title: LGBT History Month

text: Since 2011, the month has been linked to a subject in the National Curriculum. The steering committee hope to cover all subjects eventually. There are free resources available on the History Month website. In addition, Schools OUT UK (the initiative's founding charity) also created a unique website of free-to-download lesson plans for teachers – The Classroom – in 2011.


title: LGBT History Month

text: After Schools OUT UK paid tribute to Alan Turing in November 2012 (the centenary of his birth) at the launch of STEM 2013, Promotions Officer Andrew Dobbin suggested the month regularly feature LGBT figures whose lives have been forgotten or 'straight-washed' by history, to illustrate the group's tagline of "claiming our past", and to give LGBT+ students some of the role-models and heroes their straight classmates had an abundance of. The idea was adopted from 2014, with every February since highlighting the life of a lesbian, gay man, bisexual and trans person. In 2021, the committee were able to add a fifth individual as part of the intention to represent the "+" in LGBT+.


title: LGBT History Month

text: 2015 saw the first edition of "OUTing The Past", a festival of LGBT History spearheaded by Dr Jeff Evans. The festival started in three venues in Manchester: the LGBT Foundation, The Central Library and the Peoples History Museum. Comprising several presentations of diverse history presented by a mixture of academics, LGBT enthusiasts and activists. Sitting alongside the popular presentations was an academic conference with the inaugural Allan Horsfall Lecture given by Professor Charles Upchurch of Florida University. This is now a yearly event funded by the Campaign for Homosexual Equality. Stephen M Hornby was appointed as the first National Playwright in Residence to LGBT History Month. The first production created as a result of this was a three part heritage premiere co-written with Ric Brady and performed across the weekend called "A Very Victorian Scandal" which dramatised new research about a drag ball in 1880 in Hulme.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In 2016 the festival expanded to six hubs around England and the conference had its own slot. The Alan Horsfall lecture was given by Professor Susan Stryker of the University of Arizona. The national heritage premieres were "Mister Stokes: The Man-Woman of Manchester" written by Abi Hynes, which told the story of Harry Stokes a Victorian trans pioneer and "Devils in Human Shape" by Tom Marshman, which dramatized Georgian sodomy trials in Bristol.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In 2017, there were 18 venues round the country and by now over a hundred presentations on LGBT history had been given. The Alan Horsfall lecture was given by Diana Souhami. The national heritage premieres were "The Burnley Buggers' Ball" by Stephen M Hornby, which told the story of the first public meeting to establish an LGBT Center in the UK in 1971 at Burnley Library, and "Burnley's Lesbian Liberator" by Abi Hynes, which told the story of one of the first demonstrations in support of a woman sacked for wearing a Lesbian Liberation badge by the Burnley & Pendle Bus Company in 1978.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In 2018, there were 11 venues which included Wales and Northern Ireland. The lecture was given by Tom Robinson.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In 2019 there were 18 venues including the first international events in the Republic of Ireland, Sweden, Norway and New York. The lecture was given by Dr Jeffrey Weeks in Belfast. The national heritage premiere was "The Adhesion of Love" by Stephen M Hornby, which toured to a number of venues in the North West of England. It told the story of a visit by a member of the Eagle Street College to Walt Whitman in 1891. The festival also premiered another play, "A Queer Céilí at the Marty Forsythe", commissioned by Dr Jeff Evans and based on events in Ulster's LGBT+ history that he witnessed first hand. It was performed in the very social club described in the script. The play earned actor Christopher Grant a nomination as best supporting actor at the Irish Times Irish Theatre Awards 2020


title: LGBT History Month

text: From 2016, Schools OUT UK has partnered with several contract publishers to produce magazines as an Official Guide to LGBT History Month, putting 35,000 copies of their publication into every secondary school in the UK, plus community spaces, charities and businesses. The magazine had introductions from the leaders of all the main political parties and the Mayor of London. The magazine's Diversity Dashboard runs job adverts and events listings from LGBT-friendly employers and the community.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In 2005 and 2006, LGBT History Month was celebrated in Scotland as an LGBT community event, receiving support from LGBT community history projects such as Our Story Scotland and Remember When.


title: LGBT History Month

text: For 2007 and 2008, the Scottish Government provided funding for a post at LGBT Youth Scotland to bring LGBT History Month into the wider community, including schools and youth groups.


title: LGBT History Month

text: LGBTQ+ History Month originated in the United States as Lesbian and Gay History Month, and was first celebrated in October 1994. It was founded by Missouri high-school history teacher Rodney Wilson. Wilson, the first openly gay public school teacher in Missouri, originated the idea, served as founder on the first coordinating committee, and chose October as the month of celebration. Among early supporters and members of the first coordinating committee were Kevin Jennings of the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN); Kevin Boyer of the Gerber/Hart Gay and Lesbian Library and Archives in Chicago; Paul Varnell, writer for the "Windy City Times"; Torey Wilson, Chicago area teacher; Johnda Boyce, women's studies graduate student at The Ohio State University and Jessea Greenman of University of California, Berkeley. Many gay and lesbian organizations supported the concept early on as did Governors William Weld of Massachusetts and Lowell Weicker of Connecticut, Mayors such as Thomas Menino of Boston and Wellington Webb of Denver, who recognized the inaugural month with official proclamations. In 1995, the National Education Association indicated support of LGBT History Month as well as other history months by resolution at its General Assembly.


title: LGBT History Month

text: October was chosen by Wilson as the month for the celebration because the first and second LGBT Marches on Washington, in 1979 and 1987, were in October; National Coming Out Day is on 11 October, chosen to mark the date of the Second March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights in 1987, and October is within the academic calendar year. LGBT History Month is intended to encourage honesty and openness about being LGBT.


title: LGBT History Month

text: While it was first known as Lesbian and Gay History Month, the coordinating committee soon added "bisexual" to the title. It has subsequently become known as LGBTQ+ History Month. The event has received criticism from conservative groups, such as the Concerned Women for America and others who believe it to be a form of "indoctrination".


title: LGBT History Month

text: In 2006, Equality Forum began picking 31 LGBTQ icons from all over the world through all eras of history and highlighting one each day in October. In 2011, Equality Forum introduced an internal search engine for all Icons from inception in 2006 to present. such as African-American, athlete, California, Germany, HIV/AIDS, Military, Religion, Transgender, Youth; visitors to the site will be provided with links to all Icons in that category.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In 2012, for the first time, two American school districts celebrated LGBT History Month. The Broward County school district in Florida signed a resolution in September in support of LGBT Americans, and later that year the Los Angeles school district, America's second-largest, also signed on.


title: LGBT History Month

text: The LGBTQ+ Cuba History Month had its first celebration in May 2022, to celebrate the history of the LGBTQ+ Cuban community throughout the month of May. The event showcases the work of the National Center for Sex Education (CENESEX) and seeks to strengthen education and debate on the Family Code and promote the visibility of LGBT rights in Cuba. Historian Raúl Pérez Monzón told Inter Press Service "we want to rescue the history of people with non-heteronormative sexualities and create spaces to promote research". Juan Carlos Gutierrez Perez of the University Marta Abreu of Las Villas, a festival co-organizer, said a “great wave of conservative religious fundamentalism has been developing in Cuba”.


title: LGBT History Month

text: In Berlin, it is known as Queer History Month instead of LGBT History Month. Every year it takes place in May. It is to educate and help people deal with sexuality, sexual diversity, and anti-discrimination in small projects.


title: LGBT History Month

text: During Queer History Month (QHM), people are able to find detailed lessons on queer history suitable for both school and non-school education. Also, educational institutions provide education to schools and youth institutions directly.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: The 2002–03 UEFA Cup was the 32nd edition of the UEFA Cup, the second-tier European club football tournament organised by UEFA. The final was played between Portuguese side Porto and Scottish side Celtic at the Estadio Olímpico de Sevilla, Seville, on 21 May 2003. Porto won 3–2 after silver goal extra time and became the first Portuguese team to win the competition.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: Feyenoord could not defend their title as they automatically qualified for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League and were also eliminated from all European competitions after finishing bottom of their group.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: A total of 145 teams from 51 UEFA member associations participated in the 2002–03 UEFA Cup. The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: The winners of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup were given an additional entry as title holders if they did not qualify for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League or UEFA Cup through their domestic performance. However, this additional entry was not necessary for this season since the title holders (Feyenoord) qualified for European competitions through their domestic performance.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: For the 2002–03 UEFA Cup, the associations were allocated places according to their 2001 UEFA country coefficients, which took into account their performance in European competitions from 1996–97 to 2000–01.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations had additional teams participating in the UEFA Cup, as noted below:


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: Since the title holders (Feyenoord) qualified for the Champions League through their domestic performance, the first round spot reserved for the title holders was vacated, and the following changes to the default allocation system were made:


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: A UEFA Cup place is vacated when a team qualifies for both the Champions League and the UEFA Cup, or qualifies for the UEFA Cup by more than one method. When a place is vacated, it is redistributed within the national association by the following rules:


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: The schedule of the competition was as follows (all draws held at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise).


