title: Edward Jones Investments

text: The Edward Jones PAC made two contributions to Senator Josh Hawley since he was elected in November 2018 – a $2,500 contribution to a luncheon in April 2019 and a $1,000 contribution to a virtual event in 2020. In January 2021 Edward Jones paused all contributions to elected officials and political organizations.


title: Edward Jones Investments

text: At the end of the first quarter of 2021 the company had 18,967 advisors, a decrease of a bit less than 1% since the same time in 2020 when there were 19,027 advisors. The average growth from year to year is about 6%. The decrease was mainly a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic which reduced hiring.


title: Edward Jones Investments

text: Edward Jones financial advisors offer commission-based and fee-based financial products. Offices are usually staffed by a financial advisor (licensed broker) and one branch office administrator. The branch office administrator acts as an assistant to the financial advisor, filling the roles of a secretary, manager, and co-worker. The one-broker-per-office model allows clients to choose their broker directly, and deal with that person exclusively. As of 2017, Edward Jones had the largest number of brokers, with 16,095, and, branch offices, with 13,499, among brokerage firms in the United States.


title: Edward Jones Investments

text: The company has its corporate headquarters in the City of Des Peres in St. Louis County, Missouri. Adjacent to the company headquarters is the Edward Jones South Campus, located at the intersection of Ballas Road and Manchester Road. The Edward Jones North Campus is located on a zoned plot southeast of the intersection of Interstate 270 and Dorsett Road in the City of Maryland Heights in St. Louis County.


title: Edward Jones Investments

text: Edward Jones has locations in the United States and Canada. The company had offices in the United Kingdom for 10 years, before selling the division to British brokerage firm Towry Law in 2009.


title: Edward Jones Investments

text: J.D. Power and Associates designated Edward Jones Investments as the firm with the "Highest Investor Satisfaction" nine times between the years 2002 and 2019. The Canadian Arm of J.D. Power also designated the firm with "Highest Investor Satisfaction" for nine years between 2006 and 2019.


title: Edward Jones Investments

text: In 2020, "Fortune" magazine ranked Edward Jones Investments at number seven on their Fortune List of the Top 100 Companies to Work For in 2020 based on an employee survey of satisfaction.


title: Edward Jones Investments

text: J.D. Power's 2021 US Full-Service Investor Satisfaction Study ranked Edward Jones highest in investor satisfaction. In 2021, "Fortune" named the company one of the "100 Best Companies to Work For" for the 22nd time, ranking it number 20.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: The Daily Star is a daily tabloid newspaper published from Monday to Saturday in the United Kingdom since 2 November 1978. On 15 September 2002 a sister Sunday edition, "Daily Star Sunday" was launched with a separate staff. On 31 October 2009, the "Daily Star" published its 10,000th issue. Jon Clark is the editor-in-chief of the paper.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: When the paper was launched from Manchester, it was circulated only in the North and Midlands. It was conceived by the then-owners of Express Newspapers, Trafalgar House, to take on the strength of the "Daily Mirror" and "The Sun" in the north. It was also intended to use the under-capacity of the Great Ancoats Street presses in Manchester as the "Daily Express" was losing circulation. The "Daily Star" sold out its first night print of 1,400,000. Its cover price has decreased over the years to compete with its rival "The Sun".


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: The "Daily Star" is published by Reach plc. The paper has predominantly focused on stories revolving around celebrities, sport, and news/gossip about popular television programmes, such as soap operas and reality TV shows, though in recent times has also criticised what it sees as woke culture.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: The "Daily Star" was originally created in 1978 as part of Express Newspapers to utilise printing presses that had been running under capacity due to falling "Daily Express" circulation. It was acquired in 2000 by Northern & Shell, and sold to Reach plc in 2018.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: For over 40 years, the newspaper regularly featured a photograph of a topless glamour model (called a "Star Babe") on weekdays, in a similar vein to "The Sun"s former Page 3 feature. The feature discovered some well-known models, most notably Rachel Ter Horst in 1993 and Lucy Pinder in 2003. In April 2019, the paper changed from publishing topless models on its third page to publishing clothed glamour images. It was the last mainstream British tabloid to discontinue the tradition of printing topless images, after "The Sun" ended its own Page 3 feature in 2015. The paper's glamour photographer is Jeany Savage.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: Other regular features in the "Daily Star" include Wired, a daily gossip column edited by James Cabooter, "Hot TV", a television news column edited by Ed Gleave and Peter Dyke, Mike Ward's weekly television review page and "Forum", a daily page devoted to readers' text messages, which are apparently printed verbatim. Opinion columns by Dominik Diamond and Vanessa Feltz were discontinued in 2008. Until he died in 2012, the chief football writer was Brian Woolnough, lured from "The Sun" in 2001 for a £200,000 pay packet.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: In 1987, the newspaper lost a high-profile libel action brought by Jeffrey Archer, leading to an award of £500,000 in damages, over allegations of Archer's involvement with a prostitute, Monica Coghlan. The editor of the "Daily Star", Lloyd Turner, was sacked six weeks after the trial. However, the newspaper always stood by its story, and on 19 July 2001 Archer was found guilty of perjury and perverting the course of justice at the 1987 trial and was sentenced to a total of four years' imprisonment. The paper later launched a bid to reclaim £2.2 million – the original payout plus interest and damages. In October 2002, it was reported that this action had been setlled with an out of court payment of £1.5 million by Archer.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: On 18 April 1989, three days after the Hillsborough disaster in which 97 Liverpool fans were fatally injured at an FA Cup semi-final game, the "Daily Star" ran the front-page headline "Dead Fans Robbed by Drunk Thugs", alleging that Liverpool fans had stolen from fans injured or killed in the tragedy. These allegations, along with claims that fans had also attacked police officers aiding the injured, were published in several other newspapers, though it was the content of coverage by "The Sun" — particularly a front-page article on 19 April — that caused the most controversy. A later inquiry showed all of the claims made were false.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: Both the "Daily Star" and its Sunday equivalent, as well as its stablemates the "Daily Express" and "Sunday Express", featured heavy coverage of the disappearance of Madeleine McCann in May 2007. In 2008, the McCann family sued the "Star" and "Express" for libel. The action concerned more than 100 stories across the "Daily Express", "Daily Star" and their Sunday equivalents, which accused the McCanns of involvement in their daughter's disappearance. The newspapers' coverage was regarded by the McCanns as grossly defamatory. In a settlement at the High Court of Justice, the newspapers agreed to run a front-page apology to the McCanns on 19 March 2008, publish another apology on the front pages of the Sunday editions on 23 March and make a statement of apology at the High Court. They also agreed to pay costs and substantial damages, which the McCanns plan to use to aid their search for their daughter. The "Daily Star" apologised for printing "stories suggesting the couple were responsible for, or may be responsible for, the death of their daughter Madeleine and for covering it up" and stated that "We now recognise that such a suggestion is absolutely untrue and that Kate and Gerry are completely innocent of any involvement in their daughter's disappearance."


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: On 21 April 2010, in the aftermath of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, the "Star" splashed a computer-generated image on its front page of British Airways Flight 9, which in 1982 encountered volcanic ash and suffered the temporary loss of all engines. The image, taken from a documentary, was accompanied by a headline "Terror as plane hits ash cloud", without any indication on the front page that the image was computer-generated. The splash, on the first day that flights restarted after a six-day closure of UK airspace due to volcanic ash, led to the removal of the paper from newsagents at some UK airports.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: On 21 July 2010, the paper ran a story by Jerry Lawton claiming that Rockstar Games was planning an instalment of its "Grand Theft Auto" series of video games based around the then-recent shootings carried out by Raoul Moat. Amid outcry at the inaccuracy of the story, an apology was published by the paper on 24 July for making no attempt to verify the truth of any of the claims, publishing what was claimed to be the cover, criticising Rockstar for its alleged plans without questioning the likelihood, making no attempt to contact Rockstar before publishing, and obtaining statements from a grieving relative of one of Moat's victims. The paper claimed to have paid "substantial" damages to Rockstar as a result, which Rockstar donated to charity.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: Prior to the paper's apology, Lawton defended his story on his Facebook page, claiming to be "baffled by the fury of adult gamers", describing them as "grown (?!?) men who sit around all day playing computer games with one another". He then added "Think I'll challenge them to a virtual reality duel...stab...I win!"


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: In March 2011, reporter Richard Peppiatt quit the "Daily Star" after accusing them of Islamophobic and pro-English Defence League coverage: "The lies of a newspaper in London can get a bloke's head caved-in down an alley in Bradford". He admitted to writing false stories about celebrities and alleged they were ordered by superiors. All of his allegations were denied by the newspaper.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: On 11 January 2019, the paper published a front-page article, in which it is claimed that Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson had stated “generation snowflake or, whatever you want to call them, are actually putting us backwards”, referring to the millennial generation, and “if you are not agreeing with them then they are offended – and that is not what so many great men and women fought for”. In response, Dwayne Johnson stated that the article was "completely untrue, 100% fabricated", and "never took place" through his Instagram and Twitter pages, later causing the "Daily Star" to take the article offline.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: On 14 October 2022, the "Daily Star" set up a livestream on whether or not Liz Truss's premiership would outlast the ten-day shelf life of a lettuce, after "The Economist" described her as having "the shelf-life of a lettuce" amidst a government crisis. When Truss announced her resignation six days later on 20 October, it was played on the stream followed by "God Save the King" and celebratory music, declaring that "the lettuce outlasted Liz Truss".


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: In 2014 ahead of the Scottish independence referendum the Scottish edition named the "Daily Star of Scotland" printed articles in support of the Better Together campaign.


