title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: In recent years, the Lakewood School District has had budgetary issues, shutting down briefly in 2019 due to a funding deficit. The district spends more money on special education programs than any other district in the state and has a high bill for mandatory busing to non-public schools. Town leaders also cite imbalanced state funding formulas as the root of the district's financial problems.


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: Georgian Court University is a private, Roman Catholic university located on the shores of Lake Carasaljo. Founded in 1908 by the Sisters of Mercy as a women's college in North Plainfield, New Jersey, the school moved to the former estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood in 1924. Women made up 88% of the student population in Fall 2006.


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: There are many yeshivas and Jewish day schools serving the Orthodox Jewish community, with the school district providing busing to 18,000 students enrolled at 74 yeshivas as of 2011, and 25,000 by 2016. BMG, one of the world's largest yeshivas, had an enrollment in excess of 5,000. It is a post high school institution for higher education, where students primarily focus on the study of the Talmud and "halakha" (Jewish law).


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: The Roman Catholic-affiliated Holy Family School served youth from preschool through eighth grade under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton. In 2014, the diocese announced that the school was closing at the end of the 2014–2015 school year, as fewer students were enrolling.


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: , the township had a total of of roadways; of which were maintained by the municipality, by Ocean County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation, and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: The Garden State Parkway is the most prominent highway in Lakewood. It passes through the eastern part of the municipality, connecting Toms River in the south to Brick in the north with one major interchange serving Lakewood at exit 89. Drivers can access Route 70 from exit 89, after exit 88 was permanently closed in November 2014. The state and U.S. routes that pass through are Route 70, Route 88 and Route 9. Major county routes that pass through are CR 526, CR 528, CR 547 and CR 549.


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: The Lakewood Bus Terminal is a regional transit hub. NJ Transit provides bus service on the 137 and 139 routes to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City, to Philadelphia on the 317 route, to Newark on the 67 and to Atlantic City on the 559.


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: Ocean Ride local service is provided on the OC3 Brick / Lakewood / Toms River and OC4 Lakewood – Brick Link routes.


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: Lakewood Airport is a public-use airport located southeast of the township's central business district. The airport is publicly owned.


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: The Monmouth Ocean Middlesex Line (MOM) is a passenger rail project proposed by NJ Transit Rail Operations (NJT) to serve the Central New Jersey counties of Monmouth, Ocean and Middlesex which would serve Lakewood.


title: Lakewood Township, New Jersey

text: People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Lakewood Township include:


title: Ghoomketu

text: Ghoomketu is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film written and directed by Pushpendra Nath Misra. The film stars Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Ragini Khanna, Anurag Kashyap, Ila Arun, Raghuvir Yadav and Brijendra Kala in the main lead roles while also featuring Amitabh Bachchan, Ranveer Singh, Sonakshi Sinha and Chitrangada Singh in cameo appearances. The film was produced under two production banners Phantom Films and Sony Pictures Networks Productions, acquired by ZEE5. The plot based on an aspiring novice writer from a small town who runs away to Mumbai to achieve his dreams. The film was streamed via ZEE5 platform on 22 May 2020 instead of theatrical release due to COVID-19 pandemic in India.


title: Ghoomketu

text: Ghoomketu is the story of an aspiring writer from a UP village called Mahona. His father referred by everyone as 'Dadda' (elder brother) has a very high temper and married for the second time after death of his first wife, whereas his younger brother a local muscle-man remains unmarried after father of his lover refuses to marry his daughter with him. Over a period of time he becomes a strong politician of the region but is never out of word of Dadda. He is recently married to a girl in a group marriage ceremony, charitable function which was organized by his uncle. As fate would have it, his to be bride gets exchanged in the confusion of the group marriage and he ends up with a fat lady Janaki Devi and out of disappointment he doesn't even see her face even after 10 days marriage.


title: Ghoomketu

text: Dadda is deeply disappointed by antics of his Ghoomketu and never supports his dream of becoming a writer, however his aunt gives supports him wholeheartedly and gives him money and supplies enough to last 1 month in Mumbai so that he can fulfill his dream. After his disappearance his family launches a complaint in police and his uncle pressurizes police to find him within a month.


title: Ghoomketu

text: Here in Mumbai Badlani, a lazy corrupt officer is assigned the case to find him in 30 days or be sent on a punishment posting. As fate would have it Ghoomketu finds nighttime accommodation in Badlani's Tailoring shop, however since there is no photo of Ghoomketu he is not able to identify him. Ghoomketu is of simple and jovial nature and befriends everyone around him including son and wife of Badlani.


title: Ghoomketu

text: Ghoomketu faces rejection everywhere, disheartened he decides to return. On his way home after visiting Shahrukh Khan's office his file of scripts is stolen. He goes to the police station where Badlani is working and as he is giving out his details Badlani realizes he is the person he is looking for. As he goes to verify his details Ghoomketu leaves for home. After a close chase he finally sees Ghoomketu's train departing and his final hope of retaining his post.


title: Ghoomketu

text: When he reaches home, he whole heartedly apologizes to his wife and after some convincing she accepts his apology. Later his father comes terms with his son's aspirations and they have an emotional reunion. He is however pleasantly surprised to find Janaki has lost weight (because of depression) and when she reveals her face for the first time, he realizes how beautiful she is. His scripts are sold by a thief to a scrap dealer, which is bought by Bhelpuri vendor and reaches Amitabh Bachhan whilst he got Bhelpuri wrapped in Ghoomketu's script. He uses these lines in the climax of his film, which Ghoomketu watches at a local theater with his wife.


title: Ghoomketu

text: Nawazuddin signed in this project to play the titular role of "Ghoomketu" in the lead role and it was the first time he signed to play a comic role in his film acting career. The film marks maiden collaboration for Anurag Kashyap and Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Anurag was roped in to play the small role as a police cop. Lyricist Swanand Kirkire was roped into play the role of chacha to Nawazuddin.


title: Ghoomketu

text: The shooting of the film was completed in 2014 and due to financial troubles as well as inability to find ideal distributors for film release, the film release was delayed for years. The film was initially speculated to have its theatrical release on 16 November 2018 but was postponed.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata (; "La Plata Gymnastics and Fencing Club"), also known simply as Gimnasia, is an Argentine professional sports club based in the city of La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. Founded in 1887 as "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima", the club is mostly known for its football team, which currently plays in Primera División, the first division of the Argentine football league system. The club was most famously managed by football legend Diego Maradona from 2019 until his death in November 2020.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Apart from football, CGE also hosts a large number of sports such as athletics, basketball, boxing, chess, fencing, futsal, artistic gymnastics, field hockey, martial arts (aikido, karate, kendo, taekwondo), swimming, roller skating, tennis, volleyball, and weightlifting.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata" was founded on 3 June 1887 as a civil association, and thus is the oldest surviving football club still participating in the Argentine league. The club also claims to be the oldest football club in the Americas, despite other football clubs, such as Peruvian Lima Cricket F.C., having older foundation dates. Its foundation came barely five years after the creation of the City of La Plata in 1882.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The first sports offered to its members were, as its Spanish name indicates, gymnastics and fencing. Clubs supporting these sports were common among the upper classes at the end of the 19th century ("cf." the prior foundation of Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires in 1880). Later on, other disciplines were added, including track and field, football, basketball and rugby.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The institution changed name a few times: from April to December 1897 it was called a "Club de Esgrima" (in English, "Fencing Club") because fencing was the only activity practised at that moment. On 17 December 1897 it returned to its original name: "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima" ("Gymnastics and Fencing Club"). From July 1952 to 30 September 1955, the club was named "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima de Eva Perón" ("Gymnastics and Fencing Club of Eva Perón"), because the city of La Plata itself had been renamed "Eva Perón" in 1952, after Eva Perón's death. The city returned to its previous name during the government of the ""Liberating Revolution"", and so did the club. However, it remained unduly identified legally as "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima "de" La Plata" ("Gymnastics and Fencing Club of La Plata"), a mistake that was corrected on 7 August 1964 after the new statute was approved.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Gimnasia y Esgrima was promoted to the first division after becoming champions of the División Intermedia of Argentine football in 1915. Later, in 1929, the club won its first Primera División championship. During successive years, Gimnasia became champion of Primera B in 1944, 1947 and 1952 and won the Copa Centenario de la AFA in 1994. Additionally, the squad has been a runner-up in the Primera División on five occasions. The club has remained at the top level of Argentine football for 73 seasons, giving it with Newell's Old Boys the eighth longest participation at this level.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The Clásico Platense (La Plata derby) is the nickname given to the match between La Plata's two main football teams: Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata and Estudiantes de La Plata. The first official derby took place as part of the Primera División season on 27 August 1916. On that occasion, Gimnasia won 1–0 over Estudiantes, with an own goal by Ludovico Pastor.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The first derby of the professional era took place on 14 June 1931. Between 12 August 1932 and 9 September 1934 Gimnasia won five consecutive La Plata derbies, the longest run of victories in that derby until Estudiantes emulated that feat in 2006–08. On 25 June 1963 Gimnasia obtained a 5–2 victory, this being the best result so far against Estudiantes. On the other hand, Gimnasia's worst result was a 7–0 defeat on 15 October 2006.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: A curiosity among the derbies occurred on 5 April 1992, when Gimnasia won over Estudiantes 1–0 at the latter's stadium. On that date, as the stands erupted and Gimnasia's fans shouted in celebration at the goal being scored, the seismograph of the local Astronomical Observatory registered a low-intensity seismic event. That goal was scored by the Uruguayan José Perdomo on a freekick, and it has been known ever since as "El gol del terremoto" ("The earthquake goal").


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Through more than 120 years of history, the Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata has had 56 presidents, who are elected individuals who took on the responsibility of steering the Institution. Many of them contributed to the growth of the club over the years. Some of them have remained more vivid in the fans' memory for their achievements or outstanding works.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Saturnino Perdriel was the founder and first president of Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata. Perdriel was a merchant during the first few years of the city of La Plata, in addition to being a civil servant at the Treasury Department of the Province of Buenos Aires. He died prematurely in 1888, after one year as Club president.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Currently, the President of Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata is chosen by its associates, by means of general elections that take place every three years. Any club member over 18 years of age, and with at least three years membership of the club, have a right to vote. Members with over seven years membership have a right to be elected to the Club governmental body, the Management Commission or "Directory".


