title: Admiral-class battlecruiser

text: "Hood" and the aircraft carrier were ordered to Gibraltar to join Force H on 18 June where "Hood" would become the flagship. As such, she took part in the destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir in July 1940. Just eight days after the French surrender, the British Admiralty had issued an ultimatum to the French Fleet at Oran to ensure they would not fall into German or Italian hands. The terms were rejected and the Royal Navy opened fire on the French ships berthed there. The results of "Hood"s fire are not known exactly, but she damaged the , which was hit by four fifteen-inch shells and was forced to beach herself. "Hood" was straddled during the engagement by "Dunkerque"; shell splinters wounded two men. "Dunkerque"s sister ship managed to escape from the harbour and "Hood" with several light cruisers gave chase, but gave up after two hours after "Hood" had dodged a salvo of torpedoes from a French sloop and she had stripped a turbine reaching .


title: Admiral-class battlecruiser

text: "Hood" was relieved as flagship of Force H by "Renown" on 10 August after returning to Scapa Flow. After a short refit she resumed her previous role in patrolling against German commerce raiders and convoy escort. This lasted until January 1941 when she began a refit that lasted until March. Upon its completion she was ordered to sea in an attempt to intercept the German battleships and . Unsuccessful, she was ordered to patrol the Bay of Biscay against any breakout attempt by the German ships from Brest. "Hood" was ordered to the Norwegian Sea on 19 April when the Admiralty received a false report that had sailed from Germany. Afterwards she patrolled the North Atlantic before putting into Scapa Flow on 6 May.


title: Admiral-class battlecruiser

text: On the evening of 21 May 1941 "Hood" and the newly completed battleship sailed from Scapa Flow to join the heavy cruisers and patrolling the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland on the news that "Bismarck" and the heavy cruiser had sortied into the North Atlantic. They had not yet reached the Strait when "Suffolk" spotted the German ships north of Iceland in the early evening on 23 May. "Hood" and "Prince of Wales" altered course and increased their speed to intercept. The British squadron spotted the Germans at 05:37 but the Germans were already aware of their presence. The British opened fire at 05:52 with "Hood" engaging "Prinz Eugen", the lead ship in the German formation, and the Germans returned fire 05:55, both ships concentrating on "Hood". "Prinz Eugen" (probably) was the first ship to score when a shell hit "Hood"s boat deck, between her funnels, and started a large fire among the ready-use ammunition for the anti-aircraft guns and rockets of the Unrotated Projectile mounts. Right before 06:00, while "Hood" was turning 20° to port to unmask her rear turrets, she was hit again on the boat deck by a shell from "Bismarck"s fifth salvo. The exact location and sequence of events is unknown, but her aft fifteen-inch magazines exploded. This broke her back and she sank with the loss of all but three of her crew.


title: Julio Torres

text: Julio Torres (born February 11, 1987) is a Salvadoran writer, comedian, and actor. He is best known as a writer for "Saturday Night Live" and as the co-creator, writer, and executive producer of the HBO series "Los Espookys". He previously wrote for "The Chris Gethard Show" on truTV.


title: Julio Torres

text: Julio Torres was born in 1987 in San Salvador, El Salvador. His father is a civil engineer, and his mother is an architect and fashion designer; she, along with his designer sister, has collaborated with him on his comedy projects.


title: Julio Torres

text: Torres moved to New York to attend The New School, where he graduated with a degree in literary studies in 2011. His aim had always been to pursue a career in comedy writing.


title: Julio Torres

text: Torres worked as a writer on "The Chris Gethard Show" before being hired to write for "Saturday Night Live". He worked at SNL from 2016 to 2019, writing sketches including "Papyrus" and "Wells for Boys." He was nominated for four Emmys as a member of the SNL writing team.


title: Julio Torres

text: He has also appeared on "The Tonight Show" and other late-night programs. His comedy is frequently described by critics as "otherworldly" and "surrealist," with elements of the fantastical and a melancholy undercurrent.


title: Julio Torres

text: After pitching a Spanish-language comedy to HBO, the comedian Fred Armisen brought Torres and Ana Fabrega on to co-write the series. Armisen and Torres had met when the former hosted "SNL". Torres was also a co-showrunner and actor on the project, which became "Los Espookys". The first season aired in 2019, and it was renewed for a second season later that year. Torres plays Andrés, a wealthy heir who searches for answers about his mysterious past.


title: Julio Torres

text: His comedy special "My Favorite Shapes" premiered August 10, 2019, on HBO. It was directed by his frequent collaborator Dave McCary and produced by Fred Armisen and Lorne Michaels.


title: Samar

text: Samar ( ) is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided into three provinces: Samar (formerly Western Samar), Northern Samar, and Eastern Samar. These three provinces, along with the provinces on the nearby islands of Leyte and Biliran, are part of the Eastern Visayas region.


title: Samar

text: About a third of the island of Samar is protected as a natural park, known as the Samar Island Natural Park.


title: Samar

text: On June 19, 1965, through Republic Act No. 4221, Samar was divided into three provinces: Northern Samar, (Western) Samar and Eastern Samar. The capitals of these provinces are, respectively, Catarman, Catbalogan City, and Borongan City. In commemoration of the establishment of these provinces, June 19 is celebrated as an annual holiday and many have the day off from work.


title: Samar

text: Samar is the third-largest island in the Philippines by area, after the islands of Luzon and Mindanao. Mount Huraw is Samar’s highest point, with an elevation of .


title: Samar

text: Samar is the easternmost island in the Visayas. It lies to the northeast of Leyte, separated from it only by the San Juanico Strait, which at its narrowest point is only about across; the strait is spanned by the San Juanico Bridge. And it lies to the southeast of the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon, separated from it only by the San Bernardino Strait.


title: Samar

text: To the south is the Leyte Gulf, which in October 1944 became the site of one of the most consequential naval battles of World War II. And to the north and east of Samar lies the Philippine Sea, part of the Pacific Ocean.


title: Samar

text: Samar was the first island of the Philippines sighted by the Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan. He sighted it on 16 March 1521, having sailed there from the Mariana Islands. Realizing he had arrived at an archipelago, he charted the islands, and called them "San Lazaro" (Saint Lazarus in English) because they were sighted on Lazarus Saturday. The Spaniards later called the island Filipinas, while the Portuguese called it Lequios. Although Samar was the first island of the Philippines sighted by Magellan, he did not land there. He continued south, weighed anchor at Suluan Island, and then finally, on 17 March 1521, he landed on Homonhon Island.


title: Samar

text: Years later, other Spanish expeditions arrived. The historian William Henry Scott wrote that a "Samar datu by the name of Iberein was rowed out to a Spanish vessel anchored in his harbor in 1543 by oarsmen collared in gold; while wearing on his own person earrings and chains." Scott recounted a local saga, which the inhabitants called "siday", about Bingi of Lawan, a prosperous Lakanate in Samar, and he also recorded that Datu Hadi Iberein came from the Lakanate of Lawan.


title: Samar

text: The final campaign of the Philippine–American War (1899-1902) took place in Samar and is one of the best known, and most notorious, of the entire war. A combination of factors resulted in particularly violent clashes.


title: Samar

text: On September 28, 1901, Eugenio Daza, Area Commander of Southeastern Samar and Valeriano Abanador, the town's police chief, launched an attack on U.S. Army Company C 9th Infantry Regiment who were occupying Balangiga. The Filipino Forces brought one of the only Filipino victories of the war and the worst American defeat in decades.


title: Samar

text: In 1989, "Balangiga Encounter Day" was established as a provincial holiday in Eastern Samar to celebrate the Balangiga Encounter victory.


title: Samar

text: The Balangiga Encounter resulted in the brutal March across Samar. ""I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn; the more you kill and burn, the better it will please me ... The interior of Samar must be made a howling wilderness ..."" — Gen. Jacob H. SmithThousands of Filipinos were slaughtered by American Marines.


title: Samar

text: In his history of the war, Brian McAllister Linn asserts "Samar cast a pall on the army's achievement and, for generations, has been associated in the public mind as typifying the Philippine War."


title: Samar

text: The waters off the east side of the island also hosted the Battle off Samar on October 25, 1944, wherein a small, unarmored force of United States Navy escorts fought off the center force of the Imperial Japanese Navy, including the Japanese battleship "Yamato". During World War II the island was part of a large US Navy base Leyte-Samar Naval Base.


title: Lella Lombardi

text: Maria Grazia "Lella" Lombardi (26 March 1941 – 3 March 1992) was an Italian racing driver who participated in 17 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix. Lombardi is one of two female drivers to qualify for Formula One and is the only female who scored points in Formula One. Lombardi grew up in Italy and developed an interest in racing by driving a delivery van for her family. Starting in karting and moving to Formula Monza and Formula Three, Lombardi advanced through racing until she reached Formula One. She is the only woman to win points in Formula One, winning half a point in the Spanish Grand Prix. However, Lombardi had an eventful driving career, aside from Formula One. Lombardi was the first woman to qualify and compete in the Race of Champions in Brands Hatch and raced in sports cars. She won the 6 Hours of Pergusa and the 6 Hours of Vallelunga. Lombardi's story has impacted generations of racers. Her experience has shaped the involvement of women in racing and how people perceive females in the racing industry.


title: Lella Lombardi

text: Lombardi was born in Frugarolo, a small town in Piedmont in Italy. Her father was a butcher, who gave Lella her first job as a delivery driver for the family's shop. At first, Lombardi’s father found her passion for racing hard to accept but embraced it once she finished runner-up in a 1968 race. Lella Lombardi was also one of the first female racers in a same-sex relationship. Lombardi died of breast cancer in Milan on March 3, 1992. She was 50 years old and was buried in Frugarolo. She was survived by her partner, Fiorenza. Lombardi is commemorated by a sculpture in her birthplace, Frugarolo.