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: In a retrospective of the newspaper in 2018, journalist and former features editor at the "Daily Star" Roy Greenslade described the publication under the ownership of Richard Desmond as being "a newspaper without either news or views. If it can be said to have any political outlook at all, then it is rightwing. There is no passion, no commitment, no soul."


title: Daily Star (United Kingdom)

text: Since being taken over by Reach in 2018 and under the editorship of Jon Clark, the publication has taken a more humour-focused direction, with Ian Burrell of the "I" newspaper describing the publication in 2020 as a "unlikely source of satire" contrasting it with the paper under the prior ownership of Richard Desmond, which he described as a "mostly a sordid product that objectified women and obsessed over reality TV." Jon Clark described the publication's political position:


title: Irene Aldana

text: Irene Robles Aldana (born March 26, 1988) is a Mexican professional mixed martial artist. She currently competes in the Women’s Bantamweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of May 23, 2022, she is #4 in the UFC women's bantamweight rankings.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana graduated from college with a degree in graphic design. During her college studies, she grew an interest in mixed martial arts and started training at local Lobo Gym.


title: Irene Aldana

text: In her lone fight with Brazilian mixed martial arts promotion Jungle Fight, Aldana faced Larissa Pacheco for the vacant JF Women's Bantamweight Championship at JF: Jungle Fight 63 on December 21, 2013. She lost the fight via third-round TKO, giving her the first loss of her professional career.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana signed with Invicta FC in mid-2014, and made her debut against Peggy Morgan at Invicta FC 8: Waterson vs. Tamada on September 9, 2014, submitting Morgan with a rear-naked choke in the first round.


title: Irene Aldana

text: She was then expected to face Marion Reneau at Invicta FC 10: Waterson vs. Tiburcio on December 5, 2014, but Aldana was forced out of the bout due to an illness and the fight was taken off the card.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana was scheduled to face Melanie LaCroix at Invicta FC 11: Cyborg vs. Tweet on February 27, 2015, however, LaCroix withdrew from the bout for undisclosed reasons and was replaced by promotional newcomer Colleen Schneider. She won the fight via first round rear-naked choke.


title: Irene Aldana

text: On November 6, 2016, it was announced that Aldana was signed to the UFC and would face Leslie Smith on December 17, 2016 at UFC on Fox 22. Aldana lost the fight by unanimous decision. Despite the loss, the bout earned Aldana her first "Fight of the Night" bonus award in the UFC.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana was scheduled to face Bethe Correia on August 4, 2018, at UFC 227; however, the bout was pulled when Correia withdrew due to injury. Instead, Aldana faced Lucie Pudilová on September 8, 2018, at UFC 228, winning a close fight via split decision and earning her and Pudilová Fight of the Night award.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Her bout with Bethe Correia was rescheduled and is expected to take place on May 11, 2019 at UFC 237. At the weigh-ins, Correia weighed in at 141 lbs, 5 pounds over the bantamweight limit of 136 lbs. She was fined 30% of her fight purse and the bout proceeded at catchweight. Aldana won the fight via submission in round three.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana faced Raquel Pennington on July 20, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 4. Aldana lost the fight via split decision.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana was scheduled to face Marion Reneau on September 21, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 17. However, Reneau pulled out of the bout on September 11 for undisclosed reasons. Reneau was replaced by promotional newcomer Vanessa Melo. At the weigh-ins, Melo weighed in at 140 pounds, 4 pounds over the bantamweight non-title fight limit of 136. She was fined 30% of her purse and her bout with Aldana proceeded at a catchweight. Aldana won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana faced Ketlen Vieira on December 14, 2019 at UFC 245. Aldana won the fight via knockout in round one. This win earned her the "Performance of the Night "award.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana was scheduled to face Holly Holm on August 1, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 173. However, it was reported on July 22 that Aldana pulled out of the fight for undisclosed reasons. Mere hours after the news surfaced, Aldana revealed that the reason for withdrawal was testing positive for COVID-19. As a result, Holm was removed from the card as well and the pairing was left intact and rescheduled for October 4, 2020 at . Aldana lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana faced Yana Kunitskaya on July 10, 2021 at UFC 264. At the weigh-ins, Aldana weighed in at 139.5 pounds, three and a half pounds over the bantamweight non-title fight limit. Her bout is expected to proceed at catchweight and she will be fined 30% of her purse, which will go to her opponent Kunitskaya. Aldana won the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana was next expected to face Germaine de Randamie at UFC 268 in New York, NY. However, de Randamie withdrew in early September due to injury.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana was scheduled to face Aspen Ladd on April 9, 2022 at UFC 273. However, Aldana withdrew in late March for unknown reasons and was replaced by former UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship challenger Raquel Pennington.


title: Irene Aldana

text: Aldana faced Macy Chiasson on September 10, 2022 at UFC 279. She won the fight via knockout in the third round via an upkick to Chaisson's body. The win earned Aldana her second "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Electronics right to repair is proposed legislation that would provide the practical means for electronics equipment owners to repair their devices. Repair is legal under copyright law and patent law. However, owners and independent technicians are often unable to make their own repairs because of manufacturer limitations on access to repair materials such as parts, tools, diagnostics, documentation and firmware.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Proposed legislation has taken note of the specific power of state governments in the US to require both fair and reasonable contracts ("UDAP") law and General Business Law which allows states to make specific requirements of businesses seeking to do business within their borders. Additionally, under US Law, the Federal Trade Commission has the specific authority to restrict UDAP violations.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: While a global concern, the primary debate over the issue has been centered on the United States and within the European Union. Additional efforts are now ongoing in Canada and Australia.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Bloggers, activists and volunteer groups such as Louis Rossmann and the Repair Cafe movement started by Martine Postma are also active promoters of repair rights.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The right to repair for electronics refers to the concept of allowing end users, consumers as well as businesses, to repair electronic devices they own or service without any manufacturer or technical restrictions. The idea behind this concept is to render electronics easier and cheaper to repair with the goal of prolonging the lifecycle of such devices and reducing electronic waste caused by broken or unused devices.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: While initially driven majorly by automotive consumers protection agencies and the automotive after sales service industry, the discussion of establishing a right to repair not only for vehicles but for any kind of electronic product gained traction as consumer electronics such as smartphones and computers became universally available causing broken and used electronics to become the fastest growing waste stream. Today it's estimated that more than half of the population of the western world has one or more used or broken electronic devices at home that are not introduced back into the market due to a lack of affordable repair. The right to repair movement tries to address these issues by proposing legislation obligating manufacturers to allow access to spare parts and repair tools at fair market prices and design devices in a manner that allows easy repair with the goal of favouring repair over replacement.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Many right to repair advocates claim that modern electronic devices have components that are glued in place or attached in a way that makes them difficult to remove. However, the motivations behind such designs not always clearcut. For example, the Google Pixel 6 Pro has a glued battery but includes a plastic tab to aid removal, suggesting that the adhesive was meant for a purpose other than to stymie repair.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: New ways to lock devices like part pairing (components of a device are serialized and can not be swapped against others) became increasingly popular among manufacturers. Even the most common repairs such as the replacement of a smartphone display can cause malfunctions due to locks implemented in the software. For example, Apple has gradually restricted the swap of iPhone displays, going from warning messages to removing security features such as Face ID if the display was not swapped by a manufacturer-authorized repair facility. While this trend started in the agricultural sector by tractor manufacturer John Deere, it became a widespread phenomenon in consumer electronics over the past 5 years.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: In the 2010s the trend of making one's repairs to devices spread from the east into the Western Europe. In July 2017, the European Parliament approved recommendations that member states should pass laws that give consumers the right to repair their electronics, as part of a larger update to its previous Ecodesign Directive from 2009 which called for manufacturers to produce more energy-efficient and cleaner consumer devices. The ability to repair devices is seen by these recommendations as a means to reduce waste to the environment.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: With these recommendations, work began on establishing the legal Directive for the EU to support the recommendations, and from which member states would then pass laws to meet the Directive. One of the first areas of focus was consumer appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines. Some were assembled using adhesives instead of mechanical fasteners which made it impossible for consumers or repair technicians from making non-destructive repairs. The right-to-repair facets of appliances were a point of contention between consumer groups and appliance manufacturers in Europe, the latter who lobbied the various national governments to gain favorable language in the Directive. Ultimately, the EU passed legislation in October 2019 that, after 2021, required manufacturers of these appliances to be able to supply replacement parts to professional repairmen for ten years from manufacture. The legislation did not address other facets related to right-to-repair, and activists noted that this still limited the consumer's ability to perform their own repairs.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The EU also has directives toward a circular economy which are aimed toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other excessive wastes through recycling and other programs. A new "Circular Economy Action Plan" draft introduced in 2020 includes the electronics right to repair for EU citizens as this would allow device owners to replace only malfunctioning parts rather than replace the entire device, reducing electronics waste. The Action Plan includes additional standardization that would aid toward rights to repair, such as common power ports on mobile devices.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The British government introduced Right to Repair law that went into effect on July 1, 2021. Under the law, electronic appliance manufacturers are required to be able to provide consumers with spare parts for "simple and safe" repairs, such as a door hinge for a washing machine, while requiring manufacturers to make other parts available to professional repair shops for more complicated parts. The law gave companies a two-year grace period to come into compliance.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: France has taken a somewhat different approach than the EU in general and has adopted a requirement that manufacturers contribute to a repairability scoring system The scope of the system is limited at this time and the results are not yet audited, although both auditing and expansion are contemplated. The goal is to allow consumers to consider repair as a buying criteria before making a purchase. This has already resulted in the disclosure of repair documentation that had previously not been widely available - at least in the case of Samsung.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The right to repair concept has generally come from the United States. The earliest known published reference using the phrase comes from the auto industry dating back to 2003 with repeated attempts in the US Congress to pass legislation. Within the automotive industry, Massachusetts passed the United States' first Motor Vehicle Owners' Right to Repair Act in 2012, which required automobile manufacturers to sell the same service materials and diagnostics directly to consumers or to independent mechanics as they provide exclusively to their dealerships. The Massachusetts statute was the first to pass among several states, such as New Jersey, which had also passed a similar bill through their Assembly. Facing the potential of a variety of slightly different requirements, major automobile trade organizations signed a Memorandum of Understanding in January 2014 using the Massachusetts' law as the basis of their agreement for all 50 states starting in the 2018 automotive year. A similar agreement was reached by the Commercial Vehicle Solutions Network to apply to over-the-road trucks.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Officially founded in 2013 - the Digital Right to Repair Coalition, also known as The Repair Association using the website repair.org, has led nearly all state legislative efforts in the United States and has influenced the formation of similarly focused advocacy groups around the world. The Coalition is a 501 c6 trade association incorporated in New Jersey and funded entirely by membership dues. The goal of the coalition is to support the aftermarket for technology products through advocating for repair-friendly laws, standards, regulations and policies. As such, its members are engaged in repairs, resale, refurbishment, reconfiguration and recycling regardless of industry.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Members of the Coalition Advisory Board include industry experts in repair, cyber-security, copyright law, medicine, agriculture, international trade, consumer rights, contracts, e-waste, eco-design standards, software engineering and legislative advocacy.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The Coalition filed their first legislative action in South Dakota in January 2014 as SB.136 (Latterell). Four states followed in 2015 - New York (S.3998 Boyle/A.6068 Morelle), Minnesota (SF 873 Osmek/ HF 1048 Hertaus), Massachusetts (H.3383 Cronin/S. Kennedy), and Nebraska (LB 1072 Haar). Tennessee (SB888/H1382 Jernigan) and Wyoming (HB 0091 Hunt) were added in 2016. The following year - 2017 - new bills were filed in North Carolina (HB663 Richardson), Kansas (HB2122 Barker), Illinois (HB3030 Harris), Iowa (HF556 and SF2028), Missouri (HB1178 McCreery), New Hampshire (HB1733 Luneau) and New Jersey (A4934 Moriarty). 2018 added Oklahoma, Hawaii, Georgia, Virginia, Vermont and Washington. 2019 added Oregon, Nevada, Indiana and Montana. 2020 was shortened by the Pandemic but added Maine, Idaho, Alabama, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Colorado. 2021 added Florida, Delaware, Texas, and South Carolina for a total of 27 states involved in 2021.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Legislation intended to use the power of general business law in states for general repair of devices including a digital electronic part is based on the Automotive MOU from 2014. Template legislation avoided any requirements to change the format of documentation, the method of delivery of existing parts, tools, diagnostics or information, nor any requirements to disclose any trade secrets. Manufacturers are permitted to charge fair and reasonable prices for physical parts and tools, and are limited in their charges for information that is already posted online.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The Coalition suggests that state legislation will broadly enable many repairs, but that federal copyright law needs revision with respect to limitations posed by Section 1201 specific to Digital Rights Management ("DRM") and software locks.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Lobbying in opposition has been consistent across 4 major industries - consumer technology, agriculture, home appliances, and medical equipment. The tech industry has lobbied in opposition through groups including TechNet, the Consumer Technology Association ("CTA"), the Entertainment Software Alliance ("ESA"), and the Security Innovation Center (now no longer active).