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The most recent President of Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata is Gabriel Pellegrino, who refused to run for re-election in 2019. On 15 December 2019, however, Pellegrino, who was encouraged to seek re-election from club manager Diego Maradona, was re-elected to a three-year term.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Gimnasia's facilities include, besides its football stadium, a campus of 160 hectares, a campus for children's football, a sports center, a kindergarten, a primary school and one high school. There are also dozens of subsidiaries located in the country and the world.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The official anthem of Gimnasia was written in 1915 by the popular poet born in Magdalena, Délfor B. Méndez and the music was composed by the master Juan Serpentini, who composed versions of the National Argentine Anthem and "El tambor de Tacuarí", with Rafael Obligado's letter.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The official anthem of Gimnasia was intoned by the first time on 9 July 1915 on the occasion of the reception that was given to the delegation of the club River Plate of Uruguay. In 1967 the official anthem was recorded by the musical ensemble of the Buenos Aires Police.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The current shield of Gimnasia y Esgrima is a wreath in which, in the top part, a helmet is outlined with a heraldic crest. At the center, on enamel and with the colors of the club (white and navy blue), is the club monogram appears. In the top cantons, like a guard, there appears the hilts of a saber and a foil, with their sharp points emerging in lower part of the shield. To the sides of the center laurels spread around the helmet.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Since its inception, the club shield has undergone some modifications. The first symbol of the club appeared on a document dated 30 April 1888. This emblem consisted in the coat of arms of La Plata with the legend "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata – Mens Sana in Corpore Sano" surrounding it. The second seal appeared between 1894 and 1897, with the legend "Club de Esgrima" (fencing was the only activity of the club by then).


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: But the first heraldic emblem was indeed devised in 1901 by artist Emilio Coutauret, who was also a member of GELP board. That emblem was characterized by a handcrafted and adorned design. Because this symbol could not be reproduced easily at small sizes, the club commissioned technical draftsman Raúl Felices to design a more synthetic emblem. As a result, a new symbol was released in 1928. It has remained until present days.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: During Héctor Domínguez's presidency, the abbreviation CGE (Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima) at the center of the shield was replaced by GELP (Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata). Since the beginning of Walter Gisande's presidency, it was decided to return to the original abbreviation of 'CGE'.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The official historical uniform of Gimnasia y Esgrima is based on the colours displayed in the club shield, as established in the institutional statute, a white jersey with a single horizontal navy-blue stripe over the chest.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: In the first years of the institution, the colors adopted were white and light blue, seeking to highlight the fact that it was an Argentine club. The first vest used by the team had vertical white and light blue stripes.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: In 1905, it was decided to change the colors to make it distinct from Racing Club. This resulted in a vest with vertical stripes of white and navy-blue color.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Finally, in 1910, the design was modified, changing the vertical stripes into the horizontal band of navy-blue color over a white jersey, which has been used ever since.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The table below details the companies that provided the team's apparel, and have been sponsoring the club since 1980 to date:


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Within the city of La Plata and its environs, Gimnasia's fan base used to be identified with the working class, in contrast with the mostly middle class Estudiantes' constituency. Most of Gimnasia y Esgrima fans are from the Greater La Plata area.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The barra brava section named itself ""La 22"", after 22nd street in La Plata where many famous violent fans lived, notably Marcelo Amuchástegui. Known as "Loco Fierro", Amuchástegui was famous for his exploits, such as hanging a 100-meter Gimnasia flag in the Bombonera stadium. He was shot to death by Rosarian police in a murky episode on 28 May 1991, allegedly during an armed robbery.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Several surveys carried out over the years in Argentina, place Gimnasia in the eighth place in the ranking with the most fans in Argentina.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: As is the case with other clubs in the Argentine First Division, the fans celebrate the "Worldwide Day of Gimnasia's Fans" on 10 December with a large party and outside gathering.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Since the 1960s, Gimnasia has been known as "El Lobo" (short for "El Lobo del Bosque", Spanish for "the wolf in the Forest") after the story of "Red Riding Hood", since its historical football field is located in the middle of La Plata's main park, known as "El Bosque" ("the forest"). Another nickname, "mensanas", derives from the Latin motto used in the shield: "Mens sana in corpore sano" (a healthy mind in a healthy body).


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: An original nickname was (and still is) "triperos" ("tripe" or "gut-handlers"). This name has its origin in the fact that many of Gimnasia's original supporters worked in the meat-processing plants of nearby Berisso. In newspaper caricatures from the early 1900s, Gimnasia was accordingly depicted as a "butcher", instead of the current "wolf". However, Gimnasia is still often greeted by its fans with a resounding "Tripa corazón!" (Spanish for "Heart of tripe!"). Curiously, the same nickname is applied when referring to the population of Porto in Portugal, although the meaning of the nickname in Portuguese is closer to "tripe-eaters".


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Another nickname is "basureros" ("garbage or waste collectors"), acquired during the presidency of Mr. Venturino in the 1970s, who also managed the private company dealing with trash pickup in La Plata.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The "Juan Carmelo Zerillo" stadium, known as "El Bosque" (Spanish for "the forest", because it is located in the La Plata park of the same name) had a capacity of 31,460 and was used continuously until 2005.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: When a new city stadium was built for La Plata, both Gimnasia and Estudiantes initially chose to stay at their respective fields, but this arrangement collapsed when both fields were closed down due to new security regulations. In the 2006 "Clausura" tournament, Gimnasia began to use the city stadium for home games.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: During the Copa Sudamericana 2006, in a match against Fluminense, Gimnasia obtained the Stadium capacity record exceeding 50,000 spectators. Registration that is still valid. Match that ended 2–0 for The Wolf.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Beginning in March 2008, Gimnasia made various reforms to its old stadium, seeking to secure the permit for its use at selected games. Finally in June 2008, the ""El Bosque"" grounds were reapproved for First Division competitions. On Saturday 21 June 2008, in the last game of the Clausure 2008 championship, Gimnasia returned to its old home in a match against Lanús. Now the "Juan Carmelo Zerillo" stadium has a capacity of 24,544.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: In its 133-year history, the team has had more than 800 players play for their first team. From its low divisions they have arisen a great quantity of football players of national and international renown, as being Guillermo and Gustavo Barros Schelotto, Mariano Messera, Lucas Lobos, Roberto "Pampa" Sosa, Andrés Guglielminpietro, Sebastián Romero, Lucas Licht, Hernán Cristante and Leandro Cufré, among others.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: As there are no records for the 1891–1930 period, since 1931 Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata has had a total of 63 managers (coaches). The first one was Emérico Hirschl, a Hungarian who trained the team between 1932 and 1934. He was also the first non-Argentine coach in the history of Argentine football.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Several prominent coaches for the team have been Nito Veiga (who led the team to promotion in 1984), Roberto Perfumo (who win the Copa Centenario de la AFA with the team), Carlos Griguol (who coached Gimnasia for ten years) and former footballer Pedro Troglio


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Basketball was practiced for the first time at the club in the 1920s. In 1924 the institution built a stadium on the corner of 60 and 118 streets. Since that time, it would become one of the major sports in the club.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: The basketball team peaked during the 1978 and 1979 campaigns, when it won two Metropolitano championships. In both cases, team prevailed over favorite Obras Sanitarias, Argentina's powerhouse at the time. The team included players such as "Gallego" González, "Finito" Gehrmann, Peinado, as well as some Americans: Michael Jackson, Lawrence Jackson Jr., and the team leader and star, point-guard Clarence Edgar Metcalfe, chosen as the league MVP in 1979. The twice-champions were coached by Rolando Sfeir.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Gimnasia was also runner-up in the 2003–04 Liga Nacional de Básquetbol's Primera División tournament, when it was defeated by Boca Juniors by 4–2 in the final series.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: In the following season, the team was relegated to the TNA (Second Division) after president Juan José Muñoz decreased substantially the basketball budget, thereby causing the loss of its principal players.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Some of Gimnasia's notable basketball players were Carlos "Gallego" González, Ernesto "Finito" Gehrmann, Roberto López, Carlos Bejarano and Mariano Cerutti among others. Likewise, club's notable coaches include José Ripullone, Miguel Ángel Ripullone and Gonzalo García.


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Gimnasia y Esgrima also has a female volleyball team, who are the only one of the nine founder clubs from the "Federación de Voleibol y Pelota al Cesto", still playing volleyball and in the highest division. The federation is current "Federación Metropolitana de Voleibol" (FMV).


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: In addition to the aforementioned sport activities, Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata participated in other disciplines throughout its history. The following sports are no longer practiced in the club:


title: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

text: Other activities were available at the club at various periods, namely: water polo, boxing, cycling, pétanque, auto racing and


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S. is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language comedy drama film directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee. A remake of the Hindi film "Munna Bhai M.B.B.S" (2003), the film stars Chiranjeevi, Sonali Bendre, Srikanth, Girish Karnad, and Paresh Rawal. It received positive reviews and was commercially successful completing 100 days run at the box office.


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: Chiranjeevi and Srikanth both won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu and Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu awards respectively at South Filmfare Awards in 2005. In 2007, its sequel, "Shankar Dada Zindabad" was released.


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: Shankar Prasad, nicknamed "Shankar Dada" (literally "Brother Shankar") is a bhai or goonda: a crime don in Hyderabad. Given that his father Satya Prasad had wished him to be a medical doctor, he creates the faux Sri Satya Prasad Charitable Hospital (named after his father) and pretends to live in accordance with this wish whenever his father and mother visit him in Hyderabad.


