title: Jetour X70

text: There are several variants including the Jetour X70S, Jetour X70S EV, Jetour X70 Coupe, Jetour X70M, and the range topping Jetour X70 Plus model that serves as a more upmarket model.


title: Jetour X70

text: The Jetour X70 comes in two models, including the base and S trim. The Jetour X70S is a more upmarket and luxurious trim level with different alloys and grille insert. Prices of the Jetour X70 ranges from 69,900 yuan to 120,900 yuan.


title: Jetour X70

text: The Jetour X70 is powered by a 1.5 liter turbo inline-four petrol engine producing 156hp and 230 N·m, with transmission options including a 6-speed manual transmission or a 6-speed Dual-clutch transmission.


title: Jetour X70

text: The model comes with a 10.1-inch infotainment display, start button, keyless access, 360-degree vision system, power seat with parking sensor, independent climate control, sunroof, LED headlights, front and rear active cruise control, gate automatic rear, etc.


title: Jetour X70

text: The powertrain of the vehicle comes with a 1.5 turbo gasoline engine with 150 HP output and 8-speed automatic gearbox and 5 manual gearboxes. The Jetour X70 can be considered as the same segment as the Hyundai Santa Fe Sport with 4,720 mm length, 1,900 mm wide, 1,695 mm tall and wheelbase of 2,745 mm.


title: Jetour X70

text: The Jetour X70 2019 facelift was officially launched on August 27th with price ranging from 69,900 to 120,900 yuan (~US$9,764 – US$16,888) across the 9 trim levels offered.


title: Jetour X70

text: The Jetour X70 facelift is powered by 1.5-Liter turbocharged engine producing 156 hp and peak torque of 230 Nm mated to a 6-manual transmission and 6-dual clutch transmission. The engine will meet the updated national VI emission standards.


title: Jetour X70

text: The Jetour X70 Coupe was unveiled at the 2018 Beijing Auto Show as a sportier variant of the X70. During the 2019 Shanghai Auto Show, the appearance of the production version has changed significantly. The design of the Jetour X70 Coupe is based on the Jetour X70 2019 facelift while featuring an integrated body-colored grille frame. Pre-sale price range of the X70 Coupe is 91,000 to 129,000 yuan (~US$13,119 – US$18,597) in the Chinese market. The Jetour X70 Coupe is powered by three power combinations, a 1.5 liter turbo engine mated to a 6-speed manual gearbox or 6-speed DCT and a 1.6 liter turbo engine mated to a 7-speed DCT.


title: Jetour X70

text: The Jetour X70M was launched in March 2020 as a more affordable variant of the X70 model range. According to officials, the "M" means "Mate", indicating the model being an affordable and volume-focused variant. The X70M is based on the pre-facelift X70 with a redesigned and more updated front bumper design. There are 8 trim levels of 2020 Jetour X70, all featuring the 1.5 liter turbo engine mated to a dual-clutch gearbox or a manual transmission with the maximum horsepower of 156PS (maximum engine power of 115.0kW) and a maximum torque of 230.0 N·m. Price range of the X70M is 64,900 to 89,900 yuan.


title: Jetour X70

text: Jetour debuted the Jetour X70S EV as its first all electric crossover model on the 2019 Shanghai Auto Show. As the name suggests, the X70S EV is based on the pre-facelift Jetour X70S and is the first new energy model from Jetour's production line, the exterior design and interior is essentially the same design of the Jetour X70S.


title: Jetour X70

text: The X70S EV offers 2 variants of range including one that is good for 249miles (401km) and one that is capable of doing 279miles (450km) on one charge. The maximum power of the motor for the Jetour X70S EV is 125kW (167HP), and 300N·m, capable of a maximum speed of 140km/h. The electronic gear lever on the Jetour X70S is replaced by technical looking electronic shift lever for the X70S EV, with the shift lever is equipped with functional buttons.


title: Jetour X70

text: At the 2020 Guangzhou Auto Show, Jetour unveiled a facelift for the X70S EV featuring a design exclusively for the electric model. The facelift model continues to equip the electric motor producing 125kW（170hp）and 300Nm with a 56kWh battery rated 401km and 450 km by NEDC.


title: Jetour X70

text: The South Korean specification of X70S and it was independently designed by MASTA EV, the South Korean EV manufacturer. The model were first revealed in 2021 Seoul Mobility Show and their first SUV will be launch in October 2022.


title: Jetour X70

text: The company said that the model could run approximately 434km and the Samsung SDI battery will mount on this model.


title: Jetour X70

text: The Jetour X70 Plus is a slightly larger and more upmarket variant of the X70 based on the same platform while featuring a redesign front and rear. The Jetour X70 Plus debuted during the 2020 Beijing International Auto Show that officially started on September 26, 2020. From the exterior, the Jetour X70 Plus is longer and taller than the regular X70, and offers 5-seater, 6-seater, and 7-seater models.


title: Jetour X70

text: For the interior, the X70 Plus features a 10.25-inch full LCD smart dual screen and air conditioning controls are integrated in a touch panel.


title: Jetour X70

text: The Jetour X70 Plus is powered by a 1.5 liter Turbo engine with a maximum output of 156 hp mated to a 6-speed manual gearbox or 6-speed DCT and a 1.6 liter Turbo engine with a maximum output of 197 hp mated to a 7-speed DCT which is the same as the Jetour X70 Coupe.


title: Rikiya Koyama

text: By the time Koyama was in high school, his voice had already taken on the quality it has today, and when he answered the phone at the time, his own aunt would sometimes mistake him for his father. After attending Ritsumeikan Junior and Senior High School, Koyama entered the law department at Ritsumeikan University in 1982. He became a member of Ritsumeikan Art Theatre Company. At the time, he was performing the works of Minoru Betsuyaku and Kōhei Tsuka. After graduating from college in 1987, he moved from Kyoto to Tokyo to study theater at Toho Gakuen College of Drama and Music. He was a member of the swimming club and had no qualms about wearing a swimsuit. After graduation, he joined the Haiyuza Theatre Company and made his debut as an actor in "Kamen Rider Black RX" in 1989. In "RX", he performed most of the action scenes himself, including wire fu and napalm explosions, except for some dangerous scenes. Due to his connection with the producers of the series, Nagafumi Hori and Susumu Yoshikawa, he often made guest appearances in the "Metal Hero Series" that they were in charge of.


title: Rikiya Koyama

text: Koyama made his debut as a voice actor in "ER" and initially focused on dubbing, but since the 2000s he has also appeared in many anime and video games. In addition, "Utawarerumono Radio" led to a surge in radio programs in which he worked with various female voice actors. In anime, he plays many austere characters, but he covers the gamut from serious to gag, from good guys to cold-hearted villains, comical roles to dynamic ones, and from lustful characters like Kristofor in the game "Infinite Undiscovery" to the aloof and free-spirited role of Leonard in the "Angelique" series. Since he has been working more as a voice actor, Koyama has not made many appearances as an actor. In 2009, he was asked to play the role of Joe of Haze in "Kamen Rider Decade", the same role he played in "RX", but he turned it down due to his age and discomfort with the image of the role.


title: Rikiya Koyama

text: Koyama has also been active as a stage actor, actively participating in stage performances in Europe (England, France, the Netherlands, Romania, Italy, and Russia) since around 2000, and his performance as Antonio in "The Merchant of Venice" in 2001 won the Outstanding Performance Award at the 9th Yomiuri Theater Awards. In 2011, Koyama won the Kei Tomiyama Memorial Award at the 5th Seiyu Awards.


title: Rikiya Koyama

text: Koyama's role of Jack Bauer in "24" is one of his most popular roles. At the end of 2010, he met Kiefer at the "24" final season campaign and fan thanksgiving event.


title: API gravity

text: The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water: if its API gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks.


title: API gravity

text: API gravity is thus an inverse measure of a petroleum liquid's density relative to that of water (also known as specific gravity). It is used to compare densities of petroleum liquids. For example, if one petroleum liquid is less dense than another, it has a greater API gravity. Although API gravity is mathematically a dimensionless quantity (see the formula below), it is referred to as being in 'degrees'. API gravity is graduated in degrees on a hydrometer instrument. API gravity values of most petroleum liquids fall between 10 and 70 degrees.


title: API gravity

text: In 1916, the U.S. National Bureau of Standards accepted the Baumé scale, which had been developed in France in 1768, as the U.S. standard for measuring the specific gravity of liquids less dense than water. Investigation by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences found major errors in salinity and temperature controls that had caused serious variations in published values. Hydrometers in the U.S. had been manufactured and distributed widely with a modulus of 141.5 instead of the Baumé scale modulus of 140. The scale was so firmly established that, by 1921, the remedy implemented by the American Petroleum Institute was to create the API gravity scale, recognizing the scale that was actually being used.


title: API gravity

text: Thus, a heavy oil with a specific gravity of 1.0 (i.e., with the same density as pure water at 60 °F) has an API gravity of:


title: API gravity

text: In the oil industry, quantities of crude oil are often measured in metric tons. One can calculate the approximate number of barrels per metric ton for a given crude oil based on its API gravity:


title: API gravity

text: To derive the API gravity, the specific gravity (i.e., density relative to water) is first measured using either the hydrometer, detailed in ASTM D1298 or with the oscillating U-tube method detailed in ASTM D4052.


title: API gravity

text: Density adjustments at different temperatures, corrections for soda-lime glass expansion and contraction and meniscus corrections for opaque oils are detailed in the Petroleum Measurement Tables, details of usage specified in ASTM D1250. The specific gravity is defined by the formula below.


title: API gravity

text: With the formula presented in the previous section, the API gravity can be readily calculated. When converting oil density to specific gravity using the above definition, it is important to use the correct density of water, according to the standard conditions used when the measurement was made. The official density of water at 60 °F according to the 2008 edition of ASTM D1250 is 999.016 kg/m. The 1980 value is 999.012 kg/m. In some cases the standard conditions may be 15 °C (59 °F) and not 60 °F (15.56 °C), in which case a different value for the water density would be appropriate ("see" standard conditions for temperature and pressure).