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Large equipment manufacturers for agriculture and construction have lobbied through the Association of Equipment Manufacturers ("AEM") and their dealership counterparts the Equipment Dealers Association. Their joint release of the 2018 Statement of Principles became the subject of media backlash when in January 2021 the promised means to make complete repairs had not been visibly available. In Nebraska, State Senators behind LB543 - Right to Repair held their bill in committee pending a negotiation with equipment manufacturers over these promises. Pending the outcome of negotiations, LB543 may be pushed ahead in 2022.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Medical device manufacturers have used associations Advamed and MITA in opposition. Several states have exempted medical devices from their legislation - such as New York, Massachusetts and Minnesota, but other states have specifically targeted medical equipment in Arkansas (SB332 passed in the Senate) and California (SB605) as the pandemic raised questions about how effectively hospitals can control repairs of critical infrastructure. The California bill was approved by two committees of reference before being blocked in the Appropriations Committee.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The home appliance industry has been represented by the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers ("AHAM"). Smaller groups such as the Toy Industry Association and the Outdoor Power Equipment Industry ("OPEI") have also been in official opposition as part of the Security Innovation Center group. New Hampshire is the only state so far to consider a bill specific to home appliances in 2021.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: On 19 May 2022, the California "Right to Repair" bill, SB 983, was blocked in the California State Senate Appropriations Committee.<ref name="ftc.gov/reports/nixing-fix"></ref>


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Led by Coalition members iFixit, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation ("EFF"), the Coalition has been regularly engaged in triennial requests for Copyright Exemptions to Section 1201 ("anti-circumvention") since 2015 including the request of exemptions for tinkering with tractors, computers and cell phones. The US Congress requested an analysis of limitations on repair caused by software-enabled products from the Librarian of Congress in 2016 and a report on the impacts of Section 1201 in 2017 in which members of the Coalition were extensively engaged and widely quoted. In the 2018 round, the exemption for making software modifications to "land-based motor vehicles" was expanded to allow equipment owners to engage the services of third parties to assist with making changes. These changes were endorsed by the American Farm Bureau Federation.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: US Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) and Congresswoman Yvette Clarke (D-NY) filed the first Medical Right to Repair bill in August 2020 in response to the pandemic crisis and availability of ventilators in particular. In addition to requiring access to manuals and service materials, the bill also lifts the provisions of patent law governing the production of spare parts for the duration of the pandemic.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Congressman Joseph Morelle (D-NY) filed his Fair Repair Act in Congress on June 21, 2021 using his experience as Majority Leader in the New York Assembly and prime sponsor of the Digital Fair Repair Act in New York while in leadership in the Assembly. The federal bill closely resembles the state version.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: In July 2019 the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") hosted a workshop titled "Nixing the Fix" The Commissioners invited multiple panels of experts to provide testimony in person as well as for all interested parties to provide Evidence of harms, or justification for actions directly to the FTC. After nearly two years of study, the FTC Report to Congress of May 6, 2021 outlining that their study provided "Scant Evidence" that restriction on repair were to the benefit of consumers.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The Biden Administration issued an Executive Order to the FTC and the Department of Agriculture on July 6, 2021, to widely improve access to repair for both consumers and farmers. Subsequently, the FTC Chair Lina Khan held two public commission events where commissioners voted to advance Right to Repair as a policy objective.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: In addition to the work of the Coalition - various individuals have stepped forward to drive action directly, such as for starting ballot initiatives. A ballot initiative was filed in Missouri, but was not certified for inclusion on the 2022 ballot. In March 2021, Louis Rossmann started a crowdfunding campaign to raise $6 million using the GoFundMe platform in order to start a direct ballot initiative to protect consumer right to repair in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, citing previous similar successes in the automotive industry. The outcome of these efforts is not yet known.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Companies like Apple, John Deere, and AT&T lobbied against these bills, and created a number of "strange bedfellows" from high tech and agricultural sectors on both sides of the issue, according to "Time".


title: Electronics right to repair

text: In late 2017, users of Apple, Inc. older iPhone models discovered evidence that recent updates to the phone's operating system, iOS, were purposely throttling the speed of the phone. This led many to accuse Apple of deliberately sabotaging the performance of older iPhones to compel customers to buy new models more frequently. Apple disputed this assumed intention, stating instead that the goal of the software was to prevent overtaxing older lithium-ion batteries, which have degraded over time, to avoid unexpected shutdowns of the phone. Furthermore, Apple allowed users to disable the battery throttling feature in an iOS update but maintained that it would not be advisable to do so, since the throttling feature only kicked in when a battery had significantly degraded. Additionally, Apple allowed users of affected iPhones to obtain service to replace batteries in their phones for a reduced cost of service ( compared to ) for the next six months. However, the "right to repair" movement pointed out that such a scenario could have been handled if Apple allowed consumers to purchase third-party batteries and possess the instructions to replace it at lower cost to the consumer.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: In April 2018, the Federal Trade Commission sent notice to six automobile, consumer electronics, and video game console manufacturers, later revealed through a Freedom of Information Act request to be Hyundai, Asus, HTC, Microsoft, Sony, and Nintendo, stating that their warranty practices may violate the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act. The FTC specifically identified that informing consumers that warranties are voided if they break a warranty sticker or seal on the unit's packaging, use third-party replacement parts, or use third-party repair services is a deceptive practice, as these terms are only valid if the manufacturer provides free warranty service or replacement parts. Both Sony and Nintendo released updated warranty statements following this notice.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: In April 2018, US Public Interest Research Group issued a statement defending Eric Lundgren over his sentencing for creating the ‘restore disks’ to extend the life of computers.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The Library of Congress, as part of its three-year review of exemptions to the DMCA, approved an exemption in October 2018 that would allow for one to bypass copyright-protection mechanisms used in land vehicles, smartphones and home appliances for the ability to maintain ("to make it works in accordance with its original specifications and any changes to those specifications authorized for that device or system") or repair ("restoring of the device or system to the state of working in accordance with its original specifications and any changes to those specifications authorized for that device or system") the device. () In its 2021 recommendations, the Library of Congress further extend the exemption, with favorable right-to-repair considerations for automobiles, boats, agricultural vehicles, and medical equipment, as well as modifying prior rules related to other consumer goods.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Senator Elizabeth Warren, as part of her campaign for president, laid out plans for legislation related to agriculture in March 2019, stated her intent to introduce legislation to affirm the right to repair farm equipment, potentially expanding this to other electronic devices.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: In August 2019, Apple announced a program where independent repair shops may have the ability to buy official replacement parts for Apple products. Several operators became Authorized under their "IRP" program but many smaller repair operators avoided the option due to legally onerous burdens. A list of authorized IRP Providers is not available on the website making it difficult to assess the level of adoption.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, where medical equipment became critical for many hospitals, iFixit and a team of volunteers worked to publish the largest known collection of manuals and service guides for medical equipment, using information crowdsourced from hospitals and medical institutions. They incorporated all the materials found on Frank's Hospital Workshop and expanded it more broadly with a more intuitive search tool. iFixit had found, like with consumer electronics, some of the more expensive medical equipment had used means to make non-routine servicing difficult for end-users and requiring authorized repair processes, which during the emergency conditions of the pandemic was not acceptable.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: On August 6, 2020, senator Ron Wyden and representative Yvette Clarke introduced the "Critical Medical Infrastructure Right-to-Repair Act of 2020" (, ,text) which focuses on preventing health professionals from being liable to copyright law when attempting to repair devices that would make it easier for "COVID-19 aid."


