title: Alycia Baumgardner

text: In December 2021, she signed a multi-fight promotional deal with Eddie Hearn's Matchroom Boxing. On 14 December 2021, her fourth round knockout against Terri Harper was adjudged as the 2021 Female Knockout of the Year by the World Boxing Council (WBC) as part of the WBC Best of the Year. In January 2021, it was also adjudged as Female Knockout of the Year by BoxingScene.com beating three others including Zulina Muñoz and Daniela Romina Bermúdez.


title: Alycia Baumgardner

text: In April 2022, Matchroom Boxing announced Baumgardner's first fight under the promotion to take place on 16 April against former former unified featherweight world champion Edith Soledad Matthysse at the Manchester Arena. The bout was her first title defense. The fight was televised live on DAZN as part of the undercard of Conor Benn's WBA continental title defense bout against Chris van Heerden. Baumgardner successfully retained her WBC and IBO titles via unanimous decision (UD), dominiating over ten rounds, with all three judges' scorecards reading 100–90.


title: Alycia Baumgardner

text: In October 2022, Baumgardner cut and outpointed Mikaela Mayer to take the WBC, IBF and WBO titles; scores of two of the cards read 96-95 for Baumgardner, with the third card going to Mayer 97-93. Boxing analysts and former world champions Timothy Bradley and Andre Ward noted Baumgardner's fast start, athletic style, and strong finish that seemingly flustered Mayer. Boxing analyst and boxer Shawn Porter also reported on Baumgardner's noteworthy skillset after the "upset" victory. According to CompuBox stats, Baumgardner outlanded Mayer in total punches 116 to 104, was more efficient in her output landing 35% of punches to Mayer's 29%, and connected with significantly more power shots: Baumgardner landed 82 power shots, nearly doubling Mayer's 43.


title: Alycia Baumgardner

text: Baumgardner's mother is of German, Japanese and Korean descent, while her father is African-American.


title: Exaltation (astrology)

text: In astrology, exaltation is one of the five essential dignities of a planet. The exaltation is a place of awareness for the planet, whereas the fall is a position of weakness concerning the function of the planet. The sign position directly opposite a planet's sign of exaltation is considered to be its fall.


title: Exaltation (astrology)

text: Exaltations have also been attributed to the north node (3rd degree of Gemini) and the south node (3rd degree of Sagittarius). These positions are listed in astrological texts of the early medieval Arabic period, such as al-Biruni's 11th-century "Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology". Whilst modern Vedic astrologers place significance on the exaltation positions of the nodes, the western astrological tradition transmitted through medieval Europe demonstrates little use of them in practice traditionally and currently. Al-Biruni also points out that, in contradiction to the Greeks and Persians, the Hindu astrologers of his period disagreed upon the degree positions of the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn, and did not recognize the exaltations of the nodes - a principle he described himself as being "quite proper".


title: Exaltation (astrology)

text: The exaltations are one of the most ancient astrological factors still in use. They are used in ancient Mesopotamian astrology from an era which pre-dates the known use of the zodiac (using reference to constellation positions which shows correspondence with those later attributed to zodiac degrees). Francesca Rochberg has pointed out that since the system is found in the tradition of Enuma anu enlil, its roots may extend into the second millennium BCE. Joanne Conman believes that certain decan stars the ancient Egyptians venerated in Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts appear to be the source of the "places of secret" of the later Babylonian astrological texts referenced by Rochberg and of the corresponding planetary exaltations or hypsomata of Hellenistic astrology. The coffin texts pre-date attested Babylonian astrological texts. The pattern of the honored decans matches and appears to account for the pattern of the exaltation for four of the planets.


title: Exaltation (astrology)

text: Why the Babylonians considered these placements to be dignified is not known to Western astrologers. Although many speculations concerning the reasoning behind it have been put forth over the centuries, there are, as Robert Hand has said, still anomalies that are almost impossible to explain with any consistency, such as the exaltation of vigorous Mars in cold Capricorn. The Western sidereal astrologer, Cyril Fagan, has speculated that the planets all rose heliacally at these degrees in the year of the erection of an important temple to the Babylonian god Nabu in the year 786 BC, but this is still very speculative.


title: Exaltation (astrology)

text: Since in Hellenistic astrology aspects were generally recognised from sign to sign, it is uncertain whether the distance of a planet from the exact degree of exaltation had much significance. However, the degree itself was used by ancient astrologers; for example, the exact degree of exaltation of each of the luminaries (the Sun and Moon) was used in the formula for the Hellenistic Lot of Exaltation.


title: Exaltation (astrology)

text: In later Medieval astrology, influenced by the Arab and Byzantine, a hierarchy of all five essential dignities was favored, in which the most important dignity was that of the domicile ruler, followed in importance by exaltation. Medieval astrologers assigned numerical values to each dignity in the hierarchy, and these were tabulated to provide a rough statistical mode of comparison (see Essential dignity.) These weighted valuations are still in use today by astrologers.


title: Exaltation (astrology)

text: After the discovery of the three outer planets--Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto—modern astrologers speculated on possible domicile and exaltation rulerships for these planets. It was suggested, for example, that Neptune was the "true" domicile ruler of Pisces (usurping one of Jupiter's two domicile rulerships). The ancient system was complex and symmetrical, making no allowance for additional, unseen planets, and it is difficult to include them in traditional techniques. Most modern astrologers have therefore abandoned attempts to assign exaltations to these newer planets.


title: Exaltation (astrology)

text: Traditional Hindu Astrology, based the notion of exaltation primarily on the stellar constellations, also called Nakshatras, in which the planet fell. There are 27 Nakshatras present in the Sidereal Zodiac. Taking 360°/27 results in a precise arc of 13° 20′ per Nakshatra, remembering that 60′ constitute 1°. For example, although Jupiter is exalted in Cancer there are 3 different Nakshatras Jupiter could occupy within the 30° arc of Cancer, namely, Punarvasu (20°00′ Gemini to 3°20 Cancer), Pushya (3°20′ to 16°40′ Cancer), and Ashlesha (16°40′ to 29°59′ Cancer). Since Jupiter is exalted at 5° Cancer this placement signifies his true exaltation in Pushya Nakshatra. The Nakshatra Devata of Pushya is Bṛhaspati, the teacher of the Gods. Jupiter will not give his full exaltation effects when he is posited in a Nakshatra besides Pushya although he is still generally exalted in the sign of Cancer. Furthermore, each Nakshatra is divided into four sections, also called pāda, and when taking 13°20′/4 results in a precise arc of 3°20′ per pāda. The four pāda denote the four goals of life according to the Vedic tradition, namely, Dharma, Artha, Kāma, and Mokṣa. Although Jupiter finds strong exaltation in Pushya there are four different pāda Jupiter could occupy within the 13°20′ arc of Pushya, namely, Dharma pāda (3°20′-6°40′ Cancer), Artha pāda (6°40′-10°00′ Cancer), Kāma pāda (10°00′-13°20′ Cancer), and Mokṣa pāda (13°20′-16°40′ Cancer). Since Jupiter is exalted at 5° Cancer this signifies "deep" exaltation in the heart of the Dharma pāda of Pushya Nakshatra in the sign of Cancer which provides the astronomical reasoning of Jupiters exaltation degree. Esoterically speaking, when Jupiter is in Cancer (which signifies the heart), and is being influenced by Bṛhaspati (the teacher of the Gods), and is directed toward righteous action (Dharma pāda) Jupiter is functioning in 100% exaltation, concerning everything Jupiter represents.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: The Social Democratic Party of Croatia (, SDP) is a social-democratic political party in Croatia. The SDP is anti-fascist, progressive, and strongly pro-European. The SDP was formed in 1990 as the successor of the League of Communists of Croatia, Croatian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, which had governed Croatia within the Yugoslav federation since World War II.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: The party first won the elections in 2000 and formed a coalition government headed by Ivica Račan. After losing the 2003 general election, the party remained in opposition for eight years. In the 2011 parliamentary election, SDP won 61 out of 151 seats in the Croatian Parliament, and managed to form the 12th Croatian Government under Zoran Milanović with its partners from the Kukuriku coalition. After SDP and its coalition partners failed to achieve an agreement on forming a new government following the 2015 general election, the party returned to the opposition. Former SDP member and presidential candidate Ivo Josipović served as the third President of Croatia from 2010 to 2015. Another SDP member, Neven Mimica was the European Commissioner for International Cooperation and Development at the Juncker Commission.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: The SDP is a member of the Party of European Socialists (PES), Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D), Progressive Alliance (PA), and the Socialist International (SI).


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: The SDP was established on 3 November 1990 by the social democratic faction of the former League of Communists of Croatia (SKH), the Croatian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ).


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: If SDP is claimed successor of Austria-Hungary's Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia founded on 8 and 9 September 1894, it was the oldest social democratic party in Yugoslavia, before become Communist Party of Croatia as part of League of Communists of Yugoslavia, founded date of modern day social-democratic party is taken on 3 November 1990.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: SKH delegation led by Ivica Račan, along with their Slovenian counterparts, had abandoned the 14th congress of SKJ in January 1990 following a dispute with the Serbian delegation led by Slobodan Milošević over how SFR Yugoslavia should be reorganized.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: At the same time Croatia was preparing for its first multi-party election following the decision made by SKH in December 1989 which envisioned elections in April and May 1990. In February 1990 the SR Croatia parliament adopted amendments to the constitution which enabled a multi-party system. That same month SKH had rebranded themselves as the "Party of Democratic Reform" ("Stranka demokratskih promjena" or SDP) and went on to run in the 1990 election as SKH-SDP, coming in second behind the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) with 26 percent of votes and a total of 107 seats in all three houses of parliament which had 351 seat.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: On 3 November 1990 the party was officially established in its current form, by dropping the initialism SKH from its name. In the August 1992 election, the first election held according to the new Constitution of Croatia which had been adopted on 22 December 1990, SDP won 5.52% of the popular vote and a total of 11 seats in the 138-seat parliament. In 1993 the party re-branded themselves again and changed their name to the "Social Democratic Party" ("Socijaldemokratska partija"), the name they kept to this day.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In 1990, a parallel Social Democratic Party of Croatia (, SDSH) was founded. It was later renamed to the Social Democrats of Croatia ("Socijaldemokrati Hrvatske", SDH). Like most parties created at the time, it was opposed to the communist government and wanted Croatia to secede from Yugoslavia, yet it had the distinction of being one of the few to present itself as left-wing. The party founders included many prominent intellectuals, including Antun Vujić and Miroslav Tuđman This party claimed that it was continuing tradition of the historical Social Democratic Party of Croatia, created in 1894 and merged in 1919 into the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In the first 1990 Croatian parliamentary election, SDSH joined the centrist Coalition of People's Accord and fared badly, winning only 21 out of 351 seats. However, its position was strong enough to warrant ministerial posts in the national unity government of Franjo Gregurić which was in power from July 1991 to August 1992. However, its two ministers Bosiljko Mišetić and Zvonimir Baletić defected to the conservative Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) soon after their appointment.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: Before the 1992 parliamentary and presidential elections, SDSH was involved in bitter dispute with the SDP over its rebranding into the Social Democratic Party of Croatia. SDSH claimed that its name was stolen. The election showed SDP to be much stronger party than SDSH, which failed to win parliament seats. At the same time, SDSH leader Antun Vujić finished last in the 1992 presidential race, winning a meagre 0.7 percent of the vote. This ultimately led to SDSH and SDP patching their differences and former being incorporated into the latter in April 1994.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In the following 1995 election, SDP won 8.93 percent of the popular vote and a total of 10 seats in the parliament, coming in fourth behind the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) and the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS).