title: API gravity

text: There are advantages to field testing and on-board conversion of measured volumes to volume correction. This method is detailed in ASTM D287.


title: API gravity

text: Generally speaking, oil with an API gravity between 40 and 45° commands the highest prices. Above 45°, the molecular chains become shorter and less valuable to refineries.


title: API gravity

text: However, not all parties use the same grading. The United States Geological Survey uses slightly different ranges.


title: API gravity

text: Crude oil with API gravity less than 10° is referred to as extra heavy oil or bitumen. Bitumen derived from oil sands deposits in Alberta, Canada, has an API gravity of around 8°. It can be diluted with lighter hydrocarbons to produce diluted bitumen, which has an API gravity of less than 22.3°, or further "upgraded" to an API gravity of 31 to 33° as synthetic crude.


title: Carolyn Seymour

text: Carolyn Seymour is an English actress, best known for portraying the role of Abby Grant in the BBC series "Survivors" (1975), and Queen Myrrah in the "Gears of War" franchise.


title: Carolyn Seymour

text: Born Carolyn von Benckendorf in Buckinghamshire to an Estonian father of Russian descent and an Irish mother. One of her early television roles was as Jenny in the BBC drama series "Take Three Girls". and an early film appearance was as Zita in the film "Steptoe and Son" (1972) alongside Harry H. Corbett and Wilfrid Brambell. Her best-known movie role remains Grace Gurney in "The Ruling Class" (also 1972), opposite Peter O'Toole.


title: Carolyn Seymour

text: She left "Survivors" at the end of its first series due to disagreements with the producers over the direction the show and her character were taking. She appeared in the "" episode "The Seance Spectre", and with Joan Collins in "The Bitch" (1979). She then moved to the United States and made numerous television appearances including "Hart to Hart", "Modesty Blaise", "Family Ties", "Cagney & Lacey", "Remington Steele", "Magnum, P.I.", "The Twilight Zone", "Murder, She Wrote", "Matlock", "Quantum Leap"; "", "Civil Wars", "L.A. Law", "Red Shoe Diaries", "", and "ER".


title: Carolyn Seymour

text: She has contributed voice work for several "Star Wars" video games, portraying characters such as Shmi Skywalker and Mon Mothma. She provides the voice for the Locust Queen Myrrah in "Gears of War", Dr. Karin Chakwas in the "Mass Effect" series and the Elder God of Water in "Mortal Kombat Annihilation". She has played in audio plays by L.A. Theatre Works and The Hollywood Theater of the Ear as well as narrated audiobooks.


title: Carolyn Seymour

text: In 2014, she reprised the role of Abby Grant in Big Finish Productions' "Survivors" series, based on the book by Terry Nation and the television series. She has also gone on to play various other roles for the company and in April 2021, they released a career resprospecitve interview with her entitled Carolyn Seymour in Conversation.


title: Timothy Winter

text: Abdal Hakim Murad (born: Timothy John Winter; 15 May 1960) is an English academic, theologian and Islamic scholar who is a proponent of Islamic neo-traditionalism. His work includes publications on Islamic theology, modernity, and Anglo-Muslim relations, and he has translated several Islamic texts.


title: Timothy Winter

text: He is the Founder and Dean of the Cambridge Muslim College, Aziz Foundation Professor of Islamic Studies at both Cambridge Muslim College and Ebrahim College, Director of Studies (Theology and Religious Studies) at Wolfson College and the Shaykh Zayed Lecturer of Islamic Studies in the Faculty of Divinity at University of Cambridge.


title: Timothy Winter

text: Murad became Muslim in 1979. He was educated at Westminster School and graduated with a double-first in Arabic from Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1983. He then went on to study at Al Azhar University in Cairo and further private study with individual scholars in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. After returning to England, he studied Turkish and Persian at the University of London.


title: Timothy Winter

text: In 2009 Murad helped to open the Cambridge Muslim College, an institute designed to train British imams. Murad also directs the Anglo-Muslim Fellowship for Eastern Europe, and the Sunna Project which has published the foremost scholarly Arabic editions of the major Sunni Hadith collections. He serves as the secretary of the Muslim Academic Trust. Murad is active in translating key Islamic texts into English including a translation of two volumes of the Islamic scholar al-Ghazali's "Ihya Ulum al-Din". His academic publications include many articles on Islamic theology and Muslim-Christian relations as well as two books in Turkish on political theology. His book reviews sometimes appear in the "Times Literary Supplement". He is also the editor of the "Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology" (2008) and author of "Bombing without Moonlight", which in 2007 was awarded the King Abdullah I Prize for Islamic Thought. Murad is also a contributor to BBC Radio 4's Thought for the Day. Additionally, Murad is one of the signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding.


title: Timothy Winter

text: Murad is the founder and leader of the Cambridge Central Mosque project which has developed a new purpose built mosque in Cambridge to cater for up to 1,000 worshipers. The mosque is an "Eco mosque" with substantial reliance on green energy and an almost-zero carbon footprint. Regarding the project, Murad stated, "This will be a very substantial world class landmark building in what is considered by some to be a down-at-heel part of Cambridge."


title: Timothy Winter

text: Murad has criticized the term "Islamophobia" for its implication that hostility to Islam and Muslims is based on race or tribalistic fear rather than enmity against their religion itself. Nonetheless, he has decried the rising hostility to Islam in Europe, and suggested that it is fueled by the loss of faith and tradition within Europe itself, which he says results in Europeans formulating their identity by contrasting themselves with a Muslim Other.


title: Timothy Winter

text: Murad is a traditionalist and considers the views of extremists like al-Qaeda as religiously illegitimate and inauthentic. He decries the failure of extremists to adhere to the classical canons of Islamic law and theology and denounces their fatwas. He unequivocally rejects suicide bombing and considers the killing of noncombatants as always forbidden, noting that some sources consider it worse than murder. According to Murad, Osama bin Laden and his right-hand man Ayman al-Zawahiri were un-Islamic, unqualified vigilantes who violate basic Islamic teachings.


title: Timothy Winter

text: Murad is critical of Western foreign policy for fueling anger and resentment in the Muslim world. He is equally critical of Saudi Arabia's Wahhabi ideology, which he believes gives extremists a theological pretext for their extremism and violence.


title: Timothy Winter

text: In 2003 he was awarded the Pilkington Teaching Prize by Cambridge University and in 2007 he was awarded the King Abdullah I Prize for Islamic Thought for his short booklet "Bombing Without Moonlight". He has consistently been included in The 500 Most Influential Muslims list published annually by the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought and was ranked in 2012 as the 50th most influential. In January 2015, Winter was nominated for the Services to Education award at the British Muslim Awards. Most recently in the 2022 Edition of The 500 Most Influential Muslims, Winter was ranked the 45th most influential Muslim in the world.


title: Dyne

text: The dyne (symbol: dyn; ) is a derived unit of force specified in the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units, a predecessor of the modern SI.


title: Dyne

text: The name dyne was first proposed as a CGS unit of force in 1873 by a Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.


title: Dyne

text: The dyne is defined as "the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram at a rate of one centimetre per second squared". An equivalent definition of the dyne is "that force which, acting for one second, will produce a change of velocity of one centimetre per second in a mass of one gram".


title: Dyne

text: One dyne is equal to 10 micronewtons, 10 N or to 10 nsn (nanosthenes) in the old metre–tonne–second system of units.


title: Dyne

text: The dyne per centimetre is a unit traditionally used to measure surface tension. For example, the surface tension of distilled water is 71.99 dyn/cm at 25 °C (77 °F). (In SI units this is or .)


The 2022 European Women's Handball Championship was held in Slovenia, North Macedonia and Montenegro from 4 to 20 November 2022. The tournament has been advanced a month in order not to coincide with the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.


title: 2022 European Women's Handball Championship

text: The top three team qualified for the 2023 World Championship and the winner will also qualify for the 2024 Summer Olympics.


text: Norway won their ninth title after defeating Denmark in the final. Bronze went to Montenegro, who defeated France.


text: Each squad consisted of 20 players, and 16 players were selected on the day of each match. There was a maximum of six players who can be replaced during the tournament. However, in regard to the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential risk of several players from the same team testing positive, there was no limit to the number of replacements for players testing positive.


text: The official logo was unveiled on 25 March 2021 the same day as the qualifiers draw in Vienna, Austria, The colours in the tournament logo and branding take inspiration from various elements connected to host cities in nations, Slovenia, North Macedonia and Montenegro.


title: Mamuka Mamulashvili

text: Mamuka "Ushangi" Mamulashvili (; ) is a Georgian paramilitary unit leader who currently commands the Georgian Legion.


title: Mamuka Mamulashvili

text: Mamuka Mamulashvili was born on 22 April 1978 in Tbilisi, the capital of the then Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union. His father was a Georgian military officer, Zurab Mamulashvili.


title: Mamuka Mamulashvili

text: Mamulashvili fought for Georgia in the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) when he was 14, alongside his father who was a Georgian military officer. Mamulashvili later recalled, "My first war was in the 1990s, in Abkhazia." During the war he was captured by Abkhaz forces and held for three months before being released.


title: Mamuka Mamulashvili

text: Mamulashvili fought as a foreign volunteer against Russian forces in the First Chechen War (1994–1996).


title: Mamuka Mamulashvili

text: After the First Chechen War, Mamulashvili traveled to Paris to finish his education. He then returned to Georgia and served as a senior military advisor to Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili.


title: Mamuka Mamulashvili

text: In 2014, Mamulashvili was one of the founding members of the Ukrainian Georgian Legion and is currently leading it against the 2022 Russian invasion. He took part in the Battle of Hostomel Airport.