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: One day, however, Shankar's plan goes awry when his father meets an old acquaintance, Dr. Ramalingeswara Rao, and the two older men decide to marry Shankar to Ramalingeswara Rao's daughter Dr. Sunitha "Chitti". At this point the truth about Shankar is revealed. Ramalingeswara insults Shankar's parents and calls them "fools" for being ignorant of Shankar's real life. Shankar's parents, aghast and later heartbroken, leave for their village. Shankar, in grief and despair, decides that the only way to redeem himself and to gain revenge for the humiliation suffered by his father at the hands of the spiteful Ramalingeswara is to become a doctor. He decides to go to a medical college to obtain an MBBS degree, the graduate medical degree in South Asia.


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: With the help of his right-hand man ATM and others, Shankar "gains admission" to the Osmania College of Medical Sciences, where he again encounters Ramalingeswara, who is the dean. His success there becomes dependent upon the (coerced) help of faculty member Dr. Mohammad Rafi. While Shankar's skills as a medical doctor are minimal, he transforms those around him with the "Jantar Mantar" (heartful hug) — a method of comfort taught to Shankar by his mother — and the compassion he shows towards those in need. Despite the school's emphasis on mechanical, Cartesian, impersonal, often bureaucratic relationships between doctors and patients, Shankar constantly seeks to impose a more empathetic, almost holistic, regimen. To this end, he defies all convention by treating a brain-dead child named Sriramachandra Murthy alias Sriram as if the kid were able to perceive and understand normally; interacts on familiar but autocratic terms with patients; humiliates school bullies; effusively thanks a hitherto-underappreciated janitor; and encourages the patients themselves to make changes in their lives, so that they do not need drugs or surgery.


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: Ramalingeswara, who perceives all this as symptoms of chaos, is unable to prevent it from expanding and gaining ground at his college. He becomes increasingly irrational, almost to the point of insanity. Repeatedly, this near-dementia is shown when he receives unwelcome tidings and begins laughing in a way that implies that he has gone mad. This behavior is explained early on as an attempt to practice laughter therapy, an attempt that seems to have backfired — Ramalingeswara's laughing serves more to convey his anger than diffuse it. Meanwhile, Sunitha becomes increasingly fond of Shankar, who in his turn becomes unreservedly infatuated with her. Some comedy appears here because Shankar is unaware that Sunitha and his childhood friend "Chitti" are one and the same; an ignorance that Sunitha hilariously exploits. Ramalingeswara tries several times to expel Shankar but is often thwarted by Shankar's wit or the affection with which the others at the college regard Shankar, having gained superior self-esteem by his methods.


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: Eventually, Shankar is shamed into leaving the college: his guilt for not being able to help a dying friend gets the better of him. In the moments immediately following Shankar's departure, Sriram miraculously awakens from his vegetative state; at this point, Sunitha gives a heartfelt speech wherein she criticizes her father for having banished Shankar, saying that to do so is to banish hope, compassion, love, and happiness, etc. from the college. Ramalingeswara eventually realizes his folly. Shankar later marries Sunitha, learning for the first time that she is "Chitti". Finally his parents reconcile, and now, Shankar Prasad is Shankar Dada MBBS.


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: The sound generated at Taramati - Baradri used to be audible to the entire fort of Golkonda because of its strategic location. The producers of "Shankar Dada M.B.B.S." obtained special permission to hold this event at such an historical venue. But rain played the spoilt sport and it rained cats and dogs for 3-4 continuous hours in Hyderabad. The organizers changed the venue to Shilpakalavedika, Madapur.


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: The celebrities who graced this occasion include K Raghavendra Rao, D Rama Naidu, C Aswini Dutt, KL Narayana, KS Rama Rao, Allu Arvind, Vijaya Bapineedu, Shyam Prasad Reddy, C Kalyan, KC Sekhara Babu, Tagore Madhu, Dil Raju, Ashok Kumar, Chanti Affala, Arjuna Raju, Burugapally Sivarama Krishna, VV Vinayak, Seenu Vytla, Satya Murthy, Allu Arjun, Ali, Rohit etc. Raghu Kunche and Bhargavi anchored this event.


title: Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

text: Later after the completion of 50 days, two songs "Sande Poddu" (performed by Shankar Mahadevan & Kalpana, written by Sahithi) and "Tellarindo Maava" (performed & written by Devi Sri Prasad) were added to the official track list and The Audio was Re-Released. Both versions were well received.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: An hidalgo (, ) or a "fidalgo" (, ) is a member of the Spanish or Portuguese nobility; the feminine forms of the terms are "hidalga", in Spanish, and "fidalga", in Portuguese and Galician. In popular usage, the term "hidalgo" identifies a nobleman without a hereditary title. In practice, "hidalgos" were exempted from paying taxes, yet owned little real property.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: Since the twelfth century, the phrase "fijo d'algo" (lit. son of something) and its contraction, "fidalgo", were used in the Kingdom of Castile and in the Kingdom of Portugal to identify a type of nobility. In Portugal, the cognate remained "fidalgo", which identified nobles of a similar status to a "hidalgo" in Spain. In the Kingdom of Aragón, the "infanzón" was the noble counterpart of the Castilian hidalgo. The pronunciation changes in Spanish occurred during the late Middle Ages, the letter-F sounding was lost, and replaced with the letter-H spelling and pronunciation of "hidalgo". (see "History of the Spanish language")


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: In time, the term included the lower-ranking gentry, the untitled, lower stratum of the nobility who were exempted from taxation. The "Siete Partidas" (Leyes de Partidas), suggests that the word "hidalgo" derives from "itálico" ("italic"), a man with full Roman citizenship.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: In the previous Visigoth monarchies, the condition of the "hidalgo" was that of a freeman without land wealth, but with the nobleman's rights to wear arms and to be exempt from taxation, in compensation for military service; the military obligation and the social condition remained in force by the "Fuero Juzgo" law.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: The "hidalguía" has its origins in fighting men of the "Reconquista". By the tenth century the term "infanzón" appears in Asturian-Leonese documents as a synonym for the Spanish and Medieval Latin terms "caballero" and "miles" (both, "knight"). These "infanzones" were vassals of the great magnates and prelates and ran their estates for them as petty nobility. In these first centuries it was still possible to become a "miles" simply by being able to provide, and afford the costs of, mounted military service.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: Only by the mid-twelfth century did the ranks of the knights begin to be—in theory—closed by lineage. In the frontier towns that were created as the Christian kingdoms pushed into Muslim land, the "caballeros", and not the magnates who often were far away, came to dominate politics, society and cultural patronage. From their ranks were also drawn the representatives of the towns and cities when the "cortes" were convened by kings. It was in the twelfth century that this class, along with the upper nobility, began to be referred to as "hidalgos".


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: "Hidalgos de sangre" (by virtue of lineage) are "those for whom there is no memory of its origin and there is no knowledge of any document mentioning a royal grant, which obscurity is universally praised even more than those noblemen who know otherwise their origin", or in other words, an immemorial noble. When challenged, an "hidalgo de sangre" may obtain a judicial sentence validating his nobility from the Royal Chancillería of Valladolid or Granada, if he can prove that it has been accepted local society and custom. In this case, the resulting legal document that verifies his nobility is called a "carta ejecutoria de hidalguia" (letters patent of nobility).


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: To qualify as an "hidalgo solariego" ("ancestral hidalgo"), one had to prove that all four of one's grandparents were hidalgos. "Hidalgos solariegos" were regarded as the most noble and treated with the most respect.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: "Hidalgos de privilegio" (by virtue of royal privilege) and "hidalgos de Real Provision" (by virtue of meritorious acts) entail a grant of nobility from His Majesty the King of Spain in his position as monarch, or from his position as protector of a military confraternity or hermandad.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: "Hidalgo de bragueta" ("fly-of-the-trousers hidalgo") obtained tax exemption for having seven sons in legal matrimony.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: In Asturias, Cantabria and other regions of Spain every seven years the King ordered the creation of "padrones" ("registers") where the population was classified either as "hidalgos nobles", and therefore, exempt from taxation due to their military status or "pecheros" (from an archaic verb, "pechar", "to pay") who comprised the "estado llano" ("lower ranks") and were excluded from military service and had to pay taxes. These "padrones" constitute nowadays a source of information about population genealogy and distribution as well as proof of nobility in certain cases.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: Over the years the title lost its significance, especially in Spain. Kings routinely awarded the title in exchange for personal favors. By the time of the reign of the House of Bourbon, over half a million people enjoyed tax exemptions, putting tremendous strain on the royal state which wasn't calling their services to arms but relied more on professional armies and costly mercenaries.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: Attempts were made to reform the title and by the early nineteenth century with the forced levies to military service of all citizens by conscription without any minimum requirements of nobility or pay or loyalty by honour but by coercion on desertion, it had entirely disappeared, along with the social class it had originally signified and most of its centuries-old developed code of honour in the nation's social culture.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: Influenced by policies in France, hidalgos all became 'pecheros' (taxpayers), without the privileges of the former title, and along with all citizens were also subject to conscription. Both estates of the realm (social classes) became combined, compulsorily contributing to the nation in service and taxes without exemption, while the titled nobility and royalty kept their former privileges and exemptions.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: In literature the "hidalgo" is usually portrayed as a noble who has lost nearly all of his family's wealth but still held on to the privileges and honours of the nobility. The prototypical fictional "hidalgo" is Don Quixote, who was given the sobriquet 'the Ingenious Hidalgo' by his creator, Miguel de Cervantes. In the novel Cervantes has Don Quixote satirically present himself as an "hidalgo de sangre" and aspire to live the life of a knight-errant despite the fact that his economic position does not allow him to truly do so. Don Quixote's possessions allowed to him a meager life devoted to his reading obsession, yet his concept of honour led him to emulate the knights-errant.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: The picaresque novel "Lazarillo" features an hidalgo so poor that he spreads breadcrumbs on his clothes, to simulate having eaten a meal.


title: Hidalgo (nobility)

text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "Tales of a Wayside Inn" includes "The Theologian's Tale" which recounts the tragedy of Hidalgo who betrays his two daughters to the Grand Inquisitor. Hidalgo himself lights the fires, then from a tower casts himself into the depths of despair.


title: Porno (novel)

text: Porno (later republished as T2 Trainspotting after the 2017 film adaptation) is a novel published in 2002 by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh, the sequel to "Trainspotting". The book describes the characters of "Trainspotting" ten years after the events of the earlier book, as their paths cross again, this time with the pornography business as the backdrop rather than heroin use (although numerous drugs, particularly cocaine are mentioned throughout). A number of characters from "Glue" make an appearance as well.