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: In the qualifying round, teams were divided into seeded and unseeded teams based on their 2002 UEFA club coefficients, and then drawn into two-legged home-and-away ties. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: The draw was held on 21 June 2002 in Geneva, Switzerland. The first leg was played on 13 and 15 August, and the second leg was played on 29 August 2002.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: As in the previous round, teams were divided into seeded and unseeded teams, based on their UEFA club coefficients, and drawn into two-legged home-and-away ties. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: The draw was held on 30 August 2002 in Monaco. The first leg was played on 17 and 19 September, and the second leg was played on 1 and 3 October 2002.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: This match was played in front of an empty stadium as punishment to Partizan for earlier crowd trouble.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: As in the previous rounds, teams were divided into seeded and unseeded teams, based on their UEFA club coefficients, and drawn into two-legged home-and-away ties. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: The draw was held on 8 October 2002 in Nyon, Switzerland. The first leg was played on 29 and 31 October, and the second leg was played on 7, 12 and 14 November 2002.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: In the final phase, teams played against each other over two legs on a home-and-away basis, except for the one-match final. The mechanism of the draws for each round was as follows:


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: The draw was held on 15 November 2002 in Geneva, Switzerland. The first leg was played on 26 and 28 November, and the second leg was played on 10 and 12 December 2002.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: The draw for the fourth round and quarter-finals was held on 13 December 2002. The first leg was played on 20 February, and the second leg was played on 27 February 2003.


title: 2002–03 UEFA Cup

text: The draw for the semi-finals and final (to determine the "home" team for administrative purposes) was held on 21 March 2003. The first leg was played on 10 April, and the second leg was played on 24 April 2003.


title: Case IH

text: Case IH is an American agricultural machinery manufacturer. It was created in 1985 when Tenneco bought selected assets of the agricultural division from International Harvester and merged it into its J.I. Case Company (IH then became Navistar).Today Case IH is owned by CNH Industrial, an American-Italian corporation.


title: Case IH

text: Case IH offers agricultural equipment, financial services, as well as parts and service support for farmers and commercial operators through a network of dealers and distributors.


title: Case IH

text: Productivity enhancing products include tractors; combines and harvesters; hay and forage equipment; tillage tools; planting and seeding systems; sprayers and applicators; and site-specific farming tools. Case IH has won many AE50 awards from the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, ASABE, for their products.


title: Case IH

text: Some of Case IH's most famous equipment models include Axial-Flow combines, Magnum tractors, Steiger and Farmall.


title: Case IH

text: Case IH history began when, in 1842, Jerome Case founded Racine Threshing Machine Works on the strength of his innovative thresher. In 1869 Case expanded into the steam engine business and, by 1886, Case was the world's largest manufacturer of steam engines. The company's founder died in 1891 at the age of 72.


title: Case IH

text: In 1984, Tenneco Case took control of International Harvester's agricultural division. They changed their brand name to Case International at first, and then abbreviated that to Case IH. International Harvester had been in economic turmoil since 1980, but was still one of the largest tractor manufacturers in the world. Merging the two lines brought together the best of both traditions, offering a full line of agricultural equipment, and probably saved both companies from becoming a victim of the 1980s farming recession.


title: Case IH

text: In 1986, Case IH purchased Steiger Tractor and began producing their 4-wheel drive tractors under the Case IH name.


title: Case IH

text: In 1987, Case IH released the Case IH Magnum series, creating the first tractor to be built by Case and International Harvester together.


title: Case IH

text: In 1995, Case IH becomes the first agricultural manufacturer to release Advanced Farming Systems with global positioning system technology.


title: Case IH

text: In 1997, Case IH took over Fortschritt. Fortschritt was an East German brand of tractors, combine harvesters and other agricultural machines made by VEB Fortschritt (part of the IFA) in Neustadt, Saxony.


title: Case IH

text: In 1999, Case IH merged with New Holland Ag to form a new parent company, CNH Global. The majority owner of CNH Global is Fiat Industrial.


title: Case IH

text: In 2005, a STX500 Steiger Quadtrac tractor broke the World Plowing Record, turning of farmland in just 24 hours.


title: Case IH

text: In 2006, the Case IH logo was displayed on a pair of Ferraris as part of the Ferrari Panamerican 20,000—a journey that took new Ferraris through 16 countries and across 20,000 miles (32,000 km) during a 15-stage, 84-day tour. The International Harvester "IH" logo in Case IH represents the head-on view of a farmer driving a tractor. The "I" symbolizes the driver of a tractor and is known as the red driver "I".


title: Case IH

text: At present, CNH Global continues to manufacture the tractors branded Case IH. All Case IH equipment can use (B5) biodiesel from approved suppliers and nearly half of the models sold globally are approved, following proper protocols, for 100 percent biodiesel (B100).


title: DIIV

text: DIIV is an American rock band from Brooklyn, New York City, formed in 2011. The band consists of Zachary Cole Smith (vocals, guitar), Andrew Bailey (guitar), Colin Caulfield (bass, keyboards, guitar, vocals) and Ben Newman (drums).


title: DIIV

text: Initially called Dive, the band started as Smith's solo recording project. After releasing three singles—"Sometime", "Human" and "Geist"—on Captured Tracks, DIIV released its debut studio album, "Oshin", on June 26, 2012.


title: DIIV

text: In 2016, the band released its second studio album, "Is the Is Are", after a lengthy and troubled gestation period. On October 4, 2019, DIIV's third album, "Deceiver," was released on Captured Tracks.


title: DIIV

text: After a few years playing guitar with the psych-rock band Soft Black and playing drums for Beach Fossils, Zachary Cole Smith formed DIIV in 2011 as a forum for his own songs. He enlisted childhood friend Andrew Bailey (like Smith, from Connecticut) on guitar, bassist Devin Ruben Perez (from New York City), and ex-Smith Westerns drummer Colby Hewitt (from California) as his live band. Smith, who originally named the project "Dive" after the Nirvana song of the same name,


title: DIIV

text: explained to "Pitchfork" that "everybody in the band is a water sign, that's kind of why the name Dive really spoke to us all."


title: DIIV

text: Smith would eventually change the spelling of the band's name after learning of the early 1990s Belgian industrial act by that name.


title: DIIV

text: Captured Tracks signed the band and released two singles, "Sometime" and "Human", which were recorded solely by Smith and had acted as demos.


title: DIIV

text: In May 2012, the band changed their name to DIIV, according to Smith, "out of respect for Dirk Ivens and the original Dive," a 1990s Belgian industrial group.


title: DIIV

text: "We’ve not been contacted by Dirk Ivens or his lawyers," Smith said in a press release, "but the short of it is that I don’t really give a fuck what the band is called." He continued, "I originated this project in a bedroom with no internet and didn’t know if it would ever leave the bedroom. 'DIVE', the word, was an element of what inspired the project in its genesis, but we’ve outgrown the name and its associations. The band is the same, the music is the same, the future will always be the same. A name is nothing."


title: DIIV

text: It was preceded by the single "Geist" in April 2012 and the music video for "How Long Have You Known" in May 2012.


title: DIIV

text: The songs on "Oshin" were influenced by krautrock, "C86" bands, Nirvana and world music. "People didn’t seem to pick up on the influence of these Malian guitar players, especially Baba Salah whose record I got at the library," Smith said. "He's a huge star in Mali, but he has this one record called "Borey" and it was huge for me and influenced the way I experimented with melody."


title: DIIV

text: DIIV supported English band The Vaccines on their UK tour during November 2012. DIIV also supported the Canadian duo Japandroids on their East Coast US tour in November–December 2012.


title: DIIV

text: On lists of the top 50 albums of 2012, "Oshin" was listed 22nd by "Stereogum" and 40th by "Pitchfork".


title: DIIV

text: In July 2013, multi-instrumentalist Colin Caulfield joined the band. Caulfield played keyboard and guitar for live shows until late 2017, when he replaced Devin Ruben Perez on bass guitar.


title: DIIV

text: While touring in support of "Oshin", DIIV played several unreleased songs live, including "Dust", "Loose Ends", and "Under the Sun". As of July 2014, Smith had written over 150 new songs since the release of "Oshin".


title: DIIV

text: On March 9, 2015, DIIV began recording their second album, "Is the Is Are", at Strange Weather Recording Studio in Brooklyn.


title: DIIV

text: Drummer Colby Hewitt left the band in spring 2015 due to his rumored drug addiction. Ben Newman, (from North Carolina, formerly of Banda Suki) who played on several "Oshin" tracks including "Doused" (credited as Ben Wolf) was added as the group's drummer in April 2015, and played on the bulk of "Is the Is Are".


title: DIIV

text: On September 16, 2015, DIIV released the first single from "Is the Is Are", "Dopamine". They shared a second song from the album, "Bent (Roi's Song)", on November 4, 2015, followed by "Mire (Grant's Song)" on November 25. "Under the Sun" was released as a single on December 13.


title: DIIV

text: "Is the Is Are" was released on February 5, 2016. The album debuted at number 81 on the US "Billboard" 200. The release was followed by a February tour in Australia as part of St Jerome's Laneway Festival. However, just two days prior to the release, on February 3, Smith announced he was checking in for "long-haul" inpatient treatment. On March 26, 2016, the Liverpool venue Arts Club, which DIIV was scheduled to perform at on March 27, announced that the remainder of DIIV's European tour was canceled "due to an urgent health issue", which was later confirmed by DIIV's representatives.


title: DIIV

text: In an interview with "NME" in October 2019, bassist Colin Caulfield commented on this period in the band's career, "It definitely felt like an end point... I had tried really hard to be as supportive as possible for a long time. It was a hands up moment, it was the type of realization Cole had to come to himself. And he did, which is great."


title: DIIV

text: This period also saw the band take part in very occasional interviews with the media, with the band remaining relatively out of the public eye more than ever. Throughout 2016-2018 DIIV released a vast selection of cover songs, with the group performing songs by Elliott Smith, Cat Power, Sparklehorse and (Sandy) Alex G and My Bloody Valentine. Later in 2017, DIIV also parted ways with bassist Devin Ruben Perez after earlier controversy arose from the revelation that Perez had posted anti-Semitic, racist, homophobic, and sexist comments on 4chan. Perez himself maintains that he left the band over artistic differences and industry fatigue.


title: DIIV

text: In the aftermath of Cole’s personal struggles, he "finally accepted what it means to go through treatment and committed," emerging with a renewed focus and perspective. Getting back together with the band in Los Angeles would result in a series of firsts. This would be the first time DIIV wrote and recorded a record as a band with bassist Colin Caulfield bringing in demos, writing alongside Cole, and the entire band contributing to the songwriting process of every song. In an interview, Colin explained the writing process, "Cole and I approached writing vocal melodies the same way the band approached the instrumentals," says Colin. "We threw ideas at the wall for months on end, slowly making sense of everything. It was a constant conversation about the parts we liked best versus which of them served the album best."