title: Mamuka Mamulashvili

text: Mamulashvili supports a no-fly zone to be placed over Ukraine, which he says is necessary to prevent Russian airstrikes.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Man of the Year is a 2006 American political satire film directed and written by Barry Levinson, produced by James G. Robinson, and starring Robin Williams. The film also features Christopher Walken, Laura Linney, Lewis Black, and Jeff Goldblum. In the film Williams portrays Tom Dobbs, the host of a comedy/political talk show, based loosely on the real-life persona of Jon Stewart. With an offhand remark, he prompts four million people to e-mail their support; then he decides to campaign for President. The film was released theatrically on October 13, 2006, and was filmed in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, and in parts of Washington, D.C. "Man of the Year" received mostly negative reviews and earned $41.2 million on a $20 million budget.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Tom Dobbs is host of a satirical news program, tapping into public frustrations with divisive, special interest-driven politics. Dobbs laughs off an audience suggestion that he run for president, but following online support, he announces his campaign on air. He gets on the ballot in 13 states and participates in a national debate with the Democratic incumbent, President Kellogg, and Republican candidate Senator Mills.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Eleanor Green works at the Delacroy voting machine company, which will provide machines for the Presidential election. Shortly before the elections, Eleanor notices that the voting system does not work correctly and alerts the head of the company, James Hemmings, via an e-mail that he deletes.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Dobbs takes the campaign a bit too seriously, to the chagrin of his manager, Jack Menken, and his show's producer, Eddie Langston. The night of the presidential debates, fed up with the other candidates' posturing, Dobbs shifts back into comedy, keeping the audience laughing while making serious points. He continues his showman persona on the campaign trail, shaking up the political landscape and surging in the polls, but remains well behind Kellogg and Mills.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: On Election Day, early returns show Kellogg beating Mills everywhere, exactly as Eleanor predicted the voting system would report. Dobbs sweeps the 13 states in which he is on the ballot, taking enough electoral votes to be elected president. When Eleanor confronts Hemmings about the Delacroy computer error, senior executive Stewart turns her aside. While Dobbs and his team move from shock to celebration, Eleanor is attacked in her home and given an injection. The next day, she displays erratic behavior and is sent to the hospital, where tests reveal high levels of illegal drugs. Her workmate Danny visits and reveals he has been promoted, which she thinks is an effort to buy him off. He tries to convince her that she has a drug habit and that no one will listen if she goes public, but she decides that Dobbs will believe her.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Traveling to Washington and impersonating an FBI agent, Eleanor explains to Dobbs that she was recently fired by Delecroy, but he is pulled away before she can explain the election results. Dobbs tries to contact Eleanor by calling Delacroy's headquarters, and Hemmings explains Eleanor was fired due to a drug problem.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Eleanor figures out the flaw in Delacroy's system – no matter the actual results, the system declares the winner as the name with double letters, in alphabetical order, so that Do’’bb’’s beats Kello’’gg’’, which beats Mi’’ll’’s. Eleanor calls Dobbs and he whisks her off to a Thanksgiving celebration with his friends. Smitten with her, he says he already knows about her drug problem, which she denies and tells him that the election result was wrong before leaving. Dobbs calls Eleanor, telling her that he will break the news the next day. She calls Danny, who informs Stewart, who preempts Dobbs' public announcement by announcing that Eleanor was caught attempting to manipulate the election for Dobbs but that her efforts had no impact on the polls. Dobbs' team turns against Eleanor, except for Dobbs. Eleanor becomes increasingly concerned for her safety, and sees Delacroy agents break into her motel room and take her computer.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: She flees to a crowded mall, but is followed and apprehended by a Delacroy agent. She escapes and calls Dobbs from a pay phone, but another Delacroy agent drives his truck into the phone booth. Dobbs goes to the scene and talks with the injured Eleanor in her ambulance, where she convinces him of the truth.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Dobbs’ friends encourage him to remain president, with polls showing that 60% of the nation wants him in office. That night, invited onto the Weekend Update segment of "Saturday Night Live", Dobbs announces that the Delacroy vote system was flawed, that Eleanor told her bosses but they covered it up and silenced her, and that he will not run in the new election that must now take place.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: President Kellogg wins a second term, Dobbs returns to hosting his satirical news program, with Eleanor as his producer and later his wife, and the Delacroy executives are arrested. "TIME" magazine chooses Dobbs as Person of the Year.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Tina Fey and Amy Poehler make cameo appearances as themselves as part of the Weekend Update skit on "Saturday Night Live".


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Director Barry Levinson originally wanted Howard Stern for the starring role of Tom Dobbs, which would have been his second movie role after starring as himself in "Private Parts". Scheduling conflicts with Stern's debut on Sirius radio prevented him from taking on the part.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Universal Pictures released "Man of the Year" theatrically on October 13, 2006. It grossed $37.3 million in North America and $3.9 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $41.2 million. Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released it on DVD on February 20, 2007, where it grossed another $25.1 million in sales.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: "Man of the Year" received mostly negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 21% based on reviews from 147 critics, with an average rating of 4.40/10. The site's consensus states: "Weakened by second-half attempts at thriller and romance, this presidential comedy also fails to hit any sharp political notes, resulting in a confused and unsatisfying mess." On Metacritic the film has a score of 39% based on reviews from 30 critics.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com wrote, "It's a comedy, a political thriller, a love story: Barry Levinson's "Man of the Year" tries to be all things to all people and fails on every count – a little like the generic, ineffectual politicians it's pretending to excoriate". James Berardinelli of ReelViews felt it "makes telling points and has a lot to say, but it loses its voice along with its consistency around the mid-way point". Josh Larsen of the Sun Publications line of newspapers asked straight out, "What is it about Robin Williams that he often appears in these wild misfires, pictures that are so full of promise yet so disastrous in execution?" Frank Lovece of "Film Journal International" placed the well-regarded Levinson's challenge and failure within a larger context: "If satire is what dies on a Saturday night, then political-satire movies are what die on Fridays. Maybe we're used to the TV topicality of "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" or "Real Time with Bill Maher", whereas movies are months in the making, turning their current events into history. Yet successful satire needn't be topical – witness "Network", "Election", "Dr. Strangelove" – because some verities are timeless. Since when, after all, hasn't there been a populist saying, 'Throw the rascals out'?"


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: The film debuted at #3 at the box office its opening weekend, with a theatrical gross of $12,550,000.


title: Man of the Year (2006 film)

text: The film would later be seen as prescient, with the election of TV comedians to the presidency of both Guatemala (Jimmy Morales in 2017) and Ukraine (Volodymyr Zelensky in 2019).


title: Mining accident

text: A mining accident is an accident that occurs during the process of mining minerals or metals. Thousands of miners die from mining accidents each year, especially from underground coal mining, although accidents also occur in hard rock mining. Coal mining is considered much more hazardous than hard rock mining due to flat-lying rock strata, generally incompetent rock, the presence of methane gas, and coal dust. Most of the deaths these days occur in developing countries, and rural parts of developed countries where safety measures are not practiced as fully. A mining disaster is an incident where there are five or more fatalities.


title: Mining accident

text: Mining accidents can occur from a variety of causes, including leaks of poisonous gases such as hydrogen sulfide or explosive natural gases, especially firedamp or methane, dust explosions, collapsing of mine stopes, mining-induced seismicity, flooding, or general mechanical errors from improperly used or malfunctioning mining equipment (such as safety lamps or electrical equipment). Use of improper explosives underground can also cause methane and coal dust explosions.


title: Mining accident

text: On April 26, 1942, during World War II, in the Benxihu (Honkeiko) coal mine in Liaoning Province, China, what is believed to be the worst mining disaster in history took the lives of over 1,500 people.


title: Mining accident

text: The disaster occurred in an area that is now within the borders of modern-day China, but was at the time part of the puppet state of Manchukuo established by Japan after it invaded and occupied northeast China in the 1930s. The Japanese administrators of the mine forced Chinese labourers to conduct the mining work under harsh conditions. The disaster began with a fire in the mine. In order to suppress it, the Japanese operators cut off air in the ventilation shafts and blocked off the mine so as to deprive the blaze of oxygen. Most workers were not evacuated before these actions, and they were trapped within the sealed-off area of the mine; they suffocated to death as the fire burned off oxygen and led to carbon monoxide poisoning. Once the fire died out and the mine was re-opened, ten days were required for workers to remove debris and reach the bodies of those who had been trapped inside the mine. The dead consisted of 1,518 Chinese and 31 Japanese. Most of the bodies were later buried in a mass grave. After the war and liberation of China by the Soviet Union, the disaster was investigated. The Soviet report concluded that the majority of the deaths were not caused directly by the initial fire but were the result of carbon monoxide poisoning and suffocation resulting from decisions of the Japanese.


title: Mining accident

text: 22 Miners drowned in December 1882 in the Australasian number 2 deep lead gold mine at Creswick In Victoria. The mine was violently flooded by a burst of water when miners digging a new drive approached too close to the abandoned and flooded Australasian number 1 workings, due to an error in surveying by the manager of the mine. 5 miners survived and were rescued after 50 hours trapped underground. This disaster, with the highest death toll from an accident in an Australian Gold mine, left 63 Children without fathers and 18 Widows.


title: Mining accident

text: The Bulli Mine Disaster of 23 March 1887 involved a gas explosion in the mine that killed 81 men and boys, leaving 50 women widows and 150 children without fathers.


title: Mining accident

text: The Mount Kembla Mine Disaster of 31 July 1902 was an explosion resulting in the death of 96 miners, including two engaged in rescue work. It remains the worst mining disaster in Australian history.


title: Mining accident

text: Tasmania's Beaconsfield Mine collapse occurred on 25 April 2006. Of the 17 people who were in the mine at the time, 14 escaped immediately following the collapse, one was killed and the remaining two were found alive after five days. The survivors were trapped in a 1.5m x 1.2m cherry picker cage, which had saved them from being crushed by rocks. As it was not safe for rescuers to blast their way through, a special borer was brought in to drill an escape shaft. They were finally released on 9 May after 14 days underground.


title: Mining accident

text: Three mining disasters occurred at Moura in a 20-year period. The first of these was in 1975, at the Kianga Mine, where 13 men died in an underground explosion. The mine was sealed without their bodies being retrieved. In 1986 a second disaster occurred, as an underground explosion, which took the lives of 12 miners. The bodies of all those persons were retrieved. In Moura on 7 August 1994 a third major mining accident occurred with an explosion at Moura No. 2 Mine. A second explosion at the mine approximately a day and a half later saw rescue attempts abandoned, and the mine was sealed, with the bodies of the 11 miners unretrieved.


