title: Book of Baruch

text: Baruch 1:1–14 gives a narrative account of an occasion when Baruch ben Neriah reads the book of 'these words' before the Israelites in Babylon, and then sends that book (together with collected funds) to be read in Jerusalem. Where the Book of Baruch is considered to be a distinct work of scripture, it is commonly identified as the book that Baruch reads; and hence Baruch himself has traditionally been credited as the author of the whole work. However, the syntactical form of Baruch chapter 1 has been held rather to imply that 'these words' correspond to a preceding text – which might then be identified with Lamentations or with the Book of Jeremiah; in which case comparison may be made with a corresponding notice of Baruch writing down reading the prophecies of Jeremiah, recorded at Jeremiah chapter 36. These considerations underlie an alternative tradition (found for instance in Augustine) in which all four works (Book of Jeremiah, Baruch, Lamentations, Letter of Jeremiah) are credited to Jeremiah himself as author.


title: Book of Baruch

text: Critical scholarship is, however, united in rejecting either Baruch or Jeremiah as author of the Book of Baruch, or in dating the work in the period of its purported context; the Babylonian Exile. Rather they have seen clear thematic and linguistic parallels with later works; the Book of Daniel and the Book of Sirach. Many scholars have noted that the restoration of worship in the Jerusalem Temple following its pollution by Antiochus Epiphanes could provide a counterpart historical context in which the narrative of Baruch may equally be considered to apply; and consequently a date in the period 200 BCE-100 BCE has been proposed.


title: Book of Baruch

text: The Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Arabic, Bohairic and Ethiopic versions of Baruch are all translated directly from the Greek; the text of which survives in Vaticanus and Alexandrinus, and is highly consistent. Jerome (5th century) states that no Hebrew text was in existence, and Origen (3rd century) appears to know of no Hebrew text in the preparation of the text of Baruch in the Hexapla Old Testament. Nevertheless, there are a number of readings in the earlier sections of Baruch (1:1 to 3:8) where an anomalous reading in the Greek appears to imply a mistranslation of a Hebrew or Aramaic source; as at chapter 3:4, where 'hear now the prayers of the dead of Israel' (מֵתֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל) is assumed to be a mistranslation of, 'hear now the prayers of the men of Israel' (מְתֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, from the plural word מְתִים 'men' as in biblical expressions like מְתֵי אָהֳלִי 'men of my tent', מְתֵי שָׁוְא 'men of vanity' or מְתֵי מִסְפָּר 'men of few [numbers]'). Since the 19th century, critical scholars have assumed a Semitic original for these earlier parts of the book, and a number of studies, such as that of Tov, have sought to retrovert from the Greek to a plausible Hebrew source text. Whereas in the Revised Standard Version (1957) of Bible, the English text of Baruch consistently follows the Greek in these readings; in the New Revised Standard Version (1989) these readings are adjusted to conform with a conjectural reconstruction of a supposed Hebrew original.


title: Book of Baruch

text: Nevertheless, some more recent studies of Baruch, such as those by Adams and Bogaert, take the Greek text to be the original. Adams maintains that most of the text of Baruch depends on that of other books of the Bible; and indeed it has been characterised by Tov as a "mosaic of Biblical passages" especially in these early sections. Consequently, variations from the literal Hebrew text could have found their way directly into a dependent Greek version, without having to presume a Semitic intermediary stage. Moreover, Adams takes issue with the presupposition behind conjectural retroversions to conform to a supposed Hebrew text; that the author of Baruch understood the principle of literal translation, and aspired to follow that principle; and yet lamentably failed to do so.


title: Book of Baruch

text: In the Greek East, Athanasius (367 AD), Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 350 AD), and Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 385 AD) listed the Book of Baruch as canonical. Athanasius states "Jeremiah with Baruch, Lamentations, and the epistle"; the other Fathers offer similar formulations.


title: Book of Baruch

text: In the Latin West Pope Innocent I (405 AD) identifies the sixteen prophets (four major, plus 12 minor) as canonical, but does not specifically mention Baruch as associated with Jeremiah. The same is the case for the canons of the Synod of Hippo (in 393), followed by the Council of Carthage (397) and the Council of Carthage (419). All these canon lists otherwise include other Old Testament books that would later be classed as deuterocanonical. Later, Augustine of Hippo (C. 397 AD) would confirm in his book "On Christian Doctrine" (Book II, Chapter 8) the canonicity of the book of Jeremiah without reference to Baruch; but in his work "The City of God" 18:33 he discusses the text of Baruch 3: 36–38, noting that this is variously cited to Baruch and to Jeremiah; his preference being for the latter. In the decrees of the Council of Florence (1442) and the Council of Trent (1546), "Jeremias with Baruch" is stated as canonical; but the Letter of Jeremiah is not specified, being included as the sixth chapter of Baruch in late medieval Vulgate Bibles.


title: Book of Baruch

text: The "Decretum Gelasianum", which is a work written by an anonymous Latin scholar between 519 and 553, contains a list of books of Scripture presented as having been declared canonical by the Council of Rome (382 AD). Again this list asserts the canonicity of Jeremiah without reference to Baruch. One early synodical decree that may mention Baruch is The Synod of Laodicea (c. 364); where a list of canonical books is variously appended to canon 59, in which "Jeremiah, and Baruch, the Lamentations, and the Epistle" are stated as canonical, although this canon list includes no other deuterocanonical works. This list is found in compendiums of the decrees of Laodicea circulating in the Ethiopic church, and in all later Greek compendiums; but is absent from counterpart compendiums of Laodicea circulating in the Latin, Coptic and Syriac churches; as too from some earlier Greek compendiums.


title: Book of Baruch

text: It is commonly accepted that the absence of specific mention of Baruch in canon lists circulating in the West cannot be interpreted as an assertion that the Book of Baruch was non-canonical, only that it is being assumed within Jeremiah ; although there was also an extensive body of pseudopigraphal "Baruch" apocalyptic literature ( 2 Baruch, 3 Baruch, 4 Baruch), which are frequently classed in Latin lists as apocryphal. The first Christian writer to reject the biblical Book of Baruch in its entirety (whether as a separate work, or as part of Jeremiah) is Jerome. Subsequently, because the Vulgate text of Jeremiah, following Jerome, now lacked both Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah, those Latin Fathers who favoured the Vulgate – Gregory the Great, Isidore of Seville and Bede – notably do not cite texts from either of these two books as scripture; and appear not to consider them canonical. Bogaert notes a preface to the Vulgate text of Jeremiah, likely dating from the 5th century, where the radical differences of the Vulgate and Old Latin texts are remarked upon. In this preface it is asserted that the contents of both the Old Latin Jeremiah (from the Septuagint) and the Vulgate Jeremiah (from the Hebrew) have apostolic authority and are to be considered canonical within their own contexts; but that a composite Jeremiah with elements of both should be condemned.


title: Book of Baruch

text: In the Catholic Church, Baruch 3:9–38 is used in the liturgy of Holy Saturday during Passiontide in the traditional lectionary of scriptural readings at Mass. A similar selection occurs during the revised liturgy for the Easter Vigil.