title: Porno (novel)

text: This sequel picks up ideas of the film adaptation of "Trainspotting". One example is the fact that "Spud" has received his share of the drug money, which is shown in the film, but only alluded to in the book.


title: Porno (novel)

text: The novel is divided into three sections, each of which comprises chapters with different narrators. Unlike "Trainspotting", which had more narrational diversity, "Porno" is reduced to just five narrators: Sick Boy, Renton, Spud, Begbie and Nikki. Another difference from the format of "Trainspotting" is that each character has a defined chapter heading depending on what chapter it is. For instance, Sick Boy's chapters all begin with "Scam..." and then a number in front of a "#". Renton's all begin with "Whores of Amsterdam Pt..." Spud's chapters are just narrative, Begbie's are in capitals, and Nikki's are quotes from the chapter, for example "...A SIMON DAVID WILLIAMSON PRODUCTION...".


title: Porno (novel)

text: Each narrator is associated with a distinctive prose style. Renton, Sick Boy, and Nikki's chapters are written almost entirely in "standard" English while Begbie and Spud's chapters are in Scots. For example, in Chapter 25, Spud narrates, "So ah'm downcast git intae the library, thinkin tae masel" ("So I'm downcast when I get into the library thinking to myself"). He also repeats certain words when talking such as "catboy" or "cat", "likes" or "likesay", and "ken?" Begbie often swears a lot during his chapters. Sick Boy's returning grandiose nature is featured in imagined interviews with John Gibson of the "Evening News" and Alex McLeish.


title: Porno (novel)

text: Simon 'Sick Boy' Williamson leaves the London crack scene and returns to Leith when he comes into ownership of his aunt's pub. Convinced that the area is destined to become a social and cultural hub, Simon decides to focus his energy into making the pub an upper class establishment. Nikki Fuller-Smith is a university student who works part-time in a massage parlour. Rab, a university acquaintance, introduces her to his friend Terry Lawson and his underground, home-made pornography operation. The scene interests Nikki.


title: Porno (novel)

text: Danny 'Spud' Murphy has been regularly attending group sessions in an attempt to kick his drug habit. His relationship with his partner Alison is estranged and Spud feels like he has become a burden on her. He considers his life insurance policy and contemplates suicide.


title: Porno (novel)

text: Meanwhile, in Amsterdam, Mark Renton is co-owner of a successful nightclub. One night, a DJ from his hometown (Carl Ewart from Welsh's previous novel "Glue") plays at one of his clubs and recognises him.


title: Porno (novel)

text: When Sick Boy learns of Terry's operation, he offers the use of the upstairs bar to shoot some scenes. During their first meeting, the group begins planning to shoot a full length adult film. The first section concludes with "OOTSIDE", a chapter noting the release into society of Francis Begbie.


title: Porno (novel)

text: While in prison, Begbie received anonymous packages of gay porn sent from Sick Boy. He was determined to find the culprit upon his release. While accompanying an old friend on a debt collection errand, he meets Kate and begins a relationship with her.


title: Porno (novel)

text: When Alison begins working at Sick Boy's pub and Sick Boy deliberately attempts to end her relationship with Spud, the friendship between Spud and Sick Boy is over. During one heated argument, Spud reveals that he received his share of the money from Renton. He also unveils his recent ambition to write a history of Leith.


title: Porno (novel)

text: Begbie visits Sick Boy's pub. As the two converse, Sick Boy considers the merciless trait of opportunity and threat accompanying Begbie's release. Soon after, Terry, Rab and several other friends arrive and begin discussing their upcoming road trip to Amsterdam, a bachelor celebration for Rab. Sick Boy is initially reluctant to attend but changes his mind after Carl, a DJ, mentions that Renton works at a club there.


title: Porno (novel)

text: Sick Boy's "Porno" shoot becomes a slow demolition of his so-called mates. Spud ends their friendship when Sick Boy tells him he was using him for the purpose of a scam, Nikki becomes disillusioned with him after realising that he really has no loving side and really is the cold-hearted, deceitful man that she tried desperately to ignore.


title: Porno (novel)

text: Begbie grows tired of Sick Boy being 'smarmy', although Begbie becomes angry with everyone in due course. Spud tries to provoke Begbie into killing him so his wife Alison will profit from his life insurance. As Begbie is angrily beating Spud, Alison and the couple's young son burst in, stopping them. Spud is severely injured, but his last narration implies that he can see life getting better.


title: Porno (novel)

text: The biggest departure Sick Boy has from his life is Renton. After promising to meet Sick Boy in Cannes, Renton instead goes to Zurich to empty their joint account and then start a new life in San Francisco. This deception is the biggest blow to Sick Boy as he obviously treasured their unconventional friendship and cannot believe he was tricked by Renton again.


title: Porno (novel)

text: Begbie later discovers Renton while visiting Leith and is hit by a car while running across the road to assault him. While Renton would have expected to feel happy by this he is heartbroken and comforts Begbie while he is taken to hospital. It is indicated that as Begbie slips into a coma he may have forgiven Renton. After learning that Begbie has fallen into a coma, Renton flees the country with Nikki and Diane, as well as Sick Boy's £60,000 made from a financial fraud. The book ends with Begbie suddenly coming awake as Sick Boy confesses everything in hope that Begbie will resume his bloodthirsty hunt for Renton.


title: Porno (novel)

text: Danny Boyle stated his wish to make a sequel to "Trainspotting" based on "Porno" which takes place nine years later. He was reportedly waiting until the original actors themselves age visibly enough to portray the same characters, ravaged by time; Boyle joked that the natural vanity of actors would make it a long wait.


title: Porno (novel)

text: On 10 September 2009, Robert Carlyle revealed that Boyle was "edging closer" to making "Porno". Carlyle, who played Begbie in the film, said he would "jump through hoops of fire backwards" for the filmmaker and would "do "Porno" tomorrow for nothing." Ewan McGregor, who played anti-hero Renton, expressed his reluctance to do a sequel saying it would be a "terrible shame". Boyle and McGregor had not worked together since 1997's "A Life Less Ordinary", after which McGregor was passed over in favour of Leonardo DiCaprio for the lead role in Boyle's big screen adaptation of Alex Garland's novel, "The Beach". In 2013, McGregor noted that he was "ready to work" on the film with Boyle after reconciling.


title: Porno (novel)

text: In 2013 Boyle said that any sequel to "Trainspotting" would be loosely based on "Porno". On 6 May 2014, Welsh confirmed that he had spent a week with Boyle, Andrew Macdonald and the creative team behind "Trainspotting" to discuss the sequel. Welsh stated that the meeting was in order to "explore the story and script ideas. We're not interested in doing something that will trash the legacy of "Trainspotting"... we want to do something that's very fresh and contemporary."


title: Porno (novel)

text: On 17 November 2014, Welsh revealed that McGregor and Boyle had resolved their differences and had held meetings about the film, saying "I know Danny and Ewan are back in touch with each other again. There are others in the cast who’ve had a rocky road, but now also reconciled. With the "Trainspotting" sequel the attention is going to be even more intense this time round because the first was such a great movie - and Danny’s such a colossus now. We’re all protective of the Trainspotting legacy and we want to make a film that adds to that legacy and doesn’t take away from it."


title: Porno (novel)

text: Filming on a sequel to "Trainspotting" began in May 2016, with all the major cast members reprising their roles and Danny Boyle directing. It was released on 27 January 2017.


title: Porno (novel)

text: A stage adaptation of Porno, written by Davie Carswell and following the novel more closely than the film, premiered at the Edinburgh Fringe in 2022.


title: Tamarix

text: The genus Tamarix (tamarisk, salt cedar, taray) is composed of about 50–60 species of flowering plants in the family Tamaricaceae, native to drier areas of Eurasia and Africa. The generic name originated in Latin and may refer to the Tamaris River in Hispania Tarraconensis (Spain).


title: Tamarix

text: They are evergreen or deciduous shrubs or trees growing to in height and forming dense thickets. The largest, "Tamarix aphylla", is an evergreen tree that can grow to tall. They usually grow on saline soils, tolerating up to 15,000 ppm soluble salt, and can also tolerate alkaline conditions.


title: Tamarix

text: Tamarisks are characterized by slender branches and grey-green foliage. The bark of young branches is smooth and reddish brown. As the plants age, the bark becomes gray-brown, ridged and furrowed.


title: Tamarix

text: The leaves are scale-like, almost like that of junipers, 1–2 mm (1/20" to 1/10") long, and overlap each other along the stem. They are often encrusted with salt secretions.


title: Tamarix

text: The pink to white flowers appear in dense masses on 5–10 cm (2" to 4") long spikes at branch tips from March to September, though some species (e.g., "T. aphylla") tend to flower in the summer till as late as November.


title: Tamarix

text: "Tamarix aphylla" can spread both vegetatively, by submerged stems producing adventitious roots, and sexually, by seeds. Each flower can produce thousands of tiny (1 mm; 1/20" diameter) seeds that are contained in a small capsule usually adorned with a tuft of hair that aids in wind dispersal. Seeds can also be dispersed by water. Seedlings require extended periods of soil saturation for establishment. Tamarisk trees are most often propagated by cuttings.


title: Tamarix

text: These trees grow in disturbed and undisturbed streams, waterways, bottom lands, banks, and drainage washes of natural or artificial water bodies, moist rangelands and pastures.


title: Tamarix

text: It is unclear if "Tamarix" species are fire-adapted, but in many cases a large proportion of the trees are able to resprout from the stump after fires, although not notably more so than other riverine species. They likely cannot resprout from root suckers. In some habitats where they are native, wildfire appears to favour the establishment of riverine trees such as "Populus", to the detriment of "Tamarix". Conversely, they do appear to be more flammable, with more dead wood produced and debris held aloft. In the southwestern USA, most stands studied appear to be burning at faster intervals than they can fully mature and die of natural causes.