title: Electronics right to repair

text: The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a report "Nixing the Fix" in May 2021 to Congress, outlining issues around corporations' policies that limit repairs on consumer goods that it considered in violation of trade laws, and outlined steps that could be done to better enforce this. This included self-regulation by the industries involved, as well as expansion of existing laws such as the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act or new laws to give the FTC better enforcement to protect consumers from overzealous repair restrictions. On July 9, 2021, President Joe Biden signed Executive Order 14036, "Promoting Competition in the American Economy", a sweeping array of initiatives across the executive branch. Among them included instructions to the FTC to craft rules to prevent manufacturers from preventing repairs performed by owners or independent repair shops. About two weeks after the EO was issued, the FTC made a unanimous vote to enforce the right to repair as policy and will look to take action against companies that limit the type of repair work that can be done at independent repair shops.


title: Electronics right to repair

text: Apple announced in November 2021 that it would be allowing consumers to order parts and make repairs on Apple products, initially with iPhone 12 and 13 devices but eventually rolling out to include Mac computers. The iPhone 12 and 13 service was made available to US customers as of April 27, 2022, while the Mac portion was made available as of August 22, 2022 and plans to expand to Europe and other countries "later this year." According to Apple, "Customers join more than 5,000 Apple Authorized Service Providers (AASPs) and 3,500 Independent Repair Providers who have access to these parts, tools, and manuals", further stating that "in the US, eight out of 10 Apple customers are located within 20 minutes of an authorized service provider." Reception to the program has been mixed, with Right to Repair advocates like Louis Rossmann stating that the program is a step in the right direction, but criticizing the omission of certain parts, and the need to input a serial number before ordering parts.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Natasha Margaret Kaplinsky (born 9 September 1972) is an English newsreader, TV presenter and journalist, best known for her roles as a studio anchor on Sky News, BBC News, Channel 5 and ITV News.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: After two years at Sky News, Kaplinsky joined BBC News in 2001 where she co-hosted "Breakfast" until 2005, when she became the host of the "Six O'Clock News". In October 2007, Kaplinsky was recruited to help relaunch Five (now known as Channel 5), reportedly for the highest fee ever paid to a UK newsreader, where she presented a new look, retitled "Five News with Natasha Kaplinsky" for three years. After leaving Channel 5, she went on to join ITV News as a presenter.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Kaplinsky has hosted light entertainment and factual programmes during her career, including "Children in Need" and "Born to Shine". She was also the subject of the most highly rated "Who Do You Think You Are". She was the first ever winner of the first series of BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" in 2004. Kaplinsky has co-founded a mother and baby company, Mum & You.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: In 2014, the then PM David Cameron asked Kaplinsky to become a Holocaust Commissioner leading a project to interview 112 survivors. She was awarded an OBE in 2017 for her services to the Holocaust Commission.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: In 2022, she became the latest president of the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), after the former president, Patrick Swaffer, stepped down after a 10-year contract.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Kaplinsky was born to Raphael Kaplinsky, a South African political refugee, Professor of International Development at the Open University, and his wife, Catherine Kaplinsky (née Charlewood), a psychotherapist.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Kaplinsky's paternal grandparents were Jewish, originating from the town of Slonim (then part of Poland, now located in western Belarus), and immigrated to South Africa in 1929. Kaplinsky was born in Brighton, but spent her early life in Kenya; she has stated that she was fluent in Swahili. The family immigrated to the United Kingdom and Kaplinsky was brought up in Barcombe, East Sussex. She attended Ringmer Community College, until the age of sixteen when she moved to Varndean College in Brighton.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: After graduating with a degree in English from Hertford College, Oxford in 1995, one of Kaplinsky's first jobs was working in the press offices of Labour leaders Neil Kinnock and John Smith.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Kaplinsky was the subject of an episode of the BBC's "Who Do You Think You Are?", in which well-known people trace their family trees. Kaplinsky's programme was broadcast on 6 September 2007. She followed her paternal line to Slonim and was shown official documentation relating to her cousin's family. This included the death of family members during the "liquidation" – massacre – of the Słonim Ghetto by the Nazis and another's escape to the partisans and eventual immigration to Australia. Her maternal line included an apothecary to King George III.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Kaplinsky started out presenting on "F2F", a youth chat show, for Granada Talk TV in 1996 with co-host Sacha Baron Cohen. She then moved to presenting early morning news bulletins at Meridian. Within six months, she was co-presenting their evening news programme "Meridian Tonight". In 1999, Kaplinsky moved to ITV's London News Network where she hosted "London Today" and "London Tonight" as well as a political programme called "Seven Days".


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: In November 2000, Kaplinsky joined Sky News, where she initially co-presented breakfast news programme "Sunrise"; she later moved to early evening bulletin "Live at Five", which she presented alongside Jeremy Thompson.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Kaplinsky joined the BBC in November 2002 to present "BBC Breakfast" from Monday to Thursday with Dermot Murnaghan, before moving on the host the "BBC News at Six".


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: In 2006, Kaplinsky became only the third (and youngest) woman to present the BBC's "Ten O'Clock News."


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: On 21 August 2008, Kaplinsky began her first maternity leave from Five, followed by a second period after the birth of her daughter.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: On 14 October 2010, Kaplinsky announced that she was leaving her job at Channel 5 at the end of 2010, having spent most of her three years at the network on maternity leave. On 23 December 2010, she presented her final bulletin for "Five News".


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Kaplinsky's first presenting role with ITV was in the summer of 2011, when she hosted a new Sunday entertainment series "Born to Shine", which raised awareness for the charity Save the Children, of which Natasha is an ambassador.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: In September 2011, she made a return to "London Tonight", fronting the programme in place of then lead anchor Nina Hossain. In addition, she occasionally presented numerous ITV News programmes.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: On 19 August 2013, Kaplinsky presented "The People's Medal", a documentary about The Queen's Birthday Honours List.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: On 29 October 2013, Kaplinsky hosted the documentary "On the Run", alongside journalist Mark Williams-Thomas. The pair then presented a second documentary, "Missing Without Trace", on 12 November 2013.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: In 2004, Kaplinsky participated in the first series of the celebrity ballroom dancing competition "Strictly Come Dancing" and went on to win the competition with partner Brendan Cole. Kaplinsky then co-presented the first half of the second series in 2004 with Bruce Forsyth, when regular presenter Tess Daly went on maternity leave. Kaplinsky returned to the show in 2012, taking part in the Christmas Special and in 2018 as part of the BAFTA tribute to Sir Bruce Forsyth.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: On 21 August 2005, Kaplinsky married Justin Bower. In April 2008, Kaplinsky announced she was pregnant with their first child, six weeks after her debut on "Five News". On 25 September 2008, "Five News" revealed that Kaplinsky had given birth to a son. On 9 April 2010, Kaplinksy gave birth to a daughter. Speaking live on the 14 October 2020 on ITVs "This Morning" Kaplinsky revealed she had suffered multiple miscarriages and had participated in Channel 5's discussion, "Miscarriage: Our Story" broadcast 15 October 2020.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: On 8 February 2011, Kaplinsky commented in a BBC radio interview on "Steve Wright in the Afternoon" that she and Bower had performed as disguised extras for the English National Ballet although she "had insisted that her name was not used in the programme". In a production of "Romeo and Juliet" at the London Coliseum, she performed as "Wench Number 7".


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: In April 2018, Kaplinsky, her father and eight-year-old daughter, Angelica were seriously hurt when the boat they were holidaying in burst into flames off the Greek island of Corfu. The family were rescued by local fishermen, who helped put out a fire that had spread from the engine room and towed them ashore. Kaplinsky's daughter was flown back to Britain for emergency treatment. A Corfu Port Authority spokesman said:


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: "The vessel suffered a mechanical failure which caused a fire in the engine room, which was immediately extinguished by the people on the boat." At first the girl was rushed to hospital in Corfu Town with burns to her face and hands. "Her mother and grandfather were treated at a private clinic. It was then decided to fly them home."


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Kaplinsky became a celebrity ambassador for the UK charity Save the Children in 2010. For over a decade she has been an active ambassador and fundraiser for Save the Children, travelling extensively for them around the world.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: She is a patron of the Bevern Trust and she is an ambassador for Wellbeing of Women. Kaplinsky is also Patron for the National Maternity Support Foundation and The Willow Foundation.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: Kaplinsky volunteered to record 112 testimonies of Holocaust survivors who had never spoken before. She continues to serve as a board member for the Holocaust Memorial Foundation.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to the Holocaust Commission.


