61 record. Facing the Louisville Bats in the first round again, the Bulls were victorious, winning in five games. The third time was the charm for the Bulls in the Governors' Cup final, as they dethroned the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees in three games to win the championship, their third since joining the International League. The Bulls advanced to the Triple-A Baseball National Championship Game against the champions of the Pacific Coast League for the first time in team history, as that championship game did not exist at the time of the Bulls' previous two Governors' Cup championships. Facing the Memphis Redbirds, the Bulls would win their first class championship, scoring the winning run on a wild pitch in the bottom half of the 11th inning. Also in 2009, the Bulls retired the number 8 of Crash Davis, the main character of "Bull Durham", which was their first number retirement in 16 years.


title: Durham Bulls

text: On August 19, 2010, the Bulls won their fourth straight division championship. Almost two weeks later, the Bulls set the Triple-A wins record winning their 84th game of the 2010 season. On August 2, 2011, the Bulls defeated the Charlotte Knights, the Chicago White Sox affiliate, 18-3 for their 6,000th win in franchise history. The team retired the number 20 of longtime general manager Bill Evers the following year. In 2013, the team won its fourth Governors' Cup title, defeating the Pawtucket Red Sox in the International League Final. The same year the number 10, belonging to former Bulls player Chipper Jones, was retired. Following a $20 million renovation to the DBAP, the Bulls hosted the 27th Triple-A All-Star Game on July 16, 2014, which saw the International League prevail 7-3 over the Pacific Coast League. Montoyo became the franchise's all-time winningest manager on July 21, earning his 614th victory to pass Evers. On August 31, 2014, the Bulls again broke their all-time paid attendance record, finishing the year with a cumulative mark of 533,033.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Before the 2015 season, Jared Sandberg was named the fourth manager in the team's Triple-A history, replacing Montoyo. The 2015 season saw the Bulls set both a new single-game paid attendance record on July 4, and a new single-season paid attendance record, finishing with a cumulative mark of 554,788. In 2016, the Bulls had the franchise's second-highest attendance numbers and retired Montoyo's number 25. Overall, the team had their fourth losing season since 1998 and missed the playoffs.


title: Durham Bulls

text: 2017 proved a watershed year for the Bulls, as they captured their first South Division championship since 2014 with an 86-56 record. The Bulls then won their second Triple-A National Championship, defeating the Memphis Redbirds after beating the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders for their fifth Governors' Cup title. Success continued in 2018; the team went 79-60 and won their second straight South Division championship and Governor's Cup before falling to Memphis in the National Championship.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Sandberg left before the 2019 season. The Bulls hired Brady Williams as their 5th Triple-A manager. The team finished 2019 with a 75-64 record, making the playoffs as a wild card, and advanced to the Governor's Cup before losing to Columbus. After the season, Baseball America named the Bulls the most successful MiLB franchise of the 2010s.


title: Durham Bulls

text: As a consequence of the worldwide onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Minor League Baseball announced on June 30, 2020, that no season would be held, meaning that the Durham Bulls would not take the field again until the following spring.


title: Durham Bulls

text: In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Bulls were organized into the Triple-A East. In their first season in the league, the Bulls claimed the Triple-A East's championship with a 77–43 record. After the conclusion of the regular season, 10 games that had been postponed from the start of the season were reinserted into the schedule as a postseason tournament called the Triple-A Final Stretch in which all 30 Triple-A clubs competed for the highest winning percentage. Durham won the tournament with a 9–1 record. In 2022, the Triple-A East became known as the International League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization, which the Bulls had been members of since their move up to Triple-A.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Manager Brady Williams led the 2022 Bulls to win the Eastern Division title with a 86–64 record. They then defeated the Nashville Sounds, winners of the Western Division, in a single playoff game, 13–0, to win the IL championship. Durham faced the Reno Aces for the Triple-A championship, winning 10–6.


title: Durham Bulls

text: All Bulls home and road games are broadcast on 96.5 FM Buzz Sports Radio. Live audio broadcasts are also available online through the team's website and the MiLB First Pitch app. Select home games are televised on Me-TV 50.2, and all home games are broadcast by WRAL Sports+. All home and road games can be viewed through the MiLB.TV subscription feature of the official website of Minor League Baseball, with audio provided by a radio simulcast.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Former play-by-play announcers include Gary Cohen, who was the Voice of the Bulls in 1986 and became part of the New York Mets' broadcast team in 1989, and Neil Solondz, who was with Durham from 2004 to 2011 before being hired by the Tampa Bay Rays. Patrick Kinas has been the announcer since 2012.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Broadcasts are produced by members of Explorer Post 50, a youth-based group for students who have completed middle school and are 14 to 20 years old. The program provides youth with hands-on experience in television production.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Four players, eight managers, and one executive won league awards in recognition for their performance with Durham in the Carolina League.


title: Durham Bulls

text: Ten players, two managers, and two executives have won league awards in recognition for their performance with Durham in the International League.


title: Durham Bulls

text: The Bulls have honored five individuals by retiring their uniform numbers. This ensures that the number will be associated with one player of particular importance to the team. An additional number (42) was retired across professional baseball to honor Jackie Robinson, the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) is an expendable launch system operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). GSLV was used in fourteen launches from 2001 to 2021. Even though GSLV Mark III shares the name, it is an entirely different launch vehicle.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) project was initiated in 1990 with the objective of acquiring an Indian launch capability for geosynchronous satellites.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: GSLV uses major components that are already proven in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launch vehicles in the form of the S125/S139 solid rocket booster and the liquid-fueled Vikas engine. Due to the thrust required for injecting the satellite in a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) the third stage was to be powered by a LOX/LH2 Cryogenic engine which at that time India did not possess or have the technological expertise to build.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: The first development flight of the GSLV (Mk I configuration) was launched on 18 April 2001 was a failure as the payload failed to reach the intended orbit parameters. The launcher was declared operational after the second development flight successfully launched the GSAT-2 satellite. During the initial years from the initial launch to 2014 the launcher had a checkered history with only 2 successful launches out of 7.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: The third stage was to be procured from Russian company Glavkosmos, including transfer of technology and design details of the engine based on an agreement signed in 1991. Russia backed out of the deal after United States objected to the deal as in violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in May 1992. As a result, ISRO initiated the Cryogenic Upper Stage Project in April 1994 and began developing its own cryogenic engine. A new agreement was signed with Russia for 7 KVD-1 cryogenic stages and 1 ground mock-up stage with no technology transfer, instead of 5 cryogenic stages along with the technology and design as per the earlier agreement. These engines were used for the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk I.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: The tall GSLV, with a lift-off mass of , is a three-stage vehicle with solid, liquid and cryogenic stages respectively. The payload fairing, which is long and in diameter, protects the vehicle electronics and the spacecraft during its ascent through the atmosphere. It is discarded when the vehicle reaches an altitude of about .