title: DIIV

text: DIIV, now a four piece without Devin Ruben Perez, premiered new songs while touring with Deafheaven in the fall of 2018.


title: DIIV

text: Produced primarily by the band themselves along with producer Sonny Diperri (My Bloody Valentine, Nine Inch Nails), the album was recorded in Los Angeles in March 2019.


title: DIIV

text: On April 26, 2019, DIIV announced that their upcoming third album would be released this year via their Instagram account. On the same day, "Pitchfork" reported their announcement on the new album, and confirmed through a representative of DIIV, that Devin Ruben Perez had been dismissed from the band at the end of 2017.


title: DIIV

text: On July 24, 2019, DIIV released their first single in over three years, "Skin Game" and announced that their new album, "Deceiver", will be released on October 4, 2019. On August 22, 2019, DIIV released their second single from "Deceiver", titled, "Taker". On September 18, 2019, DIIV released their third single from "Deceiver", entitled, "Blankenship".


title: DIIV

text: Upon release, "Deceiver" reached number 177 on the US Billboard 200 and received critical acclaim as a drastic departure from DIIV's earlier work. Many critics commented on its darker and heavier sound and lyrical themes. In his review for "Q", Dave Everley praised the album, calling it "a success as both an artistic statement and a mea culpa." In a positive review, Jordan Bassett of "NME" wrote, "Where its predecessor was airy and spaced-out, "Deceiver" packs some seriously heavy riffs, sliding between monster rockers and moon-eyed grunge ballads that wouldn't sound too out of place on an early Smashing Pumpkins record."


title: Dharma Durai (2016 film)

text: Dharma Durai is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language slice-of-life drama film directed by Seenu Ramasamy. The film stars Vijay Sethupathi with Tamannaah, Aishwarya Rajesh, Srushti Dange, Raadhika Sarathkumar, Ganja Karuppu and Rajesh in supporting roles. Produced by R. K. Suresh and featuring music by Yuvan Shankar Raja, the film began production in December 2015 and was released on 19 August 2016. Amongst other accolades, the film won a prize for Vairamuthu for Best Lyrics at the 64th National Film Awards.


title: Dharma Durai (2016 film)

text: Dharmadurai (Vijay Sethupathi) is the village drunkard. His antics are a constant source of embarrassment for his brothers and brother-in-law, who run a chit-fund business. The brothers lock him up partially dressed in an empty outhouse most of the time and thrash him whenever he tries to stand up to them. The only people who sympathise with Dharmadurai are his mother Pandiyamma (Raadhika) and his close friend Gopalaswamy (Ganja Karuppu). One day, fed up of his antics, the brothers plot to kill him, however, Pandiyamma overhears her sons and helps Dharmadurai to escape from the outhouse in the middle of the night, advising him to leave the house for good and lead a good life far away from his brothers. With this in mind, Dharmadurai takes his old clothes and bag and leaves for Madurai. However, unknown to him, the bag contains the chit-fund money. When Dharmadurai's brothers find out that he and the money are missing the following morning, they begin a search for him, but give up eventually.


title: Dharma Durai (2016 film)

text: It is then revealed that Dharmadurai is a general doctor and was the first graduate from his village, having pursued his MBBS from Madurai Medical College. During his college days, he was part of a group of friends that included Subhashini (Tamannaah) and Stella (Srushti Dange). Both of them were in love with Dharmadurai, and while Stella openly revealed her feelings for him, Subhashini kept her feelings to herself. He was influenced by one of his lecturers Dr. Kamaraj (Rajesh), who believed in serving the poor and helpless in the villages instead of running after money and foreign employment. Inspired by Dr. Kamaraj's ideas, the three friends decided to stay back in India after graduation, but they soon lost contact with each other. Badly requiring Stella's and Subhashini's support and guidance for his current troubles, Dharmadurai manages to get their current addresses from his old college. First, he goes to Stella's house, only to find out that she is no more, having lost her life in a car accident. Then, he goes to the hospital where Subhashini is working. Subhashini, who is now married to a Hyderabad-based doctor, is alarmed at the change in Dharmadurai. Dharmadurai tells her why he had become an alcoholic.


title: Dharma Durai (2016 film)

text: Following his graduation, Dharmadurai had returned to his village and had set up a clinic there. One day, he encountered Anbuselvi (Aishwarya Rajesh), a farm labourer who had brought some sick elderly village women to his clinic. He was immediately attracted to Anbuselvi and soon asked permission from her father Paraman (M. S. Bhaskar) to marry her, who agreed. Anbuselvi also agreed to marry Dharmadurai and their marriage was fixed. But Dharmadurai's brothers demanded 50-sovereigns gold ornaments and 5,00,000 as dowry from Paraman, who refused to accept their demand and called off the marriage. Heartbroken, Anbuselvi committed suicide. An enraged Dharmadurai, realising that his brothers were the cause of the end of his marriage and Anbuselvi's death, thrashed them mercilessly and was about to kill them, only to be stopped by Pandiyamma. Betrayed and heartbroken, Dharmadurai shut down his clinic and took to alcoholism.


title: Dharma Durai (2016 film)

text: Subhashini, after hearing Dharmadurai's story, takes him to her apartment and nurses him back to sobriety. Following Dharmadurai's recovery, Subhashini reveals to him that she has decided to divorce her husband as he had killed her unborn child, by mixing abortion pills, in the milk she consumed without her knowledge, when she was pregnant, since she had refused to abort the baby and move abroad with him to France as he had desired. She also adds that she is in love with him since their college days. Dharmadurai reciprocates Subhashini's feelings for him and the two enter a live-in relationship, after she divorces her husband. He also resumes his practice in that very town and soon becomes famous for his work towards the poor, helpless and downtrodden. One day, Dr. Kamaraj, who is blind now, upon hearing about Dharmadurai's work, visits him. On the advice of Dr. Kamaraj, he and Subhashini decide to get married. Subashini gets pregnant with Dharmadurai's child. Subhashini also advises him to return to his village, give back the money in bag to his brothers and also to tell them and mother Pandiyamma that he is going to get married. Dharmadurai agrees and visit back his village.


title: Dharma Durai (2016 film)

text: At his village, Dharmadurai learns that his family had to vacate their house as they were forced to sell it to compensate the villagers, who had found out that their money had been stolen. When he goes to the place where his mother and brothers are now living (a hut in the middle of a field), one of his brothers knocks him out with a spanner, enraged that he had brought them to poverty by stealing the chit fund money. But when he realizes that he had brought back the money, he repents his action. Pandiyamma rushes Dharmadurai to hospital, where he is treated by his batch mate, whom he had attacked in the college. While recuperating at the hospital, he gets a call from Subhashini, asking him to return as soon as possible, and that both Subhashini and the unborn baby are waiting for him.


title: Dharma Durai (2016 film)

text: In November 2015, Seenu Ramasamy revealed he would direct Vijay Sethupathi in a film to be produced by R. K. Suresh of Studio 9 Productions. Soon after the announcement of the project, Anand Kumaresan, who had begun work on a film titled "Vasantha Kumaran" with the actor and producer in 2012, made an outburst demanding answers over the postponement of his project. The film had earlier been halted after a fallout between Suresh and Vijay Sethupathi. The makers of "Dharma Durai" announced that they were in talks with Lakshmi Menon, Aishwarya Rajesh and Gayathrie to play three of the film's four leading female roles.


title: Dharma Durai (2016 film)

text: The film began production in mid-December 2015, with actresses Tamannaah, Sshivada, Aishwarya Rajesh and Srushti Dange announced as a part of the cast. Raadhika would play Sethupathi's mother.


title: Dharma Durai (2016 film)

text: The music for Dharma Durai (2016) is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The Tamil album was released at an event held at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai on 2 August 2016.


title: Isoprenaline

text: Isoprenaline, or isoproterenol (brand name: Isoprenaline Macure), is a medication used for the treatment of bradycardia (slow heart rate), heart block, and rarely for asthma. It is a non-selective β adrenoceptor agonist that is the isopropylamine analog of epinephrine (adrenaline).


title: Isoprenaline

text: It is used to treat heart block and episodes of Adams–Stokes syndrome that are not caused by ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, in emergencies for cardiac arrest until electric shock can be administered, for bronchospasm occurring during anesthesia, and as an adjunct in the treatment of hypovolemic shock, septic shock, low cardiac output (hypoperfusion) states, congestive heart failure, and cardiogenic shock.


title: Isoprenaline

text: Historically, it was used to treat asthma via metered aerosol or nebulizing devices; it was also available in sublingual, oral, intravenous, and intramuscular formulations. The U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel recommends against its use as a nebulizer for acute bronchoconstriction.


title: Isoprenaline

text: Isoprenaline can also ameliorate the impairment of intestinal stem cells mediated by β-adrenoreceptors after chemotherapy.


title: Isoprenaline

text: It should not be used in people with tachyarrhythmias (except in special circumstances), tachycardia or heart block caused by digitalis poisoning, ventricular arrhythmias which require inotropic therapy, or with angina.


title: Isoprenaline

text: Adverse effects of isoprenaline include nervousness, headache, dizziness, nausea, visual blurring, tachycardia, palpitations, angina, Adams-Stokes attacks, pulmonary edema, hypertension, hypotension, ventricular arrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, difficulty breathing, sweating, mild tremors, weakness, flushing, and pallor. Isoproterenol has been reported to cause insulin resistance leading to diabetic ketoacidosis.


title: Isoprenaline

text: The adverse effects of isoprenaline are also related to the drug's cardiovascular effects. Isoprenaline can produce tachycardia (an elevated heart rate), which predisposes people who take it to cardiac arrhythmias.


