title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Milhouse is of Italian, Greek, Danish and Dutch descent, based on comments and characters introduced throughout the series. He shares the same physical features as both his parents, and his father's primary personality features (which include disappointment, insecurity, and generally depressed demeanor). He has none of his mother's confidence, except when specific storylines demand it. Milhouse is constantly bullied by Nelson Muntz, Jimbo Jones, Dolph Starbeam, and Kearney Zzyzwicz, to the point that when Bart questions Milhouse by saying "Milhouse! I thought you had a three o'clock wedgie with Nelson", in the episode "Little Orphan Millie", Milhouse simply responds "I had to reschedule". They do often inflict violence upon the geeky Milhouse, who wears thick eyeglasses, without which he cannot see. Milhouse and family are among the few Springfield residents with visible eyebrows, which are rather thick.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Although not disliked and having a moderate number of friends among other kids from school aside from Bart himself, Milhouse has made a career of getting victimized, although his overall true antagonists are the schoolyard bullies of Springfield Elementary School (Nelson, Jimbo, Dolph, and Kearney). In "Sideshow Bob Roberts", Jimbo, Dolph, and Kearney wrapped Milhouse in bumper stickers and placed him in a shopping cart. After Jimbo claimed that "the mummy's ready for his mystical journey!", the bullies pushed the cart with Milhouse down a very steep hill. He is harmed frequently, and on some occasions is injured by dangerous hazards, e.g., being run over by a train, falling down a waterfall, receiving electrical shocks, having his head polished to bone, and having his teeth knocked out by a hockey puck. As a lead character he always survives and recovers, often with no further mention of any injuries. He frequently visited a female psychiatrist until even she could not deal with his constant calling and blocked his number.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: On one occasion, Bart got Milhouse placed on the FBI's Most Wanted List even though they are friends, and tried to lure Milhouse into a cactus. Milhouse is not always subservient to Bart; in "Bart Sells His Soul", Milhouse toyed with Bart's anxiety after Bart sold his soul for $5, and Milhouse demanded $50 to return it. On another occasion, Bart introduced Milhouse to his girlfriend and had to explain why he and Milhouse are friends, but could not come up with a good answer and admitted it was due to geographical convenience. Bart did admit in "Little Orphan Millie" that he loves Milhouse.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Homer also sometimes makes fun of Milhouse (once referring to Milhouse in the boy's presence as "that little wiener"). In "Burns, Baby Burns", Larry, Mr. Burns' son, brings Homer to eat at his house. Mr. Burns was angry and he asks Homer if his son "brings home nitwits and make you talk to them", to which Homer answers "Oh, all the time! Have you ever heard of this kid Milhouse? He's a little wiener who...", before being interrupted by Burns. In an attempt to purposefully enrage his father, Bart once stated that he felt "a little attracted to Milhouse", sending Homer into a rage. Bart and Milhouse appear to be the same height, but in the episode "Radioactive Man", it is revealed that Milhouse is at least taller than Bart.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Milhouse is frequently the butt of a variety of jokes, such as being beaten up by Nelson for delivering a love note from Lisa (which Nelson thought was from Milhouse himself), having the door slammed in his face while playing pin the tail on the donkey, having his possible budding homosexuality given away by his school counselor to Homer and Marge by accidentally picking up the wrong folder while discussing Bart, making him a wanted fugitive (see above), inadvertently inheriting Bart's dismal permanent record at school through a side deal arranged between Bart, Edna Krabappel and Principal Skinner, which will disqualify Milhouse from "all but the hottest and noisiest jobs".


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: He is fluent in Italian ("The Last of the Red Hat Mamas") due to visiting his maternal grandmother in Tuscany for two weeks every year. She hates the English language and would beat him whenever he spoke English, thus he was forced to learn Italian. He also began bed-wetting that summer. He helps Lisa learn Italian, but there is no reference to his Italian background or language skills in any other episode. Milhouse's personality drastically changes when speaking Italian, becoming a suave, confident ladies' man popular with Springfield's Italian community in the episode. It is later revealed that both Milhouse's middle name and his maternal family name is "Mussolini".


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: The show's opening sequence, and various scenes of band practice suggests that Milhouse plays a brass or woodwind instrument, possibly clarinet or trumpet, but all the Springfield Elementary band members, besides Lisa, are very poor musicians.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Milhouse is allergic to honey, wheat, dairy, mistletoe, holly, the red parts of candy canes, and his own tears.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Milhouse harbors an occasionally reciprocated crush on Lisa, but their relationship is never shown as anything other than acquaintance or friendship. As shown in "Lisa's Date with Density", when she admits she liked Nelson – at the end of that episode, after she has stopped liking Nelson, Milhouse asks Lisa who will be her next crush; Lisa coyly answers that it could be anybody and Milhouse rejoices.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Lisa has always opposed the idea of going out with Milhouse (e.g. "Lisa's Date with Density" and "Future-Drama"), however in the episode "The Last of the Red Hat Mamas", after Milhouse starts tutoring Lisa in Italian and takes her to Springfield's Little Italy, she begins to develop feelings for him, until she catches him with a girl named Angelica, and began cursing in Italian and chasing him with a branch just as his grandmother had done.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Milhouse's first real girlfriend was Samantha Stanky, a new student who had moved to Springfield from Phoenix, Arizona in the episode "Bart's Friend Falls in Love". After her father who responds to Bart's call caught her and Milhouse kissing, he shipped her off to a Catholic girls' school run by French-Canadian nuns. While Milhouse's official first kiss was with Samantha in the aforementioned episode, it was contradicted in the episode "The Way We Weren't", where Milhouse accidentally kisses Homer, during a game of spin the bottle that Homer interrupted. In the episode "Homer Scissorhands", Milhouse dated fifth grader Taffy. The relationship ended when Milhouse and Taffy caught Lisa spying on them in the bushes. Taffy told Lisa that Milhouse still loves her, and Lisa kisses Milhouse because "he looks cute in the moonlight". Lisa told Milhouse that he should not give up searching for other girls and that life has unexpected things to offer.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Milhouse and Lisa's relationship has been used in episodes set in the show's future, outside of the show's canon. In the episode "Lisa's Wedding," set 15 years into the future, Milhouse is Homer's boss at the nuclear plant, and after learning of Lisa's impending marriage, Milhouse recalls an earlier date with Lisa in which she said she might never marry, then angrily prepares Homer's annual review. Later in the episode, Lisa wonders if it is acceptable to wear a white wedding dress, suggesting that she had already lost her virginity; Marge, tells her "Milhouse doesn't count". In the episode "Holidays of Future Passed" (2011), set 30 years into the future, Lisa and Milhouse are married and have a daughter, Zia.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Milhouse was designed by Matt Groening for a planned series on NBC, which was abandoned. The design was then used for a "Butterfinger" commercial, and it was decided to use the character in the series. Milhouse was named after U.S. president Richard Nixon, whose middle name was Milhous. The name was the most "unfortunate name Matt Groening could think of for a kid". Years earlier, in a 1986 "Life in Hell" comic entitled "What to Name the Baby", Groening listed Milhouse as a name "no longer recommended". Milhouse is a favorite among the staff as Al Jean noted "most of the writers are more like Milhouse than Bart". His last name was given to him by Howard Gewirtz, a freelance writer who wrote the episode "Homer Defined". Gewirtz got the name from one of his wife's friends. According to Arden Myrin and Dana Gould (former writer and co-executive producer of "The Simpsons"), Rob Cohen ("Simpsons" writer) inspired Milhouse's look.


title: Darrell D'Silva

text: Darrell D'Silva (born 5 January 1964) is a British film and theatre actor, notable for his work with the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Darrell D'Silva

text: D'Silva was born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. He is of Portuguese, Greek, French, Dutch and English background, the son of Earle D'Silva, a glass factory worker and Jackie Haig, a hairdresser. D'Silva was part of the 80s Sheffield music scene, playing with The Anti Group and Hula before becoming an actor. He graduated from the Drama Centre London.


title: Darrell D'Silva

text: D'Silva first joined the RSC in 1996 to play Kilroy in Steven Pimlott's production of Tennessee Williams's "Camino Real". He has appeared in plays with the company for over 20 years and was made Associate Artist in 2011. He has toured the world with the RSC and was nominated for "The Washington Post" Helen Hayes Award for most Outstanding Performance for his role as Siward in "Dunsinane" by David Grieg. His work at the Royal National Theatre includes "The Rose Tattoo", "Royal Hunt of The Sun" and "Closer".


title: Darrell D'Silva

text: He also starred in a series of short films. "Show Pieces" was written by Alan Moore and directed by Mitch Jenkins; "Jimmy's End" and "His Heavy Heart" were written by Moore as introduction sections to a much larger project planned by Moore & Jenkins called "The Show".


title: Darrell D'Silva

text: In 2006, he played Johann Lindeman captain of the Gouverneur Generaal Loudon, a ship that survived the 1883 explosion of Krakatoa in the BBC docu-drama "Krakatoa: The Last Days". In 2015, he played Max Scullion in "Father Brown" episode 3.5 "The Last Man" and in 2016 he played Geoff Craven in "Endeavour" episode 3.3 "Prey" and an Ironborn in the HBO series "Game of Thrones" in season 6. In 2018, he appeared in three episodes of the six-episode BBC drama miniseries "Informer". From 2020 to the present, D'Silva stars as pathologist Hendrik Davie in Company Pictures relaunch of "Van Der Valk". In 2021, he played the part of Mike in Guy Ritchie's action thriller "Wrath of Man", starring Jason Statham. In the same year, he acted as Piso in the TV series "Domina".


title: Steve Lemme

text: Stephen Carlos Lemme (born November 13, 1968) is an American actor, writer, and producer, and one of the members of the Broken Lizard comedy group.


