title: Blue Ensign

text: Prior to the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864, the plain blue ensign had been the ensign of one of three squadrons of the Royal Navy, the Blue Squadron. This changed in 1864, when an order in council provided that the Red Ensign was allocated to merchantmen, the Blue Ensign was to be the flag of ships in public service or commanded by an officer in the Royal Naval Reserve, and the White Ensign was allocated to the Navy.


title: Blue Ensign

text: Thus, after 1864, the plain blue ensign (i.e., without any defacement or modification) is permitted to be worn, instead of the Red Ensign, by three categories of civilian vessel:


title: Blue Ensign

text: Permission for yachts to wear the blue ensign (and other special yachting ensigns) was suspended during both World War I and World War II.


title: Blue Ensign

text: Since 1864, the Blue Ensign is defaced with a badge or emblem, to form the ensign of United Kingdom government departments or public bodies. Current defaced Blue Ensigns (besides yacht clubs listed below) are:


title: Blue Ensign

text: Royal Air Force marine vessels (such as seaplane tenders) flew a defaced blue ensign with an eagle and anchor.


title: Blue Ensign

text: Yachting Blue Ensigns defaced by the badge of the club were recorded in the Navy List until 1985, and now they are administered by the Royal Yachting Association for the Ministry of Defence. Current defaced Blue Ensigns are:


title: Arbutus

text: Arbutus is a genus of 12 accepted species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae, native to warm temperate regions of the Mediterranean, western Europe, the Canary Islands and North America. The name "Arbutus" was taken from Latin, where it referred to "Arbutus unedo".


title: Arbutus

text: "Arbutus" are small trees or shrubs with red flaking bark and edible red berries. Fruit development is delayed for about five months after pollination, so that flowers appear while the previous year's fruit are ripening. Peak flowering for the genus is in April with peak fruiting in October.


title: Arbutus

text: The smooth wood of the tree is mentioned by Theophrastus in his "Enquiry into Plants" ("Historia Plantarum") as formerly being used to make weaving spindles. An article on Arbutus tree cultivation in al-Andalus is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, "Book on Agriculture".


title: Arbutus

text: Members of the genus are called "madrones" or "madronas" in the United States, from the Spanish name "madroño" (strawberry tree). On the south coast of British Columbia, Canada, where the species is common, "arbutus" is commonly used or, rarely and locally, "tick tree". All refer to the same species, "Arbutus menziesii", native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern and Central California regions. It is Canada's only native broadleaved evergreen tree. Some species in the genera "Epigaea", "Arctostaphylos" and "Gaultheria" were formerly classified in "Arbutus". As a result of its past classification, "Epigaea repens" (mayflower) has an alternative common name of "trailing arbutus".


title: Arbutus

text: A study published in 2001 which analyzed ribosomal DNA from "Arbutus" and related genera suggests that "Arbutus" is paraphyletic and the Mediterranean Basin species of "Arbutus" are more closely related to "Arctostaphylos", "Arctous", "Comarostaphylis", "Ornithostaphylos" and "Xylococcus" than to the western North American species of "Arbutus", and that the split between the two groups of species occurred at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary. The 12 species are as follows:


title: Arbutus

text: "Arbutus" species are used as food plants by some Lepidoptera species including emperor moth, "Pavonia pavonia" and the madrone butterfly. The distribution of the latter species is in fact heavily affected by the distribution of the madrone. For Athenaios, it is the tree which Asclepiades of Myrlea talks about (Deiphnosophists, II.35)


title: Arbutus

text: Several species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants outside of their natural ranges, though cultivation is often difficult due to their intolerance of root disturbance. The hybrid "Arbutus" 'Marina' is much more adaptable and thrives under garden conditions.


title: Arbutus

text: The "Arbutus unedo" tree makes up part of the coat of arms ("El oso y el madroño", The Bear and the Strawberry Tree) of the city of Madrid, Spain. A statue of a bear eating the fruit of the madroño tree stands in the center of the city (Puerta del Sol). The image appears on city crests, taxi cabs, man-hole covers, and other city infrastructure.


title: Arbutus

text: The "Arbutus" was important to the Straits Salish people of Vancouver Island, who used arbutus bark and leaves to create medicines for colds, stomach problems, and tuberculosis, and as the basis for contraceptives. The tree also figured in myths of the Straits Salish.


title: Arbutus

text: The fruit is edible but has minimal flavour and is not widely eaten. In Portugal, the fruit is sometimes distilled (legally or not) into a potent brandy known as "medronho". In Madrid, the fruit is distilled into madroño, a sweet, fruity liqueur.


title: Arbutus

text: "Arbutus" is a good fuelwood tree since it burns hot and long. Many Pacific Northwest states in the United States use the wood of "A. menziesii" primarily as a heat source, as the wood holds no value in the production of homes since it does not grow in straight timbers.


title: Arbutus

text: "My love's an arbutus" is the title of a poem by the Irish writer Alfred Perceval Graves (1846–1931), set to music by his compatriot Charles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924)


title: Arbutus

text: The Canadian songwriter, singer and painter Joni Mitchell (born 1943), includes a reference to the "arbutus rustling" in her song, "For The Roses". It sounded like applause. She calls the arbutus tree her "favorite all-time tree". She had one outside her door in a house she built.


title: Arbutus

text: According to the Straits Salish, an anthropomorphic form of pitch would go fishing, but return to shore before it got too hot. One day he was too late getting back to shore and melted from the heat and several anthropomorphic trees rushed to get him – the first was Douglas fir, who took most of the pitch, the grand fir received a small portion, and the madrone received none – which is why they say it still has no pitch.


title: Arbutus

text: Also, according to the Great Flood legends of several bands in the northwest, the madrone helped people survive by providing an anchor on top of a mountain. Because of this the Saanich people do not burn madrone out of thanks for saving them.


title: We Got Married (season 4)

text: "We Got Married" (Season 4) is the fourth season of South Korean MBC's "We Got Married" (), a reality variety show and was a segment of the "Sunday Sunday Night" program. First broadcast in 2008, the show pairs up Korean celebrities to show what life would be like if they were married. Each week, couples are assigned missions to complete, while interviews with the participants reveal their thoughts and feelings.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Deep Springs College (known simply as Deep Springs or DS) is a private, selective two-year college in Deep Springs, California. With the number of undergraduates restricted to 26, the college is one of the smallest institutions of higher education in the United States. Though it offers an associate degree, most students transfer into a four-year college after completing their studies. Those enrolled pay no tuition and are given room and board.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Founded in 1917 as Deep Springs, Collegiate and Preparatory, it was originally a men's college backed by funding from L. L. Nunn, a lawyer and businessman. He envisioned a form of education that combined academic rigor, manual labor, and self-governance—an unorthodox combination at the time. Located in a geological depression inside the Sierra Mountains, its campus is situated within a cattle ranch with the aim of providing a secluded environment away from urban life so undergraduates may focus on their studies and leadership ability. The college is primarily maintained and self-governed by students, becoming a coeducational institution in 2018.


title: Deep Springs College

text: As of 2022, the college's alumni include Rhodes and Truman Scholars, two Pulitzer Prize recipients, three MacArthur Fellows, and winners of an Emmy and Lawrence Award, among multiple academics and congressmen.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Deep Springs was founded in 1917 by L. L. Nunn, a business magnate who made a fortune building alternating current power plants in the Western United States. Nunn's first projects—a hydroelectric plant in Telluride, Colorado and the Olmsted Power Station in Provo, Utah—served as the foundation for his inspiration to create a new type of educational institution. As it became difficult to find enough engineers capable of living under rough conditions, he began schooling local men and pursued an interest in education. Nunn eventually sold his industrial assets to fund the Telluride Association, an educational trust based at Cornell University, and the Telluride House. After becoming dissatisfied with the association's mission, he founded Deep Springs and helped in its administration until his death in 1925.


title: Deep Springs College

text: The establishment of Deep Springs was a reaction to what Nunn saw as a decline in academic standards in traditional American colleges. His philosophy governing Deep Springs focused strictly around the pursuit of "academics, labor, and self-governance," something he dubbed the "three pillars" which supported the "whole man". The inclusion of manual labor in a college's educational program was unusual in 1917, but a number of so-called manual labor colleges had existed in the United States in the 19th century—including, at one time, Oberlin College, which Nunn attended. By the early 1860s most had either closed or had abandoned their manual labor programs.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Since these pillars entailed that it was necessary for students to play an active role in the administration of the college by laboring in the field and contributing to student meetings during committees, Nunn believed it was an effective method of producing "leaders for a democratic society". For this reason, the board of trustees which Nunn established to preserve the college's traditions contained one—later two—seats that were reserved for student trustees, who were elected by the student body and currently remain with full voice and voting rights. Due to his correspondence with these early student bodies, Nunn decided the college would provide student housing and would not include a tuition.