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: GSLV employs S-band telemetry and C-band transponders for enabling vehicle performance monitoring, tracking, range safety / flight safety and preliminary orbit determination. The Redundant Strap Down Inertial Navigation System/Inertial Guidance System of GSLV housed in its equipment bay guides the vehicle from lift-off to spacecraft injection. The digital auto-pilot and closed loop guidance scheme ensure the required altitude maneuver and guide injection of the spacecraft to the specified orbit.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: The GSLV can place approximately into an easterly low Earth orbit (LEO) or (for the Mk II version) into an 18° geostationary transfer orbit.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: The first GSLV flight, GSLV-D1 used the L40 stage. Subsequent flights of the GSLV used high pressure engines in the strap-on boosters called the L40H. The GSLV uses four L40H liquid strap-on boosters derived from the L37.5 second stage, which are loaded with 42.6 tons of hypergolic propellants (UDMH and NO). The propellants are stored in tandem in two independent tanks diameter. The engine is pump-fed and generates of thrust, with a burn time of 150 seconds.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: GSLV-D1 used the S125 stage which contained of solid propellant and had a burn time of 100 seconds. All subsequent launches have used enhanced propellant loaded S139 stage. The S139 stage is 2.8 m in diameter and has a nominal burn time of 100 seconds.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: The third stage of the GSLV Mark II is propelled by the Indian CE-7.5 cryogenic rocket engine while the older defunct Mark I is propelled using a Russian made KVD-1. It uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) The Indian cryogenic engine was built at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre The engine has a default thrust of but is capable of a maximum thrust of .


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: GSLV rockets using the Russian Cryogenic Stage (CS) are designated as the GSLV Mark I while versions using the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) are designated the GSLV Mark II. All GSLV launches have been conducted from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: The first developmental flight of GSLV Mark I had a 129 tonne (S125) first stage and was capable of launching around 1500 kg into geostationary transfer orbit. The second developmental flight replaced the S125 stage with S139. It used the same solid motor with 138 tonne propellant loading. The chamber pressure in all liquid engines were enhanced, enabling a higher propellant mass and burn time. These improvements allowed GSLV to carry an additional 300 kg of payload. The fourth operational flight of GSLV Mark I, GSLV-F06, had a longer third stage called the C15 with 15 tonne propellant loading and also employed a diameter payload fairing.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: This variant uses an Indian cryogenic engine, the CE-7.5, and is capable of launching 2500 kg into geostationary transfer orbit. Previous GSLV vehicles (GSLV Mark I) have used Russian cryogenic engines.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: For launches from 2018, a 6% increased thrust version of the Vikas engine was developed. It was demonstrated on 29 March 2018 in the GSAT-6A launch second stage. It was used for the four Vikas engines first stage boosters on future missions.


title: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: A 4m diameter Ogive payload fairing was developed and deployed for the first time in the EOS-03 launch on 12 August 2021, although this launch was a failure due to technical anomalies with the Cryogenic Upper Stage. This will allow GSLV vehicles to accommodate larger payloads.


title: Priestly breastplate

text: The priestly breastplate or breastpiece of judgment ( "ḥōšen") was a sacred breastplate worn by the High Priest of the Israelites, according to the Book of Exodus. In the biblical account, the breastplate is termed the "breastplate of judgment" ( "ḥōšen mišpāṭ" - ), because the Urim and Thummim ( "hāʾūrīm wəhattummīm") were placed upon it.(). These elements of the breastplate are said in the Exodus verse to carry the judgement ( "mišpāṭ") of God concerning the Israelites at all times.


title: Priestly breastplate

text: According to the description in Exodus, this breastplate was attached to the tunic-like garment known as an ephod by gold chains/cords tied to the gold rings on the ephod's shoulder straps, and by blue ribbon tied to the gold rings at the belt of the ephod. The biblical description states that the breastplate was also to be made from the same material as the Ephod—embroidery of 3 colors of dyed wool and linen—and was to be of a cubit squared, two layers thick, and with four rows of three engraved gems embedded in gold settings upon it, one setting for each stone. The description states that the square breastplate was to be formed from one rectangular piece of cloth— of a cubit by of a cubit, folded so that it formed a pouch to contain the Urim and Thummim.


title: Priestly breastplate

text: The Hebrew term for the breastplate, ("ḥōšen"), appears to be named from its appearance, The 19th-century German biblical scholar August Dillmann thought that it was likely to be derived from the Hebrew word ("ḥōṣen"), meaning "fold", relating to its function.


title: Priestly breastplate

text: According to the Talmud, the wearing of the Hoshen atoned for the sin of errors in judgment on the part of the Children of Israel.


title: Priestly breastplate

text: The twelve jewels in the breastplate were each, according to the Biblical description, to be made from specific minerals, none of them the same as another, and each of them representative of a specific tribe, whose name was to be inscribed on the stone. According to a rabbinic tradition, the names of the twelve tribes were engraved upon the stones with what is called in Hebrew: שמיר = "shamir", which, according to Rashi, was a small, rare creature which could cut through the toughest surfaces, but according to Rabbi David Kimhi and Rabbi Jonah ibn Janah, was a stone stronger than iron (possibly Naxian stone). The word has its equivalent in the Greek, σμήρις ("smeris").


