title: Health savings account

text: Health savings accounts are similar to medical savings account (MSA) plans that were authorized by the federal government before health savings account plans. Health savings accounts can be used with some high-deductible health plans. Health savings accounts came into being after legislation was signed by President George W. Bush on December 8, 2003. The law went into effect on January 1, 2004.


title: Health savings account

text: Health savings accounts differ in several ways from medical savings accounts. Perhaps the most significant difference is that employers of all sizes can offer a health savings account and insurance plan to employees. Medical savings accounts were limited to the self-employed and employers with 50 or fewer employees.


title: Health savings account

text: The premium for a high-deductible health plan is generally less than the premium for traditional health insurance. A higher deductible lowers the premium because the insurance company no longer pays for routine healthcare, and insurance underwriters believe that Americans who see a relationship between medical cost and their bank accounts will consume less medical care, shop for lower-cost options, and be more vigilant against excess and fraud in the health care industry. Introducing consumer-driven supply and demand and controlling inflation in health care and health insurance were among the government's goals in establishing these plans.


title: Health savings account

text: With health savings accounts, in catastrophic situations, the maximum out-of-pocket expense legal liability can be less than that of a traditional health plan. That is because a qualified high-deductible health plan can cover 100% after the deductible, involving no coinsurance.


title: Health savings account

text: Health savings accounts also give the flexibility not available in some traditional health plans to pay on a pretax basis for qualified medical expenses not covered in standard or HSA-eligible insurance plans, which may include dental, orthodontic, vision, and other approved expenses.


title: Health savings account

text: Health savings accounts also have an advantage over flexible spending accounts since deposits are not necessarily tied to expenses in a particular plan or calendar year. They are automatically rolled over for future medical expenses or may be used to reimburse qualified expenses from prior years as long as the expense was qualified under a health savings account plan at the time that the expense was incurred.


title: Health savings account

text: Over time, if medical expenses are low and contributions are made regularly to the health savings account, the account can accumulate significant assets that can be used for health care tax-free or used for retirement on a tax-deferred basis.


title: Health savings account

text: The high-deductible health plan, when combined with a health savings account, is the only health insurance plan option available that can possibly have a net gain of value during the year if the funds are invested in the health savings account.


title: Health savings account

text: A recent industry survey found that in July 2007 over 80% of health savings account plans provided first-dollar coverage for preventive care. It was true of virtually all health savings account plans offered by large employers and over 95% of the plans offered by small employers. It was also true of 59% of the plans that were purchased by individuals. In terms of Medicare, Plan F is considered a first-dollar coverage plan, as it has no out-of-pocket expenses on covered services.


title: Health savings account

text: All of the plans offered first-dollar preventive care benefits included annual physicals, immunizations, well-baby and well-child care, mammograms, and Pap tests; 90% included prostate cancer screenings, and 80% included colon cancer screenings.


title: Health savings account

text: They in fact encourage customers of all backgrounds to constrain costly spending and obtain more preventive health care. In Indiana, those with health savings accounts are 98% satisfied.


title: Health savings account

text: Some consumer organizations, such as Consumers Union, and many medical organizations, such as the American Public Health Association, oppose health savings accounts because, in their opinion, they benefit only healthy, younger people, and make the health care system more expensive for everyone else. According to Stanford economist Victor Fuchs, "The main effect of putting more of it on the consumer is to reduce the social redistributive element of insurance."


title: Health savings account

text: Critics contend that low-income people, who are more likely to be uninsured, do not earn enough to benefit from the tax breaks offered by health savings accounts. These tax breaks are too modest, when compared to the actual cost of insurance, to persuade significant numbers to buy this coverage.


title: Health savings account

text: One industry study matched health savings account holders to the neighborhood income ("neighborhood" was defined as their census tract from the 2000 Census) and found that 3% of account holders lived in "low-income" neighborhoods (median incomes below $25,000 in 1999 dollars), 46% lived in lower-middle-income neighborhoods (median incomes between $25,000 and $50,000), 34% lived in middle-income neighborhoods (median incomes between $50,000 and $75,000), 12% lived in upper-income neighborhoods (median incomes between $75,000 and $100,000) and 5% lived in higher income neighborhoods (median incomes above $100,000).


title: Health savings account

text: In testimony before the US Senate Finance Committee's Subcommittee on Health in 2006, advocacy group Commonwealth Fund said that all evidence to date shows that health savings accounts and high-deductible health plans worsen, rather than improve, the US health system's problems.


title: Health savings account

text: Funds in a health savings account that are not held in savings accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation are subject to market risk, as is any other investment. While the potential upside from investment gains can be viewed as a benefit, the subsequent downside, as well as the possibility of capital loss, may make the health savings account a poor option for some. And information about the maintenance fees, interest rates and investment lineups of health savings accounts is not easy to find.


title: Health savings account

text: Consumer satisfaction results have been mixed. While a 2005 survey by the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association found widespread satisfaction among health savings account customers, a survey published in 2007 by employee benefits consultants Towers Perrin came to the opposite conclusion; it found that employees currently enrolled in such plans were significantly less satisfied with many elements of the health benefit plan compared to those enrolled in traditional health benefit plans.


title: Health savings account

text: In 2006, a Government Accountability Office report concluded: "HSA-eligible plan enrollees who participated in GAO's focus groups generally reported positive experiences, but most would not recommend the plans to all consumers. Few participants reported researching cost before obtaining health care services, although many researched the cost of prescription drugs. Most participants were satisfied with their HSA-eligible plans and would recommend them to healthy consumers, but not to those who use maintenance medication, have a chronic condition, have children, or may not have the funds to meet the high deductible."


title: Health savings account

text: According to the Commonwealth Fund, early experience with HSA-eligible high-deductible health plans reveals low satisfaction, high out-of-pocket costs, and cost-related access problems. A survey conducted with the Employee Benefit Research Institute found that people enrolled in HSA-eligible high-deductible health plans were much less satisfied with many aspects of their health care than adults in more comprehensive plans.


title: Health savings account

text: Some policy analysts say that consumer satisfaction doesn't reflect quality of health care. Researchers at RAND Corporation and Department of Veterans Affairs asked 236 vulnerable elderly patients at two managed care plans to rate their care, then examined care in medical records, as reported in "Annals of Internal Medicine". There was no correlation. "Patient ratings of health care are easy to obtain and report, but do not accurately measure the technical quality of medical care," said John T. Chan, UCLA, lead author.


title: Health savings account

text: According to a 2006 Zogby poll, seven in ten voters back Congressional action to allow HSA participants to pay for their insurance premiums using money in their savings plans.


title: Soul Edge

text: The plot centers upon the eponymous sword, shrouded in mystery and rumored to offer unlimited power to anyone who can find and wield it; nine warriors embark on a journey to pursue a tenth who is rumored to have the sword, some to claim it and others to destroy it. The game was a commercial and critical success and was followed up with "Soulcalibur" in July 1998.


title: Soul Edge

text: "Soul Edge" was created prior to the introduction of the so-called 8-Way Run. The characters can sidestep to either side by double-tapping down to move to the foreground or tapping down then up to the background. The jump maneuver (which in "Soulcalibur" is more like a hop) moves the player higher into the air, even allowing it to pass above the opponent (much like in "Tekken"). The game uses an active block system performed by pressing the block button, and a combat system based on the three attack buttons: horizontal attack, vertical attack, and kick.


title: Soul Edge

text: Character moves retain a feel of Namco's "Tekken" series. Each character has one or two slow but unblockable attacks. Each character is also capable of performing one or two "Critical Edge" attacks, consisting of a long series of linked hits, usually ending in a strong high attack. These moves require the input of a special combination of two parts: they are activated by pressing all three attack buttons together, and if it connects, the player has the chance of extending the combo with a character-specific sequence, which must be input during the attack. This attack depletes one-third of the Weapon Gauge when used.


title: Soul Edge

text: The Weapon Gauge is a life bar for the character's equipped weapon. Each time the player blocks an attack, the bar depletes. If the bar is totally emptied, the weapon is lost and the character is forced to fight unarmed. The unarmed move-lists are the same for every character. Another feature that was removed from "Soulcalibur"s engine is a rock paper scissors situation when two character strike at the same time, locking their weapons; those who press the correct button have the advantage.


title: Soul Edge

text: "Soul Edge" uses an optional offensive block maneuver called the "Guard Impact" that allows players to intercept incoming attacks and push them back, resulting in a momentary opportunity for a free counterattack. Opponents, however, are also able to return a Guard Impact after receiving a Guard Impact, allowing for stalemate clashes until one opponent missed the subsequent timing. This gameplay feature is expanded in future "Soul" series games.


title: Soul Edge

text: The game uses the ring out system, which is a forcible maneuver that ejects the opponent from the arena and gains an automatic victory for the round. To achieve a ring out, a character must be knocked outside the ring by an enemy (the player cannot accidentally or deliberately get a ring out by hopping out of the ring). The only exception to this rule is Cervantes and Inferno (known in this game as SoulEdge), who can get a ring out by themselves upon performing a certain special attack, as long as they are near the edge of the arena.


title: Soul Edge

text: "Soul Edge"s events take place in the year 1583. The game tells the tale of warriors searching for the ultimate sword, "Soul Edge". It has been given many names throughout history, such as "The Sword of Salvation", "The Sword of Heroes", and "The Ultimate Sword", among others. Many strong warriors searched for years, but very few actually found it. The sword, currently in the form of a twin pair of long swords, appeared mysteriously in an auction. It was taken by the dreaded pirate Cervantes de Leon and nothing is known of his fate thereafter. Presently, nine warriors from around the world (Hwang, Li Long, Mitsurugi, Rock, Seong Mi-na, Siegfried, Sophitia, Taki, and Voldo) search for the sword for different reasons. Some desire its power, others want revenge. Some, believing that it is a benevolent sword, crave its support. Others, knowing of its evil nature, seek its destruction. Nothing is known for certain about the sword, except for one thing: it brings misfortune to those seeking it. What many do not know is that the sword's power is evil, feeding upon the souls of not only its victims but its wielder as well.