title: Tamarix

text: "Tamarix" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including "Coleophora asthenella" which feeds exclusively on "T. africana".


title: Tamarix

text: In some specific riparian habitats in the Southwestern United States and California, "Tamarix ramosissima" has naturalized and become an important invasive plant species. In other areas, the plants form dense monocultures that alter the natural environment and compete with native species already stressed by human activity. Recent scientific investigations have generally concluded that the primary human-caused impact to desert riparian ecosystems within the Colorado River Basin is the alteration of the flood regime by dams; "Tamarix ramosissima" is relatively tolerant of this hydrologic alteration compared to flood-dependent native woody riparian species such as willow, cottonwood, and box elder.


title: Tamarix

text: Research on competition between tamarisk seedlings and co-occurring native trees has found that "Tamarix" seedlings are not competitive over a range of environments, but stands of mature trees effectively prevent native species' establishment in the understory, due to low light, elevated salinity, and possibly changes to the soil biota. Box elder ("Acer negundo", a native riparian tree) seedlings survive and grow under higher-shade conditions than "Tamarix" seedlings, and mature "Tamarix" specimens die after 1–2 years of 98% shade, indicating a pathway for successional replacement of "Tamarix" by box elder. Anthropogenic activities that preferentially favor tamarisk (such as changes to flooding regimens) are associated with infestation. To date, "Tamarix "has taken over large sections of riparian ecosystems in the western United States that were once home to native cottonwoods and willows, and are projected by some to spread well beyond the current range.


title: Tamarix

text: In a 2013 study which examined if native plant growth was hindered by the microbiota associated with the presence of "Tamarix", a relatively new invasive plant to the northern United States, "Elymus lanceolatus" and other native plants in fact grew better when a small soil sample from areas where "Tamarix" trees grew was mixed in with the potting soil, as opposed to samples without these plants. This was thought to indicate the presence of beneficial mycorrhizae. The presence of "Tamarix" plants has also been shown to boost soil fertility in a number of studies, and it also increases soil salinity. Two studies found that "Tamarix" plants are able to limit the recruitment of "Salix" and "Populus" tree species, in the latter case possibly due to interfering with the trees ability to form symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in contrast to the grass and legume species studied in 2013.


title: Tamarix

text: Because it is much more efficient at both obtaining water from drying soil and conserving water during drought, it can outcompete many native species, especially after the habitat is altered by controlling flood regimes and disturbance of water sources. Because the trees are able to concentrate salts on the outside of their leaves, dense stands of the tree will form a layer of high salinity on the topsoil as the leaves are shed. Although this layer is easily washed off during flooding events, in areas where the rivers are channelled and floods are controlled, this salty layer inhibits the germination of a number of native plants. However, a study involving more than a thousand soil samples across gradients of both flood frequency and "Tamarix" density concluded that "flooding may be the most important factor for assessing floodplain salinity" and "soils under "Tamarix" canopies had lower surface soil salinity than open areas deprived of flooding suggesting that surface evaporation may contribute more to surface soil salinity than "Tamarix"".


title: Tamarix

text: "Tamarix" species are commonly believed to disrupt the structure and stability of North American native plant communities and degrade native wildlife habitat, by outcompeting and replacing native plant species, salinizing soils, monopolizing limited sources of moisture, and increasing the frequency, intensity, and effect of fires and floods . While individual plants may not consume larger quantities of water than native species, large, dense stands of tamarisk do consume more water than equivalent stands of native cottonwoods. An active and ongoing debate exists as to when the tamarisk can out-compete native plants, and if it is actively displacing native plants or it just taking advantage of disturbance by removal of natives by humans and changes in flood regimens.


title: Tamarix

text: Pest populations of tamarisk in the United States can be dealt with in several ways. The National Park Service has used the methods of physically removing the plants, spraying them with herbicides, and introducing northern tamarisk beetles ("Diorhabda carinulata") in the national park system. Various attempts to control tamarisk have been implemented on federal lands including Dinosaur National Monument, San Andres National Wildlife Refuge, and White Sands Missile Range. After years of study, the USDA Agricultural Research Service found that the introduced tamarisk beetles eat only the tamarisk, and starve when no more tamarisk is available, not eating any other plants native to North America.


title: Tamarix

text: The tamarisk was introduced to the United States as an ornamental shrub, a windbreak, and a shade tree in the early 19th century. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, tree-planting was used as a tool to fight soil erosion on the Great Plains, and different trees were planted by the millions in the Great Plains Shelterbelt, including salt cedars.


title: Tamarix

text: "Tamarix aphylla" (Athel tree), a large evergreen tree, does not sexually reproduce in the local climate and is not considered a seriously invasive species. The Athel tree is commonly used for windbreaks on the edge of agricultural fields and as a shade tree in the deserts of the Southwestern United States.


title: Tamarix

text: The second subgroup contains the deciduous tamarisks, which are small, shrubby trees, commonly known as "saltcedars". These include "T. pentandra", "T. tetrandra", "T. gallica", "T. chinensis", "T. ramosissima" and "T. parviflora".


title: Tamarix

text: In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh's mother, the goddess Ninsun, ceremoniously bathes in a bath of "tamarisk" and soapwort before allowing Gilgamesh and Enkidu to begin their conquest.


title: Tamarix

text: In the "Iliad" 21.18 Achilles leaves his spear aside among the tamarisks by the banks of the river Xanthus.


title: Tamarix

text: In Genesis 21:33, Abraham is recorded to have "planted a tamarisk at Beer-sheba". He had built a well there, earlier.


title: Tamarix

text: In 1 Samuel 22:6, Saul is sitting under a tamarisk tree on a hill at Gibeah when he learns that David has returned to Judah.


title: Tamarix

text: In the Quran 34:16, the people of Saba were punished when "[Allah] converted their two garden (rows) into gardens producing bitter fruit and tamarisks...".


title: Tamarix

text: In Egyptian mythology, the body of Osiris is hidden for a time in a tamarisk tree in Byblos, until it was retrieved by Isis. A reference to this is also made in the computer game, "Age of Mythology", in which the head of Osiris is said to be hidden inside the trunk of a great tamarisk tree.


title: Tamarix

text: According to the "New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology", the tamarisk plant is a favorite of the Greek god Apollo.


title: Tamarix

text: The tamarisk features heavily in Paolo Bacigalupi's short story, "The Tamarisk Hunter". The story depicts a man in a drought-stricken near future who uproots and collects tamarisk plants in exchange for state-paid bounties. The story is collected in Bacigalupi's short story collection, "Pump Six".


title: Dichlorodifluoromethane

text: Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) is a colorless gas usually sold under the brand name Freon-12, and a chlorofluorocarbon halomethane (CFC) used as a refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant. Complying with the Montreal Protocol, its manufacture was banned in developed countries (non-article 5 countries) in 1996, and developing countries (article 5 countries) in 2010 out of concerns about its damaging effect on the ozone layer. Its only allowed usage is as fire retardant in submarines and aircraft. It is soluble in many organic solvents. R-12 cylinders are colored white.


title: Dichlorodifluoromethane

text: It can be prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of antimony pentachloride:


title: Dichlorodifluoromethane

text: This reaction can also produce trichlorofluoromethane (CClF), chlorotrifluoromethane (CClF) and tetrafluoromethane (CF).


title: Dichlorodifluoromethane

text: Charles (Boss) Kettering, vice president of General Motors Research Corporation, was seeking a refrigerant replacement that would be colorless, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic, and nonflammable. He assembled a team that included Thomas Midgley, Jr., Albert Leon Henne, and Robert McNary. From 1930 to 1935, they developed dichlorodifluoromethane (CClF or R12), trichlorofluoromethane (CClF or R11), chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF or R22), trichlorotrifluoroethane (CClFCClF or R113), and dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CClFCClF or R114), through Kinetic Chemicals which was a joint venture between DuPont and General Motors.


title: Dichlorodifluoromethane

text: The use of chlorofluorocarbons as aerosols in medicine, such as USP-approved salbutamol, has been phased out by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A different propellant known as hydrofluoroalkane, or HFA, which was not known to harm the environment, was chosen to replace it.


title: Dichlorodifluoromethane

text: R-12 was used in most refrigeration and vehicle air conditioning applications prior to 1994 before being replaced by 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), which has an insignificant ozone depletion potential. Automobile manufacturers started using R-134a instead of R-12 in 1992–1994. When older units leak or require repair involving removal of the refrigerant, retrofitment to a refrigerant other than R-12 (most commonly R-134a which has a global warming potential 3,400 times that of carbon dioxide) is required in some jurisdictions. The United States does not require automobile owners to retrofit their systems; however, taxes on ozone-depleting chemicals coupled with the relative scarcity of the original refrigerants on the open market make retrofitting the only economical option. Retrofitment requires system flush and a new filter/dryer or accumulator, and may also involve the installation of new seals and/or hoses made of materials compatible with the refrigerant being installed. Mineral oil used with R-12 is not compatible with R-134a. Some oils designed for conversion to R-134a are advertised as compatible with residual R-12 mineral oil. Another replacement for R-12 is the highly flammable, but truly drop-in HC-12a, whose flammability has led to injuries and deaths.


title: Dichlorodifluoromethane

text: Aside from its immense environmental impacts, R12, like most chlorofluoroalkanes, forms phosgene gas when exposed to a naked flame.


title: Duffel bag

text: A duffel bag, duffle bag, or kit bag is a large bag made of either natural or synthetic fabric (typically canvas), historically with a top closure using a drawstring. Generally a duffel bag is used by non-commissioned personnel in the military, and for travel, sports and recreation by civilians. When used by a sailor or marines a duffel is known as a seabag. A duffel's open structure and lack of rigidity makes it adaptable to carrying sports gear and similar bulky objects.


title: Duffel bag

text: A duffel bag is often confused with a hoop-handled hard-bottomed zippered bag, generically also known as a gym bag.


title: Duffel bag

text: The origin of the name is disputed. Most sources maintain the name comes from Duffel, a town in Flanders, Belgium, where the thick duffel cloth used to make the bag originated in the 17th century.