title: Priestly breastplate

text: There are different views in classical rabbinical literature as to the order of the names; the Jerusalem Targum, for example, argued that the names appeared in the order according to which they were born. Maimonides describes the jewel stones arranged in four rows, saying that on the first stone belonging to Reuben were also engraved the names of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, while on the last stone belonging to Benjamin were also engraved the words "the tribes of God"; kabbalistic writers such as Hezekiah ben Manoah and Bahya ben Asher argued that only six letters from each name were present on each stone, together with a few letters from the names of Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob, or from the phrase "[these are] the tribes of Jeshurun", so that there were 72 letters in total (72 being a very significant number in Kabbalistic thought).


title: Priestly breastplate

text: There was also a different order for the names inscribed on the two "onyx" stones, carried on the High Priest's shoulders. One opinion suggests that the names of the twelve tribes were arranged in groups after their mothers: Leah's six sons aligned one after the other on one stone, with Judah heading this list, followed by Rachel's sons with the names of the concubines' sons interposed between the two sons of Rachel.


title: Priestly breastplate

text: Unfortunately, the meanings of the Hebrew names for the minerals, given by the masoretic text, are not clear, and though the Greek names for them in the Septuagint are more clear, some scholars believe that they cannot be completely relied on for this matter because the breastplate had gone out of use by the time the Septuagint was created, and several Greek names for various gems have changed meaning between the classical era and modern times. However, although classical rabbinical literature argues that the names were inscribed using a Shamir worm because neither chisels nor paint nor ink were allowed to mark them out, a more naturalistic approach suggests that the jewels must have had comparatively low hardness in order to be engraved upon, and therefore this gives an additional clue to the identity of the minerals. Others suggest that they were engraved with emery, having the similar property of a diamond used in cutting other stones and which was called in Greek σμήρις ("smeris").


title: Priestly breastplate

text: Explanation of the symbolic meaning of the jewels generated a great deal of both Jewish and Christian writing, and was a staple component of the tradition of lapidaries or books on gemology.


title: Priestly breastplate

text: The jewel stones are as follows (the first item in each row is probably the right hand side, as Hebrew is a right to left script):


title: Priestly breastplate

text: In the New Testament Book of Revelation is the description of a "city wall", with each layer of stones in the wall being from a different material; in the original Koine Greek, the layers are given as "iaspis", "sapphiros", "chalcedon", "smaragdos", "sardonyx", "sardion", "chrysolithos", "beryllos", "topazion", "chrysoprason", "yacinthos", "amethystos". This list appears to be based on the Septuagint's version of the list of jewels in the Breastplate – if the top half of the breastplate was rotated by 180 degrees, and the bottom half turned upside down, with "Onchion" additionally swapping places with "Topazion", the lists become extremely similar; there are only four differences:


title: Priestly breastplate

text: Whether there is any pattern to the choice of gemstones depends on their identity. Taking the majority view of scholars in regard to the identity of the gems, and including the implication from the Book of Revelation that the "onyx" at the end of the fourth row was a "sardonyx", there are four colours – red, green, yellow, and blue – each represented by a clear gem (red – carbuncle, green – heliodor, yellow – chrysolite, blue – amethyst), an opaque gem (red – carnelian/red jasper, green – green jasper, yellow – yellow jasper/yellow serpentine, blue – lapis lazuli), and a striped gem (red – sardonyx, green – malachite, yellow – pale golden agate, blue – sky-blue agate). The four colours of red, green, yellow, and blue, are the first four colours (apart from black and white) distinguished by languages, and are distinguished in all cultures with at least six colour distinctions (the other two being black and white). These colours roughly correspond to the sensitivities of the retinal ganglion cells. (The retinal ganglia process colour by positioning it within a blue to yellow range, and separately positioning it within a red to green range.)


title: Nathan Blecharczyk

text: Nathan Blecharczyk (born 1983) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the co-founder and chief strategy officer of Airbnb, and chairman of Airbnb China. Blecharczyk was also the company's first chief technology officer. He had an estimated net worth of US$9.3 billion in July 2021.


title: Nathan Blecharczyk

text: Blecharczyk was born in 1983, the son of Sheila (née Underwood) and Paul Steven Blecharczyk, who is Polish-American. He grew up in an upper-middle-class family in Boston, Massachusetts. He attended Boston Latin Academy. During high school, he made money by creating his own software business. His web-hosting business provided services to spammers and was once listed on the Spamhaus's "Registry of Known Spam Operators (ROKSO)" which lists the top spamming services. He continued writing programs while attending Harvard University in pursuit of a Bachelor of Science degree in computer science, and made enough money to pay his tuition before abandoning his web-hosting business to focus on his studies in 2002. He was also on the business staff of "The Harvard Crimson" during his time at Harvard.


title: Nathan Blecharczyk

text: Blecharczyk began his career as an engineer at OPNET Technologies in 2005. He served as a lead developer at Batiq in 2007. In 2008, Blecharczyk partnered with Brian Chesky and Joe Gebbia to found Airbnb, he served as the company's first chief technology officer and coded the company's original website using Ruby on Rails. Later that year, after failing to raise funding, the founders bought mass quantities of cereal, designed packaging branded as '"Obama O's" and "Cap'n McCain's" cereal to sell at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Originally intended as a marketing ploy, the company sold enough cereal to raise $30,000, and eventually attracted the attention of Y combinator co-founder Paul Graham who gave them $20,000 in early 2009 and accepted the company into the Y Combinator's seed funding program.


title: Nathan Blecharczyk

text: Blecharczyk oversaw Airbnb's 2015 expansion into Cuba. On June 1, 2016, Blecharczyk, Chesky and Gebbia joined Warren Buffett and Bill Gates' 'The Giving Pledge', a select group of billionaires who have committed to give the majority of their wealth away.


title: Nathan Blecharczyk

text: In early 2017, Blecharczyk transitioned to chief strategy officer at Airbnb. Blecharczyk was announced as the chairman of Airbnb China, also known as Aibiying, in October 2017.


title: Nathan Blecharczyk

text: In summer 2019, Sean Joyce, then a senior Airbnb official, raised concerns after Chinese government officials asked Airbnb for enhanced data sharing in China. "The Wall Street Journal" reported Blecharczyk responding that the company was not there to "promote American values."


