title: Shujaat Hussain

text: After participating in 1985 general elections, Hussain joined the government of Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo as the minister of the Ministry of Industry, and held additional ministerial portfolio of Ministry of Information and Mass-media Broadcasting in 1986; and Ministry of Defence Production in 1987–88.


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: He was imprisoned during second tenure of Bhutto in 1994 in politically-motivated cases filed by Federal Investigation Agency DG Rehman Malik.


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: Hussain was the leading member of right-wing alliance, the Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA) and won parliamentary seat during 1988 general elections, and headed the Parliamentary Party of Joint Opposition (PPJO) in the National Assembly from 1988 to 1990. He also acted as the parliamentary party leader of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) in the National Assembly.


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: After 1990 elections and 1997 elections, Chaudhry Shujaat served as Interior ministry. He was one of high-profile cabinet member of Prime minister Nawaz Sharif who appointed Shujaat as the President of the PML-N in Punjab from 1997 to 1999 However, Hussain mounted serious disagreement and confronted Nawaz Sharif after Sharif imposing economic emergency in 1998. Hussain's relations became extremely hostile during the Kargil war and claiming that Sharif had been briefed by chief of army staff general Pervez Musharraf six times as opposed to Sharif claiming not having "knowledge".


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: After the coup, Hussain did not join the Pakistan Muslim League, a splinter group of PML. In 2001, Hussain decided to defect to PML after Sharif was exiled to Saudi Arabia in 2000 and contested from Gujrat through the PML platform during the 2002 general elections. Initially, Hussain became parliamentary party leader in the National Assembly, but assumed the presidency of the party when the party's founder Mian Muhammad Azhar resigned from the party. In January 2003, Shujaat was nominated and assumed the party's presidency after succeeding Mian Muhammad Azhar on a party convention.


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain endorsed and provided his support to appoint his lifelong friend Zafarullah Khan Jamali as country's first Baloch prime minister. Previously, he also played a role in bringing Shaukat Aziz in national politics. However, in 2004 Jamali resigned.


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: After Jamali's resignation, Shujaat Husain nominated Finance Minister Shaukat Aziz for the office of Prime Minister. Shujaat temporarily become Prime Minister because Aziz can not be elected Prime Minister, as he was a member of senate.


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: At the Parliament, Hussain told journalists that his election as Prime Minister was "not an interim appointment" but in keeping with the Constitution. In an interview, Shujaat Hussain quoted: "My nomination by Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali and nomination of Shaukat Aziz after consulting the President were in line with the set traditions. There should be no hue and cry over such technicalities."


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: On 23 August 2004, Hussain handed over the office of prime minister to Shaukat Aziz, though Hussain remained the party president of the Pakistan Muslim League (Q).


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain is the eldest son of Chaudhry Zahoor Ilahi. His elder cousin, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, current chief minister of Punjab and also held the post of Deputy Prime Minister in Pakistan Peoples Party's recent government. His younger brother, Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain, has also been elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab for three times (1988–1990,1990–1993,1997–1999) and also won from the constituency NA-104 of National Assembly in 2002 and 2008 general elections. Wajahat Force of PML-Q, MNA; and Chaudhry Wajahat Husain, is linked to numerous scams of Hawala and Money laundering, and have wreaked havoc on the local populace.


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: Hussain had been a strong and vocal supporter of Pakistan's bilateral relations with South Korea. He helped in bringing South Korea investment in the country and supports South-Korean model of economy in the country. For his efforts, the South Korean government named him "Honorary Consul General" of Republic of Korea. Hussain is also a recipient of South Korea's highest diplomatic award Order of the Diplomatic Service Merit "Ueung-in-Metal" for distinguished services in promoting mutual relations between Pakistan and Republic of Korea.


title: Shujaat Hussain

text: Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain is one of the powerful business personalities in Pakistan. Hussain is investor in defence production, military technological development, and industrial mills. According to the statements of assets and liabilities for 2010–2011, 50% of Hussain's share in two residential houses located in Islamabad and Lahore worth ₨. 9.2million and ₨.3.4 million, respectively (although he did not issued the current value). Hussain also owns a 78-acre of agricultural land worth ₨. 376,667 and 12.5 acres worth ₨. 4.5 million. He has stock shares worth ₨. 10.4 million and ₨. 53.90 million cash in his account.


title: Compressor stall

text: A compressor stall is a local disruption of the airflow in the compressor of a gas turbine or turbocharger. A stall that results in the complete disruption of the airflow through the compressor is referred to as a compressor surge. The severity of the phenomenon ranges from a momentary power drop barely registered by the engine instruments to a complete loss of compression in case of a surge, requiring adjustments in the fuel flow to recover normal operation.


title: Compressor stall

text: Compressor stall was a common problem on early jet engines with simple aerodynamics and manual or mechanical fuel control units, but has been virtually eliminated by better design and the use of hydromechanical and electronic control systems such as Full Authority Digital Engine Control. Modern compressors are carefully designed and controlled to avoid or limit stall within an engine's operating range.


title: Compressor stall

text: Rotating stall is a local disruption of airflow within the compressor which continues to provide compressed air, but with reduced effectiveness. Rotating stall arises when a small proportion of airfoils experience airfoil stall, disrupting the local airflow without destabilising the compressor. The stalled airfoils create pockets of relatively stagnant air (referred to as "stall cells") which, rather than moving in the flow direction, rotate around the circumference of the compressor. The stall cells rotate with the rotor blades, but at 50 to 70% of their speed, affecting subsequent airfoils around the rotor as each encounters the stall cell. Propagation of the instability around the flow path annulus is driven by stall cell blockage causing an incidence spike on the adjacent blade. The adjacent blade stalls as a result of the incidence spike, thus causing stall cell "rotation" around the rotor. Stable local stalls can also occur which are axi-symmetric, covering the complete circumference of the compressor disc, but only a portion of its radial plane, with the remainder of the face of the compressor continuing to pass normal flow.


title: Compressor stall

text: A rotational stall may be momentary, resulting from an external disturbance, or may be steady as the compressor finds a working equilibrium between stalled and unstalled areas. Local stalls substantially reduce the efficiency of the compressor and increase the structural loads on the airfoils encountering stall cells in the region affected. In many cases however, the compressor airfoils are critically loaded without capacity to absorb the disturbance to normal airflow such that the original stall cells affect neighbouring regions and the stalled region rapidly grows to become a complete compressor stall.


title: Compressor stall

text: Axi-symmetric stall, more commonly known as compressor surge; or pressure surge, is a complete breakdown in compression resulting in a reversal of flow and the violent expulsion of previously compressed air out through the engine intake, due to the compressor's inability to continue working against the already-compressed air behind it. The compressor either experiences conditions which exceed the limit of its pressure rise capabilities or is highly loaded such that it does not have the capacity to absorb a momentary disturbance, creating a rotational stall which can propagate in less than a second to include the entire compressor.


title: Compressor stall

text: The compressor will recover to normal flow once the engine pressure ratio reduces to a level at which the compressor is capable of sustaining stable airflow. If, however, the conditions that induced the stall remain, the return of stable airflow will reproduce the conditions at the time of surge and the process will repeat. Such a "locked-in" or self-reproducing stall is particularly dangerous, with very high levels of vibration causing accelerated engine wear and possible damage, even the total destruction of the engine through the breaking of compressor and stator vanes and their subsequent ingestion, destroying engine components downstream.


title: Compressor stall

text: A compressor will only pump air in a stable manner up to a certain pressure ratio. Beyond this value the flow will break down and become unstable. This occurs at what is known as the surge line on a compressor map. The complete engine is designed to keep the compressor operating a small distance below the surge pressure ratio on what is known as the operating line on a compressor map. The distance between the two lines is known as the surge margin on a compressor map. Various things can occur during the operation of the engine to lower the surge pressure ratio or raise the operating pressure ratio. When the two coincide there is no longer any surge margin and a compressor stage can stall or the complete compressor can surge as explained in preceding sections.


title: Compressor stall

text: Compressor axially-symmetric stalls, or compressor surges, are immediately identifiable, because they produce one or more extremely loud bangs from the engine. Reports of jets of flame emanating from the engine are common during this type of compressor stall. These stalls may be accompanied by an increased exhaust gas temperature, an increase in rotor speed due to the large reduction in work done by the stalled compressor and — in the case of multi-engine aircraft — yawing in the direction of the affected engine due to the loss of thrust.


title: Compressor stall

text: The appropriate response to compressor stalls varies according to the engine type and situation, but usually consists of immediately and steadily decreasing thrust on the affected engine. While modern engines with advanced control units can avoid many causes of stall, jet aircraft pilots must continue to take this into account when dropping airspeed or increasing throttle.


title: Compressor stall

text: The Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engine was affected by repeated compressor surges early in its 1940s development which proved difficult to eliminate from the design. Such was the perceived importance and urgency of the engine that Rolls-Royce licensed the compressor design of the Sapphire engine from Armstrong Siddeley to speed development.


title: Compressor stall

text: The engine, as redesigned, went on to power aircraft such as the English Electric Canberra bomber, and the de Havilland Comet and Sud Aviation Caravelle airliners.


title: Compressor stall

text: During the 1960s development of the Concorde Supersonic Transport (SST) a major incident occurred when a compressor surge caused a structural failure in the intake. The hammershock which propagated forward from the compressor was of sufficient strength to cause an inlet ramp to become detached and expelled from the front of the intake. The ramp mechanism was strengthened and control laws changed to prevent a re-occurrence.