title: Mining accident

text: In the 1996 Gretley coal mine disaster, near Newcastle, four men were killed when their mining machine broke into the flooded workings of an old coalmine, abandoned over 80 years earlier.


title: Mining accident

text: Four miners were killed in a windblast incident at the Northparkes mine outside the New South Wales town of Parkes in 1999.


title: Mining accident

text: On the morning of August 8, 1956, a fire in the mine "Bois du Cazier" in Marcinelle caused 262 victims, with only 12 survivors. A mining cart on an elevator cage hit an oil pipe and electricity lines, with the resulting fire trapping the miners. Most of the victims were immigrants (136 Italians, 8 Poles, 6 Greeks, 5 Germans, 5 Frenchmen, 3 Hungarians, 1 Englishman, 1 Dutchman, 1 Russian and 1 Ukrainian.)


title: Mining accident

text: On September 4, 2014, after a 3.5 Richter earthquake hit Zenica caused rock burst in coal mine "Raspotočje", 34 miners remained trapped inside the mine. It was later reported that 5 miners were killed in the accident.


title: Mining accident

text: In June 2013, heavy rains provoked the collapse of a gold mine in Ndassima, killing 37 miners and injuring many others.


title: Mining accident

text: In June 1945, during a fire, 355 workers died in El Teniente by inhaling carbon monoxide, in what was called the "Tragedia del Humo" ().


title: Mining accident

text: In January 2006, an explosion occurred in a mine in Copiapó, leaving 70 miners trapped underground. The miners were rescued after a brief period of time, but two people died.


title: Mining accident

text: In August 2010, 33 miners were trapped underground in Copiapó. After two weeks communication was made with them but it was said at least four more months would pass before they could be rescued, though essential services could still be provided. The rescues began on October 12, 2010, and all the 33 miners were rescued within 22 hours of first rescue. News of the success of the team led to celebrations around the country and much of the region.


title: Mining accident

text: According to one source, in 2003 China accounted for the largest number of coal-mining fatalities, accounting for about 80% of the world's total, although it produced only 35% of the world's coal. Between January 2001 and October 2004, there were 188 accidents that had a death toll of more than 10, about one such accident every 7.4 days. After the 2005 Sunjiawan mine disaster, which killed at least 210 miners, a meeting of the State Council was convened to work on measures to improve work safety in coal mines. The meeting's statement indicated serious problems such as violation of safety standards and overproduction in some coal mines. Three billion yuan (360 million US dollars) were dedicated for technological renovation on work safety, gas management in particular, at state-owned major coal mines. The government also promised to send safety supervision teams to 45 coal mines with serious gas problems and invite colliery safety experts to evaluate safety situations in coal mines and formulate prevention measures.


title: Mining accident

text: In 2006, according to the State Work Safety Supervision Administration, 4,749 Chinese coal miners were killed in thousands of blasts, floods, and other accidents. For example, a gas explosion at the Nanshan Colliery killed 24 people on November 13, 2006; the mine was operating without any safety license and the Xinhua News Agency claimed the cause was incorrect usage of explosives. However, the 2006 rate was 20.1% less than 2005 despite an 8.1% increase in production.


title: Mining accident

text: The "New York Times" reported that China's lack of a free press, independent trade unions, citizen watchdog groups and other checks of official power has made cover-ups of mining accidents more possible, even in the Internet age. As a result, Chinese bureaucrats habitually hide scandals (such as mine disasters, chemical spills, the 2003 SARS epidemic, and tainted milk powder) for fear of being held accountable by the ruling Communist Party or exposing their own illicit deals with companies involved. Under China's authoritarian system, superiors reward subordinates for strict compliance with goals established by authorities, like reducing mine disasters. Indeed, should a mining accident occur, the incentive to hide it is often stronger than the reward for managing it well, as any disaster is almost surely considered a liability.


title: Mining accident

text: In November 2009, a mining accident in Heilongjiang killed at least 104 people. It is thought to have been caused by a methane explosion followed by a coal dust explosion. Three top officials involved with the mining company were promptly dismissed.


title: Mining accident

text: On August 30, 2012, an explosion killed 45 people at the Xiaojiawan coal mine in Sichuan province. A few days later on September 3, 2012, 14 miners were killed at Gaokeng Coal Mine in Jiangxi province.


title: Mining accident

text: On 4 January 2014 The Chinese Government stated that 1,049 people died in the year 2013, down 24 percent from 2012.


title: Mining accident

text: On October 15, 2010, shortly after Chile completed its historic, successful rescue of 33 miners who had been stuck underground in the San Jose mine for a record period of nearly 10 weeks, four workers were trapped in an Ecuadoran gold mine following a tunnel collapse. All were confirmed dead by October 20.


title: Mining accident

text: The Courrières mine disaster was the worst ever pit mine disaster in Europe. It caused the death of 1,099 miners (including many children) in Northern France on 10 March 1906. It seems that this disaster was surpassed only by the Benxihu Colliery accident in China on April 26, 1942, which killed 1,549 miners. A dust explosion, the cause of which is not known with certainty, devastated a coal mine operated by the Compagnie des mines de houille de Courrières (founded in 1852) between the villages of Méricourt (404 killed), Sallaumines (304 killed), Billy-Montigny (114 killed), and Noyelles-sous-Lens (102 killed) about two kilometres (one mile) to the east of Lens, in the Pas-de-Calais département (about 220 km, or 140 miles, north of Paris).


title: Mining accident

text: A large explosion was heard shortly after 06:30 on the morning of Saturday 10 March 1906. An elevator cage at Shaft 3 was thrown to the surface, damaging pit-head workings; windows and roofs were blown out on the surface at Shaft 4; an elevator cage raised at Shaft 2 contained only dead and unconscious miners.


title: Mining accident

text: Mine disaster of a number occurs from the 1900s to 1980s in Japan, with introduce only large-scale disaster.


title: Mining accident

text: The twelve mines in the Netherlands, four of which were state owned, were considered among the safest in the world, with only three larger accidents occurring during 70 years of mining:


title: Mining accident

text: The most notable mining accident in New Zealand is the 1896 Brunner Mine disaster, which killed all 65 miners inside. On 19 November 2010, there were four explosions over nine days at Pike River mine; 29 miners were killed and two escaped with minor injuries.


title: Mining accident

text: On 19 January 1967, there was an explosion in the Strongman Mine, near Greymouth, on the West Coast. 19 people were killed.


title: Mining accident

text: On November 25, 2006, the worst mining disaster occurred in modern Polish history, 23 miners lost their lives at Halemba Coal Mine, a colliery in the town of Ruda Śląska in the southern industrial province of Silesia. A methane explosion at a depth of 1,030 meters caused the November 21 tragedy. The miners were attempting to retrieve €17 million ($US22 million) worth of equipment from a tunnel when a blast caused the shaft to collapse. The tunnel was supposed to have been closed in March due to dangerously high methane concentrations, but was kept active because of the value of the equipment left behind.


title: Mining accident

text: Several major mining accidents have happened in Russia, particularly the Ulyanovskaya Mine disaster of 2007, which killed at least 106 miners. On January 20, 2013, at least four miners have died and four more are missing following an accident at a Russian coal mine. The accident happened at a coal mine in the Kuznetsk Basin region of Russia, in western Siberia. In November 2021, the Listvyazhnaya mine disaster took place in Listvyazhnaya; many people were trapped.


title: Mining accident

text: The history of mining in Spain has left a number of major mining accidents with hundreds of victims. The majority of the accidents and casualties have happened in the North of Spain and are particularly related to coal mining, mainly due to the collapse of structures and gas explosions. Though, the worst recorded accident took place in Villanueva del Río, Sevilla, in the Southwest of the country on 28 April 1904, killing 63 people and leaving several more injured.


title: Mining accident

text: At least 56 miners were killed in April 1998 after heavy rains flooded tanzanite mine shafts. Five people were killed in July 2013 after the tanzanite quarry they were working in the Mererani mining hills collapsed above their heads. A sixth was admitted to hospital in critical condition.


title: Mining accident

text: In 2008 there was another disaster which resulted in one person losing their life. In November 2013, 300 workers barricaded the Zonguldak mine in order to protest the working conditions.


title: Mining accident

text: During the year of 2009, in December killed 19 miners due to a methane gas explosion in Bursa Province.


title: Mining accident

text: In 2010, there was a mining disaster in Zonguldak Province which resulted in the deaths of 30 workers in a coal mine. The explosion was caused by a firedamp explosion. Previous mining disasters have also occurred here, one in 1992 resulted in the deaths of 270 workers. This was the worst mining disaster until the Soma mine disaster.


title: Mining accident

text: In May 2014, in Soma, Manisa there was a major mine collapse caused by an explosion. More than 302 workers lost their lives in the collapse and at least 80 workers were injured.


title: Mining accident

text: Unfortunately, in recent years the Turkish coal mining industry has been found to have the very worst safety record in the world, in terms of fatal accidents per million tons of coal produced. When using the "deaths per million tons of coal production" measure, on any given day, a Turkish coal miner is 360 times more likely to be killed in a Turkish mine than an American coal miner is in an American mine, and 5 times more likely to die from the lax mine safety standards of the Turkish mines than even a Chinese coal miner, whose country places with a distant second in terms of safety related deaths per million tons of coal produced.


title: Mining accident

text: In England, The Oaks explosion remains the worst mining accident, claiming 388 lives on 12–13 December 1866 near Barnsley in Yorkshire although in the first and main explosion only 340 died, fewer than at the Hulton colliery, but subsequent explosions claimed other lives during the night and the following day.


title: Mining accident

text: An explosion in 1878, at the Wood Pit, Haydock, Lancashire, killed over 200 workers, although only 189 were included in the 'official list'. Another disaster that killed many miners was the Hartley Colliery Disaster, which occurred in January 1862 when the beam of the pumping engine broke suddenly and fell into the single shaft serving the pit. The beam blocked the shaft and entombed hundreds of miners. The final death toll was 204, most of whom were suffocated by the lack of oxygen.