title: Steve Lemme

text: Lemme attended The Dalton School, a high school in New York, but after one year transferred to Fountain Valley School in Colorado, graduating in 1987 (in 2017 he was inducted into the Fountain View School Arts Guild).


title: Steve Lemme

text: He attended Colgate University and was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. Before leaving Colgate, he was part of Charred Goosebeak, a comedy troupe with the future Lizards. He has Argentine ancestry as his father is originally from Argentina. When he was young he got a polio vaccination and in an extremely rare case he developed polio, which resulted in the decay of his right calf muscle.


title: Nela Ticket

text: Nela Ticket ( Low Class Ticket) is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film, produced by Ram Talluri on his production banner SRT Entertainments and directed by Kalyan Krishna Kurasala. It features Ravi Teja, Malvika Sharma, Jagapathi Babu in the lead roles and music composed by Shakti Kanth Karthick. The film released worldwide on 25 May 2018.


title: Nela Ticket

text: Nela Ticket (Ravi Teja) is an orphan raised in an orphanage in Bangalore belonging to Ananda Bhupathi (Sarath Babu). Ananda gets killed by his own son Aditya Bhupathi (Jagapathi Babu), who later becomes the Home Minister. Nela Ticket runs into a tussle with Aditya's men, and this brings both Aditya and Nela Ticket opposite each other. The fight that happens between them and how Nela Ticket brings Aditya to justice forms the plot.


title: Nela Ticket

text: In August 2016 US based NRI, Ram Talluri signed Ravi Teja for his next film. After much delay, in December 2017 director Kalyan Krishna Kurasala joined the project and Mumbai based model Malvika Sharma was signed in as a female lead, which marks her debut in cinema.


title: Nela Ticket

text: Jagapathi Babu was also signed to play the main antagonist and Shakthi Kanth Karthick joined as a music composer.


title: Nela Ticket

text: Principal photography began on 5 January 2018 in Hyderabad. The shoot was wrapped up in early May 2018.


title: Nela Ticket

text: The film was theatrically released on 25 May 2018. The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi on YouTube by Goldmines Telefilms on 18 May 2019. The Hindi dubbed version crossed more than 180 million views on YouTube.


title: Nela Ticket

text: The music is composed by Shakthi Kanth Karthick, and was released by Lahari Music Company, who held the audio launch on 10 May 2018 with Pawan Kalyan.


title: Nela Ticket

text: In its review of the film, The Times of India gave a rating of 1.5/5 and wrote “Mindless action scenes, love at first sight (quite literally), a dozen comedians who fail to evoke laughter, an evil politician and an aloof, goofy young man who suddenly turns into a saviour. Sounds familiar? Ravi Teja’s latest venture Nela Ticket is as predictable as they come. Loud and boorish, this Kalyan Krishna directorial lacks imagination and creativity.”


title: Nela Ticket

text: The Hindustan Times gave a rating of 1.5/5 and wrote “Nela Ticket scores low on sensitivity though with its rape jokes and the lead’s stalker-like behavior. Was it necessary to have a character threaten rape to get his way? Isn’t it time for Tollywood to lose this trope to get audiences to laugh, because it is tone-deaf and insensitive. And really, what is funny about it?”.


title: Nela Ticket

text: 123telugu gave a rating of 2.25/5 and wrote "The film completely falters at the script level itself. Though the key points are joined well at the end, the way they are brought into the plot look logicless. Too many loopholes are clearly visible in the proceedings right throughout the film. Yet another drawback of the film is that it is painfully long. There was no need to stretch the plot to such extent in both the halves. After a point in time in the first half, you get so irritated to see the first half never coming to an end. The selection of heroine is pathetic as there is absolutely no chemistry between the lead pair and they don’t look good as a pair".


title: Nela Ticket

text: SMTV 24X7 gave a positive review, praising the story, direction and performances. They commented: " ... The director has made the film an entertaining watch by including the regular masala elements of Ravi Teja's movies. Its comedy and an emotional quotient will strike a chord with the audience. ... As usual, Ravi Teja has delivered a brilliant performance."


title: Fresno County, California

text: Fresno County (), officially the County of Fresno, is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 1,008,654. The county seat is Fresno, the fifth-most populous city in California.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Fresno County comprises the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Fresno-Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Central Valley, south of Stockton and north of Bakersfield. Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno County's and the entire Central Valley's water security.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The area now known as Fresno County was the traditional homeland of Yokuts and Mono peoples, and was later settled by Spaniards during a search for suitable mission sites. In 1846, this area became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican War.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Fresno County was formed in 1856 from parts of Mariposa, Merced and Tulare counties. "Fresno" is Spanish for "ash tree" and it was in recognition of the abundance of the shrubby local Ash, "Fraxinus dipetala", growing along the San Joaquin River that it received its name. Parts of Fresno County's territory were given to Mono County in 1861 and to Madera County in 1893. The original county seat was along the San Joaquin River in Millerton, but was moved to the rapidly growing town of Fresno on the newly built Southern Pacific Railroad line after a flood destroyed much of the town.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The settling of Fresno County was not without its conflicts, land disputes, and other natural disasters. Floods caused immeasurable damage elsewhere and fires also plagued the settlers of Fresno County. In 1882, the greatest of the early day fires wiped out an entire block of the city of Fresno, and was followed by another devastating blaze in 1883.


title: Fresno County, California

text: At the same time residents brought irrigation, electricity, and extensive agriculture to the area. In 1865, William Helm brought his sheep to Fresno county, which was then a vast space of open land. Helm was the largest individual sheep grower in Fresno County. Moses Church developed the first canals, called "Church Ditches," for irrigation. These canals allowed extensive cultivation of wheat. Francis Eisen, leader of the wine industry in Fresno County, also began the raisin industry in 1875, when he accidentally let some of his grapes dry on the vine. Anthony Young Easterby and Clovis Marshal Cole developed extensive grain and cattle ranches. These and other citizens laid the groundwork for the cultivation of Fresno County – now one of the nation's leading agricultural regions. In more recent times cotton became a major crop in Fresno and the southern San Joaquin Valley, but recent drought and lower demand have lessened cotton's importance to the local economy.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The discovery of oil in the western part of the county, near the town of Coalinga at the foot of the Coast Ranges, brought about an economic boom in the 1900s (decade), even though the field itself was known at least as early as the 1860s. By 1910, Coalinga Oil Field, the largest field in Fresno County, was the most richly productive oil field in California; a dramatic oil gusher in 1909, the biggest in California up until that time, was an event of sufficient excitement to cause the Los Angeles Stock Exchange to close for a day so that its members could come by train to view it. The Coalinga field continues to produce oil, and is currently the eighth-largest field in the state.


title: Fresno County, California

text: More than thirty structures in Fresno County are on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Fresno Water Tower, which once held over of water for the city of Fresno, the Meux Home, and Kearney Mansion Museum.


title: Fresno County, California

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.9%) is water.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Major watercourses are the San Joaquin River, Kings River, Delta-Mendota Canal, Big Creek, Friant Kern Canal, Helm Canal and Madera Canal. It is bordered on the west by the Coast Range and on the east by the Sierra Nevada. It is the center of a large agricultural area, known as the most agriculturally rich county in the United States. The county withdrew of fresh water per day in 2000, more than any other county in the United States. In recent years, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno's and the entire Central Valley's water security.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Fresno County is part of the Madera AVA wine region. However, Fresno was named after two particular ash trees that grew near the town of Minkler on the Kings River, one of which is still alive and standing.


title: Fresno County, California

text: A number of minerals have been discovered in the county, including macdonaldite, krauskopfite, walstromite, fresnoite, verplanckite, muirite, traskite, and kampfite.


title: Fresno County, California

text: In October 2019, the Bureau of Land Management ended a five-year moratorium on leasing federal land in California to fossil fuel companies, opening 725,000 acres (1100 sq. miles; 29,000 ha) to drilling in San Benito, Monterey, and Fresno counties.


title: Fresno County, California

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Fresno County, California

text: The racial makeup of Fresno County was 515,145 (55.4%) White, 49,523 (5.3%) African American, 15,649 (1.7%) Native American, 89,357 (9.6%) Asian (3.3% Hmong, 1.7% Asian Indian, 1.0% Filipino, 0.8% Laotian, 0.6% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.5% Cambodian, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean, 0.1% Pakistani, 0.1% Thai), 1,405 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 217,085 (23.3%) from other races, and 42,286 (4.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 468,070 persons (50.3%). 46.0% of Fresno County's population is of Mexican descent; 0.7% of its residents are Salvadoran, and 0.3% of its residents are Puerto Rican.


title: Fresno County, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 799,407 people, 252,940 households, and 186,669 families residing in the county. The population density was 134 people per square mile (52/km). There were 270,767 housing units at an average density of 45 per square mile (18/km). The racial makeup of the county was 54.3% White, 5.3% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 8.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 25.9% from other races, and 4.7% from two or more races. 44.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In terms of ancestry, the county was 7.5% German, 6.6% Irish, 6.3% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 59.3% spoke English, 31.5% Spanish and 3.1% Hmong as their first language.


title: Fresno County, California

text: There were 252,940 households, out of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.59.