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In August 1998 SDP and HSLS leaders Ivica Račan and Dražen Budiša signed a coalition agreement and proceeded to run together in the January 2000 parliamentary elections. The SDP-HSLS coalition won the election with 38.7% of the vote and 71 out of 151 seats. SDP and HSLS then formed a six-way centre-left coalition government along with the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), the Liberal Party (LS), Croatian People's Party (HNS), and the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS). Račan, as the leader of the strongest party, became prime minister in the first Račan cabinet. This period was marred with constant disagreements among coalition members on various issues. The constitution was changed several times.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: Račan had initially offered the post of Speaker of Parliament to Budiša, but Budiša declined hoping to win the upcoming 2000 presidential election. Following Budiša's defeat to Stjepan Mesić in February 2000, Budiša continued to serve as member of Croatian parliament. In July 2001 he opposed Račan government's decision to extradite Croatian army generals which were wanted because of, later in 2013 dismissed, charges for committing war crimes during Croatian War of Independence to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) which caused considerable turmoil within HSLS.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In June 2001 the Istrian regionalist party Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) withdrew from the coalition government and its chairman Ivan Jakovčić resigned his post as Minister of European Integration, citing criticism of the way they governed Istria on the regional level which had been coming from other parties within the ruling coalition. The uneasy coalition broke apart in early July 2002 when Račan formally handed in his resignation following HSLS refusal to support the agreement made with Slovenia concerning the two countries' joint control of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In late July 2002 the second Račan cabinet was formed, with members of the remaining four parties of the original coalition (following the departure of IDS and HSLS) plus two minor liberal parties which had splintered from HSLS, the Party of Liberal Democrats (Libra) and the Liberal Party (LS). This cabinet remained in power until the next elections in November 2003. SDP then ran in the 2003 election as part of a coalition with IDS, Libra and LS, but was defeated by the conservative HDZ. The SDP thus returned to opposition with the coalition winning 43 out of 151 seats in the parliament (34 of which held by SDP).


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: The January 2000 election win and the defeat of the ruling HDZ was seen as a turning point as it marked the first transition of power in Croatia's young democracy and upon coming into power Račan's government was seen as the country's first staunchly pro-Western government following a decade of the "authoritarian and nationalist rule" of late President Franjo Tuđman. During its term, the country signed a pre-membership agreement with the European Union, which paved the way for the formal opening of membership negotiations in October 2006. Although the six-party coalition government made a clear break from the former regime, it nevertheless failed to handle the growing social problems, unemployment and economic difficulties. Račan struggled to contain factional disputes within the coalition and appeared indecisive in dealing with Western demands to hand over war crimes suspects to the ICTY, as well as with extremists at home who vehemently opposed such extraditions.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In the 2005 presidential race, SDP opted to support independent incumbent Stjepan Mesić, who succeeded in winning his second term by an overwhelming majority of 65.9% of the vote in the run-off in front of HDZ candidate and runner-up Jadranka Kosor with 34.1%.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In 2007, the party was dealt a blow due to the death of their long-time leader and founder Ivica Račan, who died on 30 April 2007 due to complications from his previously treated kidney cancer, after he stepped down from his chairman post earlier that month. In an extraordinary party convention, former party spokesman Zoran Milanović was elected as their new leader, beating acting chairwoman and former defence minister Željka Antunović in the party election run-off. Other prominent candidates for the post were Zagreb mayor Milan Bandić and former foreign minister Tonino Picula.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: For the November 2007 parliamentary election, SDP ran on an economic program with Third Way elements devised by the previously non-partisan economist Ljubo Jurčić, who was also picked to be the party's candidate for the post of prime minister in case of their election victory at a party meeting in July 2007. In the election of 25 November SDP finished a close second behind HDZ, with 56 out of 153 seats. It might have won the domestic election, but as SDP doesn't participate in diaspora constituency, it lost in the overall tally. Five days after the election, amid speculations that SDP might assemble a governing coalition in spite of them failing to win outright majority, he was replaced in that role by Zoran Milanović. Nevertheless, SDP failed to assemble a governing coalition, and positioned itself as the largest opposition party instead.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In the subsequent June 2009 local elections, the party failed to make significant gains on the county level, but still managed to achieve some major wins in important cities, due to the adoption of a new election system where mayors and county heads were for the first time elected directly, as opposed to the previous system which employed party lists. SDP recorded mayoral victories in a number of traditionally centre-right leaning coastal cities such as Dubrovnik, Šibenik and Trogir and also managed to win in Vukovar, a city that had been almost destroyed in the Croatian War of Independence and was regarded as HDZ stronghold ever since. They also manage to retain control of the economically most powerful parts of the country, including the capital Zagreb, the northern Adriatic city of Rijeka and also won in Istria (in coalition with IDS).


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In the run up to the 2009–10 presidential race, SDP held a primary election for the very first time, in which party nominees Ljubo Jurčić and Ivo Josipović ran. Josipović won the primary by some two-thirds of the vote. Josipović later won the 2009–10 election with 60% of the vote in the second round in front of former SDP member and populist Mayor of Zagreb Milan Bandić and was officially inaugurated on 18 February 2010.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In 2010 SDP formed a political alliance known as the Kukuriku coalition with three other centre-left parties - the Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (HNS), Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) and the Croatian Party of Pensioners (HSU) - to run in the December 2011 parliamentary election. The coalition unveiled their 21-point campaign program on 15 September 2011 in Zagreb.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: The coalition won the election, winning 81 out of 151 seats in the parliament, after which SDP formed a government with two of its junior coalition (HNS and IDS). Party president, Zoran Milanović, took office as the new Prime Minister and leader of the his cabinet on 23 December 2011.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In the 2015 parliamentary elections SDP and its coalition partners won the majority in 5 out of 10 electoral districts, and eventually gained 56 out of 151 seats in the Parliament, or 59 since Istrian Democratic Assembly participated in the post-election negotiations on forming new government as "de facto" member of the coalition. After more than 70 days of negotiations with the Bridge of Independent Lists (MOST) and numerous twists and turns mainly due to MOST frequently changing terms, SDP's coalition failed to achieve agreement with MOST on forming new government, which was formed by the independent Tihomir Orešković who was supported by the center-right Patriotic Coalition.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: A vote of no confidence in Orešković in June 2016 resulted in an early parliamentary election in November which the SDP contested as the largest party in the People's Coalition. Despite being perceived as the favorite to win the election, due to a significant lead in a large number of opinion polls, the People's Coalition won only 54 seats while the Croatian Democratic Union won 58 (61 with coalition partners) in an upset. As a result, Zoran Milanović declared that he would not contest the upcoming leadership election in the SDP and that he would retire from politics once a successor is elected. The first round of the leadership election on 19 November 2016 failed to produce an outright winner, as none of the seven candidates gained the necessary majority of 50% + 1 of cast votes. Davor Bernardić received the most votes (46%) and progressed to the second round, where he faced the runner-up, Ranko Ostojić, who received 22.8% of cast votes. The second round took place on 26 November 2016 and Davor Bernardić was elected the 3rd chairman of the SDP with 64% of cast votes.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In 2020 parliamentary elections, the SDP achieved its worst result in parliamentary elections since the 1990s, resulting to the resignation of Davor Bernardić the day after the election. Zlatko Komadina took over the temporary duty of party leader until the next internal party elections. Five candidates ran in the party's leader elections, for which voting took place on September 26 and October 3. Peđa Grbin was chosen as the new leader, who defeated Željko Kolar in the second round. The elections were also marked by allowing only members who had paid their membership fees to vote, which means that 12,000 out of 32,000 of all members had the right to vote.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: In 2021, intra-party clashes broke out between supporters of Grbin and Bernardić, followed by the expulsion of four MPs on charges of doing damage to party or refusing to actively participate in the recent local elections. The same MPs then refused to leave the SDP parliamentary club, and for that they received the support of 14 of their colleagues who refused to vote for their expulsion. The crisis was resolved at a session of the party's presidency when a decision was made to punish 14 supporters of ousted MPs. According to the decision, seven deputies were expelled, including Davor Bernardić, while the remaining seven were warned. In the end, the expelled MPs and those who supported them founded a new parliamentary club called the Social Democrats Club, which has 18 deputies, while the SDP formed a new club with the remaining 14 deputies, which puts them in third place in terms of the number of deputies in Sabor. On July 9, 2022, they founded a new party named Socijaldemokrati.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: After the USKOK brought criminal charges against Stjepan Kovač on 29 March 2022, he left the party on the same day, leaving SDP with 13 deputies.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: The party's first and longest-serving president was Ivica Račan. The current party president is Peđa Grbin, who was elected in a leadership election on 3 October 2020 following Davor Bernardić. Apart from the president and four vice-presidents (Biljana Borzan, Sabina Glasovac, Ranko Ostojić, Siniša Hajdaš Dončić), the main governing bodies of the party include the party presidency (consisting of six senior members), the head committee ("Glavni odbor") and the supervisory committee ("Nadzorni odbor").