title: Book of Baruch

text: Baruch 1:14 – 2:5; 3:1–8 is a liturgical reading within the revised Roman Catholic Breviary for the 29th Week in Ordinary Time, Friday Office of Readings. The subject is "the prayer and confession of sin of a penitent people":


title: Book of Baruch

text: Justice is with the Lord, our God; and we today are flushed with shame, we men of Judah and citizens of Jerusalem, that we, with our kings and rulers and priests and prophets, and with our fathers, have sinned in the Lord's sight and disobeyed him. ... And the Lord fulfilled the warning he had uttered against us... Lord Almighty, ... Hear... and have mercy on us, who have sinned against you... (Baruch 1:15–18; 2:1; 3:1–2)


title: Book of Baruch

text: St. Augustine's reflection, which is paired with this reading, on this occasion speaks of prayer: "[S]ince this [that we pray for] is that peace that surpasses all understanding, even when we ask for it in prayer we do not know how to pray for what is right..."; from there he explains what it means that the Holy Spirit pleads for the saints.


title: Book of Baruch

text: Baruch 3:9–15, 24–4:4 is a liturgical reading for the Saturday of the same week. The theme is that "the salvation of Israel is founded on wisdom": "Learn where prudence is, ... that you may know also where are length of days, and life, where light of the eyes, and peace. Who has found the place of wisdom, who has entered into her treasuries? ... She is the book of the precepts of God, ... All who cling to her will live... Turn, O Jacob, and receive her: ... Give not your glory to another, your privileges to an alien race." Paired with this on the same day is a reading from St. Peter Chrysologus, died AD 450, who quotes Paul the Apostle: "let us also wear the likeness of the man of heaven".


title: Book of Baruch

text: Baruch is listed in "Article VI" of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England. In the Daily Office Lectionary for Christmas Eve, Baruch 4:21–29 is read; on Christmas day, Baruch 4:30–5:9; both of these are considered Messianic Prophecies in the Anglican tradition.


title: Book of Baruch

text: In the American 1928 Book of Common Prayer, the Daily Office lectionary includes the Book of Baruch for the First Lesson on several occasions: Baruch 4:21–30 on the Second Sunday after Easter; Baruch 3:14–15, 29–37 for the 21st Sunday after Trinity; and Baruch 5 for the 22nd Sunday after Trinity. In the American Book of Common Prayer (1979) Baruch 5:1-9 is the Old Testament reading for Advent II (Year C); and in the Daily Office (Year 2) Baruch 4:21-29 is prescribed for Advent IV, and Baruch 4:36-5:9 for Dec. 24. [Prayer Book and Hymnal, Containing The Book of Common Prayer and The Hymnal 1982, According to the use of The Episcopal Church, The Church Hymnal Corporation New York, 1986].


title: Book of Baruch

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite, a selection from Baruch (which is considered an extension of the Book of Jeremiah, and is announced in the services as "Jeremiah") is read as one of the eight "Paroemia" (Old Testament readings) during the Vesperal Divine Liturgy on Christmas Eve.


title: Book of Baruch

text: In "Summa Theologiae" III 4 4, Doctor of the Church Thomas Aquinas quotes Baruch 3:37 (3:38 in Vulgate) to affirm that "the Son of God assumed human nature in order to show Himself in men's sight, according to Baruch 3:38: Afterwards He was seen upon earth, and conversed with men. This statement, more properly rendered as Afterward he appeared on earth and lived with humankind. is part of his discussion of "the mode of union on the part of the human nature" III 4. He quotes the same passage of Baruch in III 40 1 to help answer "whether Christ should have associated with men, or led a solitary life" III 40. By switching the gender of the pronoun, this reading, which properly is discussing Divine Wisdom was widely re-interpreted in Christian discourse as a prophecy of the incarnation of Jesus Christ.


title: Book of Baruch

text: Church Father St. Clement of Alexandria, d. AD 217, quoted Baruch 3:16–19, referring to the passage thus: "Divine Scripture, addressing itself to those who love themselves and to the boastful, somewhere says most excellently: 'Where are the princes of the nations...'" (see "Paean for Wisdom" example "infra") (Jurgens §410a).


title: Book of Baruch

text: St. Hilary of Poitiers, d. AD 368, also a Church Father, quoted the same passage as St. Thomas, "supra", (3:36–38), citing "Jeremias", about which Jurgens states: "Baruch was secretary to Jeremias, and is cited by the Fathers mostly under the name of Jeremias" (§864n). St. Hilary states: "Besides Moses and Isaias, listen now a third time, and to Jeremias, who teaches the same thing, when He says:..." (Jurgens §864).


title: Book of Baruch

text: Baruch 3:38(37) is referenced in the Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation of the Second Vatican Council.


title: Book of Baruch

text: Baruch 6 is quoted in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as part of an exposition against idolatry. During the Diaspora the Jews lamented their lapse into idolatry, and their repentance is captured in the Book of Baruch.


title: Bela Padilla

text: Krista Elyse Hidalgo Sullivan (born May 3, 1991), better known by her stage name Bela Padilla (), is a Filipino-British actress, film producer, film director, screenwriter, television host, and brand ambassador.


title: Bela Padilla

text: She is best known for Television dramas GMA-7 and her official home Network ABS-CBN and Critically-Acclaimed Films such as 100 Tula Para Kay Stella and Meet Me in St Gallen with JC Santos opposite Carlo Aquino and The Day Before Valentines third film and On Vodka her and Beers and Regrets her fourth film with JC Santos in 2022 her directorial debut in the film 366 is opposite Zanjoe Marudo and JC Santos for film studio Viva Films in 2017 she wrote the screen play for the Joyce Bernal film “Last Night”starring Toni Gonzaga and Piolo Pascual. In addition to becoming a film favorite she has pushed her writing and directorial skills for future projects.


title: Bela Padilla

text: Padilla (born Krista Elyse Hidalgo Sullivan) was born to British Cornelius Gary Sullivan and wife Margarette Cariño Hidalgo ("Meg"). Her mother Meg is a maternal first-degree cousin to Robin Padilla. Her father was divorced from his first wife. She has three elder half-siblings in England from her father's first family while she also has an elder brother from both of her parents. She first attended a Montessori education-style international school in Forbes Park, Makati, before attending the foreigners class of Colegio San Agustin – Makati. Padilla took up journalism as an elective in senior high school.


title: Bela Padilla

text: Padilla's maternal grandmother is the sister of Eva Cariño-Padilla, wife of actor-director and former Camarines Norte governor Roy Padilla Sr. She is the niece, of second degree consanguinity, to actors Rommel Padilla, Robin Padilla and BB Gandanghari, and second cousin to RJ and Daniel Padilla (sons of Rommel) and Queenie and Kylie Padilla (daughters of Robin). She is a practicing Jehovah's Witness.


title: Bela Padilla

text: Padilla was discovered by ABS-CBN talent scout Jet Valle after the latter saw her on one of her field trips and introduced her to ABS-CBN via Star Magic Batch 15 and adopted the stage name Krista Valle. The same year she got her first TV role in the teen drama "Star Magic Presents": "Abt Ur Luv Ur Lyf 2". She later changed her stage name to her real name Krista Sullivan when she started working as a freelance actress. In 2009, she played a minor role in the TV series "Totoy Bato". She then became a cast regular on the third season of "Lokomoko High" in TV5.


title: Bela Padilla

text: In 2010, she left Star Magic, replaced her manager with Claire dela Fuente and moved to GMA-7. Along with the move, she also finally changed her stage name to Bela Padilla.


title: Bela Padilla

text: In 2011, Bela was awarded the Miss Friendship and the Media's Darling awards in the Asian Super Model Contest that was held in Guilin and Nanning in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China, on 6 and 7 September.


title: Bela Padilla

text: In March 2012, Padilla was at the center of a controversy when her "FHM Philippines" magazine cover was withdrawn due to accusations of racism.