title: Nathan Blecharczyk

text: Blecharczyk resides in San Francisco, California. He is married to Elizabeth Morey Blecharczyk, a neonatologist. They have two children.


title: Minimum wage in Canada

text: Under the Constitution of Canada, the responsibility for enacting and enforcing labour laws, including the minimum wage, rests primarily with the ten Provinces of Canada. The three Territories of Canada have a similar power, delegated to them by federal legislation. Some provinces allow lower wages to be paid to liquor servers and other gratuity earners or to inexperienced employees.


title: Minimum wage in Canada

text: The Government of Canada has the constitutional authority to set minimum wages only for employees within federal jurisdiction, such as federal public servants and workers in industries that are under federal regulatory jurisdiction, such as banks, airlines and interprovincial railways. The federal government earlier set its own minimum wage rates for workers under its jurisdiction. In 1996, however, the was re-defined to be the general adult minimum wage rate of the province or territory where the work is performed. Following the 2021 budget, the Government of Canada reestablished a federal minimum wage for federally regulated industries on December 29, 2021.


title: Minimum wage in Canada

text: In 2013, 50% of minimum wage workers were between the ages of 15 and 19; in 1997, it was 36%. 50.2% of workers in this age group were paid minimum wage in 2013, an increase from 31.5% in 1997. Statistics Canada notes that "youth, women and persons with a low level of education were the groups most likely to be paid at minimum wage."


title: Minimum wage in Canada

text: According to one study, in 2019, 62% of people on minimum wage in Quebec worked part time, and 61% were aged 15 to 24.


title: Minimum wage in Canada

text: Assuming a 40-hour workweek and 52 paid weeks per year, the annual gross employment income of an individual earning the minimum wage in Canada is between C$27,040 (in Saskatchewan) and C$33,280 (in Nunavut).


title: Minimum wage in Canada

text: The following table lists the hourly minimum wages for adult workers in each province and territory of Canada. The provinces which have their minimum wages in bold allow for lower wages under circumstances which are described under the "Comments" heading.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: The seventh season of "American Idol", the annual reality show and singing competition, began on January 15, 2008, and concluded on May 21, 2008. Ryan Seacrest continued to host the show with Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, and Randy Jackson returning as judges. David Cook was announced the winner of the competition on May 21, 2008, defeating runner-up David Archuleta by a margin of roughly 12 million votes out of over 97 million, which was at that time the highest recorded vote total in the show's history. The split was 56 to 44%.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: The seventh season was the first season during which neither the winner nor the runner-up was ever in the bottom group during any week before the finale on May 21, 2008. It was also the second season during which both the winner and the runner-up were male contestants, with the second season being the first.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: Prior to the start of the seventh season, Executive Producer Nigel Lythgoe admitted that the sixth season had placed more focus on the guest mentors than the contestants. Changes were planned for the seventh season designed to return attention to the contestants by providing more information on their backgrounds and families.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: A major change for the seventh season was allowing contestants to play musical instruments, an element that originated on "Australian Idol" and can also be seen on Norway's "Idol" and "Canadian Idol". A brand new set was built, and a new introduction credit sequence was created. The season finale also moved from the Kodak Theatre to the larger Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, which would be the venue for the live series finale for the next six years.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: For the seventh season, auditions began in San Diego, California, on July 30, 2007, and continued in these cities:


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: Contestants were required to be between the ages of 16 and 28 on July 28, 2007, and eligible to work in the United States. Those ineligible include former contestants who had previously reached the semifinal of the first through third seasons, or the last phase of Hollywood round of fourth through sixth seasons (top 44 of the fourth and fifth seasons, top 40 of the sixth season), those holding recording or management contracts, or those who were not US citizens or landed immigrants (i.e. permanent residents).


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: One auditioner this year, Alexis Cohen, gained media attention due to her outraged reaction and profuse profanities after the judges rejected her in the Philadelphia audition. She also returned in season eight to audition in New York and her audition was featured. She was later found dead in a hit-and-run accident.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: Another auditioner who gained some public attention was Renaldo Lapuz, who sang his own composition "We're Brothers Forever", which he wrote for Simon Cowell. He was later asked to return to perform in the finale.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: The Hollywood week took place at the Pasadena Civic Center in Pasadena, California, over a period of five days. A total of 164 contestants were invited from the seven audition cities. This year, the process was altered slightly to ensure that no talent would be prematurely dismissed, and there are no group stages. The contestants performed at least two songs during this round.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: The first round of individual performances lasted two days. For the first time ever, contestants had the option of either being accompanied by the band or playing an instrument themselves, such as a keyboard, guitar, or drums. If the judges approved of the contestants performances, they received a "free pass", exempting the contestant from performing the second round, and 48 contestants were awarded. Unlike previous seasons, contestants whose performances are not considered good enough may award them a second chance in the second round rather than elimination. They lined up on stage in groups of 10 and each sang a short segment of a song "a cappella". After each group had performed, the judges eliminated about 100 contestants.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: In the final round, all the remaining contestants performed individually a song chosen from a large list of songs provided, accompanied by the band and three backup singers. After each performance, the judges decide the contestant's fate by advancing or to be sent home; 50 contestants emerged after the round ended. The judges then deliberated further on who should be in the top 24, and their decision was revealed the next day in the "Green Mile" episode.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: One of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood week was Josiah Leming, whose unhappiness with the backing band resulted in him dismissing the band. He was eliminated in the "Green Mile" episode. Another piece of drama involved contestant Kyle Ensley when Cowell voiced strong objection over him not being selected for the semifinals. His non-selection was later revealed to have resulted in serious rift between Cowell and the show producer Nigel Lythgoe.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: The semi-finals began on February 19. There were three shows each week for the three weeks of the semi-finals. The February 19 through May 21 shows originated from CBS Television City in Hollywood.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: The live show portion of the semifinals began on February 19, 2008. Similar to previous seasons since season four, starting with 12 women and 12 men, the women and men perform on weekly separate shows and on the result shows, each performing a song from a given decade (sixties, seventies and eighties songs in order), and the bottom two contestants each night are eliminated from the competition. The semi-finals took place over three weeks, meaning that six from each gender will be eliminated over the course of the competition, leaving the other six to form the top 12. The males performed on the first night, followed by the females thereafter.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: There are 11 weeks of finals and 12 contestants compete and one finalist eliminated per week based on the American public's votes.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: Contestants performed a song from a selection of musicals originated by Andrew Lloyd Webber, who was also this week's guest mentor.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: For the first time this season, each contestant sang two songs. Neil Diamond served as the mentor this week.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: Each contestant sang three songs, with the choices decided by one of the three judges, the contestant itself, and the producers.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: Each contestant sang three songs, a song from Clive Davis, a winner's single, and a contestant's chosen song.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: During the Hollywood weeks, "Hollywood's Not America" by Ferras played when contestants were eliminated, while "Best Days" by Graham Colton was the elimination song for the semi-finals round. For the finals, season 2 winner Ruben Studdard remade Kenny Loggins' "Celebrate Me Home" as the exit song.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: Guest artists may perform songs to promote their work or the show itself, or for charitable purpose. Most performed on the result shows, except for Ruben Studdard at the end of the Top 2 performance show and those on the Idol Gives Back special. Included is a list of those songs with the impact of performance on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Hot Digital Songs chart for the week. See Idol Gives Back for the list of performances in that special episode.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki>"Celebrate Me Home" was removed from iTunes the day after it was performed. It reached the top 60 before it was removed.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: The "Idol Gives Back" initiative returned on April 9 for a second year, with a special start time of 7:30 p.m. ET, running for 150 minutes. Again, proceeds will go to children's charities in Africa and the United States. Unlike "Idol Gives Back 2007" when no finalist was eliminated (and two were eliminated in the following week), Michael Johns was eliminated during "Idol Gives Back 2008."


