title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: Let formula_1be a closed rectangle with formula_2. Let formula_3 be a function that is continuous in formula_4 and Lipschitz continuous in formula_5. Then, there exists some such that the initial value problem


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: Note that formula_9 is often instead required to be open but even under such an assumption, the proof only uses a closed rectangle within formula_9.


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: The proof relies on transforming the differential equation, and applying Banach fixed-point theorem. By integrating both sides, any function satisfying the differential equation must also satisfy the integral equation


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: A simple proof of existence of the solution is obtained by successive approximations. In this context, the method is known as Picard iteration.


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: It can then be shown, by using the Banach fixed-point theorem, that the sequence of "Picard iterates" is convergent and that the limit is a solution to the problem. An application of Grönwall's lemma to , where and are two solutions, shows that , thus proving the global uniqueness (the local uniqueness is a consequence of the uniqueness of the Banach fixed point).


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: Let formula_14 the solution to the equation formula_15 with initial condition formula_16 Starting with formula_17 we iterate


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: and so on. Evidently, the functions are computing the Taylor series expansion of our known solution formula_23 Since formula_24 has poles at formula_25 this converges toward a local solution only for formula_26 not on all of formula_27.


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: To understand uniqueness of solutions, consider the following examples. A differential equation can possess a stationary point. For example, for the equation (formula_28), the stationary solution is , which is obtained for the initial condition . Beginning with another initial condition , the solution "y"("t") tends toward the stationary point, but reaches it only at the limit of infinite time, so the uniqueness of solutions (over all finite times) is guaranteed.


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: However, for an equation in which the stationary solution is reached after a "finite" time, the uniqueness fails. This happens for example for the equation , which has at least two solutions corresponding to the initial condition such as: or


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: so the previous state of the system is not uniquely determined by its state after "t" = 0. The uniqueness theorem does not apply because the function has an infinite slope at and therefore is not Lipschitz continuous, violating the hypothesis of the theorem.


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: this is, the supremum of (the absolute values of) the slopes of the function. Finally, let "L" be the Lipschitz constant of with respect to the second variable.


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: We will proceed to apply the Banach fixed-point theorem using the metric on formula_33 induced by the uniform norm


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: We define an operator between two function spaces of continuous functions, Picard's operator, as follows:


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: We must show that this operator maps a complete non-empty metric space "X" into itself and also is a contraction mapping.


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: We first show that, given certain restrictions on formula_37, formula_38 takes formula_39 into itself in the space of continuous functions with the uniform norm. Here, formula_39 is a closed ball in the space of continuous (and bounded) functions "centered" at the constant function formula_41. Hence we need to show that


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: where formula_44 is some number in formula_45 where the maximum is achieved. The last inequality in the chain is true if we impose the requirement formula_46.


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: We have established that the Picard's operator is a contraction on the Banach spaces with the metric induced by the uniform norm. This allows us to apply the Banach fixed-point theorem to conclude that the operator has a unique fixed point. In particular, there is a unique function


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: such that . This function is the unique solution of the initial value problem, valid on the interval "I" where "a" satisfies the condition


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: Nevertheless, there is a corollary of the Banach fixed-point theorem: if an operator "T" is a contraction for some "n" in N, then "T" has a unique fixed point. Before applying this theorem to the Picard operator, recall the following:


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: "Proof." Induction on "m". For the base of the induction () we have already seen this, so suppose the inequality holds for , then we have:


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: and hence Γ will be a contraction. So by the previous corollary Γ will have a unique fixed point. Finally, we have been able to optimize the interval of the solution by taking .


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: In the end, this result shows the interval of definition of the solution does not depend on the Lipschitz constant of the field, but only on the interval of definition of the field and its maximum absolute value.


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: The Picard–Lindelöf theorem shows that the solution exists and that it is unique. The Peano existence theorem shows only existence, not uniqueness, but it assumes only that is continuous in , instead of Lipschitz continuous. For example, the right-hand side of the equation with initial condition is continuous but not Lipschitz continuous. Indeed, rather than being unique, this equation has three solutions:


title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem

text: Even more general is Carathéodory's existence theorem, which proves existence (in a more general sense) under weaker conditions on . Although these conditions are only sufficient, there also exist necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution of an initial value problem to be unique, such as Okamura's theorem.


title: Atë

text: In Greek mythology, Atë, Até or Aite (; Ancient Greek: Ἄτη) was the goddess of mischief, delusion, ruin, and blind folly, rash action and reckless impulse who led men down the path of ruin. She also led both gods and men to rash and inconsiderate actions and to suffering. "Até" also refers to an action performed by a hero that leads to their death or downfall.


title: Atë

text: In some versions of the myth, Atë was called the eldest daughter of Zeus and sister of the Litae (Prayers).


title: Atë

text: The goddess Peitho (Desire) was called the daughter of Atë."Perverse Temptation ("talaina peithô"), the overmastering child of designing Destruction ("atê"), drives men on; and every remedy is futile. His evil is not hidden; it shines forth, a baleful gleam. Like base metal beneath the touchstone's rub, when tested he shows the blackness of his grain . . . and upon his people he brings a taint against which there is no defence. No god listens to his prayers. The man associated with such deeds, him they destroy in his unrighteousness. Such was Paris, who came to the house of the sons of Atreus (Menelaus) and dishonoured the hospitality of his host by stealing away a wedded wife Helene."


title: Atë

text: On Hera's instigation, Atë used her influence over Zeus so that he swore an oath that on that day a great mortal man descended from him would be born (brought into the light by Eileithyia, goddess of "birth-pangs"), who would become lord of all men who dwell about him (the Argives). Hera immediately arranged to delay the birth of Heracles to Alcmene and bring forth Eurystheus prematurely (to whom Heracles would later become subject), born to Nicippe (unnamed), wife of Sthenelus. In anger, Zeus flung Atë by her hair down to earth, from the starry heavens, forever forbidding her return to Mount Olympus and heaven (the starry sky). Atë then wandered about, treading on the heads of men rather than on the earth, wreaking havoc and delusion amongst mortals. The Litae ("Prayers") follow after her, but Atë is fast and far outruns them.


title: Atë

text: The "Bibliotheca" claims that when thrown down by Zeus, Atë landed on a peak in Phrygia called by her name. There Ilus later, following a cow, founded the city of Ilion, known as Troy. This flourish is chronologically at odds with Homer's dating of Atë's fall.


title: Atë

text: According to Nonnus, at Hera's instigation Atë persuades the boy Ampelus whom Dionysus passionately loves, to impress Dionysus by riding on a bull from which Ampelus subsequently falls and breaks his neck.


title: Atë

text: Among the tragic writers, Ate appears in a different light: she avenges evil deeds and inflicts just punishments upon the offenders and their posterity, so that her character here is almost the same as that of Nemesis and Erinnys. She appears most prominent in the dramas of Aeschylus, and least in those of Euripides, with whom the idea of Dike (justice) is more fully developed.


title: Atë

text: In the play "Julius Caesar", Shakespeare introduces the goddess Atë as an invocation of vengeance and menace. Mark Antony, lamenting Caesar's murder, envisions:


title: Atë

text: Shakespeare also mentions her in the play "Much Ado About Nothing", when Benedick says, referring to Beatrice,


title: Atë

text: So too, in "King John", Shakespeare refers to Queen Eleanor as "An Ate stirring [John] to blood and strife" (2.1.63), and in Love's Labours Lost Birone jeers "Pompey is moved. More Ates, more Ates! stir them on! stir them on!" (5.2. 688-9).


title: Atë

text: In Spenser's "The Faerie Queene", a fiend from Hell disguised as a beautiful woman is called Ate. This is a possible parallel to the fallen angels.


