title: Tijuana International Airport

text: As part of the airport privatization concession, the airport terminal was expanded and renovated in 2002, when the extension of concourse A and B was built, allowing the terminal to double its capacity. Several taxiways were also expanded to allow the operations of larger aircraft such as the Boeing 747. Nevertheless, as the airport has become one of the most important hubs and gateways in the country, there is a plan of a new terminal, which could house the operations of the major airline at the airport: Aeroméxico (including Aeroméxico Connect). As of today, both of the concourses have been expanded and remodeled, including the progressive introduction of glass-jetways replacing the old ones.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: From 2011 to 2012, the airport's Terminal 1 underwent major renovations in Concourse A and B, including new customs and international arrivals facilities, construction of a new bus terminal, and other exterior renovations. In December 2015 the Cross Border Xpress (CBX) cross-border bridge and passenger terminal on the U.S. side opened.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: In 2022, a new terminal building, named the "Nuevo Edificio Procesador" (New Processing Building), has opened. It consist of additional check-in counters, security lanes, boarding gates, and immigration facilities. The new terminal will allow for international flights, with targeted flight service to Asia and South America. It also allows direct access to the United States from international arrivals via Cross Border Xpress, an increased width for air bridges, a new waiting room, and an expanded arrivals and documentation hall for international flights. In addition, there are plans for a hotel, an office facility, and a bus terminal. Construction lasted from 2018 to 2022.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: From 2006 until September 2014, Aeroméxico operated three weekly flights to Tokyo-Narita, but in September 2014 they stopped in Monterrey instead.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: Aeroméxico resumed services to Shanghai on March 26, 2010, after the airline halted service 11 months earlier due to the 2009 flu pandemic. The airline temporarily suspended service to Shanghai once again from September 4, 2011, to January 10, 2012. In 2019, the cancellation of the Mexico City-Tijuana-Shanghai route was announced, making Hainan's service to Beijing the only remaining international flight from the airport. International service ended in early 2020 (due to COVID-19 pandemic) after Hainan announced the cessation of all flights to Mexico.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: Cross Border Xpress, or CBX, is the world's third cross-border passenger terminal (after Geneva and Basel-Mulhouse). It consists of a terminal on the U.S. side of the border and a bridge to connect the Tijuana Airport with that terminal, and opened on December 9, 2015.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: The project consists of a second terminal, located on U.S. soil adjacent to the border, and an international bridge. This building serves as a check-in and processing facility for departing passengers only, with no gates or arrival facilities (thus functionally resembling Hong Kong International Airport Terminal 2), but with its own parking and customs offices, that links passengers to gates at Terminal 1 via a 390-foot bridge across the border. The structural scheme is intended to allow greater access to flights out of Tijuana Airport for both domestic and international air carriers.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: The project had an initial estimated cost of 78 million US dollars and a final completion cost of 120 million US dollars, funded by Mexican and U.S. private investors and Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico. Building E of Tijuana's Terminal 1 underwent restructuring, to support the new bridge own structure on Mexican soil. The initial design was the work of Ralph Nieders who first introduced the concept of a cross-border passenger terminal in Mexico City to Mexicana de Aviación in 1989, to the San Diego Association of Governments in 1990 and in 2002, to the Bush-Fox Presidential Commission, Partnership for Prosperity, in Washington D.C. The design of the joint binational Terminal 2 building is the work of late Mexican architect Ricardo Legorreta.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: Runway 09/27 runs east–west approximately 300 meters south of the U.S.-Mexico border. The approach to the runway is either from the east (normally) or from the west (when Santa Ana wind conditions exist).


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: Brown Field Municipal Airport (SDM/KSDM) in San Diego, California lies just over one nautical mile (about 2 km) north of TIJ, with a similar runway length and orientation. SDM is a general aviation field not set up for scheduled passenger service. Both SDM and TIJ are designated ports of entry for their respective countries.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: The airport consists of a single runway, a parallel taxiway, and a 23 gate main terminal with two concourses, a food court and a high-tech control tower, one of the tallest in Mexico. At the opposite side of the Main Terminal building there is another terminal and runway, the Old Airport Terminal, which houses military aviation, mostly performed by the Mexican Armed Forces; south of the adjacent runway (closed for commercial operations), there are 4 remote positions, mostly used by cargo airliners, linked by a shorter taxiway to the main runway. The airport is also used to a lesser extent for general aviation, housed at the General Aviation Building (GAB Terminal).


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: The Old Airport Terminal (known for locals as "Aeropuerto Viejo", "old airport") is set for aviation of the Mexican Military and federal police forces. This military airbase belongs to the Northwestern Region of the Mexican Air Force. One cargo airline operates at the terminal.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: Incoming flights of these armed forces agencies usually arrive from the Mexican Air Force Central Region, mostly from Mexico City International Airport or nearby airbases.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: Note: The General Aviation Building (GAB Terminal) is used for general/non-commercial aviation or private jets. The General Aviation Building is designed to receive up to 120 persons per hour and it has all the services for the convenience of passengers during their private flights. It has a surface of 420 m (4,700 sq. ft.), where there are government offices, administrative offices, a pilots lounge, and passenger lounge.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: The airport may be reached from Downtown Tijuana or Zona Rio by local bus. It costs $11.00 MXN (US$0.60).


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: Volaris provides a shuttle service from San Diego, California, United States to General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport to allow San Diego residents make connections within Mexico. You cannot board this shuttle at San Diego International Airport, but instead take a local bus from the Airport to the Amtrak Station, 1050 Kettner Blvd. on the corner of Broadway Ave, Downtown San Diego, CA 92101. There is no equivalent shuttle from TIJ airport back to downtown San Diego as most people who connect between Tijuana Airport and San Diego pay to use the Cross Border Xpress, and then take private vehicles or Uber or taxis as there is no public transportation from CBX.


title: Tijuana International Airport

text: Due to a prohibition by Mexican law, Mexican cities' public taxis may drop passengers at the airport, but cannot pick up passengers from the terminal. The airport thus offers transportation for passengers from the terminal to any point of the city on the SAAT Taxis ("Servicio Aeroportuario de Autotransporte Terrestre", Spanish for Terrestrial Transport Airport Service, an airport government-leased taxi company). This and other authorized taxi carriers may be reached at the arrivals hall. This inflates taxi prices, forcing passengers to either pay them or walk outside the airport.


title: Group A

text: Group A is a set of motorsport regulations administered by the FIA covering production derived vehicles intended for competition, usually in touring car racing and rallying. In contrast to the short-lived Group B and Group C, Group A vehicles were limited in terms of power, weight, allowed technology and overall cost. Group A was aimed at ensuring numerous entries in races of privately owned vehicles.


title: Group A

text: Group A was introduced by the FIA in 1982 to replace the outgoing Group 2 as "modified touring cars", while Group N would replace Group 1 as "standard touring cars". During the early years there were no further formula for production based race cars. Cars from multiple Groups could contest the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers for example until 1997 when the specific World Rally Car formula was introduced as the only option. In recent years Groups A and N have begun to be phased out in eligibility in championships though they continue to form the homologation basis for most production based race car formulae including the Groups Rally which must first be homologated in Group A. Both Groups N and A, and the details of their differences are described in the FIAs International Sporting Code and several of its Appendices J articles.


title: Group A

text: To qualify for FIA approval, a minimum of 2500 identical models have to be built in 12 consecutive months. The homologation period last for every subsequent year of production and 7 years after the year that less than 10% (250) are produced in one year and the model is considered out of production by the FIA. Evolutions of the series production model homologated are permitted with a ET (Evolution of the type) extension applied. Before 1993 the initial production requirement was 5000.


title: Group A

text: However, not all manufacturers who built such models sold them all, some stripped the majority of them to rebuild them as stock models or used them to allow teams to use modified parts. One such example of this was Volvo with the 240 Turbo in 1985, an evolution of a model first homologated in 1982. After they had produced 500 such models, Volvo stripped 477 cars of their competition equipment and sold them as standard 240 turbo roadcars. As a result, after FISA's failed attempt at finding an "Evolution" car in any European countries, Volvo were forced to reveal the names of all 500 "evo" owners to be permitted to compete.


title: Group A

text: For touring car competition, vehicles such as the BMW 635 CSi and M3, Jaguar XJS, various turbo Ford Sierras the V8 Ford Mustang, the turbo Volvo 240T, Rover Vitesse, various V8 Holden Commodores, various turbo Nissan Skylines, including the 4WD, twin turbo GT-R, Mitsubishi Starion Turbo, Alfa Romeo 75 (turbo) and GTV6, various Toyota Corollas and the Toyota Supra Turbo A were homologated. In the European Touring Car Championship, Group A consisted of three divisions, Division 3 – for cars over 2500cc, Division 2 – for car engine sizes of 1600–2500cc, Division 1 for cars that are less than 1600cc. These cars competed in standard bodykits, with the production-derived nature required manufactures to release faster vehicles for the roads in order to be competitive on the track. Tyre width was dependent on the car's engine size.


title: Group A

text: The FIA continued to promulgate regulations for Group A touring cars until at least 1993, however Group A survived in touring car racing in domestic championships until 1993. The German Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) switched to a 2.5L Class 1 formula in 1993, while in Japan in 1994 the Japanese Touring Car Championship organisers followed suit and switched classes like most other countries who had adopted the British Touring Car Championship-derived Supertouring regulations. Many of the redundant Skylines found a new home in the form of the JGTC (Japanese GT Championship) with modified aerodynamic devices, showing its competitiveness whilst being up against Group C, former race modified roadcars and specially developed racers, like the Toyota Supras during the earlier years.