title: Compressor stall

text: A compressor stall contributed to the 1994 death of Lt. Kara Hultgreen, the first female carrier-based United States Navy fighter pilot. Her aircraft, a Grumman F-14 Tomcat, experienced a compressor stall and failure of its left engine, a Pratt & Whitney TF30 turbofan, due to disturbed airflow caused by Hultgreen's attempt to recover from an incorrect final approach position by executing a sideslip; compressor stalls from excessive yaw angle were a known deficiency of this type of engine.


title: Compressor stall

text: The 1977 loss of Southern Airways Flight 242, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-9-31, while penetrating a thunderstorm cell over Georgia was attributed to compressor stalls brought on by ingestion of large quantities of water and hail. The stalls caused blades to clash with stationary vanes in both of its Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9 turbofan engines. The stalls were so severe as to cause the destruction of the engines, leaving the flight crew with no choice but to make an emergency landing on a public road, killing 62 passengers and another eight people on the ground.


title: Compressor stall

text: An Antonov 124 transport plane was destroyed when it crashed immediately after takeoff from Irkutsk-2 Airport in Russia. Three seconds after lifting off from Runway 14, at a height of about , the number 3 engine surged. Climbing away with a high angle of attack, engines 1 and 2 also surged, causing the aircraft to crash some past the end of the runway. It struck several houses in a residential area, killing all 23 on board, and 45 people on the ground.


title: Compressor stall

text: On November 6, 1967, TWA Flight 159, a Boeing 707 on its takeoff roll from the then-named Greater Cincinnati Airport, passed Delta Air Lines Flight 379, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 stuck in the dirt a few feet off the runway's edge. The first officer on the TWA aircraft heard a loud bang, now known to have been a compressor stall induced by ingestion of exhaust from Delta 379 as it was passed. Believing a collision had occurred, the copilot aborted the takeoff. Because of its speed, the aircraft overran the runway, injuring 11 of the 29 passengers, one of whom died four days later as a result of the injuries.


title: Compressor stall

text: In December 1991 Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751, a McDonnell Douglas MD-81 on a flight from Stockholm to Copenhagen, crashed after losing both engines due to ice ingestion leading to compressor stall shortly after takeoff. Due to a newly installed auto-throttle system designed to prevent pilots reducing power during the takeoff climb, the pilot's commands to reduce power on recognising the surge were countermanded by the system, leading to engine damage and total engine failure. The airliner successfully made a forced landing in a forest clearing without loss of life.


title: Lift (2021 film)

text: Lift is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language horror thriller film written and directed by Vineeth Varaprasad in his directorial debut. The film stars Kavin, Amritha Aiyer and Gayathri Reddy. It was directly released via Disney+ Hotstar on 1 October 2021. The film opened to positive reviews from critics, who noted that the only highlight was a passingly good main cast's performance.


title: Lift (2021 film)

text: Guru Prasad joins as a team leader in Amrak, an IT company in Chennai. Guru is standoffish to his team members, but arouses the interest of Harini, an HR manager who is also new. At the end of the work day, everybody leaves except for Guru, who is given an important task by the VP, and several security guards. After completing his work, Guru attempts to use the lift. However, it malfunctions and he ends up on a random floor. He encounters several paranormal events and later witnesses a security guard committing suicide by slitting his own throat.


title: Lift (2021 film)

text: A petrified Guru attempts to escape, but is repeatedly foiled. He later encounters Harini, who has been locked in the records room while. She initially suspects Guru of locking her in, but changes her mind after encountering the abnormal events in the lift. Harini and Guru team up together to try to escape, but repeatedly fail. They encounter yet another security guard, who later hangs himself while attempting to verify their identity. The pair later see a news report (dated to the following day) which claims that they both died in a fire in the office building. Harini reveals that she was locked in the records room after attempting to destroy several old files at the behest of the VP. After several encounters with paranormal events, they come to the conclusion that there are two ghosts in the building, not one.


title: Lift (2021 film)

text: Guru forms a plan to survive, but Harini becomes possessed. The ghost taunts Guru and tells him that both he and Harini will die that night in the fire. Guru realises that the ghosts can only possess them while they are sound of mind, and smokes a cigarette with a drug, ensuring that Harini also inhales the smoke. With this, the ghost is no longer able to possess Harini. In the process, Guru also sets fire to the records room. Guru saves Harini, and the pair go back to the lift. Guru had, earlier, cut partially through the cables of the lift, and the pair jump up and down in the lift to make the lift fall. Harini survives the fall, but Guru is severely injured and almost dies. The pair are rescued by emergency responders.


title: Lift (2021 film)

text: While Guru is still unconscious, he hallucinates the story of the two ghosts. Sundar and his fiancée Tara, worked in the same company as Guru and Harini, and were in fact the predecessors of their positions. When the greedy VP fires Sundar in order to take the credit for his work, Sundar commits suicide in the lift by slitting his own throat. The VP attempts to cover up his death as an accident, but Tara hides the file in the records room and hangs herself to ensure that the VP doesn't find out where it is. The two security guards (who were later forced into committing suicide by the ghosts) helped the VP to cover up the death.


title: Lift (2021 film)

text: Guru wakes up, and is visited by the new VP of the company, who attempts to threaten him and Harini into keeping quiet. Guru refuses to comply and gives the file that Tara had hidden to the police officer in charge of the investigation. The police officer reveals to Guru that three bodies had been found in the burnt-out office building: the two security guards, and the VP who had driven Sundar and Tara to their deaths.


title: Lift (2021 film)

text: The movie ends with news articles detailing the exploitation of employees in the IT industry, and how many of them have been driven to suicide due to the treatment of their employers.


title: Lift (2021 film)

text: The film project was announced by debutant director Vineeth Varaprasad. Kavin was cast as the lead actor and he began shooting for the film offer soon after his eviction from the third season of Bigg Boss Tamil. The principal photography of the film wrapped within just 20 days before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-production work proceeded shortly after the end of film shooting.


title: Lift (2021 film)