title: Bela Padilla

text: In 2015, Padilla returned to ABS-CBN after signing an exclusive contract with Dreamscape Entertainment Television, one of ABS-CBN's famous TV assets, and played the role of Carmen in the hit teleserye "FPJ's Ang Probinsyano", inspired from the Fernando Poe Jr. film of the same title, co-starring Coco Martin, Maja Salvador and Susan Roces.


title: Hutu Power

text: Hutu Power is a racial and ethnosupremacist ideology that asserts the ethnic superiority of Hutu, often in the context of being superior to Tutsi and Twa, and that therefore they are entitled to dominate and murder these two groups and other minorities. Espoused by Hutu extremists, widespread support for the ideology led to the 1994 Rwandan genocide against the Tutsi and moderate Hutu who opposed the killings. Hutu Power political parties and movements included the "Akazu", the Coalition for the Defence of the Republic and its "Impuzamugambi" paramilitary militia, and the governing National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development and its "Interahamwe" paramilitary militia. The theory of Hutu people being superior is most common in Rwanda and Burundi, where they make up the majority of the population. Due to its sheer destructiveness, the ideology has been compared to historical Nazism in the Western world.


title: Hutu Power

text: Hassan Ngeze in 1990 created the "Hutu Ten Commandments", a document that served as the basis of Hutu Power ideology. The "Commandments" called for the supremacy of Hutus in Rwanda, calling for exclusive Hutu leadership over Rwanda's public institutions and public life, complete segregation of Hutus from Tutsis, and complete exclusion of Tutsis from public institutions and public life. Hutu Power ideology reviled Tutsis as outsiders bent on restoring a Tutsi-dominated monarchy, and idealized Hutu culture.


title: Hutu Power

text: The Rwandan kingdom was traditionally ruled by a Tutsi mwami, or king; Historical evidence suggests that Hutu and Twa were included in government, although the Twa significantly less so than Hutu, who were more numerous. The Tutsi/Hutu divide has been referred to as a caste system. A Hutu could gain Tutsi status through marriage or through success. Tutsis, being primarily pastoralists, had a more valuable place in Rwandan society than the agriculturalist Hutu, and the hunter-gatherer and potter Twa.


title: Hutu Power

text: The society created conceptions of social status based on the groups' traditional pursuits: the Twa, working most directly with the earth (through pottery), were considered impure; the Hutu, still working with the ground but less so than the Twa, were in turn considered less pure than the above-ground Tutsi. When Germany, and later Belgium, colonized the kingdom, they interpreted the local division of races or ethnicity through the Hamitic hypothesis.


title: Hutu Power

text: European authors such as John Hanning Speke wrote of the Tutsi as being of Hamitic origin, having originated from modern-day Ethiopia and migrating southwards, and having brought "civilization" to the Negroid races of Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, the colonial administration favored the Tutsi at the expense of Hutu and Twa. In addition, they imposed a system of identity cards and ethnic classification in censuses, which reinforced an artificial ethnic division and contributed to tensions between groups. In reality, the Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa possessed little cultural or genetic distinction.


title: Hutu Power

text: Toward the end of Belgian rule, the government began to favor the Hutu, who were organizing for more influence. More significantly, the Belgian administration feared the rise of Communism and a Pan-African socialist regime led by Congo-Léopoldville's Patrice Lumumba. Then-Belgian High Resident Guy Logiest set up the first democratic elections in Rwanda to avoid more radical politics. As the majority population, the Hutu elected their candidates to most positions in the new government.


title: Hutu Power

text: The first elected president Grégoire Kayibanda, an ethnic Hutu, used ethnic tensions to preserve his own power. Hutu radicals, working with his group (and later against it), adopted the Hamitic hypothesis, portraying the Tutsi as outsiders, invaders, and oppressors of Rwanda. Some Hutu radicals called for the Tutsi to be "sent back to Abyssinia", a reference to their supposed homeland. This early concept of Hutu Power idealized a "pre-invasion" Rwanda: an ethnically pure territory dominated by the Hutu.


title: Hutu Power

text: In 1973, general and defense minister Juvénal Habyarimana, an ethnic Hutu supported by more radical northern Rwandans, overthrew Kayibanda and had him and his wife killed. Many of his supporters were from his district in the north, descendants of Hutu kingdoms that had been semi-autonomous before the colonial period. The resulting administration proved better for Tutsis, as government-sponsored violence was more sporadic than under Kayibanda.


title: Hutu Power

text: With economic conditions difficult, and threatened by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) invasion, Habyarimana turned to inflaming ethnic tensions.


title: Hutu Power

text: Hutu Power acquired a variety of spokesmen. Hassan Ngeze, an entrepreneur recruited by the government to combat the Tutsi publication "Kanguka", created and edited "Kangura", a radical Hutu Power newsletter. He published the "Hutu Ten Commandments", which included the following:


title: Hutu Power

text: "Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines" broadcast radio shows suggesting the end to toleration of the Tutsi, repeating the Hutu Ten Commandments, and building support for the Hutu Power ideology. Two main voices of RTLM were announcers Valérie Bemeriki and Georges Ruggiu. The repetition of Hutu Ten Commandments was an attempt to incite and mobilize the population to commit genocide against the Tutsi, who were portrayed as threatening the social and political order achieved since independence, and as envisioned by the "Akazu". Politician Léon Mugesera gave a speech in November, 1992, allegedly stating, "Do not be afraid, know that anyone whose neck you do not cut is the one who will cut your neck...Let them pack their bags, let them get going, so that no one will return here to talk and no one will bring scraps claiming to be flags!" The radio programs frequently referred to the Tutsi as "inyenzi", a Kinyarwanda word meaning 'cockroach', though the term had also been a self-description by members of the Tutsi Rwanda Patriotic Front.


title: Hutu Power

text: The Commandments declared that any form of relationship between Hutus and Tutsi women was forbidden; and that any Hutu who "marries a Tutsi woman", "befriends a Tutsi woman", or "employs a Tutsi woman as a secretary or a concubine" was a traitor to the Hutu people. It denounced Tutsis as dishonest in business whose "only aim is the supremacy of his ethnic group"; and declared that any Hutu who did business with a Tutsi was a traitor to the Hutu people. The Commandments declared that "The Hutu should stop having mercy on the Tutsi" and referred to the Tutsis as "common Tutsi enemy".


title: Hutu Power

text: During the attempted negotiations (Arusha Accords) between the Rwandan government and the RPF, radical Hutus began alleging that Habyarimana was being manipulated by Tutsis and non-radical Hutus. They maligned then-Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana. Following Habyarimana's assassination, an act that at the time people speculated was done by Tutsi extremists, Hutu Power forces mobilized militia, most notably "Interahamwe", and mobs to carry out the mass killings of the Rwandan genocide. The Presidential Guard of the army killed Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana and several other leading moderate government officials.


title: Hutu Power

text: The defeat of the government by the RPF ended the genocide, and the Hutu Power movement was defeated and suppressed.