title: Mining accident

text: In the metalliferous mines of Cornwall, some of the worst accidents were at East Wheal Rose in 1846, where 39 workers were killed by a sudden flood; at Levant mine in 1919, where 31 were killed and many injured in a failure of the man engine; 12 killed at Wheal Agar in 1883 when a cage fell down a shaft and seven killed at Dolcoath mine in 1893 when a large stull collapsed.


title: Mining accident

text: The worst mining accident in Scotland is the 1877 Blantyre mining disaster in Blantyre, Lanarkshire, which claimed 207 lives. Other fatal incidents occurred in the town in 1878 and 1879.


title: Mining accident

text: Another serious incident occurred in the small Ayrshire mining village of Knockshinnoch in September 1950. For several tense days rescuers battled bravely against all odds to reach the 129 men trapped deep underground when a field above where they were working caved-in, flooding the mine workings with thick liquid peat, cutting off all means of escape. 116 were rescued but 13 died. A film, "The Brave Don't Cry", was made about the disaster in 1952.


title: Mining accident

text: The worst Scottish mining disaster in the 20th century took place at Auchengeich by Moodiesburn in September 1959, with 47 men killed. The total surpassed the 40 who had died in flooding at Redding, Falkirk in September 1923.


title: Mining accident

text: During the period 1850 to 1930 the South Wales coalfield had the worst disaster record. This was due to the increasing number of mines being sunk to greater depths into gas-containing strata, combined with poor safety and management practices. As a result, there were nearly forty underground explosions in the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire areas of the coalfield during this time. Each accident resulted in the deaths of twenty or more workers – either directly in the explosion or by suffocation by the poisonous gases formed. The total death toll from these disasters was 3,119 people. The four worst accidents in Wales were:


title: Mining accident

text: Some collieries, e.g. Morfa Colliery, near Port Talbot, Glamorgan, and Black Vein Colliery, Risca, Monmouthshire, suffered three disasters before they were closed for being unsafe.


title: Mining accident

text: The Scofield Mine disaster occurred on May 1, 1900, near Scofield, Utah. At least 200 men died making it the worst mining disaster in the United States at that point.


title: Mining accident

text: The Fraterville mine disaster occurred on May 19, 1902, killing 216 miners making it one of the worst in American history. Fraterville is located in western Anderson County, Tennessee. Also in the same year on July 10, 1902, the Rolling Mill Mine Disaster happened in Johnstown, Pa. It killed 112, many of whom had just arrived in town. At the time it was one of the region's most productive mines.


title: Mining accident

text: The Monongah Mining Disaster was the worst mining accident of American history; 362 workers were killed in an underground explosion on December 6, 1907, in Monongah, West Virginia.


title: Mining accident

text: The Marianna Mine Disaster occurred on November 28, 1908, in a coal mine near Marianna, Pennsylvania resulting in the death of 154 men from the explosion. The explosion occurred during shift change, as men entered the mine before the previous shift had left. Consequently, the mine contained many more miners than usual. Another accident occurred in the same mine on September 23, 1957, when an explosion killed 6 of 11 men in the mine.


title: Mining accident

text: The Cross Mountain Mine disaster occurred on December 9, 1911, near the community of Briceville, Tennessee, killing 84 miners.


title: Mining accident

text: The First Dawson Disaster was a mining accident on October 22, 1913, in Dawson, New Mexico in which 263 men died (146 were Italian and 36 were Greek).


title: Mining accident

text: The Second Dawson Disasters was a mining accident on February 8, 1923, in Dawson, New Mexico in which 123 men died.


title: Mining accident

text: The Speculator Mine Disaster occurred in the copper mines of Butte, Montana on June 8, 1917. An electric cable being lowered into the mine was accidentally ignited at 2,500 feet below the surface. The fire quickly climbed the cable, in turn igniting the shaft. The shaft thus became a chimney, eliminating the mine's primary source of oxygen. Nearly all of the 168 fatalities were due to asphyxia. It remains the deadliest underground hard rock mining event in American history.


title: Mining accident

text: The Hastings mine explosion was a fire at the Victor-American Fuel Company coal mine in Hastings, Las Animas Country, Colorado, On April 27, 1917, in which 121 people died.


title: Mining accident

text: The Cherry Mine disaster was a fire in the Cherry, Illinois, coal mine in 1909, and surrounding events, in which 259 men and boys died.


title: Mining accident

text: From 1880 to 1910, mine accidents claimed thousands of fatalities. Where annual mining deaths had numbered more than 1,000 a year during the early part of the 20th century, they decreased to an average of about 500 during the late 1950s, and to 93 during the 1990s. In addition to deaths, many thousands more are injured (an average of 21,351 injuries per year between 1991 and 1999), but overall there has been a downward trend of deaths and injuries.


title: Mining accident

text: In 1959, the Knox Mine Disaster occurred in Port Griffith, Pennsylvania. The swelling Susquehanna River collapsed into a mine under it and resulted in 12 deaths. In Plymouth, Pennsylvania, the Avondale Mine Disaster of 1869 resulted in the deaths of 108 miners and two rescue workers after a fire in the only shaft eliminated the oxygen in the mine. Federal laws for mining safety resulted from this disaster. Pennsylvania suffered another disaster in 2002 at Quecreek, 9 miners were trapped underground and subsequently rescued after 78 hours. During 2006, 72 miners lost their lives at work, 47 by coal mining. The majority of these fatalities occurred in Kentucky and West Virginia, including the Sago Mine Disaster. On April 5, 2010, in the Upper Big Branch Mine disaster an underground explosion caused the deaths of 29 miners.


title: Mining accident

text: The U.S. Bureau of Mines was created in 1910 to investigate accidents, advise industry, conduct production and safety research, and teach courses in accident prevention, first aid, and mine rescue. The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Acts of 1969 and 1977 set further safety standards for the mining. Since the closure of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1996, this research function has been carried on by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH maintains a list of mine disasters which occurred in the United States since 1839.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: Wilma Flintstone is a fictional character in the television animated series "The Flintstones". Wilma is the red-headed woman married to caveman Fred Flintstone, daughter of Pearl Slaghoople, and mother of Pebbles Flintstone. Her best friend is her next door neighbor, Betty Rubble.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: Wilma's personality is based on that of Alice Kramden, married to Ralph Kramden on the 1950s television series "The Honeymooners". Much like Alice, Wilma plays the strong-willed, level-headed person in her marriage, often criticizing Fred for pursuing his various ill-fated schemes. Wilma is often the one to bail out Fred when one of his schemes lands him in trouble or brings up the problem.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: Similar to Fred Flintstone's family, Wilma came from "Arkanstone". As a young adult, Wilma worked with Betty as a cigarette girl at a resort. There, they first met and fell in love with their future husbands, Fred and Barney, who were working there as bellhops.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: Wilma and Fred eventually married, and Wilma became a homemaker, keeping house with such prehistoric aids as a baby elephant vacuum cleaner and pelican washing machine. Wilma is a good cook; one of her specialties is "gravelberry pie", the recipe for which she eventually sold to the "Safestone" supermarket chain. Wilma also enjoys volunteering for various charitable and women's organizations in Bedrock, shopping, and occasionally getting to meet the celebrities of their world, including Stony Curtis, Rock Quarry, and Jimmy Darrock. Despite her petite appearance Wilma is quite capable of causing havoc when angry, at times knocking a prizefighter out with one blow, knocking out crooks with her stone purse or striking Fred Flintstone with a club or a frying pan.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: Wilma is a truly modest woman however her obvious beauty and attractiveness has been referenced from time to time, especially in the season 2 episode "The Beauty Contest", where she and Betty entered a beauty contest.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: In the original series' third season, Wilma becomes pregnant and gives birth to the couple's only child, Pebbles.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: When Pebbles is a teenager, Wilma gains employment as a reporter for one of Bedrock's newspapers, the "Daily Granite" (a spoof of the "Daily Planet" of Superman fame), under editor Lou Granite (a parody of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show's" Lou Grant). While employed there, Wilma shares various adventures with prehistoric superhero Captain Caveman, who, in a secret identity, also works for the newspaper.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: Later still, after Pebbles grows up and leaves home, Wilma starts a successful catering business with her neighbor and friend Betty, before becoming a grandmother to Pebbles' twin children, Chip and Roxy.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: Wilma's maiden name is the subject of a continuity error. Several early episodes in the original series clearly stated Wilma's maiden name was "Pebble". In the second-season episode "The Entertainer", Wilma's old friend Greta Gravel remembers her as "Wilma Pebble", and in the third-season episode "Dial S for Suspicion", one of Wilma's old boyfriends, calls her "Wilma Pebble".


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: However, later episodes and spin-offs firmly state her maiden name is indeed "Slaghoople", based upon the name of Wilma's mother in the original series, Pearl Slaghoople. Flintstones' writer Earl Kress explained the discrepancy as such: "Unfortunately, it's just as simple as [Hanna-Barbera] not caring about the continuity."