title: Soul Edge

text: "Soul Edge" was developed as an experiment by Namco to explore the possibilities of a weapon-based fighting game. It was the first motion capture based video game created by using passive optical system markers.


title: Soul Edge

text: "Soul Edge" was initially released in arcades in 1995. A "Gamest Mook" series guide book (GMC-30) was published by Shinseisha on April 30, 1996.


title: Soul Edge

text: A couple of months later, Namco released a fixed version, labeled "Soul Edge Ver. II." Hwang (initially a palette swap of Mitsurugi for the Korean version of the game) was introduced to Japanese players with a new move list, Cervantes became playable, Guard Impacts and Air Combos were implemented, all the characters received upgraded move lists, and new stages were added. The overseas PlayStation version was renamed "Soul Blade" to avoid potential complications due to EDGE Games' earlier "EDGE" trademark.


title: Soul Edge

text: On December 20, 1996, "Soul Edge" was ported to the Sony PlayStation for the Japanese market. A limited special edition came with the Namco Joystick controller. An official tribute book "Soul Edge Official Fan Book" (ソウルエッジ オフィシャルファンブック／年代記) was published in the "Chronicle" series by "Famitsu" on March 31, 1997.


title: Soul Edge

text: The port kept the "Soul Edge Ver. II" roster of ten characters and added five unlockable characters, including SoulEdge, the final boss of the game. Other PlayStation-specific features include:


title: Soul Edge

text: Versions labeled "Soul Blade" came out in 1997. In the North American version, clothes were added to Sophitia in the opening cutscene where she would have been nude. In the European version, Li Long's pair of nunchaku were changed to a three-section staff, since BBFC guidelines at the time banned the depiction of nunchaku.


title: Soul Edge

text: Two soundtrack CDs were released for the game: "Soul Edge Original Soundtrack - Khan Super Session" and "Super Battle Sound Attack Soul Edge".


title: Soul Edge

text: In Japan, "Game Machine" listed "Soul Edge" on their March 15, 1996 issue as being the second most-successful arcade game of the month. On the annual 1996 "Gamest" chart, "Soul Edge" was the 20th highest-grossing arcade game in Japan that year. The arcade game was more successful in the United States, where it became one of the top five highest-grossing arcade conversion kits of 1996. Despite this, it was not able to achieve the same level of arcade success as Namco's popular "Tekken" series. According to "Next Generation" magazine, "Soul Edge" "enjoyed less success than it deserved" in arcades.


title: Soul Edge

text: "Next Generation" reviewed the arcade version of "Soul Edge Version II", rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "there is still the slight control delay, but character movement is still fluid and seamless, and the trailing slashes of light in the wake of weapon movement is as gorgeous as ever." The PlayStation conversion, "Soul Blade", was a bestseller in the UK. Due to its popularity, the game has been re-released as part of the PlayStation Greatest Hits, the PlayStation Platinum range, and the PlayStation The Best series.


title: Soul Edge

text: The PlayStation game received very positive reviews. It holds aggregated scores of 91% on GameRankings and 89/100 on Metacritic, including high ratings by IGN ("extremely fun, and has just enough new elements to make it worth playing multiple times"), and GameSpot ("a great fighting game with its share of flaws"). "Next Generation" praised it for "filling in all the blanks with great gameplay, superb characters, unique graphics, and combines them into one solid package." They later commended the PlayStation port for retaining all the characters, levels, graphics, and gameplay from the arcade version. "GameFan" called it "without a doubt the most stunning graphical fighting feast ever to grace any console." The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" particularly applauded the full motion video intro and the new story mode. They awarded it "Best Intro" in their "1998 Video Game Buyer's Guide". A reviewer for "GamePro" stated: "Bow down to the new king of fighters, and the first gotta-play-it game of the year."


title: Soul Edge

text: In 1997, "" named "Soul Edge" as the fourth top game on the PlayStation, and "Electronic Gaming Monthly" listed the PlayStation version as a runner-up for "Fighting Game of the Year" (behind "Street Fighter Collection") and "Best Music" (behind "PaRappa the Rapper"). "PSU" listed this game as the sixth "PSone classic" most deserving to be remade for the PlayStation 3 in 2011. That same year, "Complex" ranked "Soul Edge" as the 19th best fighting game of all time.


title: Soul Edge

text: The PlayStation version's opening sequence won the SIGGRAPH '97 award for the best game video of 1996. It was also included on the list of the ten all-time best game cinematics by Cheat Code Central in 2012.


title: Syleena Johnson

text: Syleena Johnson ( Thompson; September 2, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter, actress and television presenter from Chicago, Illinois.


title: Syleena Johnson

text: Johnson is the daughter of 1960s R&B Hi Records singer Syl Johnson and Brenda Thompson, who was the first black female police commissioner of Harvey, Illinois. Syleena has two older sisters; Syleecia and Sylette. In August 2000, Johnson married former Illinois State University college basketball player Marcus Betts. Betts graduated in December 2000 and became her manager for her first two albums.


title: Syleena Johnson

text: On July 1, 2007, she married Kiwane Garris. Garris, a fellow Chicagoan, is a worldwide journeyman basketball player, having played for various NBA and EuroLeague teams. On August 1, 2007, after forty-eight hours of labor, their son Kiwane Garris Jr. was born. On February 6, 2011, she gave birth to their second son Kingston.


title: Syleena Johnson

text: "Chapter 2: The Voice" was voted No. 62 in a list of the best Soul Albums of the 2000s on Soultracks.com. "Mojo", in its February 2003 issue, gave "Chapter 2: The Voice" a glowing review – "...A coherent and engaging R&B album that explores love's vicissitudes with a confessional candour...Classy..."


title: Syleena Johnson

text: In 2004, Johnson was featured as a vocalist on Kanye West's single "All Falls Down", from his debut album "The College Dropout".


title: Syleena Johnson

text: In 2005, Johnson released "". Contact Music gave the album a 5/5 review, stating: "Third album for Jive from probably the most under-rated artist in the world is just what you expect from an artist of this quality... Quite simply for sheer quality this is one of the albums of the year."


title: Syleena Johnson

text: In 2009, Johnson appeared on a single with KRS-One, Twista and Crucial Conflict titled "Self Destruction". According to Grant Parks and Coalmine Music, artists lent their lyrics for a cause they believe in with the statement "The time is now as we approach the holidays and a new year; it will give us all something to think about and reflect on loved ones that lost their life to senseless violent acts."


title: Syleena Johnson

text: Steve Jones of "USA Today" gave "Chapter 4: Labor Pains" 3.5/4 stating "Despite critical acclaim for her ongoing personal chronicles that began with 2001's "Chapter 1: Love, Pain & Forgiveness", the soulful Chicago native never found a mainstream niche. Unfairly, she's best known for Kanye West's "All Falls Down". Here, with her gorgeous voice and evocative storytelling, she continues to offer some of the decade's most stirring R&B."


title: Syleena Johnson

text: Johnson starred in TV One reality series "" from 2012 to 2014; lasting three seasons. She is currently managed by DYG Management. On September 23, 2013, Johnson and Musiq Soulchild released a duet album titled "9ine".


title: Syleena Johnson

text: In June 2015, Johnson graduated from Drake University, where she received her bachelor's degree in nutrition science, "summa cum laude", 21 years after she enrolled. She was also inducted into the Alpha Beta Kappa honors society for her academic achievements.


title: Syleena Johnson

text: Johnson was featured on "Donda Chant", the opening track to Kanye West's tenth album "Donda", released in August 2021.


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: The Man Who Died Twice is a crime novel written by the British comedian and presenter Richard Osman. It was published by Penguin Random House's Viking Press in September 2021 and is the sequel to "The Thursday Murder Club".


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: Following the publication of "The Thursday Murder Club", Osman said that he had decided to continue writing due to its success outside the United Kingdom, saying, "I was very worried about that thing, 'Oh it's a celebrity writing a novel', which, of course, is one of the worst phrases in the English language." His mother, who lives in a retirement home like the characters, had initially worried that the previous book had contained elements of her indiscretion; after discovering that was not the case, she reported enjoying the sequel a lot more, having read "The Thursday Murder Club" "in a blind panic".


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: Like "The Thursday Murder Club", the plot revolves around a quartet of pensioners living in Kent who solve murders: Elizabeth, Ron, Ibrahim, and Joyce. When composing the team, Osman had said he was inspired by the television show "The A-Team", which he had watched in his youth. Elizabeth Best, the leader of the group, is a former MI5 agent; Ron Ritchie is a former trade union leader; Ibrahim Arif is a retired Egyptian psychiatrist; Joyce Meadowcroft is a retired nurse.


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: Elizabeth's former husband, Douglas Middlemiss, a secret service agent, had broken into the home of a criminal banker, Martin Lomax. Soon after, £20 million of diamonds go missing from that house, with the banker suspecting him; the banker threatens to give the diamonds' owners, mobsters from New York and cartel members from Colombia, details on her husband should the diamonds not be returned. Ibrahim is assaulted during a street robbery, prompting depression and seclusion. Due to a lack of proof, the police's hands are tied and the remaining trio is told to seek retribution themselves.


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: "The Man Who Died Twice" focuses on the theme of age, with Osman saying that he did not want to patronise the elderly. He further revealed that he had tried to focus on mortality in a "refreshing and possibly even calming" way.