title: Duffel bag

text: According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", the word dates back to 1649, used to describe ‘a coarse woollen cloth having a thick nap or frieze’. The earliest reference of the word specifically referring to a "duffel bag" is 1768.


title: Duffel bag

text: In most of the 20th century, a "duffel bag" typically referred to a specific style of cylindrical, top-entry bag. During the latter part the term began to be applied to a generic hoop-handled, hard-bottomed fabric holdall more commonly known as a "gym bag". It is to this bag that additional features such as wheels, zippers, internal structure, and small organizing pockets are often added.


title: David D. Friedman

text: David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is an American economist, physicist, legal scholar, and anarcho-capitalist theorist. Although he studied chemistry and physics and not law or economics, he is known for his textbook writings on microeconomics and the libertarian theory of anarcho-capitalism, which is the subject of his most popular book, "The Machinery of Freedom". Described by Walter Block as a "free-market anarchist" theorist, Friedman has also authored several other books and articles, including "Price Theory: An Intermediate Text" (1986), "Law's Order: What Economics Has to Do with Law and Why It Matters" (2000), "Hidden Order: The Economics of Everyday Life" (1996), and "Future Imperfect" (2008).


title: David D. Friedman

text: David Friedman is the son of economists Rose and Milton Friedman. He graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University in 1965, with a bachelor's degree in chemistry and physics. He later earned a master's (1967) and a PhD (1971) in theoretical physics from the University of Chicago. Despite his later career, he never took a class for credit in either economics or law. He was a professor of law at Santa Clara University from 2005 to 2017, and a contributing editor for "Liberty" magazine. He is currently a Professor Emeritus. He is an atheist. His son, Patri Friedman, has also written about libertarian theory and market anarchism, particularly seasteading.


title: David D. Friedman

text: In his book "The Machinery of Freedom" (1973), Friedman sketched a form of anarcho-capitalism where all goods and services including law itself can be produced by the free market. Friedman advocates an incrementalist approach to achieve anarcho-capitalism by gradual privatization of areas that government is involved in, ultimately privatizing the law itself. In the book, he states his opposition to violent anarcho-capitalist revolution.


title: David D. Friedman

text: He advocates a consequentialist version of anarcho-capitalism, arguing for it on a cost-benefit analysis of state versus no state. It is contrasted with the natural-rights approach as propounded most notably by economist and libertarian theorist Murray Rothbard.


title: David D. Friedman

text: Friedman is a longtime member of the Society for Creative Anachronism, where he is known as "Duke Cariadoc of the Bow". He is known throughout the worldwide society for his articles on the philosophy of recreationism and practical historical recreations, especially those relating to the medieval Middle East. His work is compiled in the popular "Cariadoc's Miscellany". He is sometimes credited with founding the largest and longest-running SCA event, the Pennsic War; as king of the Middle Kingdom he challenged the East Kingdom, and later as king of the East accepted the challenge and lost (to himself).


title: David D. Friedman

text: He was a teenage wargamer who taught his school friend, Jack Radey, founder of People's War Games, how to play such wargames as "Tactics II". Radey relates how Friedman and himself wrote to Charles S. Roberts claiming that they had found a first turn winning strategy for each of the two sides. Roberts replied that their interpretation of the rules was valid.


title: David D. Friedman

text: He is a long-time science fiction fan, and has written two fantasy novels, "Harald" (Baen Books, 2006) and "Salamander" (2011).


title: Frosted Flakes

text: Frosted Flakes or Frosties is a breakfast cereal, produced by the Kellogg Company and consisting of sugar-coated corn flakes. It was introduced in the United States, in 1952, as "Sugar Frosted Flakes". The word "sugar" was dropped from the name in 1983.


title: Frosted Flakes

text: Generic versions, such as store brands, are also available. Unlike many cereals, such as Cheerios, Shreddies and Rice Krispies, the name “Frosted Flakes” is so generic that it cannot be trademarked, and thus it often shares its name with competitors.


title: Frosted Flakes

text: Frosted Flakes was the second-best-selling cereal in the first half of 2017 within the US in gross sales, after Honey Nut Cheerios.


title: Frosted Flakes

text: Tony the Tiger has been the mascot of Frosted Flakes since its introduction. Tony is known for saying the cereal's slogan: "They're Gr-r-reat!" (the "r"s in "Great" being drawn-out). Tony the Tiger was originally voiced by Dallas McKennon, but Thurl Ravenscroft voiced him for more than 50 years, until his death in 2005. Tony was later voiced (in Canada and the US) by former professional wrestling play-by-play announcer Lee Marshall until his death on April 27, 2014. After Marshall's death, he was replaced with Tex Brashear. In the UK, Tom Hill voiced Tony after Ravenscroft's death. Tony is drawn wearing a red bandana on all Frosted Flakes cereal boxes.


title: Frosted Flakes

text: Frosted Flakes, under its Australian name of Frosties, received 2 stars out of 5 on the Australian Government's health star ratings.


title: Audrey Tang

text: Audrey Tang (; born 18 April 1981) is a Taiwanese free software programmer and the inaugural Minister of Digital Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan), who has been described as one of the "ten greatest Taiwanese computing personalities". In August 2016, Tang was invited to join Taiwan's Executive Yuan as a minister without portfolio, making her the first transgender and the first non-binary official in the top executive cabinet. Tang has identified as "post-gender" and accepts "whatever pronoun people want to describe me with online." Tang is a community leader of Haskell and Perl and the core member of G0v.


title: Audrey Tang

text: Tang was born to father Tang Kuang-hua and mother Lee Ya-ching. Lee Ya-ching helped develop Taiwan's first consumer co-operative, and co-developed an experimental primary school employing indigenous teachers. Tang was a child prodigy, reading works of classical literature before the age of five, advanced mathematics before six, and programming before eight, and she began to learn Perl at age 12. Tang spent part of her childhood in Germany. Two years later, she dropped out of junior high school, unable to adapt to student life. By the year 2000, at the age of 19, Tang had already held positions in software companies, and worked in California's Silicon Valley as an entrepreneur.


title: Audrey Tang

text: In late 2005, Tang began transitioning to female, including changing her English and Chinese names, citing a need to reconcile her outward appearance with her self-image. In 2017, Tang said, "I've been shutting reality off, and lived almost exclusively on the net for many years, because my brain knows for sure that I am a woman, but the social expectations demand otherwise." In 2019, Tang identified as "post-gender" or non-binary, responding to a request regarding pronoun preferences with "What’s important here is not which pronouns you use, but the experience...about those pronouns... I’m not just non-binary. I’m really whatever, so do whatever."


title: Audrey Tang

text: The television news channel ETToday reported that Tang has an IQ of 180. Tang has been a vocal proponent for autodidacticism and individualist anarchism.


title: Audrey Tang

text: Tang initiated and led the Pugs project, a joint effort from the Haskell and Perl communities to implement the Perl 6 language; Tang also made contributions to internationalization and localization efforts for several Free Software programs, including SVK (a version-control software written in Perl for which Tang also wrote a large portion of the code), Request Tracker, and Slash, created Ethercalc, building on Dan Bricklin's work on WikiCalc and their work together on SocialCalc, as well as heading Traditional Chinese translation efforts for various open source-related books.


title: Audrey Tang

text: On CPAN, Tang initiated over 100 Perl projects between June 2001 and July 2006, including the popular Perl Archive Toolkit (PAR), a cross-platform packaging and deployment tool for Perl 5. Tang is also responsible for setting up smoke test and digital signature systems for CPAN. In October 2005, Tang was a speaker at O'Reilly Media's European Open Source Convention in Amsterdam.


title: Audrey Tang

text: Tang became involved in politics during Taiwan's 2014 Sunflower Student Movement demonstrations, in which Tang volunteered to help the protesters occupying the Taiwanese parliament building broadcast their message. The prime minister invited Tang to build media literacy curricula for Taiwan's schools, which was implemented in late 2017. Following this work, Tang was appointed minister without portfolio for digital affairs in the Lin Chuan cabinet in August 2016, and took office as the digital minister on October 1, being placed in charge of helping government agencies communicate policy goals and managing information published by the government, both via digital means. At age 35, Tang was the youngest minister without portfolio in Taiwanese history and was given this role to bridge the gap between the older and younger generations.


title: Audrey Tang

text: As a conservative anarchist, Tang ultimately desires the abolition of Taiwan and all states, and justifies working for the state by the opportunity it affords to promote worthwhile ends. Tang's conservatism stems from wanting to preserve free public spaces independent from the state, such as Internet properties, and wanting technological advances to be applied humanistically so that all, rather than a few, can reap its benefits, to the exclusion of others.


title: Audrey Tang

text: Tang's department does not follow hierarchical or bureaucratic relationships. As of 2017, Tang's staff of 15 chose to work in the department. The group produces a weekly roadmap as collaborators, not orders. Tang was quoted as saying, "My existence is not to become a minister for a certain group, nor to broadcast government propaganda. Instead, it is to become a 'channel' to allow greater combinations of intelligence and strength to come together."


title: Audrey Tang

text: Tang's first initiative, the g0v project, involved swapping out the "o" for a zero in the government's "gov.tw" top-level domain to view more accessible and interactive versions of those governmental websites. The project was open source, in line with Tang's principles, and very popular, accessed millions of times each month. Another initiative, vTaiwan, uses social media paradigms for citizens to create digital petitions. Those with 5,000 signatures are brought to the premier and government ministries to be addressed. Changes implemented through this system include access to income tax software for non-Windows computers, and changes to cancer treatment regulations. The Taiwanese parliament complained that citizens had better access to influence regulation than they did as legislators. As of 2017, Tang was working on sharing economy software that would facilitate the free exchange of resources in abundance instead of the ride-sharing and peer hotel applications for which the technology is known.


title: Audrey Tang

text: As a general practice of "radical transparency", all of Tang's meetings are recorded, transcribed, and uploaded to a public website. Tang also publicly responds to questions sent through another website.


title: Audrey Tang

text: In 2022, Tang hosted the video podcast "Innovative Minds with Audrey Tang" in a collaboration with TaiwanPlus, an international streaming service. Guests on the program include Steve Chen, Vitalik Buterin, and Sandra Oudkirk.