title: Lella Lombardi

text: After a brief experience with karting as a child, Lombardi bought her first car in 1965, racing in Formula Monza. She moved on to Formula Three in 1968. In 1974, Lombardi was signed to drive the Shellsport-Luxembourg Lola in F5000 and finished fourth. Initially, Lombardi tried to qualify for Formula One with a privately entered Brabham  supported by the Italian Automobile Club but failed to qualify. That winter, she met an Italian nobleman, Count Vittorio Zanon, who sponsored her entrance into F1. In 1975, Lombardi was invited to join Vittorio Brambilla and Hans-Joachim Stuck on the March engineering team, racing the full season with Zanon's Lavazza Coffee Company’s sponsorship. At the opening race of the campaign in South Africa, Lombardi became the first woman, since Maria Teresa de Filippis in 1958, to successfully qualify for a Grand Prix. 1975 would prove to be an eventful season for the March Team, as Lombardi scored a Championship point in the Spanish Grand Prix. However, this race only lasted 23 laps until Lombardi was forced to retire with a fuel system problem. The race suffered a major tragedy when the rear wing on Rolf Stommelen's Embassy Hill broke, sending him into the barrier. While trying to avoid Stommelen as he crossed the track, Carlos Pace crashed, and five spectators were killed by Stommelen's flying car. The race continued for another four laps, resulting in Lombardi’s sixth-place finish. With the race being stopped before three-fourths of the scheduled race distance was reached, only half points were awarded. Lombardi also successfully performed at other races, including the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, where she finished seventh. At the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, Lombardi had a one-off drive for Williams. However, she was prevented from starting due to an ignition problem.


title: Lella Lombardi

text: In 1976, Lombardi was confirmed at March Engineering alongside Brambilla and Stuck. She finished 14th at the Brazilian Grand Prix that year, and subsequently, the team decided to replace her with Ronnie Peterson. Then, Lombardi briefly moved to RAM Racing, her best result being 12th at the Austrian Grand Prix.


title: Lella Lombardi

text: In 1974, Lombardi was the first female racing driver to qualify and compete at the Race of Champions in Brands Hatch. She raced a Lola-Chevrolet and finished 14th. In the 1975 event, she was once again able to qualify and compete with a March-Ford. She was retired after 20 laps.


title: Lella Lombardi

text: Lombardi later raced in sports cars. In 1979, she won the 6 hours of Pergusa and the 6 hours of Vallelunga. She also competed four times at the 24 hours of Le Mans, where she finished 20th in 1976 in a Lancia Stratos Turbo.


title: Lella Lombardi

text: Lombardi had also raced in the Firecracker 400 NASCAR race at the Daytona International Speedway in 1977. There were two other female drivers in the field: American Janet Guthrie and Belgian Christine Beckers. Lombardi finished 31st.


title: Lella Lombardi

text: Lella Lombardi’s racing career has influenced the perceptions of subsequent generations of females in racing. Lombardi is considered an F1 trailblazer, after which women increasingly joined Formula One in many capacities aside from driving. According to "The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World," because of Lella Lombardi, there are more women involved in other aspects of Formula One, especially "traditionally female" jobs such as modeling. Lombardi is also used as one of the reference points for females in racing. Journalist Phil Pash reports that though Lombardi viewed racing as a masculine sport, she succeeded regardless because of her ‘competitive spirit.’ Among others who comment on the effects of Lombardi’s legacy is Matt Majendie, who writes about Jamie Chadwick. Chadwick argues that for women entering Formula One in 2022, financial support is a greater obstacle than gender. Majendie argues this by citing Lombardi’s example as a racer, who despite her gender, successfully entered Formula One. This need for financial support is combated by the rise of the W-series, which started in October 2018. The W-series is a women’s racing championship, which eliminates financial barriers, and gives equal opportunity to female racers. As an example of successful women produced by Formula One, Lombardi is credited with making Formula One accessible to women.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: The Old Grey Whistle Test (sometimes abbreviated to Whistle Test or OGWT) is a British television music show. The show was devised by BBC producer Rowan Ayers, commissioned by David Attenborough and aired on BBC2 from 1971 to 1988. It took over the BBC2 late-night slot from "Disco 2", which ran between September 1970 and July 1971, while continuing to feature non-chart music. The original producer, involved in an executive capacity throughout the show's entire history, was Michael Appleton.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: According to presenter Bob Harris, the programme derived its name from a Tin Pan Alley phrase from years before. When they got the first pressing of a record they would play it to people they called the old greys – doormen in grey suits. Any song the doormen could remember and whistle, having heard it just once or twice, had passed the old grey whistle test.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: On 23 February 2018, a one-off live three-hour special of "The Old Grey Whistle Test" was broadcast on BBC Four, hosted by Harris to mark 30 years since the final episode aired.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: Launched on BBC2, the show focused on albums, rather than chart hits covered on BBC1 by "Top of the Pops". It was originally produced in a studio at BBC Television Centre in west London known as "Pres B", which had been originally designed for shooting weather forecasts and in-vision continuity. The studio was only . Due to the lack of technology that accommodated live performances, bands mimed to tracks in early episodes.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: The original opening credits were played over a naked woman, painted in green, dancing to Santana's "Jingo". When Richard Williams was replaced by 'Whispering' Bob Harris, the series' opening titles theme was changed to the now more famous animation of a male figure made up of stars (known as the 'Star Kicker') dancing. The programme's title music, with its harmonica theme, was a track called "Stone Fox Chase" by a Nashville band, Area Code 615.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: The first host was Richard Williams, features editor of "Melody Maker", the music weekly. From 1972, the programme was presented by disc jockey Bob Harris (nicknamed "Whispering Bob Harris" because of his quiet voice and laid-back style). He later became notorious among the younger generation for distancing himself on air from Roxy Music's first performance on the show and calling the New York Dolls "mock rock" and left "OGWT" in 1978.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: In the programme's early days, before the advent of the music video, tracks which could not be performed live by musicians were accompanied by old film footage, edited especially for the programme, by film collection and archivist Philip Jenkinson.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: After Harris's departure, Annie Nightingale took over as host. In December 1980, Nightingale presented the show in the immediate aftermath of the shooting of John Lennon (who had appeared on the show in 1975 also including two songs from A Band Called O). This particular episode consisted almost entirely of interviews with various people about Lennon's life and career.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: Following the departure of Nightingale in 1982, Mark Ellen, David Hepworth and Richard Skinner also took turns as presenters. In 1983, the programme was moved to a live mid-evening slot. The title was abridged to Whistle Test and the title credits and music were changed. Andy Kershaw joined the series as a presenter in 1984. The same four presenters co-presented the BBC's television coverage of Live Aid in 1985.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: The series was cancelled in early 1987 by Janet Street-Porter, who had been appointed head of Youth Programmes at the BBC. The series ended with a live New Year's Eve special, hosted by Bob Harris, broadcast through to the early hours of New Year's Day 1988: material included "Hotel California" by The Eagles, live from 1977, and "Bat Out of Hell" by Meat Loaf.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: Owing to technical issues during the show's early years, and the need to ensure performances were controlled, the bands often recorded the instrumental tracks the day before. The vocals were then performed live, "99 percent" of the time. After 1973, the show changed to an entirely live format.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: On 23 February 2018 the BBC broadcast a special programme, hosted by Bob Harris, to mark the 30 years since the legendary series was last broadcast. This live studio show featured music, special guests and rare archive footage. It featured live performances from Kiki Dee, Peter Frampton, Wildwood Kin, Richard Thompson, Albert Lee and Robert Vincent.


title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: Harris chatted to "Whistle Test" alumni, including Gary Numan, Dave Stewart, Joan Armatrading, Ian Anderson, Toyah Willcox, Dennis Locorriere, Chris Difford and Kiki Dee, as well as fan Danny Baker.


title: Gourami

text: Gouramis, or gouramies , are a group of freshwater anabantiform fishes that comprise the family Osphronemidae. The fish are native to Asia—from the Indian Subcontinent to Southeast Asia and northeasterly towards Korea. The name "gourami", of Indonesian origin, is also used for fish of the families Helostomatidae and Anabantidae.


title: Gourami

text: Many gouramis have an elongated, feeler-like ray at the front of each of their pelvic fins. All living species show parental care until fry are free swimming: some are mouthbrooders, like the Krabi mouth-brooding betta ("Betta Simplex"), and others, like the Siamese fighting fish ("Betta splendens"), build bubble nests. Currently, about 133 species are recognised, placed in four subfamilies and about 15 genera.


title: Gourami

text: The name Polyacanthidae has also been used for this family. Some fish now classified as gouramis were previously placed in family Anabantidae. The subfamily Belontiinae was recently demoted from the family Belontiidae. As labyrinth fishes, gouramis have a lung-like labyrinth organ that allows them to gulp air and use atmospheric oxygen. This organ is a vital adaptation for fish that often inhabit warm, shallow, oxygen-poor water.


title: Gourami

text: Giant gouramis, "Osphronemus goramy", or Kaloi in Malay language, are eaten in some parts of the world. In Maritime Southeast Asian countries, they are often deep-fried and served in sweet-sour sauce, chili sauce, and other spices. The paradise fish, "Macropodus opercularis", and other members of that genus are the target of a cannery industry in China, the products of which are available in Asian supermarkets around the world.


title: Gourami

text: In Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei, gouramis are readily fished at streams, brooks, canal, rivers and many more large water area systems.


title: Gourami

text: Numerous gourami species, such as the dwarf gourami, pearl gourami, are popular aquarium fish widely kept throughout the world. They are sought after due to their bright colours and relative intelligence, being able to recognise their owners and “greeting” them, having a desire to explore the plants and rocks placed across their aquarium, and displaying extensive paternal care with the males protecting the eggs until they hatch, and building a foam raft to keep them afloat. As labyrinth fish, they will often swim near the top of the tank in order to breathe air. As with other tropical freshwater fish, an aquarium heater is often used. Gouramis will eat either prepared or live foods. Some species can grow quite large and are unsuitable for the general hobbyist. Big Gouramis may become territorial with fish that are colourful and a considerable size to them, however that generally depends on the individual’s temperament as some gourami will be more tolerant of tankmates than others. Gouramis may nip at other fish, and males should never be kept together as they will become aggressive.


title: Gourami

text: Generally regarded as peaceful, gouramis are still capable of harassing or killing smaller or long-finned fish. Depending on the species, adult and juvenile males have been known to spar with one another. Aggression can also occur as a result of overcrowding.