title: Deep Springs College

text: In the 1990s, the school's leadership debated transitioning the college to be coeducational. Whereas many women in the Telluride Association advocated for the change, a large portion of the school's alumni wished to keep its status as a men's college. Though the board of Deep Springs voted against making any change in 1994, the college later accepted a $1.8 million low-interest loan from Telluride under the condition that Deep Springs would begin admitting women by 2019. In 2011, the college's trustees voted to begin accepting female students in the summer of 2013 but became embroiled in legal challenges which were lodged against the trustees' action. The challengers disputed the authority of the college's board to change the admissions policy and included an injunction preventing the college from accepting female students until at least the 2018–2019 academic year. On April 13, 2017, the California Court of Appeal ruled that the college could admit women in "Hitz v. Hoekstra". With the Supreme Court of California declining to hear an appeal, the board of trustees voted once again to admit women, with the first female students arriving in July 2018.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Deep Springs involves students working on tasks in the nearby ranch including "cooking, cleaning, gardening, milking cows, saddling horses, herding cattle, moving hay, butchering chickens, wiring cables, sorting library books, and fixing vehicles" with the academic curriculum dedicated wholly to the liberal arts such as Ancient Greek, philosophy, political science, and literature. Classes are taught by a long-term faculty—the president, dean, and chairs of the natural science and humanities department—and a division of visiting professors and scholars which make up the short-term faculty, neither of which may hold tenure. Undergraduates work a minimum of 20 hours a week, rotating tasks while also studying for their classes.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Students attend classes during the morning and spend the afternoon working on the ranch. Though the majority of learning is loosely regulated and done mainly through informal discussions, there are two required courses: freshman composition and public speaking. After graduation, approximately two-thirds of the student body transfer to an Ivy League university or another similarly ranked institution, with a substantial portion going on to attend Cornell University, Brown University or the University of California, Berkeley.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Self-governance is a critical part of the Deep Springs educational program. Students hold decision-making authority in determinations about admissions, curriculum, and faculty hiring. Every student serves on one of four standing committees during their time as a student: Applications (ApCom), Curriculum (CurCom), Communications (ComCom) or Review and Reinvitations (RCom). The Communications Committee (ComCom) was created in the early 1990s and charged with shaping the policies that define the college's relations with the world at large.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Deep Springs College is isolated within Deep Springs Valley, a geological depression between the White and Inyo mountain ranges, with the nearest sizable town being Bishop, California (an hour's drive away) and the closest commercial airport being in Las Vegas. With the college's campus consisting primarily of its 32,000-acre ranch, its physical isolation plays a central role in the educational experience. The college also contains a bookstore, post office, and a library, all maintained by students. Partly due to Nunn's previous experience closing down a school in Virginia due to students deserting campus, the school's "isolation policy" forbids students from leaving the college's campus and prohibits the use of alcohol.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Deep Springs used to have a direct telephone line that crossed the White Mountains, but difficult maintenance made service unsustainable. The line was replaced in the 1980s by a wireless radio link connecting to the Bishop central office. Because the radio signal is relayed using a repeater station high in the White Mountains, and because the first relay out of Deep Springs Valley does not have line of sight, the system is subject to outages caused by high winds and inclement weather. Previously, the college's Internet connection was an unusually slow 14.4 kbit/s data channel multiplexed into the radio link. Not later than 2011, the college connected to the internet by satellite. There is an FM radio-based Voice over Internet Protocol phone system. There is Direct inward dialing.


title: Deep Springs College

text: A small seismic station exists behind the main campus, installed by the former Soviet Union as part of a bi-national underground nuclear test monitoring agreement.


title: Deep Springs College

text: Despite the small number of admitted students, Deep Springs disproportionately produces members of academia with the majority of graduates going on to receive doctorates; these include multiple scholars, professors, authors, scientists, and members of government. The college's alumni have been awarded Rhodes and Truman Scholarships, three MacArthur "genius grants", two Pulitzer Prizes, one Emmy award, and one E. O. Lawrence Award, among other honors. Prominent alumni include:


title: Alan Hamel

text: Hamel was born in Toronto of Jewish descent. He was in the television arts program at Ryerson Institute of Technology in 1954 but did not graduate.


title: Alan Hamel

text: Hamel co-hosted the Canadian children's television series "Razzle Dazzle" (1961–64). The show featured a talking turtle, Howard. In the late 1960s he hosted two syndicated game shows which aired on all the ABC owned and operated TV stations as well as others: "Wedding Party" (1968) and "Anniversary Game" (1969), where he first met Suzanne Somers, whom he later married in 1979. In the late 1970s, he hosted "The Alan Hamel Show", a popular daytime talk show on CTV. "People" magazine considered him "Canada's leading TV talk show host". After Hamel stepped down as host in 1980, fellow Canadian Alan Thicke took over and the show was retitled "The Alan Thicke Show" and, later, Don Harron continued the franchise as host of his own eponymous talk show that aired in the same time slot.


title: Alan Hamel

text: For several years during the late 1970s and early 1980s, Hamel was a commercial pitchman for American Stores, a coast-to-coast chain of supermarkets. Specifically, he did advertisements for Alpha Beta stores in the western United States, and also appeared in occasional spots for Acme Markets in the northeastern United States.


title: Alan Hamel

text: Hamel eventually became a producer, often working on projects involving his wife. He occasionally performed as an actor as well, also sometimes on Somers' shows.


title: Alan Hamel

text: Hamel has two children, a son Stephen and a daughter Leslie, from his first marriage to Marilyn Hamel. He met his current wife, actress and author Suzanne Somers who is ten years his junior, while she worked as a prize model on "The Anniversary Game", a game show he hosted. Hamel and Somers lived together for about ten years before marrying. A rabbi and a Catholic priest officiated at their wedding. Hamel is stepfather to Bruce Somers, Jr., Suzanne Somers' son from a previous marriage during her teens.


title: The Red Flag

text: "The Red Flag" () is a socialist song, emphasising the sacrifices and solidarity of the international labour movement. It is the anthem of the British Labour Party, the Northern Irish Social Democratic and Labour Party and the Irish Labour Party. It was formerly used by the New Zealand Labour Party until the late 1940s. The song is traditionally sung at the close of each party's national conference.


title: The Red Flag

text: Irishman Jim Connell wrote the song's lyrics in 1889 in Nicholas Donovan's house. There are six stanzas, each followed by the chorus. It is normally sung to the tune of "Lauriger Horatius", better known as the German carol "O Tannenbaum" ("O Christmas Tree"), though Connell had wanted it sung to the tune of a pro-Jacobite Robert Burns anthem, "The White Cockade". When Billy Bragg recorded the song in 1990 with Scottish folk singer Dick Gaughan, he sang it to this original "White Cockade" melody. The lyrics of the first verse and the chorus, which are the most well-known parts of the song, are as follows:


title: The Red Flag

text: "The Red Flag" resonated with the early radical workers' movement in the United States, and it appeared as the first song in the first edition of the "Little Red Songbook" of the Industrial Workers of the World in 1909. Only five of the six stanzas were printed, omitting the fourth stanza that begins, "It well recalls the triumphs past." In a 1913 article for the Industrial Worker, the celebrated IWW bard Joe Hill rejected the category of "the people" as middle class, and suggested a further change to the song. Referring to his experiences in the Magonista rebellion of 1911, he wrote:When the Red Flag was flying in Lower California there were not any of "the people" in the ranks of the rebels. Common working stiffs and cow-punchers were in the majority, with a little sprinkling of "outlaws," whatever that is. [...] Well, it is about time that every rebel wakes up to the fact that "the people" and the workingclass ["sic"] have nothing in common. Let us sing after this ""The Workers' flag is deepest red"" and to hell with "the people.""The Red Flag" has been the British Labour Party's official anthem from its founding; its annual party conference closes with the song. "The Red Flag" was first sung in the House of Commons on 1 August 1945, when Parliament convened after Clement Attlee's Labour defeat of Winston Churchill's Conservatives. Dockers in London were regarded as militant socialists ever since their strike in 1889 for the "dockers' tanner." In the 1950s, at the end of public meetings with management, dockers filling the main floor of the hall sang "The Red Flag" while superintendents and managers (usually segregated in the gallery) simultaneously sang "God Save the Queen". "The Red Flag" was sung by Labour MPs on 27 May 1976, allegedly prompting Michael Heseltine to swing the mace above his head.


title: The Red Flag

text: It was also sung on the evening of 28 March 1979 when a motion of no confidence brought down the Labour Government.


title: The Red Flag

text: It was sung again in Parliament in February 2006 to mark the centenary of the Labour Party's founding. It was sung again in the House of Commons in September 2019 to protest the prorogation of parliament.


title: The Red Flag

text: During the Tony Blair government it was claimed the leadership sought to downplay its role, however, it is often sung at the end of party conferences alongside "Jerusalem". Following the 2015 election of veteran socialist Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition, "The Red Flag" was sung as he and his supporters celebrated in The Sanctuary, a public house in London.


title: The Red Flag

text: A famous song of the Italian labour movement has the same title (though in Italian): "Bandiera Rossa", but different lyrics and tune, as does the French song "Le drapeau rouge", known in English as "The Standard of Revolt".


title: The Red Flag

text: "The Red Flag" was parodied by singer-songwriter Leon Rosselson as the "Battle Hymn of the New Socialist Party," also known as "The Red Flag Once a Year" or "The People's Flag Is Palest Pink." It is intended to satirise the perceived lack of socialist principles in the Labour Party. The initial parody was widely known in the 1960s, sometimes sung during late night parties at student conferences. It was revived in the early 2000s in response to the centrist reforms associated with Tony Blair. A version which began "The people's flag is palest pink, mum washed it in the kitchen sink" was popular among schoolchildren in the 1950s, which may have inspired Rosselson's version. A version can be found as far back as 1920 in "Through Bolshevik Russia" by Ethel Snowden.


title: The Red Flag

text: A version of the lyrics sung regularly at the Liberal Democrats' Glee Club, also dated to the mid-1960s, is:


title: The Red Flag

text: A parody of unknown origin is known as "The Foreman's Job", and this is sometimes considered a rugby song. This has many variants but usually begins:


title: The Red Flag

text: A version of "The Red Flag" with similar lyrics entitled "We'll Never Die" is the official anthem of Manchester United F.C.:


title: The Red Flag

text: Supporters of Bristol City F.C. (also known as ciderheads) sing the same version with a third line of ""Ciderheads until we die"". AFC Bournemouth fans sing the third line as ""Dean Court to Wembley"", and Wrexham A.F.C. supporters end with:


title: The Red Flag

text: A version of "The Red Flag" with similar lyrics entitled "The Net Flag" was introduced near the inception of the World Wide Web:


title: The Red Flag

text: "The Red Flag" was sung in the 2018 film "Red Joan" at a Cambridge University socialist meeting circa 1938 attended by the young protagonist (portrayed by Sophie Cookson) and her romantic interest Leo (portrayed by Tom Hughes).