title: Fresno County, California

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The median income for a household in the county was $34,725, and the median income for a family was $38,455. Males had a median income of $33,375 versus $26,501 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,495. About 17.6% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Fresno County is also known for having the highest rate of chlamydia in the state. In 2006 it had 545.2 cases per 100,000 people, compared with the statewide average of 363.5.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Fresno County as the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The United States Census Bureau ranked the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as the 56th most populous metropolitan statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The Office of Management and Budget has further designated the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as a component of the more extensive Fresno-Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area, the 49th most populous combined statistical area and the 55th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The Government of Fresno County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution, law, and the Charter of the County of Fresno. Much of the Government of California is in practice the responsibility of county governments, such as the Government of Fresno County. The County government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, and social services. In addition the County serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The County government is composed of the elected five-member Board of Supervisors, several other elected offices including the Sheriff, District Attorney, Assessor-Recorder, Auditor-Controller/Treasurer-Tax Collector, and Clerk/Registrar of Voters, and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Administrator. As of February 2018 the members of the Fresno County Board of Supervisors are:


title: Fresno County, California

text: The Fresno County Sheriff provides court protection, jail administration, and coroner services for all of Fresno County and its population of approximately of 994,400 residents. They operate the Fresno County Jail in downtown Fresno. The department provides police patrol and detective services for the unincorporated areas of the county which encompasses approximately 250,000 residents, or 25% of the county's total population. The department also provides law enforcement services by contract with the city of San Joaquin, population 4100.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Municipal police departments in the county are: Fresno, population 500,000; Clovis, 110,000; Sanger, 25,000; Reedley, 24,000;


title: Fresno County, California

text: Selma, 23,000; Coalinga, 17,000; Kerman, 14,000; Kingsburg, 12,000; Huron, 7,000; Firebaugh, 8,500; Fowler, 6,500.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Presidential elections have been competitive in recent decades. In 2020, Joe Biden became the first Democratic presidential candidate since Lyndon Johnson in 1964 to win a majority of the vote in Fresno County.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The cities of Clovis, Coalinga, and Kingsburg voted overwhelmingly for Governor Mitt Romney. Reedley did so by much lesser margins and is now a GOP-leaning "swing" city in the county. Huron, Mendota, Orange Cove, Parlier, Fowler, Firebaugh, Fresno, Kerman, Sanger, Selma and San Joaquin voted overwhelmingly for President Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012.


title: Fresno County, California

text: According to the California Secretary of State, in October 2012 there were 410,188 registered voters in Fresno County. 158,267 (38.6%) were registered Republican, 164,663 (40.1%) were registered Democratic, 19,841 (4.8%) are registered with other political parties, and 67,417 (16.4%) declined to state a political party. Republicans have a plurality or majority of voter roll registration in the cities of Clovis, Coalinga, Kingsburg, Reedley, and the unincorporated areas. The other cities and towns have Democratic pluralities or majorities.


title: Fresno County, California

text: From Fresno County's incorporation in 1856, it voted Democratic in every election until the 1904 election in California, when President Theodore Roosevelt stood for re-election. Fresno County backed Roosevelt over his Democratic opponent Alton B. Parker. This did not immediately change the county's voting tendencies, however. It supported southern Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the elections of 1912 and 1916.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Fresno County was generally Republican from the onset of the "roaring 1920s" until the Great Depression, when former President Franklin D. Roosevelt forged the New Deal Coalition that benefitted the agrarian county. From 1932 till 1976 the county consistently voted Democratic, barring Richard Nixon's landslide victory over former Senator George McGovern (D-SD) in the 1972 Presidential Election.


title: Fresno County, California

text: With former President Jimmy Carter's defeat by former President Reagan, Fresno became a GOP-leaning swing county: it barely favored Reagan's successor former President Bush and voted Democratic for Bill Clinton only in his 1992 presidential bid. Republicans won elections in Fresno County by increasing margins from 1996 to 2004, but when the GOP lost ground with Hispanic voters after 2004, the county swung Democratic, voting twice for Barack Obama, and then for Hillary Clinton in 2016. Until the 2020 election, with Joe Biden winning nearly 53% of the vote, the last time the Democratic nominee won with an absolute majority of the vote was the 1964 election.


title: Fresno County, California

text: In the United States House of Representatives, Fresno County is split among four congressional districts:


title: Fresno County, California

text: Fresno tends to remain socially conservative while being more moderate on economic issues, which can be seen in Fresno's support for socially conservative proposition amendments but occasionally voting for a Democratic Presidential Candidate if economic times are poor such as former President Bill Clinton's victory over incumbent former President George H.W. Bush in 1992 and President Barack Obama over Senator John McCain in 2008.


title: Fresno County, California

text: As of 2022, elections for president lean Democratic. Statewide races have historically been competitive. Elections for governor are considered safe for Republicans. This is a somewhat unusual difference in voting patterns for a California county. For example, although Fresno County gave a majority of its votes to Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election and has voted for the Democrat running for president ever since 2008, it voted “Yes” in the 2021 California gubernatorial recall election and has voted for the Republican candidate for governor in every election since 1978.


title: Fresno County, California

text: On November 4, 2008, Fresno County voted 68.6% for Proposition 8, which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages.


title: Fresno County, California

text: The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Agriculture is the primary industry in Fresno County. are under cultivation, almost half the total county area of . Ag production totaled $7.98 billion in 2017, making it the number one agricultural county in the nation. Over 300 different crops are grown here. Major crops and livestocks include:


title: Fresno County, California

text: The grape harvest brought in $1,046,356,645 in 2017. Production is chronically threatened by the presence of the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter and the disease it carries, Pierce's Disease. See Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter in California and Pierce's Disease in California.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Fresno is the second highest cotton producer in the state, harvesting 223,443 bales in 2017. This is a close second to neighboring Kings.


title: Fresno County, California

text: Due to its tremendous agricultural success, the county also has a tremendous problem with glyphosate resistance. Okada "et al.", 2013 finds a high degree of resistance in Marestail ("Conyza canadensis").


title: Fresno County, California

text: Within the California Community Colleges System, Fresno County is mostly covered by the State Center Community College District and the West Hills Community College District. The following campuses are in Fresno County:


title: Cynar

text: Cynar () is an Italian bitter apéritif of the amaro variety. It is made from 13 herbs and plants, predominant among which is the artichoke ("Cynara scolymus"), from which the drink derives its name. Cynar is dark brown, has a bittersweet flavor, and its strength is 16.5% ABV. It was launched in Italy in 1952.


title: Cynar

text: Cynar is an apéritif (low sugar, low alcohol, meant to stimulate appetite), and can be consumed by itself, or in a number of cocktails. One such cocktail includes Cynar and soda (mixed with soda water and lemon or orange slice, or with cola, eggnog, tonic water, milk, or bitter lemon soda). Europeans often mix it with orange juice, especially in Switzerland and Southern Germany, where Cynar and orange juice is a very popular combination. A variation of the Negroni cocktail uses Cynar in place of Campari, in the same way that a Cynar Spritz replaces Aperol. Because of its artichoke component, Cynar is regarded as a digestif as well as an apéritif.


title: Cynar

text: In Brazil, where it is also produced, it is a very common beverage. It is usually consumed with Cachaça and sweet vermouth in one of the more traditional drinks of Brazil named rabo de galo, a rough translation of the word cocktail.


title: Cynar

text: In Argentina, where it is also produced locally, it is very common to be mixed with grapefruit soda, usually, Paso de los Toros or Schweppes.


title: Cynar

text: The apéritif became popular during the early 1960s after its appearance on the Italian television advertising show "Carosello". The series of commercials, first starring Ferruccio De Ceresa, and from 1966 Ernesto Calindri, showed the actor sipping Cynar while sitting at a table placed in the middle of a busy street, urging consumers to drink Cynar "against the strain of modern life". Toward the end of the 1970s, the commercial changed settings and moved from the busy city to a field of artichokes. The partnership between Calindri and the brand lasted until 1984.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Thierry Guetta, best known by his moniker Mr. Brainwash, is a French-born Los Angeles-based street artist. According to the 2010 Banksy-directed film "Exit Through the Gift Shop", Guetta was a proprietor of a used clothing store, and amateur videographer who was first introduced to street art by his cousin, the street artist Invader, and who filmed street artists through the 2000s and became an artist in his own right in a matter of weeks after an off-hand suggestion from Banksy.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: A number of critics have observed that his works strongly emulate the styles and concepts of Banksy, and have speculated that Guetta is an elaborate prank staged by Banksy, who may have created the works himself. Banksy insists on his official website, however, that "Exit Through the Gift Shop" is authentic and that Guetta is not part of a prank.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: His work sold for five-figure sums at his self-financed debut exhibit "Life Is Beautiful", due, it is thought, to a mixture of an overheated and hyped street art market and his endorsements from Banksy and Fairey. The exhibit was held in Los Angeles, California, on June 18, 2008, and was a popular success. In 2009, Madonna paid Guetta to design the cover art for her "Celebration" album.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In October 2013, Guetta took part in Art Wars at the Saatchi Gallery curated by Ben Moore. Guetta was issued with a stormtrooper helmet, which he transformed into a work of art. Proceeds went to the Missing Tom Fund set up by Ben Moore to find his brother Tom who has been missing for over ten years. The work was also shown on the Regents Park platform as part of Art Below Regents Park.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Mr. Brainwash's first solo show, "Life Is Beautiful", opened in the summer of 2008, in a former T.V. studio in Hollywood. The show garnered the cover of "LA Weekly", one of Los Angeles' most circulated publications. "Life Is Beautiful" attracted thousands of people who lined the streets for blocks. Featuring a 20-foot robot, a pyramid made of 20,000 books and a life-size recreation of Edward Hopper's "Nighthawks," "Life Is Beautiful"'s exhibition time extended to three months, attracting a total of 50,000 visitors.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: On February 14, 2010, Guetta opened his second show in New York City. The show "Life Is Beautiful: Icons" covered of an abandoned warehouse in the Meat Packing District to create a gallery. According to Anthony Haden-Guest, a portrait of Jim Morrison made of broken vinyl records in a simplistic version of the style of mosaicist Ed Chapman was sold for $100,000. Massive cans were created for the show, ranging in size from to and are now embodied as prints in a series.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: On October 6, 2011, Guetta opened a solo exhibition at Opera Gallery in London. The previous night the street outside the gallery was sprayed with paint by RSH as a statement about the false nature of Mr. Brainwash's artwork.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Mr. Brainwash made his Canadian debut at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2011, by placing installations all over the city. They included his signature 8-foot tall spray can sculptures, each one a different film genre, and lifesize Canadian Mounties cutouts, armed with boom mics and cameras. MBW will be participating in multiple events and a collaboration about the festival exhibit with Grace Kelly.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In 2012, during the Summer Olympics in London, Mr Brainwash made his second show in the UK in the Old Sorting Office, a colossal space in London's West End. Works include a 6-story tall Queen Elizabeth II, in her coronation attire, holding a Union Jack spray can, "God Save the People," a giant bucket of beans, a 20 ft. tall gorilla, a 20 ft tall Kate Moss on the front of the building, the Olympic rings in paint buckets, and a life-size taxi cab in a matchbox. David Guetta played the opening.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: At Art Basel in Miami, in 2010, without any announcement or notice, Mr. Brainwash took over a 25,000 square foot building in South Beach with a colorful art spectacle entitled, "Life Is Beautiful: Under Construction."