text: The soundtrack album features two songs. The first single titled "Inna Mylu" was unveiled on 22 April 2021 and it became an instant hit, receiving 30 million views in YouTube.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: Prince George of Wales (George Alexander Louis; born 22 July 2013) is a member of the British royal family. He is the eldest child of William, Prince of Wales, and Catherine, Princess of Wales. George is the eldest grandchild of King Charles III and second in line of succession to the British throne behind his father.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: Born at St Mary's Hospital in London during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Elizabeth II, his birth was widely celebrated across the Commonwealth realms due to the expectation that he will one day become king. When George was nine years old, his great-grandmother died and his grandfather ascended the throne.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: Prince George was born on 22 July 2013 in the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, at 16:24 BST, during the reign of his great-grandmother Elizabeth II, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, William and Catherine. His birth was announced by press release, and was followed by the display of a traditional easel in the forecourt of Buckingham Palace. The new-born was widely hailed as a future king in the majority of British newspapers. Twenty-one-gun salutes signalled the birth in the capitals of Bermuda and New Zealand; the bells of Westminster Abbey and many other churches were rung; and landmarks in the Commonwealth realms were illuminated in various colours, mostly blue to signify the birth of a boy. On 24 July, his name was announced as George Alexander Louis. Prince George's official title and style at birth was "His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge", in accordance with Letters Patent dated 1898, 1917, and most recently 31 December 2012.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: The great-grandchild of then reigning monarch Queen Elizabeth II, George was third in the line of succession to the British throne at the time of his birth. Speculation ensued during the pregnancy of the Duchess of Cambridge that George's birth would boost the British national economy and provide a focus for national pride. Commemorative coins were issued by the Royal Mint and the Royal Canadian Mint, the first time a royal birth had been marked that way. Prince George's birth marked the second time that three generations in direct line of succession to the throne had been alive at the same time, a situation that last occurred between 1894 and 1901, in the last seven years of the reign of Queen Victoria.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: George was christened by Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace on 23 October 2013, with Oliver Baker, Emilia Jardine-Paterson, Earl Grosvenor, Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton, Julia Samuel, William van Cutsem and Zara Tindall serving as godparents. The Lily Font used at the ceremony was made for Queen Victoria's first child and the water was taken from the River Jordan. Prince George spent his first months at his parents' cottage on the grounds of Bodorgan Hall in Anglesey, Wales, before his family relocated to Kensington Palace in 2014. His younger siblings, Charlotte and Louis, were born in 2015 and 2018, respectively.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: The family briefly lived in Anmer Hall in Norfolk from 2015 to 2017, before returning to primarily living in Kensington Palace. In 2022, the family moved to Adelaide Cottage in Windsor Home Park. On 8 September 2022, George's great-grandmother Elizabeth II died and was succeeded as monarch by his grandfather Charles III. George thus became second in line to the throne, after his father.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: George's formal education began in January 2016, when, at the age of two, he began attending the Westacre Montessori School Nursery, near his family home at Anmer Hall in Norfolk. He attended his first day of primary school on 7 September 2017 at the Thomas's School in Battersea. He attended the school under the name of George Cambridge. George and his siblings began attending Lambrook, an independent preparatory school in Berkshire in September 2022.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: George embarked on his first royal tour with his parents in April 2014, during which the Cambridges spent three weeks in New Zealand and Australia. Although he only appeared twice, the BBC described the "nine-month-old future king" as "the star of the show". Prime Minister of Australia Tony Abbott predicted in Parliament House, Canberra, that George would one day be welcomed there as King of Australia. Australian media called him "the republican slayer", after polls showed the lowest support for a republicanism in the country for 35 years. In June 2015, he made his first public appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following the Trooping the Colour parade marking Queen Elizabeth II's Official Birthday.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: On 22 April 2016, George met U.S. President Barack Obama and his wife Michelle Obama. He was photographed with a rocking horse that the Obamas had given him when he was born. The encounter later prompted Barack Obama to joke that "Prince George showed up to our meeting in his bathrobe... a clear breach of protocol." George and his younger sister, Princess Charlotte, accompanied their parents on a tour of Canada in September 2016, and on a diplomatic visit to Poland and Germany in July 2017. In December 2019, George and Charlotte both attended their first Sandringham Christmas Day Service at St Mary Magdalene.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: In March 2020, Prince George joined his siblings, Charlotte and Louis, in an online video to applaud key workers during the coronavirus pandemic. During the lockdown, George held a cake sale to raise money for Tusk Trust, a charity of which his father is a patron. In September 2020, the children met David Attenborough; Kensington Palace subsequently released a video of them asking Attenborough questions regarding environmental conservation. On 11 December 2020, they made their first red carpet appearance accompanying their parents to the London Palladium for a performance of a pantomime held to thank key workers for their efforts during the pandemic.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: On 20 June 2021, George and Charlotte accompanied their father to start a Father's Day half-marathon race for the Run Sandringham event on the Sandringham Estate.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: On 29 June 2021, George accompanied his parents to a Euro 2020 Championship football match at Wembley Stadium, in which England played against Germany. A few weeks later, on 11 July, George and his parents also attended the Euro 2020 Final, where George received media attention for his enthusiasm during the game.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: On 26 February 2022, George and his parents attended the Guinness Six Nations Rugby match between Wales and England at Twickenham Stadium, he met with representatives of the sport and attended a press conference where he discussed his own Rugby lessons but did not say which side he was supporting (his father is patron of the Welsh Rugby Union and his mother its English counterpart). On 29 March 2022, George accompanied his parents and sister to a service of thanksgiving for the life of the late Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: On 2 June 2022, during his great-grandmother's Platinum Jubilee celebration weekend, George and his siblings made their debut in the Trooping the Colour carriage procession. The procession was followed by a flypast, during which all three Cambridge children joined their parents, the Queen, and other working royals on the Buckingham Palace balcony.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: Shortly afterwards, on 4 June, George and Charlotte made their first official visit to Wales with their parents, where they attended concert rehearsals in Cardiff Castle, part of the Platinum Jubilee celebrations. Later that same day, George and Charlotte accompanied their parents to the Platinum Party at the Palace. The next day, on 5 June, George attended the Platinum Jubilee Pageant with his parents and siblings. Following the pageant he joined his parents, younger siblings, the Queen, the Prince of Wales, and the Duchess of Cornwall on the Buckingham Palace balcony.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: On 19 September 2022, George and his sister, Princess Charlotte accompanied by their parents, attended the state funeral of his paternal great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: The "Prince George effect", sometimes known as the "royal baby effect", is a term used to describe an increase in the sales of clothing and other products used by George. In 2016, the dressing gown that he wore while meeting President Obama sold out after he was seen wearing it. In September 2017 the news that the Prince's school had served a Le Puy green lentil dish resulted in a spike in the sales of the legume. He was ranked number 49 on "GQ"s "50 Best Dressed Men in Britain" list in 2015. In 2018, George became the youngest person to appear on "Tatler"s best-dressed list.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: George's parents have been adamant about maintaining their son's privacy as he grows up. In August 2015, Kensington Palace stated that they wanted all global media to stop taking unauthorised photographs of George, saying that "a line [had] been crossed" in paparazzi methods of locating and photographing him, including surveilling the family and sending children to bring George into view.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: In July 2018 an ISIS supporter and propagandist from Lancashire, who had encouraged an attack on George's school in October 2017, was jailed for life with a minimum of 25 years.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: In the British satirical sketch programme "Newzoids", then-toddler Prince George was depicted as a rebellious, foul-mouthed character with a lewd sense of humour. The 2016 children's book "Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen", written in honour of the 90th birthdays of both Queen Elizabeth II and the fictional character of Winnie-the-Pooh, features a cameo appearance from Prince George, to whom Piglet presents a red balloon. The 2021 animated sitcom "The Prince" stars a fictionalised eight-year-old Prince George (voiced by showrunner Gary Janetti) who makes life difficult both for his family and for the British monarchy; it was cancelled in February 2022 after the first series drew criticism for satirising children.


title: Prince George of Wales

text: George is a British prince with the official style "His Royal Highness Prince George of Wales". During the reign of his great-grandmother, he was styled "His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge".


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The Toyota RAV4 EV is an all-electric version of the popular RAV4 SUV produced by Toyota until 2014. Two generations of the EV model were sold in California, and to fleets elsewhere in the US, with a gap of almost ten years between them.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The first generation was leased from 1997 to 2003, and at the lessees' request, many units were sold after the vehicle was discontinued. A total of 1,484 were leased and/or sold in California to meet the state's mandate for zero-emissions vehicle. A small number were sold or leased in fleet sales in other states. As of mid-2012, there were almost 500 vehicles still in use in California. Production of the second generation EV was limited to 2,600 units during a three-year run, with sales limited to California beginning in 2012. Production ended in September 2014. A total of 2,489 units of the second generation model were sold in California through April 2015.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: Toyota worked together with Tesla Motors and Panasonic to develop the second generation RAV4 EV, and the electric SUV was released in the United States in September 2012. The US Environmental Protection Agency rated the second generation RAV4 EV with a range of and a combined fuel economy rating of 76 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ().


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The first fleet version of the RAV4 EV became available on a limited basis in 1997. In 2001 it was possible for businesses, cities or utilities to lease one or two of these cars. Toyota then actually sold or leased 328 RAV4 EVs to the general public in 2003, at which time the program was terminated despite waiting lists of prospective customers.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The RAV4 EV closely resembles the regular internal combustion engine (ICE) version - without a tailpipe - and has a governed top speed of with an EPA rated range of . The 95 amp-hour NiMH battery pack has a capacity of 27 kWh, charges inductively and has proven to be very durable. Some RAV4 EVs have been driven more than using the original battery pack. It was also one of the few vehicles with a single speed gearbox when introduced to the market.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: Beyond the unusual power train (batteries, controller and motor), the remaining systems in the RAV4 EV are comparable to the gasoline-powered RAV4. The power brakes, power steering, tire wear and suspension components are similar except that they use electric power sources. The power brakes use an electric pump to provide vacuum instead of deriving vacuum from the engine manifold. The power steering use an electric motor instead of mechanical energy delivered by fan belts. The passenger compartment is heated and cooled electrically using a heat pump (the first fleet application of a heat pump in a road vehicle) with supplemental electrical resistance heating as backup.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The RAV4 EV production has a governed top speed of , a tested 0 to time of around 18 seconds (depending on state-of-charge on the batteries). Its EPA rated driving range is with an EPA combined fuel economy rating of 43 kW·h/100 mi (equivalent to 78 MPGe). Actual fuel economy and range depends on the same factors as a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle including rolling resistance and average speed (aerodynamic drag).


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The RAV4 EV's batteries can be recharged from being fully depleted to fully charged in about five hours, and are monitored with a passive battery balancing system. Electricity is supplied via a Magne Charge inductive charging paddle


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: from a wall-mounted 6000-Watt charging unit on a 240 volt, 30 amp, North American "clothes dryer"-type plug. Some earlier RAV4 EV prototypes were charged via a front fender conductive charger coupling made by Yazaki Corporation.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: Charging a RAV4 EV from full-dead to full-charge uses approximately 30 kW·h of electricity; the excess above the battery pack capacity is used by the charging system. At a rate of per kilowatt-hour, this costs around . As of May 2008, based on a gasoline price-per-gallon cost of and up and the non-EV 2003 RAV4 2-wheel-drive gasoline fuel efficiency of , the RAV4 EV costs approximately 5 times less a per mile basis, and makes mileage in the RAV4 EV the cost equivalent to a small SUV.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: In addition, the RAV4 EV has a charge timer built into the dashboard that enables the vehicle to start charging at a specific time. As the RAV4 EV easily becomes the main cost of electricity in an average-sized home, this enables the owner to use a Time-Of-Day Meter to reduce electricity costs. This configuration is a standard practice with RAV4 EV owners. The price of electricity at night depends on the carrier, but is usually in the range of 60% of the normal rate. In the use of charging the RAV4 EV, this equates to a cheaper cost-per-mile, roughly equivalent to a vehicle capable of , based on a price of per gallon.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency listed mileage ratings for the RAV4 EV in its yearly Fuel Economy Guide from 2000 through 2003. The 2003 model recorded fuel efficiency of 39 kW·h/100 mi city, 49 kW·h/100 mi highway; the city mileage rating was equivalent to , and on the highway. The EPA rated combined mileage was .


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: In 2007, the EPA updated its rating system and revised the ratings to a city equivalent of , highway equivalent of , and a combined equivalent of .