title: Group A

text: The Confederation of Australian Motor Sport had originally announced in mid-1983 that Australia would adopt Group A from 1 January 1985 to replace the locally developed Group C (not to be confused with FIA Group C pukka racing cars) rules that had been in place since 1973. A class for the new Group A cars was included in selected Australian Touring Car endurance races in late 1984, prior to the replacement of Group C for 1985. The category would be officially termed Group 3A Touring Cars from 1988. From 1993, CAMS replaced the existing Group A-based category with a new formula which would also be designated Group 3A Touring Cars. This was initially open to five litre V8 powered cars and two litre cars (later to become known as V8 Supercars and Super Touring Cars respectively).


title: Group A

text: Hillclimb competitions still use Group A as a touring car class across Europe, while in Australia Group A is now a historic class, though only actual cars raced from 1985 to 1992 (complete with log books) are allowed to compete.


title: Group A

text: Under Group A in the World Rally Championship, the cars used were modified road cars, often based on turbocharged, four wheel drive versions of small cars such as the Lancia Delta Integrale, Ford Escort RS Cosworth, Toyota Celica GT-Four, Nissan Pulsar GTI-R, Subaru Impreza WRX and the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution.


title: Group A

text: The cars are modified for greater power and torque, and fitted with suspension and tyres specifically suited to the conditions of the specific rally, which may take place entirely on asphalt roads, different consistencies of gravel and dirt roads and even snow/ice-covered roads on some rallies held in northern Europe.


title: Group A

text: By 1990, Group A cars exceeded the performance of the defunct Group B cars on many events, because although they had far less power they had better handling and traction. They were also much safer.


title: Group A

text: Group A is still used as the basis for most rally competitions around the world, but the most competitive cars are limited-production prototypes, known as kit cars (which competed in the FIA 2-Litre World Rally Cup), World Rally Cars, Super 1600 and Super 2000.


title: Group A

text: The last car to use the old Group A homologation requirement in the WRC Manufacturers' championship was the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VI. Group A cars could continue to enter WRC rallies until 2018 and can still enter the FIA's regional rally championships today.


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: William John Hunter (27 February 194021 May 2011) was an Australian actor of film, stage and television, who was also prominent as a voice-over artist. He appeared in more than 60 films and won two AFI Awards. He was also a recipient of the Centenary Medal.


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: Hunter was born in Ballarat, Victoria, the son of William and Francie Hunter. He had a brother, John, and a sister, Marie Ann.


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: During his teens, Hunter was a champion swimmer, and briefly held a world record for the 100 yards freestyle until his record was broken by John Devitt in the very next heat 10 minutes later. Hunter qualified for the Australian swimming team for the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia before a bout of meningitis ended his Olympic hopes.


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: Hunter made his film debut as an extra in 1957 film "The Shiralee". An introduction to Ava Gardner saw him gain a job as an extra and swimming double in the Hollywood film "On the Beach", which was filming in Melbourne. Hunter claimed that he was inspired to take up acting after watching one of the leads (variously claimed to be either Gregory Peck or Fred Astaire) do 27 takes of a scene, and thinking he could do better. He took an intensive drama course in Melbourne and sailed aboard the RHMS Ellinis on New Year's Eve 1964 for England. There he won a two-year scholarship to the prestigious Northampton Repertory Company in England. In 1966, Hunter made his first television appearance, two episodes in "The Ark", a serial within the third season of the BBC television drama series "Doctor Who".


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: Hunter returned to Australia in 1967 and began working in television drama and feature films. He had interviewed with Gavrik Losey in London making no great impression in that highly competitive atmosphere but Losey was able to offer Hunter his first Australian film appearance in Ned Kelly when it came into being in Australia with Losey as production supervisor. Hunter often played characters who were the strong, opinionated, archetypal gruff Australian whose exterior belies a softer heart and sensibilities vulnerable to pressure.


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: Some of his most notable movie roles include "Mad Dog Morgan" (1976), "Newsfront" (1978), "Gallipoli" (1981), "The Dismissal", "Scales of Justice" (1983), "Strictly Ballroom" (1992), "Muriel's Wedding" (1994), "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" (1994) and "Australia" (2008). In 2007, he reprised the role of Bob in the Australian touring stage production of "Priscilla". He also provided the voice of the dentist in "Finding Nemo" (2003) and the voice of Bubo in "" (2010). He portrayed United Nations Secretary General Spencer Chartwell in the American science fiction series "". His last film role was in "The Cup" (2011).


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: Of acting, Hunter said, "As long as the director told me where to stand and what to say, I was happy. Anyone who says there's any more to it than that, is full of bullshit. ... It's a job. It is a craft, but there's no art involved. What you need is common sense and a reasonably rough head. You put on the makeup and the wardrobe, and that is half the performance. That upsets the purists, but never mind, they don't work as much as I do."


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: Hunter's first marriage was to Robbie Anderson from 1963 to 1973, with whom he had a son, named James Hunter. His next marriage was to actress Pat Bishop, in 1976. According to writer Bob Ellis, the marriage was short-lived after Hunter ran off with their marriage celebrant. His third marriage was to artist and television presenter Rhoda Roberts, from 1993 until their divorce in 1999.


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: Hunter was a supporter of the Australian Labor Party, appearing in the party's official 1996 Federal Election Campaign advertisement.


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: On 15 May 2011, Hunter was admitted to Caritas Christi hospice in Kew after refusing to go to a hospital. Surrounded by family and friends, he died of Liver cancer on 21 May 2011, aged 71.


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: A memorial service for Hunter was held at Melbourne's Princess Theatre on 26 May 2011. Close friend and co-star Mick Molloy paid tribute to Bill Hunter on stage at the 54th Logie Awards in April 2012.


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: Hunter won the 1978 AFI Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for "Newsfront", and the 1981 Best Supporting Actor award for "Gallipoli".


title: Bill Hunter (actor)

text: A painting of Hunter by artist Jason Benjamin won the Packing Room Prize in conjunction with the 2005 Archibald Prize.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (, ) is one of the Principal Upanishads and one of the first Upanishadic scriptures of Hinduism. A key scripture to various schools of Hinduism, the "Brihadaranyaka Upanisad" is tenth in the Muktikā or "canon of 108 Upanishads".


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad" is estimated to have been composed about 7th-6th century BCE, excluding some parts estimated to have been composed after the "Chandogya Upanishad". The Sanskrit language text is contained within the "Shatapatha Brahmana", which is itself a part of the Shukla Yajur Veda.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad" is a treatise on Ātman (Self), includes passages on metaphysics, ethics and a yearning for knowledge that influenced various Indian religions, ancient and medieval scholars, and attracted secondary works such as those by Adi Shankara and Madhvacharya.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The chronology of "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad", like other Upanishads, is uncertain and contested. The chronology is difficult to resolve because all opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies. Patrick Olivelle states, "in spite of claims made by some, in reality, any dating of these documents (early Upanishads) that attempts a precision closer than a few centuries is as stable as a house of cards".


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The chronology and authorship of "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad", along with "Chandogya" and "Kaushitaki Upanishads", is further complicated because they are compiled anthologies of literature that must have existed as independent texts before they became part of these Upanishads.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The exact year, and even the century of the Upanishad composition is unknown. Scholars have offered different estimates ranging from 900 BCE to 600 BCE, all preceding Buddhism. "Brihadaranyaka" is one of the first Upanishads, along with that of "Jaiminiya Upanishad" and "Chandogya Upanishads". The "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad" was in all likelihood composed in the earlier part of 1st millennium BCE, in the 7th-6th century BCE, give or take a century or so, according to Patrick Olivelle. It is likely that the text was a living document and some verses were edited over a period of time before the 6th century BCE.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: "Brihadaranyaka" literally means "great wilderness or forest". The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is credited to ancient sage Yajnavalkya, but likely refined by a number of ancient Vedic scholars. The Upanishad forms the last part, that is the fourteenth "kānda" of "Śatapatha Brāhmana" of "Śhukla Yajurveda". The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad has six "adhyayas" (chapters) in total. There are two major recensions for the text - the Madhyandina and the Kanva recensions. It includes three sections: "Madhu kānda" (the 4th and 5th chapter of the fourteenth "kānda" of Satapatha Brahmana), "Muni kānda" (or "Yajnavalkya Kanda", the 6th and 7th chapter of 14th "kānda" of Satapatha Brahmana) and "Khila kānda" (the 8th and 9th chapter of the fourteenth "kānda" of Satapatha Brahmana).


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The first and second chapters of the Upanishad's "Madhu kānda" consists of six brahmanas each, with varying number of hymns per brahmana. The first chapter of the Upanishad's "Yajnavalkya kānda" consists of nine brahmanams, while the second has six brahmanas. The "Khila kānda" of the Upanishad has fifteen brahmanas in its first chapter, and five brahmanas in the second chapter.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad" starts by stating one of many Vedic theories of creation of the universe. It asserts that there was nothing before the universe started, then Prajapati created from this nothing the universe as a sacrifice to himself, imbued it with "Prana" (life force) to preserve it in the form of cosmic inert matter and individual psychic energy. The world is more than matter and energy, asserts Brihadaranyaka, it is constituted also of Atman or Brahman (Self, Consciousness, Invisible Principles and Reality) as well as Knowledge.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The Brahmana 4 in the first chapter, announces the non-dual, monistic metaphysical premise that Atman and Brahman are identical Oneness, with the assertion that because the universe came out of nothingness when the only principle existent was "I am he", the universe after it came into existence continues as "Aham brahma asmi" (I am Brahman). In the last brahmana of the first chapter, the Upanishad explains that the Atman (Self) inspires by being self-evident (name identity), through empowering forms, and through action (work of a living being). The Self, states Brihadaranyaka, is the imperishable one that is invisible and concealed pervading all reality.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad" starts the second chapter as a conversation between Ajatashatru and "Balaki Gargya" on theory of dreams, positing that human beings see dreams entirely unto themselves because mind draws, in itself, the powers of sensory organs, which it releases in the waking state. It then asserts that this empirical fact about dreams suggests that human mind has the power to perceive the world as it is, as well as fabricate the world as it wants to perceive it. Mind is a means, prone to flaws. The struggle man faces, asserts Brihadaranyaka in brahmana 3, is in his attempt to realize the "true reality behind perceived reality". That is Atman-Brahman, inherently and blissfully existent, yet unknowable because it has no qualities, no characteristics, it is "neti, neti" (literally, "not this, not this").