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: Jean Vander Pyl was the original voice artist of Wilma until her death in 1999. Since then, Tress MacNeille has taken over as Wilma's voice.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: In "The Flintstone Kids", Wilma was voiced by Julie McWhirter Dees and Elizabeth Lyn Frasier at different points.


title: Wilma Flintstone

text: In the live-action film "The Flintstones", Wilma was played by Elizabeth Perkins, although Vander Pyl made a cameo at Fred's surprise party (in the conga line behind Dino). In the prequel film "The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas", Wilma was played by Kristen Johnston.


title: Afar language

text: The Afar language (; also known as ’Afar Af, Afaraf, Qafar af) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch. It is spoken by the Afar people inhabiting Djibouti, Eritrea and Ethiopia.


title: Afar language

text: Afar is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. It is further categorized in the Lowland East Cushitic sub-group, along with Saho and Somali. Its closest relative is the Saho language.


title: Afar language

text: The Afar language is spoken as a mother tongue by the Afar people in Djibouti, Eritrea, and the Afar Region of Ethiopia.


title: Afar language

text: According to "Ethnologue", there are 1,379,200 total Afar speakers. Of these, 1,280,000 were recorded in the 2007 Ethiopian census, with 906,000 monolinguals registered in the 1994 census.


title: Afar language

text: In Djibouti, Afar is a recognized national language. It is also one of the broadcasting languages of the Radio Television of Djibouti public network.


title: Afar language

text: In Eritrea, Afar is recognized as one of nine national languages which formally enjoy equal status although Tigrinya and Arabic are by far of greatest significance in official usage. There are daily broadcasts on the national radio and a translated version of the Eritrean constitution. In education, however, Afar speakers prefer Arabic – which many of them speak as a second language – as the language of instruction.


title: Afar language

text: In the Afar Region of Ethiopia, Afar is also recognized as an official working language. Since 2020, Afar is one of the five official working languages of Ethiopia.


title: Afar language

text: The consonants of the Afar language in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):


title: Afar language

text: In Ethiopia, Afar used to be written with the Ge'ez script (Ethiopic script). Since around 1849, the Latin script has been used in other areas to transcribe the language. Additionally, Afar is also transcribed using the Arabic script.


title: Afar language

text: In the early 1970s, two Afar intellectuals and nationalists, Dimis and Redo, formalized the Afar alphabet. Known as "Qafar Feera", the orthography is based on the Latin script.


title: Afar language

text: Officials from the Institut des Langues de Djibouti, the Eritrean Ministry of Education, and the Ethiopian Afar Language Studies and Enrichment Center have since worked with Afar linguists, authors and community representatives to select a standard orthography for Afar from among the various existing writing systems used to transcribe the language.


title: Waltair Veerayya

text: Waltair Veerayya is an upcoming Indian Telugu-language action comedy film directed by K. S. Ravindra and produced by Mythri Movie Makers. The film stars Chiranjeevi as the titular character alongside Ravi Teja, Shruti Haasan and Catherine Tresa.


title: Waltair Veerayya

text: In August 2021, it was announced that Chiranjeevi and K. S. Ravindra would team up for a film tentatively titled "Mega154" (being Chiranjeevi's 154th film) under the production of Mythri Movie Makers. The film was formally launched in November 2021. In April 2022, Chiranjeevi unintentionally revealed the film is titled "Waltair Veerayya". The title was officially confirmed in October 2022. Ravindra wrote the story and dialogues, which were scripted by Kona Venkat and K. Chakravarthy Reddy. Arthur A. Wilson was signed on as the cinematographer, marking his third collaboration with Bobby, after "Power" and "Sardaar Gabbar Singh". Niranjan Devaramane was the film's editor.


title: Waltair Veerayya

text: In March 2022, Ravi Teja joined the cast, reuniting with Chiranjeevi after 22 years since "Annayya" (2000). Teja reportedly plays his brother, a police officer disguised as a mafia don. Shruti Haasan was paired opposite Chiranjeevi, while Catherine Tresa is playing Teja's wife. Nawazuddin Siddiqui was approached to play the antagonist, but due to scheduling conflicts, was replaced by Bobby Simha. Malayalam actor Biju Menon was also offered a role in the film, however, there is no confirmation on his inclusion in the project. In the early November 2022, Urvashi Rautela was roped in for doing special appearance in a song.


title: Waltair Veerayya

text: Principal photography commenced in December 2021 in Hyderabad. In April 2022, the second schedule commenced with Haasan joining the sets in Vishakapatnam. In July 2022, the third schedule commenced with Teja joining the sets. A schedule is planned to take place in Malaysia.


title: Waltair Veerayya

text: The film score and soundtrack was composed by Devi Sri Prasad, marking his fifth collaboration with Chiranjeevi, after "Shankar Dada M.B.B.S." (2004), "Andarivaadu" (2005), "Shankar Dada Zindabad" (2007), and "Khaidi No. 150" (2017); third collaboration with Bobby, after "Sardaar Gabbar Singh" (2016) and "Jai Lava Kusa" (2017). The audio rights were acquired by Sony Music India. The first single titled "Boss Party" was released on 23 November 2022. The second single titled "Sridevi Chiranjeevi" was released on 19 December 2022.


title: Waltair Veerayya

text: "Waltair Veerayya" is scheduled to release in theaters on 13 January 2023 coinciding with the festival of Sankranti.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: Prostitution in the Czech Republic is legal, but organized prostitution (brothels, prostitution rings, pimping, etc.) is prohibited. Ever since the Czechoslovak Velvet Revolution (1989) led to the creation of the two independent states Czech Republic and Slovakia, prostitution has been flourishing and has contributed its share to the region's booming tourist economy. Prostitution is widespread in Prague and areas near the Republic's western borders with Germany and Austria. In 2002, the Czech Statistical Bureau estimated the trade to be worth six billion crowns ($217 million) a year. UNAIDS estimate there are 13,000 prostitutes in the country. In Prague, the city's third district (Prague 3), immediately east of the center, is home to much of the city's sex industry.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: According to the Czech Ministry of the Interior, there are over 860 brothels in the Czech Republic, of which 200 are in Prague. Most of the country's prostitution centers in the Northern Bohemia and Western Bohemia regions and in the capital city. Brothels line the country's roads to Austria and Germany, the source of many customers. Weekend trips to Prague for some tourists also include visits to erotic clubs. There are almost 200 websites for prostitution services in the Czech Republic, up from 45 in 1997, which enable sex tourists to book their travel and appointments to buy sex acts before they leave home. Between 2005 and 2010, Prague had the world's first online brothel, Big Sister, where customers could get free sexual intercourse, with the acts being broadcast on the internet.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: An analysis of hospitalization records showed that syphilis rates rose from 1.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 1990 to 13.7 per 100,000 in 2001, an eightfold increase.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: The Czech Republic is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children trafficked from Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Moldova, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, China, and Vietnam into and through the Czech Republic mainly for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Czech victims and those transiting the country are trafficked to Western Europe and the United States, sometimes via third countries. Internal trafficking occurs from low employment areas to Prague and regions bordering Germany and Austria. Ethnic Roma women are at the highest risk for internal trafficking, and almost always are trafficked by a relative or someone known to them previously. There have recently been unconfirmed reports of Roma children as young as 13 who have either sold themselves or been sold by others for acts of prostitution in Brno, the second largest city in the Czech Republic, where drug abuse among Roma teenagers is alarmingly prevalent.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: The Government of the Czech Republic fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. In 2004, the Czech Government strengthened its anti-trafficking legislation and turned its pilot victim assistance program into a nationwide government-funded program. While enforcement statistics improved during the reporting period, sentences imposed on traffickers remained low.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: The Czech police increased its capacity to investigate and convict traffickers over the reporting period, although the overall numbers of cases prosecuted pursuant to anti-trafficking legislation remained low and sentences imposed remained weak. Amendments to the Czech Penal Code went into effect in November 2004, making all forms of trafficking illegal, including labor exploitation and internal trafficking. Maximum trafficking penalties were increased from 12 to 15 years, with a minimum penalty of two years. In 2004, Czech authorities investigated 30 individuals and prosecuted 19 under the trafficking statutes. The courts convicted 12 traffickers under those statutes, an increase from five in 2003. Of the 12 convicted, three received unconditional prison sentences of three to five years, and nine received conditional or suspended sentences. Police training curricula included segments on trafficking, and a new internal website for police provided trafficking awareness information. While no government officials were indicted or convicted for complicity in trafficking, allegations continued about the involvement of individual border police officers facilitating illegal border crossings. Czech law enforcement conducted joint anti-trafficking investigations with Germany, Slovakia, Austria, Poland, and Ukraine in 2004.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: The Czech Government continued to improve trafficking protection and assistance. In November 2004, the Model of Support and Protection of Victims of Trafficking in Persons was expanded to a permanent, government-funded program that is open to all foreign and Czech victims. This program involves close cooperation between the government and NGOs, and allows the victims a 30-day reflection period to receive assistance and consider whether to assist in prosecuting their traffickers. From January 2004 to January 2005, 14 trafficking victims — including one forced labor victim — took part in the program. Many victims chose to apply for asylum, which allows them legal status in the Czech Republic until their cases are decided — a process which can take months or years. The government houses victims and potential victims applying for asylum with other at-risk groups in guarded asylum centers to prevent unwanted contact with traffickers. The government funded several NGOs and international organizations for sheltering and care of victims; two of the Czech Republic's principal organizations provided shelter to 68 trafficking victims in 2004.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: The Ministry of Interior is currently collaborating with IOM to produce a demand-reduction campaign targeting clients of commercial sex outlets along the Czech-German border area. A government-fund-ed NGO conducted awareness campaigns among potential trafficking victims at schools and asylum centers. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs continued to provide trafficking information to applicants for Czech visas from identified trafficking source countries. The Crime Prevention Department continued awareness programs at schools. In addition to the Czech National Action Plan on trafficking adopted in 2003, the government in July 2004 adopted a plan to combat commercial sexual abuse of children.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: Prostitutes in the Czech Republic work in a legal grey area, neither explicitly legal nor illegal, which makes it difficult for the state to control disease, the sex-slave trade and underage prostitution.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: The Czech government has attempted to legalize and regulate prostitution, but these efforts have failed.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: In 2005, the Czech government approved a law to license prostitutes and confine the trade to certain areas as part of an effort to curb prostitution and reduce organized crime. However, the law needed the approval of the parliament and the parliament failed to approve it.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: "The assumption is that it is unrealistic to effectively ban prostitution," the ministry proposal said. "It is only possible ... to set rules so the public does not perceive prostitution as a serious public order problem or health risk."


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: The plan called for prostitutes to buy licenses, undergo monthly health checks, pay taxes and have health insurance. Annual licenses would have only be issued to Czechs and other European Union nationals older than 18 who had no criminal record. It would have been illegal to operate without a license, and those who refused to register would have been prosecuted and would have faced fines. Soliciting sex would have been banned near schools, playgrounds, churches and cemeteries.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: The general opinion is that while prostitution should be legal and sex workers registered, politicians seem unwilling to take a stand and many doubt that workers would register in the first place. UK police superintendent John Mottram, working as an advisor to the Czech government on organised crime, said that the interior ministry in Prague does not see prostitution as a priority. "Unfortunately, they are not devoting the kind of attention to it which I think they should."