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The RAV4 EV's battery system is a consumable item. Toyota reports that battery pack replacement costs are currently higher than the value of the used vehicle. Toyota tested the RAV4 EV in Japan for over two years before introducing the vehicle in the United States. The economies of scale are affecting the replacement cost of the RAV4 EV.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: RAV4 EV pre-production prototypes were first released in a confidential evaluation program with electric utilities throughout the U.S. These prototypes were based on the smaller, shorter, two-door version of the RAV4. The prototypes included some versions fitted with Panasonic NiMH batteries, and others with high-performance Panasonic lead–acid PbA batteries (the same ones that eventually found their way into the EV1 and other production GM electric vehicles). The RAV4 EV prototypes also were equipped with on-board level 2 chargers and connected via a front fender conductive charger coupling made by Yazaki Corporation. Both prototypes were well accepted.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The utility employee evaluators did not have to personally pay for the more costly and advanced NiMH batteries, and the NiMH RAV4 EV prototype received better reviews, due to its increased range. Its energy efficiency, however, was not as good as the PbA version. Due to the impracticality of developing two battery types for a limited volume program, Toyota opted for the higher-performance, higher-cost NiMH RAV4 EV. This resulted in a greater manufacturing cost, and higher purchase price.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: A number of electric vehicle advocates voiced disappointment that the choice was made to manufacture only the NiMH version. Many electric vehicle advocates claimed that automaker's choice of the NiMH battery worked against the 1990s deployment of cost-effective electric vehicles based on PbA batteries, and that further development of lead–acid technology could result in performance equal to NiMH, but at a substantially lower price. Their argument was that a usable electric vehicle is possible at a substantially lower price, and that the lower purchase price would foster greater acceptance of electric vehicles. In fact, lithium-ion batteries soon displaced both nickel and lead from electromobiles.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: Initially, RAV4 EVs were only available for three-year fleet lease, not for sale and not for lease to the public, at a few dealerships beginning in 1997. From 2001, leases were made available to small "fleets of one" purportedly run by small businesses.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: In March 2002, due to a shift in corporate policy, the Toyota RAV4-EV was made available for sale to the general public. All 328 that Toyota made were sold. No one knows for certain what prompted Toyota to change their position on the RAV4-EV, since they had long since fulfilled their obligations under the MOA with the California Air Resources Board's zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) mandate via its fleet lease program.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The MSRP was ; but in California, ZIP-grant rebates of , decreasing in 2003 to , and a credit from the Internal Revenue Service brought the price down to a more palatable ( for some 2003 deliveries), including the home charger.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: More RAV4-EVs were sold than had been planned for manufacture through standard assembly line techniques. Toyota filled every order despite the fact that the last few dozen vehicles had to be assembled from spare parts due to a shortfall of production components (a significantly more expensive way of building a vehicle). This unexpected development caused deliveries to trickle on into September 2003. It also caused variations in the vehicles such as heated seats, retractable antennae, mats, etc.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: Whether or not Toyota wanted to continue production, it was unlikely to be able to do so because the EV-95 battery was no longer available. Chevron had inherited control of the worldwide patent rights for the NiMH EV-95 battery when it merged with Texaco, which had purchased them from General Motors. Chevron's unit won a settlement from Toyota and Panasonic, and the production line for the large NiMH batteries was closed down and dismantled. This case was settled in the ICC International Court of Arbitration, and not publicized due to a gag order placed on Toyota. Only smaller NiMH batteries, incapable of powering an electric vehicle or plugging in, were allowed by Chevron-Texaco.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The second generation RAV4 EV was released in September 2012 starting at a price of before any government incentives. Toyota also offered a 36-month lease option at per month with down payment of . The RAV4 EV was sold only in California, and sales began in the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles/Orange County and San Diego. Production was limited to 2,600 during three years. The RAV4 EV was available to individual consumers and fleet customers. Due to the capacity of its battery pack the RAV4 EV qualified for the maximum federal tax credit and also was eligible for a rebate in California. A total of 192 units were sold during 2012 and 1,096 during 2013. A total of 2,489 units were sold in the U.S. through April 2015. The production run ended in September 2014.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The first prototype was built in just three weeks after the signing of a Tesla and Toyota joint development agreement


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: when Toyota helped Tesla start production in Toyota's old car factory NUMMI Fremont, Toyota's partner Panasonic was also involved in the development, just as when Toyota developed the first generation of the RAV4 EV, and testing began in July 2010.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: A second generation RAV4 EV demonstrator was unveiled at the November 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show. Toyota built 35 of these converted RAV4s (Phase Zero vehicles) for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011. The lithium metal-oxide battery and other power train components were supplied by Tesla Motors. The re-engineered RAV4 EV production version (Phase One vehicle) was unveiled at the May 2012 International Electric Vehicle Symposium in Los Angeles.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The second generation RAV4 EV production models use the SAE J1772 charging standard, Early prototypes had a lithium-ion battery pack with a 50 kWh total capacity, 37 kWh usable, and achieved a range of between . The RAV4 EV battery pack, electronics and powertrain components in the production version are similar to those in used in the Tesla Model S sedan launched in June 2012, and the Phase Zero vehicles used components from the Tesla Roadster (2008).


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The second generation RAV4 EV combines a Tesla/Panasonic-designed and produced battery and electric powertrain with Toyota's SUV model. The electric motor supplied by Tesla is an AC induction motor, a departure from Toyota's practice of using synchronous permanent-magnet motors in their hybrid electric vehicles. A fixed-gear open-differential transaxle has a gear ratio of 9.73. The RAV4 EV weighs , heavier than a front-wheel drive RAV4 Limited with the V-6 engine.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The RAV 4 offers two drive modes: Normal and Sport. Peak power output of the motor is , with peak torque in normal mode of , and peak torque in sport mode of . Maximum vehicle speed in Normal mode is , and maximum in Sport mode, which also has a more aggressive accelerator pedal feel, is . The US Environmental Protection Agency rated the RAV4 EV combined fuel economy at 76 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (), with an equivalent in city driving and on highways. While the quarter mile time is not officially rated from Toyota, the RAV4 EV (FWD) Facebook community has posted dragslip results of 15.71s at . This is only marginally slower than the RAV4 V6 AWD (with 269HP) which has published quarter mile times of 14.8-14.9 at .


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The battery pack is a 386 V lithium-ion battery pack comprising about 4,500 cells and rated at 41.8 kW·h of usable energy at full charge, with a maximum power output of 129 kW. The RAV4 EV features a 10 kW onboard charger (SAE J1772 240 V, 40 A input). The battery pack is located below the floorpan, reducing the ground clearance as compared with the gasoline-powered version by a couple of inches, but the electric SUV's cargo space of is the same as its gasoline sibling. The battery pack weighs and because it is located in the lowest part of the vehicle, the lower center of gravity provides a better handling than the conventional Toyota RAV4.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The RAV4 EV has two charge modes: Standard and Extended. In standard mode, the high voltage battery charges only up to 35 kWh and Toyota expected the electric SUV to achieve an EPA driving range rating of for this charging mode. Extended mode allows the battery to charge to its full usable capacity of 41.8 kWh, providing an expected EPA driving range of according to Toyota estimates. The EPA rated just one range of . Standard mode is designed to optimize battery life over range; however, the 8-year, 100,000-mile battery warranty cover the packs regardless of the mix of charge modes over the pack's life. However, due to EPA's procedures, Toyota expects the Monroney label to show the combined range of .


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: Charging time with a 40 A/240 V charging station is 5 hours in Standard Mode and 6 hours for Extended Mode; the onboard charger delivers 9.6 kW at 40 amperes input, which yields a recharge time of 6 hours for Extended Mode. Toyota had arranged with Leviton to offer a custom level 2 charging station priced at including basic installation. On the other end of the scale, and due to its large battery pack, charging at 120 volts with the cord that comes standard under the rear deck takes 44 hours for Standard Mode and 52 hours for Extended Mode.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: An aftermarket company called Quick Charge Power has come up with a way to add 48 kW CHAdeMO DC Quick Charging to the RAV4ev which dramatically shortens charge times for the 41.8 kWh battery. This can make the car tremendously more useful in areas where this charging infrastructure exists.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: Since May 2010, Toyota, Panasonic and Tesla Motors worked together to develop the second generation RAV4 EV using Tesla's electric motor and Toyota's platform and body. The electric SUV was developed by Tesla and Toyota Technical Center U.S.A. in Michigan. On July 15, 2011, Tesla entered into a supply and services agreement with Toyota for the supply of a validated electric powertrain system, including a battery, charging system, inverter, motor, gearbox and associated software, which would be integrated into an electric vehicle version of the Toyota RAV4.


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

text: The RAV4 EV began assembly in 2012 at Toyota's facility in Woodstock, Ontario alongside the regular gasoline version. Tesla builds the electric powertrain at its plant at Toyota's old NUMMI facility, now Tesla Factory, in Fremont, California, and then ships them to Canada. The battery supply deal between Toyota and Tesla concluded with the end of production in August 2014.


title: Dana Ewell

text: Dana James Ewell (born January 28, 1971) is a convicted American murderer who was sentenced to three life sentences for ordering the killing of his father, mother, and sister in 1992.


title: Dana Ewell

text: Dana Ewell was the younger of two children born to Glee Ethel (née Mitchell) and Dale Alan Ewell . Dale Ewell was a United States Air Force veteran turned multi-millionaire businessman who specialized in the sale of small airplanes with his company, Western Piper Sales, Inc. Glee Ewell had devoted much of her life to philanthropy and public service, briefly acting as a Spanish translator for the CIA in the 1950s and later holding a seat at the State Bar of California committee that evaluated prospective judges. Ewell graduated from San Joaquin Memorial High School in 1989. Ewell's sister Tiffany Ann (b. 1967), a few weeks shy of her 25th birthday at the time of her death, was a graduate student, while Ewell himself had earned a finance degree from the Santa Clara University (SCU).


title: Dana Ewell

text: Ewell's parents had substantial investments in the stock market and local farmland. Although the family was financially well off, the elder Ewells lived a relatively modest lifestyle and avoided flaunting their wealth, which was estimated at $7–8 million (equivalent to about $14.8 to $16.8 million in 2022).