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) is a multi-campus public research university in Mumbai, India. It is Asia's oldest institute for professional social work education and was founded in 1936 in then Bombay Presidency of British India as the Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work by the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. In 1944, the institute was officially renamed as the Tata Institute of Social Sciences and in 1964, the Government of India declared TISS as deemed university under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act (UGC), 1956.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: In 1954, TISS moved to a permanent campus at Deonar, Mumbai (now known as the Main Campus), from the earlier campuses at Nagpada and then Andheri. In 2001, the Deonar campus was expanded to include the Malti Jal and Jal A. D. Naoroji Campus Annexe, which are now commonly known as the New Campus. TISS, in 1986, established a rural campus in Tuljapur, Maharashtra and two off-campuses in Guwahati and Hyderabad in 2011. In addition to these campuses, TISS offers teaching, training, research, and development support from centres established across India including in Leh, Ladakh and Port Blair, the Andaman and Nicobar.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: TISS's academic programs focus on the social sciences and offers doctoral degrees in Management and Labour Studies, Disaster Studies, Development Studies, Education, Gender Studies, Health Studies, Law, Media and Cultural Studies, Public Policy, Rural Development and Social Work. Since its inception TISS has had a focus on field action including in responding to disasters such as the Partition of India, the Bhopal disaster and Uttarakhand floods. Several TISS initiatives have shaped public policy in India, such as India's labour welfare laws. Notable organizations and personalities have been appreciative of TISS's social service work including Eleanor Roosevelt, Jawaharlal Nehru, Niels Bohr and the United Nations, among others.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: TISS (Tata Institute of social sciences) - India's first premier institute for social work was established in the year 1936, as the Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work. It was renamed to its current name in 1944. It was recognised as a Deemed University in 1964 by the University Grants Commission of India. TISS started out as a small institute offering a post-graduate diploma in Social Work, but has since expanded continuously in terms of educational programmes and infrastructure . The first director of the institute was Clifford Manshardt, who aimed to establish a post-graduate social work school of national stature that would engage in a continuous study of Indian social issues and create meaningful interventions.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: Over the years, the institute has, among other thrusts, made a significant contribution to policy, planning, action strategies and human resource development. It has done so in several areas, ranging from sustainable rural and urban development to education, health, communal harmony, human rights and industrial relations. TISS has earned recognition as an institution of repute from different Ministries of the Government of India and various State Governments, as well as international agencies such as the United Nations, and the non-government sector, both national and international.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: The Tata Institute of Social Sciences has a history of collaboration with institutions in India. The institute also has academic and research collaborations with other institutes and universities including University of Chicago, London School of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sciences Po, and 12 universities under the Erasmus Mundus program.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: London School of Economics and Political Science research collaboration, was launched at LSE in June 2007. The programme is undertaken in two streams, namely, Social Sciences and Health. The research themes developed in Social Sciences have been in various Centres and Departments at LSE together with TISS such as Business Model Innovation at the Base of the Pyramid, Civil Society and Global Governance, Colonialism and Welfare: Social Policy and the British Imperial Legacy, Democracy and Development, Governance and the Governed, Population and Development, Social Protection, Economic Growth and Social Change, and Urban Planning & Development.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: TISS was established in 1936 as Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work in Mumbai. It was renamed to its current name Tata Institute of Social Sciences in 1944. TISS Mumbai is the main campus of the TISS. In the year 1964, it was declared Deemed to be a university under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act (UGC), 1956. TISS Mumbai provides various M.A., M.Phil & Ph.D programs. Over the years, TISS Mumbai is well known for its contribution through research in social work, social sciences, human resources management & health systems.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: In 2014, TISS introduced the Secular Ethics for Higher Education credit course in Mumbai. The inauguration was attended by the Dalai Lama, who was reported to have stated that, "Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others’ suffering, their leadership may be more effective. His Holiness suggested it's time for men to withdraw and for women to step forward."


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: TISS Tuljapur in Osmanabad district of Maharashtra was set up with support from the Government of Maharashtra in 1986. The campus houses the School of Rural Development with several centres. It is a 100-acre campus located in the outskirts of Tuljapur. The campus has commenced offering the Five Year Integrated Masters programme since 2012 which was discontinued since 2018. It has a computer centre, library, gymnasium, girls and boys hostels, guest house, faculty and staff quarters.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: The initial focus of the institute on rural development projects and field action has widened to include academic activities with grass root level involvement both by faculty and students in the last 7 years.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: TISS Tuljapur offers bachelor's in social sciences and social work and master's level courses in Social Work Rural Development, Development Policy, Planning & Practices, Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Livelihoods, Natural Resources Management And Governance.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: TISS Hyderabad came into being with the approval of Academic Council and Governing Board of TISS. The Registrations under Societies Registrations Act and Public Trust Act of the TISS Mumbai are valid for TISS Hyderabad as well. TISS Mumbai provides oversight to matters of admission, instruction, evaluation of TISS Hyderabad and confers TISS degrees. Currently, it operates from two campuses: one in Alimineti Madhava Reddy Andhra Pradesh Academy of Rural Development (AMR-APARD) in Rajendranagar, and the other in Roda Mistry School of Social Work in Gachibowli.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: At the invitation of the Government of Telangana, TISS is in the process of setting up a 100 acres campus in Kothur Mandal, Mahabubnagar district.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: TISS Guwahati has been set up at the behest of the government of Assam and the Ministry of Department of North East Region, Government of India. TISS Guwahati has been contributing to the development sector in the North East through a well-conceived Diploma Programme in Community Organisation and Development Practice since June 2009. Currently, TISS Guwahati is operating out of an interim campus in the heart of the city in Guwahati.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: TISS Guwahati commenced offering the Five Year Integrated Masters programme from 2012 until 2017 along with two years master's degree programme in Social Work and Ecology, Environment and Sustainable Development. Now the integrated degree has been changed into 3 year bachelor's course. Several new academic programmes are being offered beyond the existing programmes from the academic year 2014–15.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: The campus space is equipped with a cyber library, conference hall, and classrooms with provisions for video conferencing. Student hostels separately for men and women are available. These are managed and maintained by TISS. A full-fledged campus is being established on 15 acres of land located within the Assam Engineering College campus.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: The institute has a governing board nominated by the Government of India, Government of Maharashta, the University of Mumbai and the University Grants Commission along with representatives from the institute faculty. S. Ramadorai, vice chairman, TCS and Advisor to the Prime Minister of India, is the current honorary chairperson of TISS. The chairperson of the governing board has functions similar to that of the chancellor of a conventional university. The academic council decides matters of academic nature and comprises faculty drawn from the institute's 4 campuses and as well as 6 external experts.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: The director of the institute acts as both the academic and administrative head. This position is similar to that of the vice-chancellor of any university. From February 2018, Shalini Bharat serves as director.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: The deputy director (equivalent to post of pro-vice-chancellor) is the academic head of the institute.


title: Tata Institute of Social Sciences

text: The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked Tata Institute of Social Sciences 57th overall in India and 34th among universities in India in 2020.


title: Reveille

text: "Reveille" ( , ), called in French "Le Réveil" is a bugle call, trumpet call, drum, fife-and-drum or pipes call most often associated with the military; it is chiefly used to wake military personnel at sunrise. The name comes from (or ), the French word for "wake up".


title: Reveille

text: The tunes used in the Commonwealth of Nations are different from the one used in the United States, but they are used in analogous ways: to ceremonially start the day. British Army Cavalry and Royal Horse Artillery regiments sound a call different from the infantry versions, known as "The Rouse" but often misnamed "Reveille", while most Scottish Regiments of the British Army sound a pipes call of the same name, to the tune of "Hey, Johnnie Cope, Are Ye Waking Yet?", a tune that commemorates the Battle of Prestonpans. For the Black Watch, since the Crimean War, '"Johnnie Cope" has been part of a sequence of pipe tunes played at an extended reveille on the 15th of every month known as "Crimean Long Reveille".


title: Reveille

text: In modern times, the U.S. military plays (or "sounds") "Reveille" in the morning, generally near sunrise, though its exact time varies from base to base. On U.S. Army posts and Air Force bases, "Reveille" is played by itself or followed by the bugle call "To the Colors" at which time the national flag is raised and all U.S. military personnel outdoors are required to come to attention and present a salute in uniform, either to the flag or in the direction of the music if the flag is not visible. While in formation, soldiers are brought to the position of parade rest while "Reveille" plays then called to attention and present arms as the national flag is raised. On board U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard facilities, Reveille is generally sounded separately from morning colors. Reveille is sounded at an earlier time such as 0600 (6 am), and then the flag is generally raised at 0800 (8 am) while "The Star-Spangled Banner" or the bugle call "To the Colors" is played. On some U.S. military bases, "Reveille" is accompanied by a cannon shot.