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: Like all other parties SDP runs local chapters at municipal, city and county levels. It also runs three topical groups - the Youth Forum ("Forum mladih"), Women's Forum ("Socijaldemokratski forum žena") and a Seniors' Forum ("Socijaldemokratski forum seniora").


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: The SDP has been a member of the Socialist International since November 1999, and a full member of the Party of European Socialists since February 2012. SDP is also a full member of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) group in the European Parliament as of accession of the Republic of Croatia to the EU in 2013.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: The following is a summary of SDP's results in legislative elections for the Croatian parliament. The "Votes won" and "Percentage" columns include sums of votes won by coalitions SDP had been part of. After preferential votes were added to the electoral system, the votes column also includes the statistic of the total number of such votes received by candidates of SDP on coalition lists. The "Total seats won" column includes sums of seats won only by SDP in election. Column "Change" shows how many seats SDP has gained or lost.


title: Social Democratic Party of Croatia

text: Neven Mimica has been elected as SDP MEP but appointed to be one of the commissioners in the European commission, so although SDP won 3 seats on general elections it de facto has 2 MEP while SDP gave Mimica's seat to Ivan Jakovčić from IDS as a result of the coalition agreement.


title: Snailfish

text: The Liparidae, commonly known as snailfish or sea snails, are a family of marine scorpaeniform fishes.


title: Snailfish

text: Widely distributed from the Arctic to Antarctic Oceans, including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species, but there are also many undescribed species. Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow surface waters to greater than 8,000 meters, and species of the Liparid family have been found in seven ocean trenches. They are closely related to the sculpins (family Cottidae) and lumpfish (family Cyclopteridae). In the past, snailfish were sometimes included within the latter family.


title: Snailfish

text: The snailfish family is poorly studied and few specifics are known. Their elongated, tadpole-like bodies are similar in profile to the rattails. Their heads are large (compared to their size) with small eyes; their bodies are slender to deep, tapering to very small tails. The extensive dorsal and anal fins may merge or nearly merge with the tail fin. Snailfish are scaleless with a thin, loose gelatinous skin; some species, such as "Acantholiparis opercularis" have prickly spines, as well. Their teeth are small and simple with blunt cusps. The deep-sea species have prominent, well-developed sensory pores on the head, part of the animals' lateral line system.


title: Snailfish

text: The pectoral fins are large and provide the snailfish with its primary means of locomotion although they are fragile. They are benthic fish with pelvic fins modified to form an adhesive disc; this nearly circular disc is absent in "Paraliparis" and "Nectoliparis" species. Snailfish range in size from "Paraliparis australis" at to "Polypera simushirae" at some in length. The latter species may reach a weight of , but most species are smaller. Snailfish are of no interest to commercial fisheries.


title: Snailfish

text: It was difficult to initially study snailfish species that dwell at deeper levels because they would explode upon being brought to the surface, but researchers did manage to study the bones of the animal.


title: Snailfish

text: The habitats occupied by snailfish are as widely variable in terms of size. They are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from shallow intertidal zones to depths of slightly more than . This is a wider depth range than any other family of fish. They are strictly found in cold waters, meaning that species of tropical and subtropical regions strictly are deepwater. They are common in most cold marine waters and are highly resilient, with some species, such as "Liparis atlanticus" and "Liparus gibbus," having type-1 antifreeze proteins. It is the most species-rich family of fish in the Antarctic region, generally found in relatively deep waters (shallower Antarctic waters are dominated by Antarctic icefish).


title: Snailfish

text: The diminutive inquiline snailfish ("Liparis inquilinus") of the northwestern Atlantic is known to live out its life inside the mantle cavity of the scallop "Placopecten magellanicus". "Liparis tunicatus" lives amongst the kelp forests of the Bering Strait and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The single species in genus "Rhodichthys" is endemic to the Norwegian Sea. Other species are found on muddy or silty bottoms of continental slopes.


title: Snailfish

text: In October 2008, a UK-Japan team discovered a shoal of "Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis" snailfish at a depth of approximately in the Japan Trench. These were, at the time, the deepest living fish ever recorded on film. The record was surpassed by a snailfish that was filmed at a depth of in December 2014 in the Mariana Trench, and extended in May 2017 when another was filmed at a depth of in the Mariana Trench. The species in these deepest records remain undescribed, but it has been referred to as the "ethereal snailfish". The deepest-living described species is "Pseudoliparis swirei", also of the Mariana Trench, which has been recorded to . In general, snailfish (notably genera "Notoliparis" and "Pseudoliparis") are the most common and dominant fish family in the hadal zone. Through genomic analysis it was found that "Pseudoliparis swirei" possesses multiple molecular adaptions to survive the intense pressures of a deep sea environment, including pressure-tolerant cartilage, pressure-stable proteins, increased transport protein activity, higher cell membrane fluidity, and loss of eyesight and other visual characteristics such as color. There are indications that the larvae of at least some hadal snailfish species spend time in open water at relatively shallow depths, less than .


title: Snailfish

text: Reproductive strategies vary extensively among snailfish species. As far as known, all species lay eggs that are relatively large in size (diameter up to ). The number of eggs varies extensively depending on species. Some deposit their egg mass among cold-water corals, kelp, stones, or xenophyophores. It is possible that the male guards the egg mass. At least one species, "Careproctus ovigerus" of the North Pacific, is known to practice mouth brooding; that is, the male snailfish carries the developing eggs around in his mouth. Some other species of the genus "Careproctus" are parasitic, laying their eggs in the gill cavities of king crabs. One species, "Careproctus rhodomelas", was found instead to be a batch spawner, laying multiple batches of large eggs multiple times throughout its lifetime. After the eggs hatch, some species rapidly reach the adult size and only live for about one year, but others have life spans of more than a decade.


title: Snailfish

text: In a 2007 study of fish in the hadal zone, it was revealed that snailfish usually feed on amphipods, which were also attracted to the chum that the researchers left out.


title: Snailfish

text: Larval snailfish feed on a mix of plankton, small and large copepods, and amphipods. The diet of larval snailfish contains 28 food categories, mainly copepods and amphipods.


title: Snailfish

text: Snailfish prey can be grouped into six main categories: gammarid, krill, natantian decapods, other crustaceans, fish, and others. Size also affects snailfish diets. Species smaller than 50 mm primarily eat gammarids, while species larger than 100 mm primarily eat natantian decapods. Species larger than 150 mm have the highest proportion of fish in their diet. Larger snailfish species tend to be piscivorous.


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi () abbreviated as OKOK is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film written and directed by M. Rajesh. It stars producer Udhayanidhi Stalin, in his acting debut, Hansika Motwani, Santhanam and Saranya Ponvannan, whilst featuring Harris Jayaraj's music and Balasubramaniem's cinematography. The film was named after the song of the same name from the film "Siva Manasula Sakthi" (2009). Releasing on 13 April 2012, it opened to highly positive reviews and became a blockbuster. The film ran for 175 days in theatres. It was eventually released in Telugu as "OK OK" on 31 August 2012.


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: One morning in his house, Saravanan receives his ex-girlfriend Meera's wedding invitation. He and his friend Parthasarathy aka Partha leave for Pondicherry to attend the wedding via car. "En route", Saravanan recollects his past: He was a easy-going youth working in a film theatre with Partha. He lives with his parents; his father, Varadharajan, who is educated and works as a college professor and his mother, Shenbagam, who is uneducated and is trying to pass an exam, just to get her college degree and her husband's love, since Varadharajan had stopped talking with her the day after their marriage when he found out that Shenbagam is uneducated. One day in traffic, he sees Meera, a girl training to be an air hostess and falls for her on site. He stalks her to a cloth shop and also to her Air Hostess class. He saw her house and he and Partha go to her house, as Meera calls them. There, Meera threatens Saravanan by showing her father's photo, who is a Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP), Mahendra Kumar. But still, Saravanan stalks her and asks her to love him. Meera takes him to Mahendra Kumar's office and he asks Saravanan to stop following Meera. Meera tells Saravanan that she has some qualifications required by her lover like shaving regularly, dressing well, breaking his friendship with Partha, coming on time, etc. Saravanan tells this to Partha and Partha asks him if he or Meera is best for him. Saravanan tells him Meera is more important to him than Partha, causing a break between Saravanan's and Partha's friendship.


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: Later, Saravanan joins Partha's broken love and asks him to rejoin his love. Partha agrees and then they go to Mumbai, following Meera in a flight. There, Meera alas tells him that she loves Saravanan. Meanwhile, Varadharajan later realizes his mistake of mistreating Shenbagam and reconciles with her after Saravanan scoffs him for his behaviour when she turns up late at night which had worried him. After some months, Meera calls Saravanan once, but he does not pick up the phone and tells Partha that Meera is not his real love and it is all nothing, but a "project". But, he really said that for fun. But, Partha had accidentally switched on the phone while Saravanan told him all this. Meera, mistaking him for intentionally misusing her, comes there and breaks their love. At the present, Saravanan's parents arrange to betroth him and Meera by going to the temple, while in Pondicherry, both Saravanan and Partha end up drunk (Saravanan truly drinks for the first time, shocking Partha since Saravanan often inebriated earlier by just sniffing the booze bottle as a running gag in the film) and tell a small story to the guests, in a comical way describing the broken love of Saravanan and Meera. The guests empathize with them and just as the marriage is about to happen, Rajini Murugan, a local don, comes there with a pregnant girl and his girlfriend and reveals that Meera's groom has a girlfriend, who is pregnant by him and that the girl Rajini Murugan is with, is that girl. The groom admits to his mistake and reunites with his old girlfriend. Saravanan and Partha walk off the marriage hall, just then Meera comes and hugs Saravanan, hence reuniting with him.


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: Udhayanidhi Stalin had bought the distribution rights of Rajesh's previous film "Boss Engira Bhaskaran". As the film emerged successful, Udhayanidhi decided to continue the collaboration, going on to play the lead role in the new project.