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: Opposition to the Czech government's plan to legalize prostitution came from a group of international human-rights activists representing diverse political and philosophical positions. 110 signatories for organizations representing millions of members sent a letter to Czech President Václav Klaus and other government officials, urging them to reconsider.


title: Prostitution in the Czech Republic

text: We are writing to express our profound concern over the prospect that the Czech Republic may be planning to legalize prostitution ... We believe that such action would be a terrible mistake for the country as a whole and, in particular, for the women and children of the Eastern Europe region who will be victims of the Czech Republic sex trade ... We are certain that legalizing prostitution within the Czech Republic will not curb abuses such as child prostitution and enslaving sex trafficking. Organized crime controls the "industry" and, in a legalized regime, it will have an enhanced capacity to do so ... Brothels are sexual gulags for women and girls ... A decision to accommodate traffickers, pimps, and organized crime's slave trade in girls and women [is] an act unworthy of Czechs' traditions of fighting for their own freedom. It is an act we will resist with every democratic means available to us, and will fight in Congress and our legislatures, through our organized women's movements and from tens of thousands of church and synagogue pulpits. At a minimum, we are determined that our efforts will in financial terms alone, be more costly to the Republic — and not in terms of tourism alone — than any hypothetical financial gains claimed. We close by urging you to reject the calls for legalization that sully the reputation of the Czech Republic and dishonor its history. Please take a leadership role in resisting the trade in women and children and please, in a manner consistent with your traditions, maintain the Republic as a model for human rights and democracy.


title: Middle management

text: Middle management is the intermediate management level of a hierarchical organization that is subordinate to the executive management and responsible for ‘team leading’ line managers and/or ‘specialist’ line managers. Middle management is indirectly (through line management) responsible for junior staff performance and productivity.


title: Middle management

text: Unlike line management, middle management is considered to be a senior (or semi-executive) position as middle managers are authorised to speak and act on behalf of the organisation to line managers, junior staff and customers. In this level of management are included division, plant and department managers.


title: Middle management

text: A middle manager is a link between the senior management and the lower (junior) levels of the organization. Due to involvement into day-to-day running of a business, middle managers have the opportunity to report valuable information and suggestions from the inside of an organization. They are in charge of putting into practice guidelines established previously in the stragic plans by top level managers. Moreover, the middle manager is a channel of communication within the organization, as they pass on major decisions of executives and the main goals of an organization to lower levels of employees. This contributes to better coordination between workers and makes a company more united.


title: Middle management

text: The primary responsibility of a middle manager is to implement a strategy, created by the executive level, in the most efficient way possible. In order to reach the target goals, a manager may adjust and interpret the initial plan. Other functions can be divided into three main categories:


title: Middle management

text: Middle managers are in charge of facilitating any changes needed in an organization and creating an effective working environment. They administer day-to-day routines, monitors performance and make sure everything is done in compliance with organization's needs.


title: Middle management

text: One of the most important functions of a middle manager is motivating, leading and inspiring their subordinates. This also includes building a team and supporting any team member when necessary.


title: Middle management

text: Strategic functions involve analyzing a subordinate group in terms of productivity and financial effectiveness, creating a strategy of improving the current situation and reporting to the executive management in the form of attending a boardroom meeting or a discussion.


title: Middle management

text: A middle management position is often mistakenly described as a similar to the line management one. However, there are some differences:


title: Middle management

text: The role of middle management is subjected to a number of criticisms. This position is often seen as unnecessary and middle managers are blamed for holding back the organization from achieving its full potential and using the influence for their own purposes.


title: Middle management

text: Middle management is often accused of possessing too much influence. Their centric position in an organization allows to influence strategy and actions in "both upward and downward direction". When supplying information to the executive level, middle managers interpret it subjectively and may insinuate it with their own opinion and evaluation. Further, proximity to the boardroom makes it easy for the manager to promote their own interests, by "synthesizing" the information and presenting data from a certain strategic perspective. The same level of influence can be exploited by a middle manager towards the lower staff. Driven by the reasons of maintaining a reputation, strengthening the power and influence, middle manager may introduce company's major strategic decisions in a light, beneficial way for their designs.


title: Middle management

text: Middle managers' reluctance to lose control in their teams and satisfaction with a settled situation could lead to their resistance in any changes in the strategy or direction of an organization. Usually, the resistance does not take an aggressive form such as refusal to carry out tasks or unconcealed confrontation, but result in a lack of support and eagerness to convey only those tasks, impact of which is clearly visible to the top management. This creates barriers to a growth of a company and lags the overall working process.


title: Middle management

text: The overall necessity of middle managers in an organization is questioned. They are said to be too costly, non-effective and constantly underperforming employees. It has been stated that middle managers do not carry out their main duties of linking the organization and reporting effectively, which leads to a block of communication between different levels of staff. Thus, as rapid growth of globalization put pressures on businesses in terms of cost effectiveness and speed of information flow within the organization, middle management make companies less flexible and competitive.


title: Middle management

text: Development of information technology enabled an increase in the span of control and reduced the need for middle management. Moreover, an increasingly big number of modern organizations become flatter and downsized in the pursuit of flexibility, higher competitiveness and innovation. According to David Williams, flat organizations promote greater intercommunication and efficiency of the workers. As a result, many organizations are being restructured, middle management is being reduced and their roles are thought to be out-dated and unnecessary.


title: Middle management

text: At the same time, there is still a need in a middle manager as an employee and they continue playing a significant role in organizations, specifically in setting an overall strategy and targets. Changes in the global market forced them to become more flexible, stress-resistant, acquire new skills.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The GMC Envoy is a mid-size SUV, manufactured and marketed by General Motors for model years 1998-2009 over two generations. Adopting a nameplate used by GM Canada, the Envoy was a rebadged variant of the Chevrolet TrailBlazer, Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, and Saab 9-7X.


title: GMC Envoy

text: General Motors assembled the model line at its Moraine Assembly (Moraine, Ohio) and Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma). both facilities were closed by 2008, leading to the discontinuation of the model line. The Envoy was not directly replaced in the GMC model line as General Motors transitioned its smaller SUVs to unibody-chassis designs. introducing the smaller GMC Terrain and larger GMC Acadia.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The first generation GMC Envoy was introduced for the 1998 model year. Introduced a year before the Chevrolet TrailBlazer, the Envoy was the highest-trim version of the GMC Jimmy SUV. In line with the Oldsmobile Bravada, the Envoy was fitted with a leather-trim interior, floor-mounted shifter, and a largely monochromatic exterior with aluminum-alloy wheels. In line with the TrailBlazer and the Bravada, the Envoy trim was offered only in the five-door version.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The Envoy had many extra features not available on the regular Jimmy 4-door including: a remote trunk release, heated driver's and passenger's seats, a Bose sound system, and High Intensity Discharge headlights. Optional features included: a power sunroof, a panic alarm, an anti-theft system, and a power front driver & passenger seat.


title: GMC Envoy

text: GMC ended sales of the first generation Envoy after the 2000 model year as the division adopted the name to replace the entire Jimmy SUV line for 2002.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The 1998-2000 GMC Envoy had a four-wheel antilock braking system standard as well as standard front driver and passenger airbags. However, the Envoy received a Poor rating in the IIHS frontal offset crash test.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The second generation GMC Envoy was introduced in early 2001 as a 2002 model (skipping the 2001 model year). In line with the Chevrolet Trailblazer replacing the Chevrolet (S-10) Blazer, the 2002 Envoy replaced the GMC Jimmy five-door.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The Envoy was "Motor Trend" magazine's Sport/Utility of the Year for 2002. The 4200 Vortec 4200 engine I6 engine was named one of "Ward's 10 Best Engines" from 2002 to 2005.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The second generation GMC Envoy uses the body-on-frame GMT360 chassis architecture. Ending its commonality with GM compact pickup trucks, the GMT360 chassis was designed from the ground up for SUV use. The frame rails are hydroformed and fully boxed for their entire length. The wheelbase grew to 113 inches (six inches longer than the first generation); for the first time, an extended-wheelbase version was introduced with a 129-inch wheelbase length (1 inch shorter than the GMC Yukon XL).


title: GMC Envoy

text: The front suspension used a double-wishbone independent configuration with Bilstein shock absorbers. The rear suspension featured a 5-link solid rear axle; load-leveling air suspension was an option for the rear axle.


title: GMC Envoy

text: For its 2002 debut, the GMT360 Envoy received an all-new standard engine, with a Vortec 4200 4.2L inline-6 replacing the previous 4.3L V6. The first inline-6 from GM in North America since 1984, the "Atlas" engine produced 270 hp (80 more than its V6 predecessor). Beginning in 2003, the Envoy XL could be equipped with an optional 290 hp 5.3L V8. For 2005, the 5.3L V8 was updated to include the Displacement on Demand variable-displacement system (using 4 of 8 cylinders during low-load situations), increasing output to 300 hp.


title: GMC Envoy

text: Alongside a standard rear-wheel drive layout, the GMT360 Envoy was offered with either permanent 2-wheel drive or a 4x4 "Shift On-Demand" system, offering 2-wheel drive, Automatic 4-wheel drive, and High-range and Low-range 4-wheel drive (the latter, in 2.69:1 reduction). Two rear axles were offered, a rear "Posi-Trac" limited-slip differential and an Eaton automatic rear locking differential.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The base SLE trim level was produced from 2002 to 2009, and included a plentiful amount of standard equipment, including full power equipment (power front seats, power door locks, power windows, and power mirrors), keyless entry, cloth seating surfaces, an A/M-F/M stereo with single-disc CD player (later, with satellite radio), a four-speaker audio system, OnStar, aluminum-alloy wheels, a full-size spare tire with black-painted steel spare wheel, a 65/35 split-folding rear bench seat, faux carbon fiber interior trim panels, a cruise control, a dual-zone, manual climate control system, the 4.2L Vortec Inline Six-Cylinder (I6) gasoline engine, and a four-speed automatic transmission. Optional features included an in-dash, six-disc CD changer, a Bose six-speaker premium amplified audio system, a rear DVD entertainment system by Panasonic, a security system, polished aluminum-alloy wheels, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, dual heated front bucket seats, and a power moonroof.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The uplevel SLT trim level, available from 2002 to 2009, added extra luxury and convenience features to the base SLE trim, including a six-disc, in-dash CD changer, a Bose six-speaker premium amplified audio system, OnStar, polished aluminum-alloy wheels, luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, dual heated front bucket seats, Driver Information Center, faux wood interior trim panels, a universal garage door opener system with a travel note recorder, a dual-zone, automatic climate control system, and a driver's memory system for driver's seat, mirrors, and radio preset settings. Optional features included an in-dash, touchscreen GPS navigation system (later models), a rear DVD entertainment system by Panasonic, and a power moonroof.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The top-of-the-line Denali trim level, available from 2005 to 2008, was the most luxurious trim level of the Envoy, adding additional luxury features to the already luxurious SLT trim. Additional features included additional faux wood interior trim accents, a two-tone, luxury leather-trimmed interior, a 'Denali' emblem for the steering wheel, the 5.3L Vortec V8 gasoline engine, a power single-pane moonroof, unique chrome-plated aluminum-alloy wheels, satellite radio, and a chrome mesh front upper grille. Additional options included an in-dash, touchscreen GPS navigation system and a rear DVD entertainment system.