title: Isoprenaline

text: Isoprenaline is a β and β adrenoreceptor agonist and has almost no activity on alpha adrenergic receptors. Its agonist effects at TAAR1 provide it with pharmacodynamic effects that resemble those of the endogenous trace amines, like tyramine.


title: Isoprenaline

text: Isoprenaline's effects on the cardiovascular system (non-selective) relate to its actions on cardiac β receptors and β receptors on smooth muscle within the tunica media of arterioles. Isoprenaline has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart. β adrenoceptor stimulation in arteriolar smooth muscle induces vasodilation. Its inotropic and chronotropic effects elevate systolic blood pressure, while its vasodilatory effects tend to lower diastolic blood pressure. The overall effect is to decrease mean arterial pressure due to the β receptors' vasodilation.


title: Isoprenaline

text: The isopropylamine group in isoprenaline makes it selective for β receptors. The free catechol hydroxyl groups keep it susceptible to enzymatic metabolism.


title: Isoprenaline

text: Between 1963 and 1968 in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand there was an increase in deaths among people using isoprenaline to treat asthma. This was attributed to overdose: the inhalers produced in that area were dispensing five times the dosage dispensed by inhalers produced in the US and Canada, where the deaths were not observed.


title: Isoprenaline

text: As of June 2017, isoprenaline was marketed under many brand names worldwide and as two different salts: Aleudrina, Asthpul, Iludrin, Isomenyl, Isoprenalin, Isoprenalina, Isoprenalina, Isoprenalina, Isoprenaline, Isoprenaline Macure, Isoprénaline, Isoprénaline, Isoprenaline hydrochloride, Isoprenaline sulfate, Isoprenalinesulfaat, Isoprenalinsulfat, Isoprenalinum, Isopropydine, Isopropylnoradrenaline, Isoproterenol, Isoproterenol, Isoproterenol, Isoproterenol hydrochloride, Isoproterenol sulfate, Isuprel, Isuprel, Neo-Epinine, Neodrenal, Proternol, Saventrine, and Win 5162. It is also marketed as a combination drug with cromoglicic acid as Frenal Compositum, in combination with pronase as Isopal P, and in combination with atropine as Stmerin D.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: Forever is the third studio album by English girl group the Spice Girls, released on 1 November 2000 by Virgin Records. It is their only album without Geri Halliwell, who later rejoined the group for their "Greatest Hits" album in 2007. Despite failing to match the commercial success of the group's two previous albums, "Forever" peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Worldwide the album has sold over two million copies, a fraction of what Spice and Spiceworld sold. The lead and only single, the double A-side "Holler" and "Let Love Lead the Way", went on to debut at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the group's ninth number one single. Their 1998 Christmas single "Goodbye", released almost two years earlier, was also included on the album as the closer.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: During the Spiceworld Tour in early 1998, the group took on an initial project to write and record songs for a possible third album and a live album. The original concept for this album was to showcase solo songs, duets, and cover songs featuring all five members, in order to promote the idea that the Spice Girls were all individuals, yet could come together as one. The girls went to Dublin's Windmill Lane Studios with longtime collaborators Richard Stannard and Matt Rowe to work on a new album and create master recordings for a live album. With the sudden departure of Geri Halliwell, the project took a major turn, with many of the already produced songs scrapped and the live album cancelled.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: The Spice Girls recorded their Christmas single, "Goodbye", in July 1998, during the North American leg of their Spiceworld Tour. Once again, the girls teamed up with Stannard and Rowe. They also recorded "My Strongest Suit" for the concept album for the musical "Aida". In the two years between the release of "Goodbye" in December 1998 and the release of "Forever" in November 2000, the group, along with the pop-music landscape in general, changed dramatically. Hoping to cultivate a more mature image, the group teamed up with a team of American producers to give "Forever" a more R&B sound. However, initial recording sessions maintained the pop sound of their previous works.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: The album's title was revealed through a poll on the group's official website, in which fans voted for what they thought the title would be. "Forever" was picked by 30% of users, whilst 45% went for "Third Time Around" and 25% voted for "Spice 2000". The album leaked on Napster a week prior to its release.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: Recording for the album initially began in mid-1999, and the first tracks recorded for the album were recorded at Abbey Road Studios with Stannard and Rowe. The group continued working on tracks through August and September, working on tracks with Eliot Kennedy at Steelworks Studios and tracks with Rodney Jerkins and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis at Whitfield Street Studios respectively. Following these sessions, work on the album was put on a pause. Melanie Chisholm began promoting her first solo album "Northern Star," released in October, and the group began preparations for the Christmas in Spiceworld tour, in which they premiered the tracks "Right Back At Ya", "W.O.M.A.N." and "Holler". Following the tour, Chisholm continued to promote "Northern Star", and the other members worked on preparing their own solo material. Recording for the album did not resume until April 2000, when further tracks were recorded with Jerkins, followed by the final recording session on 17 July 2000.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: Sessions with Stannard and Rowe were eventually scrapped from the album, and Kennedy's only surviving contribution to the album was "Right Back at Ya", included on the album in a re-recorded, remixed, R&B form that Kennedy described as a "plodding, boring, bottom drawer R&B song". In an interview with biographer David Sinclair, Stannard relayed his disappointment in the omission of "W.O.M.A.N.": "I thought that song was really interesting lyrically, because it was making the progression from girls to women, which was something Matt and I thought it was time for them to do. They needed something to suggest that they were still the same group of friends, but they were gaining more maturity." Bunton explained that the song was not included because "the sound [had] moved on" in the time since it was recorded.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: "Goodbye", released as the group's first single without Geri Halliwell on 8 December 1998 in the United States and on 14 December 1998 in the United Kingdom, was included on the album as the eleventh track. "Goodbye" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the Christmas number one single of 1998, and number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: "Holler" and "Let Love Lead the Way" were chosen to serve as the official lead single from "Forever". Released as a double A-side single, it debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart and became the Spice Girls' ninth number-one single in the United Kingdom. It also peaked in the top 10 in nine other countries.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: "Tell Me Why", "Weekend Love", and "If You Wanna Have Some Fun" were released as promotional singles in November 2000. "Tell Me Why" had several commissioned remixes, only one of which was commercially released as a bonus track seven years later on the deluxe edition of "Greatest Hits". An official promotional montage video was released for "If You Wanna Have Some Fun" in November 2000.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: The Spice Girls performed "Holler" and "Let Love Lead the Way" at the 2000 MTV Europe Music Awards, "Top of the Pops", the "National Lottery" show and "", as well as appearing for interviews on "Live & Kicking" and "TFI Friday".


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: During the album's promotion, the group divided to cover more ground. Melanie Brown promoted "Forever" and her solo album "Hot" in the UK and Japan, while Melanie Chisholm was in the middle of her European tour. Emma Bunton and Victoria Beckham promoted "Forever" in the United States by appearing on "Showbiz Today", "The Daily Show", "Entertainment Tonight", and attending the VH1 Vogue Fashion Awards. Archived footage of Bunton and Beckham's appearance at the VH1 Vogue Fashion Awards was used in the film "Zoolander".


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: Melanie Brown hinted at a possible tour to promote "Forever" in October 2000. She said, "We're going to tour next year and everything will be hunky dory." She also stated that tour would be global including dates in America as well. The tour was cancelled due to their solo projects.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: The Spice Girls did not heavily promote "Forever" as much as their previous albums, and the promotional campaign was ceased in December 2000 as the group went on an indefinite hiatus. The following month, Emma Bunton officially stated that "the record seems to have come to a natural end. I want to concentrate on solo projects and there is no time to release a single now. All our individual projects are scheduled and we wouldn't have time for any promotion."


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: "Forever" received mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 45, based on nine reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that on "Forever", the Spice Girls "make all the right moves, hiring superstar producer Rodney Jerkins to helm most of the tracks and attempting to seem mature, but this all results in a record that is curiously self-conscious and flat", concluding, ""Forever" plays like the Girls realized that it's their final album, and they put in just enough effort to make it palatable, but not enough to make it appetizing." Michael Paoletta of "Billboard" gave the album a positive review, stating it "oozes with timely funk beats and the kind of well-crafted songs that No. 1 hits are made of." Andrew Lynch from entertainment.ie opined, "The production is as slick as ever, but a huge part of that old Girl Power enthusiasm seems to have drained and fallen away—and with it most of the fun that used to redeem their fundamental tackiness. A sorry, full-hearted footnote to a truly remarkable pop phenomenon."


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: In a mixed review, James Hunter of "Rolling Stone" expressed that ""Forever" will probably provoke a reaction somewhere in the middle—with one exception, it's just OK." David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" commented, "Every genre cliché, from homogenized harmonies to delicately plucked stringed instruments to male rapper interjections, is securely in place. The music is so tasteful, restrained, and assembly line proficient that it makes early singles like 'Say You'll Be There' sound like the rawest punk rock." The Sonic Net review stated, "Yes, this is their 'mature' album, the one where the once effervescent combo that could be counted on for enough hooky innuendoes to excite pre-teen girls and dirty young men alike aspire toward some sort of longer-lasting pop relevance. Which translates here into ballads and a huge dose of R&B-lite. It all sounds very professional, though only a hardcore fan can deny that the bloom is definitely off the rose."