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: In October 2018, Kaplinsky and Michael Sheen became vice presidents (an ambassadorial role) of the Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH).


title: Natasha Kaplinsky

text: In July 2019, it was announced that Kaplinsky had taken on the role as Barnardo's President. Kaplinsky was welcomed into this position at the annual Parliamentary reception by Javed Khan, CEO of Barnardo's, as well as other celebrity champions. Kaplinsky said, "I'm delighted to be joining Barnardo's as the charity's new President. There are so many challenges for children these days. It must be frightening growing up now. They have so many concerns, environmental changes, the internet, difficulties breaking into jobs, and believing they'll never be affording a house. It's even harder for the most vulnerable children Barnardo's supports – like children growing up in the care system. My aim is to visit as many services as I can and meet as many young people as possible, to learn more about the challenges they face and how the charity is helping them."


title: Ensemble Citoyens

text: Ensemble () is a liberal political coalition in France. Formed in November 2021 as Ensemble Citoyens, it includes Renaissance (REN), formerly known as En Marche, Democratic Movement (MoDem) Horizons, En commun, and the Progressive Federation. The coalition included the parties Agir and Territories of Progress (TDP) until they were merged into the rebranded Renaissance. Ensemble has been positioned on the centrist to centre-right on the political spectrum.


title: Ensemble Citoyens

text: François Bayrou, the leader of the Democratic Movement (MoDem) has previously proposed the formation of a coalition that would include centrist and centre-right parties. In November 2021, president of the National Assembly, Richard Ferrand, accepted his proposal and together they had formed Ensemble Citoyens. Besides the Democratic Movement and Renaissance, Agir was also its founding member. In the following month, they were joined by the Radical Party, Horizons, Territories of Progress, and En Commun.


title: Ensemble Citoyens

text: From its foundation in November, the coalition has been headed by Ferrand as its leader, Bayrou and Édouard Philippe as vice-presidents, and Stanislas Guerini as secretary-general. Jean Castex has also affiliated himself with the coalition. Philippe suspended its participation in the coalition on 14 January 2022, although, four days later he had announced that his party was reinstated into the coalition. In April, LREM announced that it would change its party name to "Renaissance", and a month later, the name of the coalition was shortened to just Ensemble. The Progressive Federation joined the coalition in May 2022.


title: Ensemble Citoyens

text: The coalition aimed to bring the presidential majority of Emmanuel Macron together in order to present its joint candidates for the 2022 French legislative election. In May 2022, Ferrand indicated their commitment for "a stable majority in the National Assembly", while Philippe specified that the program of Ensemble "is that of the Macron". Bayrou indicated that the parties would form a joint parliamentary group in the National Assembly, however Renaissance, MoDem, and Horizons each formed separate parliamentary groups following the legislative elections. Some media sources consider it as a modern incarnation of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's Union for French Democracy (UDF), founded in 1978.


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: The Honourable Schoolboy (1977) is a spy novel by British writer John le Carré. George Smiley must reconstruct an intelligence service in order to run a successful offensive espionage operation to save the service from being dismantled by the government. In 1977, the book won the Gold Dagger award for the best crime novel of the year and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. "The Honourable Schoolboy" is the second novel in the omnibus titled either "Smiley Versus Karla" or "The Quest for Karla".


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: This is the sixth le Carré spy novel featuring George Smiley. "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy", "The Honourable Schoolboy" and "Smiley's People" were later published as an omnibus edition titled "Smiley Versus Karla" in 1982.


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: In 1974 George Smiley, the chief of the British secret intelligence service referred to as The Circus, is repairing the damage done to their operations by double agent Bill Haydon and looking for opportunities to target Karla, the Moscow Centre spymaster. Smiley and analysts Connie Sachs and Doc di Salis look into investigations suppressed by the outed mole and find that a historic investigation of a money laundering operation in Laos by Sam Collins could indicate a Moscow intelligence operation.


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: Smiley dispatches Jerry Westerby, a newspaper reporter and occasional Circus operative, to Hong Kong under the guise of a sports journalist. Westerby traces the Soviet money to Drake Ko, a local businessman with links to both the criminal underworld and the British establishment. London establishes that Drake Ko has a brother, Nelson, who is a high-ranking Chinese official and who has been spying on the Chinese for the Soviets.


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: Westerby, following up leads provided by London, interviews Drake's English mistress Lizzie Worthington and discovers that Drake has been attempting to set up an illicit air route into China. Charlie Marshall and Tiny Ricardo (both pilots and smugglers) were approached by Drake to carry opium into China, and return with a package. The flights were never completed, and Smiley surmises that the package was Nelson, who wished to defect from China. The money supplied by Moscow was intended for Nelson, to be accessed after he left China.


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: Nelson would be a prime intelligence source on both Soviet and Chinese capabilities, but political maneuverings between London and Washington hamper the investigation. It is finally agreed that the Circus will run the operation to capture Nelson and interrogate him afterwards, with all information shared with the United States. Smiley instructs Westerby to become more proactive in his investigations, forcing Drake to move forward with his plans to extract Nelson. The banker from whom Westerby had acquired Ko's identity, Frost, is brutally murdered, and Westerby and his Hong Kong colleague Luke are shown the mutilated body. Concerned for his safety, Westerby travels in and out of war-torn Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand, where Ricardo tries to kill Westerby. On his return to Hong Kong, Westerby finds Luke murdered in his apartment. Westerby becomes increasingly stressed and begins to obsess over Worthington's situation, the ethics of the operation, and Western involvement in Asia.


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: Sam Collins has blackmailed Worthington into bugging and informing on Drake. The Circus now has enough information to predict Drake's plan, which replicates his own escape from China via sea. Westerby is ordered to return to London. Westerby ignores this and contacts Worthington to warn her of the danger she is in. Smiley along with Circus and CIA operatives arrive in Hong Kong to oversee the final stages of the operation. Smiley and his men encounter Westerby and try to force him to board a plane but Westerby escapes and with Worthington's help, reaches the rendezvous point where Drake intends to meet his brother. Westerby warns Drake of the plans of the intelligence agencies in an effort to protect Worthington from reprisal and to have an opportunity to be with her, but Drake does not heed his warning. At their appointed meeting place on the beach, CIA forces seize Nelson, and Westerby is killed by Fawn, a Circus operative.


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: In the aftermath, the CIA detains and interrogates Nelson, freezing the Circus out. The success of the operation yields top Circus jobs for Enderby, who becomes Chief, and Collins, who becomes Head of Operations. Smiley and Connie Sachs are retired and most of the older generation of Circus personnel are moved on. In the aftermath of the debacle, Peter Guillam contemplates the possibility that Smiley allowed the CIA to gain the upper hand so as to have himself removed as head of the Circus.


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: The Steering Committee (authorising further operations after the Ko bank account papers are obtained)


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: Jonathan Powell, producer of "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" (1979), said the BBC considered producing "The Honourable Schoolboy" but a production in South East Asia was considered prohibitively expensive and therefore the BBC instead adapted the third novel of the Karla Trilogy, "Smiley's People" (1979), which was transmitted in 1982.


title: The Honourable Schoolboy

text: In 1983 the BBC adapted "The Honourable Schoolboy" to radio. Martin Jarvis played Jerry Westerby and Peter Vaughan played George Smiley. A subsequent BBC radio adaptation, first broadcast in 2010 in the Classic Serial slot, featured Simon Russell Beale as George Smiley and Hugh Bonneville as Jerry Westerby, as part of Radio 4's year-long project to adapt all eight Smiley novels.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: The Shadow Rising is a fantasy novel by American author Robert Jordan, the fourth book in his series "The Wheel of Time". It was published by Tor Books and released on September 15, 1992. The unabridged audio book is read by Michael Kramer and Kate Reading.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: At 393,823 words, "The Shadow Rising" is the longest book of "The Wheel of Time" although it has fewer pages than "Lord of Chaos". "The Shadow Rising" consists of 58 chapters. It is the only book in the main sequence of "The Wheel of Time" not to contain a prologue.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Rand al'Thor has just claimed the crystal sword "Callandor" to prove himself the Dragon Reborn. He is approached by Lanfear, who tells him of the Forsaken's plans. However, the fortress known as the Stone of Tear is stormed by Trollocs and Fades, sent by another Forsaken (Sammael), while a third, Semirhage, sends her followers into the Stone, to oppose Sammael's forces. In defense, Rand uses "Callandor" to create a lightning storm killing all the Trollocs and Fades.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Rand then decides that he must travel to the Aiel Waste, to be acknowledged as the Aiel's prophesied leader. Before leaving, Rand, Mat Cauthon, and Moiraine Damodred visit a "ter'angreal" that lets them talk to a mysterious snakelike race called the Aelfinn, who seemingly know the answer to any question. Mat learns from them that he must go to Rhuidean or die and also that he is destined to marry someone called "the Daughter of the Nine Moons". Egwene al'Vere and the Aiel Aviendha are also summoned to the Aiel Waste, Egwene to learn Dreamwalking and Aviendha to become a Wise One. Thus, Rand, Mat, Moiraine, Egwene, and Aviendha all travel to the Aiel Waste.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Other characters in the Stone of Tear also learn that they must travel elsewhere. Perrin Aybara hears of trouble in The Two Rivers, his native region, and returns thereto, accompanied by Faile Bashere and Loial. Elayne Trakand, Nynaeve al'Meara, and Thom Merrilin depart to Tarabon to hunt the Black Ajah. Finally, Min Farshaw arrives in Tar Valon to report to the Amyrlin Siuan Sanche. Thus, "The Shadow Rising" follows four groups of characters in four plotlines.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Rand uses a portal stone to transport Mat, Egwene, Moiraine, and the Aiel from the Stone of Tear to the Aiel Waste, and are met by Taardad and Shaido Aiel.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Moiraine, Aviendha, Mat, and Rand enter the legendary, forbidden city of the waste, Rhuidean; where each enters a "ter'angreal."