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: During Season 7, "American Idol" partnered with iTunes to make available for sale exclusive performance videos, live performance singles of the semi-finalists and full-length studio recordings of the songs that contestants performed on the show. In order to keep the competition fair, these singles were not allowed to appear on iTunes sales charts until after the finale. The contestants' performances during the season were removed from sale soon after the finale.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: The winning song, "The Time of My Life", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The song was certified platinum by the RIAA on December 12, 2008. It was the first winner's song not to be performed during the competition as the Top 2 each selected a different song from a list of 10 entries in song-writing competition to perform instead. Cook performed "The Time of My Life" after Ryan Seacrest announced him as the winner of Season 7.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: David Cook's debut album was released on November 18, 2008, on 19 Recordings / RCA Records and was certified platinum by the RIAA on January 22, 2009. Cook teamed with Grammy winning producer Rob Cavallo (Green Day, Kid Rock) on the album. A single from the album, "Light On", was released and peaked at 20 on the billboard top 100 list. His sophomore album, "This Loud Morning", was released on June 28, 2011.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: David Archuleta signed with Jive Records and his self-titled debut album was released on November 11, 2008, and debuted at number two. Archuleta's album certified gold. Archuleta's first single, "Crush", debuted at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number one on the Hot Digital Songs chart, giving it the highest single debut of 2008 and the highest single debut in 18 months. The song has sold 1.9 million copies as of January 2009.


title: American Idol (season 7)

text: Season 7 of "American Idol" overall was the most watched primetime program in the United States for the fourth consecutive year, during the conclusion of the 2007–2008 television season. The Tuesday episode viewership averaged 27.665 million while the Wednesday episode averaged 26.843 million, taking the top 2 spots for the season. The show helped Fox become the most watched overall television network in the U.S. for the first time in its history (as well as a record first for a non-Big Three major network in American television history), and lead the 18–49 demographic ratings with still-standing largest ever margin since the introduction of the people meter technology in the Nielsen nationwide television tallies during the 1985–1986 television season.


title: Achlys

text: Achlys ( "mist"), in the Hesiodic "Shield of Heracles", is one of the figures depicted on Heracles' shield, perhaps representing the personification of sorrow. In Homer, "achlys" is the mist which fogs or blinds mortal eyes (often in death). Her Roman counterpart Caligo was said to have been the mother of Chaos. In Nonnus's Dionysiaca, she seems to be a witch.


title: Achlys

text: In Homer, the word achlys (ἀχλύς, 'mist'), is frequently used to describe a mist that is "shed" upon a mortal's eyes, often while dying. For example in the "Iliad", the hero Sarpedon while grieviously wounded:


title: Achlys

text: While in the "Odyssey", Eurymachus, one of the suitors of Penelope, hit in the chest by an arrow from Odysseus:


title: Achlys

text: In the "Shield of Heracles", an archaic Greek epic poem (early sixth century BC?), that was attributed to Hesiod, Achlys is one of the figures described as being depicted on Heracles' shield, where she is understood as being the personification of sorrow or grief:


title: Achlys

text: Beside them [Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos (the Moirai), and the Keres] stood Death-Mist [Ἀχλὺς], gloomy and dread, pallid, parched, cowering in hunger, thick-kneed; long claws were under her hands. From her nostrils flowed mucus, from her cheeks blood was dripping down onto the ground. She stood there, grinning dreadfully, and much dust, wet with tears, lay upon her shoulders.


title: Achlys

text: The Roman counterpart to Achlys seems to have been Caligo ('dark fog'). The first-century BC Roman mythographer Hyginus, in the Preface of his "Fabulae", has Caligo being the mother of Chaos (for Hesiod the first being who existed), and, with Chaos, was the mother of Night ("Nox"), Day ("Dies"), Darkness ("Erebus") and Ether ("Aether"), possibly drawing on an otherwise unknown Greek cosmological myth.


title: Achlys

text: Nonnus, in his "Dionysiaca" (c. 5th century AD), seems to regard Achlys as a kind of witch. According to Nonnus, Hera—angry with the guardians of the infant Dionysus (the sons of the Naiad nurses of Dionysus)—"procured from Thessalian Achlys [Ἀχλύος] treacherous flowers of the field", which she used to sprinkle a sleeping charm over their heads, then "she distilled poisoned drugs over their hair and smeared a magical ointment over their faces", changing their human shape into that of horned Centaurs.


title: Blazor

text: Blazor is a free and open-source web framework that enables developers to create web apps using C# and HTML. It is being developed by Microsoft.