title: Reveille

text: In Commonwealth Remembrance Day and Remembrance Sunday services, and ANZAC Day services, "Last Post" begins the period of silent reflection, and "Reveille" ends it. The two tunes symbolize sunset and sunrise respectively, and therefore, death and resurrection. ("Reveille" is often replaced by "The Rouse", a bugle call commonly mistaken for "Reveille", although these are actually two different tunes.) Winston Churchill had "Last Post" sounded at his funeral, followed by "Reveille", as did Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Reveille

text: "To Reveille" or "to sound Reveille" is often used among military personnel as a term meaning "to notify personnel that it is time to wake up", whether the bugle call is actually sounded or not. Units lacking the personnel or equipment necessary to play the tune will often assign the duty to "sound Reveille" to the last watch of the night, who must ensure that others are roused at the proper time, by any appropriate means (often by actually shouting the word "reveille" until everyone is awake).


title: Reveille

text: The "reveille" is still played in all the Australian Defence Forces. It was originally played by drums.


title: Reveille

text: Although there are no official lyrics to "Reveille", these unofficial lyrics for the Commonwealth "Reveille" have been recently popularized:


title: Reveille

text: The Reveille and Rouse are two separate calls which are often confused. The "Reveille" is the first bugle sound of the day to awaken the troops. See the words above, in the Australian section (it's the same as British). The "Rouse" is the second call and, shorter call, sounded after "Reveille" to remind people that they should now be well up and about. On ceremonial occasions, "Rouse" is often sounded instead of "Reveille" because it is shorter and much easier to play.


title: Reveille

text: Most famous is Irving Berlin's comic adaption of the tune and the lyrics in his 1918 song Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning, inspired by his experience as a draftee in the First World War. Recast from the original military 2:4 time to a more swinging 6:8 rhythm, the words


title: Reveille

text: "Reveille" and "Rouse" are composed, like nearly all bugle music, solely from the notes of the major triad, usually notated in C as: C, the tonic; E, the mediant; and G, the dominant.


title: Reveille

text: Both the Commonwealth and United States "Reveilles" can be played with any combination of valves (or all open valves), because they were first played on a bugle, which lacks valves and plays only notes from the harmonic series.


title: Reveille

text: "Reveille" is played as the first call of the day when in Barracks. It also concludes the ANZAC day dawn service. "Rouse" is played at the conclusion of silence for other commemorative services.


title: Reveille

text: The "Reveille" was previously used throughout the Royal Danish Army, but is now only played at sunrise and sunset at the Guard Hussar Regiment barracks, by buglers from the mounted squadron's drum and bugle corps.


title: Reveille

text: It is also played every morning at the Royal Life Guard barracks in Copenhagen while the flag is hoisted at the garrison.


title: Reveille

text: "" is the wake up call on ships of the German Navy, the . It comes from the Low German word for "rise". Every day on a German Navy ship starts with a wake-up call, the , which is started by the , a whistle from the boatswain's call given 5 minutes before the main wake-up call. The wake-up call is given by a long whistle and the call: ('Rise, rise, wake up, get your hammock ready').


title: Reveille

text: In the Indian Army, "Reveille" is sounded at 06:00 (or sunrise), and the regimental colours are hoisted. As this also signals the start of the physical training parade, for practical reasons, servicemen must awake prior to the sounding of reveille.


title: Reveille

text: In the Irish Army, "Reveille" is sounded at dawn and at military wreath-laying ceremonies, as on the National Day of Commemoration.


title: Reveille

text: In Sweden, ""Revelj" " can be played on bugle, trumpet or drum. Today, it is usually played from a recording. There is also a reveille for military band composed by Johann Heinrich Walch that is used as the reveille of the Swedish Armed Forces.


title: Reveille

text: In the U.S. military, Reveille is generally played at 7 A.M. as the morning bugle call. It was originally conducted in 1811 as "Troop", and was designed to muster the unit or for roll call, but later came to mark when the flag was raised in the morning and honors paid to it.


title: Reveille

text: Within the Boy Scouts of America, it is common for reveille to be sounded as a "wake up" for a large encampment of scouts, usually a camporee, jamboree or summer camp. The music may be played over the camp's intercom or bugled or trumpeted by the camp bugler. An individual scout unit may also sound "Reveille" to rouse the scouts and scouters on a weekend trip, though this is less common.


title: Reveille

text: An instrumental rock version of the melody was recorded as "Reveille Rock" in 1959 by Johnny and The Hurricanes and released on Warwick Records, catalog number M-513. The record charted Billboard number 25 and number 14 in the UK.


title: Minimoog

text: The Minimoog is an analog synthesizer first manufactured by Moog Music between 1970 and 1981. Designed as a more affordable, portable version of the modular Moog synthesizer, it was the first synthesizer sold in retail stores. It was first popular with progressive rock and jazz musicians and found wide use in disco, pop, rock and electronic music.


title: Minimoog

text: Production of the Minimoog stopped in the early 1980s after the sale of Moog Music. In 2002, founder Robert Moog regained the rights to the Moog brand, bought the company, and released an updated version of the Minimoog, the Minimoog Voyager. In 2016 and in 2022, Moog Music released another new version of the original Minimoog.


title: Minimoog

text: In the 1960s, RA Moog Co manufactured Moog synthesizers, which helped bring electronic sounds to music but remained inaccessible to ordinary people. These modular synthesizers were difficult to use and required users to connect components manually with patch cables to create sounds. They were also sensitive to temperature and humidity, and cost tens of thousands of dollars. Most were owned by universities or record labels, and used to create soundtracks or jingles; by 1970, only 28 were owned by musicians.


title: Minimoog

text: Hoping to create a smaller, more reliable synthesizer, Moog engineer Bill Hemsath created a prototype by sawing a keyboard in half and wiring several components into a small cabinet. Moog president Robert Moog felt the prototype was fun, but did not initially see a market for it. Moog and the engineers created several more prototypes, adding features such as the suitcase design to aid portability.


title: Minimoog

text: In early 1970, Moog Co began losing money as interest in its modular synthesizers fell. Fearing they would lose their jobs if the company closed, the engineers developed a version of Hemsath's miniature synthesizer, the Minimoog Model D, while Moog was away. Moog chastised them, but came to see the potential in the Model D and authorized its production.


title: Minimoog

text: As the engineers could not properly stabilize the power supply, the Minimoog's three oscillators were never completely synchronized. Although unintentional, this created the synthesizer's "warm, rich" sound. Its voltage-controlled filter was unique, allowing users to shape sounds to create "everything from blistering, funky bass blurps ... to spacey whistle lead tones". The Minimoog also was the first synthesizer to feature a pitch wheel, which allows players to bend notes as a guitarist or saxophonist does, allowing for more expressive playing. Moog's associate David Borden felt that Moog would have become extremely wealthy had he patented the pitch wheel.


title: Minimoog

text: Moog Co released the first Minimoog in 1970. Moog said it was conceived as a portable tool for session musicians, and the team expected to sell "maybe 100 of them". Moog became acquainted with former evangelist and musician David Van Koevering, who was so impressed with the Minimoog that he began demonstrating it to musicians and music stores. Van Koevering's friend Glen Bell, founder of the restaurant chain Taco Bell, allowed him to use a building on a private island Bell owned in Florida. There, Van Koevering hosted an event he billed as Island of Electronicus, a "pseudo-psychedelic experience that brought counterculture (minus the drugs) to straight families and connected it with the sound of the Minimoog".


title: Minimoog

text: The Minimoog was in continuous production for 13 years and over 12,000 were made. It was the first synthesizer sold in retail stores. Despite the success, Moog Co could not afford to meet demand, nor had credit for a loan, and Moog sold the company to Bill Waytena, a venture capitalist, in 1971. Van Koevering was hired as head of sales and marketing, expanding the sales of the Minimoog worldwide. Production of the Minimoog stopped in 1981 and Moog Co ceased all production in 1993.


title: Minimoog

text: In the 1980s, the rights to use the Moog Music name in the United Kingdom were purchased by Alex Winter of Caerphilly, Wales, who commenced limited production of an updated Minimoog in 1998 as the Moog Minimoog 204E. The 204E added pulse width modulation and MIDI to the Model D specification.


title: Minimoog

text: In 2002, Robert Moog reacquired the rights to the Moog name and bought the company. In 2002, Moog Co released the Minimoog Voyager, an updated version of the Minimoog that sold more than 14,000 units, more than the original Minimoog. Although the Welsh incarnation of Moog Music went into administration shortly afterwards, Winter retained the rights to the Moog name in the UK, with the result that the Minimoog Voyager was launched there as the Voyager by Bob Moog.


title: Minimoog

text: In 2016, Moog Music began manufacturing an updated version of the Model D, with an independent LFO and MIDI, and an aftertouch and velocity-sensitive keyboard. Production ended around August 2017. In 2018, Moog Music released the Minimoog Model D app for iOS.


title: Minimoog

text: According to TJ Pinch, author of "Analog Days", the Minimoog was the first synthesizer to become a "classic". "Wired" described it as "the most famous synthesizer in music history ... a ubiquitous analog keyboard that can be heard in countless pop, rock, hip-hop, and techno tracks from the 1970s, 80s, and 90s". It was also important for its portability. David Borden, an associate of Moog, said that the Minimoog "took the synthesizer out of the studio and put it into the concert hall". According to the "Guardian", "Tweaked now so that the synthesizer could reliably perform as either a melodic lead or propulsive bass instrument (rather than just as a complex sound-generating machine), the Minimoog changed everything ... the Moogs oozed character. Their sound could be quirky, kitsch and cute, or pulverising, but it was always identifiable as Moog."


title: Minimoog

text: The Minimoog changed the dynamics of rock bands. For the first time, keyboardists could play solos in the style of lead guitarists, or play synthesized basslines. Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman said: "For the first time you could go on [stage] and give the guitarist a run for his money... A guitarist would say, 'Oh shoot, he's got a Minimoog,' so they're looking for eleven on their volume control - it's the only way they can compete." Wakeman said the instrument "absolutely changed the face of music".