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Forever" was released the same week as Westlife's "Coast to Coast" album and the chart battle was widely reported by the media, where Westlife won the battle reaching number one on the UK Albums Chart, leaving the Spice Girls at number two selling 71,000 copies in its first week. "Forever" spent a total of 10 weeks on the chart. It was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 17 November 2000, denoting shipments in excess of 300,000 copies. In the United States the album achieved moderate success; it peaked at number 39 on the "Billboard" 200, lower than their previous album "Spiceworld" (1997), which peaked at number three, the album only lasted 7 weeks on the charts and by July 2006, it had sold 207,000 copies. "Forever" has sold two million copies worldwide.


title: Forever (Spice Girls album)

text: In Australia it peaked at number nine, and was certified Gold there. The album reached number 10 in Austria, and was also certified Gold there. In Canada it peaked at number six, and was certified double Platinum there making it the highest certification for "Forever". The album also peaked at number six in Germany, but was certified Gold there. In Ireland it reached a peak at number 15. The album reached number 25 on the charts in New Zealand, where it was certified Gold. In Switzerland it peaked at number 11, and was certified Platinum.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: Puli () is a 2010 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film written and directed by S. J. Suryah, starring Pawan Kalyan in the lead role, with Nikeesha Patel, Manoj Bajpayee, Saranya Ponvannan, Charan Raj, Nassar, and Ali in supporting roles. The film features a proper Telugu soundtrack by A. R. Rahman (after a long gap) and cinematography by Binod Pradhan. It was produced by Singanamala Ramesh Babu, on a 40 crore budget and was distributed by Geetha Arts. The film was released on 10 September.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: Originally titled "Komaram Puli", it was renamed as "Puli" on the second day of release, following objections by Komaram Sony Rao, grandson of the tribal legend Komaram Bheem, from whose name the title of the movie was taken. Its Nizam rights were sold to Geetha Arts for which is a record sum. The album was a chartbuster whereas the film was the biggest disaster in Pawan Kalyan’s career.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: A lady, while searching her missing honest police-officer husband, faces inhuman behavior from the local police.When she meets the goon, Saleem, she discovers that he killed her husband. When Saleem is about to kill the woman, she manages to escape and takes shelter in a local temple. It is revealed that she is pregnant with Puli (Pawan Kalyan). Saleem makes another attempt to kill her and assumes her to be dead after her fall from a short waterfall. Unbeknownst to him, she is alive and determines to make Puli a Police officer.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: When there is an attack on Prime Minister(P.M) of India by terrorists in Malaysia, Puli, now an I.P.S officer kills all of them in a fight, saving both the life of P.M and honor of the police. In the subsequent award ceremony, Puli demands and creates a special task force equipped with advanced technology consisting of honest and able police officers with separate uniform for an effective law of order in the city. He sets up 1 rupee police phone booth outside the police stations for anyone who do not get justice or experience complacency in police officers. He leads the special team himself with his trusted officers. In a parallel note, a woman falls for Puli and pretending to be S.I Madhimati , makes Puli fall for her as he is hell bound of marrying a woman police. He forgives and falls for her though he eventually finds she just pretended to be an S.I.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: Saleem now a feared gangster , working with another gangster Nikson, commits crimes at unprecedented level, including illegal arms business and black money. He either kills the police men who are not with him or lures them with money.There are thus police in the same lines: ACP Ravi Kumar (Nasser) fears him and the IG (Charan Raj) has joined hands with him. Thus many police officers fear him to file a case against him. Further, all his crimes are well managed leaving little or no trace.Puli convinces ACP Ravi Kumar to reopen an old case against Saleem, reprimanding him with what the police job meant.The duo taste ill luck due to lack of "evidence" against him. After a small incident involving his car parked in no parking zone, Puli frustrates Saleem and gets his vengeance, now directly confronting his patricide without actually knowing him.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: Puli is simultaneously frustrated that all his secrets are getting leaked and his team members get killed one after the other. During a shoot out, Puli finds Nikson as a mole in his team and kills him.Finally, Saleem and Puli face directly with the former capturing the latter's mother. At this point, Puli's mother lets the cat out of the bag about Saleem. An infuriated Puli fights and makes Saleem confess all his crimes, which is broadcast live via a pin hole camera. Thus Puli avenges his mother.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: "Puli" was director S. J. Suryah's dream project. Initially he planned to make the movie with Akshay Kumar in Hindi and later with Vijay in Tamil and he sent bound scripts to both superstars. But both the projects did not happen. The storyline was also discussed with Malayalam actor Suresh Gopi. Later, after the confirmation from Kalyan, it was finalised to make in Telugu with Pawan Kalyan . Hansika Motwani was originally signed to play the heroine but was replaced by Nikeesha Patel, who made her acting debut in this film. The film was sent to the censor board on 4 September and received an A certificate.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: The movie was shot in various parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, as well as in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangkok and Dubai. The filming was almost completed by May 2010, but the songs were shot from 18 May onwards only.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: Pawan kalyan's acting fee for this film was .Puli was made with a budget of from which is production costs.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: The movie was originally titled ""Komaram Puli"". "Komaram" was taken from the surname of the Gond martyr Komaram Bheem, who fought against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State. However, following the objections by Komaram Sony Rao, grandson of Komaram Bheem, and also by a section of Telangana Joint Action Committee activists who called for a boycott of the film, the movie was renamed with title ""Puli"" on the second day of its release. The soundtrack album is titled ""Komaram Puli"".


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: The film features a soundtrack consisting of 6 songs composed by A. R. Rahman and lyrics penned by Chandrabose. This is the third among Rahman's only three straight Telugu films that are not remakes or bilinguals. The highly anticipated soundtrack album was released on 11 July 2010. The release rights of the album was purchased by Sony Music for 20 million. The audio was launched by K Rosaiah, Rahman and his mother Kareema Begum in a function held at H.I.C.C Novotel, Hyderabad. The function was attended by K Rosaiah, S. J. Suryah, Allu Aravind, Pawan Kalyan, Nikeesha Patel, Shriya Saran, A. R. Rahman, Chandrabose, Anand Sai, Singanamala Ramesh, S. R. Murthy and many others. The soundtrack got overwhelming response and became a hot seller. The audio sales reached a total of 300,000 of CDs in the first three days, which is an all-time record in Telugu film history.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: The picturisation of the songs was also noted. Two songs were choreographed by Bollywood choreographer Ahmed Khan. The songs he choreographed were "Power Star" (Pawan Kalyan's introduction song) and "Dochey" (an item number featuring Shriya Saran). The songs were filmed in two schedules at Annapurna Studios beginning from 18 May. Of the six songs written for the film, four songs were directly included in the film while the remaining two served as background songs. Lyricist Chandrabose collaborated with Rahman for the second time through this film. He took almost three months to write the song "Amma Thale", while all it took to write the song "Maaralente" was 90 minutes. A. R. Rahman's original score also received critical praise. Rahman collaborated with artists from three European countries to re-record the background score.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: The film was released worldwide with 950 prints in 1,250 theatres, a record of sorts for a Telugu film. The film's release faced a minor roadblock in the form of its title.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: The makers of the film re-edited it due to very mixed to poor reviews and re-released the shortened version on 15 September 2010.


title: Puli (2010 film)

text: The film critic from NDTV warned the audience by saying, "watch the film at your own risk. It's a big-budget film with a solid casting. Just laugh at the poorly directed action scenes." The background score by A. R. Rahman and camerawork by Binod Pradhan were appreciated and many critics rated them as the highlight of the movie.


title: Uriah Shelton

text: Uriah Shelton (born March 10, 1997) is an American actor and singer. He is known for his television roles, such as playing Jeff Cargill on "The Glades", Josh on the web series "Blue", and Joshua Matthews on "Girl Meets World". Shelton was also the lead in the 2010 film "Lifted".


title: Uriah Shelton

text: Shelton was born in Dallas, Texas, and has also lived in Magnolia Springs, Alabama. He took a modeling class at the age of 7, which led to the start of his acting career in television commercials. Shelton is also involved in mixed martial arts.


title: Uriah Shelton

text: Shelton has starred in television shows, including: "Without a Trace", "The Ghost Whisperer", Mad TV, "Dirty Sexy Money", "The Suite Life on Deck", "Monk", "Trust Me", "Trauma", Hallmark's "The Nanny Express", and the independent feature "Alabama Moon".


title: Uriah Shelton

text: Shelton starred in the lead role of Henry Matthews in the movie "Lifted". Shelton wrote and sang the song "I Miss You," in the movie. He played the recurring role of Joshua Matthews on Disney Channel's "Girl Meets World", sequel series of the 1990s sitcom "Boy Meets World".


title: Uriah Shelton

text: Shelton also appeared in the A&E drama "The Glades" (2010-2013). He played Jeff Cargill, the son of a nurse played by Kiele Sanchez. In 2020, he portrayed the love interest of Kathryn Newton's lead character in the well-reviewed horror comedy film "Freaky".


title: Nella Larsen

text: Nellallitea "Nella" Larsen (born Nellie Walker; April 13, 1891 – March 30, 1964) was an American novelist. Working as a nurse and a librarian, she published two novels, "Quicksand" (1928) and "Passing" (1929), and a few short stories. Though her literary output was scant, she earned recognition by her contemporaries.


title: Nella Larsen

text: A revival of interest in her writing has occurred since the late 20th century, when issues of racial and sexual identity have been studied. Her works have been the subjects of numerous academic studies, and she is now widely lauded as "not only the premier novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, but also an important figure in American modernism."


title: Nella Larsen

text: Nella Larsen was born Nellie Walker, in a poor district of south Chicago known as the Levee, on April 13, 1891. Her mother was Pederline Marie Hansen, a Danish immigrant, born 1868 in Brahetrolleborg parish on the island of Fyn (Funen). Her mother, who went by Mary Larsen (sometimes misspelled Larson) in the U.S., worked as a seamstress and domestic worker in Chicago. She would die in 1951 in Santa Monica, Los Angeles County.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Her father was Peter Walker, believed to be a mixed-race Afro-Caribbean immigrant from the Danish West Indies. He was probably a descendant on his paternal side of Henry or George Walker, white men from Albany, New York who were known to have settled in the Danish West Indies in about 1840. In that Danish colonial society, racial lines were more fluid than in the former slave states of the United States. Walker may never have identified as "Negro." He soon disappeared from the lives of Nella and her mother; she said he had died when she was very young. At this time, Chicago was filled with immigrants, but the Great Migration of blacks from the South had not begun. Near the end of Walker's childhood, the black population of the city was 1.3% in 1890 and 2% in 1910.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Marie married again, to Peter Larsen aka Peter Larson (b. 1867), a fellow Danish immigrant. In 1892 the couple had a daughter Anna Elizabeth aka Lizzie (married name Gardner) together. Nellie took her stepfather's surname, sometimes using versions spelled Nellye Larson and Nellie Larsen, before settling finally on Nella Larsen. The mixed family moved west to a mostly white neighborhood of German and Scandinavian immigrants, but encountered discrimination because of Nella. When Nella was eight, they moved a few blocks back east.