title: The Shadow Rising

text: While inside his "ter'angreal", Rand relives portions of his paternal ancestors lives (before and after the Breaking), and discovers the Aiel were once pacifists serving the Aes Sedai. Adherence to pacifism still lives on in the Tinkers, while others known as the 'Jenn Aiel', transported a large collection of "angreal", "sa'angreal", and "ter'angreal" to Rhuidean. Rand emerges from the "ter'angreal" with dragon markings on both arms; proof that he is the "Car'a'carn": the 'Chief of Chiefs' of the Aiel.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Mat enters his "ter'angreal" (similar to the one he previously entered in Tear) seeking more answers from the 'Aelfinn'. Instead, Mat encounters the Foxlike 'Eelfinn' who bargain for gifts versus answering questions. Mat ignorantly requests several gifts from them: fluency in the Old Tongue, memories of his own ancestors, a spear called an "ashandarei", and a medallion "ter'angreal" that protects against the One Power. Afterwards Rand finds Mat hanging from the Tree of Life (the price for the gifts he received). After revival by Rand, Mat dons a black scarf to hide the scars around his neck.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Moiraine visits the three-hooped "ter'angreal" used by the Wise Ones, gaining limited knowledge of the future.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: The Wise Ones task Aviendha with teaching Rand the Aiel customs as they travel to Cold Rocks Hold. They are met en route by darkfriends and Forsaken disguised as merchants. After arrival at "Al'cair Dal", both Rand al'Thor and Couladin of the Shaido Aiel claim to be the messiah 'He Who Comes With the Dawn'. To validate his claim, Rand reveals the secret history of the Aiel during the Age of Legends, but this incites an uproar among the Aiel. Rand prevents a riot by wielding The One Power and summons a rainstorm to the Aiel Waste. The Forsaken Asmodean uses the momentary in-fighting amongst the Aiel as cover to seek out the "ter'angreal" access keys to the Choedan Kal (the most powerful "sa'angreal" ever created).


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Rand chases Asmodean to Rhuidean where both simultaneously grasp the access key. The sudden power surge enables Rand to sever Asmodean's link to the Dark One (which marks Asmodean as a traitor to the rest of the Forsaken). Asmodean begrudgingly relents to teach Rand how to channel the One Power after Lanfear coerces him by hobbling Asmodean's own access to the One Power. Rand returns to Al'cair Dal to find most of the Aiel now acknowledge him as the Car'a'carn".


title: The Shadow Rising

text: The Shadow deploys Slayer, a mysterious and powerful agent, with a large host of Trollocs to kill Fain; endangering the Two Rivers.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Perrin's homecoming is dashed with tragedy when he learns Trollocs have killed his family. Perrin rallies new allies; Verin Mathwin, Alanna Mosvani, Aes Sedai searching for potential pupils, and the Tinker Aram (who has abandoned his people's pacifism) to fight the Trollocs. It is revealed later that it was in fact Fain who killed Perrin's family.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: With the help of Tam al'Thor (Rand's adoptive father) and Abell Cauthon (Mat's father), Perrin recruits the people of the Two Rivers to fight for themselves. Perrin leads the Two Rivers against the Trollocs, and earns the nicknames 'Lord Perrin' and 'Perrin Goldeneyes.'


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Before the showdown with the Trollocs, Perrin marries Faile and tasks her with travelling to Caemlyn and asking Queen Morgase to lend soldiers in their fight.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: The Children of the Light, led by Dain Bornhald, interject themselves and demand Perrin's arrest to try him for the murders of other whitecloaks. Perrin agrees to give himself up, if the Children will fight alongside the Two Rivers when the Trollocs attack.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Slayer is killing wolves in "Tel'aran'rhiod", but retreats when he is attacked and defeated by Perrin.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Despite their loss of Perrin, the Trollocs are defeated by the Two Rivers forces. The Children of the Light reneged on their agreement (and sat out the battle with the Trollocs), so Perrin and the Two Rivers folk force the Children to leave.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Nynaeve and Elayne, along with Thom Merrilin and Juilin Sandar, are taken to Tanchico by the Sea Folk, who reveal their own prophecies about Rand.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: They meet Bayle Domon and the Seanchan Egeanin and encounter Moghedien and the Black Ajah. They discover that the enemy's goal is a male "a'dam", held in the private collection of the Panarch Amathera, which they plan to use to control Rand.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Nynaeve and Elayne save Amathera from the Black Ajah and take the "a'dam" and a seal on the Dark One's prison from her palace.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: At this moment, Moghedien attacks them and personally duels Nynaeve, finding that they are roughly equal in power. Nynaeve defeats Moghedien and shields her, but the Black Ajah cause a distraction with a balefire-creating "ter'angreal", letting Moghedien escape. Finally, they send Domon and Egeanin to destroy the "a'dam".


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Min continues to report to the Amyrlin and tries to avoid suspicion by taking the guise of Elmindreda, a giddy, empty-headed woman. However, she finds herself caught in a coup: Elaida and her supporters depose Siuan and Leane Sharif, her Keeper of the Chronicles, for secretly aiding Rand.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Siuan and Leane are both 'Stilled' (their ability to channel the One Power removed) and Elaida becomes the next Amyrlin.


title: The Shadow Rising

text: Min frees Siuan and Leane, and all three are assisted in escape by Gawyn Trakand. Logain Ablar, a former False Dragon who has been "Gentled" (the male equivalent of 'Stilling) joins their escape from the White Tower.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: Hendrick's Gin is a brand of gin produced by William Grant & Sons at the Girvan distillery, Scotland, and launched in 1999. The brand was created by spirits marketer Steven Grasse, while the gin itself was conceived by Lesley Gracie, a Yorkshire native, who was hired by William Grant & Sons to work in new liquid development for some of their products. A decade later she was tasked with creating a new super-premium gin. In addition to the traditional juniper infusion, Hendrick's uses Bulgarian rose and cucumber to add flavour. Hendrick's gin is bottled in a dark brown, apothecary-style bottle.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: Hendrick's uses a blend of spirits produced from a Carter-Head Still (constructed in 1948), of which there are only a few in the world, and a small pot still, built in 1860 by Bennett, Sons & Shears. Both have been restored to working order after being bought at auction in the 1960s by the former William Grant Life President, Charles Gordon. The two stills produce strikingly different styles of gin due to their different construction and methods of distillation.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: The pot still is generally referred to as the Bennett still. The still is quite small, which allows most of the botanical flavour characteristics to pass into the spirit. The still is filled with neutral spirit, and the botanical recipe added with some water. This is left to steep for 24 hours, which begins the process of extracting the flavour from the botanicals. The still is then heated by an external steam jacket to boil the liquid. As the pot begins to boil, vapours move up the short column of the still to the condenser, where they condense and are collected. First runnings can be as high as 92% alcohol, with a gradual decrease in the strength as the distillation progresses. Once all of the alcohol is collected, the final spirit will be approximately 75% alcohol v/v. This spirit is heavy, oily, and smells strongly of juniper.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: In contrast, the spirit derived from the Carter-Head still is much more subtle with light floral and sweet fragrances. Its method of production is quite different, with only the neutral spirit and water added to the pot. All botanicals used with the Carter-Head are added to a flavour basket at the very top of the still. Rather than boiling the botanicals, which produces the strong pungent spirit of the Bennett still, the Carter-Head bathes the botanicals in the alcohol vapours only. As these rise up through the still, they enter the base of the botanicals basket. Inside, the botanicals are contained in copper baskets, which hold them together while allowing the vapours to be fully exposed. As the evaporated alcohol moves through the botanicals, it efficiently extracts their flavours, which are carried out of the basket along with the alcohol until they reach the condenser. Only the lighter, sweeter and floral flavours can be extracted by this method, which gives the spirit its distinctive character.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: The final Hendrick's gin is a blend of these two spirits, with an addition of cucumber essence and rose petal essence.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: Hendrick's suggests that the gin be served with tonic water over ice garnished with cucumber instead of the traditional citrus. Hendrick’s Gin’s Master Distiller, Lesley Gracie, suggests an alternative serving, in which the gin is mixed with soda water and elderflower cordial.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: The "Wall Street Journal" described Hendrick's as the "Best Gin in the World" in 2003. Other spirit ratings organisations generally have been very complimentary as well. The San Francisco World Spirits Competition, for example, awarded two double gold, two gold, and three silver medals between 2005 and 2012. The Beverage Testing Institute gave the gin well-above-average scores of 93, 94 and 95 between 2007 and 2011.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: Gin Foundry states that it's "been spearheading gin’s resurgence since the early 2000s", Mark Dawkins of Langleys's said it was "the catalyst for gin going to the next level", while gin blog "From the Gin Shelf" said it's "a true pioneer of marketing and flavour."