title: Minimoog

text: The Minimoog took a place in mainstream black music, most notably in the work of Stevie Wonder. Its use for basslines became particularly popular in funk, as in the Parliament track "Flash Light". It was also popular in jazz, and Sun Ra became perhaps the first musician to perform and record with the instrument (on his 1970 album "My Brother the Wind"). Herbie Hancock, Dick Hyman and Chick Corea were other early adopters.


title: Minimoog

text: The Minimoog became a staple of progressive rock. In the early 1970s, Keith Emerson of Emerson, Lake & Palmer added the Minimoog to his modular 'Monster Moog' as an occasional part of his performances. Wakeman used five Minimoogs on stage so he could play different sounds without having to reconfigure them. It was also used by electronic artists such as Kraftwerk, who used it on their albums "Autobahn" (1974) and "The Man-Machine" (1978)"," and later by Tangerine Dream, Klaus Schulze, and Gary Numan. In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, it was widely used in the emerging disco genre by artists including ABBA and Giorgio Moroder. In 2012, to celebrate Moog's birthday, Google created an interactive version of the Minimoog as its Google Doodle.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Kishore Mahbubani (born 24 October 1948) is a Singaporean diplomat and geopolitical consultant who served as Singapore Permanent Representative to the United Nations between 1984 and 1989, and again between 1998 and 2004, and President of the United Nations Security Council between 2001 and 2002.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: After stepping down, he remained serving as a senior advisor at the National University of Singapore while engaging in a nine-month sabbatical at various universities, including Harvard University's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation. He is currently a Distinguished Fellow at the Asia Research Institute. In 2019, Mahbubani was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Between 2004 and 2017, he served as Dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Mahbubani was born in Singapore to a Sindhi-speaking Hindu family who were displaced from Sindh province during the Partition of India.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: He attended Tanjong Katong Technical School and St. Andrew's School before he was awarded the President's Scholarship in 1967 to study at the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore), where he graduated in 1971 with a Bachelor of Arts with first class honours degree in philosophy.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: He subsequently went on to complete a Master of Arts degree in philosophy at Dalhousie University in 1976.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: After his graduation in 1971, Mahbubani joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) as a foreign service officer. His earlier postings included Cambodia, Malaysia and the United States. From 1993 to 1998, he held the position of Permanent Secretary at MFA. Later, he served as Singapore's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. In that role, he served as President of the United Nations Security Council in January 2001 and May 2002.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Mahbubani's academic career began when he was appointed as the Dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. He is also a Professor in the Practice of Public Policy. In addition, he was a fellow at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University in 1991–92. He currently also serves on the board of the International Advisory Council at Bocconi.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Mahbubani is best known outside Singapore for his books "Can Asians Think?", "Beyond The Age of Innocence: Rebuilding Trust between America and the World", and "The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East". His articles have appeared in newspapers such as "Foreign Affairs", "Foreign Policy", the "Washington Quarterly", "Survival", "American Interest", the "National Interest", Time, "Newsweek", the "Financial Times" and the "New York Times". His latest book, "Has China Won?", was published in 2020.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: In "The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World", Mahbubani describes how the world has seen more positive change in the past 30 years than the past 300 years. By prescribing pragmatic solutions for improving the global order – including a 7-7-7 formula that may finally break the logjam in the United Nations Security Council – Mahbubani maps a road away from the geopolitical contours of the nineteenth century. The book was reviewed, including in the "Financial Times," the "Wall Street Journal" and the "Washington Post". "The Great Convergence" was selected as one of the "Financial Times"' books of 2013 and longlisted for the 2014 Lionel Gelber Prize.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Mahbubani also writes regularly for Singapore's "The Straits Times". In the lead up to Singapore's 50th anniversary of independence, he began a series on "big ideas" that he hoped would help Singapore succeed in the following half-century.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Mahbubani continues to serve in boards and councils of several institutions in Singapore, Europe and North America, including the Yale President's Council on International Activities, Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs, Indian Prime Minister's Global Advisory Council, Bocconi University's International Advisory Committee, World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on China, and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize's nominating committee.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Mahbubani also spoke as part of Asian Institute of Finance's Distinguished Speaker Series in 2015 with the title "Can ASEAN re-invent itself?" to over hundreds of financial institution practitioners in Kuala Lumpur.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Mahbubani was conferred the Public Administration Medal (Gold) by the Singapore government in 1998. The Foreign Policy Association Medal was awarded to him in New York in June 2004 with the following opening words in the citation: "A gifted diplomat, a student of history and philosophy, a provocative writer and an intuitive thinker". Mahbubani was also listed as one of the top 100 public intellectuals in the world by "Foreign Policy" and "Prospect" magazines in September 2005, and included in the March 2009 "Financial Times" list of Top 50 individuals who would shape the debate on the future of capitalism. Mahbubani was selected as one of "Foreign Policy" Top 100 Global Thinkers in 2010 and 2011 and one of "Prospect"s top 50 world thinkers in 2014.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: The secondary school library of the Tampines campus of the United World College of South East Asia (UWCSEA) is named after Mahbubani. He is also a former chair of the UWCSEA foundation.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Mahbubani later married Anne King Markey on 30 March 1985. When Mahbubani first met Anne, she was part of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission and he was serving as the deputy chief of the Singaporean mission in Washington, D.C. The couple has two sons and one daughter.


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: Mahbubani said in an interview that he enjoys jogging as a way of relaxing and easing his mind. He also has a habit of writing while listening to the music of Mohammed Rafi which his mother often put on the radio when he was a child. He also has a Chinese name, being known as ().


title: Kishore Mahbubani

text: In April 2016, Mahbubani suffered severe chest pains while jogging. He later underwent a double heart bypass operation.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: The shires of Scotland (), or counties of Scotland, are historic subdivisions of Scotland established in the Middle Ages and used as administrative divisions until 1975. Originally established for judicial purposes (being the territory over which a sheriff had jurisdiction), from the 17th century they started to be used for local administration purposes as well. The areas used for judicial functions (sheriffdoms) came to diverge from the shires, which ceased to be used for local government purposes after 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: Today, local government in Scotland is based upon council areas, which sometimes incorporate county names, but frequently have vastly different boundaries. Counties continue to be used for land registration, and form the basis of the lieutenancy areas (although the latter are not entirely identical).


title: Shires of Scotland

text: Malcolm III (reigned 1058 to 1093) appears to have introduced sheriffs as part of a policy of replacing previous forms of government with French feudal structures. This policy was continued by Edgar (reigned 1097 to 1107), Alexander I (reigned 1107 to 1124), and in particular David I (reigned 1124 to 1153). David completed the division of the country into sheriffdoms by the conversion of existing thanedoms. The earliest sheriffdom south of the Forth which we know of for certain is Haddingtonshire, which is named in a charter of 1139 as "Hadintunschira" and in another of 1141 as "Hadintunshire". Stirlingshire appears in a charter of 1150 under the name "Striuelinschire".


title: Shires of Scotland

text: The shires of the Highlands were completed only in the reign of King Charles I (reigned 1625 to 1649).


title: Shires of Scotland

text: In 1305 Edward I of England, who had deposed John Balliol, issued an ordinance for the government of Scotland. The document listed the twenty-three shires then existing and either appointed new sheriffs or continued heritable sheriffs in office.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: The remaining shires were formed either by the territorial expansion of the Kingdom of Scotland, or by the subdivision of existing sheriffdoms. Many of the new shires had highly irregular boundaries or detached parts as they united the various possessions of the heritable sheriffs.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: From the 17th century the shires (counties) started to be used for local administration apart from judicial functions. In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were appointed in each sheriffdom to collect the land tax. The commissioners eventually assumed other duties in the county. Following the union of Scotland with England, the government began bringing Scotland's local governance into line with the rest of Great Britain. The full machinery of county government was not immediately established, largely due to the fact that the office of sheriff or steward had become hereditary in certain families in the majority of sheriffdoms. At the accession of George II twenty-two sheriffs were hereditary, three were appointed for life and only eight held office at the pleasure of the monarch. The heritable sheriffdoms were Argyll, Bute, Banff, Caithness, Clackmannan, Cromarty, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Elgin, Fife, Kinross, Kirkcudbright, Linlithgow, Nairn, Orkney & Zetland, Peebles, Renfrew, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Sutherland, Stirling and Wigtown; those appointed for life were Perth, Forfar and Ayr; those held at pleasure were Aberdeen, Berwick, Edinburgh, Haddington, Inverness, Kincardine, Lanark and Ross. Following the unsuccessful Jacobite Rising of 1745 the government took the opportunity of overhauling county government. The Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1747 revested the government of the shires in the Crown, compensating those office holders who were displaced. The Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747 reduced the office of sheriff principal to a largely ceremonial one, with a sheriff depute or sheriff substitute appointed to each "county, shire or stewartry". Twelve of the smallest counties were paired to form sheriffdoms, a process of amalgamation that was to continue until the twentieth century, and thus led to the sheriffdoms and the shires having different boundaries. In 1794 Lord-Lieutenants were appointed to each county, and in 1797 county militia regiments were raised, bringing Scotland into line with England, Wales and Ireland.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: In 1858 police forces were established in each shire under the Police (Scotland) Act 1857. Burghs were largely outside the jurisdiction of shire authorities.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: Under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, thirty-four county councils were formed. The areas governed by these councils, referred to as "administrative counties", resembled the traditional shires of Scotland, but not entirely. Exclaves were abolished, with the exception of one exclave of Dunbartonshire. Ross-shire and Cromartyshire were merged into Ross and Cromarty, and four cities - Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow - were made counties in their own right. These "counties of cities" were periodically expanded as their urban areas spread further and further into the surrounding countryside. In general, they were still considered part of the wider geographical county; for instance, Glasgow was still reckoned part of Lanarkshire, though it was no longer within the jurisdiction of Lanark County Council.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: Under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, two pairs of councils were combined with each other to form the "joint county councils" of Perth & Kinross and Moray & Nairn. Though governed by the same council, each county remained nominally independent from the other.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: In 1963 the Government published a white paper which proposed a reduction in the number of counties from thirty-three to between ten and fifteen. A process of consultation between county councils and officials from the Scottish Office was begun to effect the amalgamations. Following a change of government, it was announced in 1965 that a "more comprehensive and authoritative" review of local government areas would be undertaken.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: In 1966 a Royal Commission on Local Government in Scotland, chaired by Lord Wheatley, was appointed. The commission's report in 1969 recommended the replacement of the counties with larger regions.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: In 1970 another change in government control was followed by the publication of a white paper in 1971 implementing the commission's reforms in a modified form. The abolition of counties "for local government purposes" was enacted by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, with counties playing no part in local government after 16 May 1975, being replaced by regions and districts.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: Local government was reorganised again under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, with the regions and districts being replaced by the currently existing council areas. These councils are unitary, meaning they undertake all local governance within their area, though "community councils" do operate in several towns.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: The historic counties of Scotland are included in the Index of Place Names (IPN) published by the Office for National Statistics. Each "place" included in the IPN is related to the historic county it lies within, as well as to a set of administrative areas.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: In official documents shires were referred to as the "Shire of X", rather than "X Shire". The latter was more common in general usage. Thus in parliamentary proceedings one may find, for example, a heading referring to "Act for the shirrefdome of Dumbartane" but the text "the sevine kirkis to Dumbartane schyr."