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: During the pre-production stage, several actresses including Asin Thottumkal and Nayantara were approached to play the female lead but Hansika Motwani was eventually signed. The protagonist was revealed to be an unemployed youngster, as unofficial reports of a ticket collector and a band master were brushed aside. Arya, Sneha and Andrea Jeremiah were roped in to perform cameo roles. Rajesh planned to retain the same crew members from his first two ventures but since Udhayanidhi wanted Harris Jayaraj to score the music for his debut film, he was signed over Rajesh's usual associate Yuvan Shankar Raja, while the makers decided to proceed with Balasubramaniam as the cinematographer as Sakthi Saravanan was unavailable.


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: A photo shoot for the film was held in February 2011 with the lead. The shooting of the film began in March 2011. Filming was held in Tidel Park and Rajiv Gandhi Road in Chennai on 26 April. The car in which they drive to pondicherry was modified with power steering and other interesting elements. A pondicherry bar was setup in woodlands hotel campus. In the song Azhage, which was totally shot in dubai, in between bgms were recreated in VGP beach and matched by art director Jacki. Overseas shooting locations included Jordan and Abu Dhabi, where the film's team flew over to shoot a song in December 2011. Some shots were canned at the PVR theater in Ampa Mall, Aminjikarai. Hansika Motwani and Saranya were spotted doing a scene together in the theater. In the second schedule, director Rajesh shot a scene on Udayanidhi Stalin, Azhagam Perumal and Saranya Ponvannan at KK Nagar. During a schedule, Santhanam was hospitalized due to illness, delaying the shoot.


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV. Oru Kal Oru Kannadi was released on 13 April 2012 in Tamil as a Tamil New Year release and on 31 August 2012 in Telugu.


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: The album features five songs, composed by Harris Jayaraj. The composing sessions took place in Singapore, Zimbabwe and Ooty. The audio launch was held at the Sathyam Cinemas on 4 March 2012. Actors Karthi, Surya, Jeeva and Arya were present at the event. A three-minute trailer and song sequences was screened for the guests and media people as well.


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: The soundtrack received generally positive reviews. Behindwoods.com claimed that it "definitely has a few like-able singalongs to keep the audio outlets happy", providing a rating of 3/5. The Song Venam Machan Venam became an Instant hit and topped the chart for several weeks. Indiaglitz.com mentioned that the composer had "fulfilled the director's expectations, as the songs strike a chord during the first-listen itself. 'Oru Kal Oru Kannadi' music album celebrates love and reflects youngsters, like the previous films of Rajesh."


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: "Oru Kal Oru Kannadi" received positive reviews and became a blockbuster at the box office. "Sify "called it a "rollicking comedy", stating: "If all you're looking for is a relaxed time at the movies, then, this is Good Fun. Go with your buddies, you'll laugh till you have tears in your eyes". "The Times of India" rated it 3.5 out of 5 and said: "M Rajesh is a rarity in Tamil cinema. How else does one explain sitting through almost a three-hour-long movie without realising the passage of time?" "IndiaGlitz" said "Oru Kal Oru Kannadi – Humour at Its Best!" and wrote that it was a "clean and convincing film that makes you laugh every minute". "Behindwoods.com" rated the film 3 out of 5, stating: "OKOK double OK". Oneindia stated that the film "may not have a great storyline, but watching the film is worth every penny". Rohit Ramachandran of Nowrunning.com stated that it was "by no means a meaningful film experience, but it is a portal for popcorn escapism". Pavithra Srinivasan from Rediff.com rated it 2 out of 5 and said: ""OKOK" is a slightly torturous friendship story of two guys and that's pretty much it".


title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi

text: "Oru Kal Oru Kannadi" opened in more than 300 screens, with an average of 95 per cent theatre occupancy in urban regions. The film began to collect even larger sums of revenue in the next four continuous weeks, acquiring a total of 15.09 crore in a matter of 25 days in Chennai. The film claimed top spot for more than a month at the Chennai box office. Trade pundits declared the film's collections as impressive. Taken with a budget of 13 crore it grossed around 42 crore worldwide.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Michael John Kafka (born July 25, 1987) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the offensive coordinator for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). After attending St. Rita of Cascia High School in Chicago, Illinois, he played college football for Northwestern, where he received second-team All-Big Ten Conference honors as a senior. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the fourth round of the 2010 NFL Draft, and spent six seasons in the NFL as a journeyman quarterback. Kafka became the quarterbacks coach for the Chiefs in 2018, and Patrick Mahomes, the starting quarterback for the Chiefs, earned the NFL Most Valuable Player award that season. Kafka helped the team win Super Bowl LIV the following season.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Despite being the backup quarterback in 2008 for Northwestern, Kafka finished second on the team in rushing yards with 321. Following C. J. Bachér's graduation, Kafka became the starter for 2009. Against Syracuse, he set the school record for most consecutive pass completions with 16. In the same game, he became the first Big Ten Conference player to score a passing, receiving, and rushing touchdown since Zack Mills from Penn State in 2004. He was named Big Ten Co-Offensive Player of the Week for his performance. In the 2010 Outback Bowl against Auburn, Kafka set the all-time bowl record with 47 completions and 78 passing attempts. He set Northwestern and Outback Bowl records with 532 passing yards and an Outback Bowl record with five interceptions.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka spent two seasons as a member of the Eagles. In 2010, he was the third-string quarterback behind Michael Vick and Kevin Kolb but did not see playing time. He was mainly the third-string quarterback again in 2011 behind Vick and Vince Young, but saw some playing time in two games early in the season, both of which resulted in losses. He was expected to be the backup quarterback behind Vick in 2012 but a broken hand caused him to miss time in the preseason and was ultimately released in favor of rookie Nick Foles and veteran Trent Edwards. Kafka spent time on offseason rosters with the New England Patriots and Jacksonville Jaguars in 2013, on the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' practice squad in 2014, on the preseason roster with the Minnesota Vikings in 2015, and on the practice squad for the Tennessee Titans and Cincinnati Bengals in 2015.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka became a graduate assistant with the Northwestern football team in 2016, and was hired by the Chiefs as an offensive quality control coach in 2017. He was promoted to quarterbacks coach in 2018, and helped the team win the Super Bowl during the 2019 season, his first as a player or coach. He was given an additional title of passing game coordinator in 2020. After the 2021 season, he joined the Giants as their offensive coordinator.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka was born on July 25, 1987, in Chicago, Illinois, to Michael and Sandra Kafka. He attended St. Rita of Cascia High School in Chicago, where he played football and baseball. He was the team captain for both teams. In football, he led the Mustangs to three conference championships and had a career record of 35–8. As a senior in 2004, Kafka completed 75-of-129 passes. In the season-opener against Homewood-Flossmoor High School, Kafka went up against H-F's quarterback Freddie Barnes and won the game, 52–28. Against Mt. Carmel High School, he ran for 164 yards and passed for 126 yards. Kafka passed for 1,004 yards and 10 touchdowns in 2004. He ran for 806 yards with a 5.6 yards per carry average, and five touchdowns on 144 carries. His career stats at St. Rita were 1,816 total offensive yards and 16 touchdowns.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka made the school's Silver Honor Roll all four years of high school and was an Academic All-State. He was an All-area selection by "Tom Lemming's Prep Football Report" and was an honorable mention all-state selection. "SuperPrep" named him All-Midwest Region and Rivals.com placed him on the Top 25 dual-threat quarterbacks list. "SuperPrep" ranked him 25th among players from Illinois at all positions and 50th nationally among quarterbacks. He was ranked 20th in Illinois by Rivals.com and 25th nationally among dual-threat quarterbacks. Kafka was named Team Offensive MVP and Catholic Metro Blue Offensive MVP. He was an honorable mention all-area honoree by "Chicago Sun-Times" and "Daily Southtown".


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka committed to Northwestern University on December 10, 2004. He also received offers from Florida Atlantic University, the University of Pittsburgh and Stanford University.


title: Mike Kafka

text: During the 2005 season, his first year, Kafka redshirted in order for him to learn the Northwestern Wildcats' offensive system.


title: Mike Kafka

text: In his Northwestern career debut on September 1, 2006, against Miami University, Kafka threw for 106 yards and one touchdown on 13 completions out of 17 attempts. His first touchdown was a 19-yard pass to running back Tyrell Sutton. He led all players with 89 yards rushing on 17 rushing attempts. His passer rating for that game was 148.26 as Northwestern went on to win 21–3. The following week against New Hampshire on September 9, Kafka went 19–32 and threw for 173 yards along with one interception and a fumble. He rushed for 42 yards. The Wildcats ended up losing the game, 34–17. Kafka played the first half of the game against Eastern Michigan in the third week of the season and rushed for 33 yards with a 6.6 yards per run average, along with his first career rushing touchdown, a six-yard run. He passed for 76 yards and completed 10 out of 18 passes with an interception.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Days before Northwestern faced Nevada in the fourth game of the season, head coach Pat Fitzgerald confirmed that Kafka would remain the starter despite his poor prior performances. In the game, Kafka ran for a career-high 111 yards, which included a 13-yard touchdown rush, and averaged 9.2 yards per run. He passed for 122 yards, completing 9 out of 21 passes and three interceptions. His 111 yards rushing were the most by a Northwestern quarterback since Zak Kustok ran for 111 yards in a November 21, 2001, game versus Bowling Green. Kafka suffered a hamstring injury during the game, which kept him out of the next three games of the season. One of the games he missed was the biggest comeback in NCAA Division I-A history, an eventual 41–38 loss to Michigan State on October 21. Kafka made his first appearance since the injury against Ohio State on November 11, in which he passed for 17 yards and completed four out of eight passes.


title: Mike Kafka

text: In 2007, Kafka was a backup and only played in two games, in which he passed for 11 yards on two completions and rushed for eight yards.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka entered the 2008 season as a backup quarterback behind C. J. Bachér. Against Syracuse, Kafka entered the game in the fourth quarter and rushed twice for 18 yards. Against Southern Illinois, he threw two passes, completing one for one yard, in addition to rushing for three yards. He played in the final series at Indiana and completed a pass, which went for nine yards.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Starting in place of the injured Bachér for the game against Minnesota, Kafka ran for 217 yards on 27 attempts, which included a 53-yard run, and passed for 143 yards and two touchdowns on 12 completions out of 16 throws. His 217 rushing yards set a school and Big Ten Conference record for quarterback rushing yards in a game. The Big Ten record was later beaten in 2010 by Michigan quarterback Denard Robinson on September 11, 2010. Kafka began the game by completing his first eight throws, which included a 36-yard touchdown pass to Jeremy Ebert. He was named the team's offensive player of the week after that game, along with being named the Big Ten Co-Offensive Player of the Week. Kafka earned an ESPN College Gameday Helmet Sticker and was named an AT&T All-America Player of the Week candidate.