title: Atë

text: In her book "The March of Folly", Barbara Tuchman notes that the earth has been called The Meadow of Atë.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: Alan Wake's American Nightmare is an action-adventure video game developed by Remedy Entertainment and published by Microsoft Studios. The game is a downloadable follow-up and spin-off to its predecessor, "Alan Wake". The game is an Xbox 360 title and was released on 22 February 2012 worldwide. A Microsoft Windows version was released on 22 May 2012 in North America, 29 June 2012 in Europe and 15 November 2012 in Australia.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: "Alan Wake's American Nightmare" makes use of the same combat mechanics found in the original "Alan Wake": Alan has a flashlight, which must be focused on enemies before firing weapons at them. "American Nightmare" is more battle-focused, containing more ammunition and a wider variety of weapons, including a machine gun, a nail gun, a crossbow, and combat shotguns, among others. Some weapons are unlocked via cases found throughout the maps, which each require a certain number of acquired manuscript pages to open. Collectible pages were also featured in the original "Alan Wake", though they had only served to provide an additional story element.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: The game also features an arcade mode, where Alan is set against increasingly difficult waves of enemies. New arcade maps are unlocked as they are successfully beaten, while available weapons are determined by the number of pages that have been recovered in story mode.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: "Alan Wake's American Nightmare" revolves around the titular Alan Wake, a former bestselling author of crime fiction. During a vacation to the small town of Bright Falls, Washington, Alan encountered a supernatural entity known as the Dark Presence, which forced him to write the manuscript of a horror novel which would give it power by turning the events of the story into reality. This occurred through the power of the Dark Place, a subjective alternate dimension located beneath the volcanic Cauldron Lake near Bright Falls. Alan was ultimately able to defeat the Dark Presence by altering the ending of the manuscript, freeing Bright Falls and destroying the Dark Presence but trapping Alan within the Dark Place.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: "Alan Wake's American Nightmare" focuses on Mr. Scratch, a doppelgänger of Alan created by the power of Cauldron Lake. During the events of the game, it is revealed that Mr. Scratch was created when false rumors spread of Alan following his disappearance; the power of the Dark Place turned this misinformation into reality in the form of Mr. Scratch, who thus represents a negative, purely evil version of Alan. Mr. Scratch serves an unknown entity from the Dark Place, and seeks to use its power to plunge the Earth into darkness. Alan seeks to defeat Mr. Scratch in order to protect humanity, particularly his wife, Alice Wake. Like the Dark Presence, Mr. Scratch has the power to possess human beings and turn them into "Taken," monstrosities which can only be killed when light is shined on them.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: The game takes place in Night Springs, a fictional town brought to life by Alan's writings. Within the town, Alan encounters several denizens who aid him in his mission to stop Mr. Scratch, including auto mechanic Emma Sloan, astronomer Dr. Rachel Meadows, and art curator Serena Valdivia. Other characters who make cameos in the game include Alan's friend and agent Barry Wheeler, and the Anderson brothers, heavy metal musicians from Bright Falls who aided Alan during the events of the first game, whom Barry now manages during their comeback tour.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: The plot of "American Nightmare" is framed by the narration of an episode of the fictional TV show, "Night Springs", which follows the style of "The Twilight Zone" and appeared on television screens throughout the original "Alan Wake". The episode is displayed on a TV screen in the hotel room of Barry Wheeler, Alan's friend and former agent. The narration explains that Alan is attempting to chase down the "herald of darkness", Mr. Scratch, who is Alan's evil doppelganger created by a dark force. Scratch is determined to take away everything Alan loves, including his wife, Alice. Alan, as the "champion of light," has the ability to rewrite reality, and was able to write his escape from Cauldron Lake in Washington. He ends up near the small town of Night Springs, Arizona, and learns that he has been missing from the real world for nearly two years.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: A nearby oil derrick erupts with hordes of Taken controlled by Mr. Scratch. Seeking light, Alan runs to a nearby motel, where he encounters Emma Sloan, who at first thinks he is Mr. Scratch, since they look identical. She tells Alan that Scratch was at the motel the night before, and provides Alan with a typewritten page, a way to alter reality to destroy the derrick and stop the Taken. Alan follows its instructions and alters the scene by the oil derrick, which causes a meteor to collide with an artificial satellite, sending it hurtling towards the Earth, where it then collides with the oil derrick. While Alan is away performing this task, the dark forces consume Emma.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: Following clues he found at the motel, along with a set of keys, Alan heads to a nearby observatory. There, Dr. Rachel Meadows, who also met Mr. Scratch previously, is tracking a mysterious signal sent just before the satellite was knocked out of orbit. Rachel tells Alan that Mr. Scratch was very interested in this signal, and Alan surmises that it must contain the key to defeating him. Before they can acquire the complete signal, the observatory's telescope is sabotaged by the Taken. After Alan repairs the damage, a portion of the signal comes through that translates into a page of a story: a new reality that Alan can presumably implement.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: The page points Alan to a nearby drive-in theater, where he meets Serena Valdivia, who is under the influence of the darkness. After freeing her by restoring power and switching the lights on, Serena tells Alan that Mr. Scratch is trying to prevent the sun from ever rising again. She gives Alan the security code to the projection room where he can change reality. Alan uses the incomplete message to try to set the new reality; however, as the message is only partial, the new reality does not take effect. Mr. Scratch appears, gloating, and sends Alan back in time to a few hours before. Alan realizes that Mr. Scratch intends to keep Alan trapped in the time loop forever, until he is finally killed and Mr. Scratch will be free to take over the world.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: Waking up again near the motel, Alan repeats many of the same motions. Emma and Rachel still have some "deja vu" of the previous loop's events, and have helped perform some of Alan's previous tasks for him. Despite his efforts to change events this time around, Emma is nevertheless consumed again by the darkness. Rachel is able to capture a longer portion of the signal this time, but it is still incomplete. When Alan returns to the drive-in theater, he is still unable to complete the new reality and is sent back in time again by Mr. Scratch.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: Alan repeats his actions for a third time, but this time, he is able to save Emma and gain the complete message from Rachel. He sets the correct series of events in the projection room, which triggers the projector to show a film made by Alice. Mr. Scratch appears again, but discovers that Alan has successfully written the new reality, and he is burned out of existence by the film. On the screen, Alan appears to reunite with Alice along a sun-lit shoreline; however, the narrator challenges whether these events actually occurred, or were merely a figment of Alan's imagination.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: On 9 May 2011, a sequel game was hinted at when ""Alan Wake 2"" was shown on Althea Suarez Gata's curriculum vitae. On the same day, the information was removed from her curriculum vitae.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: On 10 May 2011, Oskari Häkkinen from Remedy told Joystiq, who had leaked an announcement rumor, that the official announcement of this installment was coming. He stressed that it would not be considered ""Alan Wake 2"", but neither would it be mere add-on content. Häkkinen would not get any more specific than that.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: Spike Video Game Awards 2011 showed a new trailer for the game on 10 December 2011. It had been speculated that the game would be an Xbox 360 game named "Alan Wake's Night Springs". The first image for the game was released by GameInformer on 7 November 2011. Just before the Video Game Awards, IGN released a screenshot of the game, along with the official title.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: Following rumors that the game would be released for Microsoft Windows, Remedy announced in early May 2012 that the game would be available for the platform on 22 May 2012. This followed Remedy's port of the original "Alan Wake" to the Windows platform a few months earlier.


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: Petri Alanko, the composer from the first game, returned to score "American Nightmare". Licensed music includes the song "Club Foot" by British indie rock band Kasabian, which plays a pivotal role in the game's narrative. Poets of the Fall also composed two new songs: "The Happy Song", which is featured whenever Mr. Scratch appears, and "Balance Slays the Demon", which appears under the fictional band "Old Gods of Asgard".


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: "American Nightmare" has received a positive reception. "IGN" scored the game an 8/10, praising its production and action elements, but criticizes the sub-par story, the oddly written dialogue, and lack of suspense. In the first week of release, the game was the top-selling Arcade game on Xbox Live. "1Up.com" gave the game a B saying, "It's not Alan Wake 2, nor is it a proper episode; it's just Alan Wake's solid shooting married to an even-odder-than-usual story."


title: Alan Wake's American Nightmare

text: Remedy Entertainment has stated that this is not the last "Alan Wake" game, and that a sequel is in development. In May 2013, Remedy confirmed they were not currently developing a new Alan Wake, instead focusing on a new game for the Xbox One called "Quantum Break". "Alan Wake II" was announced during The Game Awards 2021, and is set to release in 2023, which expands upon the Remedy Connected Universe also shared with "Control" in the same franchise.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: Abortion in Germany is illegal, but not punishable during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy under the condition of mandatory counseling, and it is permitted later in pregnancy in cases that the pregnancy poses an important danger to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman. In the case that the abortion is because rape it is legal in the first 12 weeks without mandatory counseling. Otherwise in the illegal, but not punishable case, the woman needs to receive counseling, called ' ("pregnancy-conflict counseling"), at least three days prior to the abortion and must take place at a state-approved centre, which afterwards gives the applicant a ' ("certificate of counseling"). Abortions that do not meet these conditions are punishable.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: Doctors provide medication to cause the abortion, and observe to ensure there are no negative reactions to the medication.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: Abortion is illegal under Section 218 of the German criminal code, and punishable by up to three years in prison (or up to five years for "reckless" abortions or those against the pregnant woman's will). Section 218a of the German criminal code, called "Exception to liability for abortion", makes an exception for abortions with counseling in the first trimester, and for medically necessary abortions and abortions due to unlawful sexual acts (such as sexual abuse of a minor or rape) thereafter.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: Abortion-numbers had been falling over the last 25 years, there were 130,000-135,000 per year between 1996 and 2002, but this had fallen to a low of <99,000 abortions in 2016 and since then stabilized at around 100,000 abortions yearly.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: Abortion legislation was codified in item 133 of the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina (1532). Later were particular laws in Germany, e.g. in Prussia section 986 und 987 of General Country Law (1794).


title: Abortion in Germany

text: 1851 it was codified in sections 181 and 182 of the Penal Code for Prussia, which formed the basis for the Penal Code of the North German Federation (1870). On 15 May 1871, following the Proclamation of the German Empire, the latter code was incorporated into paragraphs 218–220 of the Penal Code for the German Reich (Strafgesetzbuch), taking effect on 1 January 1872. Section 218 outlawed abortion, requiring a penal term for both the woman and the doctor involved. Legalization of abortion was first widely discussed in Germany during the early 20th century. During the Weimar Republic, such discussion led to a reduction in the maximum penalty for abortion, and in 1926 a court's decision – similar to the United Kingdom decision "R v Bourne" – decriminalized abortion in cases of grave danger to the life of the mother.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: Nazi Germany's eugenics laws severely punished abortion for Aryan women, but permitted abortion on wider and more explicit grounds than before if the fetus was believed to be deformed or disabled or if termination otherwise was deemed desirable on eugenic grounds, such as the child or either parent suspected of being carrier of a genetic disease. Sterilization of the parents also took place in some such cases. In cases where the parents were Jewish, abortion was also not punished.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: Abortions were criminalized under Paragraph 218 of the German Criminal Code. The severest abortion prohibitions were incorporated into law on 9 March 1943. Subparagraph 5 to paragraph 218 stated that "a woman who kills her fetus or permits such a killing by another will be punished by a prison sentence and, in especially serious cases, by penitentiary. An attempt is punishable. Whoever else kills the fetus of a pregnant woman will be punished by a penitentiary sentence, in milder cases by prison. If the perpetrator through such deeds continuously impairs the vitality of the German Volk, the death penalty can be imposed. Whoever procures for the pregnant woman a means or objects for killing the fetus will be punished by prison sentence, and in especially serious cases, by penitentiary".


title: Abortion in Germany

text: During World War II, abortion policy in Nazi Germany varied depending on the people group and territory the policy was directed at. The commonality between policies was its purpose in promoting the birth rate and population of the "Aryan race" and minimizing the population of others (such as Slavs), and those deemed a burden on German society such as the children of disabled and mentally ill persons. Forced abortions of Eastern workers for instance was referenced in documents from the Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals. It has been categorized as a part of Nazi Germany's "systematic program of genocide, aimed at the destruction of foreign nations and ethnic groups".