title: Shires of Scotland

text: The first accurate county maps of Scotland appear in the late seventeenth century and contain a first-hand record of shire names. John Adair (maps c. 1682) gives the names of "Midlothian", "East Lothian", "Twaddall" and "Wast Lothian" (the latter also as ""Linlithgowshire""). The eighteenth century county maps of Herman Moll (dated c. 1745) preferred to keep the "Shire" suffix a separate word, as for example "Berwick Shire", "Roxburgh Shire", "the Shire of Selkirk otherwise known as Etterick Forest", and in the north to "Murray" (Moray), "Inverness Shire", "Aberdeen Shire", "Banff Shire", "Ross Shire". The map of Boswell's and Johnson's A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland (1773) gives "Shire" to every one shown, including "Angus Shire" and "Fife Shire".


title: Shires of Scotland

text: In Scotland, as in England and Wales, the terms "shire" and "county" have been used interchangeably, with the latter becoming more common in later usage. Today, "county" is more commonly used, with "shire" being seen as a more poetic or archaic variant.


title: Shires of Scotland

text: The map depicts a large number of exclaves physically detached from the county that they were politically deemed to be part of. Cromartyshire's borders, a particularly fragmentary example, were achieved as late as 1685, although at that time the word "county" was not applied to the sheriffdom.


title: 54th Annual Grammy Awards

text: The 54th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 12, 2012, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles being broadcast on CBS honoring the best in music for the recording year beginning October 1, 2010 through September 30, 2011. LL Cool J hosted the show. It was the first time in seven years that the event had an official host. Nominations were announced on November 30, 2011, on prime-time television as part of "The GRAMMY Nominations Concert Live! – Countdown to Music's Biggest Night", a one-hour special broadcast live on CBS from Nokia Theatre at L.A. Live. Kanye West received the most nominations with seven. Adele, Foo Fighters, and Bruno Mars each received six nominations. Lil Wayne, Skrillex, and Radiohead all earned five nominations. The nominations were criticised by many music journalists as Kanye West's "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" missed out on a nomination for Album of the Year despite being highly critically acclaimed and topping many end of year charts. West's album went on to win Best Rap Album.


title: 54th Annual Grammy Awards

text: A total of 78 awards were presented following the Academy's decision to restructure the Grammy Award categories. Paul McCartney received the MusiCares Person of the Year award on February 10, 2012, at the Los Angeles Convention Center, two nights prior to the Grammy telecast.


title: 54th Annual Grammy Awards

text: On February 8, 2012, the Academy announced that the 54th Grammy Pre-Telecast Ceremony would stream live internationally. The ceremony took place at the Los Angeles Convention Center and was streamed live in its entirety internationally at Grammy's official website and CBS Television Network. The ceremony was co-hosted by Dave Koz and MC Lyte. A total of 68 awards were presented in the Pre-Telecast ceremony. The official poster was designed by Architect Frank Gehry.


title: 54th Annual Grammy Awards

text: The day before the ceremony, Whitney Houston died in Los Angeles, and the show's producers quickly planned a tribute in the form of Jennifer Hudson singing Houston's "I Will Always Love You". The awards show began with a Bruce Springsteen performance followed by an LL Cool J prayer for Whitney Houston. Adele won all of her six nominations, equalling the record for most wins by a female artist in one night, first held by Beyoncé. Adele became only the second artist in history, following Christopher Cross in 1981, to have won all four of the general field (Album of the Year, Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Song of the Year) awards throughout her career. Foo Fighters and Kanye West followed with five and four awards, respectively.


title: 54th Annual Grammy Awards

text: The anticipation for the show's tributes to the late Whitney Houston and the eventual record-tying wins by Adele greatly helped increased the ratings for the 54th Grammy Awards, which became the second highest in its history with 39.9 million viewers (trailing only behind the 1984 Grammys with 51.67 million viewers). The rating was 50% higher than in 2011. This remains the highest-rated Grammy telecast on 21st-century U.S. television.