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: In fourth brahmana, the Upanishad presents a dialogue between a husband and wife, as Yajnavalkya and Maitreyi, on nature of love and spirituality, whether and how is Atman related to deep connection and bonds between human beings. Yajnavalkya states that one doesn't connect with and love forms, nor does one connect or love mind, rather one connects with the Self, the Self of one's own and one's beloved. All love is for the sake of one's Self, and the Oneness one realizes in the Self of the beloved. He then asserts that this knowledge of the Self, the Self, the Brahman is what makes one immortal, the connection immortal. All longing is the longing for the Self, because Self is the true, the immortal, the real and the infinite bliss.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The fifth brahmana of the second chapter introduces the "Madhu theory", thus giving this section of the Upanishad the ancient name "Madhu Khanda". The "Madhu theory" is one of the foundational principles of Vedanta schools of Hinduism, as well as other āstika schools of Indian philosophies. "Madhu" literally means "honey", or the composite fruit of numerous actions on the field of flowers. In the "Madhu theory", notes Paul Deussen, the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad asserts that "Atman exists" (Self exists), that all organic beings (plants, animals, human beings and gods) are wandering Selfs yet One with each other and the Brahman (Cosmic Self); it further asserts that inorganic nature (fire, air, earth, water, space) is the field where the beings act, and where their numerous actions create fruits that they separately and together experience. The Upanishad then states that everything is connected, beings affect each other, organic beings affect the inorganic nature, inorganic nature affects the organic beings, one is the "honey" (result, fruit, food) of the other, everyone and everything is mutually dependent, nourishing and nurturing each other, all because it came from one Brahman, because it is all one Brahman, because all existence is blissful oneness. This theory appears in various early and middle Upanishads, and parallels Immanuel Kant's doctrine of "the affinity of phenomena" built on "the synthetic unity of apperception".


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The last brahmanam of the Upanishad's first section is a "Vamsa" (generational line of teachers) with the names of 57 Vedic scholars who are credited to have taught the "Madhu Khanda" from one generation to the next.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The third chapter is a metaphysical dialogue between ten ancient sages, on the nature of Reality, Atman and Mukti. Paul Deussen calls the presentation of ancient scholar Yajnavalkya in this chapter "not dissimilar to that of Socrates in the dialogues of Plato". Among other things, the chapter presents the theory of perceived empirical knowledge using the concepts of "graha and atigraha" (sensory action and sense). It lists 8 combinations of graha and atigraha: breath and smell, speech and name (ideas), tongue and taste, eye and form, ear and sound, skin and touch, mind and desire, arms and work respectively. The sages debate the nature of death, asserts the third chapter of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, and whether any graha and atigraha prevails after one dies. They rule out six, then assert that one's ideas (name) and one's actions and work (karma) continues to affect the universe.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The fourth brahmana of the third chapter asserts, "it is your Self which is inside all", all Selfs are one, immanent and transcendent. The fifth brahmana states that profound knowledge requires that one give up showing off one's erudition, then adopt childlike curiosity and simplicity, followed by becoming silent, meditating and observant ("muni"), thus beginning the journey towards profound knowledge, understanding the Self of things where there is freedom from frustration and sorrow. In the sixth and eighth brahmana of the third chapter in Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad is the dialogue between Gargi Vachaknavi – the female Vedic sage, and Yajñavalka, on the nature of universe.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The seventh brahmana discusses how and why the Self interconnects and has the oneness through all organic beings, all inorganic nature, all of the universe. It asserts that the Self is the inner controller of beings, conflated with the interaction of nature, psyche, and senses, often without the knowledge of beings. It is the Self, nevertheless, that is the true and essence, states the Upanishad. The ninth brahmana, the longest of the third chapter, introduces the "neti, neti" principle that is discussed later, along with the analogical equivalence of physical features of a man and those of a tree, with the root of a man being his Self. The last hymns of chapter 3 in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad also attest to the prevalent practice of the renouncing ascetic life by the time Brihadaranyaka Upanishad was composed in Vedic age of India, and it is these ascetic circles that are credited for major movements such as Yoga as well as the śramaṇa traditions later to be called Buddhism, Jainism and heterodox Hinduism.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The fourth chapter of "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad" starts as a dialogue between King Janaka and Yajnavalka. It explores various aspects of the "Self exists" theory, its phenomenal manifestations, and its philosophical implications on soteriology. The Upanishad, in the first brahmanam of fourth chapter, states that the Self manifests in human life in six forms: "Prajna" (consciousness), "Priyam" (love and the will to live), "Satyam" (reverence for truth, reality), "Ananta" (endlessness, curiosity for the eternal), "Ananda" (bliss, contentness), and "Sthiti" (the state of enduring steadfastness, calm perseverance).


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: In the second brahmanam, the Upanishad explores the question, "what happens to Self after one dies?", and provides the root of two themes that play central role in later schools of Hinduism: one, of the concept of Self as individual Selfs (dualism), and second of the concept of Self being One and Eternal neither comes nor goes anywhere, because it is everywhere and everyone in Oneness (non-dualism). This chapter discusses the widely cited "neti, neti" (नेति नेति, "not this, not this") principle towards one's journey to understanding Self. The second brahmanam concludes that Self exists is self-evident, Self is blissfully free, Self is eternally invulnerable, and Self is indescribable knowledge.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The hymn 4.2.4 of "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad" is one of many instances in the ancient Sanskrit text where the characters involved in philosophical debate greet each other with Namaste (नमस्ते), a practice in the culture of India.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The third brahmanam of the fourth chapter discusses the premises of moksha (liberation, freedom, emancipation, self-realization), and provides some of the most studied hymns of Brihadaranyaka. Paul Deussen calls it, "unique in its richness and warmth of presentation", with profoundness that retains its full worth in modern times. It translates as follows,


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The fourth brahmanam continues to build the thematic description of Atman-Brahman (Self) and the state of self-realization as achieved. Yajnavalkya declares that Knowledge is Self, Knowledge is freedom, Knowledge powers inner peace. In hymn 4.4.22, the Upanishad states, "He is that great unborn Self, who consists of Knowledge, is surrounded by the Prânas (life-force), the ether within the heart. In it [Self] there reposes the ruler of all, the lord of all, the king of all. He does not become greater by good works, nor smaller by evil works. He is the lord of all, the king of all things, the protector of all things. He is a bank and a boundary, so that these worlds may not be confounded. He who knows him [Self], becomes a Muni. Wishing for that world, mendicants leave their homes."


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: Max Müller and Paul Deussen, in their respective translations, describe the Upanishad's view of "Self" and "free, liberated state of existence" as, "[Self] is imperishable, for he cannot perish; he is unattached, for he does not attach himself; unfettered, he does not suffer, he does not fail. He is beyond good and evil, and neither what he has done, nor what he has omitted to do, affects him. (...) He therefore who knows it [reached self-realization], becomes quiet, subdued, satisfied, patient, and collected. He sees self in Self, sees all as Self. Evil does not overcome him, he overcomes all evil. Evil does not burn him, he burns all evil. Free from evil, free from spots, free from doubt, he became Atman-Brâhmana; this is the Brahma-world, O King, thus spoke Yagnavalkya."


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The last brahmanam of the Upanishad's second section is another "Vamsa" (generational line of teachers) with the names of 59 Vedic scholars who are credited to have taught the hymns of "Muni Khanda" from one generation to the next, before it became part of Brihadaranyaka.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The fifth and sixth chapters of "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad" are known as "Khila Khanda", which literally means "supplementary section, or appendix". Each brahmanam in the supplement is small except the fourteenth. This section, suggests Paul Deussen, was likely written later to clarify and add ideas considered important in that later age.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: Some brahmanams in the last section of "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad", such as the second and third brahmanam in fifth chapter, append ethical theories, while fourth brahmanam in the fifth chapter asserts that "empirical reality and truth is Brahman". In the fourth brahmanam of sixth chapter, sexual rituals between a husband and wife are described to conceive and celebrate the birth of a child.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad" has been an important work in Vedanta and it discusses many early concepts and theories foundational to Hinduism such as karma, Atman-Brahman, the afterlife, etc.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" contains various passages which discuss the beginning of the universe and its creation. A key figure in this process is the deity Prajapati, who creates the world through liturgical recitation, priestly sacrifice, dividing up his own body, copulation, giving birth to various devas and demons.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: One passage on the creation states: "in the beginning this world was just a single body (atman) shaped like a man. He looked around and saw nothing but himself." The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" goes on to state that this single body became afraid and wanted to have a companion, so he split his body into two, made a wife and copulated with her to create all living beings.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad" teaches the theory of atman (the Self), which is the eternal inner reality in a person. It is described by the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" as follows:


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: This innermost thing, this self (atman)—it is dearer than a son, it is dearer than wealth, it is dearer than everything else...a man should regard only his self as dear to him. When a man regards only his self as dear to him, what he holds dear will never perish.This self is also the source of all vital functions:As a spider sends forth its thread, and as tiny sparks spring forth from a fire, so indeed do all the vital functions (prana), all the worlds, all the gods, and all beings spring from this self (atman). Its hidden name (upanisad) is 'The real behind the real,' for the real consists of the vital functions, and the self is the real behind the vital functions.According to the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka," this self travels through various worlds and takes up a body:It is this person—the one that consists of perception among the vital functions (prana), the one that is the inner light within the heart. He travels across both worlds, being common to both. Sometimes he reflects, sometimes he flutters, for when he falls asleep he transcends this world, these visible forms of death. When at birth this person takes on a body, he becomes united with bad things, and when at death he leaves it behind, he gets rid of those bad things.However, this self is not just something individual, since the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" states:When a chunk of salt is thrown in water, it dissolves into that very water, and it cannot be picked up in any way. Yet, from whichever place one may take a sip, the salt is there! In the same way this Immense Being has no limit or boundary and is a single mass of perception.Furthermore, this self which is an imperishable reality and the "radiant and immortal person" in all things, cannot be grasped:About this self (atman), one can only say 'not—, not—' (neti neti). He is ungraspable, for he cannot be grasped. He is undecaying, for he is not subject to decay. He has nothing sticking to him, for he does not stick to anything. He is not bound; yet he neither trembles in fear nor suffers injury. And yet, its only by reflecting on one's atman that one can gain knowledge:You see, Maitreyi—it is one's self (atman) which one should see and hear, and on which one should reflect and concentrate. For by seeing and hearing one's self, and by reflecting and concentrating on one's self, one gains the knowledge of this whole world.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: Another term found in the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" is Brahman, and this is closely associated with the term atman. According to the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka", "in the beginning this world was only brahman, only one." Then Brahman, which was "not fully developed", created the "ruling power" among the gods and then it also created all the castes (brahmin, ksatriya, vaisya and shudra) as well Dharma.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" also equates the world and Brahman with fullness and space (akasha):The world there is full; the world here is full; dullness from fullness proceeds. After taking fully from the full, it still remains completely full. Brahman is space. The primeval one is space. Space is windy.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: According to the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka", the atman is none other than Brahman itself, the ultimate truth and creative principle of the universe:This self (atman) is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this self. The radiant and immortal person in the self and the radiant and immortal person connected with the body (atman)—they are both one's self. It is the immortal; it is brahman; it is the Whole. This very self (atman) is the lord and king of all beings. As all the spokes are fastened to the hub and the rim of a wheel, so to one's self (atman) are fastened all beings, all the gods, all the worlds, all the breaths, and all these bodies (atman).Yajñavalkya also explains the Brahman with the phrase "the self within all is this self of yours," and this is said to be "the one who is beyond hunger and thirst, sorrow and delusion, old age and death." He also calls the Brahman-atman the "inner controller, the immortal" which is present in earth, water (and other elements) but is different from them and controls them from within. This self "sees, but he can't be seen; he hears, but he can't be heard; he thinks, but he can't be thought of; he perceives, but he can't be perceived."


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: "The Bṛhadāraṇyaka" also describes """the highest Brahman" as "the heart," which is "the abode of all beings" and "the foundation of all beings." This brahman in the space of the heart is said to be "the controller of all, the lord of all, the ruler of all," and is not affected or changed by karma (action).


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: This brahman in the heart, also called Prajapati, is also described in the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" as follows:This person here is made of mind and consists of light. Lodged here deep within the heart, he is like a grain of rice or barley; he is the lord of all, the ruler of all! Over this whole world, over all there is, he rules.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: Those who know the truth of brahman-atman become "calm, composed, cool, patient, and collected" and are not affected by evil or doubt. The text also states that those who are without desire will go to Brahman after death:Now, a man who does not desire—who is without desires, who is freed from desires, whose desires are fulfilled, whose only desire is his self—-his vital functions (prana) do not depart. Brahman he is, and to brahman he goes.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The text also contains some speculations about the afterlife. In one passage, Yajñavalkya is asked what happens to a man who has died and he states that after death "a man turns into something good by good action (karma) and into something bad by bad action."


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" also describes how the atman leaves the body at death and takes up a new life. The text describes the process as follows:As a caterpillar, when it comes to the tip of a blade of grass, reaches out to a new foothold and draws itself onto it, so the self (atman), after it has knocked down this body and rendered it unconscious, reaches out to a new foothold and draws itself onto it.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" includes hymns on virtues and ethics. In verse 5.2.3, for example, it recommends three virtues: self-restraint (दमः, damah), charity (दानं, daanam), and compassion for all life (दया, daya).


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: These basic Vedic ethical principles found in the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" later developed into the more complex yamas (ethical rules) found various schools of Hinduism.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The verses in the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" contain theories pertaining to psychology and human motivations. Verse 1.4.17 describes the desire for progeny as the desire to be born again. The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad" states a behavioral theory, linking action to nature, suggesting that behavioral habits makes a man:


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: Ancient and medieval Indian scholars have referred to "Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad" as a foundation to discuss psychological theories, the nature of psyche, and how body, mind and Self interact. For example, Adi Shankara in his commentary on the "Bṛhadāraṇyaka" explains the relation between consciousness, the mind and the body.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: Mind creates desire, asserts "Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad", with its basis in pleasure. Eye is the cause of material wealth, because it is through sight that wealth is created states the Upanishad, while ears are spiritual wealth, because it is through listening that knowledge is shared. The Upanishad suggests in the dialogue between Yajnavalkya and Maitreyi, husband and wife, that one does not love an object for the sake of the object but for the sake of the subject, the Self (the Self of the other person).


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: Verse 1.3.28 acknowledges that metaphysical statements in the Upanishads are meant to guide the reader from unreality to reality. The metaphysics of "Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad" often presents a kind of non-dualism or monism. For instance, in verse 2.4.13 Yajñavalkya asserts that everything in the universe is the Self. Some passages state that Brahman is the whole:Clearly, this self is brahman—this self that is made of perception, made of mind, made of sight, made of breath, made of hearing, made of earth, made of water, made of wind, made of space, made of light and the lightless, made of desire and the desireless, made of anger and the angerless, made of the righteous and the unrighteous; this self that is made of everything.Upanishadic metaphysics is further elucidated in the Madhu-vidya (honey doctrine), where the essence of every object is described to be same to the essence of every other object. The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad" looks at reality as being indescribable and its nature to be infinite and consciousness-bliss. The cosmic energy is thought to integrate in the microcosm and in the macrocosm as well as the individual and the universe.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: The "Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad" has attracted secondary literature and commentaries ("bhasya") from many scholars. In these secondary texts, the same passages have been interpreted in different ways by the various sub-schools of Vedanta such as nondualistic Advaita (monism), dualistic Dvaita (theism) and qualified nondualistic Vishistadvaita.


title: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

text: Poet T. S. Eliot makes use of the story "The Voice of the Thunder" and for the source of ""datta", "dayadhvam", and "damyata" found in the "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad". Sections of the story appear in his poem "The Waste Land" under .