title: Blazor

text: Blazor Server: These apps are hosted on an ASP.NET Core server in ASP.NET Razor format. Remote clients act as thin clients, meaning that the bulk of the processing load is on the server. The client's web browser downloads a small page and updates its UI over a SignalR connection. Blazor Server was released as a part of .NET Core 3.


title: Blazor

text: Blazor WebAssembly: Single-page apps that are downloaded to the client's web browser before running. The size of the download is larger than for Blazor Server, depends on the app, and the processing is entirely done on the client hardware. However, this app type enjoys rapid response time. As its name suggests, this client-side framework is written in WebAssembly, as opposed to JavaScript (while they can be used together).


title: Blazor

text: Blazor PWA and Blazor Hybrid editions: The former supports progressive web apps (PWA). The latter is a platform-native framework (as opposed to a web framework) but still renders the user interface using web technologies (e.g. HTML and CSS).


title: Blazor

text: Blazor Native: A platform-native framework that renders a platform-native user interface – has also been considered but has not reached the planning stage.


title: Blazor

text: Despite the confusion that the descriptions of ASP.NET and Blazor could generate, the latter focuses on the creation of web applications with the aim of using the C# programming language instead of the JavaScript language, which is commonly used in this type of application.


title: Blazor

text: With the release of .NET 5, Blazor has stopped working on Internet Explorer and the legacy version of Microsoft Edge.


title: Blazor

text: The following example shows how to implement a simple counter that can be incremented by clicking a button:


title: Rules of Survival

text: Rules of Survival (RoS) is an inactive free-to-play, multiplayer online battle royale game developed and published by NetEase Games, first released via beta access in November 2017. By October 2018, the game had reached 230million players worldwide.


title: Rules of Survival

text: As of May 30, 2018, the game was released on Steam. Unlike the free non-Steam version, however, the game was released with a price tag, offering "special gifts" with the purchase. The game was later taken down from Steam by June 13, 2018, and reinstated by June 28, 2018.


title: Rules of Survival

text: As of June 27, 2022, ROS ceased its operations, and players will no longer be able to access its game and its servers.


title: Rules of Survival

text: "Rules of Survival" follows the standard form of the battle royale genre, where players fight to be the last person (or team) alive. Players can choose to enter the match in different modes: Solo, Duo, Squad (four players), or a Fireteam (five players). In either case, the last person or team left alive wins the match. There are two playable maps in the game: Ghillie Island (120 players, 4.8 km × 4.8 km) and Fearless Fiord (300 players, 8 km × 8 km). There are also different game modes such as the Gold Mode, in which the player can earn gold, or the Diamond Mode in which players may earn diamonds throughout the match. The introduction of the Fearless Fiord game map introduces a new type of match, the Blitzkrieg, in which players will land only on a certain part of the map equipped with a pistol, a backpack and basic armor. Blitzkrieg is meant to make players clash head-on.


title: Rules of Survival

text: The round starts with all players contained in one location on an island. When the countdown finishes, players will parachute from a plane onto an island, with procedurally distributed items such as weapons, armors and medical kits available to be looted, and vehicles to be ridden. Players can also loot killed players for their gear. In third-person mode, players can switch between third-person and first-person perspective. The game also offers first-person mode which forces players into first-person perspective. As the game time progresses, the game's safe zone will gradually reduce in size, where players caught outside the zone will take damage. This increases the chance of encounter, and thus confrontation between players. Random supply drops will also occur during match, providing random items which may otherwise not be able to be found during normal gameplay.


title: Rules of Survival

text: At the completion of each round, players will receive in-game currencies based on survival length, number of players killed by the player and the players level. The currencies can then be used to purchase supply box containing cosmetic items for character or weapon customization.


title: Rules of Survival

text: Prior to the release of their mobile versions, PUBG Corporation initiated a legal action in the Northern District Court of California against NetEase Games in January 2018, claiming that their mobile games "Rules of Survival" and "Knives Out" infringe "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds" copyrights. PUBG Corporation's lawsuit asserts that "Rules of Survival" is "a copyrightable audio-visual work, individually and/or in combination with other elements of "Battlegrounds"", and identified several elements that appear similar in both games. While many of these elements are common features of a battle royale game, PUBG Corporation claims that there are specific elements from "Battlegrounds" that copied, such as references to chicken for winning a game or using cookware as weapons. PUBG Corporation also accused NetEase for "cloning ["Battlegrounds"] at or below cost for the purpose of gaining market share before PUBG releases "Battlegrounds" for mobile devices." PUBG Corporation seeks both monetary damages and requiring NetEase from further distribution of the games. NetEase, in responding to PUBG Corporation's request to Apple to remove the games, denied that their games violated "Battlegrounds" copyrights.


title: Rules of Survival

text: The mobile app of "Rules of Survival" was banned in India (along with other Chinese apps) on 2 September 2020 by the government, the move came amid the 2020 China-India skirmish.


title: Rules of Survival

text: On April 27, 2022 NetEase Games announced that it would cease operations of the game starting from June 27, 2022. The shut down would be preceded by the removal of the game from Steam by April 27, 2022. By June 27, 2022 all game operations would be terminated, and the game's servers would be shut down.


title: Peru (song)

text: "Peru" is a song by Nigerian singer Fireboy DML. It was released on 20 July 2021, through YBNL Nation, and distributed by Empire. "Peru" was written by Fireboy DML, Ivory Scott, & Kolten Perine and produced by Shizzi & Perine. On 23 December 2021, a reworked version of "Peru" was released, in collaboration with English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. The music video for the version with Sheeran was released on 24 December 2021. An additional remix, featuring rappers 21 Savage and Blxst was also later released. The song was nominated at the 7th annual African Entertainment Awards USA for Song of the Year. The government of the Republic of Peru endorsed the version with Sheeran, encouraging its citizens to listen to it.


title: Peru (song)

text: After the song garnered popularity and reached number one on the UK Afrobeats Singles Chart, Fireboy reached out to Sheeran for a remix through the founder of SB.TV, Jamal Edwards. On 11 February 2022, he released the official remix of "Peru", with featured vocals from 21 Savage and Blxst, through Empire Distribution for YBNL Nation.