title: Abortion in Germany

text: While abortion had been punished by the law in Poland previously, under Nazi occupation these prohibitions were removed and abortion was instead encouraged subject to whether the child had a German father or could be racially "Germanized." Similarly, the policy for Eastern female workers, was that pregnancy may be "interrupted" if the pregnant woman so "desired" which gave the appearance of consent on behalf of the mother. For pregnancies of non-German woman, whether an abortion would be permitted also depended on the mother's nationality, but primarily turned on whether the father was German or if the mother was of a race that could be "Germanized." If the child was deemed to be of a race that could contribute to the German race and the father was German then an abortion, or as described in Nazi documents an "interruption of pregnancy," would likely not be permitted. Such determinations were made by the Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA)– who would determine the fate of the child.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: After World War II, abortion remained broadly illegal throughout both German states: West Germany retained the legal situation of 1927, while East Germany passed a slightly more encompassing set of exceptions in 1950. The legal requirements in the West were extremely strict, and often led women to seek abortions elsewhere, particularly in the Netherlands. It has been estimated that about 2 million women had abortions each year between 1945 and 1948, mostly in the Soviet zone. An abortion cost around 1,000 marks and was performed without anaesthesia. 6000 Berlin women died each year in the Soviet zone from resulting complications.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: On 6 June 1971, the cover of the West German magazine "Stern" ran with the headline "We've had abortions!" (German: "Wir haben abgetrieben!"), and featured the pictures of 30 women who had done so. 374 women, some, but not all, of whom had a high public profile, publicly confessed that they had had pregnancies terminated, which at that time was illegal. They challenged §218 and asserted their right to abortion. However, since 2010 a small number of those 374 women publicly confessed that they had either never aborted or not before 1971 and had actually lied for the Stern cover in 1971 because of their political beliefs.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: East Germany legalized abortion on demand until 12 weeks of pregnancy in 1972, in the Volkskammer's only non-unanimous vote ever in the first 40 years of its existence. After West Germany followed suit in 1974, its new law was struck down in 1975 by the Constitutional Court as inconsistent with the human rights guarantee of the constitution. It held that the unborn has a right to life, that abortion is an act of killing, and that the fetus deserves legal protection throughout its development. Nevertheless, the legal opinion strongly hinted that increasing the number of situations in which abortion was legal might be constitutional.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: In 1976, West Germany revised abortion law. According to the new modifications to §218, penalties for abortions are not enforced on doctors and patients when several conditions are met: terminations must be no later than twelve weeks of pregnancy – or must be performed for reasons of medical necessity, sexual crimes, or serious social or emotional distress – if approved by two doctors, and subject to counseling and a three-day waiting period. In 1989, a Bavarian doctor was sentenced to two and a half years in prison, and 137 of his patients were fined for failing to meet the certification requirements.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: The two laws had to be reconciled after reunification. A new law was passed by the Bundestag in 1992, permitting first-trimester abortions on demand, subject to counseling and a three-day waiting period, and permitting late-term abortions when the physical or psychological health of the woman is seriously threatened. The law was quickly challenged in court by a number of individuals – including Chancellor Helmut Kohl – and by the State of Bavaria. The Constitutional Court decided a year later to maintain its earlier decision that the constitution protected the fetus from the moment of conception, but stated that it is within the discretion of parliament not to punish abortion in the first trimester, provided that the woman had submitted to state-regulated counseling intended to discourage termination and protect fetal life. Parliament passed such a law in 1995. Abortions are covered by public health insurance if the pregnancy was caused by sexual abuse, such as rape, or if the mother's health is seriously endangered by the pregnancy. For women with low income, the state governments pay for an abortion.


title: Abortion in Germany

text: In 2022, the Olaf Scholz coalition of social democrats, greens, and liberals, repealed paragraph 219a, together with votes from The Left. This allowed medical professionals to state on their websites what kinds of abortion procedures they offer.


title: Poikilotherm

text: A poikilotherm () is an animal whose internal temperature varies considerably. Poikilotherms have to survive and adapt to environmental stress. One of the most important stressors is temperature change, which can lead to alterations in membrane lipid order and can cause protein unfolding and denaturation at elevated temperatures. It is the opposite of a homeotherm, an animal which maintains thermal homeostasis. While the term in principle can apply to all organisms, it is generally only applied to animals, and mostly to vertebrates. Usually the fluctuations are consequence of variation in the ambient environmental temperature. Many terrestrial ectotherms are poikilothermic. However some ectotherms remain in temperature-constant environments to the point that they are actually able to maintain a constant internal temperature (i.e. are homeothermic). It is this distinction that often makes the term "poikilotherm" more useful than the vernacular "cold-blooded", which is sometimes used to refer to ectotherms more generally.


title: Poikilotherm

text: Poikilothermic animals include types of vertebrate animals, specifically some fish, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as many invertebrate animals. The naked mole-rat and sloth are some of the rare mammals which are poikilothermic.


title: Poikilotherm

text: The term derives from Greek "poikilos" (), meaning "varied," ultimately from a root meaning "dappled" or “painted,” and "thermos" (), meaning "heat".


title: Poikilotherm

text: Poikilotherm animals must be able to function over a wider range of temperatures than homeotherms. The speed of most chemical reactions vary with temperature, and in order to function poikilotherms may have four to ten enzyme systems that operate at different temperatures for an important chemical reaction. As a result, poikilotherms often have larger, more complex genomes than homeotherms in the same ecological niche. Frogs are a notable example of this effect, though their complex development is also an important factor in their large genome.


title: Poikilotherm

text: Because their metabolism is variable and generally below that of homeothermic animals, sustained high-energy activities like powered flight in large animals or maintaining a large brain is generally beyond poikilotherm animals. The metabolism of poikilotherms favors strategies such as sit-and-wait hunting over chasing prey for larger animals with high movement cost. As they do not use their metabolisms to heat or cool themselves, total energy requirement over time is low. For the same body weight, poikilotherms need only 5 to 10% of the energy of homeotherms.


title: Poikilotherm

text: It is comparatively easy for a poikilotherm to accumulate enough energy to reproduce. Poikilotherms at the same trophic level often have much shorter generations than homeotherms: weeks rather than years. Such applies even to animals with similar ecological roles such as cats and snakes.


title: Poikilotherm

text: This difference in energy requirement also means that a given food source can support a greater density of poikilothermic animals than homeothermic animals. This is reflected in the predator-prey ratio which is usually higher in poikilothermic fauna compared to homeothermic ones. However, when homeotherms and poikilotherms have similar niches, and compete, the homeotherm can often drive poikilothermic competitors to extinction, because homeotherms can gather food for a greater fraction of each day.


title: Poikilotherm

text: In medicine, loss of normal thermoregulation is referred to as "poikilothermia". This can be seen in compartment syndrome and with use of sedative-hypnotics like barbiturates, ethanol, and chloral hydrate. REM sleep is considered a poikilothermic state in humans. Poikilothermia is one of the signs of acute limb ischemia.


title: Star Trek Online

text: Star Trek Online is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Cryptic Studios based on the "Star Trek" franchise. The game is set in the 25th century, 30 years after the events of "". "Star Trek Online" is the first massively multiplayer online role-playing game within the "Star Trek" franchise and was released for Microsoft Windows in February 2010. At launch, the game required a game purchase and a recurring monthly fee. In January 2012, it relaunched with a tier of free-to-play access available. After a public beta testing period, a version of the game was released for OS X in March 2014. Due to technical issues with the port, support for OS X ended in February 2016. It was later released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in September 2016.


title: Star Trek Online

text: "Star Trek Online" is set thirty years after the events of "". The alliance between the United Federation of Planets and the Klingon Empire has collapsed, and they are again at war. The Romulan Star Empire continues to deal with the fallout of the loss of their homeworld twenty-two years earlier (as shown in J. J. Abrams' "Star Trek" film), while the Dominion rebuilds its forces. The Borg Collective has re-emerged as a major threat. In later expansions the Vaadwaur, the Iconians, the Na'Kuhl, the Krenim, the Terran Empire, the Voth, Species 8472 (called "The Undine" in the game), the Tzenkethi and the Hur'q are also introduced as adversaries.


title: Star Trek Online

text: In "Star Trek Online", each player acts as the captain of their own ship. Players are able to play as a starship, controlling the ship's engineering, tactical, and science systems by keyboard/mouse or using an on-screen console. Players can also "beam down" and move around as a player character in various settings with access to weapons and specific support and combat skills relating to their own characters' classes. The two combat systems are intertwined throughout the game: away-team missions feature fast-paced "run-and-gun" combat, while space combat stresses the long-term tactical aspect of combat between capital ships. Both are offered in concert with the "Star Trek" storyline and emphasize ship positioning to efficiently utilize shields during space combat, as well as the player's away team's positioning in consideration of flanking damage and finding various weaknesses to exploit during ground combat.


title: Star Trek Online

text: Other aspects of the game include crafting, which in its current form involves using duty officers (junior crew members) to make items, depending on the level of the school (category- such as science, beams, etc.) chosen. To raise the level of the school being researched, it is necessary to perform a research project using a crafting material. Unlike in some other MMO's, crafting is a "set-and-forget" procedure. The player will set up the project, click a button and after a specified time the task will be completed, rather than spending time actually performing the crafting.


title: Star Trek Online

text: Duty Officers can also be sent on assignments which also follow the set and forget methodology, and are not available during the time the assignments are in progress.


title: Star Trek Online

text: Characters of level 52 and higher can send any ships they have, or have had, on admiralty missions, similar to duty officer assignments—but these do not use duty officers to perform them. Again, the mission is selected and a certain amount of specified time passes until the player is told it is complete, at which time they will be informed whether it was successful.