title: Gourami

text: Gouramis have been housed with many species, such as danios, mollies, silver dollars, Neon tetras, and plecostomus catfish. Compatibility depends on the species of gourami and the fish it is housed with. Some species (e.g., "Macropodus" or "Belontia") are highly aggressive or predatory and may harass or kill smaller or less aggressive fish; whereas, others ("Parosphromenus" and "Sphaerichthys", for instance) are very shy or have specific water requirements and thus will be outcompeted by typical community fish.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: From 7 to 9 January 2015, terrorist attacks occurred across the Île-de-France region, particularly in Paris. Three attackers killed a total of 17 in four shooting attacks, and police then killed the three assailants. The attacks also wounded 22 other people. A fifth shooting attack did not result in any fatalities. Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) claimed responsibility and said that the coordinated attacks had been planned for years. The claim of responsibility for the deadly attack on the magazine came in a video showing AQAP commander Nasr Ibn Ali al-Ansi, with gunmen in the background that were later identified as the Kouachi brothers. However, while authorities say the video is authentic, there is no proof that AQAP helped to carry out the attacks. Amedy Coulibaly, who committed another leg of the attacks (the Montrouge shooting and the Hypercacher Kosher Supermarket siege) claimed that he belonged to ISIS before he died.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: On December 16, 2020, 14 people who were accomplices to both the Jewish supermarket attack and the Charlie Hebdo shooting, including Coulibaly's former partner Hayat Boumeddiene, were convicted. However, three of these accomplices, including Boumeddiene, were not yet captured and were tried in absentia.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: The attacks began on 7 January, when two gunmen attacked the headquarters of the satirical newspaper "Charlie Hebdo," killing 12 people and wounding 12 others before escaping. On 9 January, police tracked the assailants to an industrial estate in Dammartin-en-Goële, where they took a hostage. Another gunman shot a police officer on 8 January. He killed four more victims and took hostages on January 9 at a kosher supermarket near the Porte de Vincennes. French armed forces and police conducted simultaneous raids in Dammartin and Porte de Vincennes, killing all three attackers.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: After 12 January 2015 and for an indefinite period, as part of Operation Sentinelle, nearly 10,500 military personnel were deployed in France to secure 830 sensitive places (school, churches, press organizations, etc ).


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: At the time, the attacks comprised the deadliest act of terrorism in France since the 1961 Vitry-Le-François train bombing by the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), which was working against Algerian independence. These fatalities were surpassed ten months later by the November 2015 Paris attacks.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: The first attack occurred in Joué-lès-Tours, in which a knife-wielding man attacked a police station, injuring three officers before being killed. The second attack occurred in Dijon, in which a man used a vehicle to run over eleven pedestrians in several areas of the city before being arrested. The third attack occurred in Nantes, in which a vehicular attack at a Christmas market resulted in ten people being injured and one fatality. The driver was arrested after attempting suicide.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: Although the French government concluded that the attacks were not related to each other, it heightened the nation's security and deployed 300 soldiers to patrol the nation's streets.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: The first and deadliest of the attacks occurred at 11:30 CET on January 7, 2015 at the offices of "Charlie Hebdo". The Charlie Hebdo magazine began publishing in 1970 with the goal of satirizing religion, politics, and other topics. In 2006, Charlie Hebdo reprinted controversial cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed that originally appeared in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten. French President Jacques Chirac criticized their decision to include the cartoons and called it "overt provocation." In 2011, the magazine's offices were destroyed by a gasoline bomb after it published a caricature of the Prophet Mohammed. Two gunmen, later identified as Chérif and Saïd Kouachi, entered the building and fatally shot eight employees, two police officers, and two others, and injured eleven other people. The perpetrators fled the scene following the shooting. Despite police responding to the situation and arriving on scene as the gunmen were leaving, the two gunmen were able to escape by car. The gunmen's getaway car was found abandoned - after crashing into another vehicle about 2 miles north of where the shootings occurred. Investigators found Molotov cocktails and jihadist flags in the car. The primary motive behind the shooting is said to be the "Charlie Hebdo" cartoons making fun of numerous Islamic leaders. The shooting received widespread condemnation internationally and a National Day of Mourning was held in France on 8 January.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: A few hours after the "Charlie Hebdo" attack, a 32-year-old man who was out jogging in Fontenay-aux-Roses was shot and wounded. The man suffered injuries to his arm and back and as of 11 January was in critical condition. Shell casings found at the scene were later linked to the weapon carried by Amedy Coulibaly at the Hypercacher Kosher Supermarket hostage crisis on January 9. However, the jogger refuted Coulibaly’s involvement and recognized Amar Ramdani, a friend of Coulibaly, as the gunman.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: On 8 January, Coulibaly shot and killed municipal police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe at the junction of Avenue Pierre Brossolette and Avenue de la Paix in Montrouge (a suburb of Paris), and critically wounded a street sweeper.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: As police continued their search for Charlie Hebdo suspects, they initially dismissed the idea that there could be a link between this shooting and the Charlie Hebdo killings, but later confirmed they were in fact connected.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: Coulibaly reportedly was heard to declare allegiance to ISIS, a Salafist terrorist organization at war in the Middle East. ISIS, through its media outlet al-Hayat Media Center claimed responsibility for Coulibaly in a jihad nasheed video named "Ma vengeance" celebrating the posterior November 2015 attacks.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: On 9 January, the assailants of the "Charlie Hebdo" shooting, Chérif and Saïd Kouachi, went to the office of Création Tendance Découverte, a signage production company on an industrial estate in Dammartin-en-Goële. Inside the building were owner Michel Catalano and a male employee, 26-year-old graphics designer Lilian Lepère. During the siege, Catalano told Lepère to hide inside the refectory. Throughout the crisis, the perpetrators were unaware that Lepère was in the building. During the siege, a salesman named Didier went to the building on business, and Catalano left his office, where he had been hiding. Both were confronted by the perpetrators and asked to leave. Didier realized that they were terrorists and quickly alerted the authorities.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: Catalano returned to the building and helped one of the perpetrators who had been injured in earlier gunfire. He was allowed to leave after an hour. After this, Lepère, who was hiding in a cardboard box, was able to alert authorities of the situation via text message. The siege ended after nine hours at 16:30 after a combined force of French Armed Forces and police stormed the building and killed both Kouachi brothers, the assailants.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: Also on 9 January, Amedy Coulibaly, armed with several assault weapons, entered a Hypercacher kosher supermarket at Porte de Vincennes in east Paris. Amedy Coulibaly killed four people and took several hostages. Coulibaly was reportedly in contact with the Kouachi brothers as the sieges progressed, and told police that he would kill hostages if the brothers were harmed proving further that these attacks were connected in some form.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: When police stormed the grocery store, they gunned down Coulibaly. Fifteen hostages were rescued. Several people were wounded during the incident. Lassana Bathily, a Muslim shop assistant born in Mali, was hailed as a hero in the crisis for risking his life to hide people from the gunman in a downstairs refrigerator room and assisting police after he escaped from the market. Hayat Boumeddiene, Coulibaly's partner in crime and wife, was suspected to have been present during the incident but it was later confirmed that she left France before any of the shootings occurred, traveling to Syria from Turkey. Developments on Boumeddiene's whereabouts ran dry until March 2019, when Dorothee Maquere - wife of Fabien Clain - speculated that Boumeddiene had been killed in Syria late February during the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: However, in March 2020, a French jihadist woman told a judge that she met Boumeddiene in October 2019 at the Al Howl camp; Boumeddiene was staying under a false identity and managed to escape. French intelligence services think that this piece of information is plausible and credible as it corroborates previous indications.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: After 12 January 2015 and for an indefinite period, as part of Operation Sentinelle, nearly 10,500 military personnel were deployed in France to secure 830 sensitive places (school, churches, press organizations, etc ). The severity of these terrorist attacks forced France to take immediate action to prevent any further related attacks occur.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: French media reported that hackers breached the security of French municipality websites during the Île-de-France attacks, changing them to display jihadist propaganda. The French Defense Ministry and security bodies reported that about 19,000 French websites were targeted in an unprecedented wave of denial-of-service attacks following the publication of "Charlie Hebdo" with a depiction of the sacred prophet Muhammad on the cover. The websites of French businesses, religious groups, universities, and municipalities were also hacked and altered to display pro-Islamist messages.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: In the week after the shooting, the organisation "L'Observatoire contre l'islamophobie du Conseil français du culte musulman (CFCM)" called for strengthening of the surveillance of mosques. The French interior department reported that 54 anti-Muslim incidents were recorded in France in the first week after the shootings; this compared to 110 complaints in the first nine months of 2014. The 2015 incidents included 21 reports of shootings and blank grenade throwing at Islamic buildings including mosques; and 33 cases of personal threats and insults.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: After news of the January 8 attack was publicized, three blank grenades were thrown at a mosque in Le Mans, west of Paris. A new bullet hole was found in its windows. In addition, a Muslim prayer hall in the Port-la-Nouvelle was the target of shooting, but no one was injured. An explosion took place at a restaurant affiliated with a mosque in Villefranche-sur-Saone. No casualties were reported.


title: January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

text: On December 16, 2020, a French court convicted 14 accomplices after the three attackers for crimes ranging from financing terrorism to membership of a criminal gang in relation to the attacks. However, three were convicted in absentia, including Hayat Boumeddiene, the former partner of Coulibaly. Boumeddiene would be convicted of financing terrorism and belonging to a criminal terrorist network, and received a sentence of 30 years in jail.


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: The Conference of the Birds or Speech of the Birds (, "Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr", also known as "Maqāmāt-uṭ-Ṭuyūr"; 1177) is a Persian poem by Sufi poet Farid ud-Din Attar, commonly known as Attar of Nishapur. The title is taken directly from the Qur’an, 27:16, where Sulayman (Solomon) and Dāwūd (David) are said to have been taught the language, or speech, of the birds ("manṭiq al-ṭayr"). Attar’s death, as with his life, is subject to speculation. He is known to have lived and died a violent death in the massacre inflicted by Genghis Khan and the Mongol army on the city of Nishapur in 1221, when he was seventy years old.