title: 54th Annual Grammy Awards

text: Amy Winehouse, Nick Ashford, Phoebe Snow, Jerry Leiber, Steve Jobs, Heavy D, Sylvia Robinson, Nate Dogg, M-Bone, Jimmy Castor, George Shearing, Roger Williams, Ray Bryant, Gil Cates, Fred Steiner, Dobie Gray, Ferlin Husky, Larry Butler, Wilma Lee Cooper, Harley Allen, Liz Anderson, Charlie Craig, Barbara Orbison, Frank DiLeo, Steve Popovich, Tal Herzberg, Bruce Jackson, Johnny Otis, Benny Spellman, Don DeVito, Roger Nichols, Stan Ross, Joe Arroyo, Facundo Cabral, Marv Tarplin, Esther Gordy Edwards, Carl Gardner, Cornell Dupree, Jerry Ragovoy, Gene McDaniels, Joe Morello, Gil Bernal, Frank Foster, Ralph MacDonald, Leonard Dillon, Clare Fischer, Bert Jansch, Andrew Gold, Bill Morrissey, Warren Hellman, Hazel Dickens, Gary Moore, Gerard Smith, Doyle Bramhall, Pinetop Perkins, Hubert Sumlin, David "Honeyboy" Edwards, Camilla Williams, Milton Babbitt, David Mason, Andy Kazdin, Alex Steinweiss, Bill Johnson, Jessy Dixon, Don Butler, Clarence Clemons and Whitney Houston.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The 2021 Australian Open was a Grand Slam tennis tournament that took place at Melbourne Park, on 8–21 February 2021. It was the 109th edition of the Australian Open, the 53rd in the Open Era, and the first Major tournament of the year. It was originally scheduled for 18–31 January 2021, but was postponed by three weeks to February due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The event was part of the 2021 ATP Tour and the 2021 WTA Tour.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The tournament consists of events for professional players in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles. Wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments. As in previous years, the tournament's main sponsor was Kia.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: Novak Djokovic successfully defended the men's singles title as he claimed his 18th Grand Slam title, defeating Daniil Medvedev in straight sets. Sofia Kenin was the defending Women's Singles champion, but she lost to Kaia Kanepi in the second round. In the final, Naomi Osaka claimed her fourth Grand Slam singles title, defeating first-time Major finalist Jennifer Brady in straight sets.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The 2021 Australian Open is the 109th edition of the tournament, held at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The tournament is run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and is part of the 2021 ATP Tour and the 2021 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consists of both men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as the mixed doubles events. There are singles and doubles events for both boys and girls (players under 18), which are part of the Grade A category of tournaments. There are also singles, doubles and quad events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the NEC tour under the Grand Slam category.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The tournament is played on hard courts and is taking place across a series of 25 courts, the four main show courts Rod Laver Arena, John Cain Arena (formerly Melbourne Arena), Margaret Court Arena and 1573 Arena.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: For the first time in Grand Slam history, Hawk-Eye Live electronic line judging was used for all matches. Thus, calls could no longer be challenged by the players.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: On 17 December 2020, due to mandatory 14-day quarantine on all arrivals into the country Tennis Australia announced that the start of Australian Open would be delayed by three weeks from 18 January 2021 to 8 February. This was to provide time for those who qualify to quarantine before the tournament. For the same reasons, the men's and women's qualifying matches were held outside of the country in Doha and Dubai respectively, and the junior and legends matches were not played.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: To honour key workers, recordings of their voices were broadcast for line calls as part of the electronic system.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: On 4 February 2021, all of the scheduled day's events leading up to the tournament, including the ATP Cup and warm-ups, had to be suspended after a 26-year-old man working at the hotel players were quarantining at tested positive for COVID-19. Victorian premier Daniel Andrews stated that the 8 February start would not be affected due to the schedule change. The events originally scheduled for 4 February as well as the draw ceremonies were held the next day.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The hard quarantine policy was viewed as significantly affecting the tournament bracket, especially in women's singles. In all, 26 players in the women's singles bracket were quarantined, with 12 of them seeded. Nine quarantined players, including four seeds (one of them, past Australian Open winner Angelique Kerber), lost in the first round to players who had not been quarantined. Of the 13 quarantined players who survived the first round, five (including two seeds) lost in the second round, and only 22 seed Jennifer Brady advanced past the third round. While the men's singles draw had more quarantined players (29 in all), the only seeded player among that group was No. 25 Benoît Paire. Six first-round matches were between players in this group; of the other 17 players who had been quarantined (including Paire), only Pablo Cuevas won his first-round match. The six survivors all lost in the second round.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: On 30 January 2021, Victorian sports minister Martin Pakula announced that the number of spectators would be limited to 30,000 per day during most of the tournament, which is around 50 percent of normal spectator capacity. Actual attendance was generally below this number, with a total attendance of 98,512 spectators during the first 10 days of the tournament. The last five days of the tournament would have up to 25,000 spectators per day.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: On 12 February 2021, a five-day snap lockdown and stay-at-home order was declared by the Victoria State Government beginning at 11:59 p.m. AEDT, due to a cluster of active cases linked to another quarantine hotel in Melbourne, presumed to involve a highly-infectious variant of SARS-CoV2. As a result, the tournament was played behind closed doors from 11:30 p.m. AEDT that night; the final match of the day between Novak Djokovic and Taylor Fritz was suspended at that time to escort spectators from the premises.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: On 17 February 2021, organizers announced that spectators would be allowed to return beginning 18 February. Each session was capped at 7,477 spectators.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The Men's Singles final was the last match of the tournament, taking place on 21 February. Top seed Novak Djokovic defeated No. 4 Daniil Medvedev in straight sets to win his 18th Grand Slam singles championship and his ninth overall (and third consecutive) Australian Open, in a game that lasted an hour and 53 minutes.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: In the Women's Singles final, played on 20 February, No. 3 Naomi Osaka earned her fourth Grand Slam singles title (and her second at the Australian Open) by defeating first-time Grand Slam finalist Jennifer Brady, the No. 22 seed in straight sets in a match that lasted an hour and 17 minutes. Osaka progressed through the tournament having lost only one set, and became the first woman to win each of her first four Grand Slam singles finals appearances since 1991.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The Men's Doubles title was decided on 21 February, as the No. 9 seeded pair of Ivan Dodig and Filip Polášek defeated the No. 5 seeded pair of Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury. The match was decided in straight sets (the first such match for the winning pair since the third round), and was the second and first Grand Slam doubles titles for Dodig and Polášek, respectively, in their third and first appearances.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: No. 3 seeded duo Elise Mertens and Aryna Sabalenka captured their second Grand Slam doubles title as a pair in the championship match of the Women's Doubles event, defeating the Czech No. 2 duo of Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková in straight sets. Following the conclusion of the match, Sabalenka announced that the pair would not play doubles together for the remainder of the year, so that she could focus on singles.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The sixth-seeded duo of Women's Doubles finalist Barbora Krejčíková and Men's Doubles finalist Rajeev Ram defeated Australian duo Samantha Stosur and Matthew Ebden in straight sets on 20 February to win the Mixed Doubles event. The title was their second as a pair, and the third and second overall for Krejčíková and Ram, respectively.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The final of the wheelchair men's singles took place on February 17 between two of the unseeded players after the top two seeds fell in the quarter-finals and semi-finals respectively. In the final between Belgian player, Joachim Gérard and British player, Alfie Hewett it would be Gérard who would take out the wheelchair men's singles in three sets to record his first grand slam singles title.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The final of the wheelchair women's singles was played between the top two seeds in the tournament, Dutch player Diede de Groot and Japanese player Yui Kamiji. The match which was played on the 17 February saw the two tennis players had their match go to three sets with de Groot claiming her third Australian Open title in a tiebreaker.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The final of the Quad Singles was played on the 17 February between Australian top seed Dylan Alcott and Dutch player, Sam Schröder. The match which was originally going to be held on Rod Laver Arena after the quarter-final match between Stefanos Tsitsipas and Rafael Nadal but after that match went into a fifth set, the match was moved over to Margaret Court Arena. After being broken in the first game of the match, Alcott raced away winning the next twelve games to record his 12th major Grand Slam quad singles title.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The final of the wheelchair men's doubles tournament was played on 16 February in what was a rematch of the 2020 final. The British pair of Alfie Hewett and Gordon Reid took their tenth Grand Slam title as a duo, with the pair winning in straight sets.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The wheelchair women's doubles final, which was played on 16 February, was won by Dutch duo Diede de Groot and Aniek van Koot in straight sets. It was the ninth Grand Slam doubles title for de Groot and the sixteenth for van Koot.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The wheelchair quad doubles championship match, a rematch of the last four finals (most recently in 2020), was held on 16 February with Dylan Alcott and Heath Davidson defeating Andy Lapthorne and David Wagner in a third-set tiebreak. It was the seventh and fourth Wheelchair quad doubles title for Alcott and Davidson, respectively.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: 2,000 points were awarded to the winners of the men's and women's singles titles. The men's finalist received 1,200 and the women's finalist received 1,300. Men's singles semifinalists each got 720 points, while women's singles semifinalists got 780. Those that were eliminated in the men's singles quarterfinals got 360 points, while women's singles players eliminated in the quarterfinals got 430. The point allotment for those eliminated in the first four rounds of the tournament decreases the earlier a player was eliminated; for the men's singles tournament, the points given were 180, 90, 45, and 10 for each of the first four rounds, while women's singles players got 240, 130, 70, and 10 for an exit in the first four rounds.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: All winners of a wheelchair competition received 800 points, with the finalists of all competitions except the quad doubles receiving 500 points. Participants eliminated in the first round of their respective wheelchair competitions received 100 points; for singles and quad singles, this was the quarterfinals, for doubles it was the semifinals, and for quad doubles it was the final. Participants eliminated in the semifinals in singles or quad singles received 375 points.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event.


title: 2021 Australian Open

text: The Australian Open total prize money for 2021 increased by 0.7% to a tournament record A$71,500,000.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: The United Nations Trusteeship Council () is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security. The trust territories—most of them former mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II—have all now attained self-government or independence, either as separate nations or by joining neighbouring independent countries. The last was Palau, formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which became a member state of the United Nations in December 1994.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: Provisions to form a new UN agency to oversee the decolonization of dependent territories from colonial times were made at the San Francisco Conference in 1945 and were specified Chapter 12 of the Charter of the United Nations. Those dependent territories (colonies and mandated territories) were to be placed under the international trusteeship system created by the United Nations Charter as a successor to the League of Nations mandate system. Ultimately, eleven territories were placed under trusteeship: seven in Africa and four in Oceania. Ten of the trust territories had previously been League of Nations mandates; the eleventh was Italian Somaliland.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: In order to implement the provisions on the trusteeship system, the General Assembly passed resolution 64 on Dec. 14, 1946, which provided for the establishing of the United Nations Trusteeship Council. The Trusteeship Council held its first session in March 1947.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: In March 1948, the United States proposed that the territory of Mandatory Palestine be placed under UN Trusteeship with the termination of the British Mandate in May 1948 (see American trusteeship proposal for Palestine). However, the US did not make an effort to implement this proposal, which became moot with the declaration of the State of Israel.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: Under the Charter, the Trusteeship Council was to consist of an equal number of United Nations Member States administering trust territories and non-administering states. Thus, the Council was to consist of (1) all U.N. members administering trust territories, (2) the five permanent members of the Security Council, and (3) as many other non-administering members as needed to equalize the number of administering and non-administering members, elected by the United Nations General Assembly for renewable three-year terms. Over time, as trust territories attained independence, the size and workload of the Trusteeship Council was reduced. Ultimately, the Trusteeship Council came to include only the five permanent Security Council members (China, France, the Soviet Union/Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States), as the only country administering a Trust Territory (the United States) was a permanent member.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: With the independence of Palau, formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, in 1994, there presently are no trust territories, leaving the Trusteeship Council without responsibilities. (Since the Northern Mariana Islands was a part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and became a commonwealth of the USA in 1986, it is technically the only area not to have joined as a part of another state or gained full independence as a sovereign nation.)


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: The Trusteeship Council was not assigned responsibility for colonial territories outside the trusteeship system, although the Charter did establish the principle that member states were to administer such territories in conformity with the best interests of their inhabitants.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: Its mission fulfilled, the Trusteeship Council suspended its operation on 1 November 1994, and although under the United Nations Charter it continues to exist on paper, its future role and even existence remains uncertain. The Trusteeship Council is currently () headed by Anne Gueguen, with Jonathan Guy Allen as vice-president, although the sole current duty of these officers is to meet with the heads of other UN agencies on occasion. According to the United Nations website:


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: By a resolution adopted on 25th of May 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure to drop the obligation to meet annually and agreed to meet as occasion required -- by its decision or the decision of its President, or at the request of a majority of its members or the General Assembly or the Security Council.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: The chamber itself is still used for other purposes. Following a three-year refurbishment, restoring its original design by Danish architect, Finn Juhl, the chamber was re-opened in 2013.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: The formal elimination of the Trusteeship Council would require the revision of the UN Charter, which is why it has not been pursued. Other functions for the Trusteeship Council have been considered.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: The Commission on Global Governance's 1995 report recommends an expansion of the trusteeship council. Their theory is that an international regulatory body is needed to protect environmental integrity and the global commons on the two-thirds of the world's surface that is outside national jurisdictions.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

text: However, in March 2005, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan proposed a sweeping reform of the United Nations, including an expansion of the Security Council. As this restructuring would involve significant changes to the UN charter, Annan proposed the complete elimination of the Trusteeship Council as part of these reforms.