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: Lynne Truss of "The Guardian" stated that the "comedy in "The Man Who Died Twice" allows for all its characters to be alert to sobering realities: of time running out; of losing loved ones to death or dementia; of feeling physically unsafe in the modern world; of grown-up children finding you stupid and tiresome." Jake Kerridge of "The Daily Telegraph" wrote that "Osman manages to keep the novel rooted in truth by focusing on his central characters' everyday concerns as well as their hair-raising adventures: Elizabeth's heroic stoicism in the face of her husband's encroaching dementia; Joyce's circular rows with the daughter she'd die for but doesn't much like."


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: Praising the characters, Michael Dirda of "The Washington Post" wrote that the Thursday Murder Club were "ordinary old people yet, like all old people, much deeper and complicated than they appear". Joan Smith of "The Sunday Times", however, criticised the lack of realism in Osman's portrayal, highlighting that the Club were "in their seventies or eighties, but retain all their faculties and do not appear to have any financial problems as they run rings around the police."


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: While calling it "superbly entertaining", Truss criticised the novel's lack of a "sense of jeopardy", with Kerridge agreeing. Tom Nolan of "The Wall Street Journal" called it "an unalloyed delight, full of sharp writing, sudden surprises, heart, comedy, sorrow and great banter", with Dirda calling the book "wildly entertaining".


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: Robert Dex of the "Evening Standard" had mixed thoughts on the novel, writing that the plot "has more holes than a dodgy knitting pattern and his charactersaside from Elizabeth and her sidekick Joyceare pretty flimsy." However, he stated: "As a reviewer I can find plenty of faults, but as a reader I didn't care", having "read it from cover to cover and enjoyed every minute." Joan Smith was harsher, calling the plot "so hackneyed that it is hard to read without yawning." She went further, lambasting Osman as "very much a one-trick pony", his characters as "paper-thin", and scorching both of his "soap opera" books as "lack[ing] the underlying moral seriousness that is an essential ingredient of the best crime fiction." She further accused Osman of "not tak[ing] murder seriously, dispatching characters with careless abandon".


title: The Man Who Died Twice (novel)

text: Following publication on 16 September 2021 by Viking, "The Man Who Died Twice" became one of the best-performing novels since records began in the 1990s, selling 114,202 copies in the first three days it was available; this led an industry analyst to call Osman a "publishing phenomenon". However, a prominent books magazine, led by "Rolling Stone" former editor, refused to review it, saying that "there are hundreds of new books published every week" and there was an "illusion" that only two books ("The Man Who Died Twice" and "Beautiful World, Where Are You") were on sale, pleading for its readers to "[f]ocus instead on the mountain of other stuff that has been magically made to disappear".


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall is an American metalcore band from Boston, Massachusetts, formed in 1996. Although Shadows Fall has experienced several line-up changes, for most of its recording career, Shadows Fall has been composed of Jon Donais (lead guitar, backing vocals), Matt Bachand (rhythm guitar, clean vocals), Paul Romanko (bass), Brian Fair (lead vocals), and Jason Bittner (drums).


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall has released seven studio albums, two compilation albums, and two DVDs. The band's first album featured Philip Labonte (of All That Remains) on lead vocals; but, he was soon replaced by Fair. Shadows Fall's first two studio albums featured David Germain playing drums; however, in 2002, Bittner joined the band full-time. In February 2008, the band was a Grammy Award nominee in the category Best Metal Performance for the song "Redemption" off the album "Threads of Life". Their most recent studio album, "Fire From the Sky", was released on May 15, 2012 and was the first to be produced by Adam Dutkiewicz since the band's first studio release.


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall announced in August 2014 that they were going to go on an indefinite hiatus, and by the following summer, they had wrapped up what was planned to be their farewell tour. The band reunited for its first show in six years in December 2021 in their native Massachusetts, and they have discussed the possibility of recording new material.


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall was formed in 1996 by guitarists Jonathan Donais and Matt Bachand, then good friends from the local music scene. Bachand had previously been a founding member of a death metal band and Donais a member of the metalcore band Aftershock. Later on the band had found a complete lineup with the addition of Damien McPherson (vocals), Mark Laliberte (bass), and David Germain (drums). Also in 1996, Adam Dutkiewicz performed live drums to fill in for Germain. By late 1996, the band recorded and released a demo titled "Mourning a Dead World," of which only about 200 copies were produced. It consisted of the songs Lifeless, Suffer the Season, Fleshold, Forever Lost, A Souls Salvation, and Deadworld. McPherson decided to leave the band, and was replaced by Philip Labonte in 1997. Around the same time, bass guitarist Paul Romanko, formally of the hardcore band Pushbutton Warfare, was recruited as a permanent replacement for Laliberte, who had originally joined on a temporary basis. Now with a more solid lineup, the band released its first EP, "To Ashes", with Dutkiewicz playing as a session drummer. The band's name, according to Bachand, comes from the title of a comic book published in the early 1990s.


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall toured the New England area opening for artists such as Fear Factory and Cannibal Corpse. On November 30, 1997 the band released its first studio album "Somber Eyes to the Sky", through Bachand's recording label, Lifeless Records.


title: Shadows Fall

text: In 1998, Labonte was asked to leave the band due to personal and artistic differences. He had ideas for a side project while a member of the band, and went on to form All That Remains. The band looked for a replacement vocalist and eventually recruited Milford, MA native Brian Fair of the pioneering metalcore band Overcast. The band had been friends with Fair for years. After a US Summer tour with Shai Hulud, Overcast disbanded and the band asked Fair if he would like to join Shadows Fall. While on tour Shadows Fall was signed to Century Media Records. The band recorded its second studio album "Of One Blood" with Fair on vocals in 2000, and the release included re-recorded songs from "Somber Eyes to the Sky". In 2001, David Germain decided to leave the band due to alcoholism, and was replaced by former Stigmata and Burning Human drummer Jason Bittner.


title: Shadows Fall

text: Due to repeated comparisons with Gothenburg melodic death metal bands, Shadows Fall decided to change its style to find its own sound. Inspired by more thrash, hard rock and power ballad influences, the band recorded its third studio album, titled "The Art of Balance". Released on September 17, 2002, the album peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart. Shadows Fall released three music videos to promote the album; "Thoughts Without Words", "Destroyer of Senses", and "The Idiot Box". "The Art of Balance" featured a cover of the Pink Floyd song "Welcome to the Machine." Andy Hinds of AllMusic stated the album is "a modern heavy metal album that is both brutal and highly musical, traditional yet forward-thinking", but criticized the placement of "Welcome to the Machine", stating the song "is stylishly well-executed, but seems a tad out of place nonetheless." Shadows Fall supported "The Art of Balance" by touring on Ozzfest in 2003.


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall released its fourth studio album "The War Within" on September 21, 2004. It was the first release to enter the "Billboard" 200 for the band at number 20, and peaked at number one on the Top Independent albums chart. In promotion for the album, Shadows Fall released four music videos over the course of one year; "The Power of I and I", "What Drives the Weak", "Inspiration on Demand", and "Enlightened By the Cold". The song "What Drives the Weak" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Metal Performance in 2006, however the award went to Slipknot for the song "Before I Forget". "The Light That Blinds" was featured in the video game "Guitar Hero II". Wade Kergan of AllMusic praised the album stating the band has "grown beyond the confines of the metal-loving hardcore crowd anyway, with more in common now with the classic thrash of Metallica than the metal-tinged hardcore of Coalesce". In support of the album the band once again performed on Ozzfest, but this time as a mainstage act. As of 2008, the album has sold almost 400,000 copies in the United States.


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall released its first DVD "The Art of Touring" in November 2005. The DVD included a live concert, backstage footage, and six music videos. The band released its final CD on Century Media Records, titled "Fallout from the War" on June 13, 2006. Released as a compilation album, it debuted at number 83 on the Billboard 200. "Fallout from the War" included tracks recorded for "The War Within" that did not make it on to the album, b-sides, re-recordings, and cover songs. David Jeffries of AllMusic claimed the album is "a great informal introduction to the ferocious and melodic witches' brew Shadows Fall always seems to nail."


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall signed a deal with Atlantic Records to distribute the band's albums in the United States, and a deal with Roadrunner Records for international distribution. The band released its fifth studio album "Threads of Life" on April 3, 2007. "Redemption", the first single from the CD was released on February 20, 2007 through iTunes with an accompanying music video. "Redemption" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Metal performance; the award ceremony as held on February 10, 2008, but Slayer's "Final Six" won the award. Thom Jurek of AllMusic stated Shadows Fall has "lost none of the fire, attack or attitude" on "Threads of Life". Jurek also said the album featured "killer guitar breaks, big fat chugging riffs, power-slam skin work, cattle prod bass, and cool little hooks and melodic touches on top of those bludgeoning riffs make "Threads of Life" a major label debut of merit, and a metal record worthy of celebrating." Keith Bergman of Blabbermouth.net stated ""Threads of Life" is slick as hell."


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall toured in support of "Threads of Life", including making appearances at the Jägermeister tour with Stone Sour and Lacuna Coil, the Operation Annihilation tour with Static-X, 3 Inches of Blood, and Divine Heresy, and the Black Crusade tour with Trivium, Machine Head, DragonForce, and Arch Enemy. The band was a part of the Soundwave tour in Australia and in Asia in February 2008, along with Killswitch Engage, As I Lay Dying, and Bleeding Through.