title: Star Trek Online

text: On September 1, 2011, Cryptic Studios announced that "Star Trek Online" would switch to free-to-play, but without full access to all the items. Later, it was announced that free-to-play would be starting Tuesday January 17, 2012. Free-to-play for existing, but cancelled, customers began Thursday January 5.


title: Star Trek Online

text: Cryptic Studios officially announced the development of "Star Trek Online" on July 28, 2008, as a countdown timer on Cryptic's web site reached zero and the new official site was launched. A letter was sent out from Jack Emmert, the game's online producer, detailing some aspects of Cryptic's approach.


title: Star Trek Online

text: Console versions were announced several months before the release, with no specific console platform specified, but Cryptic announced that all console versions of their games are on indefinite hold due to difficulties "on the business side of things," largely referring to the fees assessed by Microsoft for their Xbox Gold premium online gaming service and the difficulty in asking a player to pay both that and the Cryptic subscription fee to play a single game. Console support, for both Microsoft Xbox One and Sony PlayStation 4 was made available in September 2016. The initial release was in North American regions, but will be rolled out to additional regions in the Americas and Europe.


title: Star Trek Online

text: "Star Trek Online"s closed beta test officially began when it was announced on October 22, 2009. Cryptic Studios offered guaranteed beta access to users who bought 6-month and lifetime subscriptions to Champions Online. However, the offer did not explicitly state how early in the beta process the access would be granted. Some pre-order packages included access to the 'open beta' running from January 12––26, 2010.


title: Star Trek Online

text: "Legacy of Romulus" is "Star Trek Online"s first expansion pack, announced on March 21, 2013. A third playable faction, the Romulan Republic, was added, with the choice of Romulans or Remans (at present) as player characters, as they battle a mysterious new enemy and try to discover the secrets behind the destruction of Romulus two decades earlier. Denise Crosby, who reprised her role of Tasha Yar during STO's third anniversary, reprised her role of Tasha's daughter Sela, the Romulan Empress. Also featured is a complete leveling experience from level 1 to 50 (the current level cap) for the Romulans and for the Klingons, a Tholian reputation faction, a customizable UI, and an overhauled "traits" system.


title: Star Trek Online

text: "Delta Rising" is "Star Trek Online"s second expansion, announced at the Official "Star Trek" Convention in Las Vegas on August 2, 2014. Cryptic had hinted of a new expansion in December 2013, with a release "late in 2014". The expansion is set in the Delta Quadrant, the main setting of "". Tim Russ reprised his role as Admiral Tuvok, and he was joined by Garrett Wang as Captain Harry Kim of the USS "Rhode Island" (established in the "Voyager" series finale ""), Jeri Ryan as Seven of Nine, Robert Picardo as , and Ethan Phillips as Neelix. Lead Designer Al Rivera said that "several" "Voyager" cast members would appear in "Delta Rising". The level cap was raised from 50 to 60, adding two new ranks for each faction: Admiral and Fleet Admiral for the Federation and the Romulan Republic, and General and Dahar Master for the Klingons. Several Delta Quadrant races that appeared in "Voyager" also were included in the new content, as well as a new tier of ships for the higher levels, and a Delta Reputation tree for players to progress through.


title: Star Trek Online

text: "Agents of Yesterday" is "Star Trek Online"s third expansion, announced on May 5, 2016, as the game's contribution to the 50th anniversary of "Star Trek". The expansion allows for the creation of Starfleet player characters from the era of the original series who become involved in an ongoing "Temporal Cold War" (a storyline that was introduced in "Enterprise", and brought into STO with the "Future Proof" missions in Season 11) with the Na'kuhl species. Matt Winston reprised his role as , the temporal agent who fought alongside Captain Jonathan Archer to stop the Na'kuhl in several episodes of "Enterprise". He was also joined by Walter Koenig, reprising his role as Pavel Chekov, and Chris Doohan as Montgomery Scott, filling in for his late father, James Doohan. The expansion also intersects with the alternate timeline from the reboot series begun in 2009 by J. J. Abrams; Joseph Gatt reprises his role as the cyborg science officer 0718, who appeared in "Star Trek Into Darkness".


title: Star Trek Online

text: "Victory is Life" is "Star Trek Online"s fourth expansion, announced on March 21, 2018, as the game's contribution to the 25th anniversary of "". The expansion opens up the Gamma Quadrant, accessible by the Bajoran wormhole, and also adds the Dominion as a playable faction, with the ability to create Jem'Hadar characters only. The Cardassians can also be unlocked for the Starfleet and Klingon Defense Force factions in the in-game store. Several "DS9" actors reprise their roles in the expansion, including René Auberjonois (Odo), Nana Visitor (Kira Nerys), Alexander Siddig (Dr. Julian Bashir), Armin Shimerman (Quark), Max Grodénchik (Rom), Chase Masterson (), Aron Eisenberg (Nog), Andrew Robinson (Elim Garak), J. G. Hertzler (Martok), Jeffrey Combs (Weyoun and ), Salome Jens (the Female Changeling), and Bumper Robinson (Dukan'Rex, the Jem'Hadar youth who appeared in "DS9"s third-season episode "").


title: Star Trek Online

text: Cryptic Studios partnered with several retailers for distribution of pre-order copies. Each retailer had a version with unique and exclusive content, such as a Borg Bridge Officer (Amazon), a classic Constitution-class starship (GameStop), Sniper Rifle (Target), Chromodynamic armor (Steam), 500 bonus skill points (Walmart), Neodymium deflector dish (SyFy), or a Tribble/Targ pet (Best Buy). All versions of the game came with access to the Open Beta and Head Start launch date.


title: Star Trek Online

text: In addition, the code for a "" Admiral's uniform is included in the DVD release of "The Best of Volume 2" and the Blu-ray release of " – Season 3".


title: Star Trek Online

text: "Star Trek Online" was originally owned by Cryptic Studios and published by Atari Interactive, along with sister title Champions Online. On May 17, 2011, Atari indicated that it no longer wanted to pursue MMORPG gaming and that it planned to sell Cryptic Studios. Later in the same month, Perfect World Entertainment purchased Cryptic Studios for $50.3 million and continued its operations.


title: Star Trek Online

text: In December 2021, Swedish holding company Embracer Group announced that it would acquire the North American and publishing arms of Perfect World Entertainment from Perfect World Europe through its Gearbox Software subsidiary. Following the acquisition, Perfect World Entertainment was dissolved into Gearbox Publishing and renamed as Gearbox Publishing SF (San Francisco), who is now the current publisher for "Star Trek Online", while Cryptic will continue operations as a subsidiary of The Gearbox Entertainment Company.


title: Star Trek Online

text: "Star Trek Online" has received mixed reviews, garnering a 66 on Metacritic. GameSpot praised the game's space combat as entertaining, but found the other aspects of the game to be "bland and shallow". MMOify's reviewer reviewed the game favorably but criticized many aspects of gameplay, including "poor voice acting" and repetitive quests. An IGN reviewer described the game experience as feeling like "two games" which did not mesh together well, and although visually it was "quite a gorgeous game", found much of the gameplay to be repetitive in nature.


title: Star Trek Online

text: In 2016, Den of Geek ranked "Star Trek Online" as one of the worst "Star Trek" games. In the same year, Tom's Guide ranked "Star Trek Online" as one of the top ten "Star Trek" games. In 2017, "PC Gamer" ranked "Star Trek Online" among the best "Star Trek" games, noting that it includes original voice acting by actors from the live-action television series. In 2020, Screen Rant ranked "Star Trek Online" as the best "Star Trek" game, saying that "This is Star Trek at its best. The nature of the franchise makes it perfectly suited to being a massively multiplayer online role-playing game".


title: Samaje Perine

text: Samaje Perine ( ; born September 16, 1995) is an American football running back for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma, and was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the fourth round of the 2017 NFL Draft.


title: Samaje Perine

text: Perine currently holds the NCAA FBS record for most rushing yards in a single game, which he set as a true freshman in 2014 by rushing for 427 yards against Kansas.


title: Samaje Perine

text: Perine was born and raised in Jackson, Alabama, but later moved with his family to Pflugerville, Texas, where he attended Hendrickson High School as a member of their football and track and field teams. He was a three-year starter at running back for the Hendrickson Hawks football team. He rushed for 1,993 yards and 16 touchdowns as a junior. In his final year, he rushed for 1,492 yards and 12 touchdowns.


title: Samaje Perine

text: In track & field, Perine competed in sprints and jumps. At the 2011 Manor Relay, he earned first-place finishes in both the triple jump (46 ft, 0.5 in) and long jump (20 ft, 8 in) events, while also anchoring the 4 × 100 and 4 × 200 relay squads, helping lead them to victory. He recorded a personal-best time of 11.37 seconds in the 100-meter dash in 2011.


title: Samaje Perine

text: Perine was ranked as a four-star recruit and the No. 13 running back in the nation by "Rivals.com". In March 2013, he committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football. He also had offers from Alabama, Nebraska, TCU, and Tennessee.


title: Samaje Perine

text: Perine saw immediate playing time as a freshman at Oklahoma in 2014. In his first career game, he rushed for 77 yards on 13 carries with one touchdown in a victory over Louisiana Tech. In his fourth game, he rushed 242 yards on 34 carries with four touchdowns. He rushed for 200 yards a second time, gaining 213 on 25 carries along with three touchdowns against Texas Tech on November 15. Perine rushed for 427 yards on 34 rushes along with six touchdowns in a victory over Kansas, breaking the NCAA FBS single game rushing record set by Wisconsin's Melvin Gordon just a week earlier. He finished his freshman season with 1,713 rushing yards on 263 carries with 21 touchdowns.