title: Cold Stones

text: "Cold Stones" is the 76th episode of the HBO original series "The Sopranos" and the 11th of the show's sixth season. Written by Diane Frolov, Andrew Schneider, and David Chase, and directed by Tim Van Patten, it originally aired on May 21, 2006.


title: Cold Stones

text: Carmela discovers that A.J. was fired from his job and has kept this a secret for three weeks. Tony watches as A.J. types on a chatroom and giggles; disgusted, he tells Dr. Melfi that he hates his son. She points out that Tony wishes his mother had protected him as Carmela protects A.J. Tony finds A.J. a construction job and gently encourages him to "do good". But when A.J. resists him, Tony smashes the windshield of A.J.'s car, warning, "Don't put me to the test."


title: Cold Stones

text: Carmela visits Paris with Rosalie. She reacts to the ancient city with emotional intensity, and thoughts about past and future, life and death. In a dream she sees Adriana walking her dog by the Eiffel Tower; a "gendarme" says in English, "Your friend—someone needs to tell her she's dead."


title: Cold Stones

text: Vito approaches Tony at a mall and tries to convince him he is not really homosexual. He asks to buy his way back into the crew, proposing to run a business in Atlantic City involving prostitution and meth trafficking. Tony brings up the offer with Silvio, Christopher, and Paulie, who are not in favor. Vito has a reunion lunch with his family, telling his children that he has been working as an undercover spy in Afghanistan and that they must never speak about his return. He phones Jim, who rebuffs him.


title: Cold Stones

text: Tony has already had a business dispute with Phil, who is now the acting boss of the Lupertazzi family. When they meet again, Phil is angry that Vito is back in town. Tony decides that he can't keep protecting Vito and begins planning his murder. However, when Vito returns that night to his motel room, he is ambushed by New York mobsters Fat Dom Gamiello and Gerry Torciano, who knock him down and duct-tape his mouth. Vito mutely pleads for his life as Phil comes out of the closet and watches Dom and Gerry beat him to death with pool cues.


title: Cold Stones

text: Tony understands that Phil is sending a message, that he can kill one of Tony's capos and Tony cannot do anything about it. He decides to hit back at Phil financially, noting that he has "a wire room in Sheepshead Bay."


title: Cold Stones

text: While Sil and Carlo are at Satriale's, Dom arrives to make a payment and starts making crude jokes about Vito. When he goes too far, Sil and Carlo impulsively kill him. Tony shows up, sees what has happened, and wordlessly exits, leaving Sil and Carlo to clean up.


title: Cold Stones

text: When Vito's murder is reported in the newspaper, Francesca and Vito, Jr. learn about their father's occupation and homosexuality.


title: Griffin family

text: The Griffin family is a fictional family which appears in the animated television series "Family Guy". The Griffins are a dysfunctional family consisting of the married couple Peter and Lois, their three children Meg, Chris, and Stewie and their anthropomorphic dog Brian. They live at 31 Spooner Street in the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island. Their family car resembles a red sixth-generation Ford Country Squire. They were created by Seth MacFarlane, in model of his two animated films, "The Life of Larry" and "Larry & Steve". The family and the show itself debuted on January 31, 1999, after Super Bowl XXXIII, in the episode "Death Has a Shadow".


title: Griffin family

text: Alongside the six main family members, there are a number of other major and minor characters in their family. The most common recurring characters are Lois's parents Carter and Barbara Pewterschmidt, and Peter's now-deceased parents Francis and Thelma Griffin. Other recurring family members include Lois's two siblings, Carol and Patrick, as well as Brian's cousin Jasper. He also has a late child named Peter Griffin Jr. who died due to Peter shaking him too much. There is also other kids that he has because of his sperm donations.


title: Griffin family

text: MacFarlane conceived the idea for "Family Guy" in 1998, developing it out of his two short films. MacFarlane caught the attention of Fox, and was given $50,000 to make a pilot episode. MacFarlane completed the 11-minute pilot after six months of hand animation. Upon review, Fox gave the green light to "Family Guy" as a series. Although "Family Guy"s cancellation was initially announced after the second season, Fox decided to make a third season, after which it was cancelled in 2002. However, reruns on Adult Swim drove up interest in the show, and its DVD releases did quite well, selling over 2.2 million copies in one year, which renewed network interest.


title: Griffin family

text: "Family Guy" returned to production in 2004, making four more seasons (for a total of seven) and a straight-to-DVD special, "". The show celebrated its official 100th episode during its sixth season in November 2007, resulting in the show's syndication. The show is contracted to continue producing episodes.


title: Griffin family

text: Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters, Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin and Stewie Griffin. He has stated that he already knew what kind of voice he was looking for the main characters so it was easier to do it himself. Peter's voice is inspired by the voice of a security guard MacFarlane overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design. Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, particularly based on Harrison's performance in the 1964 musical drama film "My Fair Lady". Brian's voice is MacFarlane's regular speaking voice. In addition MacFarlane provides the voice of various recurring and one-time characters, most prominently those of the Griffin's neighbor Glenn Quagmire, news anchor Tom Tucker and Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt. Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian television correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt. Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on "Mad TV". She had not met MacFarlane or seen any artwork and said it was "really sight unseen". At the time, she was doing a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother, whose voice she had based on one of her cousins. The voice was originally slower, when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less ... annoying ... and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours". Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Jewish pharmacist Neil Goldman. Green admittedly did an impression of the Buffalo Bill character from the thriller film "The Silence of the Lambs" during his audition. His main inspiration for Chris' voice was how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he worked at a drive-thru in a McDonald's (speaking through a PA system). Mila Kunis and Lacey Chabert have both played the voices of Meg Griffin. Lacey Chabert voiced Meg Griffin for the first production season (15 episodes). However, because of a contractual agreement, she was never credited. Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in "Party of Five", as well as schoolwork, while Kunis won the role after auditions, a slight rewrite of the character and because of her performance on "That '70s Show". MacFarlane called Kunis back after her initial audition asking her to speak slower; she was called back again later, this time instructed to enunciate more. Kunis said that she had it under control, and MacFarlane hired her. In an interview with a Sun Media correspondent in 2007, Kunis was asked about her character and said: "She's the scapegoat". "Meg gets picked on a lot. But it's funny. It's like the middle child. She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not. She's just in perpetual mode of humiliation. And it's fun."


title: Griffin family

text: The show revolves around the adventures and activities of the family of Peter Griffin, a bumbling, but well-intentioned, blue-collar worker. Peter is an Irish-American Catholic born in Mexico with a prominent Rhode Island and Eastern Massachusetts accent. His wife Lois is a stay-at-home mother and piano teacher, and has a distinct New England accent from being a member of the Pewterschmidt family of wealthy socialites. Peter and Lois have three children: Meg, their teenage daughter, who is frequently the butt of Peter's jokes due to her "homeliness" and lack of popularity; Chris, their teenage son, who in many respects, appears as a younger version of his father; and Stewie, their diabolical infant son of ambiguous sexual orientation who has adult mannerisms and speaks fluently with an upper-class affected English accent and stereotypical archvillain phrases. Living with the family is Brian, the family dog, who is highly anthropomorphized, drinks martinis, occasionally smokes cigarettes, drives a car, and engages in human conversation, though he occasionally acts like a normal dog, for example, he cannot resist chasing a ball.


title: Griffin family

text: Peter Griffin, voiced by Seth MacFarlane. Peter is the father and patriarch of the Griffin family, a stereotypical blue-collar worker. Leader of the Griffin family, he is Irish-American Catholic. Peter is also an obese and bespectacled man who is just a big child. He has other roots beside his Irish ones, including African American, Spanish, Scottish and German. In an interview with "The Advocate", MacFarlane described him as "Archie Bunker without the knowledge of what he's doing. He has the mind of a child, basically, and a source of big laughs is when he does not realize he's doing something inappropriate." In the season four episode "Petarded", Peter takes an IQ test, and discovers that his low intellect places him in a category slightly below mentally retarded, but higher than a creationist. He is incredibly jealous of other attractions Lois has in her life, an attitude that tends to get out of hand in most cases, even assaulting a whale that kissed Lois at SeaWorld. In the season three episode "Stuck Together, Torn Apart", Peter and Lois split up because of Peter's jealousy only to discover that Lois has the same character flaw and the two decide to live with their mutually jealous nature. Peter has a very short attention span and frequently ends up in bizarre situations, as Chris points out in "Long John Peter", after Peter's parrot dies "He will get over it pretty quickly and then move on to another wacky thing", to which Peter finds a pipe organ and forgets about his parrot.


title: Griffin family

text: Lois Patrice Griffin (née Pewterschmidt), voiced by Alex Borstein. Lois is the mother of the Griffin family. Lois's morals are often questionable, as she went through a brief period of kleptomania in the episode "Breaking Out Is Hard to Do", for which she went to prison. She also showed a gambling addiction when the family went to an Indian casino in "The Son Also Draws" during the first season. Various episodes have hinted that Lois is an avid drug user, but this is shown most clearly in "Deep Throats", where she revealed that she smoked marijuana when she was pregnant with Stewie, a claim backed-up by series creator Seth MacFarlane on a DVD commentary. Also, when asked by Peter where she got a tattoo on her lower back, she replied, "Oh, I don't know Peter, meth is a hell of a drug" ("Prick Up Your Ears"). When Meg is thought to have become pregnant, Lois tells her to "smoke and drink a lot" (when Meg does not want to have an abortion, which Lois hinted at beforehand) "but don't start, then chicken out halfway throughout the pregnancy, 'cause then you'll wind up with Chris, which suggests she smoked and consumed alcohol while pregnant with Chris.