title: Mike Kafka

text: The next week, Kafka started in his second straight game against Ohio State, and passed for 177 yards while completing 18-of-27 throws. He ran for 83 yards and a touchdown on 29 attempts. He ran for 300 yards in his two starts against Ohio State, which is the most by a Northwestern quarterback in successive contests. He was named the team's offensive big playmaker for the game.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Against Michigan, he entered the game in Northwestern's second series on offense and rushed for 20 yards on three carries before he was forced to leave the game after suffering a concussion. He ran for one yard on three carries against Illinois.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka passed for 330 yards during the season along with two touchdowns on 32 completions and 46 total attempts. He finished second on the team in rushing with 321 yards.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka entered his senior season as Northwestern's starting quarterback after C. J. Bachér graduated. He was named to the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award watch list, along with 19 other players nationally, with two others in the Big Ten Conference. Texas quarterback Colt McCoy eventually won the award. In the offseason, Kafka was tutored by offensive coordinator Mick McCall and former Northwestern quarterback Brett Basanez. Kafka was named co-captain for the 2009 season.


title: Mike Kafka

text: At home against Towson on September 5 to start the 2009 season, Kafka threw 15-of-20 attempts for 192 yards, setting a career-high for passing yards in a game. He ran for six yards on six carries in a blowout 47–14 win. Against Eastern Michigan at home on September 12, he threw for 158 yards and one interception on 14 completions out of 24 attempts. He ran for 21 yards on five runs in the close 27–24 win over the Eagles.


title: Mike Kafka

text: During the Syracuse game, Kafka set a school record for consecutive completions in a game with 16, breaking the 47-year-old record set by Tom Myers in 1962. He set a new career-high in passing yards in a game by passing for 390 yards, breaking his previous career-high in the season opener. Kafka also ran for a three-yard touchdown and threw three touchdown passes along with an interception. He caught a receiving touchdown when he tossed a lateral to Andrew Brewer who threw it back to Kafka for a 24-yard touchdown. Kafka became the first Big Ten Conference player to score at least one passing, receiving and rushing touchdown in a game since Zack Mills from Penn State accomplished it on September 4, 2004, against Akron. Kafka finished the game with 35 completions on 42 attempts. However, despite his record-breaking performance, the Wildcats lost 37–34. He was named Big Ten Co-Offensive Player of the Week on September 20 for his performance.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka passed for 309 yards, two touchdowns and an interception against Minnesota. He took four sacks and during a desperation drive to win the game, fumbled the football, which helped end the game and give the Golden Gophers the win. In the Purdue game, Kafka went 28-of-44 and threw for 224 yards. He rushed for a season-high 39 yards on 18 carries and ran for the game-winning two-yard touchdown. After leading after the touchdown 25–21, Kafka threw a successful two-point conversion pass to Drake Dunsmore to increase the lead by six to win the game after Purdue failed to score on the final drive of the game.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka went 15 completions of 31 attempts for 191 yards and one interception to lead Northwestern to a 16–6 win over Miami (OH) in the sixth game of the season. He was the leading rusher for Northwestern, rushing for 53 yards on 15 carries and two touchdowns. In the 24–14 loss at Michigan State on October 17, Kafka went 34-for-47 and threw for 291 yards and two touchdowns. He was the leading rusher for the second straight week for Northwestern, rushing for 42 yards on 18 carries.


title: Mike Kafka

text: In a come-from-behind win against Indiana, the Wildcats trailed 28–3 during the second quarter before Kafka ran for a one-yard touchdown and later passed for two touchdowns to lead Northwestern to a 29–28 win. The Wildcats overcame a 25-point deficit, which was the biggest comeback in school history. He went 26-of-46 and passed for 312 yards, along with two touchdowns and a career-tying three interceptions. He rushed for 65 yards on 17 carries and one touchdown. Kafka totaled 377 yards of total offense, which was second-best in his career. Against 12th ranked Penn State, Kafka went 14-for-18 and passed for 128 yards, along with rushing for 42 yards on eight carries and a touchdown before leaving the game with a leg injury during the second quarter. He was replaced by backup Dan Persa.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka shared time at quarterback with Persa due to his strained hamstring on November 7 against the 4th-ranked, and previously undefeated, Iowa Hawkeyes. Northwestern coming into the game was a 16-point underdog, but still beat Iowa 17–10 in Northwestern's first win over a nationally ranked top-ten team since they won against Ohio State in 2004. Persa had to leave the game early to receive X-rays for a hand injury, which forced Kafka to play more than original planned. He finished as Northwestern’s leading passer with 72 yards on ten completions.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Against Illinois on November 14, Kafka threw for 305 yards and went 23-of-37, along with a 28-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Zeke Markshausen. He rushed seven times for 12 yards and a one-yard touchdown to beat the Fighting Illini 21–16. Kafka threw for 300 or more yards for the fourth time that season. Against 16th-ranked Wisconsin on November 21, Kafka went 26-of-40 for 326 yards and two touchdowns, both to converted wide receiver Andrew Brewer. He rushed for 17 yards on seven carries to upset the Badgers with a 33–31 win. Kafka threw for 300 or more yards for the fifth time in the season and for the second straight game. He was named Big Ten Co-Offensive Player of the Week for his performance against Wisconsin.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka ranked third in the Big Ten Conference in passing yards with 241.5 passing yards per game and he ranked second in total offense. He finished the season tied for first in the Big Ten in rushing touchdowns by a quarterback with seven. His 65.7 completion percentage for 2009 ranked first in the Big Ten. His 414 pass attempts ranked third in the Big Ten and eighth among all quarterbacks nationally.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka was named second-team All-Big Ten following the 2009 season. He was named first-team All-Big Ten by "Rivals.com". He finished fourth in the "Chicago Tribune's" Silver Football voting, given out to the Big Ten's Most Valuable Player, behind Brandon Graham, Daryll Clark and John Clay. Hall of Fame quarterback Bob Griese said Kafka "has the three qualities I look for. One, he's a good decision-maker, he knows when to throw the ball away. Two, he's accurate. Three, he makes plays. This is where Kafka really jumps out. If he has a playmaker downfield, he gets the ball to him." Kafka graduated from Northwestern in December.


title: Mike Kafka

text: In the 2010 Outback Bowl against Auburn on January 1, Kafka set the all-time bowl record with 47 completions and 78 passing attempts. He set Northwestern and Outback Bowl records with 532 passing yards, a career-high. He set an Outback Bowl record with five interceptions. He tied the Outback Bowl record with four touchdown passes. His 98 plays and 566 total yards were also Outback Bowl records. He threw four touchdown passes in the 38–35 loss that went to overtime, with two going to Andrew Brewer (39 and 35 yards), one to Drake Dunsmore for 66 yards, and one to Sidney Stewart for 18 yards. He finished second in rushing for Northwestern with 20 carries for 34 yards and a two-yard touchdown. He was named to "ESPN.com"'s All-Big Ten Bowl team as an honorable mention.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka was named Northwestern's Most Valuable Player on offense following the season. Kafka led the Big Ten in passing yards with 3,430 yards, total offense with 286.8 yards per game, completions with 24.5 per game, and fewest interceptions with 2.44 of all passes being intercepted. He was seventh nationally in completions, 16th in passing yards and 12th in total offensive yards. His 3,430 passing yards are third-most in school history. His 3,729 total offensive yards are second-most in school history.


title: Mike Kafka

text: In the 2010 East–West Shrine Game on January 23, Kafka started at quarterback for the East squad and, despite a slow start, led the East squad to a comeback victory. On the final drive of the game, Kafka threw a two-yard touchdown pass to Penn State tight end Andrew Quarless to win the game for the East squad, 13–10. After the game, Kafka was named Offensive MVP after he went 18-of-27, passed for 150 yards and threw the winning touchdown pass.


title: Mike Kafka

text: His record for his career as the starting quarterback for Northwestern was 11–8. He finished his career as the third all-time leading quarterback rusher at Northwestern with 887 yards rushing, and as the eighth all-time leading passer with 4,265 yards passing.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Prior to the 2010 NFL Draft, Kafka was projected to be drafted in the sixth round by NFLDraftScout.com and as high as the fourth round. He was rated as the eleventh-best quarterback in the draft. Northwestern head coach Pat Fitzgerald said at the time that 85 NFL scouts, general managers and personnel directors who watched film or came to see a game or a practice said about Kafka was that he "throws a lot better than our No. 3 [quarterback] does right now." Fitzgerald also said that he would be "shocked" if Kafka was not drafted in the 2010 NFL Draft. After the Outback Bowl loss to Auburn on January 1, in which Kafka threw 78 passes for 532 yards, Fitzgerald said, "I hope the NFL sees the same thing that I see, a man with a big-time arm." An NFL general manager said at the 2010 Senior Bowl that Kafka could be drafted as high as the third round.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka was invited to the 2010 NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, which started on February 24, along with teammates Corey Wootton and Sherrick McManis. Kafka chose Mike McCartney of Priority Sports of Chicago as his agent, who also represents Wootton. Priority hired former Chicago Bears quarterback Erik Kramer and a trainer in Phoenix, Arizona, to help Kafka prepare for the NFL Scouting Combine. To prepare for the Combine, Kafka worked out twice a day in Arizona, and held practice sessions with Notre Dame wide receiver Golden Tate. At the Combine, Kafka said, "I want to be an NFL starter. I'm not going to the league to be a No. 2. I think my whole game can go to another level. I'm ready to take it up another notch."