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: In addition to their spirits, Hendrick's has produced Hendrick's themed products, such as glasses, tea pots, tea cups, jiggers, cucumber curler, pourers and more novelty items such as a small display bathtub and a magnifying glass bottle display.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: In conjunction with the release of Hendrick's Lunar Gin and the first Full moon of 2021, Hendrick's released their Moon Bathing Kit early that January. It contained goggles, jasmine-scented lotion, a moonstone, blanket, gin glasses, and a cocktail spoon.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: In 2021 Hendrick's Pickles were teased as an April Fools' Day joke on Instagram, but after overwhelming support and requests from people imploring them to make such a product, later in September it was announced Hendrick's would partner with Katz's Delicatessen to make gin inspired pickles. Master Distiller, Ms. Lesley Gracie collaborated with Katz’s owner Jake Dell, to create a brine that featured gin standard juniper and cubeb berries, with an additional emphasis on coriander, a botanical shared by both Katz’s pickles and Hendrick's Gin.


title: Hendrick's Gin

text: With the release of Neptunia Gin, in March 2022, Hendrick's released a Magic-of-the-Sea Spa Kit. This included Custom-designed Seashell Headphones, Sea Salt & Surf Scented Candle, Ocean Waves Bluetooth Projector, Ishga Seaweed & Rose Face Mask, 2 Crystal Highball Glasses and 2 Octopus Drink Stirrers.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: Alpha Epsilon Pi (), commonly known as AEPi, is a college fraternity founded at New York University in 1913 by Charles C. Moskowitz and ten other men. The fraternity has more than 150 active chapters across the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Israel, and has initiated more than 110,000 members. Although the fraternity is based upon Jewish principles, it is non-discriminatory and is open to all who are willing to espouse its purpose and values.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: Alpha Epsilon Pi was founded in 1913 under the Washington Square Arch at New York University (NYU) by Charles C. Moskowitz and 10 other Jewish men: David K. Schafer, Isador M. Glazer, Herman L. Kraus, Arthur E. Leopold, Benjamin M. Meyer, Arthur M. Lipkint, Charles J. Pintel, Maurice Plager, Hyman Shulman, and Emil J. Lustgarten. These men are known as the "Immortal 11." Their first pledge was Samuel L. Epstein.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: Charles C. Moskowitz had just transferred to New York University's School of Commerce from the City College of New York. Several fraternities at the School of Commerce expressed interest in him and one gave him a bid. The name of that fraternity is unknown. When Charles asked whether his close Jewish friends could join as well, he was told that the invitation was for him alone. At this point, the group of 11 men began meeting regularly in a German Ratskeller called "Haan's Ladies' and Gentlemen's Restaurant, Cafe and Rathskeller". Official school recognition of AEPi was granted on November 7.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: The founding members intended for AEPi to be a national fraternity even before the second chapter at NYU was designated "Alpha chapter". In 1917, the local fraternity Phi Tau at Cornell University became the "Beta chapter" of AEPi.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: Only fifty-two men had been initiated into AEPi at the start of World War I. Almost every undergraduate and alumnus of the fraternity served in the military, causing the fraternity to become nearly inactive during the war years.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: In the years between the world wars, Alpha Epsilon Pi grew to twenty-eight chapters. Expansion remained dormant throughout World War II as many fraternity members served in the war effort.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: With the end of the war and the shift of the national headquarters to St. Louis, Alpha Epsilon Pi had gained new life and momentum in its reopening of inactive chapters, expansion to new campuses, and the merging with other locals that had seen reduced membership as a result of the war. In 1940, Sigma Omega Psi joined Alpha Epsilon Pi adding three chapters, as did Sigma Tau Phi in 1947.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: The next two decades were a time of steady growth for Alpha Epsilon Pi, as well as other fraternities. However, with the onset of fighting in Vietnam in the early 1960s, fraternity life faltered. Liberal student bodies revolted against authority and the Greek system, which was seen as a conservative, elitist group. Membership plummeted and nearly half the chapter roll was lost. However, the fraternity was able to reverse the trend and stabilize membership numbers following the end of the Vietnam War.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: In 2009, AEPi became the first fraternity to establish a chapter in Israel at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: In 2014, AEPi was the first college student organization to be admitted as a full member to the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: To Brothers it is known as the "Cofa," arranged by the initials of the phrase. The coat of arms of Alpha Epsilon Pi contains a number of symbolic objects, the true meaning of which is only revealed to brothers during their initiation into the fraternity. Regardless, the coat of arms does contain symbols which have a history in Judaism obvious to the uninitiated and even to non-Jewish people. The crest of the arms contains a menorah intertwined with a star of David. Also, the top of the arms has a lion that could be the Lion of Judah.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: Alpha Epsilon Pi's mission statement describing a "non-discriminatory fraternity" has occasionally come under fire, particularly under former Executive Director Andrew Borans:


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: The Alpha Epsilon Pi Foundation is the charitable arm of the organization. It directs the philanthropic affairs of the fraternity, supports projects of a Jewish and fraternal nature, and provides support for the individual chapters and colonies. They work very closely with the Director of Jewish Programming.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: The Executive Office is made up of the professional staff that oversees the day-to-day functions of the fraternity. The current Chief Executive Officer is Rob Derdiger


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: The Supreme Board of Governors is made up of 11 positions: Supreme Master (President); Supreme Master-Elect (President-Elect/VP); Supreme Scribe (Secretary); Supreme Exchequer (Treasurer); Supreme Sentinel (Sergeant-at-Arms); five Supreme Governors at-large (other alumni members); and the Immediate Past Supreme Master


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: The Supreme Board of Governors makes the majority of decisions for the fraternity's well-being and meets semi-annually to discuss matters of importance, including the granting of charters.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: Leadership input to the SBG from the undergraduate membership is accepted from The Undergraduate Cabinet, whose members are elected annually in the winter.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: AEPi counts among its members at least 7 billionaires, including Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and Las Vegas Sands founder Sheldon Adelson. Alumni also include the founders of Tinder, Lyft, Home Depot and Hotels.com as well as former/current presidents or chairmen of Citigroup, ESPN, MGM Studios, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox and NBC Television. In sports, AEPi alumni include the founder and first owner of the Harlem Globetrotters, current owner of the Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox, the CEO of the Atlanta Hawks, president of the Florida Panthers, the commissioner of the National Hockey League and at least 2 Olympians. In American politics, AEPi has had at least 6 U.S. Representatives, 1 U.S. Senator, 1 U.S. Governor, a former Israeli Ambassador to the United States and a U.S. State Supreme Court Justice. In Canadian politics, AEPi alumni include the former Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, the current and one former Israeli Ambassador to Canada, as well as Canada's first Jewish Cabinet member and Deputy Prime Minister of Canada. In arts & entertainment, AEPi alumni include Pritzker Prize-winning architect Frank Gehry, Academy Award and Emmy Award-winner James L. Brooks, both members of Simon & Garfunkel, singer/rapper Hoodie Allen, actor Gene Wilder, as well as co-creator of "American Dad!" Matt Weitzman, and "Family Guy" writer Neil Goldman. The fraternity also counts 3 Nobel Prize-winners among its alumni.


title: Alpha Epsilon Pi

text: The fraternity currently has 154 active chapters and colonies in eleven of the fourteen Big Ten Conference schools, seven of eight Ivy League schools, and eight of the ten University of California campuses. It is also the largest international fraternity in Canada, California, New York, and Massachusetts. The fraternity established the Aleph chapter in Israel during the spring of 2009, located in the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya. It has since expanded to other universities in Israel. In 2011, the fraternity expanded to the United Kingdom, establishing a colony at St Andrews in the spring, followed by Birmingham and Leeds in the fall.


title: 1938 German parliamentary election and referendum

text: Parliamentary elections were held in Germany (including recently annexed Austria) on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single list of Nazi and pro-Nazi guest candidates for the 814-member Reichstag as well as the recent annexation of Austria. Turnout in the election was officially 99.6% with 99.1% voting 'yes' in Germany and Austria.


text: The elections were held largely to rally official support from the new Ostmark (Austrian) province, although further elections for 41 seats were held in the recently annexed Sudetenland on 4 December. NSDAP candidates and "guests" officially received 97.32% of the votes.


text: The recently completed Kraft durch Freude cruise ship was anchored in international waters near the United Kingdom to serve as a floating polling station for German and Austrian citizens living in the UK. On 10 April 1938, 1,978 voters (including 806 Austrians) were ferried from Tilbury, east of London. Only ten voted against annexation.