title: Dana Ewell

text: During Ewell's time at college, he had been attributing his father's accomplishments to himself and was posing as a wealthy entrepreneur when he actually had no such experience. A Santa Clara newspaper and SCU's yearbook both had printed stories on Ewell in 1990, depicting him as "a self-made millionaire” who was enjoying the luxuries afforded by his nonexistent business success. After learning about Ewell's lies, his parents modified their estate plan. Extended family believed that Dale Ewell planned on ending his financial support for his son after his college graduation, a possible motive for the murders. Ewell was pursuing a career in investment banking at the time of the murders.


title: Dana Ewell

text: Dale, Glee and Tiffany Ewell were murdered on Sunday, April 19, 1992 in their home near Fresno. At the time of the murders, Ewell lived at the family home but was away with his girlfriend for the Easter weekend. The bodies were discovered two days after the murders, when Ewell notified family friends in Sunnyside that he was unable to contact his parents.


title: Dana Ewell

text: After the murders, police spent four days at the Ewell home investigating the crime scene. The case was investigated by Fresno County Sheriff's Office homicide detectives John Souza and Chris Curtice. They suspected the killer had been hiding in the house, waiting for the family to return. Glee Ewell was shot four times while Tiffany and Dale Ewell were each shot once. The murders appeared to have been planned and executed with care. The shooter retrieved the discarded shell casings after firing the fatal gunshots. The shooter's aim was good, as he had missed only one of the multiple shots that were fired. A box of 9mm ammunition, purchased by Dale Ewell in the early 1970s, was found in the home and were believed to have been used to kill the family. The bullets recovered from the victims' bodies showed signs of the gun having been fitted with a homemade silencer. While the home appeared to have been searched for valuables, Detective Souz, who had extensive experience investigating burglaries, concluded the scene had been staged in an attempt to make the murders appear as if the family had interrupted a thief.


title: Dana Ewell

text: Police looked into the victims' background and found possible motives for the crime. In the 1970s, Dale Ewell had sold airplanes for a California man named Frank Lambe who had been convicted for drug smuggling, after which Dale took over the business. Dale Ewell had also been involved in a troubled real estate development deal with his brother Ben, which threatened to cost investors millions in losses. Investigation ruled out these factors as possible motives for the murders.


title: Dana Ewell

text: Although Dana Ewell's alibi for the time of the murders included having spent the Easter weekend with his girlfriend and her family in San Francisco, some 200 miles away, authorities came to focus on him after eliminating other possible culprits. Extended family members, like Ewell's uncle, reported that after his family's death, Dana was inordinately fixated on the details of his parents' will and testament, and was "visibly shaken and angry" upon learning he would be unable to access most of his family's wealth until his thirties.


title: Dana Ewell

text: His parents' estate plan created a legal trust that locked up most of their assets upon their death. A trustee was required to pay for Ewell's care and expenses until the age of 25, while from 25 to 30 he was to receive dividends from investments, but had no access to the principal. Ewell would receive half the principal at age 30, and the remainder at age 35. However, Ewell was the beneficiary of over $300,000 in life insurance payments which were not subject to trust restrictions or probate court oversight.


title: Dana Ewell

text: Joel Patrick Radovcich, a college friend of Ewell, abruptly dropped out of school shortly after the murders and came under suspicion. Ewell was described as being obsessed with money and social status, and Radovcich was preoccupied with guns and explosives. Ewell had come under suspicion only days after the murders when Curtice had walked him through the crime scene and thought his reactions highly unusual, later recalling his impressions as "that kid's dirty."


title: Dana Ewell

text: Dana and Radovcich attracted additional suspicion by occupying the Ewell family home only a few weeks after the murders. The pair were reported to have made many cash purchases for items such as helicopter flight lessons (despite Radovcich being unemployed) and communicating via a complex system of pagers and pay telephone calls, seemingly designed to avoid being overheard. The police kept Ewell and Radovcich under close surveillance for several months. In one instance, a detective wore a recording device and stood close to Radovcich at a pay phone in May 1993, overhearing him make comments such as "they don't have evidence. They will try to catch you in a lie."


title: Dana Ewell

text: Forensic analysis found the murder weapon was a high-end 9mm specialty rifle manufactured by Feather Industries in Trinidad, Colorado. Company records showed one such rifle had been purchased by Ernest Jack Ponce, a friend of the Radovcich family, shortly before the murders. Ponce admitted buying the rifle for Radovcich, but denied knowing it would be used for a crime. Ponce also concealed evidence after the murders, making him an accessory. He was granted immunity from prosecution and agreed to testify against Ewell and Radovcich, who were arrested in early 1995.


title: Dana Ewell

text: James Oppliger and Jeffrey Hammerschmidt of the Fresno County District Attorney's Office prosecuted Ewell and Radovcich in a jury trial which lasted more than eight months. Prosecutors argued that Ewell was motivated by greed, and that he promised Radovcich a share of his family's wealth. Ewell and Radovcich were represented by separate attorneys who took different strategies, with Ewell's attorney asserting his client was innocent and Radovcich's attorney believing the evidence was so overwhelming that a guilty verdict was probable and thus his main goal should be avoiding the death penalty.


title: Dana Ewell

text: Jurors deliberated for 11 days. Although they considered Ponce's testimony unreliable and suspected he was more involved with the murders than he admitted, they found Ewell and Radovcich both guilty of three counts of first degree murder. The two men were subject to stricter sentencing due to aggravating circumstances: multiple victims, murder for profit, and murder committed by lying in wait. The jury was deadlocked during the sentencing phase of the trial, and the judge declared a penalty phase mistrial. On July 20, 1998, the judge delivered default sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.


title: Dana Ewell

text: Ewell is in the Protective Housing Unit of California State Prison, Corcoran along with other murderers requiring isolation from the general prison population.


title: Dana Ewell

text: The case is covered in the "Forensic Files" episode "Two in a Million" (season 11, episode 40, aired April 18, 2007), "The New Detectives" episode "Family Plots" (season 5, episode 9, aired January 25, 2000) and the "Dominick Dunne's Power, Privilege, and Justice" episode "Tailspin" (season 3, episode 5, aired September 5, 2003).


title: Dana Ewell

text: "City Confidential" ("Fatal Inheritance"), "American Justice" ("Millions of Reasons to Kill"), and "Solved" also did episodes on the case. "In Ice Cold Blood" also aired an episode about the case (“Deadly Greed” season 2, episode 14, aired June 3, 2019).


title: Dana Ewell

text: The series "Behind Mansion Walls" covered the case in "The Perfect Crime" (season 1, episode 2, aired on June 13, 2011). It is also covered in the "It Takes a Killer" episode "Spoiled, Rotten, and Ruthless", and the "Vengeance: Killer Millionaires" episode "Trust Fund Terror."


title: Dana Ewell

text: ABC30 Fresno and ABC Localish Studios co-produced an hour-long documentary film on the Ewell family murders, "Murdered for Millions", which first aired in May 2022. A postscript in the film states that Dana Ewell applied for executive clemency in January 2022.


title: Telephony

text: Telephony ( ) is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunication services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone.


title: Telephony

text: Telephony is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones and telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires. The term is also used frequently to refer to computer hardware, software, and computer network systems, that perform functions traditionally performed by telephone equipment. In this context the technology is specifically referred to as Internet telephony, or voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).


title: Telephony

text: The first telephones were connected directly in pairs. Each user had a separate telephone wired to each locations to be reached. This quickly became inconvenient and unmanageable when users wanted to communicate with more than a few people. The invention of the telephone exchange provided the solution for establishing telephone connections with any other telephone in service in the local area. Each telephone was connected to the exchange at first with one wire, later one wire pair, the local loop. Nearby exchanges in other service areas were connected with trunk lines, and long-distance service could be established by relaying the calls through multiple exchanges.


title: Telephony

text: Initially, exchange switchboards were manually operated by an attendant, commonly referred to as the "switchboard operator". When a customer cranked a handle on the telephone, it activated an indicator on the board in front of the operator, who would in response plug the operator headset into that jack and offer service. The caller had to ask for the called party by name, later by number, and the operator connected one end of a circuit into the called party jack to alert them. If the called station answered, the operator disconnected their headset and completed the station-to-station circuit. Trunk calls were made with the assistance of other operators at other exchangers in the network.


title: Telephony

text: Until the 1970s, most telephones were permanently wired to the telephone line installed at customer premises. Later, conversion to installation of jacks that terminated the inside wiring permitted simple exchange of telephone sets with telephone plugs and allowed portability of the set to multiple locations in the premises where jacks were installed. The inside wiring to all jacks was connected in one place to the wire drop which connects the building to a cable. Cables usually bring a large number of drop wires from all over a district access network to one wire center or telephone exchange. When a telephone user wants to make a telephone call, equipment at the exchange examines the dialed telephone number and connects that telephone line to another in the same wire center, or to a trunk to a distant exchange. Most of the exchanges in the world are interconnected through a system of larger switching systems, forming the public switched telephone network (PSTN).


title: Telephony

text: In the second half of the 20th century, fax and data became important secondary applications of the network created to carry voices, and late in the century, parts of the network were upgraded with ISDN and DSL to improve handling of such traffic.


title: Telephony

text: Today, telephony uses digital technology (digital telephony) in the provisioning of telephone services and systems. Telephone calls can be provided digitally, but may be restricted to cases in which the last mile is digital, or where the conversion between digital and analog signals takes place inside the telephone. This advancement has reduced costs in communication, and improved the quality of voice services. The first implementation of this, ISDN, permitted all data transport from end-to-end speedily over telephone lines. This service was later made much less important due to the ability to provide digital services based on the IP protocol.