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka chose not to bench press at the NFL Combine. On February 28, Kafka answered 35 out of the 50 questions on the Wonderlic test, and was "99 percent sure" that he answered all 35 correctly. Draft analyst Mike Mayock said that Kafka was "a developmental guy" who should stay on a team's practice squad for a year. Kafka had some of the best measurements in the vertical jump, broad jump, 60-yard shuttle, and three-cone drill among all quarterbacks.


title: Mike Kafka

text: At Northwestern's Pro Day on March 11, Kafka passed to his former teammates Andrew Brewer and Zeke Markshausen, and, according to Gil Brandt, only missed one pass during the entire workout. 25 NFL teams attended the workout, including the Cincinnati Bengals quarterbacks coach Ken Zampese and the Arizona Cardinals quarterback coach Chris Miller.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Northwestern held its second Pro Day workout on March 29. He passed to his former teammates Brewer, Markshausen, and Brendan Mitchell during the workout. He was reportedly not as accurate on the second Pro Day as he was on the first, but still "very accurate." 24 NFL team representatives attended the Pro Day.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka worked out for the Cincinnati Bengals, Cleveland Browns, New England Patriots, and Oakland Raiders prior to the draft. Mike Mayock called Kafka the "sleeper" of the quarterback class, projecting him to be drafted in the sixth round. Mayock also said, "He's a really smart kid. Has a better arm than people think. I don't even think he's sleeping anymore. He was a month-and-a-half ago, but he's on the rise. He's a kid who could surprise people at the end of the day." Former NFL quarterback Ron Jaworski concurred, saying that Kafka "knows how to play the quarterback position. There's a real feel for hitting the open receiver, good anticipation. I can see him being one of those sleeper type guys." A scout before the draft said that Kafka "throws a lot of picks, but at least he's willing to pull the trigger. You don't see that from a lot of young kids."


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the fourth round (122nd overall) in the 2010 NFL Draft. He was the fifth quarterback taken in the draft, behind Sam Bradford (1st overall), Tim Tebow (25th overall), Jimmy Clausen (48th overall) and Colt McCoy (85th overall). Kafka was expected to be the team's third-string quarterback behind Kevin Kolb and Michael Vick. Eagles head coach Andy Reid said of Kafka, "I think once you meet him, I think you'll see he's a smart guy. He has some of the intangible things – the leadership, he's a tough kid. Inner city, Chicago kid. He's got a little grit to him. I think that's important. You have to be wired right to handle you guys and play in the city of Philadelphia. I think he's wired right. He likes to compete." Kafka was signed to a four-year contract worth $2.256 million with $467,000 guaranteed on June 15, 2010.


title: Mike Kafka

text: In the final practice of rookie and selected veterans training camp on July 29, Kafka took all the snaps at quarterback after Kolb and Vick got practice off. After practice, offensive coordinator Marty Mornhinweg said Kafka was "the best rookie that I've ever had in 15, 16, 17 years or something like that. So, he's really sharp. Now, he's sharp book-wise, but he's also very intelligent in a football sense. He's really picked [the playbook] up very quickly."


title: Mike Kafka

text: In the first preseason game on August 14 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Kafka went 3-for-7 for 76 yards and threw a 57-yard pass to wide receiver Chad Hall after taking over for Vick late in the third quarter. Kafka began the second preseason game on August 20 against the Cincinnati Bengals in the fourth quarter. He went 4-for-12 for 29 yards and two interceptions (both to cornerback Morgan Trent) with a passer rating of 2.4. He also had one carry for 24 yards. On August 27 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Kafka came into the game in the fourth quarter and went 9-for-13 for 93 yards and one touchdown. He led the Eagles on the winning drive with an 18-yard touchdown pass to Riley Cooper with 23 seconds left in the game to win, 20–17. In the final preseason game on September 2, Kafka replaced Vick during the second quarter and played for almost three quarters. He went 9-for-27 for 76 yards and an interception against the New York Jets.


title: Mike Kafka

text: During the 2010 regular season and playoffs, Kafka was inactive as the team's third quarterback for all but five games. In week two Kafka was the backup to Vick against the Detroit Lions after Kolb suffered a concussion in week one against the Green Bay Packers. In Week 5 against the San Francisco 49ers, week six against the Atlanta Falcons and week seven against the Tennessee Titans, Kafka was the backup to Kolb after Vick, who took over as the starting quarterback for the remainder of the season, suffered a rib injury in Week 4 against the Washington Redskins. In the week seventeen game against the Dallas Cowboys, Kafka was the backup quarterback to Kolb in a decision to rest Vick and the team's starters before the playoffs.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka said of his rookie year that he "learned a lot about football. I learned a lot about being a professional, especially being around [Vick] and [Kolb]. Those guys have been great mentors, and obviously the coaching staff that I have has been really great as far as developing me to learn the west coast system."


title: Mike Kafka

text: Following the 2010 season, Kafka said that his goal for the 2011 offseason was to "continue to learn the offense. I haven't mastered it by any means, the more study and preparation I can get the better. Physically, I can work on my feet, my arm strength, and my timing and rhythm. There's a bunch of things I can work on, and I'm really excited to get to it." Eagles general manager Howie Roseman said Kafka is the hardest working player in the NFL, but needs to get bigger and stronger. The Eagles reportedly received trade offers from other teams for Kafka prior to the 2011 NFL Draft but declined due to his potential. Kafka, in response, laughed and did not believe the rumors.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Because of the NFL lockout, Kafka and his teammates organized informal workouts in Marlton, New Jersey. After one of the workout sessions, Vick said Kafka was "ready for" the backup role and would embrace it should Kolb leave after the lifting of the lockout. Kolb was traded to the Arizona Cardinals on July 28 following the lifting of the NFL lockout, and Kafka was temporarily elevated to the backup behind Vick before the Eagles signed former Tennessee Titan Vince Young on July 29. Kafka took second-team reps at the start of training camp, but on the first official depth chart that was released on August 9, Kafka was listed as the third-stringer behind Young.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Against the Baltimore Ravens in the preseason opener on August 11, Kafka replaced Young at quarterback during the second quarter and played into the fourth quarter. He went 13-of-19 for 132 yards with one interception thrown to Ravens safety Bernard Pollard in the game. In the second week of the preseason on August 18 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Kafka entered the game in the fourth quarter and led the Eagles to two scoring drives in a 24–14 loss. With less than four minutes remaining in the game, he threw a 14-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Gerald Jones, and with only 19 seconds left on the following drive, threw a second touchdown pass to Jones for seven yards. He finished the game going 14-for-19 for 160 yards along with the two scores. Kafka played in garbage time in the next preseason game against the Cleveland Browns, handing the ball off twice and kneeling down twice. Against the New York Jets in the preseason finale, he filled in for the injured Young, who started the game, to start the third quarter. Kafka had the wind knocked out of him on a sack, but was able to play the rest of the game despite a rib contusion. He finished the game 7-for-11 for 76 yards and one interception. He went 34-for-49 for 369 yards, two touchdowns, and two interceptions in the preseason overall.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Young suffered a hamstring injury in the final preseason game, and was subsequently inactive for the team's first two games. Kafka was active as the backup to Vick in both games, but was forced to play in the second game when Vick suffered a concussion in the second half. Kafka went 7-of-9 passing for 72 yards in relief during the 35–31 loss to the Atlanta Falcons. Vick broke his hand during a week 3 game against the New York Giants on September 25, so Kafka again replaced him. Kafka threw for 35 yards and two interceptions as he went 4-for-7 passing. Both Kafka and Young were active as Vick's backups in week 4, with neither seeing playing time. Kafka was declared inactive for week 5, but returned as active for weeks 6 and 8. He was inactive again for weeks 9 and 10, before he was activated for the rest of the season's games. Young started at quarterback in weeks 11, 12, and 13 in place of an injured Vick, elevating Kafka to backup. Kafka saw playing action in two of the final games of the season with no pass attempts.


title: Mike Kafka

text: With Young not returning to the Eagles with his contract expiring after the 2011 season, Kafka was expected to be the backup quarterback behind Vick for the 2012 season. Trent Edwards was signed to a one-year contract on February 23, 2012, and the team drafted Nick Foles in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft to compete with Kafka for spots on the roster. Kafka was considered the favorite to win the backup job during training camp. According to Adam Caplan from thesidelineview.com, Kafka showed during OTAs that "his arm strength has noticeably improved" since his previous two seasons. In the first preseason game on August 9 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Kafka suffered a fracture in his non-throwing hand after passing for 31 yards and an interception. Foles was named the backup quarterback over Kafka and Edwards on August 29, and Kafka was released in favor of Edwards during final roster cuts on August 31, having sat out the remaining three preseason games for the Eagles.


title: Mike Kafka

text: The Kansas City Chiefs and Green Bay Packers reportedly had interest in signing Kafka immediately after his release from the Eagles. The New England Patriots worked Kafka out on September 4, and the Pittsburgh Steelers worked him out on November 20. The Patriots signed him to a reserve/future contract on January 4, 2013, after he sat out the entire 2012 regular season. Kafka was expected to compete with Ryan Mallett for the backup job behind Tom Brady, but he was released on June 10 in favor of newly signed Tim Tebow.


title: Mike Kafka

text: The Jacksonville Jaguars claimed Kafka off waivers on June 11, 2013, one day after his release by the Patriots. The Dallas Cowboys had also put in a claim for him. The general manager for the Jaguars, Dave Caldwell, said on June 13 that Kafka had as good of a chance at being named the starting quarterback as Blaine Gabbert, Chad Henne, or Matt Scott had. Kafka was the third quarterback to play in the first preseason game for the Jaguars on August 9 against the Miami Dolphins after Henne and Gabbert. He went 4-of-8 for 19 yards and an interception in the game. In the second week of the preseason, he went 1-for-3 for −4 yards. He did not play in the team's third preseason game, but passed for 46 yards and a touchdown in the fourth game. The Jaguars signed Ricky Stanzi on August 27 for additional competition for the team's third quarterback job. Kafka and Scott were both released in favor of Stanzi during final roster cuts on August 30, 2013.