title: Governorates of Iraq

text: Iraq consists of 19 governorates (; ), also known as "provinces". Per the Iraqi constitution, governorates can form an autonomous region. Four governorates, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, and Halabja, constitute the autonomous Kurdistan Region. Baghdad (which is the most populous) and Basra are the oldest standing provinces of Iraq. The second most-populous province, Ninawa (also called Nineveh) is in the upland and quite cool climate of the north-west.


title: Governorates of Iraq

text: Through early 2014, the Council of Ministers of the government of Iraq approved proposals to add the three newest governorates:


title: Governorates of Iraq

text: Another proposal exists to add a 20th: Fallujah, from the relevant part of the Al Anbar. This largely did not occur due to the ISIS insurgency. Following the defeat of ISIS in the Battle of Fallujah (2016), the proposal may resurface or Al-Anbar may remain undivided.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The Oldsmobile Aurora is a luxury sports sedan, manufactured and marketed by General Motors from 1994 until 2003 over two generations — sharing platforms with Buick Riviera and using the Cadillac-derived G platform. At the time of production, the Aurora was the flagship vehicle in the Oldsmobile lineup. It originated as the 1990 Cadillac Aurora concept using the Allante 4.5 V8 engine and all-wheel drive.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The Aurora replaced the Toronado coupe and eventually the Oldsmobile 98, LSS and Regency in the Oldsmobile range — using V8 and V6 engines. It was equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: GM developed the Aurora to rejuvenate Oldsmobile, basing its design on the 1989 Oldsmobile Tube Car concept car, using a variant of Cadillac's Northstar 4.6-liter V-8 engine.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: By the Aurora's introduction, Oldsmobile sales had fallen from a record high of 1,066,122 in 1985 to 402,936 in 1993. Competition from Acura, Infiniti and Lexus offered similar products that benefited from superior durability and reliability reputations. The Aurora bore no Oldsmobile badging save for the radio-CD-cassette deck and engine cover. Instead, the Aurora used a stylized "A" emblem, foreshadowing a similar restyling of Oldsmobile's corporate "rocket" emblem for 1997.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: Oldsmobile subsequently borrowed Aurora styling cues from the Aurora for its Intrigue and compact Alero models.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: Early design work on what would become the Aurora began as early as the late 1980s with the 1989 Oldsmobile Tube Car engineering concept, designed by Bud Chandler. In addition to the overall similar shape, the Tube Car featured many detailed elements that were later found on the production automobile, including a full-width taillamp, wraparound rear windshield, and frameless windows. Unlike the eventual production car, the Tube Car used a pillarless hardtop design with suicide doors. The final production design was signed off on in July 1989, originally set for a 1992 start of production.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The Aurora went into production on January 24, 1994, and was released for the 1995 model year, featuring dual-zone climate control, driver and front passenger airbags, leather seating surfaces, genuine burl walnut interior accents, six-speaker sound system with in-dash cd-cassette, and eight-way power adjustable front seats with 2-position memory. An onboard computer displaying the date, current gas consumption, and other information was also standard, and was mounted in the center of the dashboard, above the factory radio and climate controls. Options included a power sunroof, Bose Acoustimass premium amplified sound system, heated front seats, and Autobahn package.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The Aurora came standard with Oldsmobile's L47 V8 engine, a DOHC engine based on Cadillac's 4.6 L Northstar V8. The Northstar engine and 4T80-E had been exclusive to Cadillac prior to the Aurora. The L47 put out at 5600 rpm and torque at 4400 rpm. The Aurora used a four-speed automatic transmission with driver selectable "normal" and "power" shift modes. A highly modified version of this engine was used by General Motors racing division initially for Indy Racing League and IMSA competition starting in 1995 with the GM-supported Aurora GTS-1 racing program, then was later used in the Cadillac Northstar LMP program in 2000. Both engines retained the 4.0 L capacity, but the Northstar LMP version was twin-turbocharged. The Aurora had a drag coefficient of 0.32.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The Aurora was noted for its engine, build quality, ride, and structural integrity. During normal crush-to-failure tests to evaluate body torsional rigidity, the Aurora's unibody construction broke GM's testing machine. A frame-crusher otherwise used to test stronger truck frames had to be used, with the car twice exceeding federal standards for passenger cars.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: First-generation Auroras were manufactured in Lake Orion, Michigan, along with the Buick LeSabre, Buick Park Avenue, Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile 88, Oldsmobile 98 and Pontiac Bonneville.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: For 1996, Oldsmobile made some minor revisions to the Aurora including new rear glass which has less distortion than previous models.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: Further revisions include daytime running lights and OBD II compliant on-board diagnostic systems, tweaking the climate control and safety alarm, a revised keyless entry system with new features was and the short list of optional equipment was expanded to include chrome wheels and a gold trim package. The 1996-'99 models also had the passenger temperature toggle buttons on the middle right portion of the instrument panels replaced with air recirculator buttons.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: There were minor changes for the Aurora in 1997. A new in-dash CD player for the Bose sound system highlighted the improvements. Another new feature was a tilt-down right-outside mirror that enhances the driver's view of close objects, whenever the shifter is placed in reverse.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The underside of the door handles were slightly recontoured to minimize slipping fingers when the handles are pulled. Seat belt release buttons were moved from the face of the buckle to the end for improved convenience. An electronic compass was added to the inside rear-view mirror. Larger front brakes came along with cast aluminum front control arms and steering knuckles. The rear ashtray assembly was changed from a click-lock face to a pull-up face. Finally, the spare tire cover and jack cradle assembly was changed from the jack and cover being bolted down to one where the jack sat in a plastic "bucket" inside the spare with the cover simply placed on top.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: On some 1997s a modest "Oldsmobile" badge returned to the right-rear corner of the car along with the Aurora name.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The 1998 model had a few minor refinement changes to the brakes, suspension, steering and emissions controls. A new front control arm design with front hydraulic bushing and rear cross axis ball joint for enhanced ride smoothness and better isolation from road noise and vibration. Internal rebound springs added to front struts for improved body motion control and to minimize crash-through. Increased wheel travel (3 mm) and redesigned jounce bumpers for softer feel at full travel. Dual durometer cradle mounts for improved isolation. Premium valving and damping in the front and rear struts for a higher refinement in calibration. There were more accurate wheel sensors for improved ABS actuation. New steering calibration for more on-center feel and reduced parking effort.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: GM's previously optional OnStar system, standard for this year, uses a dedicated button on the cellular telephone putting drivers in contact with an information center that can provide them with emergency assistance. The system uses no transmitters to determine the vehicle's location and provide route information to any destination.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: Almost all of the changes made to the Aurora for 1998 were aimed at refining what was already a highly regarded suspension system.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The last year for the first generation Aurora; changes for 1999 included additional engine mounts for improved engine stability.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: Oldsmobile's original intention for the second generation was to move the Aurora further upmarket, retaining its V8-only drivetrain and sharing a platform with the new Buick Riviera, as the original Aurora had done. This would have created more room within the Oldsmobile lineup for a four-door Eighty-Eight successor known as the "Antares". However, Buick dropped its Riviera development plans as fiscal trouble found Oldsmobile, so the division was forced to re-engineer the Antares into an acceptable Aurora in short time. Still using the G-body design, the re-engineered Aurora was the result, but retaining its 4.0 V8 Northstar still mounted to a 4T80-E automatic transmission.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: Oldsmobile also offered a V6 engine in the Aurora for the first time. The V6 in question was the LX5, a cut-down relation of the DOHC Aurora V8, dubbed the "Shortstar." The V6-powered Aurora was produced for the 2001 and 2002 model years only, with production ceasing in mid-2002.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: This Aurora, though still a competitive luxury sedan, did not attract the attention, nor sales that the original did. This can be blamed on several reasons. Most of all was that the new Aurora was overshadowed by GM's announcement in December 2000 that the Oldsmobile marque was to be phased out over the next several years. Though still retaining its unique styling, it now also shared design cues with other Oldsmobiles. The second generation Aurora was about six inches shorter than was the first generation. "Automobile" magazine wrote that "The Aurora's new look is not quite as sensuous or elegant as that of the outgoing model," but the Auto Channel review said, "it was better in every respect."


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The second generation Aurora went into production on November 1, 1999, and went on sale in February 2000 as a 2001 model. The last V6-powered Auroras rolled off the assembly line on June 21, 2002. The final 500 Auroras ended production on March 28, 2003. These were all a special burgundy color (called "Dark Cherry Metallic"), had special chrome wheels, and "Final 500" badging. The Orion, Michigan plant built a total of 71,722 second-generation Auroras; 53,640 in 2001, 10,865 in 2002, and 7,217 in 2003.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: The second-generation (2001-2003) Oldsmobile Aurora came very well equipped from the factory, as was expected of a luxury vehicle. Standard features on the Aurora included keyless entry, security alarm, luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces with power adjustments for the driver's seat, an AM-FM stereo with radio data system (RDS) and cassette and single-disc CD players, a six-speaker sound system, leather door panel inserts, wood interior trim, automatic climate control, OnStar in-vehicle telematics system (later introduction), steering wheel-mounted climate and radio controls, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, power trunk release from the keyless entry remote, a multi-function driver's information center mounted above the factory radio and climate controls, a rear bench seat with fold-down center armrest, luxury-styled alloy wheels, a spare tire and wheel, automatic front head and fog lamps, a 3.5L V6 engine, a 4-speed automatic transmission, front-wheel-drive (FWD), front and side SRS airbags.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: Most equipment was standard on the Aurora, with a few additional options that included a driver's memory package with memory front driver's seat and memory for radio presets, heated dual front bucket seats, a premium audio system with external amplifier by Bose, a power tilt-and-sliding sunroof, chrome-finished alloy wheels, a gold emblem package for the front and rear Oldsmobile emblems, Aurora emblem, and 3.5 or 4.0 emblems, and the 4.0L Northstar V8 engine (this engine became standard equipment in 2003 for the Aurora's final year of production).