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: In the poem, the birds of the world gather to decide who is to be their sovereign, as they have none. The hoopoe, the wisest of them all, suggests that they should find the legendary Simorgh. The hoopoe leads the birds, each of whom represents a human fault which prevents human kind from attaining enlightenment.


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: The hoopoe tells the birds that they have to cross seven valleys in order to reach the abode of Simorgh. These valleys are as follows:


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: Sholeh Wolpé writes, "When the birds hear the description of these valleys, they bow their heads in distress; some even die of fright right then and there. But despite their trepidations, they begin the great journey. On the way, many perish of thirst, heat or illness, while others fall prey to wild beasts, panic, and violence. Finally, only thirty birds make it to the abode of Simorgh. In the end, the birds learn that they themselves are the Simorgh; the name “Simorgh” in Persian means thirty (si) birds (morgh). They eventually come to understand that the majesty of that Beloved is like the sun that can be seen reflected in a mirror. Yet, whoever looks into that mirror will also behold his or her own image."


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: Attar's use of symbolism is a key, driving component of the poem. This handling of symbolisms and allusions can be seen reflected in these lines:


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: Beside the symbolic use of the Simorgh, the allusion to China is also very significant. According to Idries Shah, China as used here, is not the geographical China, but the symbol of mystic experience, as inferred from the Hadith (declared weak by Ibn Adee, but still used symbolically by some Sufis): "Seek knowledge; even as far as China".[5] There are many more examples of such subtle symbols and allusions throughout the Mantiq.


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: Within the larger context of the story of the journey of the birds, Attar masterfully tells the reader many didactic short, sweet stories in captivating poetic style.


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: Peter Brook and Jean-Claude Carrière adapted the poem into a play titled "La Conférence des oiseaux" ("The Conference of the Birds"), which they published in 1979. Brook toured embryonic versions of the play around rural Africa during the visit of his International Centre for Theatre Research to that continent in 1972–73, before presenting two extremely successful productions to Western audiences—one in New York City at La MaMa E.T.C., and one in Paris. John Heilpern gives an account of the events surrounding the early development of the play in his 1977 book "".


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: Sholeh Wolpe's stage adaptation of "The Conference of the Birds" was premiered by Inferno Theatre and Ubuntu Theater Project (now Oakland Theater Project), in Oakland California in November 2018.


title: The Conference of the Birds

text: Collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Folio from an illustrated Persian manuscript dated c.1600. Paintings by Habiballah of Sava (active ca. 1590–1610), in ink, opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper, dimensions 25,4 x 11,4 cm.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: Yalda Hakim (born 26 June 1983) is an Australian broadcast journalist, news presenter, and documentary maker. After her family left Afghanistan and settled in Australia in 1986, she grew up in the western Sydney suburb of Parramatta and went on to study journalism. She started her career at SBS Television, moving to the BBC TV in 2012. Hakim predominantly presents on "BBC World News".


title: Yalda Hakim

text: Hakim was born on 26 June 1983 in Kabul, Afghanistan. Her family fled the country during the Soviet–Afghan War when she was six months old. The family travelled on horseback overland to Pakistan with the help of people smugglers. After two years in Pakistan, the family settled in Australia as migrants in 1986, when she was three years old.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: Hakim attended Macarthur Girls High School in Parramatta, Sydney, where she played the violin and became a sports captain and prefect. She also attended Parramatta West Public School.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: Hakim went on to study for a Bachelor of Arts in Media from 2002 to 2004 at Macquarie University, where she was also a board member of the Macquarie University Union.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: In 2005, Hakim received a Diploma in Journalism at Macleay College, Sydney. She then went on to study a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism via distance education at Monash University from 2007 to 2009, in addition to a cadetship at the Special Broadcasting Service.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: Besides English, Hakim is fluent in Persian, Dari, Hindi, Urdu, and Pashto, and was learning Mandarin.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: Hakim returned to Kabul for her first "Dateline" report in 2008, and from then reported from across the world for "Dateline" and "SBS World News Australia".


title: Yalda Hakim

text: She was awarded the United Nations Association of Australia Media Peace Prize for best Australian Television News Coverage in 2009, and has also been a finalist for the Walkley Young Australian Journalist of the Year Award.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: Beginning in 2011, Hakim co-hosted "Dateline" with fellow video journalist Mark Davis, the two taking it in turns to present the programme in approximately six-week blocks, while the other was away on assignment.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: In December 2012, it was announced that Hakim would join the BBC. Hakim had been in talks with BBC executives since April 2012, after being approached at a broadcasting conference in Brisbane. Subsequent meetings took place in New York, Dubai, and Afghanistan. She first appeared on "BBC World News" and the "BBC News Channel" in March 2013.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: Since March 2014, she has made several appearances as the presenter on "Impact", ultimately becoming the programme's main presenter later that year.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: On 8 September 2022, Hakim tweeted that Elizabeth II had died 3 hours and 23 minutes (3 minutes before the official time of death at 15:10) in advance of the formal announcement of her death; she later withdrew the tweet.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: The Yalda Hakim Foundation (YHF) was established in 2018 to support the education of exceptionally talented young women from Afghanistan, through scholarships, internships, and mentoring. In 2019 it offered a full four-year scholarship program at the American University of Afghanistan.


title: Yalda Hakim

text: In 2021 the Yalda Hakim Foundation partnered with Oriel College at Oxford University to provide a scholarship for a young Afghan woman, offering a fully-funded one-year masters degree course.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: Sissel is considered one of the world's top crossover sopranos. Her musical style ranges from pop recordings and folk songs, to classical vocals and operatic arias. She sings mainly in English and Norwegian and has also sung songs in Swedish, Danish, Irish, Italian, French, Russian, Icelandic, Faroese, German, Neapolitan, Māori, Japanese and Latin.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: She rose to prominence in Norway in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and her cover version of Ole Paus' song "Innerst i sjelen" gained wide popularity in the 1990s. She is well known for singing the Olympic Hymn (Hymne Olympique) at the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway; for duets with Plácido Domingo and Charles Aznavour at the "Christmas in Vienna" concert of 1994, José Carreras, Andrea Bocelli, Bryn Terfel, Josh Groban, Neil Sedaka, Mario Frangoulis, Russell Watson, Brian May, Tommy Körberg, Diana Krall, Warren G, Dee Dee Bridgewater and The Chieftains; and her participation on the "Titanic" film soundtrack.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: Sissel received her first U.S. Grammy nominations on 6 December 2007 for a collaboration with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. "Spirit of the Season," a collection of songs from the choir's 2006 Christmas concert at Temple Square, was nominated for the Best Classical Crossover Album of the Year, as well as Best Engineered Classical Album.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: Sissel's combined solo record sales (not including soundtracks and other albums to which she contributed) amount to 10 million albums sold, most of them in Norway, a country with 5 million people. Her albums have also sold well in Sweden, Denmark and Japan. Together with Odd Nordstoga, they are the only Norwegian artists to have an album go 11 times platinum in album sales for "Strålande jul" (Glorious Christmas).


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In Norway she is mostly known as Sissel Kyrkjebø; she started using her first name mononymously abroad later in her career. Her first name 'Sissel' is a Norwegian variant of 'Cecilia'. This is a popular first name from Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of church music. Her last name means "church farm" or "church field", and may be derived from an agricultural property owned by or located near the local church.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: Sissel grew up on Lønborg in Bergen with two older brothers, Eirik and Bjørn. Sissel and her parents often took hikes in the mountains surrounding Bergen. In early years she wanted to be a nurse, but at the age of nine music became her passion.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: She joined her first children's choir under the direction of New Zealand-born conductor Felicity Laurence. She stayed with the choir for seven years and said, "That was my musical education. We sang everything: classical and jazz, folk and even Māori songs. People said we sounded like an angel choir because we had this very clean pure sound, almost like an English boys' choir."


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: Sissel won her first local talent competition when she was ten. She was influenced by various musical genres; her parents were interested in country music and classical music, and her brothers' interest in rock music also influenced her. She has stated that Barbra Streisand, Kathleen Battle and Kate Bush were inspirations.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 1980, she appeared in the sing-along program ' ('Sing with Us') together with a children's choir. Her first solo appearance was in 1984, when she sang the Norwegian folktune "Ung Åslaug". Sissel performed in this program many times until 1989. Her first solo TV appearance without the choir was in 1983 on Norwegian TV, with the song "Evergreen" in the children's program '. Later same year she and Rune Larsen, her later manager guested the TV-program "" ('Do You Remember?'), hosted by Odd Grythe. She performed "" ('Childhood Home') and "Sukiyaki".


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: She first sang "Å, Vestland, Vestland" on "Syng med oss" in 1985; it has been her signature song since then.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In January 1986, Sissel appeared on the Norwegian TV-show "", hosted by . She performed "You Don't Bring Me Flowers" by Barbra Streisand and later, in February she performed "Comin' In and Out of Your Life" on the 1986 Alpine Skiing World Cup TV-show in Norway. In May, Sissel performed "Bergensiana" during the intermission of the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, which took place in Grieg Hall in her home town of . That was her big breakthrough and same year, her first album, "Sissel", was released. It sold more than 500,000 copies, making it the best selling album in Norway at that time.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 1987, Sissel made her debut on Danish television, on "Under Uret", hosted by . She performed two songs: "Vårvise" with Danish singer/composer and "Summertime". Later that year, in November Sissel released her Christmas album "Glade Jul". It contained several traditional Christmas carols and it broke her previous record for best-selling album in Norway. This album still holds the record. Upon its release, it sold more than 600,000 copies in a country with a population of less than five million: to date, it has sold approximately 1 million copies. In Sweden, a Swedish language version was released, called "Stilla Natt". Norwegian newspaper "Dagbladet" honored her as "The Name of the Year" in December. That year Sissel also was invited to represent Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1987, but she declined.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: This year Sissel wanted a break from her music career and attended a commercial upper-secondary school in Bergen. She performed at the memorial concert of singer/songwriter Trygve Henrik Hoff in Tromsø, in February. Hoff wrote several of the songs on Sissel's debut album, "Sissel" from 1986. Hoff died in 1987. In the fall of 1988, Sissel moved to Oslo for a short period to play the role of Maria von Trapp in the Norwegian version of "The Sound of Music". This production set box office records and was seen by over 110,000 people.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 1989, she released her third album, "". The album sold 180,000 copies. In the summer of the same year, Sissel travelled to the US and performed in New York City on the TV program "Artists for Our Common Future", which was broadcast around the world. She performed "Summertime" and "Somewhere".