title: Hutu Power

text: Many Hutu Power spokesmen were arrested after the genocide, charged and put on trial. Ngeze was convicted and sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment. In 2005, Mugesera was deported from Canada to Rwanda to stand trial for his role in the killings.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: Metro is the United Kingdom's highest-circulation freesheet newspaper. It is published in tabloid format by DMG Media. The newspaper is distributed from Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays and the period between Christmas Eve and New Year's Day inclusive) mornings on trains and buses, and at railway/Underground stations, airports and hospitals across selected urban areas of England, Wales and Scotland. Copies are also handed out to pedestrians.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: "Metro" is owned by Daily Mail and General Trust plc (DMGT), part of the same media group as the "Daily Mail" and "The Mail on Sunday", but in some areas "Metro" operates as a franchise with a local newspaper publisher, rather than as a wholly owned concern. While being a sister paper to the conservative "Daily Mail", the newspaper has never endorsed any political party or candidate, and claims to take a neutral political stance in its reporting.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: The "Metro" free newspaper concept originated in Sweden, where a publication of the same name was launched in 1995 by Metro International. British newspaper executives Jonathan Harmsworth and Murdoch MacLennan, from DMGT, were reportedly inspired by the idea and flew to Stockholm on a 'fact-finding mission' with a view to developing their own version. There were also reports in the late 1990s that both Metro International and Rupert Murdoch's News International were considering launching free newspapers in the UK that might prove a commercial threat to DMGT's businesses.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: DMGT subsequently launched "Metro", using the same name as Metro International's publications but with a different logo, on Tuesday 16 March 1999. This UK version of "Metro" had no relation to Metro International or its sister newspapers in other countries. "Metro" was launched initially as a London-only newspaper with an original print run of 85,000 copies, which were distributed via dedicated bins in London Underground stations. The newspaper was produced at DMGT's printworks and office complex at Surrey Quays in southeast London, away from the company's main newspaper office in Kensington, west London.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: In the years following its launch, the paper's distribution was gradually expanded to other major UK cities, including Manchester and Birmingham. By February 2003, "Metro" had become operationally profitable for the first time. Its reach was extended further in 2004, becoming available in more urban areas, including Nottingham, Bristol and Bath.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: "Metro"s circulation continued to rise in the following years, though readership temporarily dipped after the 7 July 2005 London bombings. There was a 1.8% decline – the equivalent of around 9,000 readers – in copies picked up in the weeks following the attacks due to a reduction in the number of people using London's public transport network, coupled with the temporary closure of some London Underground lines where "Metro" was distributed.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: Following several years of expansion, in 2006 the newspaper's production was moved to DMGT's main newspaper offices at Northcliffe House in Kensington, west London. That same year the newspaper expanded further, launching in Cardiff and Liverpool in joint venture deals with Trinity Mirror.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: At the time of its tenth anniversary in 2009, the newspaper was distributed in sixteen "major" UK cities and its circulation had grown to 1.3 million. Despite the increase in readership, that same year, management also closed five regional "Metro" offices in Manchester, Glasgow, Newcastle, Birmingham, and Bristol, which were responsible for producing regionalised arts, entertainment, and food pages, citing "challenging economic conditions".


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: By 2011, "Metro"s distribution network had expanded to more than 50 cities in the UK. In that year media commentator Roy Greenslade said the publication was now making "bumper profits" and - mistakenly, as it is not national - dubbed it "Britain's most successful national newspaper".


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: "Metro Ireland" was launched in Dublin on 10 October 2005. It followed a legal battle over the title's name with the publishers of the "Irish Independent" and Dublin's "Evening Herald", which launched its own free newspaper called "Herald AM". Both titles were loss-making, despite having a combined circulation of 145,000 in the Greater Dublin Area. On 2 July 2009, it was announced that the two freesheets would merge under the "Metro" banner, an operation completed by 2010. However, the Irish edition was closed down in December 2014.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: For the first time in its history, "Metro" temporarily published seven days a week during the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics, providing free copies to spectators at the Games as well as the general public. The newspaper struck a reported £2.25 million deal with sportswear manufacturer Adidas to run cover wrap adverts on each of the 17 days of the Olympics.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: After more than a decade in charge, editor Kenny Campbell was replaced as editor by Ted Young in 2014. Young's appointment coincided with a number of changes at the newspaper, including the separation of the print and online editions, along with an expansion of "Metro"s distribution in the UK.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: In November 2016, comedian Richard Herring stepped down from writing his weekly column for "Metro". Fellow TV comedian Dom Joly later replaced him in the slot.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: In 2017, "Metro" became the most-read newspaper in the UK, according to monthly National Readership Survey figures. In March 2018, "Metro" officially overtook "The Sun" in total print circulation, according to ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)) figures.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: The majority of the newspaper's content is produced at Northcliffe House in Kensington, west London. There are no regional editions within England and Wales, except for occasional differences in sports and arts content catered to specific local audiences. A separate, small team produces a Scottish edition of "Metro"; however, often the only substantial difference between the two versions is the front page.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: The newspaper comprises three main categories: news, features and sport. The news section includes "Guilty Pleasures", which typically contains one to four pages of showbiz and entertainment news; letters pages; and a page dedicated for business news. A popular feature of the letters pages is Rush-Hour Crush, in which readers send in anonymous messages to fellow users of public transport who they consider attractive. The column has led to at least one marriage. The news section also features occasional feature columns from political pundits such as Sophy Ridge of Sky News. However, while offering analysis, these columns do not typically express endorsements of political positions or candidates, thus not being considered as op-ed columns as in other newspapers.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: The features section contains a mix of articles on travel, homes, style, health and science, as well as arts coverage and entertainment listings. The puzzles page currently features a crossword and Sudoku.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: "Metro" launched a website version of the newspaper in July 2001. Between 2001 and 2014 most print edition articles were published on this website, along with additional online-only content such as blogs and opinion columns.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: In 2014 production of the newspaper and the website were separated. As a result, from 2014 "Metro" newspaper and "Metro Online" were produced by separate organisations and written independently by different editorial teams while remaining part of the same parent company. Deborah Arthurs was appointed Editor of "Metro.co.uk" in 2014, following her time as Femail Editor for "MailOnline".


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: In February 2021, the newspaper's separate website metro.news was abolished and merged back with metro.co.uk. Separate editorial teams continue to produce content for the website and print edition.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: "Metro" has faced competition in parts of the UK from other free newspapers, along with rivalry from paid-for national titles. Current editor Ted Young has said his 'mantra' is to produce a newspaper that its readers would be willing to pay for.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: Metro International attempted to launch its own UK edition in 1999, being distributed in Newcastle upon Tyne's Tyne & Wear Metro system competing with DMGT's "Metro". After battling alongside each other with the same name, Metro International's "Metro" changed its name to "Morning News". This attempt was short-lived however, and "Morning News" was discontinued shortly afterwards.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: In 2005, Rupert Murdoch said he was worried by competition from "Metro" and that it had damaged the circulation of his own newspaper the "Sun". He told a press conference he was watching the free newspaper market "keenly and apprehensively". Murdoch's News International subsequently launched a London-based evening freesheet in 2006 called "The London Paper". This was closed on 18 September 2009.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: "London Lite" was another free evening newspaper published in London. It operated only from 2006 to 2009; it was owned by the same parent company as "Metro", and was seen as a "spoiler" to protect against the commercial threat from "The London Paper".