title: Peru (song)

text: On 6 August 2021, Fireboy released the music video for "Peru". The visual sees Fireboy lounging around the streets of the US, seen in the studio, skydiving and trying out dishes. The visual was directed by Mariano Valentino, with additional footage shot by Dakota Lim, and Diego Pina. The visual was edited by Ryan Corr. The new version, music video featuring Ed Sheeran, was released on 24 December 2021. Directed by Gabriella Kingsley, and shot in London, United Kingdom. The music video reached 1.9 million views, less than 24 hours after its releases. On 21 December 2021, Fireboy shared a short clip on his social platforms, singing "Peru" with Sheeran.


title: Peru (song)

text: "Peru" peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, and number one on UK Afrobeats Singles Chart. It would eventually spend 22 consecutive weeks in the top 10, tying "Shape of You" and "Bad Habits" as Sheeran's longest-charting songs in the top 10. On 2 August, it debuted at number ten on the "TurnTable" Top 50. On 4 August, the song peaked at number 14 on the "TurnTable" Top 50 Airplay chart. On the same day, it peaked at number five on "TurnTable" Top 50 streaming songs chart. On 26 August, "Peru" peaked at number 26 on "TurnTable" TV Top songs chart. On 2 December 2021, it was named on Apple Music Top Songs of 2021, in Nigeria. "Peru" is Fireboy's most popular record with over 20.6 million Spotify streams as of December 2021.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: Martinair Flight 495 was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operated by Dutch airline Martinair, that crash-landed in severe weather conditions at Faro Airport, Portugal on 21 December 1992. The aircraft carried 13 crew members and 327 passengers, mainly holidaymakers from the Netherlands. 54 passengers and 2 crew members died. 106 of the other occupants were badly injured.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The aircraft involved was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF, registered "PH-MBN", which was built in 1975 carrying the serial number 46924. The aircraft was named Anthony Ruys in honor of one of Martinair's former commissioners. It was delivered to Martinair on 26 November 1975. However, Martinair leased it out to three Asian airlines from October 1979 to September 1981. From then on until the accident, only disrupted by a short lease to World Airways in early 1992, it was solely operated by Martinair again, although it had been sold earlier that year to the Royal Netherlands Air Force for a planned conversion into a KDC-10.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The captain was 56-year-old H. Willem van Staveren, who had been with Martinair since January 1968. He was a DC-10 flight instructor and had a total of 14,441 flight hours. He previously served in the Royal Netherlands Navy from 1962 to 1966 and had worked for Schreiner Airways from 1966 to 1968.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The first officer was 31-year-old Ronald J. H. Clemenkowff. He had been with Martinair for three years and had 2,288 flight hours, with 1,787 of them on the DC-10.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The flight engineer was 29-year-old Gary W. Glans, who had been with Martinair for only eight months. However, he had worked for both Canadian Airlines and Swissair from 1988 to 1992. Glans had a total of 7,540 flight hours, including 1,700 hours on the DC-10.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: On the morning of the accident, the plane was delayed at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol because of a faulty thrust-reverser. This was not fixed. Nevertheless, the plane took off to Faro at 04:52 UTC. According to Martinair, the faulty thrust-reverser was not a contributing factor in the accident.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: A large thunderstorm lay in the immediate vicinity of Faro airport, accompanied by heavy rain, windshear and low cloud. The control tower informed the crew of the thunderstorm activity, in addition to stating that there was water on the runway. Following one unsuccessful landing attempt the crew attempted a VOR/DME procedure approach to runway 11 (later runway 10) during which the aircraft flew through at least two microbursts. According to the Portuguese final accident report, firefighters saw an explosion coming from the aircraft 22 seconds before it crashed.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The aircraft landed with a vertical speed exceeding the manufacturer's design limits. Following this hard landing, the starboard main gear collapsed. The starboard wing separated from the fuselage and the starboard fuel tank ruptured and the contents ignited. The DC-10 fuselage split in two, coming to rest with the front section lying on its side.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: According to the Portuguese aviation authorities (DGAC), the causes of the air disaster were likely to have been:


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The Dutch Office for the Investigation of Accidents and Incidents of the National Aviation Authority (RLD) indicated that the probable cause should be as follows:


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: On 14 February 2011, the "Algemeen Dagblad" reported among other things about a new investigation, which was carried out by researcher Harry Horlings at the request of relatives. According to Horlings, there was no wind shear at the Faro disaster and the pilots had made serious mistakes. According to Horlings, the data from the black box was incomplete in the Dutch report from 1993; the last seconds were missing. In the cover letter to the report of the American Aviation Service, in which the data from the black box were presented, it was indicated that the autopilot had been used incorrectly. The report also recommended improving the training of pilots.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The Dutch Safety Board stated that it was unable to respond because the Council had not been able to view and assess the report from researcher Horlings. Attorney Jan Willem Koeleman, who assisted some of the surviving relatives, announced that he would request Martinair to recognize liability and pay additional compensation. On 8 December 2012, Koeleman reported Martinair and the Dutch state to complain before the 21st of that month. After that date the case would be barred.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The case against Martinair, which had meanwhile become part of KLM, finally served on 13 January 2014 in Amsterdam. On February 26, 2014, the court rendered judgment, ruling that additional damages were not necessary.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The case against the State of the Netherlands served on 20 January 2014 in The Hague. On the same day on which the District Court ruled in Amsterdam, 26 February 2014, a decision was also made here by means of an interlocutory judgment. Unlike the court in Amsterdam, the court in The Hague deemed further investigation necessary and wished to hear experts.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: In January 2020, the District Court of the Hague ruled that the Dutch state was partly responsible for the accident.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: The air disaster at Faro happened a few months after the crash of El Al Flight 1862, in an Amsterdam neighbourhood. Although the crash at Faro was deadlier, it received relatively little attention in the media.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: Survivors felt that too little attention was being given to their experience from the crash. They united as the "Anthony Ruys Foundation," named after the name of the aircraft, to engage with the media. This foundation was dissolved in May 2011.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: On 16 January 2016, the Dutch current affairs program "EenVandaag" aired an episode about the disaster. In the broadcast, a former technical controller from Martinair stated that, sometime before the date of the flight, and under great pressure from his supervisors, he had signed a form in which the replacement of a landing gear of the aircraft was postponed for a third time. Such a postponement could only be granted twice. The episode included an interview with attorney Jan Willem Koeleman, who assisted victims and survivors, detailing that he had discovered that an archive of the Aviation Council should remain secret. CDA member of parliament Pieter Omtzigt called this "very inappropriate" and demanded that the government ask for clarification.


title: Martinair Flight 495

text: Martinair Flight 495 was featured in the 22nd season of the show "Mayday", with the title "Peril over Portugal."