title: Nella Larsen

text: as a member of a white immigrant family, she [Larsen] had no entrée into the world of the blues or of the black church. If she could never be white like her mother and sister, neither could she ever be black in quite the same way that Langston Hughes and his characters were black. Hers was a netherworld, unrecognizable historically and too painful to dredge up.


title: Nella Larsen

text: From 1895 to 1898, Larsen visited Denmark with her mother and her half-sister. While she was unusual in Denmark because of being of mixed race, she had some good memories from that time, including playing Danish children’s games, which she later wrote about in English. After returning to Chicago in 1898, she attended a large public school. At the same time as the migration of Southern blacks increased to the city, so had European immigration. Racial segregation and tensions had increased in the immigrant neighborhoods, where both groups competed for jobs and housing.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Her mother believed that education could give Larsen an opportunity and supported her in attending Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee. A student there in 1907–08, for the first time Larsen was living within an African-American community, but she was still separated by her own background and life experiences from most of the students, who were primarily from the South, with most descended from former slaves. Biographer George B. Hutchinson found that Larsen was expelled for some violation of Fisk's strict dress or conduct codes for women. Larsen went on her own to Denmark, where she lived for a total of three years, between 1909 and 1912, and attended the University of Copenhagen. After returning to the United States, she continued to struggle to find a place where she could belong.


title: Nella Larsen

text: In 1914, Larsen enrolled in the nursing school at New York City's Lincoln Hospital and Nursing Home. The institution was founded in the 19th century in Manhattan as a nursing home to serve black people, but the hospital elements had grown in importance. The total operation had been relocated to a newly constructed campus in the South Bronx. At the time, the hospital patients were primarily white; the nursing home patients were primarily black; the doctors were white males; and the nurses and nursing students were black females. As Pinckney writes: "No matter what situation Larsen found herself in, racial irony of one kind or another invariably wrapped itself around her."


title: Nella Larsen

text: Upon graduating in 1915, Larsen went South to work at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, where she soon became head nurse at its hospital and training school. While at Tuskegee, she was introduced to Booker T. Washington's model of education and became disillusioned with it. As it was combined with poor working conditions for nurses at Tuskegee, Larsen decided to leave after a year or so.


title: Nella Larsen

text: She returned to New York in 1916, where she worked for two years as a nurse at Lincoln Hospital. After earning the second-highest score on a civil service exam, Larsen was hired by the city Bureau of Public Health as a nurse. She worked for them in the Bronx through the 1918 flu pandemic, in "mostly white neighborhoods" and with white colleagues. Afterwards she continued with the city as a nurse.


title: Nella Larsen

text: In 1919, Larsen married Elmer Imes, a prominent physicist; he was the second African American to earn a PhD in physics. After her marriage, she sometimes used the name Nella Larsen Imes in her writing. A year after her marriage, she published her first short stories.


title: Nella Larsen

text: The couple moved to Harlem in the 1920s, where their marriage and life together had contradictions of class. As Pinckney writes:


title: Nella Larsen

text: By virtue of her marriage, she was a member of Harlem's black professional class, many of them people of color with partially European ancestry. She and her husband knew the NAACP leadership: W.E.B. Du Bois, Walter White, James Weldon Johnson. However, because of her low birth and mixed parentage, and because she did not have a college degree, Larsen was alienated from the black middle class, whose members emphasized college and family ties, and black fraternities and sororities.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Her mixed racial ancestry was not itself unusual in the black middle class. But many of these individuals, such as Langston Hughes, had more distant European ancestors. He and others formed an elite of mixed race or people of color, some of whom had ancestors who had been free people of color well before the American Civil War. This had given many families an advantage in establishing themselves and gaining educations in the North. In the 1920s, most African Americans in Harlem were exploring and emphasizing their black heritage.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Imes's scientific studies and achievement placed him in a different class than Larsen. The Imes couple had difficulties by the late 1920s, when he had an affair with a white woman at Fisk University, where he was a professor. Imes and Larsen would divorce in 1933.


title: Nella Larsen

text: In 1921 Larsen worked nights and weekends as a volunteer with librarian Ernestine Rose, to help prepare for the first exhibit of "Negro art" at the New York Public Library (NYPL). Encouraged by Rose, she became the first black woman to graduate from the NYPL Library School. It was run by Columbia University and opened the way for integration of library staff.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Larsen passed her certification exam in 1923. She worked her first year as a librarian at the Seward Park Branch on the Lower East Side, which was predominantly Jewish. There she had strong support from her white supervisor Alice Keats O'Connor, as she had from Rose. They, and another branch supervisor where she worked, supported Larsen and helped integrate the staff of the branches. Larsen transferred to the Harlem branch, as she was interested in the cultural excitement in the African-American neighborhood, a destination for migrants from across the country.


title: Nella Larsen

text: In October 1925, Larsen took a sabbatical from her job for health reasons and began to write her first novel. In 1926, having made friends with important figures in the Negro Awakening (which became known as the Harlem Renaissance), Larsen gave up her work as a librarian.


title: Nella Larsen

text: She became a writer active in Harlem's interracial literary and arts community, where she became friends with Carl Van Vechten, a white photographer and writer. In 1928, Larsen published "Quicksand", a largely autobiographical novel. It received significant critical acclaim, if not great financial success.


title: Nella Larsen

text: In 1929, she published "Passing", her second novel, which was also critically successful. It dealt with issues of two mixed-race African-American women who were childhood friends and had taken different paths of racial identification and marriage. One identified as black and married a black doctor; the other passed as white and married a white man, without revealing her African ancestry. The book explored their experiences of coming together again as adults.


title: Nella Larsen

text: In 1930, Larsen published "Sanctuary", a short story for which she was accused of plagiarism. "Sanctuary" was said to resemble the British writer Sheila Kaye-Smith's short story, "Mrs. Adis", first published in the United Kingdom in 1919. Kaye-Smith wrote on rural themes, and was very popular in the US. Some critics thought the basic plot of "Sanctuary," and some of the descriptions and dialogue, were virtually identical to Kaye-Smith's work.


title: Nella Larsen

text: The scholar H. Pearce has disputed this assessment, writing that, compared to Kaye-Smith's tale, "Sanctuary" is ' ... longer, better written and more explicitly political, specifically around issues of race - rather than class as in 'Mrs Adis'." Pearce thinks that Larsen reworked and updated the tale into a modern American black context. Pearce also notes that in Kaye-Smith's 1956 book, "All the Books of My Life," the author said she had based "Mrs Adis" on a 17th-century story by St Francis de Sales, Catholic bishop of Geneva. It is unknown whether she knew of the Larsen controversy in the United States. Larsen herself said the story came to her as "almost folk-lore," recounted to her by a patient when she was a nurse.


title: Nella Larsen

text: No plagiarism charges were proved. Larsen received a Guggenheim Fellowship even in the aftermath of the controversy, worth roughly $2,500 at the time, and was the first African-American woman to do so. She used it to travel to Europe for several years, spending time in Mallorca and Paris, where she worked on a novel about a love triangle in which all the protagonists were white. She never published the book or any other works.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Larsen returned to New York in 1937, when her divorce had been completed. She was given a generous alimony in the divorce, which gave her the financial security she needed until Imes's death in 1941. Struggling with depression, Larsen stopped writing. After her ex-husband's death, Larsen returned to nursing and became an administrator. She disappeared from literary circles. She lived on the Lower East Side and did not venture to Harlem.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Many of her old acquaintances speculated that she, like some of the characters in her fiction, had crossed the color line to "pass" into the white community. Biographer George Hutchinson has demonstrated in his 2006 work that she remained in New York, working as a nurse.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Some literary scholars have engaged in speculation and interpretation of Larsen's decision to return to nursing, viewing her decision to take time off from writing as "an act of self-burial, or a 'retreat' motivated by a lack of courage and dedication." What they overlooked is that during that time period, it was difficult for a woman of color to find a stable job that would also provide financial stability. For Larsen, nursing was a "labor market that welcomed an African American as a domestic servant". Nursing had been something that came naturally to Larsen as it was "one respectable option for support during the process of learning about the work." During her work as a nurse, Larsen was noticed by Adah Thoms, an African-American nurse who co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. Thoms had seen potential in Larsen's nursing career and helped strengthen Larsen's skills. Once Larsen graduated in 1915, it was Adah Thoms who had made arrangements for Larsen to work at Tuskegee Institute's John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Larsen draws from her medical background in "Passing" to create the character of Brian, a doctor and husband of the main character. Larsen describes Brian as being ambivalent about his work in the medical field. Brian's character may also be partially modeled on Larsen's husband Elmer Imes, a physicist. After Imes divorced Larsen, he was closely associated with Ethel Gilbert, Fisk Director of public relations and manager of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, although it is unclear if the two married.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Nella Larsen was an acclaimed novelist, who wrote stories in the midst on the Harlem Renaissance. Larsen is most known for her two novels, "Passing" and "Quicksand"; these two pieces of work got much recognition with positive reviews. Many believed that Larsen was a rising star as an African American novelist, until she soon after left Harlem, her fame, and writing behind.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Larsen is often compared to other authors who also wrote about cultural and racial conflict such as Claude Mckay and Jean Toomer.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Nella Larsen’s works are viewed as strong pieces that well represent mixed-race individuals and the struggles with identity that some inevitably face.