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: Another rival is the "London Evening Standard", which became a freesheet in 2009, though unlike "Metro" it is only published in the London region.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: "Metro" launched two new mobile app products in 2016: 11versus11, which is a football news app, and Guilty Pleasures, a celebrity news app. Both apps offer personalised content based on a user's interest profile.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: In the run-up to the 2015 United Kingdom general election, the then UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage refused to be interviewed by "Metro", accusing them of bias against his party. This was denied by the newspaper's editor. All other national party leaders agreed to be interviewed, including Conservative prime minister David Cameron and Labour leader Ed Miliband.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: Prior to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, "Metro" published a cover-wrap advert on behalf of the Leave campaign, paid for by the Democratic Unionist Party. The following day, the newspaper published another cover-wrap advert, this time from the Remain campaign. Editor Ted Young said both adverts, which each cost more than £250,000 to place, generated around 300 complaints each, accusing the newspaper of both pro- and anti-Brexit bias. Concerns were subsequently raised over why the Democratic Unionist Party placed an advert in "Metro", because the newspaper does not publish in Northern Ireland.


title: Metro (British newspaper)

text: In May 2019, the paper was condemned by the National Union of Journalists and the Public and Commercial Services Union after an internal document leaked to "The Guardian" showed evidence that Amber Rudd, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, had authorised the use of at least £250,000 of public money for a ten-week run of advertorials to be placed in "Metro" newspapers to "challenge the myths" around the government's controversial Universal Credit programme. The Trussell Trust also ran a counter-campaign called "Universal Credit Uncovered". In June 2019, the "Daily Mirror" reported that 80 UK charities had filed a complaint to the Advertising Standards Authority over "misleading Universal Credit adverts in "Metro"". In July 2019, the Advertising Standards Authority announced it was launching an investigation into the DWP ads. The move came after the "Morning Star" revealed that the "Metro" had not run the controversial ads in its 3 July 2019 print edition. On 5 November 2019, the Advertising Standards Authority ruled that the campaign was misleading, branding the ads "exaggerated" and in some cases "unsubstantiated". The Advertising Standards Authority upheld three complaint points whilst partially upholding a fourth.


title: Petersen Automotive Museum

text: The Petersen Automotive Museum is located on Wilshire Boulevard along Museum Row in the Miracle Mile neighborhood of Los Angeles. One of the world's largest automotive museums, the Petersen Automotive Museum is a nonprofit organization specializing in automobile history and related educational programs.


title: Petersen Automotive Museum

text: Founded on June 11, 1994, by magazine publisher Robert E. Petersen and his wife Margie, the $40-million Petersen Automotive Museum is owned and operated by the Petersen Automotive Museum Foundation. The museum was originally located within the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and later moved to a historic department store designed by Welton Becket. Opened in 1962, the building first served as a short-lived U.S. branch of Seibu Department Stores, before operating as an Ohrbach's department store from 1965 to 1986. Six years after Ohrbach's closed, Robert Petersen selected the largely windowless site as an ideal space for a museum—allowing artifacts to be displayed without harmful exposure to direct sunlight.


title: Petersen Automotive Museum

text: In 2015, the museum underwent an extensive $125 million renovation. The building's façade was redesigned by the architectural firm Kohn Pedersen Fox, and features a stainless-steel ribbon assembly made of 100 tons of 14-gauge type 304 steel in 308 sections, 25 supports and 140,000 custom stainless-steel screws. Designers at The Scenic Route configured interior spaces to accommodate changing exhibits. The remodeled museum opened to the public on December 7, 2015.


title: Petersen Automotive Museum

text: The museum has over 100 vehicles on display in its 25 galleries. The remaining half is kept in a vault on the building's basement level. Age restrictions and an admission premium are in effect to view the vault collection. The ground floor focuses on automotive artistry, showcasing an array of extravagant automobiles. The second floor is principally concerned with industrial engineering—including design, performance, and a collection of interactive teaching exhibits. Special displays on the industry floor cover racing, motorcycles, hot rods and customs. The third floor chronicles the history of the automobile, with an emphasis on the car culture of Southern California.


title: Petersen Automotive Museum

text: The museum received a $100-million gift from Margie Petersen and the Margie & Robert E. Petersen Foundation in April 2011, which includes cash and the property the museum was leasing, as well as many of the vehicles belonging to the Petersens.


title: Petersen Automotive Museum

text: In a scene from "Who Killed the Electric Car?", a previous General Motors EV1 owner visits their car in the museum.


title: Petersen Automotive Museum

text: On March 10, 2019, Adam Carolla held his 10th Anniversary Celebration for his podcast "The Adam Carolla Show" at the museum.


title: Jonjo O'Neill (actor)

text: Jonjo O'Neill (born 11 July 1978) is an actor from Northern Ireland known for his stage and television work.


title: Jonjo O'Neill (actor)

text: O'Neill was born in Belfast, grew up in the Whiterock Road area and was educated at St Mary's Grammar School and the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. Growing up he was passionate about musical theatre and was a member of Ulster Youth Theatre and performed with the Ulster Theatre Company. In 1996 at the age of 18 he won a place and a full scholarship to the Guildford School of Acting, and moved to England. His first television role was the year he graduated from drama school, in "Extremely Dangerous" (1999).


title: Jonjo O'Neill (actor)

text: A member of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) 2009-2011 ensemble, his roles included Mercutio in "Romeo and Juliet", Orlando in "As You Like It", and Launcelot in "Morte D'Arthur". His performances during the RSC's six-week residency at Park Avenue Armory in New York were hailed as "forceful" and "irresistible." At the 2012 World Shakespeare Festival in Stratford-upon-Avon, O'Neill played the title role in Roxana Silbert's production of "Richard III" at the Swan Theatre.


title: Jonjo O'Neill (actor)

text: In 2012 he won praise for his performance in Lucy Prebble's play "The Effect" at the Royal National Theatre headlining alongside Billie Piper, whom he later appeared alongside in the 2013 fiftieth anniversary episode of "Doctor Who": "The Day of the Doctor". He also appeared in "The Mortal Remains," the final vignette in the Coen brothers's film "The Ballad of Buster Scruggs" (2018).


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Aberystwyth University () is a public research university in Aberystwyth, Wales. Aberystwyth was a founding member institution of the former federal University of Wales. The university has over 8,000 students studying across three academic faculties and 17 departments.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Founded in 1872 as University College Wales, Aberystwyth, it became a founder member of the University of Wales in 1894, and changed its name to the "University College of Wales, Aberystwyth". In the mid-1990s, the university again changed its name to become the "University of Wales, Aberystwyth". On 1 September 2007, the University of Wales ceased to be a federal university and Aberystwyth University became independent again.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In 2019, it became the first university to be named "University of the year for teaching quality" by "The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide" for two consecutive years.<ref name="http://www.machynlleth-today.co.uk"></ref> It is the first university in the world to be awarded Plastic Free University status (for single-use plastic items).<ref name="https://www.aber.ac.uk"></ref>


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In the middle of the 19th century, eminent Welsh people were advocating the establishment of a university in the principality. One of these, Thomas Nicholas, whose book, "Middle and High Class Schools, and University Education for Wales" (1863), is said to have "exerted great influence on educated Welshmen".


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Funded through public and private subscriptions, and with five regional committees (London, Manchester, Liverpool, North and South Wales) guaranteeing funds for the first three years' running costs, the university opened in October 1872 with 26 students. Thomas Charles Edwards was the principal. In October 1875, chapels in Wales raised the next tranche of funds from over 70,000 contributors. Until 1893, when the college joined the University of Wales as a founder member, students applying to Aberystwyth sat the University of London's entrance exams. Women were admitted in 1884.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In 1885, a fire damaged what is now known as the Old College, Aberystwyth, and in 1897 the first 14 acres of what became the main Penglais campus were purchased. Incorporated by Royal Charter in 1893, the university installed the Prince of Wales as chancellor in 1896, the same year it awarded an honorary degree to the British prime minister, William Gladstone.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The university's coat of arms dates from the 1880s. The shield features two red dragons to symbolise Wales, and an open book to symbolise learning. The crest, an eagle or phoenix above a flaming tower, may signify the college's rebirth after the 1885 fire. The motto is "Nid Byd, Byd Heb Wybodaeth" (a world without knowledge is no world at all).