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall released their sixth album, "Retribution", on September 15, 2009, through the band's own label, Everblack Industries, which was created in conjunction with Warner Music Group's ILG, Ferret Music and ChannelZERO Entertainment. It is being released in the UK via Spinefarm Records. The album was produced by Chris "Zeuss" Harris. Drummer Jason Bittner recently stated about the band's new material, "The songs are a little more on the darker, angry side... lots of heaviness, lots of crazy guitar, and LOTS of room for me to have some fun. There is no doubt in my mind that this will be the best performance of my career, so far, and I owe that to my guys for bringing me incredible riffs to write killer drum parts to." As of the fall of 2009 the band was appearing on the 'Shock & Raw' tour of North America with 2Cents, Otep & Five Finger Death Punch. After a South American tour, Shadows Fall will be playing on the Jägermeister Stage in the 2010 Rockstar Mayhem Festival in July and August 2010. The band is also scheduled to support Lamb of God on their Australian tour in December 2009 Shadows Fall is pleased to announce their first and only New York City performance this year, taking place at Santos Party House on December 18, 2010 with direct support from Thy Will Be Done.


title: Shadows Fall

text: Shadows Fall released a live CD/DVD, "Madness in Manila: Shadows Fall Live in The Philippines 2009", on October 26.


title: Shadows Fall

text: In late 2011, Shadows Fall entered the studio to begin recording their seventh studio album. While in the studio, they held live video streams to discuss the progress of the album and answer questions from fans. This album is the first to be produced by Adam Dutkiewicz since the band's original studio release, "Somber Eyes to the Sky". "Fire from the Sky" was released on May 15, 2012 through Razor & Tie.


title: Shadows Fall

text: In late 2012, the band headlined the "Party To The Apocalypse 2012" tour with God Forbid starring Shadows Fall, God Forbid, Thy Will Be Done and Trumpet The Harlot.


title: Shadows Fall

text: On January 11, 2013, it was announced that guitarist Johnathan Donais would be joining Anthrax on their upcoming Metal Alliance Tour and on August 13, 2013 Donais was confirmed as a full Anthrax member.


title: Shadows Fall

text: On June 28, 2014, Shadows Fall performed with the bands Black Fast, Dead by Wednesday, Hallow Point, and Gray's Divide in St. Louis, Missouri.


title: Shadows Fall

text: On August 25, 2014, the band announced several final tours to take place in Europe and North America so the band could take a hiatus from future extensive touring. This farewell tour lasted into the summer of 2015.


title: Shadows Fall

text: In December 2014, it was announced drummer Jason Bittner would join Arizona thrash metal band Flotsam and Jetsam, and he is currently the drummer for Overkill. Guitarist Matt Bachand left to join Act of Defiance, along with the former members of Megadeth. Matt Bachand is currently in American metal band, Living Wreckage with former Shadows Fall guitarist Jon Donais.


title: Shadows Fall

text: In a May 2021 interview on the "Who's Your Band?" music podcast, drummer Jason Bittner revealed that Shadows Fall had "tried to get together last year for a reunion", and they were planning to play one of their first shows in over half a decade at the Worcester Palladium. He also commented on the possibility of new material and further band activity: "We're not gonna say we're still gonna be on hiatus, but we're not gonna say we're active either. We wanna just try to play a show. That's the point of right now — can we play a show first, and then everything else that comes after that, like talk of writing a record or talk of writing an EP… We've already talked about this — we said, if anything, we would write an EP first. We wouldn't write a full-length; we'd probably just four-song increments or something."


title: Shadows Fall

text: On June 22, 2021, vocalist Brian Fair confirmed that Shadows Fall were reuniting for their first show in over half a decade at the Worcester Palladium on December 18. Supporting acts for this show were Unearth, Darkest Hour, Within the Ruins, Sworn Enemy and Carnivora.


title: Shadows Fall

text: In December 2021, when asked by the Podioslave Podcast if there will be new music from Shadows Fall, Fair said, "We've talked about writing stuff, and there's a very definitive Shadows Fall approach to writing. So if Matt or Jon or Paul had ideas that really made sense, I'd see us pursuing 'em. But nothing right now. All we wanted to do is get through this show — we wanted to get through it, see if we could pull it off, see how it went. And now we're, like, 'Okay, now we can think about if we wanna do something else.' But nothing planned right now. I know Jon and Matt are riff machines — I'm sure they've got stuff — but they do also have other projects they're working on too… But right now we're just kind of recovering a little bit, trying to make sure I get my neck back in shape."


title: Shadows Fall

text: Tom Murphy of "Westword" opines that "Shadows Fall began as a melodic death-metal band with some roots in hardcore". Murphy notes that on the 2002 album "The Art of Balance," the band started to incorporate thrash metal into their sound.


title: Shadows Fall

text: Steve Huey of AllMusic compared Shadows Fall's style to Gothenburg death metal, with the band In Flames being a notable influence.


title: Shiri (film)

text: "Shiri" was the first Hollywood-style big-budget blockbuster to be produced in the new Korean film industry (i.e. after Korea's major economic boom in the late 1990s). Created as a deliberate homage to the "high-octane" action film made popular by Hollywood through the 1980s, it also contained a story that draws on strong Korean national sentiment to fuel its drama. Much of the film's visual style shares that of the Asian action cinema, and particularly Hong Kong action cinema, of John Woo, Tsui Hark, Ringo Lam, and the relentless pace of the second unit directors, like Vic Armstrong and Guy Hamilton, in the James Bond films.


title: Shiri (film)

text: The movie was released under the name "Shiri" outside of South Korea; in South Korea the title was spelled "Swiri". The name refers to "Coreoleuciscus splendidus", a fish found in Korean fresh-water streams. At one point in the film protagonist Park Mu-young has a monologue wherein he describes how the waters from both North and South Korea flow freely together, and how the fish can be found in either water without knowing to which it belongs. This ties into the film's ambitions to be the first major-release film to directly address the still-thorny issue of Korean reunification.


title: Shiri (film)

text: In September 1992, an elite group of North Korean soldiers are put through a brutal training regime. Under the auspices of their commander, Park Mu-young (Choi Min-sik), they will be sent into South Korea as sleeper agents, to be reactivated at some later date. The most promising of the group is Lee Bang-hee, a female sniper who assassinates several key South Korean figures over the next six years.


title: Shiri (film)

text: Over six years later, in September 1998, South Korea is searching for Bang-hee. The agent in charge of her case, Yu Jung-won (Han Suk-kyu) has nightmares about her murdering both him and his partner, Lee Jang-gil (Song Kang-ho). Jung-won is also engaged to a young woman, Lee Myung-hyun (Yunjin Kim), a former alcoholic and the owner of a fish and aquarium supply store. Myung-hyun symbolically gives Jung-won a pair of kissing gourami, a species that cannot live without its mate. Jung-won is worried that he cannot tell her about the real nature of his job due to his security clearance.


title: Shiri (film)

text: Jung-won and Jang-gil are contacted by an arms dealer who claims to have information about their quarry, but he is shot dead by Bang-hee before he can give them any information. After digging a bit deeper, they determine that he had been contacted by the assassin at some point, in the effort to acquire something. That something turns out to be CTX, a binary liquid explosive developed by the South Korean government. In its ground state, CTX is indistinguishable from water, but when placed under the right temperature conditions for long enough, a 200mL worth of CTX has a 1 km blast radius. The agents begin to suspect its intended use by the assassins, when Kim, a scientist working at a lab connected to CTX, is assassinated by Bang-hee.


title: Shiri (film)

text: Mu-young and his agents ambush a military convoy with several liters of CTX, killing all the soldiers and making off with the dangerous liquid before the agents could arrive in time to warn them. Jung-won and Jang-gil suspect a leak, as they are always one step too slow. Bang-hee is ordered to eliminate the 'kissing gourami' obstacle. Jung-won meets with Police Chief Ho to borrow outside forces but Ho accidentally stands in the path of a bullet fired by Bang-hee's sniper rifle.


title: Shiri (film)

text: Mu-young calls Jung-won and issues an ultimatum: he has concealed several CTX bombs around Seoul, and will give him just enough time to find each one before setting them off. He also mockingly mentions Jung-won's fiancé. It is revealed that Mu-young and Jung-won have a history: Mu-young once hijacked a civilian airliner and killed many civilians, but managed to escape by disguising himself as a wounded member of the flight crew.


title: Shiri (film)

text: The first of the CTX bombs is found on top of a department store, but Mu-young lied about the time factor. The bomb explodes just as the bomb disposal team discovers its exact location, resulting in dozens of deaths. Jung-won takes Myung-hyun to hide out at a hotel and she begins drinking again.


title: Shiri (film)

text: Jung-won suspects Jang-gil as the leak - who suspects the same thing, as Jung-won has twice survived encounters with Bang-hee he should have died in, and bugged Jung-won's car and phone to see if he could learn anything. Jung-won sets a trap by telling Jang-gil he has new information - which Mu-young and his fellow agents step into - but the situation quickly escalates into a firefight resulting in police and civilian casualties. Several of the Northern agents are killed while others escape. When Mu-young is cornered, Bang-hee comes in to save him. Jung-won, having survived his stand-off with Mu-young and Bang-hee, follows a wounded Bang-hee. He loses her but notices the light to the aquarium turn on and covertly enters, discovering a bleeding Myung-hyun removing her disguise. Jung-won walks away, shocked, and conducts a solo investigation into her history with the real, sick Myung-hyun. Mu-young confronts Bang-hee about her hesitancy and constant failure to kill Jung-won, reminding her of their primary objective.


title: Shiri (film)

text: Mu-young calls NIS, demanding millions as well as a plane for an escape at 2pm in return for the remaining CTX. Myung-hyun's identity is confirmed by the agency later when electronic surveillance devices are discovered in fish decorating the NIS's office supplied by her. Jang-gil confronts her in her shop, and is shot by Mu-young. Jung-won suddenly appears with officers, who engage in a firefight with Mu-young and his agents. Mu-young and Myung-hyun escape, while a dying Jang-gil hands Myung-hyun's soccer match ticket to Jung-won, set to start at 2pm.