title: Nella Larsen

text: There have been some arguments that Larsen’s work did not well represent the “New Negro” movement because of the main characters in her novels being confused and struggling with their race. However, others argue that her work was a raw and important representation of how life was for many people, especially females, during the Harlem Renaissance.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Helga Crane is a fictional character loosely based on Larsen's experiences in her early life. Crane is the lovely and refined mixed-race daughter of a Danish white mother and a West Indian black father. Her father died soon after she was born. Unable to feel comfortable with her maternal European-American relatives, Crane lives in various places in the United States and visits Denmark, searching for people among whom she feels at home. As writer Amina Gautier points out, "in a mere 135 pages, Larsen details five different geographical spaces and each space Helga Crane moves to or through alludes to a different stage in her emotional and psychological growth."


title: Nella Larsen

text: Nella Larsen's early life is similar to Helga's in that she was distant from the African-American community, including her African-American family members. Larsen and Helga did not have father figures. Both of their mothers decided to marry a white man with the hope of having a higher social status. Larsen wanted to learn more about her background so she continued to go to school during the Harlem Renaissance. Even though Larsen's early life parallels Helga's, in adulthood, their life choices end up being very different. Nella Larsen pursued a career in nursing while Helga married a preacher and stayed in a very unhappy marriage.


title: Nella Larsen

text: In her travels she encounters many of the communities which Larsen knew. For example, Crane teaches at Naxos, a Southern Negro boarding school (based on Tuskegee University), where she becomes dissatisfied with its philosophy. She criticizes a sermon by a white preacher, who advocates the segregation of blacks into separate schools and says their striving for social equality would lead blacks to become avaricious. Crane quits teaching and moves to Chicago. Her white maternal uncle, now married to a bigoted woman, shuns her. Crane moves to Harlem<nowiki>, New York, where she finds a refined but often hypocritical black middle class obsessed with the "race problem."</nowiki>


title: Nella Larsen

text: Taking her uncle's legacy, Crane visits her maternal aunt in Copenhagen. There she is treated as an attractive racial exotic. Missing black people, she returns to New York City. Close to a mental breakdown, Crane happens onto a store-front revival and has a charismatic religious experience. After marrying the preacher who converted her, she moves with him to the rural Deep South. There she is disillusioned by the people's adherence to religion. In each of her moves, Crane fails to find fulfillment. She is looking for more than how to integrate her mixed ancestry. She expresses complex feelings about what she and her friends consider genetic differences between races.


title: Nella Larsen

text: The novel develops Crane's search for a marriage partner. As it opens, she has become engaged to marry a prominent Southern Negro man, whom she does not really love, but with whom she can gain social benefits. In Denmark she turns down the proposal of a famous white Danish artist for similar reasons, for lack of feeling. By the final chapters, Crane has married a black Southern preacher. The novel's close is deeply pessimistic. Crane had hoped to find sexual fulfillment in marriage and some success in helping the poor Southern blacks she lives among, but instead she has frequent pregnancies and suffering. Disillusioned with religion, her husband, and her life, Crane fantasizes about leaving her husband, but never does.


title: Nella Larsen

text: "She sinks into a slough of disillusionment and indifference. She tries to fight her way back to her own world, but she is too weak, and circumstances are too strong."


title: Nella Larsen

text: The critics were impressed with the novel. They appreciated her more indirect take on important topics such as race, class, sexuality, and other issues important to the African-American community rather than the explicit or obvious take of other Harlem Renaissance writers. For example, the "New York Times" reviewer found it "an articulate, sympathetic first novel" which demonstrated an understanding that "a novelist's business is primarily with individuals and not with classes." The novel also won Larsen a bronze prize (second place) for literature in 1928 from the William E. Harmon Foundation.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Larsen's novel "Passing"  begins with Irene receiving a mysterious letter from her childhood friend Clare, following their encounter at the Drayton Hotel, after twelve years with no communication. Irene and Clare lost contact with each other after the death of Clare's father Bob Kendry, when Clare was sent to live with her white aunts. Both Irene and Clare are of mixed African-European ancestry, with features that enable them to pass racially as "white" if they choose. Clare chose to pass into white society and married John Bellew, a white man described as a racist. Unlike Clare, Irene passes as white only on occasion, for her convenience in negotiating some segregated spaces. Irene identifies as a black woman, and married an African-American doctor named Brian; together they have two sons. After Irene and Clare reconnect, they become fascinated with the differences in their lives. One day Irene meets with Clare and Gertrude, another of their childhood African-American friends; during that meeting Mr. Bellew meets Irene and Gertrude. Bellew greets his wife with a racial comment as if he did not know she was half black.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Irene becomes furious that Clare did not tell her husband about her full ancestry. Irene believes Clare has put herself in a dangerous situation by lying to a person who hates blacks. After meeting Clare's husband, Irene does not want anything more to do with Clare but still keeps in touch with her. Clare begins to join Irene and Brian for their events in Harlem, New York while her husband is traveling out of town. Because Irene has some jealousy of Clare, she begins to suspect her friend is having an affair with her husband Brian. The novel ends with John Bellew learning that Clare is mixed race. At a party in Harlem, she falls out of a window from a high floor of a multi-story building, to her death, under ambiguous circumstances. Larsen ends the novel without revealing if Clare committed suicide, if Irene or John pushed her, or if it was an accident.


title: Nella Larsen

text: The novel was well received by the few critics who reviewed it. Writer and scholar W. E. B. Du Bois hailed it as the "one of the finest novels of the year."


title: Nella Larsen

text: Some later critics described the novel as an example of the genre of the tragic mulatto, a common figure in early African-American literature after the American Civil War. In such works, it is usually a woman of mixed race who is portrayed as tragic, as she has difficulty marrying and finding a place to fit into society. Others suggest that this novel complicates that plot by playing with the duality of the figures of Irene and Clare, who are of similar mixed-race background but have taken different paths in life. The novel also suggests attraction between them and erotic undertones in the two women's relationship. Irene's husband is also portrayed as potentially bisexual, as if the characters are passing in their sexual as well as social identities. Some read the novel as one of repression. Others argue that through its attention to the way "passing" unhinges ideas of race, class, and gender, the novel opens spaces for the creation of new, self-generated identities.


title: Nella Larsen

text: Since the late 20th century, "Passing" has received renewed attention from scholars because of its close examination of racial and sexual ambiguities and liminal spaces. It has achieved canonical status in many American universities.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: Nuclear terrorism refers to any person or persons detonating a nuclear weapon as an act of terrorism (i.e., illegal or immoral use of violence for a political or religious cause). Some definitions of nuclear terrorism include the sabotage of a nuclear facility and/or the detonation of a radiological device, colloquially termed a dirty bomb, but consensus is lacking. In legal terms, nuclear terrorism is an offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally "uses in any way radioactive material … with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury; or with the intent to cause substantial damage to property or to the environment; or with the intent to compel a natural or legal person, an international organization or a State to do or refrain from doing an act", according to the 2005 United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: The possibility of terrorist organizations using nuclear weapons (including those of a small size, such as those contained within suitcases) is something which is known of within U.S. culture, and at times previously discussed within the political settings of the U.S. It is considered plausible that terrorists could acquire a nuclear weapon.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: However, despite thefts and trafficking of small amounts of fissile material, all low-concern and less than Category III Special nuclear material (SNM), there is no credible evidence that any terrorist group has succeeded in obtaining Category I SNM, the necessary multi-kilogram critical mass amounts of weapons grade plutonium required to make a nuclear weapon.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: Nuclear terrorism, according to a 2011 report published by the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, can be executed and distinguished via four pathways:


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: Former U.S. President Barack Obama called nuclear terrorism "the single most important national security threat that we face". In his first speech to the U.N. Security Council, President Obama said that "Just one nuclear weapon exploded in a city -- be it New York or Moscow, Tokyo or Beijing, London or Paris -- could kill hundreds of thousands of people". It would "destabilize our security, our economies, and our very way of life".


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: As early as December 1945, politicians worried about the possibility of smuggling nuclear weapons into the United States, though this was still in the context of a battle between the superpowers of the Cold War. Congressmen quizzed the "father of the atomic bomb," J. Robert Oppenheimer, about the possibility of detecting a smuggled atomic bomb:


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: Discussions of non-state nuclear terrorism among experts go back at least to the 1970s. In 1975 "The Economist" warned that "You can make a bomb with a few pounds of plutonium. By the mid-1980s the power stations may easily be turning out 200,000 lb of the stuff each year. And each year, unless present methods are drastically changed, many thousands of pounds of it will be transferred from one plant to another as it proceeds through the fuel cycle. The dangers of robbery in transit are evident... Vigorous co-operation between governments and the International Atomic Energy Agency could, even at this late stage, make the looming perils loom a good deal smaller." And "The" "New York Times" commented in 1981 that The Nuclear Emergency Search Team's "origins go back to the aftershocks of the Munich Olympic massacre in mid-1972. Until that time, no one in the United States Government had thought seriously about the menace of organized, international terrorism, much less nuclear terrorism. There was a perception in Washington that the value of what is called 'special nuclear material' - plutonium or highly enriched uranium (HEU) - was so enormous that the strict financial accountability of the private contractors who dealt with it would be enough to protect it from falling into the wrong hands. But it has since been revealed that the physical safeguarding of bomb-grade material against theft was almost scandalously neglected."


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: This discussion took on a larger public character in the 1980s after NBC aired "Special Bulletin", a television dramatization of a nuclear terrorist attack on the United States. In 1986 a private panel of experts known as the International Task Force on the Prevention of Terrorism released a report urging all nuclear-armed states to beware the dangers of terrorism and work on equipping their nuclear arsenals with permissive action links. "The probability of nuclear terrorism," the experts warned, "is increasing and the consequences for urban and industrial societies could be catastrophic."