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In the early 1900s, the university added courses that included law, applied mathematics, pure mathematics and botany. The Department for International Politics, which Aberystwyth says is the oldest such department in the world, was founded in 1919. By 1977, the university's staff included eight Fellows of the Royal Society, such as Gwendolen Rees, the first Welsh woman to be elected an FRS.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The Department of Sports and Exercise Science was established in 2000. Joint honours psychology degrees were introduced in September 2007, and single honours psychology in 2009.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The chancellor of the university is The Lord Thomas of Cwmgiedd, who took up the position in January 2018. The visitor of the university is an appointment made by the Privy Council, under the Royal Charter of the university. Since July 2014, the holder of this office is Mr Justice Sir Roderick Evans KC.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In 2011, the university appointed a new vice chancellor under whom the academic departments were restructured as larger subject-themed institutes.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In 2022, the university celebrated its 150th anniversar,y being established in 1872 (known at the time as The University College of Wales).


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The university's academic departments, as well as the Arts Centre, International English Centre and Music Centre are organised in three faculties:


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS) is a research and teaching centre which brings together staff from the Institutes of Rural Sciences and Biological Sciences and the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER). Around 360 research, teaching and support staff conduct basic, strategic and applied research in biology.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The institute is located in two areas; one at the main teaching Penglais campus and another rural research hub at the Gogerddan campus.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In 1998, the Department of Economics (founded in 1912), the Department of Accounting and Finance (founded in 1979) and the Centre for Business Studies merged to create the School of Management and Business. In 2013, the School joined the Department of Information Studies and the Department of Law and Criminology at a new campus at Llanbadarn Fawr. The school was shortlisted for "Business School of the Year" in the "Times Higher Education" Awards (2014). In 2016, the institute, minus the Department of Information Studies, was renamed the Institute of Business and Law, the remaining departments being renamed Aberystwyth Business School and Aberystwyth Law School.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The Department of Computer Science (founded in 1970), conducts research in automated reasoning, computational biology, vision graphics and visualisation and intelligent robotics.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: AberMUD, the first popular internet-based MUD, was written in the department by then-student Alan Cox. Jan Pinkava, another graduate, won an Oscar for his short animated film "Geri's Game". Students in the department were also involved in the creation of the award-winning service robot librarian named Hugh and Kar-go, the autonomous delivery vehicle.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The Department of Geography and Earth Sciences (IGES) was formed, in 1989, from the former Departments of Geography (established in 1918) and Geology. It houses the E. G. Bowen map library, containing 80,000 maps and 500 atlases.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The College of Librarianship Wales (CLW) was established at Llanbadarn Fawr in 1964, in response to a recommendation for the training of bilingual librarians that was made in the Bourdillon Report on "Standards of public library service in England" (HMSO, 1962). The college grew rapidly, developing close links to the Welsh speaking and professional communities, acquiring an international reputation and pioneering flexible and distance learning courses. It claimed to be Europe's largest institution for training librarians. The independent college merged with the university in August 1989 and the department moved to the Penglais campus a quarter of a century later. Following the merger, the new department took over responsibility for existing offerings in archives administration and modern records management.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The Department of International Politics is the oldest of its kind in the world. It was founded, shortly after the First World War in 1919, with the stated purpose of furthering political understanding of the world in the hope of avoiding such conflicts in the future. This goal led to the creation of the Woodrow Wilson Chair of International Politics, with Wilson having played a significant role in its creation. The department has over 700 students from 40 countries studying at undergraduate, masters and PhD levels. It achieved a 95% score for student satisfaction in the 2016 National Student Survey, placing it as the highest-ranking politics department in Wales and within the UK's top ten.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The department has hosted notable academic staff in the field including E. H. Carr, Leopold Kohr, Andrew Linklater, Ken Booth, Steve Smith, Michael Cox, Michael MccGwire, Jenny Edkins and Colin J. McInnes.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The Department of Law and Criminology (founded in 1901) is housed in the Hugh Owen Building on the Penglais campus, and includes the "Centre for Welsh Legal Affairs", a specialist research centre. All academic staff are engaged in research, and the "International Journal of Biosciences and the Law" and the "Cambrian Law Review" are edited in the department. In 2013, the department joined the Department of Information Studies and the School of Management and Business at a new campus at Llanbadarn Fawr, as part of a newly created Institute of Management, Law and Information Studies. In September 2018, the department moved back to the Hugh Owen Building, based in the Penglais campus, and its name changed from Aberystwyth Law School to the Department of Law and Criminology.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: "The Guardian" University Guide 2018 ranked the Law Department at 69th in the UK, and "The Times" Higher Education Guide ranks it as 300th globally.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Aberystwyth has taught modern languages since 1874. French, German, Italian and Spanish courses are taught at both beginners' and advanced levels, in a research-active academic environment. One of its research projects is the "Anglo-Norman Dictionary", based in Aberystwyth since 2001 and available online since 2005.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Physics was first taught at Aberystwyth as part of Natural Philosophy, Astronomy and Mathematics under N. R. Grimley, soon after the foundation of the University College. It became a department in 1877, under the leadership of F. W. Rudler. The department was located in the south wing of what is now the Old College, but later moved to the Physics Building on the Penglais Campus. The first chair in Physics was offered to D. E. Jones in 1885. Before the First World War, much of the early research in the department was undertaken in Germany. Early research in the 1900s was concerned with electrical conductivity and quantum theory, later moving into thermal conductivity and acoustics. In 1931, the department hosted the Faraday Centenary Exhibition. E. J. Williams was appointed to the Chair of Physics in 1938 where he continued his research into sub-atomic particles using a cloud chamber. Following the Second World War, research was concerned with mechanical and nuclear physics, later moving into the fields of air density, experimental rocket launching equipment and radar.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In 2007, Aberystwyth established psychology as a "Centre for Applied Psychology" within the Department of International Politics. By 2011, psychology had moved into its current premises in Penbryn 5 on the Penglais Campus. The department has over 300 undergraduate students, with degrees accredited by the British Psychological Society.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The main campus of the university is situated on Penglais Hill, overlooking the town of Aberystwyth and Cardigan Bay, and comprises most of the university buildings, Arts Centre, Students' Union, and many of the student residences. Just below Penglais Campus is the National Library of Wales, one of Britain's five legal deposit libraries. The landscaping of the Penglais Campus is historically significant and is listed. The CADW listing states,


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The Llanbadarn Centre is located approximately one mile to the east of the Penglais Campus, near Llanbadarn Fawr, overlooking the town and Cardigan Bay to the west, with the backdrop of the Cambrian Mountains to the east. Llanbadarn Centre hosted Aberystwyth Law School and Aberystwyth Business School, which together formed the Institute of Business and Law. The Department of Information Studies is also based there. Additionally, the Llanbadarn Campus is the site of the Aberystwyth branch of Coleg Ceredigion (a further education college, and not part of the university).