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The 2016–17 NHL season was the 100th season of operation (99th season of play) of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams were competing in an 82-game regular season from October 12, 2016, to April 9, 2017. The 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 12 and concluded on June 11, with the Pittsburgh Penguins winning the Stanley Cup over the Nashville Predators in six games. On June 11, the Pittsburgh Penguins became the first team to repeat as Stanley Cup champions since the Detroit Red Wings in 1997–98, winning the franchise's fifth Stanley Cup and their third in nine seasons.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: In December 2015, commissioner Gary Bettman informed teams that he projected the salary cap to be at least $74.5 million for the 2016–17 season, and that it could increase as much as $3.1 million. It was eventually set at $73.1 million.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: On June 22, 2016, NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman officially announced that the league had approved an expansion team in Las Vegas, Nevada, later christened the Vegas Golden Knights, who were set to begin play in the 2017–18 season.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: Canadian rightsholder Rogers Media reinstated Ron MacLean as host of "Hockey Night in Canada" for the 2016–17 season to replace George Stroumboulopoulos, whose introduction in the 2014–15 season was met with mixed reception by viewers. MacLean will host the early game of the weekly doubleheader, with David Amber handling the late games. Alongside "HNIC", MacLean continues to host the travelling, Sunday-night "Hometown Hockey" games on Sportsnet.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: On June 20, 2016, the Buffalo Sabres announced that it had agreed to a 10-year extension of its regional television rights deal with MSG, which saw the establishment of a joint venture known as MSG Western New York—an expansion of MSG's existing regional feed for the Sabres' market which contains additional team-produced programming for the Sabres and their sister NFL team, the Buffalo Bills. There were no on-air changes in staffing for Sabres telecasts.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: On June 27, 2016, "Sports Business Daily" reported that the NHL had reached a deal in principle with Fox Sports to allow in-market, authenticated online streaming for eligible pay TV subscribers, of regional NHL games on Fox Sports Networks via the Fox Sports Go service.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: On September 27, 2016, the NHL announced that it would organize a series of initiatives and events throughout 2017 to mark the league's 100th year of operations, and the upcoming 2017–18 season — the NHL's 100th season of play. The campaign began with the NHL Centennial Classic outdoor game on January 1, 2017, and continued throughout the calendar year, including documentaries and a daily "Time Capsule" feature across NHL media properties, a "Centennial Truck Tour" of all NHL cities with a traveling museum and other activities, a 2017 Winter Classic-themed float appearing during the Tournament of Roses Parade, and the unveiling of the top 100 players during the weekend of the All-Star Game, and the top 100 moments of the league's history later in the year.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: A centennial emblem was designed, which was displayed on all game pucks and as shoulder patches on all jerseys throughout 2017. The centennial campaign extended into the following 2017–18 season. On March 17, 2017, the NHL announced that the Ottawa Senators would host an outdoor game against the Montreal Canadiens, the NHL 100 Classic, at TD Place Stadium on December 16, 2017.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The regular season began on October 12, 2016, and ended on April 9, 2017. The playoffs began on April 12, 2017, and ended on June 11, 2017. The schedule was released on June 21, 2016. Each team will receive a five-day "bye week" and no practices can be held during the time period.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The Winnipeg Jets hosted the Heritage Classic against the Edmonton Oilers at Investors Group Field on October 23, 2016. The Oilers won the game, 3–0.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The Toronto Maple Leafs hosted the Centennial Classic at BMO Field on January 1, 2017, against the Detroit Red Wings. The game commemorated the 100th season of the Maple Leafs and NHL as a whole. The following day, January 2, 2017, the St. Louis Blues hosted the Winter Classic at Busch Stadium against the Chicago Blackhawks.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: On February 25, 2017, the Pittsburgh Penguins defeated the Philadelphia Flyers 4–2 at Heinz Field during the 2017 NHL Stadium Series.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The 62nd National Hockey League All-Star Game was held in Los Angeles at Staples Center, home of the Los Angeles Kings, on January 29, 2017. The format was identical to the 2016 All-Star Game.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The Detroit Red Wings – Carolina Hurricanes game scheduled for December 19, 2016, at PNC Arena in Raleigh, North Carolina, was postponed due to poor ice conditions. The game was rescheduled for March 27, 2017. This resulted in the two teams playing in Raleigh on consecutive nights, as they were already scheduled to play each other on March 28, and caused Detroit to play games on three consecutive nights.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The Winnipeg Jets – New Jersey Devils game scheduled for March 14, 2017, at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, was postponed due to the effects of the March 2017 nor'easter. The game was rescheduled for March 28. This resulted in both teams forfeiting a three-day break from March 27 to 29.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: 3. Greatest number of points earned in head-to-head play (If teams played an unequal # of head-to-head games, the result of the first game on the home ice of the team with the extra home game is discarded.)<br>


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The following players led the league in regular season points at the conclusion of games played on April 9, 2017.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The following goaltenders led the league in regular season goals against average at the conclusion of games played on April 9, 2017, while playing at least 1800 minutes.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: Awards were presented at the NHL Awards ceremony, to be held following the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs. Finalists for voted awards are announced during the playoffs and winners are presented at the award ceremony. Voting will conclude immediately after the end of the regular season. The Presidents' Trophy, the Prince of Wales Trophy and Clarence S. Campbell Bowl are not presented at the awards ceremony. The Lester Patrick Trophy is announced during the summer and presented in the fall.


title: 2016–17 NHL season

text: The following is a list of notable players who played their first NHL game during the 2016–17 season, listed with their first team.