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In 2011, Mr. Brainwash headed back to Miami for Art Basel with a new show, "Life Is Beautiful: Untitled". Occupying the same South Beach space, he constructed fiberglass sculptures and mixed media canvases.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Mr. Brainwash returned to Art Basel in 2013, taking up residency in Gale South Beach on Collins Avenue. This show included large scale oil paintings and sculpture, including a 3-story-tall Mona Lisa with a mohawk.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Taking over an 80,000 square foot building in the center of the city, Mr. Brainwash also gave artists the opportunity to be a part of this show. For the exhibition, he donated over 20,000 square feet of space to showcase donated works from around the globe. Google chose this space to unveil their Google Music platform on November 11, 2011. The event featured performances by Busta Rhymes, Drake, and Maroon 5.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Mr. Brainwash created a huge mural in honor of 9/11, which was located on the side of Century 21 (on Church between Dey Street and Cortlandt Street) across from the WTC site.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In 2015, Mr. Brainwash returned to New York City to create another mural in remembrance of September 11. The 65-by-225-foot mural on the wall of the Century 21 department store in Lower Manhattan commemorates those affected by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In 2009, when Madonna was set to release her greatest hits compilation, "Celebration", she asked Mr. Brainwash to design the cover. He designed 15 different covers for the wide release, singles, DVDs and special edition vinyl. Mr. Brainwash also collaborated with Madonna for her Hard Candy Fitness in Toronto. The Hard Candy Fitness opening featured the live onsite creation of an 11 by 30 foot Madonna mural, designed by Mr. Brainwash.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: For the National Election, Mr. Brainwash designed key art for "Rock the Vote", a national campaign reminding the youth about the importance of voting and the power of democracy.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Brainwash designed artwork for Michael Jackson's "Xscape". Michael Jackson was a longtime friend of Thierry's and was one of the first people to purchase art from him. Mr. Brainwash also designed a digital cover to commemorate this posthumous release.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In early June 2011, cryptic artwork of a robot and the Red Hot Chili Peppers logo with the date 8/30/11 was posted around Los Angeles. The band's management denied that the works were connected with the band; however on July 14, 2011, TMZ reported that the artwork was by Mr. Brainwash and part of the official promotion for the Chili Peppers' "I'm with You" album.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Mr. Brainwash directed a video for "Divine Sorrow" by Wyclef Jean, featuring Avicii for Coca-Cola and the (RED) campaign, which aims to raise awareness and money for the Global Fund's efforts to virtually eliminate mother to child transmission of HIV.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In 2013, in collaboration with the Hard Rock Hotel, Mr. Brainwash did art installations for the Coachella Festival.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In 2014, Mr Brainwash was a part of Rita Ora's live musical performances on "The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon".


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Mr. Brainwash collaborated with Mercedes-Benz for The Evolution Tour, eight intimate concert experiences, across the country featuring artists such as Alabama Shakes and Mayer Hawthorne. At each stop of the Evolution Tour, Mr. Brainwash created a one-of-a-kind Mercedes-Benz 2015 GLA.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In December 2014, Mr. Brainwash created an installation for the opening of Hublot's Bal Harbor Boutique in Miami during Miami Art Week, wrapping the entire facade with his work but also intervening on presentation stands inside the boutique and even creating a one-of-a-kind Hublot timepiece with a presentation box.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: In the spring of 2015, Mr. Brainwash helped launch Sunglass Hut's Signature Artists Series with a limited edition, one-of-a-kind run of Aviator and Wayfarer sunglasses by Ray Ban.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Mr Brainwash made his major auction debut on May 14, 2010, at Phillips. The piece, a massive canvas, was given a pre-auction estimate of $50,000–70,000. It showed a Charlie Chaplin character with paint can and roller in hand. The background of the work was adorned with the artist's Madonna and Heart image, set in an urban/street environment.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: The London Fall 2010 Phillips Contemporary Art Sale was Brainwash's second appearance in auction, this time with two works, described as spray and metallic paint, acrylic and paper collage on canvas. The smaller of the two measures 106.7 x 106.7 cm (42 x 42 inches) and shows Kate Moss amongst heavy brush strokes and splatters of red, pink, and white paint all amongst a gold background. The larger one, measuring 162.6 x 121.9 cm (64 x 48 inches), shows Albert Einstein in front of a graffiti adorned wall. The works sold for about $67,000 and $120,000, almost three times their estimates.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: An episode of the Morgan Spurlock-produced documentary series "A Day in the Life" follows Guetta for a day. He is shown preparing for a large Los Angeles show. In the episode he reveals that all of his work since his 2008 debut has been completed with a team of graphic designers.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: There has been speculation that the film and story of Mr. Brainwash are a hoax concocted by Banksy and Shepard Fairey.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: "The Times" noted that "The blogs buzzed with rumours: that Mr Brainwash is nothing but a front for Banksy; even that he is Banksy." "Fast Company" concludes that "The whole thing, it's clear now, was an intricate prank being pulled on all of us by Banksy, who has never publicly revealed his identity, with Fairey as his accomplice. ... [His work] looks like Banksy trying not to look like Banksy..."


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: Some suggest that Fairey and Banksy have been artificially inflating the sales of Mr. Brainwash's work. According to Rebecca Cannon, Mr. Brainwash's work hasn't sold as well on independent forums:


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: With both shows held outside of commercial galleries, no professional dealers have had their reputation on the line in making fake claims of high sales. However, if Guetta is a hoax, there also exists the possibility that these artworks are actually produced by Banksy himself, in a style deliberately intended to suggest inferior artistic skill.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: As the movie opened in North America, in April 2010, "The Boston Globe" movie reviewer Ty Burr found it to be quite entertaining as a farce and awarded it four stars. He dismissed the notion of the film being a "put on" saying "I’m not buying it; for one thing, this story’s too good, too weirdly rich, to be made up. For another, the movie’s gently amused scorn lands on everyone."


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: The artshow "Life Is Beautiful" depicted in the movie did occur, which implies that if this is a hoax the character of Thierry Guetta has existed since at least June 2008. A trailer for his movie, "Life Remote Control", has been on YouTube since 2006. This suggests that, at the very least, genuine details of Guetta's life have been woven into the narrative.


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: An "LA Times" investigation found "[the] details of Guetta's unlikely biography are broadly supported by a review of public records, which trace his life in Los Angeles from his arrival as a teenager in the early 1980s. They are also consistent with the accounts of friends, former business associates and employees over those years." Friends the "Times" interviewed confirmed the film's story that Guetta was constantly filming and several notarized documents prove that he hired someone to assist with the construction of his film "Life Remote Control".


title: Mr. Brainwash

text: However, it also adds that "it is impossible to prove whether his latest incarnation, Mr. Brainwash, is sincere. The film suggests that Guetta's artistic alter ego is largely a creation of Banksy, a notion Guetta doesn't refute." Guetta told the paper: "In the end, I became [Banksy's] biggest work of art."


title: Cardboard

text: Cardboard is a generic term for heavy paper-based products. The construction can range from a thick paper known as paperboard to corrugated fiberboard which is made of multiple plies of material. Natural cardboards can range from grey to light brown in color, depending of the specific product; dyes, pigments, printing, and coatings are available.


title: Cardboard

text: The term "cardboard" has general use in English and French, but the term cardboard is deprecated in commerce and industry as not adequately defining a specific product. Material producers, container manufacturers, packaging engineers,


title: Cardboard

text: In 2020, the United States hit a record high in its yearly use of one of the most ubiquitous manufactured materials on earth, cardboard.  With around 80 per cent of all the products sold in the United States being packaged in cardboard, over 120 billion pieces were used that year. In the same year, over 13,000 separate pieces of consumer cardboard packaging was thrown away by American households, combined with all paper products and this constitutes almost 42 per cent of all solid waste generated by the United States annually.


title: Cardboard

text: However, despite the sheer magnitude of paper waste, the vast majority of it is composed of one of the most successful and sustainable packaging materials of modern times - corrugated cardboard, known industrially as corrugated fiberboard.<graph>{


title: Cardboard

text: Various types of cards are available, which may be called "cardboard". Included are: thick paper (of various types) or pasteboard used for business cards, aperture cards, postcards, playing cards, catalog covers, binder's board for bookbinding, scrapbooking, and other uses which require higher durability than regular paper.


title: Cardboard

text: Paperboard is a paper-based material, usually more than about ten mils () thick. It is often used for folding cartons, set-up boxes, carded packaging, "etc". Configurations of paperboard include:


title: Cardboard

text: Corrugated fiberboard is a combination of paperboards, usually two flat liners and one inner fluted corrugated medium. It is often used for making corrugated boxes for shipping or storing products. This type of cardboard is also used by artists as original material for sculpting.