title: Samaje Perine

text: Perine started the 2015 season with 33 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in a victory over the Akron Zips. In the next game, a 2OT win over the #23 Tennessee Volunteers at Neyland Stadium, he had 78 rushing yards and a receiving touchdown. In the following game against Tulsa, he had 152 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. On October 24, against Texas Tech, he had a season-high 201 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns. He followed that up with 90 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns against Kansas in the next game. On November 14, against Baylor, he had 166 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. He followed that performance up with 188 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown against TCU. In the annual rivalry game against Oklahoma State, he had 131 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. Oklahoma qualified for the College Football Playoff in the 2015 season. They faced off against Clemson in the National Semifinals. In the 37–17 loss in the Orange Bowl, he had 58 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, two receptions, and 23 receiving yards. Overall, in the 2015 season, he finished with 1,349 rushing yards, 16 rushing touchdowns, 15 receptions, 107 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown.


title: Samaje Perine

text: On October 1, in a win over TCU, Perine had 214 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. On November 12, against Baylor, he had 100 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. In the following game at West Virginia, he had 160 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. On December 3, he had 239 rushing yards and a touchdown against Oklahoma State. He broke the school career rushing yard record on January 2, 2017 with 86 rushing yards and a touchdown against Auburn at the Allstate Sugar Bowl passing Billy Sims with a total of 4,122 yards. He finished the 2016 season with 1,060 rushing yards, 12 rushing touchdowns, 10 receptions, 106 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown. After the season, Perine decided to forgo his senior year and enter the 2017 NFL Draft.


title: Samaje Perine

text: The Washington Redskins selected Perine in the fourth round (114th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. He was the ninth running back selected in that year's draft. On May 11, 2017, Perine signed a four-year, $3.05 million contract with the team.


title: Samaje Perine

text: Perine joined a committee backfield of Chris Thompson, Robert Kelley, and Mack Brown. After the two starters combined for 34 yards in Week 1, Perine debuted September 17 against the Los Angeles Rams with 21 rushes for 67 yards. Despite being granted the majority of the team's rushes, he had fewer yards than either Thompson (78) or Kelley (77). In Week 3 against the Oakland Raiders, he again led the team in carries with 19 but for only 49 yards, and was moved back into a supporting role. Perine collected just 59 rushing yards total in Weeks 4–9, though he did pick up his first career touchdown on a three-yard reception from Kirk Cousins against San Francisco in Week 6.


title: Samaje Perine

text: After nine rushes for 35 yards and a 25-yard reception in Week 9, Perine moved back to starting following injuries to both Thompson and Kelley. He had success in Week 10 with 23 rushes for 117 yards, as well as his first career rushing touchdown against the New Orleans Saints, marking the first 100-yard rushing game for the Redskins of the season. He followed this up the following week with 24 rushes for 100 yards against the New York Giants, marking first Redskin with consecutive yard games of over 100 yards since Alfred Morris in 2013. Overall, he finished his rookie season with 603 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown to go along with 22 receptions for 182 yards and a receiving touchdown.


title: Samaje Perine

text: In a backfield where new arrival Adrian Peterson recorded most of the carries, Perine had eight carries for 32 yards in five games in the 2018 season. Perine was waived prior to the 2019 regular season on August 31.


title: Samaje Perine

text: On September 1, 2019, Perine was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Bengals. He was waived on October 17, 2019, but re-signed to the team's practice squad the following day.


title: Samaje Perine

text: On December 24, 2019, Perine was signed by the Miami Dolphins off the Bengals practice squad. He was waived on April 26, 2020.


title: Samaje Perine

text: On April 28, 2020, Perine was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Bengals. In Week 8 of the 2020 season, against the Tennessee Titans, he scored his first touchdown since Week 11 of the 2017 season. In Week 16, against the Houston Texans, he had 13 carries for 95 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 37–31 victory. Perine finished the season with 63 rushes for 301 yards and three touchdowns, averaging 4.8 yards per carry. He re-signed on a two-year contract with the Bengals on March 24, 2021.


title: Samaje Perine

text: In the 2021 season, Perine had a backup role to former Oklahoma teammate Joe Mixon. He finished with 55 carries for 246 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown to go along with 27 receptions for 196 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. In the against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had a 41-yard touchdown reception from Joe Burrow in the second quarter. The Bengals were down 21–3 at the time of the touchdown and it helped begin a comeback victory.


title: Samaje Perine

text: During his time in high school and Oklahoma, Perine was noted for his acts of great physical strength, such as helping lift a car to help a fellow student who did not have a car jack change a flat tire. Jerry Schmidt, strength coach of the Sooners, stated that he could often out bench press most of the team's lineman, with his max being 440 lbs. Schmidt also noted that nobody else on the team was able to top Perine's max squat (540 lbs), power clean (380 lbs), or incline bench (315 lbs) numbers.


title: Samaje Perine

text: Perine's cousin, La'Mical Perine, played running back for the Florida Gators and was drafted by the New York Jets in 2020.


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: Drag Race Thailand is a Thai reality competition show based on the American version with RuPaul. The series was licensed by the Kantana Group and premiered on 15 February 2018. The show is hosted by fashion stylist Art Arya, while drag performer Pangina Heals co-hosts.


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: In November 2022, O4 Media acquired the series from Kantana Group as part of the "Drag Race" franchise's expansion into other parts of Asia, including neighboring country Singapore. The third season's casting applications has not yet opened.


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: The co-host is drag queen Pangina Heals. Heals spoke about drag as an artform, saying "People are understanding that drag isn’t about sex or gender, but about performance and making other people happy." Heals also addressed the idea that drag and "ladyboys" are the same thing, saying "Thai people are really accepting of transgender girls, especially with the popularization of the Miss Tiffany's pageant shows."


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: Heals is the most famous drag queen in Thailand, dubbed the "RuPaul of Thailand", and was the winner of Thailand's first TV drag competition "T-Battle".


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: The maxi challenges usually takes place before the runway, where the queens must perform in various challenges for a prize that usually consists' of gift cards and vacations. The winner(s) of the maxi challenge are not exempt from elimination however, as that is determined via the runway challenge.


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: Unlike "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Drag Race Thailand" involves a runway challenge for the competitors, where their performance from the maxi challenge is tallied with their performance in the runway challenge. This determines the winner of the runway challenge, who will be safe from elimination. However, the bottom queens are usually determined through the runway challenge only.


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: A panel of judges cast opinions about the challenge performances and runway looks, first to the contestants onstage, and then again with them offstage.


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: The first season of "Drag Race Thailand" premiered on 15 February 2018, on LINE TV. The show was adapted from the American version "RuPaul's Drag Race", with references and inclusion of RuPaul's music throughout the show. The winner of the first season was Natalia Pliacam, with B Ella winning Miss Congeniality.


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: A casting announcement for season two was announced on 4 March 2018. A casting commercial was shown on September 13, 2018, and stated any genders were allowed to apply, as well as non-Thai citizens. The show premiered on 11 January 2019. The winner of the second season was Angele Anang, with Maya B'Haro winning Miss Congeniality.


title: Drag Race Thailand

text: In July 2021, Piyarat Kaljaruek, Vice-President of the Kantana Group, announced on social media that "Drag Race Thailand" would be returning for a third season in 2022 to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the Kantana Group. In November 2022, however, "Drag Race" license owner and production company World of Wonder announced that O4 Media has acquired the series from Kantana Group.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: Nine Entertainment (registered as Nine Entertainment Co. Pty Ltd) is an Australian publicly listed media company with holdings in radio and television broadcasting, newspaper publications and digital media. It uses Nine as its corporate branding and also prefers this usage to be used for the parent company.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: The entity is largely a successor to the former Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL), which was established by the Packer family. The Packers officially ended their involvement with the company in 2008 and its name was changed to Nine in 2010. The company merged with Fairfax Media in December 2018, expanding its brands and investments across television, video on demand, print, digital, radio and real estate classifieds.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: Nine's assets include the Nine Network, Nine Radio; major newspaper mastheads such as "The Sydney Morning Herald", "The Age" and "The Australian Financial Review"; digital properties such as nine.com.au, 9Honey, Pedestrian; video-on-demand platform Stan; and a majority investment in real estate web portal Domain Group.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: The company was a successor of the long-established Australian media group Australian Consolidated Press (ACP), created by Sir Frank Packer, whose Channel 9 was Australia's first commercial TV network. Kerry Packer inherited the company after his father's death in 1974. ACP was combined with the Nine Network in 1994 as Publishing and Broadcasting Ltd (PBL).


title: Nine Entertainment

text: Under a split of PBL into two companies, after Kerry Packer's death in 2005, PBL Media, formerly held by PBL, was transferred to Consolidated Media Holdings (CMH).