title: GMC Envoy

text: Replacing the GMC Jimmy completely, the second-generation GMC Envoy was offered solely as a five-door SUV. Within the GMT360 model family, the Envoy shares its body most closely with the Isuzu Ascender; the two model lines differ primarily in their front bumpers, grille and side body moldings.


title: GMC Envoy

text: To accommodate third-row seating within the model line, an extended-length Envoy XL was introduced. Sixteen inches longer than the standard Envoy, the Envoy XL effectively bridged the gap in length between the full-size Yukon and Yukon XL SUVs. Distinguished by body-color C-pillars, the XL received its own rear door stampings. For 2004, GMC introduced the 5-passenger GMC Envoy XUV, combining the functionality of a pickup truck and an SUV. Derived from the Envoy XL, the XUV used a retractable rear roof and a folding "mid-gate" to create a plastic-lined reconfigurable cargo area.


title: GMC Envoy

text: For 2003, to lower the price of the model line, GMC began to offer several options as stand-alone features (instead of grouping them together); front-seat side airbags were demoted to optional status. The headlight switch was revised, allowing an override of the Daytime Running Lamps (DRLs). The head restraints were revised from 4-way to 2-way movement.


title: GMC Envoy

text: A 290 hp 5.3L V8 was introduced as an option for standard-length Envoys and was the standard engine for the Envoy XL; all versions received a 22-gallon fuel tank.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The model year was largely carryover for the Envoy SUV. For the interior, adjustable pedals became an option, alongside XM Satellite Radio and an optional DVD-based navigation system. Derived from the Envoy XL, the Envoy XUV was a retractable-roof vehicle, combining the design capability of a SUV with a pickup truck.


title: GMC Envoy

text: Following the discontinuation of the Oldsmobile Bravada, GMC expanded its Denali model range to the Envoy for 2005, including both versions of the model line. Along with its own grille design and chromed alloy wheels, the interior received standard leather trim, heated power seats, rain-sensing windshield wipers, and upgraded wood trim.


title: GMC Envoy

text: For all versions of the Envoy, GMC introduced revised seats; optional side airbags were replaced by full-length side curtain airbags (covering all three rows of seats in the Envoy XL). The DVD navigation system option was updated, adopting a touchscreen interface.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The 5.3L V8 was upgraded with a variable-displacement Displacement on Demand system, using four of eight cylinders in low-workload driving.


title: GMC Envoy

text: For 2006, Stabilitrak stability control was made a standard feature alongside cruise control, OnStar, and a tire pressure monitoring system. The Envoy Denali received updated 18-inch alloy wheels.


title: GMC Envoy

text: Following the discontinuation of the Envoy XL, all versions of the model line were now offered with five-passenger seating.


title: GMC Envoy

text: For 2009, few functional changes were made, with Bluetooth wireless technology for wireless phones added as a new option.


title: GMC Envoy

text: Following the closure of Moraine Assembly, GMC ended sales of the model line after the 2009 model year, with its role in the GMC line largely succeeded by the GMC Terrain CUV wagon. It was the final model year.


title: GMC Envoy

text: In 2012, General Motors had recalled more than 258,000 SUVs in the U.S. and Canada to fix short-circuits in power window and door lock switches that could cause fires. The recall covered Chevrolet TrailBlazer, GMC Envoy, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender and Saab 9-7X SUVs from the 2006 and 2007 model years. The SUVs were sold or registered in 20 U.S. states, Washington, D.C., and Canada, where salt and other chemicals are used to clear roads in the winter.


title: GMC Envoy

text: From 2002 to 2006, GMC offered the extended-wheelbase Envoy XL SUV. Sixteen inches longer in wheelbase and length than the standard-length Envoy, the longer body of the XL was designed for third-row seating. To improve access and rear-seat room, the roofline over the third-row seat was raised (shrouded slightly with a standard roof rack).


title: GMC Envoy

text: Extended to a 129-inch wheelbase, the Envoy XL was only one inch shorter than the full-size Yukon XL (Chevrolet Suburban) in wheelbase, conceding to its full-size counterparts in width. The Envoy XL (also produced as a Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT and Isuzu Ascender) served as the basis of the GMC Envoy XUV (see below).


title: GMC Envoy

text: Following the closure of the Oklahoma City Assembly facility, the Envoy XL was dropped from the model line, with its 7-passenger midsize role largely replaced by the GMC Acadia CUV wagon (which also replaced the GMC Safari).


title: GMC Envoy

text: For 2004 and 2005, GMC offered the five-passenger Envoy XUV retractable-roof vehicle, unique to the division. Similar in concept to the GMC Terracross concept vehicle, the Envoy XUV modernized the retractable roof concept of the 1960s Studebaker Wagonaire, combining it with a "midgate" (similar to the Chevrolet Avalanche); GMC marketed the design as the combination of a SUV and a pickup truck.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The midgate (with a retractable rear window) allowed users to partition the plastic-lined cargo area into a waterproof space that could be hosed out for cleaning (with a drainage system). Users had the ability to configure the interior to transport large cargo; along with a retractable rear window of its own (to access the cargo area), the midgate folded down to enlarge cargo capacity. To accommodate tall items, the XUV included a retractable roof panel. In line with a large station wagon, the rear tailgate was two-way with retractable rear glass (side-hinged or bottom-hinged).


title: GMC Envoy

text: Selling far under sales projections, GM ended sales of the XUV before the end of the 2005 model year.


title: GMC Envoy

text: The Envoy (along with the Chevrolet TrailBlazer, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, and Saab 9-7X) were discontinued by GM during the 2009 model year. On December 23, 2008, Moraine Assembly ended production, with a white GMC Envoy as its final vehicle. The closing of the last factory that manufactured the trucks was the subject of an emotional 2009 HBO documentary: "".


title: GMC Envoy

text: While Chevrolet revived the TrailBlazer nameplate as both an SUV and as a compact CUV; neither vehicle has been produced with a GMC counterpart (the Envoy nameplate remains retired).


title: Sales promotion

text: Sales promotion is one of the elements of the promotional mix. The primary elements in the promotional mix are advertising, personal selling, direct marketing and publicity/public relations. Sales promotion uses both media and non-media marketing communications for a pre-determined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. Examples include contests, coupons, freebies, loss leaders, point of purchase displays, premiums, prizes, product samples, and rebates.


title: Sales promotion

text: Sales promotions can be directed at either the customer, sales staff, or distribution channel members (such as retailers). Sales promotions targeted at the consumer are called consumer sales promotions. Sales promotions targeted at retailers and wholesale are called trade sales promotions.


title: Sales promotion

text: Sales promotion includes several communications activities that attempt to provide added value or incentives to consumers, wholesalers, retailers, or other organizational customers to stimulate immediate sales. These efforts can attempt to stimulate product interest, trial, or purchase. Examples of devices used in sales promotion include coupons, samples, premiums, point-of-purchase (POP) displays, contests, rebates, and sweepstakes.


title: Sales promotion

text: Sales promotion is implemented to attract new customers, to hold present customers, to counteract competition, and to take advantage of opportunities that are revealed by market research. It is made up of activities, both outside and inside activities, to enhance company sales. Outside sales promotion activities include advertising, publicity, public relations activities, and special sales events. Inside sales promotion activities include window displays, product and promotional material display and promotional programs such as premium awards and contests.


title: Sales promotion

text: Sale promotions often come in the form of discounts. Discounts impact the way consumers think and behave when shopping. The type of savings and its location can affect the way consumers view a product and affect their purchase decision. The two most common discounts are price discounts (“on sale items”) and bonus packs (“bulk items”). Price discounts are the reduction of an original sale by a certain percentage while bonus packs are deals in which the consumer receives more for the original price. Many companies present different forms of discounts in advertisements, hoping to convince consumers to buy their products.


title: Sales promotion

text: Sales promotion represents a variety of techniques used to stimulate the purchase of a product or brand. Sales promotion has a tactical, rather than strategic role in marketing communications and brand strategy, it is also a form of advertisement used within a short period of time. Researchers Farhangmehr and Brito, reviewed the definitions of sales promotions in marketing texts and journals and identified a set of common characteristics of sales promotion, including:


title: Sales promotion

text: Both manufacturers and retailers make extensive use of sales promotions. Retailer-sponsored sales promotions are directed at consumers. Manufacturers use two types of sales promotion, namely:


title: Sales promotion

text: 5. The effect of sales promotion must be fortified by marketing backup to create brand loyalty resulting in growing demand.


title: Sales promotion

text: Consumer sales promotions are short-term techniques designed to achieve short-term objectives, such as to stimulate a purchase, encourage store traffic or simply to build excitement for a product or brand. Traditional sales promotions techniques include:


title: Sales promotion

text: New technologies have provided a range of new opportunities for sales promotions. Loyalty cards, personal shopping assistants, electronic shelf labels, and electronic advertising displays allow for more personalized communications and more targeted information at the point of purchase. For example, shoppers may receive alerts for special offers when they approach a product in a specific aisle.