title: Cardboard

text: Most types of cardboard are recyclable. Boards that are laminates, wax coated, or treated for wet-strength are often more difficult to recycle. Clean cardboard ("i.e.," cardboard that has not been subject to chemical coatings) "is usually worth recovering, although often the difference between the value it realizes and the cost of recovery is marginal". Cardboard can be recycled for industrial or domestic use. For example, cardboard may be composted or shredded for animal bedding.


title: Cardboard

text: The material had been first made in France, in 1751, by a pupil of Réaumur, and was used to reinforce playing cards.


title: Cardboard

text: The term "cardboard" has been used since at least 1848, when Anne Brontë mentioned it in her novel, "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall". The Kellogg brothers first used paperboard cartons to hold their flaked corn cereal, and later, when they began marketing it to the general public, a heat-sealed bag of wax paper was wrapped around the outside of the box and printed with their brand name. This development marked the origin of the cereal box, though in modern times the sealed bag is plastic and is kept inside the box. The Kieckhefer Container Company, run by John W. Kieckhefer, was another early American packaging industry pioneer. It excelled in the use of fiber shipping containers, particularly the paper milk carton.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: Abel Fernando Moreira Ferreira (born 22 December 1978), known simply as Abel as a player, is a Portuguese football manager and former player who is the current head coach of Brazilian club Palmeiras.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: As a right-back, he played 234 Primeira Liga matches over 11 seasons (three goals), with Vitória de Guimarães, Braga and Sporting CP. With Sporting, he won two Taça de Portugal and as many Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, in a 14-year professional career.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: Ferreira started working as a manager in 2013, being in charge of Sporting CP B, Braga B, Braga, PAOK and Palmeiras. With the latter club, he won the Copa do Brasil in 2020, two successive Copa Libertadores in 2020 and 2021 and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 2022.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: Abel was born in Penafiel, Porto District. After emerging through his hometown club Penafiel's youth ranks, he moved to Vitória de Guimarães where he made his Primeira Liga debut. He then signed with Braga for the 2004–05 season.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: Abel transferred to Sporting CP in January 2006, in a two-way loan deal involving the Brazilian Wender. The move was made permanent before the 2006–07 campaign.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: On 27 November 2007, Abel scored a goal against Manchester United in a UEFA Champions League group stage 2–1 away loss. In that season he was also called up for the Portugal national team, but did not earn any caps.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: In 2008–09, Abel lost his starting position to Pedro Silva. Both players lost their importance in the squad after the purchase of Braga's João Pereira in January 2010.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: Abel was still regularly used in the following seasons, as Pereira featured regularly as a midfielder. On 24 October 2010, he scored his first league goal for Sporting, in the 90th minute to defeat Rio Ave at home (1–0).


title: Abel Ferreira

text: Ferreira started working as a manager immediately after retiring, taking charge of Sporting's juniors as well as their reserves in the Segunda Liga. In February 2015, he was appointed manager at Braga B in the same division.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: On 26 April 2017, Ferreira succeeded Jorge Simão at the helm of Braga's first team. In his first full season in charge he led them to fourth place, with subsequent qualification for the UEFA Europa League's third qualifying round.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: PAOK paid a reported €2 million to acquire Ferreira's services on 30 June 2019, after former manager Răzvan Lucescu left for Al Hilal of Saudi Arabia. In his first year, the team were knocked out by Ajax in the Champions League third qualifying round when the opposition scored through two controversial penalties in the second leg. They were eliminated by Slovan Bratislava in the Europa League playoff round. On the domestic front, he led the side to second place in the Super League Greece, but was also in charge as the club's record of 51 matches unbeaten came to an end. They also reached the semi-finals of the Greek Cup.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: Ferreira left the Toumba Stadium on 30 October 2020, following a 0–0 draw at Granada in the Europa League group stage.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: Ferreira was announced as head coach of Brazilian club Palmeiras that same day, on a two-year deal. He made his debut on 5 November 2020 in the last-16 second leg of the Copa do Brasil in a 1–0 home win against Red Bull Bragantino (4–1 aggregate). Three days later, on his Campeonato Brasileiro Série A debut, his team won away to Vasco da Gama.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: On 30 January 2021, Ferreira won his first title as coach with a 1–0 victory over fellow Brazilians Santos in the final of the 2020 Copa Libertadores; only two other non-South American managers had won the tournament before, one being his compatriot Jorge Jesus, a year earlier, also with a Brazilian side, Flamengo.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: On 7 March 2021, Palmeiras won the second leg of the Brazilian Cup final with a 2–0 home defeat of Grêmio, with the aggregate score being 3–0. Owing to this result, Ferreira became the first foreign coach to win the competition. On 27 November that year, his team retained the Libertadores with a 2–1 extra-time win in the final against Flamengo at the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: The team defeated Athletico Paranaense 2–0 at Allianz Parque on 2 March 2022, winning the Recopa Sudamericana for the first time. This was the third international championship won by Ferreira with the side, also making him the club's most successful head coach in those type of competitions.


title: Abel Ferreira

text: Ferreira married Ana Xavier in 1996, with whom he had daughters Inês and Mariana. In March 2021, he was decorated with the Commander of the Order of Infante D. Henrique.


title: The Wash

text: The Wash is a rectangular bay and multiple estuary at the north-west corner of East Anglia on the East coast of England, where Norfolk meets Lincolnshire and both border the North Sea. One of Britain's broadest estuaries, it is fed by the rivers Witham, Welland, Nene and Great Ouse. It is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is also a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I, a National Nature Reserve, a Ramsar site, a Special Area of Conservation and a Special Protection Area. It is in the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and part of it is the Snettisham Royal Society for the Protection of Birds nature reserve.


title: The Wash

text: The Wash makes a large indentation in the coastline of Eastern England that separates the curved coast of East Anglia from Lincolnshire. It is a large bay with three roughly straight sides meeting at right angles, each about in length. The eastern coast of the Wash is entirely within Norfolk, and extends from a point a little north of Hunstanton in the north to the mouth of the River Great Ouse at King's Lynn in the south. The opposing coast, which is roughly parallel to the east coast, runs from Gibraltar Point to the mouth of the River Welland, all within Lincolnshire. The southern coast runs roughly north-west to south-east, connecting these two river mouths and is punctuated by the mouth of a third river, the River Nene.


title: The Wash

text: Inland from the Wash the land is flat, low-lying and often marshy: these are the Fens of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. To the east is the North Sea.


title: The Wash

text: Deposits of sediment and land reclamation have altered the coastline of the Wash markedly in historical times. Several towns once on the coast of the Wash (notably King's Lynn) are now some distance inland. Much of the Wash itself is very shallow, with several large sandbanks, such as Breast Sand, Bulldog Sand, Roger Sand and Old South Sand, which are exposed at low tide, especially along the south coast. These form hazards to navigation.


title: The Wash

text: Two commercial shipping lane channels lead inland from the Wash, the River Nene leading to Port Sutton Bridge in Lincolnshire and further inland to the Port of Wisbech in Cambridgeshire, and the River Great Ouse leading to King's Lynn Docks in Norfolk. Both shipping lanes have maritime pilot stations to guide and navigate incoming and outgoing cargo ships.


title: The Wash

text: A re-survey of the coastline of the Wash carried out by The Ordnance Survey in 2011 revealed that an estimated additional on its coastline had been created by accretion since previous surveys between 1960 and 1980.


title: The Wash

text: The Wash varies enormously in water temperature throughout the year. Winter temperatures are brought near freezing from the cold North Sea flows. Summer water temperatures can reach after prolonged high ambient air temperature and sun. This effect, which typically happens in the shallow areas around beaches and often only in pockets of water, is exaggerated by the large sheltered tidal reach.


title: The Wash

text: At the end of the latest glaciation, and while the sea level remained lower than it is today, the rivers Witham, Welland, Glen, Nene and Great Ouse joined into a large river.


title: The Wash

text: The deep valley of the Wash was formed, not by an interglacial river, but by ice of the Wolstonian and Devensian stages flowing southwards up the slope represented by the modern coast and forming tunnel valleys, of which the Silver Pit is one of many. This process gave the Silver Pit its depth and narrowness. When the tunnel valley was free of ice and seawater, it was occupied by the river. This kept it free of sediment, unlike most tunnel valleys. Since the sea flooded it, the valley seems to have been kept open by tidal action. During the Ipswichian Stage, the Wash River probably flowed by way of the site of the Silver Pit, but the tunnel valley would not have been formed at this stage, as its alignment seems inconsistent.


title: The Wash

text: The Wash is made up of extensive salt marshes, major inter-tidal banks of sand and mud, shallow waters and deep channels. As understanding of the importance of the natural marshes has increased in the 21st century, the seawall at Freiston has been breached in three places to increase the salt-marsh area and provide extra habitat for birds, particularly waders, and as a natural flood-prevention measure. The extensive creeks in the salt marsh and the vegetation that grows there help to dissipate wave energy, so enhancing the protection afforded to land behind the salt marsh. This is an example of the recent exploration of the possibilities of sustainable coastal management by adopting soft engineering techniques, rather than with dykes and drainage. The same scheme includes new brackish lagoon habitat.


title: The Wash

text: On the eastern side of the Wash, low chalk cliffs, with a noted stratum of red chalk, are found at Hunstanton. The gravel pits (lagoons) found at Snettisham RSPB reserve are an important roost for waders at high tide. This Special Protection Area (SPA) borders onto the North Norfolk Coast Special Protection Area. To the north-west, the Wash extends to Gibraltar Point, another SPA.