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: On a Swedish TV-concert recorded in Gothenburg she met Danish comedian and singer , whom she later married. They sang "Vårvise" by Sebastian.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 1990, Sissel recorded the singing parts of the character Princess Ariel for the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish versions of the 1989 Disney movie "The Little Mermaid", and played the voice role of Ariel in the Norwegian and Swedish versions. In the same year Sissel visited The Faeroe Islands developing a project called "Kystland". It resulted in two TV programs, "Med Sissel til Kirkjubø" and the church concert "Tidin rennur".


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In December 1990, Sissel opened the new concert hall in Oslo, Oslo Spectrum at the Christmas-concert "Å gi er å se".


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 1991, Sissel toured Norway and Denmark with her very successful church concert, "Tidin rennur". In the fall of 1991, Sissel met and performed with Neil Sedaka on the Norwegian TV-show "". Sissel sang his song "Solitaire" while Sedaka played on the piano. He was very impressed and they collaborated on her next album, "" which came out in 1992. Sissel sings three songs written by Sedaka, including a duet on "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do".


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In the winter of 1992, Sissel was named one of the official musicians of the upcoming 1994 Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer, Norway. She made a short appearance at the closing ceremony of the Olympics in Albertville, France. Dressed like a princess sitting on a giant fake polar bear like in the Norwegian folktale "", she performed "Molde Canticle" by Jan Garbarek. Her album "Gift of Love" was released in October, and the album sold only 60,000 copies. It received criticism for her new style on the album. Sissel joined Neil Sedaka on his fall tour in Norway same year, and she also had several event performances in the U.S.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In the summer of 1993, Sissel played the role of Solveig in "Peer Gynt" by Henrik Ibsen at Den Nationale Scene in Bergen. This was very well received by critics. Later, in August Sissel married Eddie Skoller in St Mary's Church, Bergen in Bergen. Thousands of fans waited in the rain outside the church to get a glimpse of Sissel after the wedding-ceremony. The wedding received a great deal of attention from Norwegian and Danish press.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In February 1994, Sissel performed during the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer. During the Olympics, legendary Spanish tenor Plácido Domingo visited Norway, where he came across one of her earlier albums. He contacted Sissel and the next day they recorded "Fire in Your Heart", an English version of "Se ilden lyse", the official theme song of the Lillehammer Olympics. These two versions of the song were released in February 1994 on Sissel's solo album "Innerst i sjelen" (Deep Within My Soul), a collection of Nordic folk songs. Domingo invited Sissel, along with world-renowned French singer Charles Aznavour, to take part in his annual "Christmas in Vienna" concert later that year. The concert was broadcast around the world and released as an album internationally.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 1995, Sissel was invited to perform at the 1995 Live For Peace – Royal Gala in London. In celebration of 50 years V.E. Day she performed in front of Charles, Prince of Wales, in London Coliseum. She sang the renowned aria "O Mio Babbino Caro" from the opera "Gianni Schicchi" by Giacomo Puccini and the Norwegian classic "Vitae Lux" with the choir .


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 1997, Sissel toured the US with the Irish group The Chieftains. They appeared, among other places, on the Late Show with David Letterman and in Carnegie Hall. Later that summer, Sissel was involved in recording the soundtrack to the film "Titanic". The soundtrack, called "", became immensely popular, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard charts and selling more than 30 million copies worldwide. James Horner, the composer of the film's music, knew Sissel from her album "Innerst i sjelen" and he particularly liked how she sang "" (I Know in Heaven There Is a Castle). Horner had tried 25 or 30 singers before deciding on Sissel. She was then scheduled to record the theme song to James Cameron's 1997 blockbuster film "Titanic", but Celine Dion's vocals were preferred due to James Horner's decision to support Dion's career. In an interview from December 2014, Horner quotes: "When I had completed the "Titanic" [movie], I had to decide for Celine Dion or Sissel['s] [vocals]. Sissel I am very close, while Celine I had known since she was 18, and I had already written three film songs for [her]. But that was before Celine was known and filmmakers and marketing people had not done what they should have done for Celine and [her] songs. So I felt I owed her a "Titanic" chance, but I could [still] have used Sissel there." Instead, Kyrkjebø completed much of the film score for the soundtrack album.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: Sissel had a No.1 hit across Europe in 1998 with "Prince Igor", a duet with an American rapper Warren G on the concept album "The Rapsody Overture" which combined American rappers with European opera singers. Sissel sang an aria from Alexander Borodin's opera "Prince Igor" during the chorus, while Warren G rapped. When the song was recorded, Sissel had just a half-hour to learn the Russian lyrics and she got help from a Russian, who drove a cab in New York City: the driver's name, coincidentally, was Igor. Sissel was on her way to the airport, but the taxi-driver drove her direct to the studio and followed Sissel into studio. He helped Sissel sing the Russian words correctly while Sissel recorded her part of the lyrics. In the end, he was satisfied and they made it to the airport afterwards. On St. Patrick's Day that year, Sissel made her second performance on the Late Show, singing "Love Will You Marry Me?" with The Chieftains.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 1999, Sissel started working on a new album with producer Rick Chertoff, and travelled between Copenhagen and New York. The CD was to be released in 2000, but Sissel was unhappy with the results of the recording sessions and scrapped the album. That year she sang the Gaelic song "Siúil A Rún" on The Chieftains' 1999 album "Tears of Stone".


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: The beginning of 2000 marked as the "European city of culture", and Sissel performed at the opening ceremony. In May, as a part of 's "" she performed at a concert where she sang several duets with jazz singer Diana Krall. In November 2000, Sissel released (in Norway only) her album, "All Good Things", which was her first solo album in nearly seven years. Following high sales, 300,000 copies sold, the album was released throughout Europe and Asia the following year. The album included the duet "Where the Lost Ones Go" with fellow Norwegian singer Espen Lind, which was also released on his album "This Is Pop Music" in 2001. Sissel performed Christmas carols and a few of her new tunes at the Festival of Lights ("Lysfest") in in the beginning of December, culminating the city's celebration of being the cultural city of Europe. The concert was broadcast live on the Internet. Later the same month, she was invited to represent Norway at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert, where she sang "One Day" and "Weightless", both songs from "All Good Things". She was introduced by Jane Seymour as "the Norwegian star Sissel." Sissel also released a greatest hits collection in Japan that included two new songs, in collaboration with Gheorghe Zamfir. These songs were used in the Japanese TV show "Summer Snow", one of which was the show's theme song. Sissel is enormously popular in Japan and has released several Japanese versions of her albums there.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 2001, she was asked to sing a duet with the Danish goth rockers Sort Sol. Sissel sang with them on the track "Elia Rising" from their album "Snakecharmer", released in May 2001. Sissel was inspired by the Kylie Minogue/Nick Cave-ballad "Where the Wild Roses Grow". Sort Sol and Sissel performed both in Tivoli and at Roskilde Festival that year. At the Roskilde, they performed at 2 in the morning for a raucous audience of 50,000 rock fans. Sissel made her debut on the big screen in June, playing a female lumberjack, Inga, in the Danish children's film, (Flying Grandma). In this movie, Sissel sings the Danish song "Himlen over Himmelbjerget". In September, Sissel played two "In Symphony" concerts in , Norway, with the Norwegian Radio Orchestra and special guests. The concert was broadcast in Sweden, Norway and Denmark and was also released as a live CD, "", which sold 240,000 copies. Later in autumn 2001, Sissel toured Scandinavia and sang at a memorial ceremony in October at Copenhagen Airport. Sissel then performed at a memorial concert for a 17-year-old boy, Benjamin Hermansen, the victim of a racially motivated murder in a suburb of Oslo. She also performed at an AIDS/HIV benefit concert in , Oslo where she sang "". On 6 December, Sissel performed with the Oslo Gospel Choir in Washington, D.C., as part of "Norwegian Visions 2001".


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 2002, Sissel recorded two duets, Ave Maria and Bist du bei mir (BWV 508), with Plácido Domingo in April for his Sacred Songs album, released in September of that year. On 24 May 2002, dressed in traditional Norwegian costume, Sissel performed the Norwegian psalm "Lær meg å kjenne" at the wedding of Princess Märtha Louise of Norway and Ari Behn in the Nidaros Cathedral. In August, Sissel performed with the Danish Radio Orchestra at two outdoor concerts in the park surrounding Ledreborg Castle near Roskilde in Denmark. In addition to the orchestra, Sissel entertained the sold-out crowd of 22,000 and guests on these concert were artists like Paddy Moloney and The Pilatze Brothers. On 1 October 2002, Sissel released her first album in the US. It sold over 100,000 copies in its first three months of release with hardly any advertising or marketing. The album sold better than Decca record executives expected, their initial goal having been to sell 100,000 copies in the first nine months. The album, titled "Sissel", was largely a re-recording of songs from her Norwegian album, "All Good Things" with the addition of two songs, "Solitaire" and "Shenandoah". In late 2002, one of Sissel's concerts was filmed at the Oslo Spectrum and later broadcast in March 2003 on PBS in the United States. The British Singer Russell Watson was one of her guests. The production was subsequently released as the DVD "Sissel in Concert". In December 2002, Sissel was again invited to represent Norway at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert, for which she sang "Somewhere Over The Rainbow" from "The Wizard of Oz" and "The Prayer" in a duet with Josh Groban. Sissel closed out 2002 by performing at a Christmas concert, "Christmas in Moscow 2003", in Moscow, Russia with José Carreras, Plácido Domingo and Emma Shapplin. The show garnered mixed reviews from the Russian media, although Sissel received all-around high marks. This concert was broadcast on Russian television and in October 2014 this concert was released on CD.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In April 2003, Sissel performed in Tokyo, Japan and then in April–May she toured US, visiting Philadelphia, St. Louis and New York City. Sissel had a Poulsen rose (a rose engineered to thrive in cold Scandinavian winters) named after her on 10 August in Denmark. "She spreads joy among all of us with her wonderful voice" was the reasoning behind the honor, bestowed upon her in the garden of Haraldsted Church. Sissel performed The Rose, Vatnet, våren, fela and Solveig's Song during the presentation. Sissel sang with Swedish singer Peter Jöback on the Christmas single "Gå inte forbi" for his new holiday CD. Sissel also guested him on his Christmas tour in Sweden that year.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: Sissel released her second US album, "My Heart", in March 2004. It was a classical crossover album and included two pop songs written by Richard Marx and one ballad, "Wait A While", written by Jon Lord of Deep Purple. "My Heart" reached No. 3 on the Billboard Classical Album Chart after debuting at No. 7 and spent 31 weeks on the chart. In the summer and fall of 2004, Sissel went on tour with The Lord of the Rings Symphony. She was a featured soloist for an orchestral performance dedicated to the music from "The Lord of the Rings" films. "The Lord of the Rings" composer Howard Shore, who arranged and conducted the music, planned on hiring three soprano singers to handle the vocal chores, but after hearing Sissel, decided she would be enough. At each performance, Sissel performed with a symphony orchestra and choirs with 200 musicians on stage. Howard Shore stated, "Ancient Norwegian mythology and culture had a great influence on Tolkien's work. It is very thrilling to have the Norwegian singer Sissel perform as a soloist in The Lord of the Rings Symphony. Sissel's radiant voice illuminates this work." When asked about the tour in an interview, Sissel raved, "I love the music. It's such a wonderful feeling to be sitting in the middle of a symphony orchestra, surrounded by the beautiful voices of the choir and all those gorgeous melodies."