title: Nine Entertainment

text: PBL Media was established in October 2006, when PBL transferred its media interests, including the ACP Magazines, Nine Network, and ninemsn, to the new business - a joint venture between PBL and CVC Asia Pacific. The recapitalisation was announced on 18 October 2006.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: In June 2007, PBL announced that it would sell a further 25% to CVC Capital Partners for $515 million. In September 2007, it was announced that the transaction was to go ahead at the increased purchase price of approximately $526 million.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: On 27 October 2008, James Packer and CMH representatives, such as Alexander, resigned from the board of PBL Media, effectively ending financial backing and future associations with the company. James Packer later sold his media interests.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: From 2 December 2010, PBL Media rebranded as Nine Entertainment Company In December 2011 former McDonald's Australia chief executive Peter Bush was appointed chairman following the resignation of Tim Parker. In February 2013 David Haslingden, previously President and Chief Operating Officer of Fox Networks Group, was appointed to the Board as an independent non-executive director and chairman.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: In December 2013, Nine Entertainment listed on the ASX, trading as . Vendors included Apollo Global Management, Oaktree Capital and Goldman Sachs who took over from CVC in a refinancing deal in October 2012.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: In 2014, Nine Entertainment Co founded online streaming company Stan with Fairfax Media, investing $50 million into the joint venture.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: On 16 April 2015 Nine Entertainment Co announced the sale of its Nine Live business to Affinity Equity Partners for $640 million to reduce debt and fund an ongoing capital management program. In October 2015 WIN Corporation purchased a 14% stake in Nine Entertainment Co. from investment fund operator Apollo.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: In November 2015, Hugh Marks was appointed as CEO. He replaced David Gyngell, who remained on the board. In February 2016, Peter Costello was appointed chairman.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: In March 2016, Nine Entertainment Co purchased a 9.9% stake in Southern Cross Media Group from the Macquarie Group. On 29 April 2016, Nine Entertainment Co. ended a 27-year affiliation agreement with WIN Corporation, instead partnering with Southern Cross Austereo in parts of regional Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, after securing a 50% revenue sharing deal with Southern Cross, which is higher than its existing 39% deal with WIN. Nine sold its stake in the business in September.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: On 26 July 2018, Nine Entertainment Co. and Fairfax Media announced they agreed on terms for a merger between the two companies to become Australia's largest media company. As a result of the merger, Nine shareholders own 51.1 percent of the combined entity and Fairfax shareholders own 48.9 percent. After the merger between Nine Entertainment Co and Fairfax Media in December 2018, WIN Corporation's stake was diluted to 7.76% but later increased to 15.24% in January 2018. In September 2018, it was announced that WIN Corporation's overall economic interest had grown to 25%.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: On 25 May 2020, Nine Entertainment sold their New Zealand subsidiary Stuff, which had been acquired during the purchase of Fairfax in December 2018, to Stuff's chief executive Sinead Boucher for NZ$1. The transaction is due to be completed by 31 May and marks the return of Stuff into New Zealand ownership. As part of the agreement, Nine will benefit from all proceeds of the sale of wholesale broadband business Stuff Fibre to telecommunications company Vocus Group, and ownership of Stuff's Wellington printing press.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: In November 2020, Hugh Marks resigned from the Nine Network after revealing he was in a relationship with a former colleague. Nine Entertainment relocated from Willoughby, where it had been based for 64 years, to new offices at 1 Denison Street, in North Sydney in December 2020.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: In March 2021, Nine Entertainment announced the appointment of Mike Sneesby as Chief Executive Officer, effective 1 April 2021, following Hugh Marks resignation. On 12 March 2021, Nine announced that it would be returning its regional affiliation back to WIN Television, ending its 5 year affiliation with SCA. As part of the deal, WIN will pay Nine 50% of advertising revenue and provide airtime to Nine's assets across the networks television and radio network. The affiliation switch was reversed on 1 July 2021. Upon the switch, WIN's unique branding was phased out in favour of Nine's metro branding with the WIN branding retained for local idents, promos, community announcements and sponsor billboards. However, "WIN News" remains under its unique name and format.


title: Nine Entertainment

text: It was announced on 15 September 2021, that WIN's advertising department would be merged into Nine's advertising team with Nine's advertising platform "9Galaxy" extending into regional areas from July 2022. This will mean advertisers in regional areas can book advertising directly with Nine for the first time instead of booking with WIN.


title: Rev-9

text: The Rev-9 is a fictional character and the main antagonist of "", the sixth installment in the "Terminator" series. In its human form, the Rev-9 is portrayed by Gabriel Luna.


title: Rev-9

text: The Rev-9 is a Terminator model developed by Legion, an artificial intelligence designed for cyber warfare in a future timeline where Skynet's rise was prevented. Legion dispatched a Rev-9 back in time to 2020 from 2042 with the mission of terminating Dani Ramos, a young woman who will go on to lead humanity against Legion's forces in the future. Upon its arrival in Mexico City, the Rev-9 goes to Dani's home, only to find that she and her brother Diego have already left for their job at a factory. It kills their father and assumes his appearance as a disguise to infiltrate the factory. There, it nearly shoots Dani, but is ambushed by Grace, a cybernetically-enhanced human soldier sent from 2042 to protect her. The Rev-9 pursues them in a truck as they escape, and during the chase reveals its capability to split into two individual units. It manages to kill Diego and corner Dani and Grace, only to be temporarily disabled by the sudden arrival of Sarah Connor, who attacks it using high-grade weaponry. Dani and Grace flee, and later meet up with Sarah.


title: Rev-9

text: Having lost its targets, the Rev-9 hacks into local surveillance cameras to reacquire them. It discovers the trio are heading to Laredo, Texas, where inevitably they would need to cross the Mexico–United States border. Disguising itself as a United States Border Patrol officer, it arranges their arrest, so that it can ambush them. The Rev-9 arrives at the Border Patrol detention center in Laredo and slaughters numerous Border Patrol agents and detainees but the trio escapes in a helicopter. By the time it is able to locate them again, they have allied with Carl, a T-800 Terminator left behind after Skynet's demise.


title: Rev-9

text: The Rev-9 catches up with its targets at a military base where they seek to acquire electromagnetic pulse (EMP) grenades to use against it. In the ensuing battle, the EMP grenades are damaged, while Dani and her allies escape in a military aircraft. The Rev-9 gives chase in a hijacked aircraft of its own, and manages to board theirs, leading to both Carl and the Rev-9 crashing into a river near a hydroelectric power plant while Dani, Sarah and Grace parachute to safety. Although slowed down in the river's current, it catches up with them inside the plant, where they decide to take a stand against it. As they fight the Rev-9, Carl and Grace managed to restrain it and force it into a turbine, causing an explosion that mortally wounds Grace and temporarily disables Carl and Sarah. The explosion also destroys the Rev-9's liquid metal exterior, but its severely damaged endoskeleton continues pursuing Dani, who tries to use Grace's power source as an EMP against it, only to be held down and nearly killed until Carl reactivates and holds it back. Once Dani stabs the power source into the Rev-9's endoskeleton, Carl drags it into a nearby pit, where the device's discharge melts both Terminators, destroying them.


title: Rev-9

text: The Rev-9 is portrayed by Gabriel Luna, who began a four-month casting process in December 2017. Rev-9 is an advanced machine sent from the future by Legion (an AI that succeeded Skynet after the timeline alteration following the events of "") from the year 2042 to terminate a woman named Dani Ramos, among others. Rev-9 has a traditional solid endoskeleton covered with a liquid-metal exoskeleton, somewhat similarly to the T-X from "" and is considered a combination of the T-800 and the T-1000. The Rev-9 possesses the ability to fully split these two components into two separate, fully autonomous units. The separation does not significantly weaken either unit, making the Rev-9 one of the most formidable Terminator models yet seen (Its ability to take punishment is slightly lessened when the two are separate, but this only means that it is easier to throw the Rev-9 back or slow it down rather than actually destroying it). Its poly-alloy and endoskeleton can separate and fuse back together at a rapid pace, enabling it to split or merge during combat without ceasing its movements. Director Tim Miller commented on this upgrade, telling CinemaCon attendees, "Our cool new feature... is he can split. So, he's twice as deadly." However, the Rev-9 is at its strongest when it is one unit.


title: Rev-9

text: Miller wanted the character to be "lethal and capable, but not so lethal that our heroes don't stand a chance to fight against him," saying, "You want to have some limits and you don't want him to have plasma weapons, or ones that explode like a nuclear bomb, which would mean the movie will be over quickly." Eventually, the filmmakers decided on a Terminator character that would essentially have a combination of the T-800's endoskeleton and the T-1000's liquid metal skin. The Rev-9 is shown to have a deeper personality than Arnold Schwarzenegger's T-800 character. Miller said the Rev-9 "is not some cold machine that has a limited personality like Arnold was. He is a fully featured character. He's more human than human, and if it's easier to charm his way past an obstacle versus kill it, stab it or break it down, he'll do that." For example, in the film, the Rev-9 tries to convince the other characters to let him kill Dani, implying that he will show them mercy and let them go if they do, and tries to use logic to coerce the T-800 into joining him, stating that they were both built for the purpose of ending humanity. During an earlier encounter with cops in Texas, it assumes a southern accent to blend in.


title: Rev-9

text: Luna analyzed the first two "Terminator" films for guidance on how to portray the Rev-9. His portrayal was also inspired by Ted Bundy and by Tom Cruise's assassin character in the 2004 film "Collateral". Luna explained "[We] certainly wanted to honor everything that had come before. There's no reason to remake the wheel when it's running so smoothly and seems to scare the pants off everybody. [We wanted to] find what worked really well (...) but I think that they wanted him to have a charming quality, an approachable quality. You know, the fact that Ted Bundy could walk up to you in a park and all of a sudden, you're gone. That always was there." Luna also underwent physical training and fight choreography to prepare for the role.


title: Rev-9

text: Luna said that the Rev-9's ability to learn and simulate human emotion ultimately becomes the character's weakness, stating that the Rev-9 grows frustrated with its failed attempts to kill Dani. As a result, it becomes increasingly focused on her while somewhat ignoring the other characters who come after it during the film's final battle. Luna said that scenes were cut from the final film which would have further developed the character's personality and frustration.


title: Rev-9

text: Dave Trumbore of "Collider" speculated that the Rev-9's name may have been inspired by the Biblical verse of Revelation 9, which mentions "the Destroyer." Another possibility is that it stands for "Revision 9," marking it as the ninth attempt to create such a Terminator model. Chris Klimek of "Slate" believed that the Rev-9, in its disguise as a villainous Border Patrol agent, was meant as an allegory on immigration issues between the U.S. and Mexico.


title: Rev-9

text: The Rev-9's primary feature is the ability to split its liquid metal exterior and endoskeleton into two separate units. In addition to this, it possesses similar basic capabilities to the Terminators created by Skynet before its destruction. Like the T-1000 it is capable of shapeshifting to assume the appearance of anyone it touches and can morph its arms to form stabbing weapons and other shapes, such as hooks for scaling vertical surfaces. The Rev-9 exhibits more control over its composition than the T-1000, allowing it to use its polyalloy in more inventive and adaptive fashions. The endoskeleton is also shown to adjust its physical form to bend in an inhuman manner. The Rev-9 is also a skilled acrobat, able to make great leaps and climb treacherous surfaces with ease. The Rev-9 is composed of carbon-based alloy, making it lighter and stronger than previous Terminators. The Rev-9 can adapt behavioral responses (such as emotions) similarly to the T-800, either by choice or impulse, and its exterior can quickly heal itself after taking an injury, like the T-1000. The Rev-9 is able to tap into servers and rapidly gain large amounts of information. Luna said that this ability allows the Rev-9 to do "very quickly what it took the T-800 decades to achieve." Once connected to computer systems, it can control other machines linked to them such as drones as well as communications, essentially a computer virus that invades other programs and inserts its own code.