title: The Wash

text: The partly confined nature of the Wash habitats, combined with ample tidal flows, allows shellfish to breed, especially shrimp, cockles and mussels. Some water birds such as oystercatchers feed on shellfish. It is also a breeding area for common tern, and a feeding area for marsh harriers. Migrating birds such as geese, duck and wading birds come to the Wash in large numbers to spend the winter, with an average total of around 400,000 birds present at any one time. It has been estimated that some two million birds a year use the Wash for feeding and roosting during their annual migrations.


title: The Wash

text: The Wash is recognised as being internationally important for 17 species of bird. They include pink-footed goose, dark-bellied brent goose, shelduck, pintail, oystercatcher, ringed plover, grey plover, golden plover, lapwing, knot, sanderling, dunlin, black-tailed godwit, bar-tailed godwit, curlew, redshank and turnstone.


title: The Wash

text: In Roman Britain, embankments were built around the Wash's margins to protect agricultural land from flooding. However, they fell into disrepair after the Roman withdrawal in 407 CE.


title: The Wash

text: From 865 to about 1066, the Wash was used by the Vikings as a major route to invade East Anglia and Middle England. Danes established themselves in Cambridge in 875. Before the 12th century, when drainage and embankment efforts led by monks began to separate the land from the estuarine mudflats, the Wash was a tidal part of the Fens that reached as far as Cambridge and Peterborough.


title: The Wash

text: The name Wash may have been derived from Old English "wāse" meaning mud, slime or ooze. The word "Wasche" is mentioned in the popular dictionary "Promptorium parvulorum" of about 1440 as a water or a ford ("vadum"). A chronicle states that King Edward VI passed "the Wasshes" as he visited the town of King's Lynn in 1548. By then, documents began to refer to the "Waashe" or "Wysche", but only for the tidal sands and shoals of the rivers Welland and Nene. Sixteenth-century scholars identified the Wash as the "Æstuarium Metuonis" ("The Reaping/Mowing/Cutting-Off Estuary") mentioned by Ptolemy in Roman times. They claimed the word was still in occasional use. William Camden characterized "The Washes" as "a very large arme" of the "German Ocean" (the North Sea), "at every tide and high sea covered all with water, but when the sea ebbeth, and the tide is past, a man may pass over it as on dry land, but yet not without danger", as King John learned not without his loss (see below). Inspired by Camden's account, William Shakespeare mentioned the "Lincolne-Washes" in his stage play "King John" (1616). During the 17th and 18th centuries the name Wash came to be used for the estuary itself.


title: The Wash

text: Drainage and reclamation works around the Wash continued until the 1970s. Large areas of salt marsh were progressively enclosed by banks and converted to agricultural land. The Wash is now surrounded by artificial sea defences on all three landward sides. In the 1970s, two large circular banks were built in the Terrington Marsh area of the Wash, as part of an abortive attempt to turn the entire estuary into a fresh water reservoir. The plan failed, not least because the banks were built using mud dredged from the salt marsh, which salinated fresh water stored there.


title: The Wash

text: From 13th century the market town and seaport of Bishop's Lynn became the first member trading depot ("Kontor") in the Kingdom of England of the Hanseatic League of ports. During the 14th century, Lynn ranked as the most important port in England, when sea trade with Europe was dominated by the League. It still retains two medieval Hanseatic League warehouses: Hanse House built in 1475 and Marriott's Warehouse.


title: The Wash

text: King John of England is said to have lost some of his jewels at the Wash in 1216. According to contemporary reports, John travelled from Spalding, Lincolnshire, to Bishop's Lynn, Norfolk, but was taken ill and decided to return. While he took the longer route by way of Wisbech, he sent his baggage train, comprising horse-drawn wagons, along the causeway and ford across the mouth of the Wellstream, a route usable only at low tide. The wagons moved too slowly to escape the incoming tide and many were lost. However, scholars cannot agree on whether the king's jewels were in the baggage train, and there is evidence that his regalia were intact after the journey.


title: The Wash

text: The accident was said to have occurred somewhere near Sutton Bridge on the River Nene. The name of the river changed as a result of redirection of the Great Ouse in the 17th century. Bishop's Lynn was renamed as King's Lynn in the 16th century as a result of King Henry VIII's establishment of the Church of England.


title: The Wash

text: John may have left his jewels in Lynn as security for a loan and arranged for their "loss". But that is considered an apocryphal account. He was recorded as staying the following night, 12–13 October 1216, at Swineshead Abbey, moving on to Newark-on-Trent, and dying of his illness on 19 October.


title: The Wash

text: A Ministry of Defence weapons Range Danger Area lies along a small region of the Wash coastline, reserved for Royal Air Force, Army Air Corps and NATO-allied bombing and air weapons training. RAF Holbeach, active since 1926, was historically originally part of the former RAF Sutton Bridge station. Another air-weapons training range located on the Wash – RAF Wainfleet, operating from 1938, was decommissioned in 2010.


title: The Wash

text: Sailing from out of the South Lincolnshire Fens into the Wash, especially for shell-fishing, is traditionally known locally as "going down below". The origin of the phrase is unclear.


title: The Wash

text: St Botolph's, the parish church of Boston, has a tower known as the Boston Stump. This can be seen on clear days from the Norfolk side of the Wash. The Outer Trial Bank, a remnant of a 1970s experiment, lies some off the Lincolnshire coast near the River Nene.


title: The Wash

text: In 1934 a proposal was made, supported by racing driver Malcolm Campbell, to build a race track on reclaimed land from Boston to Gibraltar Point, near Skegness. It would have been used as a road to Skegness when there was no racing. There was also to be a long lake for boat racing inside the track loop. The financial straits in the 1930s prevented the project from proceeding.


title: Petri net

text: A Petri net, also known as a place/transition (PT) net, is one of several mathematical modeling languages for the description of distributed systems. It is a class of discrete event dynamic system. A Petri net is a directed bipartite graph that has two types of elements, places and transitions. Place elements are depicted as white circles and transition elements are depicted as rectangles.


title: Petri net

text: A place can contain any number of tokens, depicted as black circles. A transition is enabled if all places connected to it as inputs contain at least one token. Some sources state that Petri nets were invented in August 1939 by Carl Adam Petri—at the age of 13—for the purpose of describing chemical processes.


title: Petri net

text: Like industry standards such as UML activity diagrams, Business Process Model and Notation and event-driven process chains, Petri nets offer a graphical notation for stepwise processes that include choice, iteration, and concurrent execution. Unlike these standards, Petri nets have an exact mathematical definition of their execution semantics, with a well-developed mathematical theory for process analysis.


title: Petri net

text: The German computer scientist Carl Adam Petri, for whom such structures are named, analyzed Petri nets extensively in his 1962 dissertation .


title: Petri net

text: A Petri net consists of "places", "transitions", and "arcs". Arcs run from a place to a transition or vice versa, never between places or between transitions. The places from which an arc runs to a transition are called the "input places" of the transition; the places to which arcs run from a transition are called the "output places" of the transition.


title: Petri net

text: Graphically, places in a Petri net may contain a discrete number of marks called "tokens". Any distribution of tokens over the places will represent a configuration of the net called a "marking". In an abstract sense relating to a Petri net diagram, a transition of a Petri net may "fire" if it is "enabled", i.e. there are sufficient tokens in all of its input places; when the transition fires, it consumes the required input tokens, and creates tokens in its output places. A firing is atomic, i.e. a single non-interruptible step.


title: Petri net

text: Unless an "execution policy" (e.g. a strict ordering of transitions, describing precedence) is defined, the execution of Petri nets is nondeterministic: when multiple transitions are enabled at the same time, they will fire in any order.


title: Petri net

text: Since firing is nondeterministic, and multiple tokens may be present anywhere in the net (even in the same place), Petri nets are well suited for modeling the concurrent behavior of distributed systems.


title: Petri net

text: Definition 4. A "Petri net" is a net of the form "PN" = ("N", "M", "W"), which extends the elementary net so that


title: Petri net

text: If a Petri net is equivalent to an elementary net, then "Z" can be the countable set {0,1} and those elements in "P" that map to 1 under "M" form a configuration. Similarly, if a Petri net is not an elementary net, then the multiset "M" can be interpreted as representing a non-singleton set of configurations. In this respect, "M" extends the concept of configuration for elementary nets to Petri nets.


title: Petri net

text: In the diagram of a Petri net (see top figure right), places are conventionally depicted with circles, transitions with long narrow rectangles and arcs as one-way arrows that show connections of places to transitions or transitions to places. If the diagram were of an elementary net, then those places in a configuration would be conventionally depicted as circles, where each circle encompasses a single dot called a "token". In the given diagram of a Petri net (see right), the place circles may encompass more than one token to show the number of times a place appears in a configuration. The configuration of tokens distributed over an entire Petri net diagram is called a "marking".


title: Petri net

text: In the top figure (see right), the place "p" is an input place of transition "t"; whereas, the place "p" is an output place to the same transition. Let "PN" (top figure) be a Petri net with a marking configured "M", and "PN" (bottom figure) be a Petri net with a marking configured "M". The configuration of "PN" "enables" transition "t" through the property that all input places have sufficient number of tokens (shown in the figures as dots) "equal to or greater" than the multiplicities on their respective arcs to "t". Once and only once a transition is enabled will the transition fire. In this example, the "firing" of transition "t" generates a map that has the marking configured "M" in the image of "M" and results in Petri net "PN", seen in the bottom figure. In the diagram, the firing rule for a transition can be characterised by subtracting a number of tokens from its input places equal to the multiplicity of the respective input arcs and accumulating a new number of tokens at the output places equal to the multiplicity of the respective output arcs.


title: Petri net

text: Remark 1. The precise meaning of "equal to or greater" will depend on the precise algebraic properties of addition being applied on "Z" in the firing rule, where subtle variations on the algebraic properties can lead to other classes of Petri nets; for example, algebraic Petri nets.