title: Telephony

text: Since the advent of personal computer technology in the 1980s, computer telephony integration (CTI) has progressively provided more sophisticated telephony services, initiated and controlled by the computer, such as making and receiving voice, fax, and data calls with telephone directory services and caller identification. The integration of telephony software and computer systems is a major development in the evolution of office automation. The term is used in describing the computerized services of call centers, such as those that direct your phone call to the right department at a business you're calling. It's also sometimes used for the ability to use your personal computer to initiate and manage phone calls (in which case you can think of your computer as your personal call center).


title: Telephony

text: Digital telephony is the use of digital electronics in the operation and provisioning of telephony systems and services. Since the late 20th century, a digital core network has replaced the traditional analog transmission and signaling systems, and much of the access network has also been digitized.


title: Telephony

text: Starting with the development of transistor technology, originating from Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1947, to amplification and switching circuits in the 1950s, the public switched telephone network (PSTN) has gradually moved towards solid-state electronics and automation. Following the development of computer-based electronic switching systems incorporating metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) and pulse-code modulation (PCM) technologies, the PSTN gradually evolved towards the digitization of signaling and audio transmissions. Digital telephony has since dramatically improved the capacity, quality and cost of the network. Digitization allows wideband voice on the same channel, with improved quality of a wider analog voice channel.


title: Telephony

text: The earliest end-to-end analog telephone networks to be modified and upgraded to transmission networks with Digital Signal 1 (DS1/T1) carrier systems date back to the early 1960s. They were designed to support the basic 3 kHz voice channel by sampling the bandwidth-limited analog voice signal and encoding using pulse-code modulation (PCM). Early PCM codec-filters were implemented as passive resistorcapacitorinductor filter circuits, with analog-to-digital conversion (for digitizing voices) and digital-to-analog conversion (for reconstructing voices) handled by discrete devices. Early digital telephony was impractical due to the low performance and high costs of early PCM codec-filters.


title: Telephony

text: Practical digital telecommunication was enabled by the invention of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), which led to the rapid development and wide adoption of PCM digital telephony. The MOSFET was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1959, and the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip was proposed soon after, but MOS technology was initially overlooked by Bell because they did not find it practical for analog telephone applications, before it was commercialized by Fairchild and RCA for digital electronics such as computers. MOS technology eventually became practical for telephone applications with the MOS mixed-signal integrated circuit, which combines analog and digital signal processing on a single chip, developed by former Bell engineer David A. Hodges with Paul R. Gray at UC Berkeley in the early 1970s. In 1974, Hodges and Gray worked with R.E. Suarez to develop MOS switched capacitor (SC) circuit technology, which they used to develop a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) chip, using MOS capacitors and MOSFET switches for data conversion. MOS analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and DAC chips were commercialized by 1974.


title: Telephony

text: MOS SC circuits led to the development of PCM codec-filter chips in the late 1970s. The silicon-gate CMOS (complementary MOS) PCM codec-filter chip, developed by Hodges and W.C. Black in 1980, has since been the industry standard for digital telephony. By the 1990s, telecommunication networks such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) had been largely digitized with very-large-scale integration (VLSI) CMOS PCM codec-filters, widely used in electronic switching systems for telephone exchanges, private branch exchanges (PBX) and key telephone systems (KTS); user-end modems; data transmission applications such as digital loop carriers, pair gain multiplexers, telephone loop extenders, integrated services digital network (ISDN) terminals, digital cordless telephones and digital cell phones; and applications such as speech recognition equipment, voice data storage, voice mail and digital tapeless answering machines. The bandwidth of digital telecommunication networks has been rapidly increasing at an exponential rate, as observed by Edholm's law, largely driven by the rapid scaling and miniaturization of MOS technology.


title: Telephony

text: Uncompressed PCM digital audio with 8-bit depth and 8kHz sample rate requires a bit rate of 64kbit/s, which was impractical for early digital telecommunication networks with limited network bandwidth. A solution to this issue was linear predictive coding (LPC), a speech coding data compression algorithm that was first proposed by Fumitada Itakura of Nagoya University and Shuzo Saito of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1966. LPC was capable of audio data compression down to 2.4kbit/s, leading to the first successful real-time conversations over digital networks in the 1970s. LPC has since been the most widely used speech coding method. Another audio data compression method, a discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm called the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), has been widely adopted for speech coding in voice-over-IP (VoIP) applications since the late 1990s.


title: Telephony

text: The development of transmission methods such as SONET and fiber optic transmission further advanced digital transmission. Although analog carrier systems existed that multiplexed multiple analog voice channels onto a single transmission medium, digital transmission allowed lower cost and more channels multiplexed on the transmission medium. Today the end instrument often remains analog but the analog signals are typically converted to digital signals at the serving area interface (SAI), central office (CO), or other aggregation point. Digital loop carriers (DLC) and fiber to the x place the digital network ever closer to the customer premises, relegating the analog local loop to legacy status.


title: Telephony

text: The field of technology available for telephony has broadened with the advent of new communication technologies. Telephony now includes the technologies of Internet services and mobile communication, including video conferencing.


title: Telephony

text: The new technologies based on Internet Protocol (IP) concepts are often referred to separately as voice over IP (VoIP) telephony, also commonly referred to as IP telephony or Internet telephony. Unlike traditional phone service, IP telephony service is relatively unregulated by government. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates phone-to-phone connections, but says they do not plan to regulate connections between a phone user and an IP telephony service provider.


title: Telephony

text: A specialization of digital telephony, Internet Protocol (IP) telephony involves the application of digital networking technology that was the foundation to the Internet to create, transmit, and receive telecommunications sessions over computer networks. Internet telephony is commonly known as voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), reflecting the principle, but it has been referred with many other terms. VoIP has proven to be a disruptive technology that is rapidly replacing traditional telephone infrastructure technologies. As of January 2005, up to 10% of telephone subscribers in Japan and South Korea have switched to this digital telephone service. A January 2005 "Newsweek" article suggested that Internet telephony may be "the next big thing". As of 2006, many VoIP companies offer service to consumers and businesses.


title: Telephony

text: IP telephony uses an Internet connection and hardware IP phones, analog telephone adapters, or softphone computer applications to transmit conversations encoded as data packets. In addition to replacing plain old telephone service (POTS), IP telephony services compete with mobile phone services by offering free or lower cost connections via WiFi hotspots. VoIP is also used on private networks which may or may not have a connection to the global telephone network.


title: Telephony

text: Direct person-to-person communication includes non-verbal cues expressed in facial and other bodily articulation, that cannot be transmitted in traditional voice telephony. Video telephony restores such interactions to varying degrees. Social Context Cues Theory is a model to measure the success of different types of communication in maintaining the non-verbal cues present in face-to-face interactions. The research examines many different cues, such as the physical context, different facial expressions, body movements, tone of voice, touch and smell.


title: Telephony

text: Various communication cues are lost with the usage of the telephone. The communicating parties are not able to identify the body movements, and lack touch and smell. Although this diminished ability to identify social cues is well known, Wiesenfeld, Raghuram, and Garud point out that there is a value and efficiency to the type of communication for different tasks. They examine work places in which different types of communication, such as the telephone, are more useful than face-to-face interaction.


title: Telephony

text: The expansion of communication to mobile telephone service has created a different filter of the social cues than the land-line telephone. The use of instant messaging, such as "texting", on mobile telephones has created a sense of community. In "The Social Construction of Mobile Telephony" it is suggested that each phone call and text message is more than an attempt to converse. Instead, it is a gesture which maintains the social network between family and friends. Although there is a loss of certain social cues through telephones, mobile phones bring new forms of expression of different cues that are understood by different audiences. New language additives attempt to compensate for the inherent lack of non-physical interaction.