title: Aberystwyth University

text: At Gogerddan, on the outskirts of town is located the university's major centre for research in land based sciences and the main centre for the Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The School of Art is located between the Penglais Campus and the centre of Aberystwyth, in what was originally the Edward Davies Chemical Laboratory. A listed building, the Edward Davies Building is one of the finest examples of architecture in Aberystwyth.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The site of the original university is the Old College, currently the subject of the "New Life for Old College" project which aims to transform it into an integrated centre of heritage, culture, learning and knowledge exchange. The university opened an international campus in Mauritius in 2016 operating as "Aberystwyth University (Mauritian Branch Campus)" and registered with the Tertiary Education Commission of Mauritius, but closed it to new enrolments two years later due to low enrolment numbers.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Most of the student residences are on campus, with the rest in walking distance of the campus and Aberystwyth town centre. Accommodation ranges from "traditional" catered residences to en-suite self-catered accommodation, and from budget rooms to more luxurious studio apartments. All have wired access to the university's computer network and a support network of residential tutors.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The university also owns several houses, such as Penglais Farmhouse (adjacent to Pentre Jane Morgan) and flats in Waun Fawr, which are let on an assured shorthold tenure to students with families. Disabled access rooms are available within the existing student village.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Aberystwyth University is placed in the UK's top 50 universities in the main national rankings. It is ranked 48th for 132 UK university rankings in "The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide" for 2019 and the first university to be given the prestigious award "University of the year for teaching quality" for two consecutive years, in2018 and 2019.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" placed it in the 301—350 group for 800 university rankings, compared with 351—400 the previous year, and the "QS World University Rankings" placed it at the 432nd position for 2019, compared with 481—490 of the previous year. In 2015, UK employers from "predominantly business, IT and engineering sectors" listed Aberystwyth equal 49th in their 62-place employability rankings for UK graduates, according to a "Times Higher Education" report.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Aberystwyth University was rated in the top ten of UK higher education institutions for overall student satisfaction in the 2016 National Student Survey (NSS).


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Aberystwyth University was shortlisted in four categories in the "Times Higher Education" Leadership and Management Awards (THELMAs) (2015).


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Aberystwyth University has been awarded the Silver Award under the Corporate Health Standard (CHS), the quality mark for workplace health promotion run by Welsh Government.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: The university has been awarded an Athena SWAN Charter Award, recognising commitment to advancing women's careers in science, technology, engineering, maths and medicine (STEMM) in higher education and research.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In 2007, the university came under criticism for its record on sustainability, ranking 97th out of 106 UK higher education institutions in that year's Green League table. In 2012 the university was listed in the table's "Failed, no award" section, ranking equal 132nd out of 145. In 2013 it ranked equal 135th out of 143, and was listed again as "Failed, no award".


title: Aberystwyth University

text: Following the university's initiatives to address sustainability, it received an EcoCampus Silver Phase award in October 2014.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In October 2015, the university's Penglais Campus became the first university campus in Wales to achieve the Green Flag Award. The Green Flag Award is a UK-wide partnership, delivered in Wales by Keep Wales Tidy with support from Natural Resources Wales, and is the mark of a high quality park or green space.


title: Aberystwyth University

text: In 2013, the University and College Union alleged bullying behaviour by Aberystwyth University managers, and said staff were fearful for their jobs. The university president, Sir Emyr Jones Parry, said in a BBC radio interview, "I don't believe the views set out are representative and I don't recognise the picture." He also said, "Due process is rigorously applied in Aberystwyth." The economist John Cable resigned his "emeritus" professorship, describing the university's management as "disproportionate, aggressive and confrontational". The singer Peter Karrie resigned his honorary fellowship in protest, he said, at the apparent determination to "ruin one of the finest arts centres in the country", and because he was "unable to support any regime that can treat their staff in such a cruel and appalling manner".


title: Zhong Chenle

text: Zhong Chenle (; born 22 November 2001), better known mononymously as Chenle (Hangul: 천러), is a Chinese singer and actor based in South Korea. Zhong began his career as a child singer, having performed in various concerts and television shows in China and abroad. At age nine, he became the youngest singer to be invited to perform solo at the Golden Hall of Vienna. By age 14, Zhong released three solo albums and hosted one solo concert in China. Zhong moved to South Korea in 2016 to join South Korean boy band NCT, debuting as a part of the sub-unit NCT Dream, which has since released three Korean EPs and held one Asian tour.


title: Zhong Chenle

text: Zhong was born in Shanghai, China on 22 November 2001. He studied at the Beijing Contemporary Music School, graduating alongside NCT bandmate Renjun in the class of 2020. In 2006, Chenle entered the Shanghai Ying Siu Sing School and attended dance classes. In 2008, he was admitted to the Shanghai Little Flute Art Troupe and studied vocal music with Huang Jing.


title: Zhong Chenle

text: In 2009, Zhong participated in the Hajj children's channel held by Yueyue Elf Vs Season Trial, where he was runner-up and won the Elf Genie Award. In 2010, he participated in the National Chinese Young Talent Selection and won a gold medal.


title: Zhong Chenle

text: In January 2011, at age nine, Zhong was invited to perform the song "Memory" from Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical "Cats" at the Golden Hall of Vienna; at the time, he was the youngest singer to have ever performed solo there. On 16 June, Zhong led the audience in singing the Chinese national anthem at the second Nie Er Music Week opening ceremony in the Shanghai Grand Theater. In July, Zhong released his twelve-track second solo album, "My Wings". At the end of the month and in August, Zhong participated in the opening and closing ceremonies of the Shanghai International Children's Art Festival on the Shanghai Grand Stage at the Shanghai International Convention Center.


title: Zhong Chenle

text: Zhong began his professional career as a singer after participating in singing competitions such as "China's Got Talent". He has released three albums. He used to perform cover songs, many of which were of former child star Declan Galbraith, and upload them to YouTube. Zhong joined the World Organization of Child Ambassadors of Peace, headquartered in Washington, D.C. and founded and presided over by pianist, songwriter, and producer Ezekiel Elkin, representing China as a young cultural diplomat. Zhong served as Chinese Ambassador at an international multicultural show created by Elkin in Buenos Aires in August 2014; he performed "The Dragon's Romance", a song Elkin wrote specifically for him.


title: Zhong Chenle

text: In December 2012, Zhong participated in the First Plenary Session of the Huangpu District of Shanghai and elected the district chief with the highest votes. His first known minor acting roles were in 2013, when he featured in Chinese drama "The Queen of SOP 2" at age 11. In 2014, Zhong held a solo concert at the Shanghai Concert Hall.


title: Zhong Chenle

text: In August 2016, at age 14, Zhong began his career as an idol in South Korea by debuting as a member of NCT Dream, a sub-unit of NCT.


title: Zhong Chenle

text: Zhong became the main DJ of the radio show "Yuedong Seoul" on 12 October 2020, which aired from 9 pm to 10 pm KST and was live-streamed on the official TBS eFM 101.3 MHz YouTube channel. Zhong departed "Yuedong Seoul" on 12 September 2021.


title: Area codes 503 and 971

text: Area codes 503 and 971 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oregon. The numbering plan area (NPA) comprises the cities of Portland, Salem, and Astoria. Area code 503 was one of the original North American area codes of 1947, assigned to the entire state until 1995, when its extent was reduced to the northwest corner. Area code 971 was assigned to the service area in stages, completed in 2008, to form an overlay in the area with ten-digit dialing.


title: Area codes 503 and 971

text: In the initial configuration of the nationwide telephone numbering plan designed by AT&T in 1947, the state of Oregon was assigned a single area code, 503. Despite Oregon's growth in the second half of the twentieth century, particularly in the Willamette Valley (Portland and Eugene), this remained so for 48 years, making Oregon one of the largest states by area with a single area code. By the early 1990s, the proliferation of cell phones and pagers, particularly in the Portland area, put this status in jeopardy with the threat of exhaustion of the telephone numbering pool.