title: Petri net

text: The "flow relation" is the set of arcs: formula_7. In many textbooks, arcs can only have multiplicity 1. These texts often define Petri nets using "F" instead of "W". When using this convention, a Petri net graph is a bipartite multigraph formula_8 with node partitions "S" and "T".


title: Petri net

text: its "postset" is the set of its "output places": formula_10. Definitions of pre- and postsets of places are analogous.


title: Petri net

text: A "marking" of a Petri net (graph) is a multiset of its places, i.e., a mapping formula_11. We say the marking assigns to each place a number of "tokens".


title: Petri net

text: We are generally interested in what may happen when transitions may continually fire in arbitrary order.


title: Petri net

text: We say that a marking "is reachable from" a marking "in one step" if formula_18; we say that it "is reachable from " if formula_19, where formula_20 is the reflexive transitive closure of formula_21; that is, if it is reachable in 0 or more steps.


title: Petri net

text: For a (marked) Petri net formula_22, we are interested in the firings that can be performed starting with the initial marking formula_14. Its set of "reachable markings" is the set


title: Petri net

text: The "reachability graph" of is the transition relation formula_21 restricted to its reachable markings formula_26. It is the state space of the net.


title: Petri net

text: A "firing sequence" for a Petri net with graph and initial marking formula_14 is a sequence of transitions formula_28 such that formula_29. The set of firing sequences is denoted as formula_30.


title: Petri net

text: A common variation is to disallow arc multiplicities and replace the bag of arcs "W" with a simple set, called the "flow relation", formula_31.


title: Petri net

text: Another common variation, e.g. in Desel and Juhás (2001), is to allow "capacities" to be defined on places. This is discussed under "extensions" below.


title: Petri net

text: The markings of a Petri net formula_12 can be regarded as vectors of non-negative integers of length formula_33.


title: Petri net

text: For any sequence of transitions , write formula_41 for the vector that maps every transition to its number of occurrences in . Then, we have


title: Petri net

text: It must be required that is a firing sequence; allowing arbitrary sequences of transitions will generally produce a larger set.


title: Petri net

text: One thing that makes Petri nets interesting is that they provide a balance between modeling power and analyzability: many things one would like to know about concurrent systems can be automatically determined for Petri nets, although some of those things are very expensive to determine in the general case. Several subclasses of Petri nets have been studied that can still model interesting classes of concurrent systems, while these problems become easier.


title: Petri net

text: An overview of such decision problems, with decidability and complexity results for Petri nets and some subclasses, can be found in Esparza and Nielsen (1995).


title: Petri net

text: The reachability problem for Petri nets is to decide, given a Petri net "N" and a marking "M", whether formula_45.


title: Petri net

text: It is a matter of walking the reachability-graph defined above, until either the requested-marking is reached or it can no longer be found. This is harder than it may seem at first: the reachability graph is generally infinite, and it isn't easy to determine when it is safe to stop.


title: Petri net

text: In fact, this problem was shown to be EXPSPACE-hard years before it was shown to be decidable at all (Mayr, 1981). Papers continue to be published on how to do it efficiently. In 2018, Czerwiński et al. improved the lower bound and showed that the problem is not ELEMENTARY. In 2021, this problem was shown to be non-primitive recursive, independently by Jerome Leroux


title: Petri net

text: and by Wojciech Czerwiński and Łukasz Orlikowski. These results thus close the long-standing complexity gap.


title: Petri net

text: While reachability seems to be a good tool to find erroneous states, for practical problems the constructed graph usually has far too many states to calculate. To alleviate this problem, linear temporal logic is usually used in conjunction with the tableau method to prove that such states cannot be reached. Linear temporal logic uses the semi-decision technique to find if indeed a state can be reached, by finding a set of necessary conditions for the state to be reached then proving that those conditions cannot be satisfied.


title: Petri net

text: Petri nets can be described as having different degrees of liveness formula_46. A Petri net formula_47 is called formula_48-live if and only if all of its transitions are formula_48-live, where a transition is


title: Petri net

text: Note that these are increasingly stringent requirements: formula_60-liveness implies formula_61-liveness, for formula_62.


title: Petri net

text: These definitions are in accordance with Murata's overview, which additionally uses formula_63"-live" as a term for "dead".


title: Petri net

text: A place in a Petri net is called "k-bound" if it does not contain more than "k" tokens in all reachable markings, including the initial marking; it is said to be "safe" if it is 1-bounded; it is "bounded" if it is "k-bounded" for some "k".


title: Petri net

text: A Petri net (graph) is called "(structurally) bounded" if it is bounded for every possible initial marking.


title: Petri net

text: Formally, "Petri nets with place capacities" can be defined as tuples formula_64, where formula_12 is a Petri net, formula_66 an assignment of capacities to (some or all) places, and the transition relation is the usual one restricted to the markings in which each place with a capacity has at most that many tokens.


title: Petri net

text: For example, if in the net "N", both places are assigned capacity 2, we obtain a Petri net with place capacities, say "N2"; its reachability graph is displayed on the right.


title: Petri net

text: a place can be made "k"-bounded by adding a "counter-place" with flow opposite to that of the place, and adding tokens to make the total in both places "k".


title: Petri net

text: As well as for discrete events, there are Petri nets for continuous and hybrid discrete-continuous processes that are useful in discrete, continuous and hybrid control theory, and related to discrete, continuous and hybrid automata.


title: Petri net

text: There are many extensions to Petri nets. Some of them are completely backwards-compatible (e.g. coloured Petri nets) with the original Petri net, some add properties that cannot be modelled in the original Petri net formalism (e.g. timed Petri nets). Although backwards-compatible models do not extend the computational power of Petri nets, they may have more succinct representations and may be more convenient for modeling. Extensions that cannot be transformed into Petri nets are sometimes very powerful, but usually lack the full range of mathematical tools available to analyse ordinary Petri nets.


title: Petri net

text: The term high-level Petri net is used for many Petri net formalisms that extend the basic P/T net formalism; this includes coloured Petri nets, hierarchical Petri nets such as Nets within Nets, and all other extensions sketched in this section. The term is also used specifically for the type of coloured nets supported by CPN Tools.


title: Petri net

text: There are many more extensions to Petri nets, however, it is important to keep in mind, that as the complexity of the net increases in terms of extended properties, the harder it is to use standard tools to evaluate certain properties of the net. For this reason, it is a good idea to use the most simple net type possible for a given modelling task.


title: Petri net

text: Instead of extending the Petri net formalism, we can also look at restricting it, and look at particular types of Petri nets, obtained by restricting the syntax in a particular way. Ordinary Petri nets are the nets where all arc weights are 1. Restricting further, the following types of ordinary Petri nets are commonly used and studied:


title: Petri net

text: Workflow nets (WF-nets) are a subclass of Petri nets intending to model the workflow of process activities.


title: Petri net

text: The WF-net transitions are assigned to tasks or activities, and places are assigned to the pre/post conditions.


title: Petri net

text: The WF-nets have additional structural and operational requirements, mainly the addition of a single input (source) place with no previous transitions, and output place (sink) with no following transitions. Accordingly, start and termination markings can be defined that represent the process status.


title: Petri net

text: WF-nets have the soundness property, indicating that a process with a start marking of "k" tokens in its source place, can reach the termination state marking with "k" tokens in its sink place (defined as "k"-sound WF-net). Additionally, all the transitions in the process could fire (i.e., for each transition there is a reachable state in which the transition is enabled).


title: Petri net

text: A directed path in the Petri net is defined as the sequence of nodes (places and transitions) linked by the directed arcs. An elementary path includes every node in the sequence only once.


title: Petri net

text: A well-handled Petri net is a net in which there are no fully distinct elementary paths between a place and a transition (or transition and a place), i.e., if there are two paths between the pair of nodes then these paths share a node.


title: Petri net

text: Extended WF-net is a Petri net that is composed of a WF-net with additional transition t (feedback transition). The sink place is connected as the input place of transition t and the source place as its output place. Firing of the transition causes iteration of the process (Note, the extended WF-net is not a WF-net).


title: Petri net

text: WRI-WF-net can be built as composition of nets, i.e., replacing a transition within a WRI-WF-net with a subnet which is a WRI-WF-net. The result is also WRI-WF-net. WRI-WF-nets are G-sound, therefore by using only WRI-WF-net building blocks, one can get WF-nets that are G-sound by construction.


title: Petri net

text: The Design structure matrix (DSM) can model process relations, and be utilized for process planning. The DSM-nets are realization of DSM-based plans into workflow processes by Petri nets, and are equivalent to WRI-WF-nets. The DSM-net construction process ensures the soundness property of the resulting net.


title: Petri net

text: Other ways of modelling concurrent computation have been proposed, including vector addition systems, communicating finite-state machines, Kahn process networks, process algebra, the actor model, and trace theory. Different models provide tradeoffs of concepts such as compositionality, modularity, and locality.


title: Petri net

text: An approach to relating some of these models of concurrency is proposed in the chapter by Winskel and Nielsen.


title: Parsec (software)

text: Parsec is a proprietary desktop capturing application primarily used for playing games through video streaming. Using Parsec, a user can stream video game footage through an Internet connection, allowing one to run a game on one computer but play it remotely through another device. Although its main focus is gaming, Parsec can also be used as low-latency desktop sharing software. The Parsec client is available on most modern operating systems including Windows, macOS, Android, Raspberry Pi 3 and Linux.


title: Parsec (software)

text: Parsec also provides a paid "Parsec for Teams" version with additional features for artists and developers, such as additional administrative tools, better color accuracy and the ability to stream multiple screens at once.


title: Parsec (software)

text: Parsec Warp adds additional settings, visual enhancements and more controls. The 4:4:4 mode makes colors sharper and crisper. Pen and tablet support has been added as well as the option to have extra displays.