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In May 2005, Sissel performed with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir in Salt Lake City, Utah, on their radio and TV broadcast, "Music and the Spoken Word", which is featured on nearly 2,000 stations across the US and around the world. Sissel joined the choir to commemorate the Centennial of Norwegian Independence from Sweden, which was being celebrated that year. Sissel sang the ABBA song "Like An Angel Passing Through My Room", "Vitae Lux", the traditional Norwegian hymn "Herre gud, ditt dyre navn og ære", and the Norwegian national anthem, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" (Yes, we love this country), with the choir. On 8 October 2005, King Harald of Norway knighted Sissel a "Knight of the 1st Class in the Order of St. Olav" for her contributions to music and as an ambassador for Norway. Sissel was 36 years old. The ceremony was held on 25 January on Hotel Bristol in Oslo. Same month Sissel was invited to perform on the well-known temple-concert, Ninna-ji Otobutai, in Osaka, Japan. She sang "Pie Jesu", "Sancta Maria" (intermezzo from Pietro Mascagni's opera "Cavalleria Rusticana"), "You Raise Me Up", and a couple of other songs. This concert was aired on television in Japan.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In December 2006, Sissel again joined the Mormon Tabernacle Choir as the featured soloist for their annual Christmas concerts. In four performances, she sang for more than 80,000 people in the 21,000-seat Conference center in Salt Lake City. The concerts were videotaped for PBS television and aired the year after, in December 2007. Sissel celebrated more than 20 years in the music industry with the release of a greatest hits album presenting 40 of her best and most well-known songs, including some never-before-released songs. She toured Norway in December with her Christmas concerts with a mix of Christmas carols and hits from her greatest hits-release that year.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In March 2007, a statistically representative sample of the Norwegian population chose her as the best female Norwegian musical artist in competition with 15 other big names, including Lene Marlin, Wenche Myhre, Kari Bremnes, and Bertine Zetlitz. In the summer of 2007, Sissel toured Norway, Sweden, France, and the US with a band. According to Sissel, this is a new concert format for her, without a choir. For the 2007 holiday season, PBS stations aired two concerts starring Sissel as part of the December pledge drive, one with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir titled "Spirit of the Season", released on CD and DVD in late September 2007, the other with operatic legend and good friend José Carreras titled "Northern Lights", released on CD and DVD in early November 2007. The albums of these concerts have proven to be extremely popular, with "Northern Lights" reaching No. 10 in the Billboard Classical Crossover list, and "Spirit of the Season" staying firmly planted at No.1 on the Billboard Classical charts for nine consecutive weeks.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: The album "Northern Lights" is a live recording of a concert at ("Jewel of the mountain town" in German), a church from the 17th Century in Røros, Norway (a 17th-Century Germany mining town). It was inspired by Norway's winter, the Blue hour, and the mystical Northern Lights. The music were arranged by Kjetil Bjerkestrand and the musicians sharing the stage with Sissel were the Trondheim Soloists, the Nidaros Cathedral Girls Choir, and Sissel's own band. The concert featured the tenor José Carreras, which performed the Julio Iglesias/Dolly Parton-duet "When You Tell Me That You Love Me" with Sissel. Sissel conducted an eight-city US tour in February 2008, singing selections from "Northern Lights". A second leg of the tour covered more cities in the central and southern United States and lasted through April.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: On 9 November 2009, Sissel released a new Christmas album called "Strålande Jul" (Glorious Christmas), a project with Odd Nordstoga, another popular Norwegian singer. This album presents mostly lesser-known Christmas carols from Scandinavia. Sissel toured in both Norway and Sweden with Odd Nordstoga, The Real Group, , and Krister Henrikson. This album and their sold-out Christmas concerts received much critical acclaim in Norway and Sweden. The record company "Universal Music" anticipated sales of about 100,000 CDs, but ultimately sold more than 400,000 in Norway in the first two months.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In May 2010, Sissel visited China with the Trondheim Soloists, on "Expo 2010" in Shanghai. They performed songs like "Jag vill alltid følja dig", "Solveig's Song" and "Wait A While". Part of these concerts were broadcast on Norwegian television in the summer of 2010. On 20 September 2010, an unauthorized biography of Sissel, named "Sissel", by Stig Nilsson, was released in Norway. Nilsson had written several songs for Sissel earlier in her career. In the book, Nilsson claims—among other things—that Sissel never became a worldwide superstar because she did not want to be. The book has only been released in Norwegian. On 15 November 2010, Sissel released a new album in Scandinavia called "Til deg" (For You), recorded in ABBA's Polar Studios in Stockholm, Nidaros Studios in Trondheim, and in Nashville. This album shows a new direction in music and is heavily influenced by the style of country music, roots and folk. The album includes five songs sung in Swedish, three in Norwegian and two in English, including a Norwegian translation of Victoria Shaw's song "Never Alone", titled "Velkommen hjem", and a Swedish cover of Alison Krauss' song "Ghost in This House", called "Levande död". Sissel has collaborated with Mikael Wiehe, Espen Lind, and Py Bäckman on the new album.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 2011 Sissel moved back to Norway after 22 years in Denmark. On 21 August 2011, Sissel performed the Norwegian hymn "Til ungdommen" by Nordahl Grieg at the National Memorial Ceremony for the victims of . This ceremony took place in Oslo Spectrum and was broadcast live in all the Nordic countries. HM King Harald and HM Queen Sonja of Norway attended this ceremony with members from all the Nordic Royal Houses, and the prime ministers of Norway, Sweden, Denmark plus the presidents of Iceland and Finland. In September Sissel got her own stamp in Norway when a set of stamps of four Norwegian female performers was issued.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In December 2012 Sissel performed exclusively in two free Christmas-concerts in St John's Church, Bergen. This was the first time she performed a Christmas concert on her own in that church.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In November 2013 Sissel officially returned to the stage, after a 3-year long break. She appeared on the Norwegian talkshow "", where she performed "My Tribute" by Andrae Crouch. Sissel toured Norway in November and December with her Christmas concerts with a new mix of Christmas- and gospel songs. She hired three gospel singers from New York to back her up on these concerts.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: On 17 May 2014 Sissel performed the Norwegian national anthem "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" and Griegs "" on the Norwegian Constitution Day 2014 on Eidsvoll, Norway. Royal guests from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark attended this ceremony which was broadcast live on television. Later, in September Sissel performed with the Greek tenor Mario Frangoulis at a concert on 5 September at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus in Greece. This concert, "Sing Me An Angel" was held in aid of the Non Profit Organisation "I Live For Me". They performed several duets like "You Raise Me Up", "Nights in White Satin", "Smile" and "What A Wonderful World". Sissel toured Norway and Sweden with her acclaimed Christmas concerts in November and December. In the fifth episode (of Season 3) of American television political drama series The Newsroom, which aired in December, a recording of Sissel singing "Shenandoah" was played over the death scene of Charlie Skinner (Sam Waterston).


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In 2015 Sissel performed as vocal soloist at two Titanic Live-concerts in Lucerne, Switzerland on 13 and 14 March, and later at the Royal Albert Hall, London on 27 April, where Sissel performed the vocal lines of James Horner's orchestral score as well as the solo soprano for "My Heart Will Go On". A few weeks later James Horner died when his single-engine Tucano aircraft crashed in the Los Padres National Forest. In December 2015 Sissel was as one of nine names nominated for the 2016 Hall of Fame at Rockheim in Norway.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: The beginning of 2016 saw Sissel performing at a TV-broadcast Royal Gala on 17 January, celebrating the 25th or silver jubilee of HM The King and HM The Queen of Norway's accession to the Norwegian throne. Sissel sang "For alltid" ("Forever"), written by Ole Paus. She toured Sweden in the fall, from 14–31 October with her new concert, Songs of Love. And in November/December she toured Norway, Denmark and Iceland with her Christmas concert, Sissel's jul. Sissel again was nominated in December for the 2017 Hall of Fame at Rockheim in Norway. And the 2014 PBS-concert, "Sing Me An Angel" with Mario Frangoulis was broadcast on television in the US from December.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In February 2017 Sissel performed at a TV-broadcast Celebration-concert for her friend, singer-songwriter Ole Paus in the Opera House in Oslo. And in November/December she toured Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland with her Christmas concert success, Sissel's jul.