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: Rolando Maximiliano "Bruno" Martins Indi (born 8 February 1992) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Eredivisie club AZ Alkmaar and the Netherlands national team.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: Martins Indi began his career with Dutch club Feyenoord, after progressing through the club's youth teams. He spent four seasons at De Kuip, making 120 appearances before moving to Portugal in July 2014 to play for Porto for a fee of €7.7 million. In August 2016 Martins Indi joined Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2016–17 season. A year later, he signed for Stoke permanently for a fee of £7 million.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: A full international for the Netherlands since 2012, he has gained over 30 caps and was part of their squad which finished third at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: Born in Barreiro, Portugal, to parents from Guinea-Bissau, Martins Indi moved to Rotterdam, Netherlands, with his family, at the age of three months. He began playing football with youth teams at amateur club Spartaan '20 before joining the Feyenoord Academy at the age of 13.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: Martins Indi joined Feyenoord's first team squad as an academy graduate at the start of the 2010–11 season. He made his professional debut for Feyenoord on 19 August 2010, when he was part of the starting line-up in the Europa League home match against Gent (1–0). Three days later, on 22 August 2010, he also made his Eredivisie debut in the 1–1 draw against Heracles Almelo. On 12 September 2010, Martins Indi received a red card for the first time in his club career in stoppage time in a 2–0 loss against NAC Breda. On 17 April 2011, Martins Indi scored his first Eredivisie goal for Feyenoord in a 6–1 win over Willem II, He, along with Ryo Miyaichi and Georginio Wijnaldum, made headlines after the match having done a sound job defensively and having capped a promising performance with a header goal from a corner kick.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: In the 2011–12 season, Martins Indi became a regular starter under Feyenoord's new manager Ronald Koeman. On 22 October 2011, Martins Indi scored his first league goal of the season in a 2–1 loss against VVV-Venlo. On 22 February 2012, Martins Indi signed a new contract that would keep him contracted at De Kuip until the summer of 2016. He played 31 times in 2011–12 as Feyenoord finished in 2nd position behind Ajax. He remained a key player under Koeman in the 2012–13 and 2013–14 campaigns, playing in 39 and 31 games respectively.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: On 15 July 2014, Martins Indi transferred to Primeira Liga side Porto for €7.7 million. He scored his first goal for Porto in a 2–1 home win over Braga on 5 October 2014. Martins Indi played 37 times in the for Porto as they finished runners-up to Benfica in the league whilst they were also eliminated by Bayern Munich at the quarter-final stage of the UEFA Champions League. In 2015–16, he made 33 appearances as the side finished third and at the end of the campaign he was told by new manager Nuno Espírito Santo he was free to leave the Estádio do Dragão.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: On 31 August 2016, Martins Indi joined Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2016–17 season. He made his debut for Stoke on 10 September 2016 against Tottenham Hotspur. Martins Indi formed a defensive partnership with Ryan Shawcross which helped Stoke make a recovery from a poor start to the season. On 31 December 2016 Martins Indi scored this first goal in English football in a 4–2 defeat away at Chelsea. In May 2017 Martins Indi stated that he wants to turn his loan move into a permanent transfer in the summer. However Mark Hughes admitted that a deal with Porto for Martins Indi had hit an "impasse" and at the end of the season he returned to Porto.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: After lengthy negotiations between Stoke and Porto, Martins Indi eventually joined Stoke on 11 August 2017, signing a five-year contract for a fee of £7 million. Martins Indi struggled with injuries in 2017–18, making 19 appearances as Stoke suffered relegation to the EFL Championship. He remained with Stoke in the second tier in 2018–19 playing 41 times as the side finished in 16th position. He scored a rare goal in a 2–0 win against Bolton Wanderers on 2 October 2018. During the season Martins Indi was played out of position at left back by both Gary Rowett and Nathan Jones. Towards the end of the season with Stoke having failed to mount a promotion challenge, Martins Indi admitted that he was contemplating leaving as he looks for a return to the top level.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: Martins Indi was linked with a move away from the club in the summer of 2019 but a transfer failed to happen and he remained with Stoke. Stoke began the season a poor form which saw Jones replaced by Michael O'Neill in November and he moved Martins Indi was again moved to left back. He kept his place in the team for the rest of the 2019–20 season, making 35 appearances helping Stoke avoid relegation and finish in 15th position.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: On 6 October 2020 Martins Indi joined AZ Alkmaar on loan for the 2020–21 season. Martins Indi played 33 times for AZ helping them finish in 3rd place, qualifying for the UEFA Europa League. He made his move to AZ permanent on 5 July 2021.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: Martins Indi was eligible to play for either Portugal or the Netherlands as he has a dual passport; additionally, he was also eligible for Guinea-Bissau, his parents' nationality. Martins Indi favoured the Dutch team. On 25 October 2009, Martins Indi made his debut for the Netherlands under-17 squad in a 2–1 loss to Colombia at the 2009 U-17 World Cup before coming off for Ouasim Bouy in the 79th minute. This was his only appearance for the Dutch U17 team. On 23 May 2010, Martins Indi was called up to the Netherlands under-19 squad and played the full 90 minutes in a 3–0 victory over Germany.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: On 15 August 2012, he played his first full international game against Belgium. Despite the Netherlands losing 4–2, Martins Indi made an impressive debut and helped create both Dutch goals. He became a regular player during qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, scoring his first international goals in 4–1 defeats of Hungary and Romania. In 2013, Martins Indi represented the Netherlands under-21 team at the UEFA Under-21 Championship. His performances saw him included in UEFA's all-star squad for the tournament.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: On 13 June 2014, Martins Indi made his World Cup debut in a 5–1 victory over reigning champions Spain. On 18 June, in his second World Cup game against Australia, he was knocked unconscious by Tim Cahill and taken to hospital with a suspected concussion. He recovered faster than expected and he missed only the final group stage fixture against Chile. The Netherlands eventually finished third in the tournament.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: Martins Indi was sent off after 10 minutes of an eventual 2–0 friendly defeat away to Italy on 4 September 2014 after conceding a penalty by fouling Simone Zaza and denying him a goalscoring opportunity. In a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match on 3 September the following year, he was again dismissed for striking Kolbeinn Sigþórsson, as the Dutch lost 1–0 at the Amsterdam Arena in Danny Blind's first game in charge.


title: Bruno Martins Indi

text: On 23 March 2012, Martins Indi became a father after his girlfriend Mecia gave birth to a daughter. Martins Indi is fluent in Portuguese and still speaks it with his parents. He is an observant Muslim.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: The Paper Tigers is a 2020 American martial arts action-comedy film written and directed by Bao Tran in his feature film directorial debut. It stars Alain Uy, Ron Yuan and Mykel Shannon Jenkins as three middle-aged former kung fu prodigies who set out to avenge the murder of their master. Yuji Okumoto, an actor on the film "The Karate Kid Part II" and the series "Cobra Kai," served as a producer for the film.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: Three childhood kung fu prodigies have grown into washed-up, middle-aged men—now one kick away from pulling their hamstrings. But when their master is murdered, they must juggle their dead-end jobs, dad duties, and overcome old grudges to avenge his death.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: The film was created due to director and producers' strong admiration of martial arts and old school, fun martial art films. The director Bao Tran began writing the film treatment for this concept in 2011. The inspiration for the movie came from his classmates and friendships when he studied martial arts.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: Tran had a male Asian-American main character in mind with a minority leading cast. "The Paper Tigers" team knew that it would be challenging to find studio support for the film as they wanted to cast people of color and diverse actors in the project as opposed to fall to the trend of whitewashing in film. When the film project was pitched to Hollywood producers, they were offered $4 million with a caveat that there would be no Asian lead character and suggested a white lead character to be played by Bruce Willis instead. They were also asked to write a role for Nicolas Cage. The team declined the offer and request. Tran mentioned that Hollywood usually sent their mid-level executives who were also POC to be the messengers of whitewashing.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: The team also had resistance from some other Asian-Americans when seeking funding outside of major studios. Those who opposed wanted to advocate for different stories for Asian-Americans instead of a martial arts film, which is often considered a stereotype. While Tran is aware of the history of Asian caricatures in the U.S., this story was based on his and the producers' personal experiences growing up as well as their love for martial arts. Tran emphasized having more representation and nuances, implying that there can be different perspectives of Asian-American storytelling. In addition, there can be developed Asian-American characters in a martial arts film, which is not typically seen in American media. He also mentioned that, "at the end of the day, we wanted to tell a fun, entertaining story that depicted our experience honestly.” Tran included both experiences in his Director's Statement as part of the movie's press kit, which can be found on the slider on Well Go USA's website.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: The team wanted to keep their vision without changing the cast or story. Tran said, "It is important because I think it’s ultimately being able to have your voice, and as a storyteller, be able to express your story and your history to the world." A short concept video was created and crowdfunded over $124,000 on Kickstarter in 2018"." The concept video featured the teen versions of the main cast that would be later put into the film 2 years later. They were also able to draw interest from local investors, including a donor who studied under Bruce Lee, and were able to secure about $1 million for their shooting budget. This allowed the team more freedom in casting the main characters and other roles for their independent film.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: Filming took place in Seattle, Washington, which is a tribute to Bruce Lee's legacy and residency there. Many of the scenes were in Chinatown–International District. Several local businesses were very supportive and that was a community endeavor. Tran said, "Jade Garden provided the crew with food. The Dynasty Room let us shoot there, and the Nisei Vets Hall let us use their space." China Harbor's dining area was also featured in the movie. In addition, the City of Shoreline's film office provided locations for the crew to film like Richmond Beach and Fircrest Residential Habilitation Center.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: The main cast Alain Uy, Ron Yuan, and Mykel Shannon Jenkins became friends while filming. Ron Yuan had to gain 68 pounds for his role as Hing.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: On September 7, 2019, the crew planned to shoot the final fight on a rooftop at night, but a large thunderstorm delayed five hours of filming. About 2,200 lightning strikes were recorded that night, which averaged about eight strikes per second. They were able film the scene after the storm cleared, finishing their final day of shooting.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: In September 2020, Well Go USA Entertainment acquired North American distribution rights to the film. Release date was on May 7, 2021 in select theaters and video on demand.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: The film has received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes surveyed and, categorizing the reviews as positive or negative, assessed 63 as positive and one as negative for rating. Among the reviews, it determined an average rating of . The critics consensus reads: ""The Paper Tigers" blends action, comedy, and heart to produce a fresh martial arts movie with plenty of throwback charm."


title: The Paper Tigers

text: Alan Ng of "Film Threat" gave the film a score of eight out of ten. Haleigh Foutch of "Collider" awarded it a grade of "B+". In a review of the film for "Tae Kwon Do Life Magazine", Marc Zirogiannis called it "a testament to the creative vision of its creator and the clear 'Buy In' of the cast and crew. This is one of the best films I have seen in years." Jessica Kiang of "Variety" stated in a review that "Tran's irresistibly good-humored debut is a diverting blend of Hong Kong and Hollywood that delivers, on a slender, Kickstarter-enhanced budget, a rousing roundhouse hug to both traditions."


title: The Paper Tigers

text: In December 2021, "Tae Kwon Do Life Magazine" named "The Paper Tigers" the best martial arts film of 2021.


title: The Paper Tigers

text: "The Paper Tigers" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 22, 2021, from Well Go USA. The releases contain behind-the-scenes material, deleted scenes and bloopers, and trailers. Netflix US released the movie in August 2021.


title: System dynamics

text: System dynamics (SD) is an approach to understanding the nonlinear behaviour of complex systems over time using stocks, flows, internal feedback loops, table functions and time delays.


title: System dynamics

text: System dynamics is a methodology and mathematical modeling technique to frame, understand, and discuss complex issues and problems. Originally developed in the 1950s to help corporate managers improve their understanding of industrial processes, SD is currently being used throughout the public and private sector for policy analysis and design.


title: System dynamics

text: Convenient graphical user interface (GUI) system dynamics software developed into user friendly versions by the 1990s and have been applied to diverse systems. SD models solve the problem of simultaneity (mutual causation) by updating all variables in small time increments with positive and negative feedbacks and time delays structuring the interactions and control. The best known SD model is probably the 1972 "The Limits to Growth". This model forecast that exponential growth of population and capital, with finite resource sources and sinks and perception delays, would lead to economic collapse during the 21st century under a wide variety of growth scenarios.