title: Mike Kafka

text: After his release from the Jaguars, the Chicago Bears worked out Kafka on October 25, 2013, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers worked him out on November 5, the Atlanta Falcons worked him out on November 19, and the Dallas Cowboys worked him out on February 6, 2014. He signed with the Buccaneers on February 10. During training camp, Kafka competed against Alex Tanney for the third-string quarterback spot behind Josh McCown and Mike Glennon. Kafka went 2-of-7 for 14 yards in the first preseason game, 4-of-11 for 55 yards and a touchdown in the second preseason game, and 7-of-14 for 86 yards and a touchdown in the fourth preseason game. He was released during final roster cuts with Tanney on August 30, 2014, but was subsequently re-signed to the team's practice squad on August 31. After spending the first three weeks of the season on the practice squad, Kafka was promoted to the active roster on September 25 due to an injury suffered by starter McCown. He was active but did not play in the first three weeks he was on the active roster. He was declared inactive in week 8 with McCown healthy again, and he was waived on October 28. Kafka later said he told McCown he needed to stay on the active roster for week 8 in order to qualify for the NFL's pension program, and McCown facilitated his stay for one more week with head coach Lovie Smith. He was re-signed to the practice squad on October 30. At the conclusion of the 2014 NFL season, Kafka's practice squad contract expired and he was not re-signed by the team.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka was invited to work out at the first NFL veteran combine on March 22, 2015. The veteran combine was created as a way for unemployed players to potentially work their way back into the league by going through drills in front of NFL scouts and coaches. Daniel Jeremiah of NFL Network said that he has "never seen [Kafka] throw it as well as he did on the field" and that he expected Kafka to sign with a team following his workout. The Minnesota Vikings signed Kafka to a one-year contract worth $660,000 on April 1, 2015. He was expected to compete with rookie undrafted signee Taylor Heinicke for the third quarterback job behind starter Teddy Bridgewater and backup Shaun Hill.


title: Mike Kafka

text: In the 2015 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, in which the Vikings played the Pittsburgh Steelers, Kafka replaced Bridgewater as a member of the team's backup offense in the middle of the second quarter. Kafka threw a 34-yard touchdown pass to rookie tight end MyCole Pruitt, before he was substituted for Heinicke in the third quarter. Kafka did not play in the team's second preseason game, against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and he was the fourth quarterback to play in the third game against the Oakland Raiders. He played one drive in the fourth preseason game, throwing an incomplete pass against the Dallas Cowboys, before suffering a hamstring strain. The Vikings waived/injured him on September 1, and he was placed on season-ending injured reserve on September 2 after he cleared waivers. He was waived off of the injured reserve list on September 15.


title: Mike Kafka

text: The Tennessee Titans gave Kafka a workout after week 14, and he signed with their practice squad on December 16, as the third quarterback on the roster behind Marcus Mariota and Zach Mettenberger. After Mariota suffered a knee injury in a week 15 game against the Patriots, the team re-signed Alex Tanney to the active roster to serve as the backup quarterback to Mettenberger in week 16. The Titans released Kafka from the practice squad and signed Bryn Renner in his place on December 22, 2015.


title: Mike Kafka

text: The Cincinnati Bengals' starting quarterback, Andy Dalton, suffered a thumb injury in Week 14, and the team's backup, A. J. McCarron injured his wrist in Week 16, leaving the team with one fully healthy quarterback on the roster, third-stringer Keith Wenning. The team signed Kafka to their practice squad on December 29, 2015, one week after his release from the Titans. After the Bengals were defeated in the Wild Card Round of the 2015–16 NFL playoffs, his practice squad contract with the team expired and he was not re-signed.


title: Mike Kafka

text: A year later, on February 7, 2017, Kafka was hired by the Kansas City Chiefs to be their offensive quality control coach, reuniting him with a coach from his playing career, Andy Reid. Kafka was promoted to quarterbacks coach on January 26, 2018. In 2018, Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes earned his first Pro Bowl selection and was named NFL Most Valuable Player after the season. The Chiefs went to the AFC Championship Game but lost to the New England Patriots.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Mahomes was named to his second Pro Bowl during the 2019 season. The Chiefs won Super Bowl LIV on February 2, 2020, against the San Francisco 49ers, with Mahomes earning Super Bowl MVP honors. The Chiefs gave Kafka an additional coaching title of passing game coordinator on March 6, 2020. Mahomes earned a third Pro Bowl selection in 2020. The Chiefs appeared in Super Bowl LV, with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeating them 31–9. Kafka missed the team's week 16 game in 2021 against the Pittsburgh Steelers due to COVID-19 protocols. The Chiefs appeared in the AFC Championship Game for the fourth consecutive season, losing to the Cincinnati Bengals 27–24. Mahomes earned another Pro Bowl selection following the season.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka was hired by the New York Giants on February 11, 2022, to be their offensive coordinator under newly-hired head coach Brian Daboll. Kafka called the offensive plays for the team during the preseason and training camp. On September 5, 2022, it was announced that Kafka would remain the play-caller for the regular season after a strong preseason.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka majored in communication studies at Northwestern University. Mike's brother, Jason, was a pitcher for the independent Windy City ThunderBolts and attended St. Rita of Cascia High School. Both Kafkas were recruited by Ken Margerum, who is now an assistant at San Jose State. Mike Kafka is married to his wife, Allison, and they have a daughter.


title: Mike Kafka

text: Kafka worked as an instructor at former Northwestern teammate Brett Basanez's prep quarterback development camps in Woodbury, Minnesota and Minnetonka, Minnesota, in mid-2011. Kafka worked at a Pop Warner Football passing camp, Three5Seven, with former Northwestern teammate Chris Malleo in July 2011. On November 13, 2014, Kafka started a Kickstarter campaign for his product, the Roo Inferno, a type of hand warmer for both athletes and outdoor enthusiasts. The campaign successfully gained $15,974 from 124 backers on December 18, 2014. With help from the NFL and the University of Miami, Kafka began an executive Master of Business Administration program catered towards NFL players in 2015.


title: Bedevilled (2010 film)

text: Bedevilled (; lit. "The Whole Story of the Kim Bok-nam Murder Case") is a 2010 South Korean horror film starring Seo Young-hee and Ji Sung-won. The film premiered as an official selection of International Critics' Week at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Bedevilled (2010 film)

text: It is the feature directorial debut of Jang Cheol-soo, who worked as an assistant director on the Kim Ki-duk films "Samaritan Girl" and "Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter... and Spring". The film was a runaway hit in Korea, with the box-office returns far exceeding its () budget.


title: Bedevilled (2010 film)

text: Hae-won works in a Seoul bank. A stern, tense woman, her work status and hyper competitive mentality make her apathetic to the plight of other people. After witnessing violence against a woman resulting in the death of the victim, she refuses to identify the culprit because it's not her problem, even after the offender tries to sexually harass her. In the office, she is accidentally locked in the toilet by the janitor and assumes it's one of her co-workers pranking her. She slaps her co-worker in public, realizing she is wrong right after. These incidents cause her boss to fire her. Hae-won takes up a friend's offer to take a vacation in Mudo, a desolate and socially-backward Southern island where she spent her childhood.


title: Bedevilled (2010 film)

text: At the island, she is warmly welcomed by Bok-nam, with whom she had a close friendship when they were teenagers, but whose constant letters she's since ignored. Life on the undeveloped regressive island is hard, and Bok-nam is treated as little more than a slave by her abusive husband Man-jong, his lustful brother, and the local mean women. Bok-nam's love is reserved for her young daughter Yeon-hee, with whom she tries to escape for a better life. Man-jong is secretly making Yeon-hee into a sexual object for his own sick pleasure much to Bok-man's rage. Her daughter is accidentally killed after she tries to defend her mother against Man-Jong. Bok-nam cries and reveals that Yeon-Hee may not be his daughter as Bok-nam was raped by many men on the island before. In a flashback, it's revealed that Hae-won was teaching Bok-nam how to play a tune on her recorder when four local boys on the island began harassing them. Hae-won fled and witnessed the boys assault the knocked-out Bok-nam.


title: Bedevilled (2010 film)

text: The locals lie to police when questioned about the death of Yeon-hee and Hae-won does not support Bok-nam. Bok-nam finally snaps and kills anyone she finds, armed with a sickle. After murdering three mean old women, she chases her mother-in-law to the cliff. The old woman tries to jump into the sea but lands on the rock, killing herself. Bok-nam then decapitates her brother-in-law. Man-jong decides to kill Bok-nam, causing Hae-won to snap out of her apathy and threaten to call the police. Eventually, Bok-nam brutally finishes off Man-jong. Terrified, Hae-won runs to the boat to escape but Bok-nam catches up and drowns the boat driver for letting her husband keep abusing her, leaving Hae-won to escape to the mainland.


title: Bedevilled (2010 film)

text: Bok-nam travels to Seoul with the recorder from their childhood and tries to kill Hae-won in police custody because she refused to help her or her daughter. It is revealed that Hae-won did witness Yeon-hee's murder and had lied to the investigator about being asleep. A policeman shoots Bok-nam multiple times. Bok-nam kills him with a sledgehammer. Hae-won kills Bok-nam with the broken recorder; she dies in Hae-won's lap. On the island, all the murdered victims have been buried and cremated by Bok-nam, leaving the island void of human life.


title: Bedevilled (2010 film)

text: Traumatized and guilt-ridden, Hae-won realizes the repercussion of her apathy and points out the culprits of the sexual assault she'd witnessed to the police. She takes Bok-nam's letters out of the trashcan and reads them, regretting not helping Bok-nam when she had the chance.


title: The Landlady (short story)

text: "The Landlady" is a short horror story by Roald Dahl. It initially appeared in "The New Yorker", as did other short stories that would later be reprinted in the 1960 anthology, "Kiss Kiss".


title: The Landlady (short story)

text: Billy Weaver is a seventeen-year-old youth who has travelled by train from London to Bath to start a new job. Looking for lodgings, he comes across a boarding-house and feels strangely compelled by its sign saying "Bed and Breakfast". Through the window, he notices a parrot in a cage and a sleeping dachshund on the floor. When he rings the doorbell, it is instantly answered by a middle-aged landlady. Billy discovers that her boarding-house is extremely cheap, and finds the woman somewhat eccentric and absent-minded, but very kind. When Billy signs her guest-book, he finds only two names, both dated more than two years ago: Christopher Mulholland and Gregory W. Temple – names which seem curiously familiar to Billy. The landlady invites Billy for some tea, and Billy tries to remember where he has previously heard the names in the guest-book. He seems to recall that Mulholland was an Eton schoolboy whose disappearance was reported in the newspapers. The landlady assures Billy that her Mulholland was a Cambridge undergraduate, and that Mulholland and Temple are still staying upstairs in her boarding-house. She says that Billy is a handsome young man, as were the two other guests. Billy is surprised to find that the parrot and dachshund he had seen through the window are both stuffed. The landlady says that she stuffs all her pets when they die. Billy finds that his tea tastes faintly of bitter almonds. He asks the landlady whether she has had any other guests since the two young men. The landlady replies, "No, my dear. Only you." (The implication is that the landlady has poisoned Billy's tea with cyanide and intends to stuff his corpse, as she has already done to Mulholland and Temple.)