title: Telephony

text: Another social theory supported through telephony is the Media Dependency Theory. This theory concludes that people use media or a resource to attain certain goals. This theory states that there is a link between the media, audience, and the large social system. Telephones, depending on the person, help attain certain goals like accessing information, keeping in contact with others, sending quick communication, entertainment, etc.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case (also known as the Ranga-Billa case) was a kidnapping and murder crime in New Delhi in 1978. It involved the kidnapping and subsequent murder of siblings Geeta and Sanjay by Kuljeet Singh (alias Ranga Khus) and Jasbir Singh (alias Billa). Although the children were kidnapped for ransom, they were killed after the kidnappers learned that their father was a naval officer, in the assumption that he was not wealthy. Both men initially admitted to raping Geeta before her murder. They later retracted their statements and forensic evidence could not confirm the rape. The two kidnappers were convicted and sentenced to death. The execution was carried out in 1982. Crime Patrol Dial 100 aired two episodes on Sony TV based on the story, 723 and 724 on Feb 28, 2018 and Mar 1, 2018. The case was also shown on the TV series Bhanwar, which was based on real-life court cases.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Geeta Chopra was a 16½-year-old 2nd year student in the Jesus and Mary College, New Delhi. Her brother, Sanjay, was 14-year-old student in the 10th standard of the Modern School. Their father, Madan Mohan Chopra, was a captain in the Indian Navy. They lived in the Officer's Enclave in Dhaula Kuan.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: On Saturday 26 August 1978, Geeta and Sanjay were supposed to participate in a radio programme called the "Yuva Vani" on All India Radio. They were to reach the All India Radio office on the Sansad Marg by 7 pm. Their father was supposed to pick them up outside the All India Radio after programme at 9 pm.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The siblings left their house at 6:15 pm. A man, Kula Nand saw them at the roundabout at Dhaula Kuan. A man named M. S. Nanda gave the children a lift from Dhaula Kuan to Gole Dak Khana as it was drizzling. At 6:30 pm, Bhagwan Dass had noticed a mustard colour Fiat car, while traveling from Gurudwara Bangla Sahib towards North Avenue, near the yoga ashram at Gole Dak Khana. He heard noises coming from the car, so he stopped his scooter and approached. He saw a girl pulling the hair of the driver and a boy fighting the passenger by the driver. Dass could not stop the car and it sped away towards Willingdon Hospital. Several other people had tried to stop the car. One man named Babu Lal, dropped his bicycle and tried to grab the door handle of the car, but failed. Dass reported this to the police. At 6:45 pm, he called the police control room and told them the license number of the car as HRK 8930, but it was noted by the operator as MRK 8930. Dass also reported that the girl was shouting for help.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Inderjeet Singh, a junior engineer in the Delhi Development Authority returning home from work on his scooter, saw the car on Baba Kharak Singh Marg near the casualty block of the Willingdon Hospital. He noticed a girl and a boy sitting in the rear struggling with the driver and another man. He drove up and lined up with the running car. The boy showed his bleeding shoulder to Inderjeet Singh and waved his hands at him pleading for help. Inderjeet followed the car onto Shankar road. But he lost the car when it jumped a red light at a traffic crossing at 6:45 pm. Inderjeet noted the correct number of the car and reported it to the Rajendra Nagar, Delhi. The police were slow in their reaction as they considered it a cognisable offence and that it was outside their jurisdiction as they could not proceed without taking permission from the Meerut High Court.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: At 8 pm, their parents tuned in to the radio to listen to their children on the programme, but another girl had been given the slot. The parents assumed that they had tuned in to the wrong station or that the programme had been cancelled. Their father took his scooter from home at 8:45 pm to reach the radio office. He did not find his children at the appointed place. He was told at the office that the children did not arrive. The father called home to ask if the children had reached home; their mother replied in the negative. Their father returned home and called his relatives and friends to ask if the children were with them.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: At 10:15 pm, the kidnappers went to the Willingdon Hospital in a car with the number DHI 280, as one of them, Billa, had acquired a cut injury on his head. The hospital had taken a skiagraph of his skull. One of them left a fingerprint on the skiagraph, which matched perfectly with the culprit after he was apprehended. On being asked, they gave the doctors false names and said they were hurt by some thieves. The constable on duty at the hospital, Ranbir Singh, took their statement in which they said they were attacked near Kali mandir on Bangla Sahib road, their watch was stolen, and the injury was from an iron rod. Ranbir Singh informed the Mandir Marg police station. At 10:50 pm, two policemen dispatched from the Mandir Marg station to further question them arrived at the hospital.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: At 11:10 pm, the two decided to leave against doctors' advice. The two policemen, Sub-Inspector Ram Chander and Constable Harish Ram, asked them to accompany them to the spot where they were supposedly robbed. They took them to the spot in their car. Chander failed to find signs of struggle. They asked the duo to take them back to the station. At 1:45 am, they left the station, but they were asked to report again in the morning. When they did not, Chander went to their addresses, but found them to be false. Chander inquired with the Regional Transport Office and found the vehicle number belonged to a scooter.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The police control room forwarded the report from Dass to Mandir Marg police station. The report was given to sub-inspector Om Prakash at 7:05 pm. He went to the Gole Dak Khana to search for witnesses but could not find any. He returned to the station at 9:55 pm. Inderjeet's report had invoked no response. At 10:15 pm, the father called the police and gave them the descriptions of the children. The father searched places where the children might have possibly gone to, including the Willingdon Hospital and returned home at 11:30 pm.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The bodies were discovered by a cowherd, Dhani Ram, grazing his cows in Delhi Ridge on 28 August 1978, at 6 pm. The cowherd reported the bodies to a patrolling constable, Rohtas Singh, at 12:00 am. Sub-inspector Hari Chand was sent to the site. The parents were called to the site the identify the bodies. They identified them as their children.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The autopsy was conducted by the police surgeon, Bharat Singh, on 29 August. He found the bodies to be in an advanced stage of decomposition. He could not establish sexual assault of the girl due to the decomposition. He found multiple stab wounds and a broken jaw on the girl. He confirmed multiple stab wounds on the boy.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The father decided to go to the media. Some newspapers carried photographs. On seeing such a newspaper, M. S. Nanda came and gave his statement. The police in course of their investigation suspected the duo to be involved. They released the photos to the press and reward was announced. The Mumbai Police was informed.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: On 31 August, a car matching the kidnapping vehicle was found in Majlis Park with the number, DHD 7034. A car had been reported missing of the same make, but number DEA 1221, so the police called the owner Ashok Sharma. The car had been stolen from outside the Ashoka Hotel within six weeks of its purchase. Sharma was able to open the car with his keys. The stereo and speakers were missing. The car's white grille had been replaced with black one. Two witnesses who lived in the area later said they had seen a man driving the car and he had asked them for directions.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The car was examined by investigators from the Central Forensic Science Laboratory. Several fingerprints were obtained from the car. A cigarette butt and hair samples were found and taken. Bloodstains were discovered. Plates with the numbers DEA 1221, HRF 5411, and HRK 8930 were found in the car. In the lab, it was later found that one of the plate originally had the number DHI 280 but it had been painted over. Similarly, another number DHD 3548 was found. Some soil samples taken from the floor mat matched the soil samples from the site where the bodies were found.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The story got much media attention in India. Prime Minister Morarji Desai took personal interest in the case. The Janata Party which was in power in 1978 Delhi was criticised for their handling for the case. They lost the subsequent election.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The kidnappers were arrested on a train a few weeks later on 8 September 1978. On that day, the two kidnappers boarded the Kalka Mail when it had slowed near the Yamuna river bridge near Agra. The compartment they entered was reserved for military personnel, so they were asked to show their identity cards. They started a scuffle with the army-men and were suppressed. Lance Naik A. V. Shetty recognised them from a newspaper picture. On 9 September 1978, they were handed over to Inspector V. P. Gupta, at the New Delhi railway station. They were held in separate non-adjoining cells.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: On searching their bags, the police found a sword. Their clothes were found with bloodstains. The doctor examining them found bruises on their arms and bodies, some of which were recent from a scuffle. The doctor found the sutures on Billa's head and estimated it to be 15 days old. A wound on Ranga's forearm was found to be 15 days old. Fingerprints, saliva, blood and hair samples were taken on 12 September. On 13 September, on Billa's directions, they were driven separately to Agra, where the police recovered a sword from a rented room in Sita Nagar, Agra where they were staying.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: On 22 September, Ranga made a voluntary confession which was recorded by a metropolitan magistrate, but the statement was later retracted on 20 November. On 19 October, Billa gave a similar confession, but retracted it on 27 October. The confessions were later held to be independent as they had been kept in non-adjoining cells.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The hair found in the car and on the body of the boy matched that of Ranga. His fingerprints were found in the car. The bloodstains on his shirt belonged to blood group AB, which was a match with the siblings. Billa's hair was found on the body of the girl, and blood matching his blood group A was found in the car. Blood of group AB was found on his clothes. The signature at the Willingdon Hospital matched that of Billa. The skiagrams of the skulls matched.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Billa claimed that he was in Bombay from 25 August to 1 September. He said he had acquired the head wound while trying to steal a car in Agripada, Bombay. Billa claimed he was forced to make a false confession. He said he was wanted by the Bombay police for false cases, so he had fled to Delhi with Ranga. They had come to Delhi on 15 August. On 18 August, they went to Panipat where Ranga's sister lived. On 25 August, left for Bombay. On the 28th, he got his head wound. On 31 August, he left for Delhi, where he was informed by Ranga that they were wanted for the murders. They then tried to hide out in Delhi. They were trying to escape to Madras via Delhi when they were caught by the army men. He claimed he had been tortured by the police to make the confession. Ranga said that the sword was planted on him and that when his clothes were taken from him, they had no bloodstains. They also produced witnesses to establish Billa's alibi.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Two doctors from the Willingdon Hospital who examined Billa on the night of 26 August could not positively identify him. The radiographer opined that the original skiagraph of that man matched with the recent skiagraph of Billa's. Sub-inspector Chander could positively identify the two. Sohan Lal, a landlord in Majlis Park, identified and said that they had rented a room from him on 24 August and stayed there till 31 August. He said that he had seen a bandage on Billa's head on 27 August. Another witness, Parkash, the proprietor of hotel in Fatehpur said that he had given the two a room from 16 August to 23 August. Anil Kumar Gupta, who worked in a guest house near Gali Telian in Delhi, said he had given them a room from 31 August to 2 September. Susheel Kumar, a parking attendant, had charged them for parking at Buddha Jayanti Park. He had noticed a boy and girl in the rear. Avdesh Singh Sharma, a physician from Agra, said he had removed Billa's stitches on 4 September, but Billa had left without paying him.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: It was established by the court that the duo had come to Delhi to escape the Bombay police. They arrived in Delhi on 16 August. They lived in various places under false names. They had two ceremonial kirpans, one small and a large, and had gotten them sharpened elsewhere. Billa was proficient in stealing cars and had gotten fake number plates painted. He stole a Fiat from outside the Ashoka Hotel. They rented a room in Majlis Park, paid for two months in advance. They picked up the children sometime between 6:30 and 6:40 pm on 26 August. The boy received a wound on his shoulder. At 7:30 pm, the car was parked near the Buddha Jayanti Park. Ranga bought two ice creams and three Campa Colas. The boy's autopsy established that he had eaten milk product before death. At 9:30 pm, the children were murdered in the woods near the Upper Ridge Road, Delhi. The girl's body was found with her undergarments missing. On 30 August, Ranga abandoned the car in Majlis Park, a few streets away from where they were living. On 31 August, after the police found the car, the duo left despite paying rent for two months.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Although the confessions were considered in the sentencing, they were noted to have certain relevant details. According to Ranga's retracted statement, Ranga was initially a truck driver and later a taxi driver. He was introduced to Billa by one Sham Singh in Bombay. The two had kidnapped a boy in Bombay using Ranga's taxi.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Ranga later released the child after keeping him at his house for some time. Sham told him Billa was a well-known criminal who had killed two Arab men. Soon afterwards, Sham was arrested. The duo feared that Sham would reveal their ties to the police. They fled to Surat in the car with another person. There they left the car and took a bus to Ahmedabad. They then took a train to Delhi. On 17 August, they stole a car but abandoned it because it was not in good condition. On 18 August, Ranga went to Panipat to meet his sister for Raksha Bandhan. On 19 August, they stole another car and changed its plates but abandoned it after finding it had bad acceleration. That day, the car used in the crime was stolen from Ashoka Hotel and they changed its plates. On 23 August, Billa threatened to kill Jugal and another person, Kewal. On 24 August, they rented the house in Majlis Park. They decided that they would kidnap a couple the next day, then force them to take them to their house so they could rob it, but they found no victims while roaming in the car.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: On 26 August, after roaming all day, they found the siblings and thought them to be from a rich family. They offered them a lift and the children accepted. The children were talking in English. Billa had already loosened the inner door handles; he then pulled them out. The children began quarreling with Billa, who then tried to frighten them with the small kirpan. The boy tried to snatch the kirpan but was injured. The victims in the struggle managed to stall the car. At one point, Ranga saw a Sikh man following them. He suggested dropping off the children and fleeing. Billa refused.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: They then parked the car in Buddha Jayanti Park. The boy asked for water and was offered cola. He refused but accepted the ice cream on the girl's suggestion. The boy was bought another ice cream. They changed the car number to DHI 280. The children were asked about their parents. They replied their father was a naval officer. Ranga suggested the kids should be left off, as the father probably did not have much money and might try to fight them. Billa told the children that the girl would be used in a robbery in which she would stop a jeweler's car coming from Palam airport, asking for a lift. After that they would be let go. They drove onto an untarred road and then took the boy about 100 yards away from the vehicle. Ranga was forced by Billa to attack the boy with longer kirpan, about 3 feet long. After one blow Ranga was unable to continue. Billa snatched the kirpan and repeatedly struck the boy. The boy died.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: While Ranga cleaned the blade, Billa raped the girl. Then Billa asked Ranga to rape the girl, which he did. When the girl was being raped again, she picked up the kirpan and struck Billa's head. The girl ran toward the road, but Ranga caught her. They made her dress and told her they were taking her back to her brother nearby. While she was walking ahead, Billa attacked her from behind and killed her. They washed the car to remove most of the blood. On 28 August, Billa left for Bombay by train. On 30 August, Ranga found that some Bombay policemen were in Delhi. He changed plates and parked the car a few lanes away from his rented place. On 31 August, he saw the police had found the car. Billa returned the same day. They left for Agra on 31 August.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Billa's version of the events varied slightly. According to him, they had given the boy Mandrax tablets to dull his pain from the cuts he received in the scuffle. Billa claimed that the rape of the girl was Ranga's idea. They drove to a deserted place. Ranga took the boy away and Billa raped the girl. Ranga returned alone and raped her. The girl asked about her brother and got suspicious. She attacked Billa with the sword. Ranga snatched the sword away and killed her. Ranga then told Billa he had killed the boy. They then dumped the girl in the bushes and drove away.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Kuljeet Singh (alias Ranga Kush) and Jasbir Singh (alias Billa) were convicted and sentenced to death under Section 302 (murder) of the Indian Penal Code, read with Section 34 (common intention), by an additional sessions judge in Delhi. They were also convicted for crimes under Section 363 (kidnapping), 365 (kidnapping with unlawful confinement), 366 (kidnapping a woman with intention of sexual intercourse) and 367 (kidnapping with intention to cause hurt), read with Section 34.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The convicted challenged the death sentence verdict in the Delhi High Court. The High Court upheld the judgement on 16 November 1979. The convicts then petition under Article 136 in the Supreme Court of India, which was turned down. They then petitioned the president of India to use the clemency powers vested in him under Article 72 of the Constitution. The president turned down the petition without citing reason. They then petitioned the Supreme Court again arguing that the president should use his clemency powers fairly.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: On 21 April 1981, the Supreme Court upheld the death sentences. These petitions had further delayed their death sentences. The trials took about four years to complete.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Following the judgement, some journalists petitioned the Tihar jail that they be allowed to interview the death row convicts. The jail authorities rejected the petition on the grounds that their Jail Manual allowed interviews only with relatives, friends and legal advisers. Journalist Prabha Dutt decided to challenge the rejection of interview requests in court.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: On 7 November 1981, the Supreme Court of India decided that the convicts should be allowed to be interviewed by some journalists, if they were willing. The journalists were granted permission to interview them together, for an hour, and to submit to search before entering the prison. The judgement is considered a landmark in Indian law.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: On 30 January 1982, five reporters — among them Prabha Dutt of "Hindustan Times", Prakash Patra of "The National Herald", and Usha Rai of "The Times of India" — were allowed to conduct the interview. The convict interviewed was Jasbir Singh alias Billa, who insisted that he was innocent. Ranga refused to be interviewed.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: Both were hanged on 31 January 1982. Billa was quiet, but Ranga resisted going to the gallows. Their bodies were not claimed by their relatives.