title: Rev-9

text: When the Rev-9 is separated into two units, its liquid metal form continues using a human disguise, while the other part takes the appearance of a metallic endoskeleton.


title: Kavin (actor)

text: Kavin Raj is an Indian actor, who has appeared in Tamil language films and television serials. He is best known for essaying the lead role in the popular "Saravanan Meenatchi" serial. He then went on to star in the movie "Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma" as Shiva. In 2019, Kavin became a household name after his popular stint on "Bigg Boss (Season 3)" as a contestant


title: Kavin (actor)

text: While completing his education at Loyola College, Kavin attended auditions with Star Vijay. His first appearance in television serials was through the college version of "Kana Kaanum Kaalangal", where he appeared as a student. He continued working on Star Vijay, appearing in supporting roles in the serials "Thayumanavan" and in the 1st season of "Saravanan Meenatchi". In the second season of "Saravanan Meenatchi", Kavin was initially given an antagonist role but, during the course of the show, his character of Vettaiyan went through a character arc and became the main lead. He won positive critical acclaim for his performance and won the Vijay Television Awards for Favourite Actor Male for 2015. After the end of season 2, Kavin opted not to act in any more television serials and stated his intentions of breaking into the Tamil film industry.


title: Kavin (actor)

text: Kavin played a supporting role in S. R. Prabhakaran's "Sathriyan" (2017) and the lead role in "Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma" (2019) during late 2016. Prior to these films, he appeared in small, insignificant roles in Karthik Subbaraj's "Pizza" (2012) and Ravikumar's "Indru Netru Naalai" (2015). "Sathriyan", featuring Vikram Prabhu and Manjima Mohan, eventually opened to mixed reviews and Kavin's role as a doctor opposite Aishwarya Dutta in the film also was met with a mixed response. "Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma" saw him associate with director Shiva Aravind, whom he became acquainted with during his stint with Star Vijay. They developed the script together. In the film, he played a man whose life changes after meeting the film's main character, played by Remya Nambeesan. The film went through several delays as the producer was keen to have a wide release across Tamil Nadu. The film was ultimately released in 2019 to mixed reviews.


title: Kavin (actor)

text: Kavin became widely known because of his participation in the third season of "Bigg Boss Tamil", after which he was cast as the lead actor in "Lift", directed by Vineeth Varaprasad. He worked as an assistant director in "Doctor" and "Beast". His romantic web series titled "Akash Vaani" released on February 11, 2022. He is currently working on the movie "Oor Kuruvi".


title: Enumerated type

text: In computer programming, an enumerated type (also called enumeration, enum, or factor in the R programming language, and a categorical variable in statistics) is a data type consisting of a set of named values called "elements", "members", "enumeral", or "enumerators" of the type. The enumerator names are usually identifiers that behave as constants in the language. An enumerated type can be seen as a degenerate tagged union of unit type. A variable that has been declared as having an enumerated type can be assigned any of the enumerators as a value. In other words, an enumerated type has values that are different from each other, and that can be compared and assigned, but are not specified by the programmer as having any particular concrete representation in the computer's memory; compilers and interpreters can represent them arbitrarily.


title: Enumerated type

text: For example, the four suits in a deck of playing cards may be four enumerators named "Club", "Diamond", "Heart", and "Spade", belonging to an enumerated type named "suit". If a variable "V" is declared having "suit" as its data type, one can assign any of those four values to it.


title: Enumerated type

text: Although the enumerators are usually distinct, some languages may allow the same enumerator to be listed twice in the type's declaration. The names of enumerators need not be semantically complete or compatible in any sense. For example, an enumerated type called "color" may be defined to consist of the enumerators "Red", "Green", "Zebra", "Missing", and "Bacon". In some languages, the declaration of an enumerated type also intentionally defines an ordering of its members; in others, the enumerators are unordered; in others still, an implicit ordering arises from the compiler concretely representing enumerators as integers.


title: Enumerated type

text: Some enumerator types may be built into the language. The Boolean type, for example is often a pre-defined enumeration of the values "False" and "True". Many languages allow users to define new enumerated types.


title: Enumerated type

text: Values and variables of an enumerated type are usually implemented with some integer type as the underlying representation. Some languages, especially system programming languages, allow the user to specify the bit combination to be used for each enumerator, which can be useful to efficiently represent sets of enumerators as fixed-length bit strings. In type theory, enumerated types are often regarded as tagged unions of unit types. Since such types are of the form formula_1, they may also be written as natural numbers.


title: Enumerated type

text: Some early programming languages did not originally have enumerated types. If a programmer wanted a variable, for example "myColor", to have a value of red, the variable red would be declared and assigned some arbitrary value, usually an integer constant. The variable red would then be assigned to "myColor". Other techniques assigned arbitrary values to strings containing the names of the enumerators.


title: Enumerated type

text: These arbitrary values were sometimes referred to as magic numbers since there often was no explanation as to how the numbers were obtained or whether their actual values were significant. These magic numbers could make the source code harder for others to understand and maintain.


title: Enumerated type

text: Enumerated types, on the other hand, make the code more self-documenting. Depending on the language, the compiler could automatically assign default values to the enumerators thereby hiding unnecessary detail from the programmer. These values may not even be visible to the programmer (see information hiding). Enumerated types can also prevent a programmer from writing illogical code such as performing mathematical operations on the values of the enumerators. If the value of a variable that was assigned an enumerator were to be printed, some programming languages could also print the name of the enumerator rather than its underlying numerical value. A further advantage is that enumerated types can allow compilers to enforce semantic correctness. For instance:


title: Enumerated type

text: Conceptually, an enumerated type is similar to a list of nominals (numeric codes), since each possible value of the type is assigned a distinctive natural number. A given enumerated type is thus a concrete implementation of this notion. When order is meaningful and/or used for comparison, then an enumerated type becomes an ordinal type.


title: Enumerated type

text: Programming languages tend to have their own, oftentimes multiple, programming styles and naming conventions. The variable assigned to an enumeration is usually a noun in singular form, and frequently follows either a PascalCase or uppercase convention, while lowercase and others are seen less frequently.


title: Enumerated type

text: In Pascal, an enumerated type can be implicitly declared by listing the values in a parenthesised list:


title: Enumerated type

text: The declaration will often appear in a type synonym declaration, such that it can be used for multiple variables:


title: Enumerated type

text: The order in which the enumeration values are given matters. An enumerated type is an ordinal type, and the codice_3 and codice_4 functions will give the prior or next value of the enumeration, and codice_5 can convert enumeration values to their integer representation. Standard Pascal does not offer a conversion from arithmetic types to enumerations, however. Extended Pascal offers this functionality via an extended codice_4 function. Some other Pascal dialects allow it via type-casts. Some modern descendants of Pascal, such as Modula-3, provide a special conversion syntax using a method called codice_7; Modula-3 also treats codice_8 and codice_9 as special pre-defined enumerated types and uses codice_10 and codice_7 for standard ASCII decoding and encoding.


title: Enumerated type

text: In addition to codice_12, codice_13, codice_14 and codice_15 Ada also supports simple string conversions via codice_16 and codice_17.


title: Enumerated type

text: Similar to C-style languages Ada allows the internal representation of the enumeration to be specified:


title: Enumerated type

text: Additionally, one can use enumerations as indexes for arrays, like in Pascal, but there are attributes defined for enumerations


title: Enumerated type

text: Like Modula-3 Ada treats codice_18 and codice_19 as special pre-defined (in package "codice_20") enumerated types. Unlike Modula-3 one can also define own character types:


title: Enumerated type

text: The original K&R dialect of the programming language C had no enumerated types. In C, enumerations are created by explicit definitions (the codice_21 keyword by itself does not cause allocation of storage) which use the codice_21 keyword and are reminiscent of struct and union definitions:


title: Enumerated type

text: C exposes the integer representation of enumeration values directly to the programmer. Integers and enum values can be mixed freely, and all arithmetic operations on enum values are permitted. It is even possible for an enum variable to hold an integer that does not represent any of the enumeration values. In fact, according to the language definition, the above code will define codice_23, codice_24, codice_25, and codice_26 as constants of type codice_27, which will only be converted (silently) to codice_28 if they are stored in a variable of that type.


title: Enumerated type

text: C also allows the programmer to choose the values of the enumeration constants explicitly, even without type. For example,


title: Enumerated type

text: could be used to define a type that allows mathematical sets of suits to be represented as an codice_28 by bitwise logic operations.


title: Enumerated type

text: Enumerated types in the C# programming language preserve most of the "small integer" semantics of C's enums. Some arithmetic operations are not defined for enums, but an enum value can be explicitly converted to an integer and back again, and an enum variable can have values that were not declared by the enum definition. For example, given


title: Enumerated type

text: the expressions codice_30 and codice_31 are allowed directly (because it may make sense to step through the sequence of values or ask how many steps there are between two values), but codice_32 is deemed to make less sense and is only allowed if the values are first converted to integers.


title: Enumerated type

text: C# also provides the C-like feature of being able to define specific integer values for enumerations. By doing this it is possible to perform binary operations on enumerations, thus treating enumeration values as sets of flags. These flags can be tested using binary operations or with the Enum type's builtin 'HasFlag' method.


title: Enumerated type

text: The enumeration definition defines names for the selected integer values and is syntactic sugar, as it is possible to assign to an enum variable other integer values that are not in the scope of the enum definition.