title: The Landlady (short story)

text: In the introduction to "Roald Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories", a collection of fourteen stories by other writers that he chose as the genre's best, Dahl states that he had always wanted to write a ghost story but never quite been able to. The closest he came was with "The Landlady", but after reading it through he decided that he had not "brought it off", so changed the ending to make the twist non-supernatural.


title: The Landlady (short story)

text: "The Landlady" won "Best Short Story Mystery" at the 1960 Edgar Awards. This was the second time Dahl was honoured, the first having been for his collection of short stories, "Someone Like You" (Best Short Story, 1954).


title: The Landlady (short story)

text: In 1979 Siobhán McKenna appeared in the title role of "The Landlady" in an episode of the British TV series "Tales of The Unexpected" where she played a seemingly charming, maternal but eccentric landlady who murders her male tenants and adds them to her collection of stuffed creatures.


title: Aestivation

text: Aestivation ( (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions. It takes place during times of heat and dryness, the hot dry season, which are often the summer months.


title: Aestivation

text: Invertebrate and vertebrate animals are known to enter this state to avoid damage from high temperatures and the risk of desiccation. Both terrestrial and aquatic animals undergo aestivation. Fossil records suggest that aestivation may have evolved several hundred million years ago.


title: Aestivation

text: Organisms that aestivate appear to be in a fairly "light" state of dormancy, as their physiological state can be rapidly reversed, and the organism can quickly return to a normal state. A study done on "Otala lactea", a snail native to parts of Europe and Northern Africa, shows that they can wake from their dormant state within ten minutes of being introduced to a wetter environment.


title: Aestivation

text: The primary physiological and biochemical concerns for an aestivating animal are to conserve energy, retain water in the body, ration the use of stored energy, handle the nitrogenous end products, and stabilize bodily organs, cells, and macromolecules. This can be quite a task as hot temperatures and arid conditions may last for months, in some cases for years. The depression of metabolic rate during aestivation causes a reduction in macromolecule synthesis and degradation. To stabilize the macromolecules, aestivators will enhance antioxidant defenses and elevate chaperone proteins. This is a widely used strategy across all forms of hypometabolism. These physiological and biochemical concerns appear to be the core elements of hypometabolism throughout the animal kingdom. In other words, animals which aestivate appear to go through nearly the same physiological processes as animals that hibernate.


title: Aestivation

text: Gastropoda: some air-breathing land snails, including species in the genera "Helix, Cernuella, Theba, Helicella, Achatina" and "Otala", commonly aestivate during periods of heat. Some species move into shaded vegetation or rubble. Others climb up tall plants, including crop species as well as bushes and trees, and will also climb man-made structures such as posts, fences, etc.


title: Aestivation

text: Their habit of climbing vegetation to aestivate has caused more than one introduced snail species to be declared an agricultural nuisance.


title: Aestivation

text: To seal the opening to their shell to prevent water loss, pulmonate land snails secrete a membrane of dried mucus called an epiphragm. In certain species, such as "Helix pomatia", this barrier is reinforced with calcium carbonate, and thus it superficially resembles an operculum, except that it has a tiny hole to allow some oxygen exchange.


title: Aestivation

text: There is a decrease in metabolic rate and reduced rate of water loss in aestivating snails like "Rhagada tescorum", "Sphincterochila boissieri" and others.


title: Aestivation

text: Insecta: Lady beetles ("Coccinellidae") have been reported to aestivate. Mosquitoes also are reported to undergo aestivation. False honey ants are well known for being winter active and aestivate in temperate climates. Bogong moths will aestivate over the summer to avoid the heat and lack of food sources. Adult alfalfa weevils ("Hypera postica") aestivate during the summer in the southeastern United States, during which their metabolism, respiration, and nervous systems show a dampening of activity.


title: Aestivation

text: Crustacea: An example of a crustacean undergoing aestivation is with the Australian crab "Austrothelphusa transversa ," which undergoes aestivation underground during the dry season"."


title: Aestivation

text: Non-mammalian animals that aestivate include North American desert tortoises, crocodiles, and salamanders. Some amphibians (e.g. the cane toad and greater siren) aestivate during the hot dry season by moving underground where it is cooler and more humid. The California red-legged frog may aestivate to conserve energy when its food and water supply is low.


title: Aestivation

text: The water-holding frog has an aestivation cycle. It buries itself in sandy ground in a secreted, water-tight mucus cocoon during periods of hot, dry weather. Australian Aboriginals discovered a means to take advantage of this by digging up one of these frogs and squeezing it, causing the frog to empty its bladder. This dilute urine—up to half a glassful—can be drunk. However, this will cause the death of the frog which will be unable to survive until the next rainy season without the water it had stored.


title: Aestivation

text: The western swamp turtle aestivates to survive hot summers in the ephemeral swamps it lives in. It buries itself in various media which change depending on location and available substrates. Because the species is critically endangered, the Perth Zoo began a conservation and breeding program for it. However, zookeepers were unaware of the importance of their aestivation cycle and during the first summer period would perform weekly checks on the animals. This repeated disturbance was detrimental to the health of the animals, with many losing significant weight and some dying. The zookeepers quickly changed their procedures and now leave their captive turtles undisturbed during their aestivation period.


title: Aestivation

text: Although relatively uncommon, a small number of mammals aestivate. Animal physiologist Kathrin Dausmann of Philipps University of Marburg, Germany, and coworkers presented evidence in a 2004 edition of "Nature" that the Malagasy fat-tailed dwarf lemur hibernates or aestivates in a small tree hole for seven months of the year. According to the Oakland Zoo in California, four-toed hedgehogs are thought to aestivate during the dry season.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal (, "Yumzhaagiin Tsedenbal" ; ; 17 September 1916 – 20 April 1991) was the leader of the Mongolian People's Republic from 1940 to 1984.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: During his political life, he served as Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural (head of state), Prime Minister of Mongolia (head of government) and General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (head of the ruling party). He was the longest-serving leader of any Eastern Bloc country, serving over 44 years in office until his expulsion in August 1984.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: Tsedenbal was born to a poor ethnic Dörvöd nomadic family in Zorigt Khan hoshuu of the Unen Zorigt Khan aimag (present day Davst sum in Uvs aimag). He was the fifth of eleven children in his family, with three of his siblings dying in infancy.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: In 1925 Tsedenbal was among the first students in the newly organized public school in Ulaangom, graduating in 1929. The same year Tsedenbal went to Irkutsk to continue his education. He spent about nine years between Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude, where he learned the Russian language and later obtained a degree from the Siberian Finance and Economics Institute.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: In 1939, having returned to Ulaanbaatar, Tsedenbal worked first as a deputy minister, and then as the Minister of Finance from 1939 to 1940. Additionally, he was the governor of Bank of Mongolia at that time. In 1940, at the 10th Congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, he became General Secretary at age 23 and again in 1958 during his premiership.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: After taking over minor leadership in 1952 following Marshal Khorloogiin Choibalsan's death, Tsedenbal successfully purged his political rivals: Dashiin Damba in 1958–59, Daramyn Tömör-Ochir in 1962, Luvsantserengiin Tsend in 1963, and the so-called Lookhuuz-Nyambuu-Surmaajav "anti-party group" in December 1964. He held this office until 11 June 1974, when he eventually became head of state, thus making him the supreme ruler of the Mongolian People's Republic.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: His foreign policy was marked by efforts to bring Mongolia into ever-closer cooperation with the USSR. Still, Tsedenbal and his group of party leaders (such as Tsagaan-Lamyn Dugersuren and Damdinjavyn Maidar) were dissatisfied with the economic role that the Soviet leadership assigned to Mongolia. While the USSR prodded the Mongolian government to concentrate its efforts on the development of agriculture and the mineral sector, Tsedenbal and his followers sought to foster rapid industrialization even in the face of Soviet opposition. At the same time, Tsedenbal was cautious enough to frequently express his loyalty to the Kremlin and portray his intra-party critics—including Daramyn Tömör-Ochir, Tsogt-Ochiryn Loohuuz, and others—as "pro-Chinese factionalists" and "nationalists".


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: With the full backing of the Soviets, Tsedenbal successfully purged his political opponents. During his reign as head of the state, Tsedenbal submitted requests for the incorporation of Mongolia into the USSR on five to eight occasions, but these proposals were invariably rejected by the Soviet leaders.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: With the intensification of the Sino-Soviet border conflict in the 1960s, the signing of "The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic" in Ulaanbaatar in early 1966 by Brezhnev and Tsedenbal, allowed the Soviet Union to station troops in Mongolia to ensure mutual defense, being the first time that foreign troops would be stationed in the republic.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: In the early years of his rule, he favored balanced relations between Mongolia and China. In 1959, Tsedenbal was in Beijing for the 10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China.


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: At the time of the Sino-Soviet split, Tsedenbal decisively sided with the Soviet Union and incurred China's wrath. Despite this, the two countries managed to sign a border treaty in 1962. In the early 1960s, he signed an order expelling all Chinese citizens from Mongolia. The resolution was met with outrage: "Break off Tsedenbal's dog's head," was written onto the Mongolian embassy, and Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai stated that "Comrade Tsedenbal is trampling on diplomacy."


title: Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

text: In July 1956, he welcomed North Korean leader Kim Il-sung on a state visit. As it relates to the Korean conflict, Tsedenbal, during a 1971 visit of the North Korean Deputy Premier in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Mongolian People’s Revolution, declared that his nation "strongly support the struggle of the Korean people to unify the motherland by peaceful, democratic means and for the liberation of South Korea." During the Vietnam War, he supported the Soviet position, in part due to the stance of the Chinese in this regard.