title: Parsec (software)

text: Parsec previously provided a simple user interface for provisioning and connecting to pre-configured virtual machines hosted by Amazon Web Services and Paperspace, this has however been removed and is no longer part of the current version. In January 2018, Parsec partnered with Hewlett-Packard to create OMEN Game Stream, a free game streaming service based on Parsec's technology designed specifically for HP Omen PCs.


title: Parsec (software)

text: Unity Technologies announced its plan to acquire Parsec for in August 2021, with the deal expected to close by the third quarter of 2021. Unity plans to incorporate Parsec's software into the Unity engine to support development. Unity Technologies integrated Parsec at the beginning of 2022, making Parsec a part of Unity.


title: Saprotrophic nutrition

text: Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi (for example "Mucor") and soil bacteria. Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are sometimes called saprobes; saprotrophic plants or bacterial flora are called saprophytes (sapro- 'rotten material' + -phyte 'plant'), although it is now believed that all plants previously thought to be saprotrophic are in fact parasites of microscopic fungi or other plants. The process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae.


title: Saprotrophic nutrition

text: Various word roots relating to decayed matter ("detritus", "sapro-"), eating and nutrition ("-vore", "-phage"), and plants or life forms ("-phyte", "-obe") produce various terms, such as detritivore, detritophage, saprotroph, saprophyte, saprophage, and saprobe; their meanings overlap, although technical distinctions (based on physiologic mechanisms) narrow the senses. For example, usage distinctions can be made based on macroscopic swallowing of detritus (as an earthworm does) versus microscopic lysis of detritus (as a mushroom does).


title: Saprotrophic nutrition

text: As matter decomposes within a medium in which a saprotroph is residing, the saprotroph breaks such matter down into its composites.


title: Saprotrophic nutrition

text: These products are re-absorbed into the hypha through the cell wall by endocytosis and passed on throughout the mycelium complex. This facilitates the passage of such materials throughout the organism and allows for growth and, if necessary, repair.


title: Saprotrophic nutrition

text: In order for a saprotrophic organism to facilitate optimal growth and repair, favourable conditions and nutrients must be present. Optimal conditions refers to several conditions which optimise the growth of saprotrophic organisms, such as;


title: Saprotrophic nutrition

text: The majority of nutrients taken in by such organisms must be able to provide carbon, proteins, vitamins and in some cases, ions. Due to the carbon composition of the majority of organisms, dead and organic matter provide rich sources of disaccharides and polysaccharides such as maltose and starch, and of the monosaccharide glucose.


title: Saprotrophic nutrition

text: In terms of nitrogen-rich sources, saprotrophs require combined protein for the creation of proteins, which is facilitated by the absorption of amino acids, and usually taken from rich soil. Although both ions and vitamins are rare, thiamine or ions such as potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium aid the growth of the mycelium.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a voltage input. The applied input voltage determines the instantaneous oscillation frequency. Consequently, a VCO can be used for frequency modulation (FM) or phase modulation (PM) by applying a modulating signal to the control input. A VCO is also an integral part of a phase-locked loop. VCOs are used in synthesizers to generate a waveform whose pitch can be adjusted by a voltage determined by a musical keyboard or other input.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) is a special type of VCO designed to be very linear in frequency control over a wide range of input control voltages.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: A voltage-controlled capacitor is one method of making an LC oscillator vary its frequency in response to a control voltage. Any reverse-biased semiconductor diode displays a measure of voltage-dependent capacitance and can be used to change the frequency of an oscillator by varying a control voltage applied to the diode. Special-purpose variable-capacitance varactor diodes are available with well-characterized wide-ranging values of capacitance. A varactor is used to change the capacitance (and hence the frequency) of an LC tank. A varactor can also change loading on a crystal resonator and pull its resonant frequency.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: For low-frequency VCOs, other methods of varying the frequency (such as altering the charging rate of a capacitor by means of a voltage-controlled current source) are used (see function generator).


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: The frequency of a ring oscillator is controlled by varying either the supply voltage, the current available to each inverter stage, or the capacitive loading on each stage.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: VCOs are used in analog applications such as frequency modulation and frequency-shift keying. The functional relationship between the control voltage and the output frequency for a VCO (especially those used at radio frequency) may not be linear, but over small ranges, the relationship is approximately linear, and linear control theory can be used. A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) is a special type of VCO designed to be very linear over a wide range of input voltages.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: Modeling for VCOs is often not concerned with the amplitude or shape (sinewave, triangle wave, sawtooth) but rather its instantaneous phase. In effect, the focus is not on the time-domain signal but rather the argument of the sine function (the phase). Consequently, modeling is often done in the phase domain.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: The instantaneous frequency of a VCO is often modeled as a linear relationship with its instantaneous control voltage. The output phase of the oscillator is the integral of the instantaneous frequency.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: Tuning range, tuning gain and phase noise are the important characteristics of a VCO. Generally, low phase noise is preferred in a VCO. Tuning gain and noise present in the control signal affect the phase noise; high noise or high tuning gain imply more phase noise. Other important elements that determine the phase noise are sources of flicker noise (1/"f" noise) in the circuit, the output power level, and the loaded Q factor of the resonator. (see Leeson's equation). The low frequency flicker noise affects the phase noise because the flicker noise is heterodyned to the oscillator output frequency due to the non-linear transfer function of active devices. The effect of flicker noise can be reduced with negative feedback that linearizes the transfer function (for example, emitter degeneration).


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: VCOs generally have lower Q factor compared to similar fixed-frequency oscillators, and so suffer more jitter. The jitter can be made low enough for many applications (such as driving an ASIC), in which case VCOs enjoy the advantages of having no off-chip components (expensive) or on-chip inductors (low yields on generic CMOS processes).


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: Commonly used VCO circuits are the Clapp and Colpitts oscillators. The more widely used oscillator of the two is Colpitts and these oscillators are very similar in configuration.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: A (VCXO) is used for fine adjustment of the operating frequency. The frequency of a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator can be varied a few tens of parts per million (ppm) over a control voltage range of typically 0 to 3 volts, because the high Q factor of the crystals allows frequency control over only a small range of frequencies.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: A (TCVCXO) incorporates components that partially correct the dependence on temperature of the resonant frequency of the crystal. A smaller range of voltage control then suffices to stabilize the oscillator frequency in applications where temperature varies, such as heat buildup inside a transmitter.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: Placing the oscillator in a crystal oven at a constant but higher-than-ambient temperature is another way to stabilize oscillator frequency. High stability crystal oscillator references often place the crystal in an oven and use a voltage input for fine control. The temperature is selected to be the "turnover temperature": the temperature where small changes do not affect the resonance. The control voltage can be used to occasionally adjust the reference frequency to a NIST source. Sophisticated designs may also adjust the control voltage over time to compensate for crystal aging.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: A clock generator is an oscillator that provides a timing signal to synchronize operations in digital circuits. VCXO clock generators are used in many areas such as digital TV, modems, transmitters and computers. Design parameters for a VCXO clock generator are tuning voltage range, center frequency, frequency tuning range and the timing jitter of the output signal. Jitter is a form of phase noise that must be minimised in applications such as radio receivers, transmitters and measuring equipment.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: When a wider selection of clock frequencies is needed the VCXO output can be passed through digital divider circuits to obtain lower frequencies or be fed to a phase-locked loop (PLL). ICs containing both a VCXO (for external crystal) and a PLL are available. A typical application is to provide clock frequencies in a range from 12 kHz to 96 kHz to an audio digital-to-analog converter.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: A frequency synthesizer generates precise and adjustable frequencies based on a stable single-frequency clock. A digitally controlled oscillator based on a frequency synthesizer may serve as a digital alternative to analog voltage controlled oscillator circuits.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: VCOs are used in function generators, phase-locked loops including frequency synthesizers used in communication equipment and the production of electronic music, to generate variable tones in synthesizers.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: Function generators are low-frequency oscillators which feature multiple waveforms, typically sine, square, and triangle waves. Monolithic function generators are voltage-controlled.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: Analog phase-locked loops typically contain VCOs. High-frequency VCOs are usually used in phase-locked loops for radio receivers. Phase noise is the most important specification in this application.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: Audio-frequency VCOs are used in analog music synthesizers. For these, sweep range, linearity, and distortion are often the most important specifications. Audio-frequency VCOs for use in musical contexts were largely superseded in the 1980s by their digital counterparts, digitally controlled oscillators (DCOs), due to their output stability in the face of temperature changes during operation. Since the 1990s, musical software has become the dominant sound-generating method.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: Voltage-to-frequency converters are voltage-controlled oscillators with a highly linear relation between applied voltage and frequency. They are used to convert a slow analog signal (such as from a temperature transducer) to a signal suitable for transmission over a long distance, since the frequency will not drift or be affected by noise. Oscillators in this application may have sine or square wave outputs.


title: Voltage-controlled oscillator

text: Where the oscillator drives equipment that may generate radio-frequency interference, adding a varying voltage to its control input, called dithering,


title: Dominic Keating

text: Dominic Keating ("né" Power; born 1 July 1961) is a British television, film and theatre actor known for his portrayals of Tony in the Channel 4 sitcom "Desmond's" and Lieutenant Malcolm Reed on "".


title: Dominic Keating

text: Keating was born Dominic Power in Leicester to an Irish father; his grandfather, a brigadier, was awarded an OBE. His first stage performance was in primary school, as a character in "The Ragged School". He then attended Uppingham School.


title: Dominic Keating

text: After graduating from the University College London with first class honours in history, he tried various jobs before deciding to be a professional actor. Since there was another Dominic Power already represented by the actor's union Equity, he took his mother's maiden name of Keating. To obtain his Equity card, he worked in a drag act called Feeling Mutual.