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: In May 2019 Sissel released the first of 50 new songs that came out each week for the following 50 weeks. This new project, named "Reflections" celebrated Sissel turning 50 years that year. On 6 June, Sissel performed together with Italian singer Andrea Bocelli at a concert in Oslo. In July, Sissel again was invited to perform with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir and the orchestra at Temple Square in their Pioneer Day concert, which also was broadcast on YouTube. And in August, Sissel made a special guest appearance on the popular Swedish TV-show Allsång på Skansen, where she performed two new songs, "Welcome to My World" and "Surrender".


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: From 1993 to 2004, Kyrkjebø was married to her first husband Danish-American comedian and singer, . They have two daughters, Ingrid (born 1996) and Sarah (born 1999).


title: Sissel Kyrkjebø

text: On 13 August 2013, Kyrkjebø married her second husband, Norwegian tax lawyer, Ernst Ravnaas, in a private ceremony in .


title: Buckwheat Boyz

text: The Buckwheat Boyz was an American novelty group founded by Marcus Bowens and Jermaine Fuller, with the later addition of J.J. O'Neal and Dougy Williams. The Buckwheat Boyz were signed by Koch Records, and recorded their first and only full-length record. The 2001 single "Peanut Butter Jelly Time" from this self-titled debut album became a popular internet meme after a Flash-animated music video featuring a dancing banana garnered attention online. The popularity of the song increased as it was featured on television series such as "The Proud Family" and "Family Guy", and fellow Flash-animated series including "Super Mario Bros. Z".


title: Buckwheat Boyz

text: Their song "Ice Cream and Cake" quickly rose in popularity after being featured in a 2009 Baskin-Robbins marketing campaign, which included a television commercial and an "Ice Cream and Cake Dance Video Contest". In August 2009, Baskin-Robbins kicked off the contest by hosting the "Guinness World Records Largest Cheerleading Dance" event with Mario Lopez of Extra TV and 225 members of the Universal Cheerleaders Association (UCA), at the University of California Los Angeles. However, as of August 2011, the Guinness World Records archive states that the record for largest cheerleading dance was set in November 2009 by 297 participants at the University of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee. It is not known whether this event was related to the Baskin-Robbins contest.


title: Buckwheat Boyz

text: Old Dominion University plays "Ice Cream and Cake" at home basketball games at the Ted Constant Convocation Center, and enjoys active crowd dance participation.


title: Buckwheat Boyz

text: The Buckwheat Boyz have also been credited for forming the basis of the popular internet meme "Peanut Butter Jelly Time".


title: Steric effects

text: Steric effects arise from the spatial arrangement of atoms. When atoms come close together there is a rise in the energy of the molecule. Steric effects are nonbonding interactions that influence the shape (conformation) and reactivity of ions and molecules. Steric effects complement electronic effects, which dictate the shape and reactivity of molecules. Steric repulsive forces between overlapping electron clouds result in structured groupings of molecules stabilized by the way that opposites attract and like charges repel.


title: Steric effects

text: Steric hindrance is a consequence of steric effects. Steric hindrance is the slowing of chemical reactions due to steric bulk. It is usually manifested in "intermolecular reactions", whereas discussion of steric effects often focus on "intramolecular interactions". Steric hindrance is often exploited to control selectivity, such as slowing unwanted side-reactions.


title: Steric effects

text: Steric hindrance between adjacent groups can also affect torsional bond angles. Steric hindrance is responsible for the observed shape of rotaxanes and the low rates of racemization of 2,2'-disubstituted biphenyl and binaphthyl derivatives.


title: Steric effects

text: Because steric effects have profound impact on properties, the steric properties of substituents have been assessed by numerous methods.


title: Steric effects

text: Relative rates of chemical reactions provide useful insights into the effects of the steric bulk of substituents. Under standard conditions methyl bromide solvolyzes 10 faster than does neopentyl bromide. The difference reflects the inhibition of attack on the compound with the sterically bulky (CH)C group.


title: Steric effects

text: A values provide another measure of the bulk of substituents. A values are derived from equilibrium measurements of monosubstituted cyclohexanes. The extent that a substituent favors the equatorial position gives a measure of its bulk.


title: Steric effects

text: Ceiling temperature (formula_1) is a measure of the steric properties of the monomers that comprise a polymer. formula_1 is the temperature where the rate of polymerization and depolymerization are equal. Sterically hindered monomers give polymers with low formula_1's, which are usually not useful.


title: Steric effects

text: Ligand cone angles are measures of the size of ligands in coordination chemistry. It is defined as the solid angle formed with the metal at the vertex and the hydrogen atoms at the perimeter of the cone (see figure).


title: Steric effects

text: Steric effects are critical to chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology. In organic chemistry, steric effects are nearly universal and affect the rates and activation energies of most chemical reactions to varying degrees.


title: Steric effects

text: In biochemistry, steric effects are often exploited in naturally occurring molecules such as enzymes, where the catalytic site may be buried within a large protein structure. In pharmacology, steric effects determine how and at what rate a drug will interact with its target bio-molecules.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Vatican Apostolic Library (, ), more commonly known as the Vatican Library or informally as the Vat, is the library of the Holy See, located in Vatican City. Formally established in 1475, although it is much older—it is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts. It has 75,000 codices from throughout history, as well as 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 incunabula.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Vatican Library is a research library for history, law, philosophy, science, and theology. The Vatican Library is open to anyone who can document their qualifications and research needs. Photocopies for private study of pages from books published between 1801 and 1990 can be requested in person or by mail.


title: Vatican Library

text: Pope Nicholas V (1447–1455) envisioned a new Rome with extensive public works to lure pilgrims and scholars to the city to begin its transformation. Nicolas wanted to create a "public library" for Rome that was meant to be seen as an institution for humanist scholarship. His death prevented him from carrying out his plan, but his successor Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484) established what is now known as the Vatican Library.


title: Vatican Library

text: In March 2014, the Vatican Library began an initial four-year project of digitising its collection of manuscripts, to be made available online.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Vatican Apostolic Archive was separated from the library at the beginning of the 17th century; it contains another 150,000 items.


title: Vatican Library

text: Scholars have traditionally divided the history of the library into five periods, Pre-Lateran, Lateran, Avignon, Pre-Vatican and Vatican.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Pre-Lateran period, comprising the initial days of the library, dating from the earliest days of the Church. Only a handful of volumes survive from this period, though some are very significant.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Lateran era began when the library moved to the Lateran Palace and lasted until the end of the 13th century and the reign of Pope Boniface VIII, who died in 1303, by which time he possessed one of the most notable collections of illuminated manuscripts in Europe. However, in that year, the Lateran Palace was burnt and the collection plundered by Philip IV of France.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Avignon period was during the Avignon Papacy, when seven successive popes resided in Avignon, France. This period saw great growth in book collection and record-keeping by the popes in Avignon, between the death of Boniface and the 1370s when the papacy returned to Rome.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Pre-Vatican period ranged from about 1370 to 1447. The library was scattered during this time, with parts in Rome, Avignon, and elsewhere. Pope Eugenius IV possessed 340 books by the time of his death.


title: Vatican Library

text: In 1451, bibliophile Pope Nicholas V sought to establish a public library at the Vatican, in part to re-establish Rome as a destination for scholarship. Nicholas combined some 350 Greek, Latin and Hebrew codices inherited from his predecessors with his own collection and extensive acquisitions, among them manuscripts from the imperial Library of Constantinople. Pope Nicholas also expanded his collection by employing Italian and Byzantine scholars to translate the Greek classics into Latin for his library. The knowledgeable pope already encouraged the inclusion of pagan classics. Nicolas was important in saving many of the Greek works and writings during this time period that he had collected while traveling and acquired from others.


title: Vatican Library

text: Nicholas died in 1455. In 1475 his successor Pope Sixtus IV founded the "Palatine Library". During his papacy, acquisitions were made in "theology, philosophy and artistic literature". The number of manuscripts is variously counted as 3,500 in 1475 or 2,527 in 1481, when librarian Bartolomeo Platina produced a signed listing. At the time it was the largest collection of books in the Western world.


title: Vatican Library

text: Pope Julius II commissioned the expansion of the building. Around 1587, Pope Sixtus V commissioned the architect Domenico Fontana to construct a new building for the library, which is still used today. After this, it became known as the Vatican Library.


title: Vatican Library

text: During the Counter-Reformation, access to the library's collections was limited following the introduction of the Index of banned books. Scholars' access to the library was restricted, particularly Protestant scholars. Restrictions were lifted during the course of the 17th century, and Pope Leo XIII formally reopened the library to scholars in 1883.


title: Vatican Library

text: In 1756, Abbot Piaggio conserver of ancient manuscripts in the Vatican Library used a machine he also invented, to unroll the first Herculaneum papyri, which took him months.


title: Vatican Library

text: In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte arrested Pope Pius VII and removed the contents of the library to Paris. The contents were returned in 1817, three years after the defeat of Napoleon.


title: Vatican Library

text: The library's first major revitalization project took place in the mid-twentieth century with the help of a global community of librarians. Until this point in time, the Vatican Library was dangerously unorganized and its librarians undertrained. Foreign researchers, particularly Americans, noticed how inadequate the facilities were for such an important collection. Several American organizations, including the American Library Association and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, offered to assist the Vatican in implementing a modern cataloguing system. Along with this, librarians from the Vatican were invited to visit several libraries in the United States to receive training on the functionalities of a modern library. They visited the Library of Congress, and libraries in Princeton, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Chicago, Champaign, Toronto, and Ann Arbor. Once back in Rome, a reorganization plan was implemented. The main goals were to create a summary index of each manuscript by author, and create an index for the incunabula. After the project was completed, the Vatican was the most modern library in all of Europe, some 50 years ahead of other research institutions. This joint effort highlighted the importance of international relationships in the library field. Inspired by the successful project, the International Federation of Library Associations was founded in 1929 and continues today.


title: Vatican Library

text: In 1995 art history teacher Anthony Melnikas from Ohio State University stole three leaves from a medieval manuscript once owned by Francesco Petrarch. One of the stolen leaves contains an exquisite miniature of a farmer threshing grain. A fourth leaf from an unknown source was also discovered in his possession by U.S. Customs agents. Melnikas was trying to sell the pages to an art dealer, who then alerted the librarian director.