title: System dynamics

text: System dynamics is an aspect of systems theory as a method to understand the dynamic behavior of complex systems. The basis of the method is the recognition that the structure of any system, the many circular, interlocking, sometimes time-delayed relationships among its components, is often just as important in determining its behavior as the individual components themselves. Examples are chaos theory and social dynamics. It is also claimed that because there are often properties-of-the-whole which cannot be found among the properties-of-the-elements, in some cases the behavior of the whole cannot be explained in terms of the behavior of the parts.


title: System dynamics

text: System dynamics was created during the mid-1950s by Professor Jay Forrester of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1956, Forrester accepted a professorship in the newly formed MIT Sloan School of Management. His initial goal was to determine how his background in science and engineering could be brought to bear, in some useful way, on the core issues that determine the success or failure of corporations. Forrester's insights into the common foundations that underlie engineering, which led to the creation of system dynamics, were triggered, to a large degree, by his involvement with managers at General Electric (GE) during the mid-1950s. At that time, the managers at GE were perplexed because employment at their appliance plants in Kentucky exhibited a significant three-year cycle. The business cycle was judged to be an insufficient explanation for the employment instability. From hand simulations (or calculations) of the stock-flow-feedback structure of the GE plants, which included the existing corporate decision-making structure for hiring and layoffs, Forrester was able to show how the instability in GE employment was due to the internal structure of the firm and not to an external force such as the business cycle. These hand simulations were the start of the field of system dynamics.


title: System dynamics

text: During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Forrester and a team of graduate students moved the emerging field of system dynamics from the hand-simulation stage to the formal computer modeling stage. Richard Bennett created the first system dynamics computer modeling language called SIMPLE (Simulation of Industrial Management Problems with Lots of Equations) in the spring of 1958. In 1959, Phyllis Fox and Alexander Pugh wrote the first version of


title: System dynamics

text: DYNAMO (DYNAmic MOdels), an improved version of SIMPLE, and the system dynamics language became the industry standard for over thirty years. Forrester published the first, and still classic, book in the field titled "Industrial Dynamics" in 1961.


title: System dynamics

text: From the late 1950s to the late 1960s, system dynamics was applied almost exclusively to corporate/managerial problems. In 1968, however, an unexpected occurrence caused the field to broaden beyond corporate modeling. John F. Collins, the former mayor of Boston, was appointed a visiting professor of Urban Affairs at MIT. The result of the Collins-Forrester collaboration was a book titled "Urban Dynamics". The Urban Dynamics model presented in the book was the first major non-corporate application of system dynamics.


title: System dynamics

text: The second major noncorporate application of system dynamics came shortly after the first. In 1970, Jay Forrester was invited by the Club of Rome to a meeting in Bern, Switzerland. The Club of Rome is an organization devoted to solving what its members describe as the "predicament of mankind"—that is, the global crisis that may appear sometime in the future, due to the demands being placed on the Earth's carrying capacity (its sources of renewable and nonrenewable resources and its sinks for the disposal of pollutants) by the world's exponentially growing population. At the Bern meeting, Forrester was asked if system dynamics could be used to address the predicament of mankind. His answer, of course, was that it could. On the plane back from the Bern meeting, Forrester created the first draft of a system dynamics model of the world's socioeconomic system. He called this model WORLD1. Upon his return to the United States, Forrester refined WORLD1 in preparation for a visit to MIT by members of the Club of Rome. Forrester called the refined version of the model WORLD2. Forrester published WORLD2 in a book titled World Dynamics.


title: System dynamics

text: The primary elements of system dynamics diagrams are feedback, accumulation of flows into stocks and time delays.


title: System dynamics

text: As an illustration of the use of system dynamics, imagine an organisation that plans to introduce an innovative new durable consumer product. The organisation needs to understand the possible market dynamics in order to design marketing and production plans.


title: System dynamics

text: In the system dynamics methodology, a problem or a system (e.g., ecosystem, political system or mechanical system) may be represented as a causal loop diagram. A causal loop diagram is a simple map of a system with all its constituent components and their interactions. By capturing interactions and consequently the feedback loops (see figure below), a causal loop diagram reveals the structure of a system. By understanding the structure of a system, it becomes possible to ascertain a system's behavior over a certain time period.


title: System dynamics

text: There are two feedback loops in this diagram. The positive reinforcement (labeled R) loop on the right indicates that the more people have already adopted the new product, the stronger the word-of-mouth impact. There will be more references to the product, more demonstrations, and more reviews. This positive feedback should generate sales that continue to grow.


title: System dynamics

text: The second feedback loop on the left is negative reinforcement (or "balancing" and hence labeled B). Clearly, growth cannot continue forever, because as more and more people adopt, there remain fewer and fewer potential adopters.


title: System dynamics

text: Both feedback loops act simultaneously, but at different times they may have different strengths. Thus one might expect growing sales in the initial years, and then declining sales in the later years. However, in general a causal loop diagram does not specify the structure of a system sufficiently to permit determination of its behavior from the visual representation alone.


title: System dynamics

text: Causal loop diagrams aid in visualizing a system's structure and behavior, and analyzing the system qualitatively. To perform a more detailed quantitative analysis, a causal loop diagram is transformed to a stock and flow diagram. A stock and flow model helps in studying and analyzing the system in a quantitative way; such models are usually built and simulated using computer software.


title: System dynamics

text: A stock is the term for any entity that accumulates or depletes over time. A flow is the rate of change in a stock.


title: System dynamics

text: In our example, there are two stocks: Potential adopters and Adopters. There is one flow: New adopters. For every new adopter, the stock of potential adopters declines by one, and the stock of adopters increases by one.


title: System dynamics

text: The real power of system dynamics is utilised through simulation. Although it is possible to perform the modeling in a spreadsheet, there are a variety of software packages that have been optimised for this.


title: System dynamics

text: List of all the equations in discrete time, in their order of execution in each year, for years 1 to 15 :


title: System dynamics

text: The dynamic simulation results show that the behaviour of the system would be to have growth in "adopters" that follows a classic s-curve shape.


title: System dynamics

text: The increase in "adopters" is very slow initially, then exponential growth for a period, followed ultimately by saturation.


title: System dynamics

text: To get intermediate values and better accuracy, the model can run in continuous time: we multiply the number of units of time and we proportionally divide values that change stock levels. In this example we multiply the 15 years by 4 to obtain 60 quarters, and we divide the value of the flow by 4.<br>


title: System dynamics

text: Dividing the value is the simplest with the Euler method, but other methods could be employed instead, such as Runge–Kutta methods.


title: System dynamics

text: System dynamics has found application in a wide range of areas, for example population, agriculture, ecological and economic systems, which usually interact strongly with each other.


title: System dynamics

text: System dynamics have various "back of the envelope" management applications. They are a potent tool to:


title: System dynamics

text: Computer software is used to simulate a system dynamics model of the situation being studied. Running "what if" simulations to test certain policies on such a model can greatly aid in understanding how the system changes over time. System dynamics is very similar to systems thinking and constructs the same causal loop diagrams of systems with feedback. However, system dynamics typically goes further and utilises simulation to study the behaviour of systems and the impact of alternative policies.


title: System dynamics

text: System dynamics has been used to investigate resource dependencies, and resulting problems, in product development.


title: System dynamics

text: A system dynamics approach to macroeconomics, known as "Minsky", has been developed by the economist Steve Keen. This has been used to successfully model world economic behaviour from the apparent stability of the Great Moderation to the sudden unexpected Financial crisis of 2007–08.


title: System dynamics

text: The figure above is a causal loop diagram of a system dynamics model created to examine forces that may be responsible for the growth or decline of life insurance companies in the United Kingdom. A number of this figure's features are worth mentioning. The first is that the model's negative feedback loops are identified by "C's", which stand for "Counteracting" loops. The second is that double slashes are used to indicate places where there is a significant delay between causes (i.e., variables at the tails of arrows) and effects (i.e., variables at the heads of arrows). This is a common causal loop diagramming convention in system dynamics. Third, is that thicker lines are used to identify the feedback loops and links that author wishes the audience to focus on. This is also a common system dynamics diagramming convention. Last, it is clear that a decision maker would find it impossible to think through the dynamic behavior inherent in the model, from inspection of the figure alone.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: The ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) is a medium-sized grouse occurring in forests from the Appalachian Mountains across Canada to Alaska. It is the most widely distributed game bird in North America. It is non-migratory. It is the only species in the genus Bonasa.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: The ruffed grouse is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "partridge", an unrelated phasianid, and occasionally confused with the grey partridge, a bird of open areas rather than woodlands.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: "Bonasa umbellus" was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1766 12th edition of "Systema Naturae". He classified it as "Tetrao umbellus", placing it in a subfamily with Eurasian grouse. The genus "Bonasa" was applied by British naturalist John Francis Stephens in 1819. Ruffed grouse is the preferred common name because it applies only to this species. Misleading vernacular names abound, however, and it is often called partridge (sometimes rendered pa'tridge, or shortened to pat), pheasant, or prairie chicken, all of which are properly applied to other birds. Other nicknames for ruffed grouse include drummer or thunder-chicken.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: Ruffed grouse are chunky, medium-sized birds that weigh from , measure from in length and span across their short, strong wings. They have two distinct morphs: grey and brown. In the grey morph, the head, neck, and back are grey-brown; the breast is light with barring. There is much white on the underside and flanks. Overall, the birds have a variegated appearance; the throat is often distinctly lighter. The tail is essentially the same brownish grey, with regular barring and a broad black band near the end ("subterminal"). Brown-morph birds have tails of the same color and pattern. However, the rest of the plumage is much more brown, giving the appearance of a more uniform bird with less light plumage below and a conspicuously grey tail. There are all sorts of intergrades between the most typical morphs; warmer and more humid conditions favor browner birds in general.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: The ruffs are on the sides of the neck in both sexes. They also have a crest on top of their head, which sometimes lies flat. Both sexes are similarly marked and sized, making them difficult to tell apart, even in hand. The female often has a broken subterminal tail band. At the same time, males tend to have unbroken tail bands, though the opposite of either can occur. Females may also do a display similar to the male. Another fairly accurate sign is that rump feathers with a single white dot indicate a female; rump feathers with more than one white dot indicate a male.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: The average life span of a ruffed grouse is one year, although some birds are thought to live for as long as eleven years. Ruffed grouse are polygynous, and males may mate with several females during the breeding season.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: Like most grouse, they spend most of their time on the ground; mixed woodland rich in aspen seems to be particularly well-liked. These birds forage on the ground or in trees. They are omnivores, eating buds, leaves, berries, seeds, and insects. According to nature writer Don L. Johnson:


title: Ruffed grouse

text: Ruffed grouse frequently seek gravel and clover along road beds during early morning and late afternoon. These are good areas to walk during this time to flush birds. Also, grouse use sandy roadbeds to dust their feathers to rid themselves of skin pests. Dusting sites are visible as areas of disturbed soils with some signs of feathers. Birds will return to these spots during the late afternoon to bathe in dust and socialize and mate.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: The ruffed grouse differs from other grouse species in its courtship display. The ruffed grouse relies entirely on a non-vocal acoustic display, known as drumming, unlike other grouse species. The drumming itself is a rapid, wing-beating display that creates a low-frequency sound, starting slow and speeding up (thump ... thump ... thump..thump-thump-thump-thump). Even in thick woods, this can be heard for or more.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: The ruffed grouse spends most of its time quietly on the ground, and when surprised, may explode into flight, beating its wings very loudly. They will burrow into the snow for warmth in the winter and may suddenly burst out of the snow when approached too closely.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: The male grouse proclaims his property by engaging in a “drumming” display. This sound is made by beating his wings against the air to create a vacuum. It usually stands on a log, stone or mound of dirt when drumming. It does not strike the log to make the noise, it only uses the “drumming log” as a sort of stage.


title: Ruffed grouse

text: The ruffed grouse population has a cycle, and follows the cycle no matter how much or how little hunting there is. The cycle has puzzled scientists for years, and is simply referred to as the "grouse cycle". In spite of this historical cycle, populations have been declining in Pennsylvania and management plans adopted. Habitat loss has been a concern for the species, but the introduction of the West Nile virus has been seen to be further increasing mortality.


title: King of the Road (song)

text: "King of the Road" is a song written by country singer Roger Miller, who first recorded it in November 1964.


title: King of the Road (song)

text: The lyrics tell of the day-to-day life of a hobo who, despite having little money (a "man of means by no means"), revels in his freedom, describing himself humorously and cynically as the "king of the road". It was Miller's fifth single for Smash Records.


title: King of the Road (song)

text: The crossover record reached No. 1 on the US Country chart, No. 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and No. 1 on the Easy Listening surveys. It was also No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart, and in Norway. Miller recalled that the song was inspired when he was driving and saw a sign on the side of a barn that read, "Trailers for sale or rent". This would become the opening line of the song.


title: King of the Road (song)

text: R.E.M. covered the song in a shambolic, drunken, offhand rendering, guitarist Peter Buck would later comment, "If there was any justice in the world, Roger Miller should be able to sue for what we did to this song."


title: King of the Road (song)

text: A comic version by English entertainer Billy Howard, "King of the Cops", was a British chart hit in 1976.


title: King of the Road (song)

text: Country music singer Jody Miller (no relation) answered "King of the Road" with "Queen of the House" (1965). The song used Roger Miller's music while changing the lyrics to describe the day-to-day life of a stay-at-home mom. The words were written by Mary Taylor.The song was a hit, reaching number 12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and number 5 on the Hot Country Singles chart. It also won a Grammy for Female Country Vocal Performance.


title: King of the Road (song)

text: The Supremes performed "Queen of the House" in their nightclub act. It can be heard on their "The Supremes at the Copa" (1965) album and "I Hear a Symphony" remastered CD, which includes their September 1966 appearance at the Roostertail in Detroit, on the second disc.


title: Arthur English

text: Arthur Leslie Norman English (9 May 1919 – 16 April 1995) was an English television, film and stage actor and comedian from the music hall tradition.


title: Arthur English

text: English was born at 22 Lysons Road in Aldershot, Hampshire, the son of Walter Frederick English (1856–1948) and Ethel English (née Parsons) (1886–1975), who married at Holy Trinity church in Aldershot in 1909. Arthur English had two older brothers: Walter (born 1910) and John Edgar (born 1912). All three boys were born in their parents' bedroom in Lysons Road and all three were baptised at Holy Trinity church. He attended West End Boys School in Aldershot (now the West End Centre) from the age of 5 to 14. His first stage appearance was aged 10 when he joined a group from Gale & Polden called the 'Five O'clock Follies' as an acrobat. On leaving school in 1933 he briefly worked at Fisher's Hotel in nearby Farnham before becoming an errand boy in a local grocery shop.


title: Arthur English

text: After serving in the British Army in World War II with the Hampshire Regiment and the Royal Armoured Corps, reaching the rank of sergeant, English worked as a painter and decorator in his native town and in the evenings worked as a semi-professional entertainer in various local venues polishing up his comedy routines. He married Ivy Ruth Martin in 1941; it was she who made his enormous kipper ties out of brightly coloured curtain material at the beginning of his stage career. They had two children, Ann Faith (1942–1999) and Anthony (born 1947).


title: Arthur English

text: In 1949, while still employed in Aldershot as a painter and decorator, English and his then stage partner Jonny Carrol unsuccessfully auditioned at the Windmill Theatre in London. On a second, and this time solo audition with Vivian Van Damm, English became resident comedian at the Windmill Theatre at the same time compering a show for Bob Potter. English stayed at the Windmill as the principal comic until August 1950.


title: Arthur English

text: His early professional career was as a stand-up comic in the persona of a stereotypical wartime "spiv", and he became known as "The Prince of the Wide Boys" dressed in a trilby hat, a white jacket and padded shoulders with a pencil-thin moustache set off with a flamboyant kipper tie four inches wide.


title: Arthur English

text: His radio work began with the BBC series "Variety Bandbox", using as always his own Aldershot accent but in the persona of a Cockney spiv. His usual delivery was to tell a long rambling shaggy dog story at ever-increasing rapidity without losing clarity until, at top speed, he would end with the catch-phrase: "Play the music! Open the cage!" Another popular catch-phrase was "Mum. Mum. They're laughing at me!".


title: Arthur English

text: He began to appear on British television in mainly comedy roles in the 1970s, and is probably best remembered for playing the truculent and somewhat bolshy (though not entirely unsympathetic) maintenance man, Mr. Harman, in "Are You Being Served?" which he played from 1976 to 1985, including the 1977 film adaptation. He played Arthur, Alf Garnett's mate, in "In Sickness and in Health", a follow-up series to "Till Death Us Do Part" from 1985 to 1990. He also appeared in "The Sweeney".


title: Arthur English

text: He had more likeable roles in two British children's TV series: "The Ghosts of Motley Hall", which ran from 1976 to 1978 on ITV (produced by Granada Television), and as "Slugger" in "Follyfoot", which ran from 1971 to 1973, also on ITV (produced by Yorkshire Television). He was in several other films including "For the Love of Ada" (1972) as "Arthur" and "Everyday Maths" (1978), a British TV schools programme starring Jack Wild as English's grandson. In 1978 he was the subject in "This Is Your Life", while in May 1983 he was a guest on "Desert Island Discs" with Roy Plomley. Also in 1983 he played Frosch in "Die Fledermaus" with English National Opera at the London Coliseum. In 1985 he appeared in an episode of the American TV series "Magnum, P.I.".


title: Arthur English

text: English appeared in the Royal Variety Performance in 1951 and 1980. He had been president of Aldershot Town F.C. which had been formed out of the ashes of Aldershot F.C. The new club badge depicted a rising phoenix and was designed by English. He had also been a long-standing member of the showbusiness charity the Grand Order of Water Rats, which he joined in 1970, a Freeman of the City of London and an Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Rushmoor.


title: Arthur English

text: Following the death of his wife Ivy (1919–75), English began to drink. In 1977, English married a young dancer, Teresa Mann (born 1955), whom he met while they were performing in a pantomime together at Wimbledon, and in 1981, the couple had a daughter – Clare-Louise English, the partially deaf actress who runs the Hot Coals Theatre, which specialises in plays for the deaf. The performers John Inman and Jack Douglas were the child's godparents. The couple separated in 1986, and the marriage was dissolved in 1987. The last four years of his life were spent in Devereux House, a care home in Farnborough.


title: Arthur English

text: Arthur English died in 1995 at Frimley Park Hospital in Surrey as a result of complications from emphysema. After a funeral service at St Michael's church at which fellow Water Rat Jimmy Perry read the oration his body was cremated at the Park Crematorium in Aldershot where his ashes were later interred in a plot with those of his first wife.


title: Arthur English

text: An Aldershot Civic Society blue plaque was unveiled by actor and singer Jess Conrad OBE on 15 July 2017 at 22 Lysons Road where English was born in 1919.