text: The new Reichstag, the last of the German Reich, convened for the first time on 30 January 1939, electing a presidium headed by incumbent President of the Reichstag Hermann Göring. It convened only a further seven times, the last on 26 July 1942. On 25 January 1943, Hitler postponed elections for a new Reichstag until after the war, with the inaugural to take place after another electoral term, subsequently on 30 January 1947—by which point the body, and the Nazi state, had ceased to exist. They were the final elections held in a united Germany prior to 1990 after German reunification.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: Japan does not recognize same-sex marriages or civil unions. It is the only country in the G7 that does not legally recognize same-sex unions in any form. Several municipalities and prefectures issue symbolic same-sex partnership certificates, which provide some benefits but do not offer any legal recognition. Most polls conducted since 2013 have found that a majority of Japanese people support the legalization of same-sex marriage or partnerships, and a 2018 poll found it supported by an overwhelming majority of those under age 60.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: On 20 June 2022, a district court in Osaka upheld the constitutionality of the same-sex marriage ban. Previously, on 17 March 2021, a district court in Sapporo had ruled it unconstitutional, arguing that laws or regulations that deprive same-sex couples of the legal benefits of marriage constitute "discriminatory treatment without a rational basis" and as such violate Article 14 of the Constitution of Japan. The Sapporo court also ruled that Article 24 of the Constitution, which defines marriage as "based only on the mutual consent of both sexes", does not prohibit the recognition of same-sex marriages. While the Sapporo ruling did not legalise same-sex marriage in Japan, it was anticipated that it might have pressured the National Diet to act.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: As of 4 December 2022, 240 municipalities and ten prefectures have established a "partnership oath system" (, ', ), also known as "partnership certification system" (, '), which provides same-sex couples with some limited benefits. The couple is issued a special certificate which may be useful in matters such as housing, hospital visitation rights and consenting to surgery for a partner. However, the system is not legally binding and there is no legal obligation on landlords or hospitals to honour the couples' rights even if presented with a certificate, though cities have encouraged companies, hospitals and landlords to recognize the certificate. The various benefits provided by the system are also very limited in comparison to those granted to married couples; same-sex couples cannot inherit the estate and property of a deceased partner or attend the funeral of a deceased partner for instance. Partners must meet certain requirements, including living in the municipality or prefecture, being older than 20 years of age, and not having a spouse or another partner. 25 municipalities have also established a "partnership family system" (, "). This system also recognises the children of same-sex couples, and allows partners to make medical decisions for their child, and to pick up their children at schools and kindergartens (whereas previously only the biological parent was allowed to pick up the child). The first to establish this system was Akashi, Hyōgo in January 2021 followed by Tokushima in February 2021 and Adachi, Tokyo in April 2021.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: On April 1, 2015, Shibuya in central Tokyo announced it would offer same-sex couples special "partnership certificates". While these licenses are not legally recognized as marriage certificates, they may be used in civil matters such as hospital visitation rights and housing. The Shibuya city office began accepting applications on 28 October 2015. In response to this action by the Shibuya city office, the "Special Committee to Protect Family Ties" (, ") of the federal ruling Liberal Democratic Party was formed in March 2015 to discuss the matter. An officer from the Ministry of Justice who was invited to comment stated that the action by Shibuya is legal because the certificate issued is not a marriage certificate and the current Japanese legal code does not prohibit the "partnership" of same-sex couples. In July 2015, Setagaya announced it would be joining Shibuya in issuing partnership certificates from 5 November. In November 2015, the special city of Takarazuka announced it would issue partnership certificates to same-sex couples beginning on 1 June 2016. In December 2015, the city of Iga in Mie Prefecture made a similar announcement, with certificates starting on 1 April 2016, and on 22 February 2016, Naha, the capital of Okinawa Prefecture, announced it would begin issuing partnership certificates to same-sex couples on 8 July 2016.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: In April 2016, an LGBT rights group began a campaign for the official recognition of same-sex couples in Sapporo, the capital of Hokkaido Prefecture. The group took its petition to the Sapporo City Government in June 2016. In December 2016, officials announced that Sapporo planned to draw up guidelines by March 2017. In March, the City Government announced that partnership certificates would be issued to couples beginning on 1 June 2017. While the certificates hold no legal meaning, some insurance companies use them to allow same-sex partners to be added as beneficiaries. According to the city, about 1,500 people expressed opinions welcoming the program, while some opposed it. Sapporo became the first designated city in Japan to establish a partnership system. On 14 February 2018, the Fukuoka city office announced plans to start issuing partnership certificates to same-sex and different-sex couples from 2 April 2018. Osaka followed suit on 9 July 2018, and Chiba on 29 January 2019. Nakano began offering partnership certificates on 20 August 2018. Couples can receive notarized documentation recognizing a delegation agreement for medical treatment and nursing care, property management and other areas in which married couples share responsibility.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: 21 cities established a same-sex partnership system in 2019, notably Kitakyushu, Kumamoto, Miyazaki, Nagasaki, Sakai, Yokohama, and Yokosuka. 36 more cities followed suit in 2020, including Hamamatsu, Kawasaki, Kyoto, Minato, Nara, Niigata, Okayama, Sagamihara, Saitama, and Takamatsu, and 69 more cities in 2021, notably Adachi, Chigasaki, Fujisawa, Funabashi, Hiroshima, Kanazawa, Kōchi, Koshigaya, Nishinomiya, and Toyota.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: In January 2019, the Government of Ibaraki Prefecture announced it was considering introducing a partnership system for same-sex couples in April 2019. In March 2019, Governor Kazuhiko Ōigawa expressed his personal support for the introduction of such a scheme. The Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly began examing legislation to this effect in June 2019. The prefecture has offered partnership certificates since July 1, 2019, which made it the first prefecture to do so. Eight days later, Mito, the prefectural capital, announced that couples who are in the possession of the prefecture's certificates would be eligible to move into the municipality's public housing facilities, starting in August 2019.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: On 15 January 2020, Osaka Prefecture announced it would start a partnership system on January 22. Governor Hirofumi Yoshimura said in a statement that "we should aim for a society where one can live as themselves". The first couple to receive a certificate were Shuji Yamada and Shigeo Hiruda on 31 January. The certificate allows couples to apply to move into prefectural housing and consent to surgery, among other limited benefits. Five cities in Osaka had already established such a system before it was extended to the entire prefecture. Gunma Prefecture announced on 5 November 2020 that it would introduce a partnership system by the end of the year. The system would provide same-sex couples with some limited recognition, including the right to move into prefectural housing and visit each other in hospitals. Governor Ichita Yamamoto said he hoped the move would "send a positive message" and "promote diversity". On 17 December, Yamamoto announced the system would be established on 21 December. The first certificate was issued to couple Saori Tanaka and Hisanagi Makita in Shibukawa on 24 December.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: On 20 November 2020, Governor Eikei Suzuki of Mie Prefecture announced his intention to introduce a partnership system before the end of the year. The system was introduced on 1 September 2021, with the first couple issued a certificate that same day in Tsu. Saga Prefecture started its partnership oath system a few days earlier, on 27 August 2021. Governor Yoshinori Yamaguchi praised the move. In November 2021, the government of Aomori Prefecture announced its intention to introduce a partnership system on 7 February 2022. A partnership oath system has also been in effect in Akita and Fukuoka prefectures since 1 April 2022. On 15 February 2022, Governor Tomikazu Fukuda of Tochigi Prefecture announced he would introduce a partnership system in fall 2022; it was established on 1 September 2022.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: On 7 June 2021, the General Affairs Committee of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly unanimously accepted a petition, launched by LGBT activists and signed by 18,000 people, to establish a partnership system in Tokyo Metropolis. Governor Yuriko Koike expressed her support for the move, stating it would "respect the human rights of sexual minorities and promote the understanding of Tokyo citizens regarding diversity". The bill was enacted by the Metropolitan Assembly on 15 June 2022. It calls on businesses and other entities to treat same-sex partnerships as equal to married couples, allowing couples to access family-use housing and the right to visit their partners in hospital. At least one partner must be resident in Tokyo or a commuter for work. It came into force on 1 November, with applications being accepted from 10 October, making Tokyo the tenth prefecture to do so.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: Governor Hajime Furuta of Gifu Prefecture announced on 10 December 2020 that he was considering establishing a partnership system in the prefecture. Governor Heita Kawakatsu of Shizuoka Prefecture announced on 1 September 2021 that he was also considering it by the end of 2022. The Deputy Governor of Toyama Prefecture voiced the same in December 2021.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: The establishment of prefectural systems has often not precluded the subsequent establishments of municipal systems within the same prefecture.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: On October 30, 2019, the cities of Fukuoka and Kumamoto announced they would recognize each other's partnership certificates effective immediately. This marked the first time that two or more jurisdictions in Japan had begun recognizing each other's certificates, easing recognition for same-sex couples. This means that if a same-sex couple with a certificate moves between both cities they need not reapply for a certificate in their new city. Since 1 April 2020, certificates from Kitakyushu and Koga are also recognized between the four cities. Certificates from Okayama, Nichinan, and Karatsu are also recognised in Fukuoka.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: On December 2, 2019, the mayor of Yokosuka announced his intention to establish a joint recognition scheme with the fellow Kanagawa cities of Zushi and Kamakura, taking effect on 1 April 2020. Hayama joined the scheme on 1 July 2020, and Miura joined on 1 January 2021. In July 2020, Okayama and Sōja agreed to mutually recognize their certificates and eliminate the need for new procedures when couples move between the two cities. Okayama reached a similar agreement with Fukuoka in November 2020 and Hiroshima in January 2021. Hiroshima and Akitakata also mutually recognize their certificates. On 1 February 2022, a similar agreement took effect between Chigasaki, Fujisawa and Samukawa.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: The cities of Chiba and Yokohama made a similar recognition agreement in January 2021, effective on 1 February 2021. In early April 2021, the cities and towns of Amagasaki, Ashiya, Inagawa, Itami, Kawanishi, Nishinomiya, Sanda and Takarazuka, all in Hyōgo Prefecture, agreed to recognize each other's certificates. Likewise, in May 2021, 12 municipalities in Tokyo, Adachi, Bunkyō, Edogawa, Fuchū, Koganei, Kokubunji, Kunitachi, Minato, Nakano, Setagaya, Shibuya and Toshima, agreed to mutually recognize their certificates. The cities of Katano and Hirakata decided to recognize each other's certificates in June 2021. Since then, numerous other cities have also established such mutual recognition schemes.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: On August 18, 2022, Saga and Ibaraki prefectures announced they would recognize each other's partnership certificates, becoming the first prefectures to do so.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: As of 4 December 2022, the following 240 municipalities and ten prefectures have established a partnership oath system, comprising about 65% of the Japanese population. In 22 further jurisdictions, such policies will soon take effect.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: Measures to allow partnership certificates have been proposed in numerous areas, including the prefectures of Gifu, Iwate, Shimane, and Tokushima; several administrative wards in Tokyo, such as Chiyoda, Chūō, Katsushika, Kōtō, Nerima, Shinjuku, Suginami, Sumida, and Taitō; and the cities of Hachinohe, Kimitsu, Matsuyama, Ōzu, Fukuyama, Higashihiroshima, Kumano, Onomichi, Saka, Sero, Kushiro, Kobe, Miki, Tamba, Tamba-Sasayama, Rikuzentakata, Isehara, Sendai, Azumino, Nagayo, Ōmura, Sado, Hayashima, Kumenan, Tamano, Itoman, Okinawa, Nago, Nanjō, Tomigusuku, Asaka, Hanyū, Hasuda, Kasukabe, Matsubushi, Niiza, Shiki, Tsurugashima, Wakō, Warabi, Fujieda, Shimada, Shimonoseki, Chōfu, Higashimurayama, Hino, Komatsushima, Daisen, Nichinan, Yazu, Yonago, Toyama, Hagi, Hirao, and Iwakuni.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: The first couple to receive a partnership certificate were Koyuki Higashi and Hiroko Masuhara in Shibuya on 5 November 2015. They were personally congratulated by Mayor Ken Hasebe. Later that day, Setagaya issued certificates to seven couples. By April 2017, 17 same-sex partnership certificates had been issued in Shibuya.


title: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

text: 319 certificates had been issued by November 2018. This increased to 617 in October 2019, to 1,052 in June 2020, to 1,301 in November 2020, to 2,018 in July 2021, and to 3,168 in June 2022, with most of these issued in Osaka Prefecture followed by Tokyo, Kanagawa and Chiba prefectures.