title: Shiri (film)

text: The terrorists aim to detonate a CTX bomb directly over the Royal Box, housing all senior North and South Korean politicians, at a soccer stadium in the midst of an international friendly match played by a North and South Korean team. Jung-won attempts to tell NIS of the ruse and the danger in the stadium but is ignored. He defies orders and rushes to the stadium, where Mu-young, Bang-hee, and other terrorists mingle with the crowd. They find a total ban on all liquids, but enter easily as the CTX and weapons were already planted in the stadium beforehand.


title: Shiri (film)

text: Bang-hee retrieves a hidden Steyr AUG from a restroom cubicle, while Mu-young and his agents tail several patrolling South Korean SWAT officers who later adjourn to the restrooms. There, the policemen are killed and their bodies quickly dragged away. Myung-hyun advances into the grandstand with her rifle, while Mu-young and three other men, now disguised as South Korean SWAT officers in uniforms stolen from the dead policemen, enter the stadium control room, killing all but one there and forcing the remaining staff to switch on the stadium lights to trigger the CTX. Jung-won arrives at the stadium and notices the lights. Jung-won goes to the control room to have them shut off but is taken captive. Sik, a rookie NIS agent, also notices the lights and soon comes in with backup. A violent confrontation in the control room results in the death of all four terrorists, and the lights are switched off in the nick of time. Myung-hyun notices this, and fires at the VIPs, but misses her target. Chasing after the entourage, she kills several more SWAT officers along the way before being confronted by a large group of officers led by Jung-won. As she makes a last-ditch attempt to complete her mission, she is shot dead by Jung-won.


title: Shiri (film)

text: Jung-won later learns that Bang-hee (whom he knew as Myung-hyun) was pregnant with his child, and had left details of the renegade Northern agents' plan and her planned location on his answering machine before leaving for the stadium but had requested he not confront her himself, professing her love for him. Jung-won then visits the real Myung-hyun, who is at a hospital for chemo therapy, and Myung-hyun reminisces about Bang-hee with Jung-won. Myung-hyun lets Jung-won listen to that song, and while listening to it Jung-won is captivated by the lyrics. The scene then fades, while Jung-won, still listening to the song, shuts his eyes.


title: Shiri (film)

text: The total budget of the film was , at the time the single biggest budget allocated to a South Korean film. Part of the funding was covered by the Korean electronics giant Samsung. The film was a critical and financial success in South Korea and broke box office records. "Shiri" was seen in South Korean cinemas by 6.5 million people, beating the previous record set by "Titanic" of 4.3 million.


title: Shiri (film)

text: It was also successful throughout the rest of Asia (it was a top-grossing film when released in Hong Kong), and has since been issued on video worldwide. It has also played theatrically in limited engagements in the West.


title: Shiri (film)

text: The film was voted the favorite film by South Koreans with 11,918 votes in a 2002 online poll of 54,013 people conducted by the South Korean movie channel Orion Cinema Network.


title: Shiri (film)

text: In 2014, "Time Out" polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films. "Shiri" was listed at 96th place on this list.


title: Shiri (film)

text: The film would later serve as the basis for the television series "Iris", starring Lee Byung-hun and Kim Tae-hee.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: The Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP) is a non-denominational Christian organization that serves as an umbrella organization for several ministries. The IBLP, which has been described as a cult, was established by American Christian minister, Bill Gothard. The stated purpose of this non-profit tax-exempt organization is to provide instruction on how to find success in life by following biblical principles. This involves programs that include seminars for ministry, community outreach, troubled youth mentoring, and an international ministry. Children are expected to be home schooled, to always obey their fathers, and adhere strictly to IBLP's interpretations of Biblical scripture.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: IBLP maintains a post office box in Oak Brook, Illinois (Box One, though the former headquarters building is actually located in nearby Hinsdale, Illinois) as well as a large facility in East Texas near the town of Big Sandy which according to its "Contact Us" site is the organization's headquarters.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: IBLP was originally organized in 1961 under the name Campus Teams. The organization changed its name to Institute in Basic Youth Conflicts (IBYC) in 1974 (consistent with the title of its founder's seminar title), and adopted its current name in 1989 (to reflect its expansion beyond the seminars). IBLP started promoting Basic Youth Conflicts seminars in areas around the United States and other nations, which according to its own history, during the 1970s had attendances of up to 20,000 persons.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: From 2009 to 2012, the Institute in Basic Life Principles began a steady decline, losing money, assets, and greatly decreasing the number of annual seminars it conducted, while the public became increasingly aware of controversy (more specifically, allegations of sexual misconduct) associated with IBLP. The controversy led to Gothard resigning in 2014, though not admitting to anything more than "a violation of trust". The following year, according to "Chicago Magazine", IBLP relocated its headquarters to Texas; IBLP's website does not mention this move. The former IBLP headquarters building has been the subject of several redevelopment proposals according to the Hinsdale official website.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: In addition to adherence to the Bible and Christian ideals, the IBLP considers males, in particular the patriarch of a family, to be superior, whereas females are expected to obey men in every way. This includes in the home, school, workplace and marriage.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: Women are raised to learn how to become good wives and mothers, and to birth and raise children for the IBLP men chosen by the women’s fathers to be their husbands; couples are matched after a complex courtship overseen by both sets of parents. Women are not allowed to date or flirt, and all attempts at flirting, as well as wearing makeup, perfume, nail polish and high heels, is seen as lustful. Women are also discouraged from attaining a higher education.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: The consumption of media, such as television, movies, most music and the internet, is not allowed, though non-contemporary Christian music is accepted. Dancing is not allowed, and the consumption of alcohol is also banned.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: Women are expected to wear ankle-length dresses and to never cut their hair; the presence of text printed onto dresses is not allowed, as it is thought to bring attention to the body. Men are expected to wear dark suits and white shirts, and blue jeans are seen as ungodly. Men are also expected to be circumcised, as being uncircumcised is seen as being unpure.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: Children are homeschooled, and do not often leave the complex, if at all. Sexual education is not part of IBLP teachings, leading some children and teens to not understand what sexual assault is, and the practice of not teaching sexual education has been criticised by adults who have since left the IBLP and struggle with relationships. The Bible is read daily, and everyone is expected to spend time meditating on its messages.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: Children are taught to obey God's message and the rules of their fathers, and that violation of this leads to bad consequences, such as contracting a cold. "Real-world consequences at IBLP included scoldings, intense counseling, demotions, and even being kicked out altogether."


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: A number of former adherents of IBLP programmes have described the organization and/or associated circles as a cult. Don Veinot, president of Midwest Christian Outreach, says that the charismatic leader, authoritarian control, isolation of members, severe punishments, and demand for absolute and blind loyalty add up to IBLP being "cult-like"; MCO does not consider IBLP a "cult" due to its (official) support of traditional Christian doctrine (MCO reserves that label for groups which officially deviate from such).


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: In the 1980s, the organization faced "a major sex scandal" when Gothard's brother, Steve Gothard, resigned as administrative director after having affairs with several secretaries of the institute. According to accounts reported by Midwest Christian Outreach founders Ron and Joy Veinot (in their book "A Matter of Basic Principles"), the board recommended that Bill (who also admitted to sexual misconduct) resign from the board, which he did, only to take advantage of an ensuing power struggle to regain his position and control of IBLP, thereafter filling board positions with people absolutely loyal to him.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: In 2014, Gothard resigned as President of IBLP after reports that he had once again sexually harassed multiple women and failed to report allegations of child abuse in the organization. Gothard allegedly selected young women for administrative positions within the organization, then manipulated and harassed them while in his employment, several of whose stories were featured on the website of Recovering Grace, a website and Christian ministry that functions as a support group for former students and members of IBLP. An investigation into the allegations by the IBLP board concluded he did not act "criminally" but did act "inappropriately", and (notwithstanding their loyalty to Gothard) notified him that he was permanently disqualified from returning to the organization in any capacity.


title: Institute in Basic Life Principles

text: On October 20, 2015, a civil lawsuit alleging a sex-abuse cover-up involving several minors was filed in DuPage County, Illinois against IBLP and its board of directors. "Gretchen Wilkinson et al. vs. Institute in Basic Life Principles and William W. Gothard Jr." was brought on behalf of five female plaintiffs in order to "seek redress and damages for personal injuries based on the negligent and willful and wanton acts and omissions of the defendants with regard to sexual abuse and sexual harassment and similar allegations of malfeasance suffered by the plaintiffs." "Besides monetary damages, they have asked a DuPage County judge to bar IBLP leaders from alleged plans to liquidate resources estimated at more than $100 million while they close the institute's headquarters near Oak Brook and relocate to Texas, the lawsuit states." Five additional accusers joined the suit in January 2016, and even more in February 2016, bringing the grand total of complainants to 16 women and two men. The case was voluntarily dismissed on February 26, 2018 due to statute of limitations.


title: Miyu Tomita

text: Tomita was born in Saitama Prefecture on November 15, 1999. She first became interested in voice acting while in elementary school, after watching the anime series "Vampire Knight". She also became a fan of voice actor Mamoru Miyano during this time. During her high school days, she was a member of her school's manga research club. She was a finalist in the Ani-Tan voice acting audition held in 2014, and in the same year won the Grand Prix at the 2014 Voice Actor Artist Development Program Selection audition. She debuted as a voice actress in 2015, voicing a number of minor roles in the anime television series "Himouto! Umaru-chan", including voicing the protagonist Taihei Doma during a flashback.