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: Starting in 2002, a voice-activated, CD-ROM based navigation system was available. In an homage to days gone by, the plastic hub caps on the 17' wheels used on the second generation V8 Auroras (except for the "Final 500" which used modified Cadillac wheels) were made with mold number 442.


title: Oldsmobile Aurora

text: Aurora was the official pace car of the 1997 and 2000 Indianapolis 500. At the beginning of the race in 1997, the pace car was driven by three-time Indy 500 winner Johnny Rutherford. At the beginning of the 2000 race, the pace car was driven by actor Anthony Edwards. These cars marked the ninth and tenth time an Oldsmobile had paced the Indianapolis 500 race.


title: Terry Glenn

text: Terry Tyree Glenn (July 23, 1974 – November 20, 2017) was an American football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the New England Patriots, Green Bay Packers, and Dallas Cowboys. He was drafted by the New England Patriots seventh overall in the 1996 NFL Draft. He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes.


title: Terry Glenn

text: Glenn never knew his father and his family received public assistance. When he was 13 years old, his mother was beaten to death by a man she had recently met. Glenn was shuttled between relatives until the age of 15, when he was taken in by Charles and Mary Henley, parents of a friend in Columbus, who would serve as his legal guardians. The Henley's son (June), also played in the NFL and broke some of Gale Sayers' rushing records at the University of Kansas.


title: Terry Glenn

text: He attended Brookhaven High School, where he practiced football, basketball, track and tennis. He didn't play organized football until his sophomore season, becoming a two-way player at wide receiver and cornerback, while also returning kicks. He contributed to the school years. Terry was a AAA State Champion in the 110 Hurdles, and 330 hurdles in both 1989-90


title: Terry Glenn

text: As a senior in 1991, he was the team's co-captain, registering 14 receptions for 416 yards (29.7-yard avg.) with 4 touchdowns and receiving second-team All-district honors.


title: Terry Glenn

text: Glenn walked-on at Ohio State University, because he grew up admiring the football program, even selling soft drinks at Buckeye games as a teenager. At the time, the team employed a run-oriented offense led by running backs like Raymont Harris and Eddie George.


title: Terry Glenn

text: As a redshirt freshman, he earned a scholarship during spring drills. He saw limited action in 10 games as a backup behind Chris Sanders at flanker, totaling 8 receptions for 156 yards (sixth on the team) with a 19.5-yard average. As a sophomore, he played in 10 games as a backup to both Sanders and Joey Galloway, posting 7 receptions for 110 yards (sixth on the team) with a 15.7-yard average.


title: Terry Glenn

text: He enjoyed a breakout season as a junior after Galloway graduated, starting 12 out of 13 games, sitting out with a separated shoulder against the University of Minnesota. He set school records with 64 receptions for 1,411 yards and 17 touchdowns. He averaged 22 yards-per-reception, which was the highest number among Buckeyes with more than 20 catches in a season. His best game came against University of Pittsburgh, making 9 receptions for 253 yards (school record), a 28.1-yard average, 4 touchdowns and a two-point conversion. He also had 17 rushing yards, 16 yards on punt returns and 29 yards on a kickoff returns, for 315 total yards in the 54-14 victory. At the end of the year, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American and won the Fred Biletnikoff Award as the nation's top wide receiver.


title: Terry Glenn

text: Glenn declared for the NFL draft after his junior season. He played in 32 career games (12 starts), finishing with 79 receptions for 1,677 yards (fifth in school history), a 21.2-yard average, 17 touchdowns and 6 carries for 31 yards. He also contributed to the return game with 18 kickoff returns for 399 yards (22.2-yard avg.) and 5 punt returns for 28 yards (5.6-yard avg.).


title: Terry Glenn

text: Glenn was selected by the New England Patriots in the first round (seventh overall) of the 1996 NFL Draft. He signed a six-year, $12 million contract. He recorded 90 receptions for 1,132 yards (12.6-yard avg.) and 6 touchdowns in his rookie season, while helping the team reach Super Bowl XXXI.


title: Terry Glenn

text: Patriots head coach, Bill Parcells, was outspoken of his desire to draft a defensive player and how he was overruled by team management. He made his displeasure known referring to Glenn as "she", after he pulled a hamstring two weeks into training camp, that forced him to miss the rest of training camp and the season opener against the Miami Dolphins. Parcells replied to being asked about the rookie's condition, saying: "She's making progress.". Parcells later admitted he was wrong and that Glenn was a winner.


title: Terry Glenn

text: At the time, his 90 receptions were the most ever in a single-season by a rookie in NFL history and the second most in franchise history. He was named the second alternate for the 1997 Pro Bowl.


title: Terry Glenn

text: Parcells left New England and Glenn went into a four-year stretch of personal difficulties and inconsistent play. In 1997, he missed 7 games because of an ankle (2 games) and hamstring (5 games) injuries. He had 7 receptions for 163 yards (fifth in team history) against the Green Bay Packers.


title: Terry Glenn

text: In the season he collected 27 receptions for 431 yards (16-yard avg.) and 2 touchdowns. He suffered a broken collarbone in the AFC Divisional Playoff Game loss against the Pittsburgh Steelers.


title: Terry Glenn

text: In 1998, Glenn set the Patriots receiving record with 193 yards against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He missed 4 games with a hamstring injury he suffered in the sixth game against the New York Jets. He broke his ankle in the fifteenth game against the St. Louis Rams and was placed on the injured reserve list on December 18. He finished with 10 games (9 starts), 50 receptions for 792 yards (15.8-yard avg.) and 3 touchdowns.


title: Terry Glenn

text: In 1999, Glenn led the team with 69 receptions for 1,147 yards (16.6-yard avg.) and 4 touchdowns in 14 games. On October 3, he set the franchise records with 13 receptions for 214 yards against the Cleveland Browns. He was declared inactive for the fifteenth game against the Buffalo Bills because of an illness and he was suspended by the team for the season finale against the Baltimore Ravens.


title: Terry Glenn

text: He had a turbulent season. On November 25, he was cited for speeding and was three hours late for practice. He was later accused of inappropriately touching a woman outside a nightclub the previous night.


title: Terry Glenn

text: On December 29, after missing the fifteenth game against the Buffalo Bills because of the flu, he was suspended for the season finale by head coach Pete Carroll, for failing to show up for treatment.


title: Terry Glenn

text: In January 2000, he tested positive for marijuana and entered the NFL's substance abuse program. On November 8, he was signed to a six-year $50 million contract extension with an $11.5 million signing bonus. On December 18, he was given permission to stay in Buffalo with teammates Ty Law and Troy Brown, to avoid flying in bad weather on the condition that the 3 are back in Foxboro the next day for a team meeting. The players were later seen at a strip club in Canada, Law was arrested for possession of ecstasy and they were also late getting to the Monday meeting.


title: Terry Glenn

text: Even with this type of turmoil, he still remained the best wide receiver on the team, making 16 starts for the first time in his career, to go along with 79 receptions for 963 yards (12.2-yard avg.) and 6 touchdowns.


title: Terry Glenn

text: In the lead-up to the 2001 season, Glenn kept having a host of off-field issues. First he was arrested for domestic assault in May and although the woman later recanted, the Patriots held back $1 million in payment on his signing bonus (the Patriots ended up withholding $10 million in bonuses). In June, he was excused from the team's minicamp so he could straighten out his personal life.


title: Terry Glenn

text: On August 3, he was suspended the first four games of the season for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy after missing a mandatory drug test. He left training camp (it has been speculated it was a pay dispute), forcing the Patriots to send a letter to his agent giving him five days to return or risk additional suspension. He still skipped practices between August 5 and 9. On August 15, he was placed on the reserve/left squad list, risking a season-long suspension.


title: Terry Glenn

text: Glenn did end up playing for the team after serving his suspension, but following injuries and more disputes with the coaching staff, head coach Bill Belichick deactivated him for the rest of the season. He only wound up playing in four games, most notably catching the first career touchdown pass thrown by Tom Brady in a game against the San Diego Chargers on October 14. He was declared inactive in 7 games, was suspended by the team for one game against the New York Jets on December 2 and was later suspended from all of the postseason run to a Super Bowl XXXVI victory, with the Patriots also deciding not to give him a Super Bowl ring. He totaled 14 receptions for 204 yards (14.6-yard avg.) and one touchdown in 4 games.


title: Terry Glenn

text: On March 11, 2002, Glenn was traded to the Green Bay Packers in exchange for a 2002 fourth round pick (#126-Jarvis Green) and a 2003 conditional pick (#128-Bryant McNeal). As part of the deal, Glenn dropped a series of grievances against the Patriots.


title: Terry Glenn

text: In 2002, Glenn was hampered by two knee injuries suffered during training camp. He hyper-extended his right knee in practice on July 29 and later sprained the MCL in his left knee on August 7. The injuries kept him out of two weeks of practice.


title: Terry Glenn

text: Glenn appeared in 15 games (14 starts) alongside Donald Driver, making 56 receptions for 817 yards (14.6-yard avg.) and 2 touchdowns.


title: Terry Glenn

text: On February 28, 2003, Glenn was traded to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for a 2004 sixth round draft choice (#188-Andy Lee) reuniting with his former head coach Bill Parcells. He started alongside Joey Galloway, leading the team with 52 receptions for 754 yards (14.5-yard avg.) and 5 touchdowns. He contributed to the team making the playoffs for the first time since 1999.


title: Terry Glenn

text: In 2004, Glenn only played in 6 games, after suffering a sprained right foot in the sixth game against the Green Bay Packers and being placed on the injured reserve list on October 30. He had 24 receptions for 400 yards (16.7-yard avg.) and 2 touchdowns. Quincy Morgan started in his place for most of the season opposite to Keyshawn Johnson.


title: Terry Glenn

text: In 2005, Glenn reunited with quarterback Drew Bledsoe. He finished with 63 receptions for 1,136 yards (his best since 1999), an 18.3-yards average (first in the NFC) and 7 touchdowns. Against the Kansas City Chiefs, he caught a touchdown pass on a flea-flicker and rushed for a touchdown on an end-around, both trick plays. Against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had 6 receptions for 157 yards and one touchdown.