title: Vatican Library

text: The library is located inside the Vatican Palace, and the entrance is through the Belvedere Courtyard. When Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590) commissioned the expansion and the new building of the Vatican Library, he had a three-story wing built right across Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere, thus bisecting it and changing Bramante's work significantly. At the bottom of a grand staircase a large statue of Hippolytus decorates the La Galea entrance hall.


title: Vatican Library

text: In the first semi-basement there is a papyrus room and a storage area for manuscripts. The first floor houses the restoration laboratory, and the photographic archives are on the second floor.


title: Vatican Library

text: The library closed for renovations on 17 July 2007 and reopened on 20 September 2010. The three year, 9 million euro renovation involved the complete shut down of the library to install climate controlled rooms.


title: Vatican Library

text: In the "Sala di Consultazione" or main reference room of the Vatican Library looms a statue of St Thomas Aquinas (c. 1910), sculpted by Cesare Aureli. A second version of this statue (c. 1930) stands under the entrance portico of the Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas, "Angelicum".


title: Vatican Library

text: The collection was originally organized through notebooks used to index the manuscripts. As the collection grew to more than a few thousand, shelf lists were used. The first modern catalogue system was put in place under Father Franz Ehrle between 1927 and 1939, using the Library of Congress card catalogue system. Ehrle also set up the first program to take photographs of important works or rare works. The library catalogue was further updated by Rev. Leonard E. Boyle when it was computerized in the early 1990s.


title: Vatican Library

text: Historically, during the Renaissance era, most books were not shelved but stored in wooden benches, which had tables attached to them. Each bench was dedicated to a specific topic. The books were chained to these benches, and if a reader took out a book, the chain remained attached to it. Until the early 17th century, academics were also allowed to borrow books. For important books, the pope himself would issue a reminder slip. Privileges to use the library could be withdrawn for breaking the house rules, for instance by climbing over the tables. Most famously Pico Della Mirandola lost the right to use the library when he published a book on theology that the Papal curia did not approve of. In the 1760s, a bill issued by Clement XIII heavily restricted access to the library's holdings.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Vatican Library can be accessed by 200 scholars at a time, and it sees 4,000 to 5,000 scholars a year, mostly academics doing post-graduate research.


title: Vatican Library

text: While the Vatican Library has always included Bibles, canon law texts, and theological works, it specialized from the beginning in secular books. Its collection of Greek and Latin classics was at the center of the revival of classical culture during the Renaissance age. The oldest documents in the library date back to the first century.


title: Vatican Library

text: The library was founded primarily as a manuscript library, a fact reflected in the comparatively high ratio of manuscripts to printed works in its collection. Such printed books as have made their way into the collection are intended solely to facilitate the study of the much larger collection of manuscripts.


title: Vatican Library

text: In 1623, in thanks for the adroit political maneuvers of Pope Gregory XV that had sustained him in his contests with Protestant candidates for the post of Electort, the hereditary Palatine Library of Heidelberg, containing about 3,500 manuscripts was given to the Holy See by Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria. He had just acquired it as loot in the Thirty Years' War. A token 39 of the Heidelberg manuscripts were sent to Paris in 1797 and were returned to Heidelberg at the Peace of Paris in 1815. A gift of 852 others was made in 1816 by Pope Pius VII to the University of Heidelberg, including the Codex Manesse. Aside from these cases, the Palatine Library remains in the Vatican Library to this day.


title: Vatican Library

text: In 1657, the manuscripts of the Dukes of Urbino were acquired. In 1661, the Greek scholar Leo Allatius was made librarian.


title: Vatican Library

text: Queen Christina of Sweden's important library (mostly amassed by her generals as loot from Habsburg Prague and German cities during the Thirty Years War) was purchased on her death in 1689 by Pope Alexander VIII. It represented, for all practical purposes, the entire royal library of Sweden at the time. Had it remained where it was in Stockholm, it would all have been lost in the destruction of the royal palace by fire in 1697.


title: Vatican Library

text: Among the most famous holdings of the library is the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, the oldest known nearly complete manuscript of the Bible. The "Secret History" of Procopius was discovered in the library and published in 1623.


title: Vatican Library

text: Pope Clement XI sent scholars into the Orient to bring back manuscripts, and is generally regarded as the founder of the library's Oriental section.


title: Vatican Library

text: In 1959, a Film Library was established. This is not to be confused with the Vatican Film Library, which was established in 1953 at Saint Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri.


title: Vatican Library

text: The library has a large collection of texts related to Hinduism, with the oldest editions dating to 1819.


title: Vatican Library

text: During the library's restoration between 2007 and 2010, all of the 70,000 volumes in the library were tagged with electronic chips to prevent theft.


title: Vatican Library

text: The library contains over 100 Quran manuscripts from various collections, cataloged by the Italian Jewish linguist Giorgio Levi Della Vida: "Vaticani arabi" 73; "Borgiani arabi" 25; "Barberiniani orientali" 11; "Rossiani" 2. The largest manuscript in the library, "Vat. Ar. 1484", measures 540x420mm. The smallest, "Vat. Ar. 924," is a circle of 45mm diameter preserved in an octagonal case.


title: Vatican Library

text: In 2012, plans were announced to digitize, in collaboration with the Bodleian Library, a million pages of material from the Vatican Library.


title: Vatican Library

text: On 20 March 2014, the Holy See announced that NTT Data Corporation and the library had concluded an agreement to digitize approximately 3,000 of the library's manuscripts within four years. NTT is donating the equipment and technicians, estimated to be worth 18 million Euros. It noted that there is the possibility of subsequently digitizing another 79,000 of the library's holdings. These will be high-definition images available on the library's Internet site. Storage for the holdings will be on a three petabyte server provided by EMC. It is expected that the initial phase will take four years.


title: Vatican Library

text: DigiVatLib is the name of the Vatican Library's digital library service. It provides free access to the Vatican Library's digitized collections of manuscripts and incunabula.


title: Vatican Library

text: The scanning of documents is impacted by the material used to produce the texts. Books using gold and silver in the illuminations require special scanning equipment. Digital copies are being served using the CIFS protocol, from network-attached storage hardware by Dell EMC.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Vatican Apostolic Archive, located in Vatican City, is the central archive for all of the acts promulgated by the Holy See, as well as the state papers, correspondence, papal account books, and many other documents which the church has accumulated over the centuries. In the 17th century, under the orders of Pope Paul V, the Archives were separated from the Vatican Library, where scholars had some very limited access to them, and remained absolutely closed to outsiders until 1881, when Pope Leo XIII opened them to researchers, more than a thousand of whom now examine its documents each year.


title: Vatican Library

text: The Vatican Film Library in St. Louis, Missouri is the only collection, outside the Vatican itself, of microfilms of more than 37,000 works from the "Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana", the Vatican Library in Europe. It is located in the Pius XII Library on the campus of Saint Louis University. The library was created by Lowrie J. Daly (1914–2000), with funding from the Knights of Columbus. The goal was to make Vatican and other documents more available to researchers in North America.


title: Vatican Library

text: Microfilming of Vatican manuscripts began in 1951, and according to the library's website, was the largest microfilming project that had been undertaken up to that date. The library opened in 1953, and moved to the St. Louis University campus, in the Pius XII Memorial Library, in 1959. The first librarian was Charles J. Ermatinger, who served until 2000. , the library has microfilmed versions of over 37,000 manuscripts, with material in Greek, Latin, Arabic, Hebrew and Ethiopic, as well as several more common Western European languages. There are reproductions of many works from the Biblioteca Palatina and Biblioteca Cicognara at the Vatican, as well as Papal letter registers from the "Archivio Segreto Vaticano" (Vatican Secret Archives) from the 9th to 16th centuries, in the series "Registra Vaticana" and "Registra Supplicationium".


title: Vatican Library

text: The nominal head of the library has often over the centuries been made a cardinal and hence given the title Cardinal Librarian. The effective directors, often distinguished scholars, were in an earlier period called "Custodians. After the reopening of the library in 1883, Pope Leo XIII changed the title to Prefect.


title: Vatican Library

text: The library currently has some 80 staff who work in five departments: manuscripts and archival collections, printed books/drawings, acquisitions/cataloguing, coin collections/museums and restoration/photography.


title: Vatican Library

text: (P) Indicates time spent as pro-librarian. this is the role of acting librarian, often a librarian who is not a cardinal.


title: Suite (music)

text: A suite, in Western classical music and jazz, is an ordered set of instrumental or orchestral/concert band pieces. It originated in the late 14th century as a pairing of dance tunes and grew in scope to comprise up to five dances, sometimes with a prelude, by the early 17th century. The separate movements were often thematically and tonally linked. The term can also be used to refer to similar forms in other musical traditions, such as the Turkish fasıl and the Arab nuubaat.


title: Suite (music)

text: In the Baroque era, the suite was an important musical form, also known as "Suite de danses", "Ordre" (the term favored by François Couperin), "Partita", or "Ouverture" (after the theatrical "overture" which often included a series of dances) as with the orchestral suites of Christoph Graupner, Telemann and J.S. Bach.


title: Suite (music)

text: During the 18th century, the suite fell out of favour as a cyclical form, giving way to the symphony, sonata and concerto. It was revived in the later 19th century, but in a different form, often presenting extracts from a ballet ("Nutcracker Suite"), the incidental music to a play ("L'Arlésienne", "Masquerade"), opera, film ("Lieutenant Kije Suite") or video game (Motoaki Takenouchi's 1994 suite to the "Shining" series), or entirely original movements ("Holberg Suite", "The Planets").


title: Suite (music)

text: Estienne du Tertre published "suyttes de bransles" in 1557, giving the first general use of the term "suite" 'suyttes' in music, although the usual form of the time was as pairs of dances. The first recognizable suite is Peuerl's "Newe Padouan, Intrada, Dantz, and Galliarda" of 1611, in which the four dances of the title appear repeatedly in ten suites. The "Banchetto musicale" by Johann Schein (1617) contains 20 sequences of five different dances. The first four-movement suite credited to a named composer, "Sandley's Suite", was published in 1663.