title: Miyu Tomita

text: In 2016, she was cast as in her first major role as Otako in the anime television series "Please Tell Me! Galko-chan", where she also performed the opening theme together with Azumi Waki and Minami Takahashi. She was also cast as the character Yume Nijino in the anime television series "Aikatsu Stars!", where she narrated a commercial for the series. During the same year, she was also cast in the anime film "Garo: Divine Flame" as Roberto Lewis. In 2017, she was cast as Gabriel White Tenma in the anime television series "Gabriel DropOut". Together with co-stars Saori Ōnishi, Naomi Ōzora, and Kana Hanazawa, she performed the opening theme "Gabriel Dropkick" and ending theme "Hallelujah Essaim" She portrayed the role Kuina Natsugawa in the anime television series "Hinako Note". She made her major debut as a singer under Nippon Columbia with the release of the single "Present Moment" on November 25, 2019; the title song is used as the opening theme to the anime series "After School Dice Club". Her official fanclub, "+ you" (pronounced "plus you"), was launched on the same day as the launch of her first album, "Prologue", on June 30, 2021.


title: Aishwarya Khare

text: Aishwarya Khare is an Indian television actress, who works in Hindi serials. She is best known for her role as Mahima Srinivasan in "Yeh Hai Chahatein" and Lakshmi Bajwa in "Bhagya Lakshmi".


title: Aishwarya Khare

text: Aishwarya Khare hails from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. She is a beauty pageant winner and a theatre artiste.


title: Aishwarya Khare

text: Khare made her acting debut in 2014 through the director Lal Vijay Shahdev's drama series "Yeh Shaadi Hai Ya Sauda" on DD National. The series ran for more than 300 episodes.


title: Aishwarya Khare

text: In 2016, Khare played the parallel lead in drama series "Jaane Kya Hoga Rama Re" which aired on Life OK. In 2017, she played the role of Aparajita in Zee TV’s supernatural drama series "Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani".


title: Aishwarya Khare

text: She then went on to play the role of a police officer in "Beta Bhagya Se Bitiya Saubhagya Se" aired in Doordarshan. Later on, she played the lead in political drama "Saam Daam Dand Bhed" as Bulbul Namdhari, Vijay's wife and love interest.


title: Aishwarya Khare

text: In 2019, she was roped in by Ekta Kapoor for cameo in her drama series "Yeh Hai Chahatein" on StarPlus where she played the role of Mahima Srinivasan, sister of the protagonist, later on her role turned into an antagonist. It was her first noticeable role on Indian television and her performance as an antagonist was appreciated by audience. In 2020, she was cast as Meera Sharma, Bani's adoptive sister in "Naagin 5".


title: Aishwarya Khare

text: Since 2021, Khare is portraying the role of protagonist "Lakshmi Oberoi" in Ekta Kapoor's drama series "Bhagya Lakshmi" on Zee TV. It was her third collaboration with Balaji Telefilms as well as her third consecutive top rated Hindi GEC show as well as her first major success as a lead actress.


title: French football league system

text: The French football league system is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in France and Monaco, and includes one Spanish side. At the top two levels of the system is the Ligue de Football Professionnel, which consists of two professional national divisions, Ligue 1 and Ligue 2. Below that are a number of leagues run by the Fédération Française de Football. At level 3 is the semi-professional Championnat National. Below that is the amateur Championnat National 2 (level 4), which is divided into four parallel regional divisions, followed by the Championnat National 3 (level 5), which is divided into 12 parallel regional divisions. Underneath that are many more regional and departmental leagues and divisions. Clubs finishing the season at or near the top of their division may be eligible for promotion to a higher division. Similarly, clubs finishing at or near the bottom of their division may be relegated to a lower division.


title: French football league system

text: Starting in 2017–18 there were changes at levels 3 and 4 (in name only) and level 5 (significant restructuring and rename).


title: French football league system

text: For the 2019–20 season, this was the structure of the regional leagues, operating directly below the national leagues.


title: French football league system

text: For the 2019–20 season, this was the structure of the departmental leagues, operating at various levels below the regional leagues.


title: French football league system

text: Clubs in the arrondissements of Paris are divided between the three surrounding suburban districts. The District of Hauts-de-Seine includes 6th, 7th, 8th, 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th, the District of Seine-Saint-Denis has the 9th, 10th, 11th, 18th, 19th, 20th and the District of Val-de-Marne includes 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 12th and 13th.


title: Child protection

text: Child protection is the safeguarding of children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect. Article 19 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child provides for the protection of children in and out of the home. One of the ways to ensure this is by giving them quality education, the fourth of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in addition to other child protection systems.


title: Child protection

text: Child protection systems are a set of usually government-run services designed to protect children and young people who are underage and to encourage family stability. UNICEF defines a 'child protection system' as:


title: Child protection

text: Due to economic reasons, especially in poor countries, children are forced to work in order to survive. Child labour often happens in difficult conditions, which are dangerous and impair the education of the future citizens and increase vulnerability to adults. It is hard to know exactly the age and number of children who work. At least 152 million children under 5 years of age worked in 2016, but the figure is underestimated because domestic labour is not counted.


title: Child protection

text: In some countries, children can be imprisoned for common crimes. In some countries, like Iran or China, criminals can even be sentenced to capital punishment for crimes committed while they were children (the United States abandoned the practice in 2005). In contexts where military use of children is made, they also risk being prisoners of war. Other children are forced to prostitution, exploited by adults for illegal traffic in children or endangered by poverty and hunger. Infanticide today continues at a much higher rate in areas of extremely high poverty and overpopulation, such as parts of China and India. Female infants, then and even now, are particularly vulnerable, a factor in sex-selective infanticide.


title: Child protection

text: Most children who come to the attention of the child welfare system do so, because of any of the following situations, which are often collectively termed child abuse. Abuse typically involves abuse of power, or exercising power for an unintended purpose. This includes willful neglect, knowingly not exercising a power for the purpose it was intended. This is why child abuse is defined as taking advantage of a position of trust having been invested with powers


title: Child protection

text: In 1984 the Council of Europe, the body that supervises the European Convention on Human Rights, make Recommendation R(84) 4 on Parental Responsibilities. These defined parental responsibility as a 'function' duties to be met and powers that can be exercised to meet those duties. Child abuse and neglect is failure by a person with parental or any other protective responsibility to exercise the powers for the intended purpose, which is the benefit of the child.


title: Child protection

text: Actions typically include services aimed at supporting at-risk families so they can remain intact to safeguard and promote the welfare of the child, investigation of alleged child abuse and, if necessary, assuming parental responsibility by foster care and adoption services.


title: Child protection

text: Services are provided by corporate bodies (or legal personalities). Parental responsibility gives parents and businesses that make provision to children and families equivalent legal entities. This includes public bodies and public bodies that regulate private bodies. This has been described as the partnership between state and family.


title: Child protection

text: A position held in a body corporate places a person in a position of trust. Child maltreatment is the neglectful or abusive exercise of power in a position of trust by either business in delivery of the products that best serve the child's needs for the parents to provide for the child or by the parents in providing for the child with those products.


title: Child protection

text: A 2014 European Commission survey on child protection systems listed the following categories of children needing help:


title: Child protection

text: The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency dealing with labour issues, created in 1919. It takes care also of child labour issues, in particular with conventions 138 and 182.


title: Child protection

text: On 20 November 1959 the United Nations General Assembly adopted a Declaration of the Rights of the Child during the Convention on the Rights of the Child.


title: Child protection

text: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is a United Nations Programme headquartered in New York City, that provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries.


title: Child protection

text: Provincial or state governments' child protection legislation empowers the government department or agency to provide services in the area and to intervene in families where child abuse or other problems are suspected. The agency that manages these services has various names in different provinces and states, e.g., Department of Children's Services, Children's Aid, Department of Child and Family Services. There is some consistency in the nature of laws, though the application of the laws varies across the country.


title: Child protection

text: The United Nations has addressed child abuse as a human rights issue, adding a section specifically to children in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:


title: Child protection

text: Most countries have introduced laws to protect, prevent children and young persons from certain threats or harms.


title: Child protection

text: The United Kingdom, similar to many countries around the world, operates a wide variety of systems and safeguards to protect children from harm and abuse. To protect children from harm outside of their home life, the government use a wide variety of policy, regulations, guidance and best practice. This includes, but is not limited to:


title: Child protection

text: There are also safeguards and services in place to protect children from harm in other contexts including from within their home or directly from their family, carers or peers as children have the right to live free of abuse (Human Rights Act).


title: Child protection

text: There is no central directorate or agency responsible for safeguarding children within the UK. Legislation places responsibility for supporting children and their families onto local councils and authorities including the City of London Corporation. This same legislation also places duties upon these organisations to assess children's safety, intervene where necessary or accommodate children who require it.


title: Child protection

text: Throughout much of the 19th century there was minimal protection for the safely of children. The rights of parents to raise their children as they wished as well as the ability of adult authority figures to establish obedience in their charges through corporal punishment was given priority. As social reformer Whatley Cooke-Taylor wrote:


title: Child protection

text: Attitudes were shifting by the 1880s, beginning in 1883, local societies focused on child welfare began to be established across the country which had developed by the end of the decade into the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. The Children's Charter which came into law in 1889 gave the state the ability to intervene in the parent-child relationship in order to prevent mistreatment for the first time. The rights of children were again extended five years later.


title: Child protection

text: In 1908, the Children Act 1908 was introduced followed by the Children and Young Person Act 1920 with a bundle of laws to protect young persons and children in the early 20th century. The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 consolidated the laws into a single law.


title: Child protection

text: The Children Act 1933 defined child neglect and abuse as is now currently understood in the context of welfare and well-being. Welfare (health, safety and happiness) is the fare, nourishment, that makes a person well, healthy.


title: Child protection

text: The 1933 Act also made several key changes in relation to children at the time such as, but not limited to:


title: Child protection

text: One commentator notes that 'the period before 1948 saw the majority of work with vulnerable children undertaken by 'moral' or family welfare workers. These were mostly voluntary workers based within groups such as the Church of England's Moral Welfare Associations. Their remit also included supporting friendless girls, unmarried mothers and babies, intervening to prevent prostitution, and helping treat and prevent the spread of venereal disease. Boys were not widely perceived as sexually vulnerable, and barely featured in discussions of child assault and prostitution.'