title: Enumerated type

text: C++ has enumeration types that are directly inherited from C's and work mostly like these, except that an enumeration is a real type in C++, giving added compile-time checking. Also (as with structs), the C++ codice_21 keyword is automatically combined with a , so that instead of naming the type codice_34, simply name it codice_35. This can be simulated in C using a typedef:


title: Enumerated type

text: C++11 also provides a second kind of enumeration, called a "scoped enumeration". These are type-safe: the enumerators are not implicitly converted to an integer type. Among other things, this allows I/O streaming to be defined for the enumeration type. Another feature of scoped enumerations is that the enumerators do not leak, so usage requires prefixing with the name of the enumeration (e.g., codice_36 for the first enumerator in the example below), unless a codice_37 declaration (introduced in C++20) has been used to bring the enumerators into the current scope. A scoped enumeration is specified by the phrase codice_38 (or codice_39). For example:


title: Enumerated type

text: The "underlying type" of an enumeration is an implementation-defined integral type that is large enough to hold all enumerated values; it does not have to be the smallest possible type. The underlying type can be specified directly, which allows "forward declarations" of enumerations:


title: Enumerated type

text: enum class Shapes : char; // forward declaration. If later there are values defined that don't fit in 'char' it is an error.


title: Enumerated type

text: The J2SE version 5.0 of the Java programming language added enumerated types whose declaration syntax is


title: Enumerated type

text: The Java type system, however, treats enumerations as a type separate from integers, and intermixing of enum and integer values is not allowed. In fact, an enum type in Java is actually a special compiler-generated class rather than an arithmetic type, and enum values behave as global pre-generated instances of that class. Enum types can have instance methods and a constructor (the arguments of which can be specified separately for each enum value). All enum types implicitly extend the abstract class. An enum type cannot be instantiated directly.


title: Enumerated type

text: Internally, each enum value contains an integer, corresponding to the order in which they are declared in the source code, starting from 0. The programmer cannot set a custom integer for an enum value directly, but one can define overloaded constructors that can then assign arbitrary values to self-defined members of the enum class. Defining getters allows then access to those self-defined members. The internal integer can be obtained from an enum value using the method, and the list of enum values of an enumeration type can be obtained in order using the codice_41 method. It is generally discouraged for programmers to convert enums to integers and vice versa. Enumerated types are codice_42, using the internal integer; as a result, they can be sorted.


title: Enumerated type

text: The Java standard library provides utility classes to use with enumerations. The class implements a codice_43 of enum values; it is implemented as a bit array, which makes it very compact and as efficient as explicit bit manipulation, but safer. The class implements a codice_44 of enum values to object. It is implemented as an array, with the integer value of the enum value serving as the index.


title: Enumerated type

text: Dynamically typed languages in the syntactic tradition of C (e.g., Perl or JavaScript) do not, in general, provide enumerations. But in Perl programming the same result can be obtained with the shorthand strings list and hashes (possibly slices):


title: Enumerated type

text: Raku (formerly known as Perl 6) supports enumerations. There are multiple ways to declare enumerations in Raku, all creating a back-end Map.


title: Enumerated type

text: enum Cat (sphynx => 0, siamese => 1, bengal => 2, shorthair => 3, other => 4); # Using Pair constructors


title: Enumerated type

text: enum Cat (:sphynx(0), :siamese(1), :bengal(2), shorthair(3), :other(4)); # Another way of using Pairs, you can also use `:0sphynx`


title: Enumerated type

text: Though Rust uses the codice_21 keyword like C, it uses it to describe tagged unions, which enums can be considered a degenerate form of. Rust's enums are therefore much more flexible and can contain struct and tuple variants.


title: Enumerated type

text: In C, enumerations assign related names to a set of integer values. In Swift, enumerations are much more flexible and need not provide a value for each case of the enumeration. If a value (termed a "raw" value) is provided for each enumeration case, the value can be a string, a character, or a value of any integer or floating-point type.


title: Enumerated type

text: Alternatively, enumeration cases can specify associated values of any type to be stored along with each different case value, much as unions or variants do in other languages. One can define a common set of related cases as part of one enumeration, each of which has a different set of values of appropriate types associated with it.


title: Enumerated type

text: In Swift, enumerations are a first-class type. They adopt many features traditionally supported only by classes, such as computed properties to provide additional information about the enumeration's current value, and instance methods to provide functionality related to the values the enumeration represents. Enumerations can also define initializers to provide an initial case value and can be extended to expand their functionality beyond their original implementation; and can conform to protocols to provide standard functionality.


title: Enumerated type

text: Unlike C and Objective-C, Swift enumeration cases are not assigned a default integer value when they are created. In the CardSuit example above, clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades do not implicitly equal 0, 1, 2 and 3. Instead, the different enumeration cases are fully-fledged values in their own right, with an explicitly-defined type of CardSuit.


title: Enumerated type

text: When working with enumerations that store integer or string raw values, one doesn't need to explicitly assign a raw value for each case because Swift will automatically assign the values.


title: Enumerated type

text: For instance, when integers are used for raw values, the implicit value for each case is one more than the previous case. If the first case doesn't have a value set, its value is 0.


title: Enumerated type

text: The enumeration below is a refinement of the earlier Planet enumeration, with integer raw values to represent each planet's order from the sun:


title: Enumerated type

text: In the example above, Planet.mercury has an explicit raw value of 1, Planet.venus has an implicit raw value of 2, and so on.


title: Enumerated type

text: By default, enums number members starting at 0; this can be overridden by setting the value of the first:


title: Enumerated type

text: TypeScript supports mapping the numeric value to its name. For example, this finds the name of the value 2:


title: Enumerated type

text: There is also a functional API for creating enumerations with automatically generated indices (starting with one):


title: Enumerated type

text: Python enumerations do not enforce semantic correctness (a meaningless comparison to an incompatible enumeration always returns "False" rather than raising a "TypeError"):


title: Enumerated type

text: Fortran only has enumerated types for interoperability with C; hence, the semantics is similar to C and, as in C, the enum values are just integers and no further type check is done. The C example from above can be written in Fortran as


title: Enumerated type

text: Enumerated datatypes in Visual Basic (up to version 6) and VBA are automatically assigned the "codice_47" datatype and also become a datatype themselves:


title: Enumerated type

text: that states that object is of type cardsuit if it is codice_48 to club, diamond, heart or spade. The member type specifier is not valid as a Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) parameter specializer, however. Instead, codice_49, which is the equivalent to codice_50 may be used (that is, only one member of the set may be specified with an eql type specifier, however, it may be used as a CLOS parameter specializer.) In other words, to define methods to cover an enumerated type, a method must be defined for each specific element of that type.


title: Enumerated type

text: would refer to a type equivalent to the prior definition of cardsuit, as of course would simply have been using


title: Enumerated type

text: Dart has a support for the most basic form of enums and has a syntax that is a lot similar with other languages supporting enums.


title: Enumerated type

text: Note that the switch operator does not guarantee the completeness of the cases. This means if you omit one case, the compiler will not raise an error.


title: Enumerated type

text: In functional programming languages in the ML lineage (e.g., Standard ML (SML), OCaml, and Haskell), an algebraic data type with only nullary constructors can be used to implement an enumerated type. For example (in the syntax of SML signatures):


title: Enumerated type

text: In these languages the small-integer representation is completely hidden from the programmer, if indeed such a representation is employed by the implementation. However, Haskell has the codice_52 type class which a type can derive or implement to get a mapping between the type and codice_53.


title: Enumerated type

text: Some databases support enumerated types directly. MySQL provides an enumerated type codice_54 with allowable values specified as strings when a table is created. The values are stored as numeric indices with the empty string stored as 0, the first string value stored as 1, the second string value stored as 2, etc. Values can be stored and retrieved as numeric indexes or string values.


title: Enumerated type

text: XML Schema supports enumerated types through the enumeration facet used for constraining most primitive datatypes such as strings.


title: Disodium inosinate

text: Disodium inosinate (E631) is the disodium salt of inosinic acid with the chemical formula CHNNaOP. It is used as a food additive and often found in instant noodles, potato chips, and a variety of other snacks. Although it can be obtained from bacterial fermentation of sugars, it is often commercially prepared from animal products.


title: Disodium inosinate

text: Disodium inosinate is used as a flavor enhancer, in synergy with monosodium glutamate (MSG) to provide the umami taste. It is often added to foods in conjunction with disodium guanylate; the combination is known as disodium 5′-ribonucleotides.


title: Disodium inosinate

text: As a relatively expensive product, disodium inosinate is usually not used independently of glutamic acid; if disodium inosinate is present in a list of ingredients, but MSG does not appear to be, it is possible that glutamic acid is provided as part of another ingredient or is naturally occurring in another ingredient like tomatoes, Parmesan cheese, or yeast extract.


title: Disodium inosinate

text: Disodium inosinate is generally produced from meat, including pig fat. Though it is normally a non-vegetarian product, it also may be produced from tapioca starch without any animal products involved in the production. The producer can provide information on the origin and it is in some cases labeled as "vegetarian" in ingredients lists when produced from plant sources.


title: Disodium inosinate

text: In the United States, consumption of added 5′-ribonucleotides averages 4 mg per day, compared to 2 g per day of naturally occurring purines. A review of literature by an FDA committee found no evidence of carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, or adverse effects on reproduction.


title: Disodium inosinate

text: In 2004, disodium inosinate was removed from the food additive list by Codex Alimentarius Commission (but it is still mentioned on the last (2009) codex alimentarius list).


title: Roza Shanina

text: Roza Georgiyevna Shanina (, ; 3 April 1924 – 28 January 1945) was a Soviet sniper during World War II who was credited with 59 confirmed kills, including twelve soldiers during the Battle of Vilnius. Shanina volunteered for the military after the death of her brother in 1941 and chose to be a sniper on the front line. Praised for her shooting accuracy, Shanina was capable of precisely hitting enemy personnel and making doublets (two target hits by two rounds fired in quick succession).