title: Sailor Brinkley Cook

text: Sailor Lee Brinkley Cook (born July 2, 1998) is an American model and the daughter of supermodel Christie Brinkley.


title: Sailor Brinkley Cook

text: Cook's father is architect Peter Halsey Cook who once modeled with her mother Christie Brinkley in 1979. They eventually reconnected, and were married from 1996 until their 2008 divorce. Cook was conceived via IVF and her mother was 44 at the time Cook was born.


title: Sailor Brinkley Cook

text: Cook has two maternal half-siblings: Alexa Ray Joel (born 1985) from Brinkley's marriage to Billy Joel, and Jack Paris Brinkley (born 1995) from Brinkley's marriage to Richard Taubman.


title: Sailor Brinkley Cook

text: Growing up, Cook wanted to become a comedian or a professional athlete. During elementary school, Cook participated in dance lessons but nerves got the better of her and she never performed in the recitals. She started modelling at age 15 after accompanying her mother on shoots and being encouraged to try herself.


title: Sailor Brinkley Cook

text: Cook received her big break courtesy of a "Teen Vogue" editorial feature. Sailor appeared alongside her mother, Christie Brinkley, and half-sister, Alexa Ray Joel, in the 2017 "Sports Illustrated" Swimsuit Issue. In 2018, she appeared in the 2018 "Sports Illustrated" Swimsuit Issue.


title: Sailor Brinkley Cook

text: As part of her modelling career Cook has been photographed for publications such as "Vogue" and "Sports Illustrated". She walked the runway at New York Fashion Week in 2019, and has walked for brands such as Dolce and Gabbana.


title: Sailor Brinkley Cook

text: In 2019, Cook performed on the American version of "Dancing with the Stars", filling in for her mother who was injured at the time, overcoming her nervousness about dancing.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The Hambantota International Port (used to known as the Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port or the Magam Ruhunupura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port) is a deep water port in Hambantota, Sri Lanka. It was opened on 18 November 2010, and is Sri Lanka's second largest port, after the Port of Colombo. In 2020, the port handled 1.8 million tonnes of LPG and dry bulk cargo.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: Construction of the port commenced in January 2008. In 2016, it reported an operating profit of US$1.81 million but was considered economically unviable. As debt repayment got difficult, the newly-elected government decided to privatise an 80% stake of the port to raise foreign exchange in order to repay maturing sovereign bonds unrelated to the port. Of the two bidding companies, China Merchants Port was chosen, which was to pay US$1.12 billion to Sri Lanka and spend additional amounts to develop the port into full operation.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: In July 2017, the agreement was signed, but CMPort was allowed a 70% stake. Simultaneously a 99-year lease on the port was granted to CMPort.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: In modern times, the port is expected to become part of the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" (the maritime part of China's Belt and Road Initiative) that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, and from there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: Sri Lanka is situated along the key shipping route between the Malacca Straits and the Suez Canal, which links Asia and Europe. An estimated 36,000 ships, including 4,500 oil tankers, use the route annually. However the only major port in Sri Lanka, the Port of Colombo, is catered towards container handling and is unable to provide facilities for port related industries and services. Therefore, a new port was proposed near the city of Hambantota, which has a natural harbor and is located on the southern tip of Sri Lanka close to international shipping routes.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: A new port will help relieve pressure on the Colombo port, and also provide services to ships that normally take three-and-a-half-day detours from their shipping lanes to receive these services, including refueling, maintenance, logistics and buying provisions and medical supplies.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: Ideas to build a port in Hambantota have been in the air for over three decades, but no movement was made. A shipping enthusiast called Ariya Wickramanayake carried out a study with his own funds and presented to Mahinda Rajapaksa when he was a minister. The proposal was however shot down by the bureaucracy and it got moving again after Rajapaksa was elected the President.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The United National Front had pledged to build a seaport in Hambantota on winning the 2001 Sri Lankan parliamentary election. After victory, Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe announced the "Regaining Sri Lanka" economic development programme in 2002, which identified the Hambantota port for development. The plan also included building a refinery, petrochemical industries, a coal powered thermal power station, and a desalination plant.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: In June 2002, SNC-Lavalin was invited to undertake a feasibility study. The study was completed in 2003 and cost US$1.5 million — 75 per cent was financed by the Canadian International Development Agency and the remaining by SNC-Lavalin.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The study concluded that the port could be feasibly developed in three stages costing US$1.7 billion. It recommended that a joint venture between the Sri Lanka Ports Authority and a private consortium be set up to undertake the project under a build–own–operate–transfer arrangement.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: A steering committee of the Ports Authority rejected the report for being non-comprehensive and based on existing information rather than primary research. The recommendation to begin container operations at the first stage of the project was criticised for ignoring the potential impact on existing operations at the Port of Colombo.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The plan to build the port was revived after Mahinda Rajapaksa, a native of Hambantota, was elected president in 2005. A second feasibility study was commissioned to Ramboll. They published their report in 2007 and reached conclusions similar to those from SNC-Lavalin.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The Ramboll study recommended the Hambantota port to bring in revenue by allowing the transport of non-containerised cargo before expanding the port to handle cargo containers, to allow the Port of Colombo to reach its capacity.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The Chinese government financed phase one with a 15-year commercial loan from Exim Bank of China, which lent US$306.7 million (85 per cent of the estimated total cost) while the Sri Lanka Ports Authority bore the rest. The loan carried a 6.3 per cent interest rate and specified China Harbour Engineering Company, a state-owned enterprise, as the construction contractor.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: A US$76.5-million bunker terminal with an initial capacity of 500,000 tonnes was built, fitted with LPG tanks and fuel tanks for ships and aircraft, as well as ship repair, shipbuilding and crew change facilities.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The first phase of the port was inaugurated on 18 November 2010 by President Mahinda Rajapaksa, whom the port was named after. The accompanying ceremony cost ₨ 18.8 million and was subject to an investigation by the Government for corruption". Jetliner", a Sri Lanka Navy passenger ship that sailed from Galle was ceremonially berthed and workers unloaded the first consignment of international cargo from Myanmar from the vessel "Seruwila".


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The second phase of construction began in 2012 after The Exim Bank of China loaned another US$757 million with an interest rate of 2 per cent. The loan agreement allowed China Harbour Engineering and China Merchants Port to jointly operate the terminal and take a 65 per cent stake in the port for 35 years. After 35 years, the ownership of the port will be returned to the Sri Lanka Ports Authority.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: In 2016, the Sri Lanka Ports Authority had to repay ₨9 billion in construction fees for the Hambantota port, which, by the end of the year, accumulated a loss of ₨46.7 billion. After the National United Front won the 2015 presidential and parliamentary elections, Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe visited China to solve the issue. Then, the ports authority rescinded the agreement with the Chinese operators of the port and replaced it with a concession agreement signed in 2017.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: Under the 2017 agreement, Sri Lanka Ports Authority created Hambantota International Port Group (HIPG), which then became a joint venture after China Merchant Ports bought an 85 per cent stake in HIPG as part of the Chinese company's US$1.12 billion investment into the port. The agreement will expire 99 years after its effective date and allows HIPG to develop and operate the Hambantota port exclusively. The agreement also stipulated the creation of a 15,000-acre special economic zone.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The money from China Merchant Ports was used to strengthen Sri Lanka's US-dollar reserves and pay short-term foreign debts unrelated to the port.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The agreement was delayed for several months because of concerns that the port could be used for military purposes and opposition from trade unions and political parties, which called it a sellout of Sri Lankan national assets to China. Former president Rajapaksa criticised the plan, including the special economic zone, and warned of social unrest if the plans were carried through. India and the United States raised concerns that Chinese control of the Hambantota port could harm their interests in the Indian Ocean. The large Chinese loans, the inability of the Sri Lankan government to service the loans, and the subsequent 99-year Chinese lease on the port have also led to accusations that China was practising debt-trap diplomacy, the factual accuracy of which is disputed. In September 2021, Sri Lankan geopolitics analyst Asanga Abeyagoonasekera described of a 'Strategic-trap diplomacy'.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: In February 2021, the Sri Lankan foreign minister Dinesh Gunawardena said the lease of the Hambantota port to China was a mistake made by the previous government, after reports that Colombo was revisiting the agreement.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The HIPG introduced automation, represented the port in several international summits and signed agreements with international shipping companies. As a result the nine-storey administration building of the port, the Hambantota Maritime Centre became 95 per cent occupied and in just one year under the new management the port made a 136 per cent increase in the volume of ro-ro vessels handled and even diversified its services to include other port-related activities such as container handling, general cargo, passenger, bunkering, bulk terminal, gas and project cargo.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: In July 2018, the Sri Lankan government announced it would relocate its naval base at Galle to Hambantota.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: In 2020 Sinopec's Sri Lankan unit invested in bunkering and invested in a $5m in a tanker which flies the Sri Lankan flag. Lanka Marine Services (LMS) partnered with Sinopec in supplying very low sulphur fuel oil (VLSFO).


title: Hambantota International Port

text: A $550 million tax-free port zone was set up outside the port. In 2016 a 15,000 acre SEZ project was announced with 5,000 acres from Hambantota and the rest from Monaragala, Embilipitiya and Matara.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: In July 2019 LAUGFS Holdings opened a Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) terminal which imports butane and propane and produces LPG to sell domestically or re-export. Within the first 14 months, it had handled 413,000 metric tonnes of LPG, 60% of which was exported to Bangladesh, Maldives and India. As of September the terminal handles around 15 – 20 ship calls per month and it is expected to increase up to 30.


title: Hambantota International Port

text: The SLPA had decided to divert all vehicle shipments to the Ruhunu Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa International port from May 31, 2012, as a measure to relieve the congestion at Sri Lanka's main port Colombo Harbour.