title: Child protection

text: Whilst the Children and Young People Act 1933 established the foundations, they were later consolidated by the Children Act 1989 and following volume of legislation. Internationally, the principles were embodied in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.


title: Child protection

text: "Early Help", or "early intervention", is the term used to describe arrangements and services which respond to the needs of children, young people and their families as soon as problems start to emerge at any point in their lives, or when there is a strong likelihood that problems will emerge in the future. Statutory guidance highlights the importance of offering early intervention services, rather than waiting until a child or family's situation escalates.


title: Child protection

text: As can be seen from the above provisions, which all follow the principles of the Children and Young Peoples Act 1933, child protection is concerned with the child's exposure to, and consumption of, potentially hazardous products of all description.


title: Child protection

text: The act followed Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 to reflect the new law of negligence and demolition of the privily barrier in the law of contract. The new law recognized that the product manufacturer may be "many parties removed" from the ultimate product consumer and that the product may contain potentially hazardous but un-examinable content. This may be either through ingredient or packaging. Food intolerances are a simple example. The purchaser will be unaware of potentiality allergic content unless clearly advised by the producer.


title: Child protection

text: The purchaser, or more generally 'procurer' (person who obtains), of product may not be the ultimate consumer. A parent procures for a child who is, potentially, the most vulnerable consumer. Section 1(1) of the Children and Young Peoples Act 1933 makes it a criminal offence of child cruelty for the person responsible for a child to expose him/her "in a "manner likely to cause him unnecessary suffering or injury to health"" (emphasis supplied). The approach is no different to employment health and safety, but for the consumer rather than the employee.


title: Child protection

text: It is the ""manner" "of acting that is important: is this activity being carried out safely after an appropriate risk assessment to meet the duty of care in the law of negligence established by Donoghue. The person responsible for a child should know the child's food allergies and check any product content for potential food intolerances before allowing the child to consume the product.


title: Child protection

text: Child safeguarding follows directly from these principles. Safeguarding means taking the necessary protective measures for the child's safe consumption of any product, stair-gates, seatbelts, protective footwear, glasses, basic hygiene, etc. The list is both endless and, to the most part, obvious common sense. Failure by the responsible person is an offence of child cruelty on the grounds of failing to protect the child in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care.


title: Child protection

text: A parent, person with parental responsibility for a child, has an express liability, whoever is responsible for the child at the time (s.17 of the act). Just as in employment health and safety, the powers of parenthood can be delegated but not the duties. Parents should make arrangements for suitable and properly informed others to have responsibility for their children (see also s.2(9)-(11) Children Act 1989).


title: Child protection

text: For the product to be safely consumed by a child means that the responsible person must fully understand the product's safe use for its intended purpose. Miss-selling in the law of contract, suggesting the product does something it doesn't or selling products to those that do not fully understand what they are getting is potentially hazardous to the child as the ultimate consumer. Health and medical treatment may involve some form of physical contact in which case lack of proper consent is a potential battery, or even assault, of the person. The procurer must be placed in a position to assess any potential risk to the child in the reliable use of the product. (see 1.19 Reference Guide to Consent for Examination and Treatment (DOH 2009)).


title: Child protection

text: Just as in all of life, the likely benefits of a procured product come with possible non-beneficial qualities. Procurement is a careful activity attempting to achieve the best value for money. The benefits of the product must be satisfactorily delivered as specified for performance in the law of contract. Just as in food intolerances and consent to examination and treatment, the procurer must be made aware of any potential hazards in their circumstances of a product that performs reliably.


title: Child protection

text: Welfare defines the process by which proper consent or agreement is given when procuring products that will be beneficial and safe in the procurer's particular circumstances. If a child is the ultimate consumer of a procured product then the child's welfare (health, safety and happiness) is the paramount consideration when coming to the decision (see s.1(1) Children Act 1989).


title: Child protection

text: A balance must be struck between the obligations of the producer and the obligations of the procurer for the child's safe consumption of the product. The calculus of negligence is a legal approach, in the spirit of procurement efficiency, that attempts to strike that balance on economic grounds. This is most easily understood in terms of insurance liability. Should a car driver have a duty of care towards unlit cyclists at night or should the cyclist have a duty of care to properly illuminate his bicycle at night? The costs of driving with a duty of care to unlit cyclists is considerably less than the cost of bicycle illumination.


title: Child protection

text: A parent must also procure (obtain) all necessary products, environments, accommodation, goods and services to be provided for the child's safe consumption. Failure to do so is, again, an offence of child cruelty under s.1(2) of the act on the grounds of physical neglect and failing to prevent harm as impairment of health and development in Working Together to Safeguard Children (see, Part 2 B, 24, sentencing guidance, Overarching Principles: Overarching Principles: Assaults on children Assaults on children and Cruelty to a child; and Introduction, Working Together to Safeguard Children (HMG 2015) the governmental child protection guidance).


title: Child protection

text: The procurement process for integrated provision is called a Children and Family Assessment, CAF Assessment, for integrated provision. The outcome is a CAF Action Plan to safeguard and promote the child's welfare with the specified outcomes of the services that best serve the child's needs to be delivered under the terms of proper consent (see 1.35 of Working Together).


title: Child protection

text: In the Family Justice System the CAF Assessment is conducted by the Children and Family Court Advisory and Supervisory Service (CAFCASS) to "safeguard and promote the welfare of children involved in family court proceedings". In the Youth Justice System and Special Education Needs the CAF Assessment is conducted by local council parental responsibility units following Schedule 2 of the Special Educational Needs Regulations (Consolidated) 2001.


title: Child protection

text: Decisions made on all the necessary products: environments, accommodation, goods and services procured to be provided for the child's safe consumption must be in the best interests of the child. A child is a person, not an object of concern who simply lacks the capacity to give consent on their own behalf until Gillick Competent to do so. They must still be involved in the decision-making processes for the products that best serve their needs in accordance with the best interests determination of s.4 Mental Capacity Act 2005. Failure of the responsible person to so is an offence on the grounds of emotional neglect (see, Part 2 B, 24, sentencing guidance, Overarching Principles: Overarching Principles: Assaults on children Assaults on children and Cruelty to a child; and Introduction, Working Together to Safeguard Children (HMG 2015) the governmental child protection guidance).


title: Child protection

text: Working Together to Safeguard Children extends mental capacity to parental capacity for a person with parental responsibility and the best interests consideration under s.1(3)(a)-(f) the, so-called, [welfare checklist of family law http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/section/1 Children Act 1989]. This is the UK implementation of Article 3 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child "Best Interests of the Child".


title: Child protection

text: "s.1(3)(a) the wishes and feelings of the child in light of his age and experience;" are the child's involvement in the decision-making process (see also s.17(4A) and s.47(4A) Children Act 1989).


title: Child protection

text: "s.1(3)(b) the child's physical, emotional and educational needs"; are for physical and emotional neglect to be prevented and to receive a proper education (s.36 Children Act 1989) in accordance with his/her aptitudes, abilities and any special needs he may have (s.7 Education Act 1996).


title: Child protection

text: "s.1(3)(c) the likely effect of the change of circumstances" are the likely outcomes for the child of the products as environment, accommodation, goods and services procured to be provided for him/her.


title: Child protection

text: "s.1(3)(d) the age, sex, background, and other relevant characteristics of the child" specifies the child's current condition for which the provision is required to address.


title: Child protection

text: "s.1(3)(e) harm the child has suffered, or is at risk of suffering;" specifies the harm, as ill-treatment or impairment of health and development the child has suffered or the hazards in his/her circumstances from which she is at risk of suffering harm. Just as in employment health and safety, these are the risks of the present care environment.


title: Child protection

text: "s.1(3)(f) capability of the parents, or anybody else considered relevant, of meeting the child's needs;" is the ability and responsibility of the parents for procuring the necessary products as environments, accommodation, goods and services to promote the child's welfare to be safely provided to him/her in safeguarding his/her welfare.


title: Child protection

text: There is both a business and social imperative to give all the opportunity for safely and satisfactorily consuming the offerings of producers. Some, may not have the capacity to be capable of giving proper consent or agreement for the products that best serve their needs to use those products safely. In the case of parents, their children's needs to keep their children safe. This is called Legal Disability.


title: Child protection

text: Disability is the difference between capacity and capability. In the case of parents parental capacity of Working Together and parental capability of s.1(3)(f) of the Children Act 1989. Disability is defined as a mental or physical impairment with and adverse effect on normal day-to-day activities. A person without the use of their legs lacks the physical capacity to walk. They are not capable of carrying out the normal day-to-day activity of, say, shopping without some corrective measure such as a mobility scooter (see s.6 Equality Act 2010 and Guidance on Matters to be Taken into Account when Assessing Disability).


title: Child protection

text: Mental capacity is the ability to make decisions in a best interests determination on a particular issue so as to be mentally capable of giving proper consent or agreement. Determining mental capacity requires the information on which the decision to be made to safeguard the person's welfare. A lack of mental capacity to process the information and make decisions is a legal disability leaving the person incapable of instructing a solicitor (s.3 Mental Capacity Act 2006, 26 Explanatory Notes to the Mental Capacity Act (2005); 1.6 Family Law Protocol (Law Society 2010)).


title: Child protection

text: Physical and moral health refer to the faculties of the mind used in making decisions. Physical health is the mental capacity to understand the effects of matter and energy on both self and others. That is, to understand how a person may be physically harmed which is called causality in the law of negligence. Moral health is the mental capacity to recognise the persons and environment that may be damaged by the acts and omissions in the law of negligence, the neighbour principle.