title: Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

text: The Kirti Chakra was awarded to the children on 5 April 1981. In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two bravery awards for children under the age of 16, the Sanjay Chopra Award and the Geeta Chopra Award, given each year along with the National Bravery Award.


title: Burning Down the House

text: "Burning Down the House" is a song by new wave band Talking Heads, released in July 1983 as the first single from their fifth studio album "Speaking in Tongues".


title: Burning Down the House

text: "Burning Down the House" is a new wave and funk song. "This song started from a jam," says bassist Tina Weymouth in the liner notes of "". "Chris [Frantz] had just been to see Parliament-Funkadelic in its full glory at Madison Square Garden, and he was really hyped. During the jam, he kept yelling 'Burn down the house!' which was a P-Funk audience chant, and David [Byrne] dug the line, changing it to the finished version, 'Burning down the house'." (Bernie Worrell of Parliament-Funkadelic joined Talking Heads' live incarnation.)


title: Burning Down the House

text: The initial lyrics were considerably different, however. In an interview on NPR's "All Things Considered" aired on December 2, 1984, David Byrne played excerpts of early worktapes showing how the song had evolved from an instrumental jam by Weymouth and Frantz. Once the whole band had reworked the groove into something resembling the final recording, Byrne began chanting and singing nonsense syllables over the music until he arrived at phrasing that fit with the rhythms—a technique influenced by former Talking Heads producer Brian Eno: "and then I [would] just write words to fit that phrasing... I'd have loads and loads of phrases collected that I thought thematically had something to do with one another, and I'd pick from those."


title: Burning Down the House

text: According to Byrne in the NPR interview, phrases that he tried but ultimately did not use in the song included "I have another body," "Pick it up by the handle," "You travel with a double," and "I'm still under construction." As for the title phrase in the chorus, one early attempt (as heard on a worktape) had him singing a different line, "What are we gonna do?", and at another point in the process, "instead of chanting 'Burning Down the House,' I was chanting 'Foam Rubber, USA.'"


title: Burning Down the House

text: The video, produced and directed by Byrne, alternates primarily between footage of the band performing the song in an empty ballroom, Byrne playing while facing a projection screen that displays a concert crowd or a wall of flames at different times, and images projected on the outside wall of a house. A young boy resembling Byrne takes his place from time to time; eventually, younger counterparts start moving the arms of all four band members to play the music. After the screen goes blank, both young and adult Byrne leave the stage, and the video ends with an extended close-up of Byrne's face projected on a highway at night.


title: Burning Down the House

text: The house used in the video is located on Myrtle Street in Union, New Jersey. Max Illidge (credited as Max Loving), vocalist of the band 40 Below Summer, and Rockets Redglare appear as the younger selves of Byrne and Jerry Harrison, respectively.


title: Burning Down the House

text: "Burning Down the House" became Talking Heads' highest-charting hit single in North America, becoming their only top ten single on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at , as well as reaching the top ten in Canada. Despite this success, the song was not a hit outside of North America. In Australia it peaked at a modest , while in the UK, where Talking Heads would release 14 charting singles, it failed to make the charts at all (although a cover version of the song by Tom Jones and The Cardigans would make the UK Top 10 in 1999).


title: Burning Down the House

text: Welsh singer Tom Jones recorded a version of "Burning Down the House" with Swedish pop band the Cardigans for his 1999 collaborations album, "Reload". In common with the other tracks on the album, the recording was made with the collaborators' choice of producer and studios, in this case Tore Johansson and Tambourine Studios in Malmö, Sweden.


title: Burning Down the House

text: The track was released as the lead single from "Reload" on September 13, 1999, and became a hit across Europe and Australia, reaching No. 1 in Iceland, No. 2 in Sweden, and the top ten in Australia, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Norway and the United Kingdom. The single was backed with Jones' live recordings of the EMF song "Unbelievable" and The Beatles' "Come Together", as well as remixes of "Burning Down the House" by Delakota, Pepe Deluxé and DJ Scissorkicks.


title: Burning Down the House

text: As one of the major hits of Jones' later career, it appears on numerous compilations of Jones' work. It also features on the Cardigans' 2008 "Best Of" album.


title: Jetour X70

text: The Jetour X70 is a series of 7-seater mid-size crossover produced by Jetour, a brand launched in 2018 by Chery under Chery Commercial Vehicle.