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT) is an international partnership of 88 nations and 5 official observers working to improve capacity on a national and international level for prevention, detection, and response to a nuclear terrorist event. Partners join the GICNT by endorsing the Statement of Principles, a set of broad nuclear security objectives. GICNT partner nations organize and host workshops, conferences, and exercises to share best practices for implementing the Statement of Principles. The GICNT also holds Plenary meetings to discuss improvements and changes to the partnership.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: The World Institute for Nuclear Security is an organization which seeks to prevent nuclear terrorism and improve world nuclear security. It works alongside the International Atomic Energy Agency. WINS was formed in 2008, less than a year after a break-in at the Pelindaba nuclear facility in South Africa, which contained enough enriched uranium to make several nuclear bombs.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: In the United States, one of the main nuclear attack concerns would be if a terrorist group was able to get their hands on the weapons. There have been scares before when terrorist groups have claimed to have possession of these weapons and intent to use them. The main ways that a terrorist group could acquire weapons to use in an attack is via buying, building, or stealing them. The groups like al-Qaeda or ISIS would likely receive these weapons or the materials needed to create them from their ruling state, whether intentionally or unintentionally. This could happen if a governing state does not have efficient protection protocols for their materials and weapons causing it to be easier to steal these weapons. Another way a terrorist group could receive weapons is by buying them from a different nation, for example, North Korea selling to terrorist groups in Iraq. It seems unlikely that terrorist groups would be able to utilize the technology needed to make effective weapons if they acquired materials, but it is possible, in places like Iraq and Syria, where the terrorist group ISIS had control over much of the land. In situations like that, it is possible for them to acquire the information and technology from local universities run by the state.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: There are ways to deter the likelihood of nuclear terrorism. Unlike state-level use of nuclear weapons, retaliation is not likely to deter terrorist groups from the use of nuclear weapons. This means that it is imperative to find a different way to deter terrorist groups from utilizing these weapons. The first route to take is deterrence by denial. Deterrence by denial is simply making it very difficult or impossible for groups to take possession of nuclear weapons or the materials needed to create them. One of the ways a nation can do this is by creating strict import and export laws, therefore, limiting the chance that these items could be smuggled into or out of the country. In addition, adding security to the sites that store these items is important in order to lessen the likelihood of theft. One example of deterrence by denial is the Cooperative Threat Reduction spearheaded by the Obama administration in April 2016 at the Nuclear Security Summits which not only decreased the number of nations that had possession of weapons-grade nuclear materials, it also lessened the amount of highly-enriched uranium by 3,000 kilograms.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: Another route of action outlined by Litwak is deterrence by punishment. Deterrence by punishment is simply making it known that if a country were to use, sell, or give away nuclear weapons or materials that it would be responded to with repercussions. Basically, the state will be held responsible if they allow a terrorist group from inside or outside of the state to receive and utilize nuclear weapons. One example of this is when President Bush threatened North Korea with consequences if they were to participate in that behavior.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: Nuclear weapons materials on the black market are a global concern, and there is concern about the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon by a militant group in a major city, with significant loss of life and property.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: It is feared that a terrorist group could detonate a dirty bomb, a type of radiological weapon. A dirty bomb is made of any radioactive source and a conventional explosive. There would be no nuclear blast and likely no fatalities, but the radioactive material is dispersed and can cause extensive fallout depending on the material used. There are other radiological weapons called radiological exposure devices where an explosive is not necessary. A radiological weapon may be very appealing to terrorist groups as it is highly successful in instilling fear and panic among a population (particularly because of the threat of radiation poisoning) and would contaminate the immediate area for some period of time, disrupting attempts to repair the damage and subsequently inflicting significant economic losses.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: From the moment of its foundation in 1988, al-Qaeda had a military subcommittee on nuclear weapons and tried to purchase fissile material from former Soviet Union and its former satellite states. After al-Qaeda merged with Ayman al-Zawahiri's Egyptian Islamic Jihad the new Shura Council held internal discussions on the matter of nuclear weapons, and in 1998 Osama bin Laden issued a fatwa declaring that it was his religious duty to acquire and use nuclear weapons. Al-Qaeda defector Jamal al-Fadl told the FBI that bin Laden paid a Sudanese Armed Forces general $1.5 million for a cylinder of cinnabar which he believed contained South African uranium in 1993. In April 2001, a Bulgarian businessman claimed bin Laden offered to buy fissile material from him in a meeting near the China-Pakistan border.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: In Osama bin Laden's only interview with a journalist after the September 11 attacks, he and al-Zawahiri claimed that al-Qaeda possessed readily usable chemical and nuclear weapons. However it is generally believed, including by the interviewer Hamid Mir, that they were bluffing and that it would have been extremely unlikely for al-Qaeda to have procured weapons of mass destruction at that time.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: According to "Bunn & Wier", bin Laden requested a ruling (a "fatwa"), and was subsequently informed via a cleric of Saudi Arabia during 2003, of it being in accordance with Islamic law for him to use a nuclear device against civilians if it were the only course of action available to him in a situation of defending Muslims against the actions of the U.S. military.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: According to leaked diplomatic documents, Al-Qaeda can produce radiological weapons, after sourcing nuclear material and recruiting rogue scientists to build "dirty bombs". Al-Qaeda, along with some North Caucasus terrorist groups that seek to establish an Islamic Caliphate in Russia, have consistently stated they seek nuclear weapons and have tried to acquire them. Al-Qaeda has sought nuclear weapons for almost two decades by attempting to purchase stolen nuclear material and weapons and has sought nuclear expertise on numerous occasions. Osama bin Laden stated that the acquisition of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction is a “religious duty.” While pressure from a wide range of counter-terrorist activity has hampered Al-Qaeda's ability to manage such a complex project, there is no sign that it has jettisoned its goals of acquiring fissile material. Statements made as recently as 2008 indicate that Al-Qaeda's nuclear ambitions are still very strong. The Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism issued a report that al-Qaeda would attempt to use.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has demonstrated ambition to use weapons of mass destruction. Although the chances of them obtaining a nuclear bomb are small, the group have been trying/suspected of trying to obtain a nuclear dirty bomb. In July 2014, after the fall of Mosul, ISIS militants captured nuclear materials from Mosul University. In a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Iraq's UN Ambassador Mohamed Ali Alhakim said that the materials had been kept at the university and "can be used in manufacturing weapons of mass destruction". However, Nuclear experts regarded the threat as insignificant. International Atomic Energy Agency spokeswoman Gill Tudor said that the seized materials were "low grade and would not present a significant safety, security or nuclear proliferation risk".


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: In October 2015 it was reported that Moldovan authorities working with the FBI had stopped four attempts from 2010 to 2015 by gangs with suspected connections to Russia's intelligence services that sought to sell radioactive material to ISIS and other Middle Eastern extremists. The last reported case came in February 2015 when a smuggler with a large amount of radioactive caesium specifically sought a buyer from ISIS. Because of poor relations between Russia and the West, it is difficult to ascertain if smugglers succeeded in selling radioactive material originating from Russia to Islamist terrorists and elsewhere.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: In March 2016, it was reported that a senior Belgian nuclear official was being monitored by ISIS suspects linked to the November 2015 Paris attacks leading the Belgian Federal Agency for Nuclear Control to suspect that ISIS was planning on abducting the official to obtain nuclear materials for a dirty bomb.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: In April 2016, European Union and NATO security chiefs warned that ISIS was plotting to carry out nuclear attacks on the United Kingdom and Europe.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: North Caucasus terrorists have attempted to seize a nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ballistic missile submarine. They have also engaged in reconnaissance activities on nuclear storage facilities and have repeatedly threatened to sabotage nuclear facilities. Similar to Al-Qaeda, these groups’ activities have been hampered by counter-terrorism activity; nevertheless they remain committed to launching such a devastating attack within Russia.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: The Japanese terror cult Aum Shinrikyo, which used sarin gas in the 1995 Tokyo Metro attack, has also tried to acquire nuclear weapons. However, according to nuclear terrorism researchers at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, there is no evidence that they continue to do so.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: Information reported to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) shows "a persistent problem with the illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive materials, thefts, losses and other unauthorized activities". The IAEA Illicit Nuclear Trafficking Database notes 1,266 incidents reported by 99 countries over the last 12 years, including 18 incidents involving HEU or plutonium trafficking:


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: In 2009, a paper published in West Point Military Academy's journal alleged that Pakistan's nuclear sites had been attacked by al-Qaeda and the Taliban at least three times. However, the Pakistan Armed Forces rejected the allegations. Talat Masood, a political analyst, said that the nuclear link was "absolute nonsense". All three attacks were suicide and appeared to aim at causing maximum damage and not seizing weapons. In January 2010, it was revealed that the US army was training a specialised unit "to seal off and snatch back" Pakistani nuclear weapons in the event that militants would obtain a nuclear device or materials that could make one. Pakistan supposedly possesses about 160+ nuclear warheads. US officials refused to speak on the record about the American safety plans.


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: A study by the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University titled "Securing the Bomb 2010," found that Pakistan's stockpile "faces a greater threat from Islamic terror groups seeking nuclear weapons than any other nuclear stockpile on earth." In 2016, Defense Intelligence Agency Director Vincent R. Stewart said that Pakistan "continues to take steps to improve its nuclear security, and is aware of the threat presented by extremists to its program".


title: Nuclear terrorism

text: According to Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, a former investigator with the CIA and the U.S. Department of Energy, there is "a greater possibility of a nuclear meltdown in Pakistan than anywhere else in the world. The region has more violent extremists than any other, the country is unstable, and its arsenal of nuclear weapons is expanding." In 2015, White House press secretary Josh Earnest said that the US has confidence that Pakistan is "well aware of the range of potential threats to its nuclear arsenal". He added that the US is "confident that Pakistan has a professional and dedicated security force that understands the importance and the high priority that the world places on nuclear security".