title: Child protection

text: Part 1 of the Children and Young Peoples Act 1933 is headed ""Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Exposure to Physical and Moral Danger"". The offence of child cruelty under s.1(1) includes ""...exposure in a manner likely to cause an unnecessary injury to health."". Again, the manner of the exposure endangers the child's physical and moral health as faculties of the mind. It means nothing more than setting a bad example in either behaviour towards others (moral health) or carelessness with potentially dangerous items, e.g. speeding in a motor car.


title: Child protection

text: Emotional health is firstly intellectual health, the capacity to reason based on the understandings of physical and moral health when making decisions so as not harm a neighbour or neighbourhood. It is secondly the competencies to engage in social relationships, personal or business, under the terms of proper consent or agreement following that reasoning and decision making. Thirdly, it is the likely capability of applying those competencies to take opportunities in the cause of growth and well-being and then to perform reliably.


title: Child protection

text: The Department of Health Introduction to the Children Act 1989 described new notion of parental responsibility as ""the authorities conferred by parental responsibility exist only for raising the child to physical, emotional and moral health"". Lord McKay of the Clasfern, the Lord Chancellor when introducing the act to Parliament said ""...the overwhelming task of parenthood and the all the rights it brings are for raising the child to be a properly developed adult, both physically and morally."".


title: Child protection

text: The child's physical and moral health are developed as physical development and behavioural (moral) development of physical and moral capacities; the child's emotional health is developed as intellectual development for the capacity to reason based on those understandings when making decisions; social development as the competencies to enter into social relationships, both personal and business; and emotional development of likely capability to take opportunities in the cause of growth and well-being and perform reliably (see s.17(11) Children Act 1989).


title: Child protection

text: Lady Elizabeth Butler Sloss made this oft quoted remark in her inquiry into the Cleveland child abuse scandal. As a medical discipline, child welfare under s.1 and s.44 of the Children and Young Peoples Act 1933 is only distinguished from animal welfare under s.9 Animal Welfare Act 2006 by consideration of the child's wishes and feelings when making decisions in her best interests following s.4 Mental Capacity Act 2005 extended to parental capacity by Working Together to Safeguard Children and s.1(3)(a)-(f) of the Children Act 1989.


title: Child protection

text: An animal is a possession whilst a child is a person and this distinction was a central intention of the Children Act 1989. Lord McKay also said when introducing the act, ""The days when a child was regarded as a possession of his family, indeed to sue on their loss, are today buried forever"". The child is socially and emotionally developed, whilst he lacks capacity, by full involvement in the decision making process in his best interests until he becomes competent as Gillick Competent.


title: Child protection

text: The Department of Work and Pensions disability assessment is a measure of physical and mental capacities under clinical or controlled conditions from occupational health in respect to employment performance. The test for disability is capability as ""the mental or physical impairment with an adverse effect on day-to-day activities"" as social performance. The assessment of capacity is used in a home based disability assessment under s.47 NHS and Community Care Act 1990.


title: Child protection

text: For a parent, a parental disability is the mental or physical impairment with the adverse effect on the day-to-day activity of giving the child the care it would be reasonable to expect a parent to give a similar child (s.31 Children Act 1989).


title: Child protection

text: Whatever their mental or physical impairments parents should be given the necessary disability support to care for their children to maintain a reasonable standard of health and development. (s.17(10) Children Act 1989).


title: Child protection

text: For those with parental responsibility mental capacity to make decisions in own best interests is extended to parental capacity to make decisions in the best interests of the child by Working Together to Safeguard Children. The s.47 disability assessment is extended by Part III and s.8 Part 1 Schedule 2 Children Act 1989.


title: Child protection

text: Part III Children Act 1989 includes s.17 and the local authority duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children by the provision of services for the families of children in need. The services include advocacy services for advice and assistance in decision making when exercising the authorities of parental responsibility. This was another clear intention of the act described in the Department of Health Introduction as ""the belief that children are best brought up in the family with both parents playing a full part. the local authority duty to provide support for children and families.""


title: Child protection

text: The s.47 disability assessment is to support mental health care in the community and is conducted with a view to a possible deprivation of liberty for those who lack the capability to care for themselves in the community under Schedule A1 Mental Capacity Act 2005. The decision is made after a Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference known as MARAC.


title: Child protection

text: In the case a parent who is not capable of meeting the child's needs then the local authority can intervene with a court order under s.31(2) Children Act 1989. To do so they must meet the public law thresholds that the child is suffering, or likely to suffer, significant harm attributable to the care it would be reasonable to expect a parent to give, the same criteria as for parental disability support.


title: Child protection

text: It is assumed that the parent has been given the necessary support for any parental disability under the terms of proper consent, that the welfare of the child has been safeguarded and the risk to the child is parental negligence. The test of parental negligence is, following Donoghue later called the Bolam Test, the same test as for professional negligence. If a care order is made the local authority acquires parental responsibility under s.33 of the act as the, so-called, corporate parent.


title: Child protection

text: These thresholds are highly controversial and poorly understood. A number of esoteric legal principles are involved and most easily understood in terms of employment performance and health and safety.


title: Child protection

text: A parent, just like the CEO of a corporate body, must be, and be seen to be a fit and responsible person. If called into question the court will firstly examine the facts. In employment health and safety there are the facts of accidents, the accident record book of harm suffered, and the facts of the employment environment, harm likely to be suffered, say, from a trip hazard.


title: Child protection

text: The facts are found to the civil standard of proof, the balance of probabilities, 'Did the facts of the alleged trip hazard occur?", this is called 'The Trier of Fact'. If so, do these found facts amount to a trip hazard?, this is called the Question of Law. This conforms that the alleged events occurred and were unlawful but that is not enough there is next the issue of culpability or State of Mind. Negligence is a state of mind. This notion comes from the criminal law and the offence of child cruelty under s.1 Children and Young Peoples Act 1933. What was the motivation, carelessness or malice? There is a defence of diminished responsibility, the offence occurred but was not voluntary or reasonably foreseeable by an impaired or incapacitated defendant.


title: Child protection

text: The offence of child cruelty allows a defence of parental incapacity on a wide range of grounds (see sentencing guidance, Overarching Principles: Overarching Principles: Assaults on children Assaults on children and Cruelty to a child).


title: Child protection

text: The employment health and safety approach is again helpful in understanding this complexity. To summarise so far, as a matter of fact found on the balance of probabilities, the child has suffered harm or been exposed to an unsafe environment. The person responsible for the child was in, at least, a negligent state of mind in failing to protect the child to safeguarding or promote his/her welfare. This is all based in the present and the final finding is as a fit and proper person to hold this responsibility into the future. Is there a track record of such irresponsible behaviour?


title: Child protection

text: The offence of child cruelty can be prosecuted concurrently with any assault on the child. If a child is assaulted, sexually or physically, then both the assailant and the person responsible for keeping the child safe from the assault are culpable for the harm suffered as physical abuse or sexual abuse. This completes the definitions of child neglect and abuse in Annex A of Working Together (see also Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence (WHO 2006)).


title: Child protection

text: The offence of child cruelty is the UK implementation of Article 19(1) UN Convention on the Rights of the Child "Protection of Children From Violence". Article 19(2) requires social programmes to for preventing violence to children and these are to be found under s.4 Part 1 Schedule 2 Children Act 1989 and include services to children and families under Part III of the same enactment in meeting the local authority duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children.


title: Child protection

text: A particular challenge arises where child protection professionals are assessing families where neglect is occurring. Professionals conducting assessments of families where neglect is taking place are said to sometimes make the following errors:


title: Click-through rate

text: Click-through rate (CTR) is the ratio of users who click on a specific link to the number of total users who view a page, email, or advertisement. It is commonly used to measure the success of an online advertising campaign for a particular website, as well as the effectiveness of email campaigns.


title: Click-through rate

text: Click-through rates for ad campaigns vary tremendously. The first online display ad, shown for AT&T on the website HotWired in 1994, had a 44% click-through rate. With time, the overall rate of user's clicks on webpage banner ads has decreased.


title: Click-through rate

text: The purpose of click-through rates is to measure the ratio of clicks to impressions of an online ad or email marketing campaign. Generally, the higher the CTR, the more effective the marketing campaign has been at bringing people to a website. Most commercial websites are designed to elicit some sort of action, whether it be to buy a book, read a news article, watch a music video, or search for a flight. People rarely visit websites with the intention of viewing advertisements, in the same way that few people watch television to view the commercials.


title: Click-through rate

text: While marketers want to know the reaction of the web visitor, with current technology it is nearly impossible to quantify the emotional reaction to the site and the effect of that site on the firm's brand. In contrast, it is easy to determine the click-through rate, which measures the proportion of visitors who clicked on an advertisement that redirected them to another page. Forms of interaction with advertisements other than clicking are possible but rare; "click-through rate" is the most commonly used term to describe the efficacy of an advert.


title: Click-through rate

text: The click-through rate of an advertisement is the number of times a click is made on the ad, divided by the number of times the ad is "served", that is, shown (also called impressions), expressed as a percentage:


title: Click-through rate

text: Click-through rates for banner ads have decreased over time. When banner ads first started to appear, it was not uncommon to have rates above five percent. They have fallen since then, currently averaging closer to 0.2 or 0.3 percent. In most cases, a 2% click-through rate would be considered very successful, though the exact number is hotly debated and would vary depending on the situation. The average click-through rate of 3% in the 1990s declined to 2.4%–0.4% by 2002. Since advertisers typically pay more for a high click-through rate, getting many click-throughs with few purchases is undesirable to advertisers. Similarly, by selecting an appropriate advertising site with high affinity (e.g., a movie magazine for a movie advertisement), the same banner can achieve a substantially higher CTR. Though personalized ads, unusual formats, and more obtrusive ads typically result in higher click-through rates than standard banner ads, overly intrusive ads are often avoided by viewers.