title: Area codes 503 and 971

text: On November 5, 1995, the numbering plan area was restricted to the more densely populated northwestern corner of the state, including Portland. The rest of the state received the new area code 541.


title: Area codes 503 and 971

text: Although this was intended as a long-term solution, the Portland area remained home to the great majority of Oregon's landlines, as well as most of its cell phones and pagers, the area continued to experience a shortage in telephone numbers. Within three years, further relief planning commenced. On July 1, 1999, area code 971 was created as a concentrated overlay for most of the numbering plan area, with the exceptions of Clatsop and Tillamook counties. Initially, ten-digit dialing was to become mandatory in that service area on January 30, 2000, but the date was extended until October 1, 2000.


title: Colby cheese

text: Colby is a semi-hard orange cheese made from cow's milk. It is named after the city of Colby, Wisconsin, where it was first developed in 1885 and quickly became popular.


title: Colby cheese

text: Colby is manufactured in a similar process as cheddar cheese. Instead of the cheddaring process, however, the whey is partially drained after the curd is cooked, and cold water is added to decrease the temperature of the mixture. Traditionally, Colby has an open texture with irregular holes and is pressed into a cylindrical form called a longhorn. The washed-curd process results in a cheese with a mild flavor that is moister and softer than cheddar. Colby is typically used in snacks, sandwiches, and salads.


title: Colby cheese

text: Derivatives include Colby-Jack, a marble cheese produced by mixing Colby and Monterey Jack curds, and Pinconning cheese, a style of Colby that was developed in Michigan. The city of Colby considers the cheese an important part of its history and organizes an annual festival to promote Colby cheese, and there have been several proposals in the Wisconsin state legislature to designate Colby the official state cheese.


title: Colby cheese

text: In 1882, Ambrose and Susan Steinwand established a cheese factory near Colby, Wisconsin, on a site they had purchased five years before. The Steinwands' son Joseph developed the cheese at the factory in 1885 when he was handling a batch of cheddar cheese and washed the curd with cold water. There are differing accounts on whether the creation was intentional. According to some sources, Joseph had attended a cheesemaking course and was specifically interested in developing a new type of cheese; according to others, he neglected to drain the excess moisture after adding cold water and accidentally discovered the result. The resulting cheese, which was moister than cheddar, was named after the nearby city and quickly became popular because it did not involve the complicated cheddaring process.


title: Colby cheese

text: By 1896, the family was producing US$3000 () worth of cheese each year. Though Ambrose and Joseph Steinwand have traditionally been credited for its development, the historian Joan M. Jensen notes that cheesemaking at the time typically involved the entire family, including women who were often expert cheesemakers. In 1898, the "Colby Phonograph" reported that "a merchant in Phillips gives as one of the 13 reasons why people should trade with him, that he sells the genuine Steinwand Colby Cheese." The city of Colby has organized an annual festival in July, "Colby Cheese Days", to promote the cheese since 1965. That same year Lawrence Hoernke built a new Colby Cheese Factory on the site of the Steinwands' original factory; it produced about of Colby a day until it shut down in 1983.


title: Colby cheese

text: There have been several proposals to make Colby the official state cheese of Wisconsin and to add the designation to the "Wisconsin Blue Book" published by the state government. In 1998, the city of Colby adopted a resolution supporting the measure and the Wisconsin State Assembly voted 81–15 in support, but the bill was not voted on by the Senate. A similar measure was introduced in 2019 but did not receive a vote in either the Assembly or the Senate. In 2021, the bill was introduced again in an Assembly committee by state representative Donna Rozar and state senator Kathy Bernier, with Joseph Steinwand's great-granddaughter speaking in support of the measure. Supporters of the bill said that it commemorates Wisconsin's dairy history, while critics argued that a special designation for Colby could undermine the sales of other cheeses, including cheddar and mozzarella, that are also produced in the state.


title: Colby cheese

text: The manufacturing process for Colby is similar to that of cheddar cheese, except that the mixture does not go through the cheddaring process. Cow's milk that has been standardized to a protein–fat ratio of 0.96 undergoes pasteurization and is stored at while the starter "Lactococcus lactis" (subspecies "lactis" and/or "cremoris") is added. After an hour, of annatto, a coloring agent, and of diluted rennet are added per of milk. The mixture is left to set for 15 to 30 minutes. The curd is then cut and cooked at until the pH of the whey is about 6.2 to 6.3.


title: Colby cheese

text: Next, instead of draining all of the whey and cheddaring the remaining curds, only about two-thirds of the whey is drained until the curds break the surface. Cold water is added until the temperature of the mixture is about ; increasing this temperature slightly will produce a cheese that is less moist. After washing with the cold water for 15 minutes, the mixture is fully drained and salt is added to the curd. The curd is placed into molds that press it at for 16 to 18 hours. It is then packaged and ripened for 2 to 3 months at . This process produces of cheese per of milk. Monterey Jack has a similar manufacturing process, with the difference of allowing the curd to sit after draining the whey until it reaches a pH of 5.3. Colby is traditionally pressed into a cylindrical form that is long with a diameter of . In this form, it is also known as a "longhorn". The cheese can also be pressed into a rectangular form with smaller rectangles or half-moon shapes cut from it.


title: Colby cheese

text: In its annual report on the dairy industry, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) groups together "other American varieties" of cheese, including Colby, Monterey Jack, and other washed- and stirred-curd varieties. In 2020, the USDA reported that the United States produced of these cheeses at 144 plants. Wisconsin was the leading state with produced at 44 plants, and California produced of cheese at 11 plants.


title: Colby cheese

text: Colby is a semi-hard cheese. Its washed-curd process produces a moister and softer texture than cheddar. The reduced acidity of the curd results in a mild and milky flavor and it gets its orange color from annatto. Compared to more crumbly cheeses such as Cheshire, Colby is relatively elastic because its whey is drained at a high pH. The standard of identity in the United States, according to Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, dictates that Colby must have a moisture content of 40% or less and that the solids content must contain at least 50% milkfat. In practice, the solids content is typically 52–53%, resulting in a total fat content of 31–32%, and the salt content is usually 1.5–1.8%. Compared to cheddar, the calcium content is slightly lower. Traditional Colby has an open texture with irregular holes. This aspect used to be required by its standard of identity in Wisconsin, but the requirement was removed due to vacuum packaging removing the holes from the cheese and creating a compact texture.


title: Colby cheese

text: The higher moisture content of Colby compared to cheddar leads to a weak body and it does not keep its quality for as long. It often develops a bitter taste and becomes extremely soft after 100 days, and is typically recommended to be consumed within three months. Foodborne bacteria including "Listeria monocytogenes", "Staphylococcus aureus", and "Salmonella" are more likely to grow in cheeses with a moisture content greater than 50% than in hard or semi-hard cheeses like Colby.


title: Colby cheese

text: Because of its mild flavor, Colby is seldom used in cooking. Instead, it is typically used as a table cheese and in snacks, sandwiches, and salads. It can also be grated and combined with other cheeses for use on pizza.


title: Colby cheese

text: Colby can be mixed with Monterey Jack to produce a marble cheese known as "Colby-Jack" or "Co-Jack". The colored Colby and non-colored Monterey Jack curds are mixed before the pressing and ripening steps, resulting in the marbled effect. It is a popular cheese; in 2006, an estimated of Colby-Jack was sold in supermarkets, more than either Colby's or Monterey Jack's individual sales.


title: Colby cheese

text: Pinconning cheese is a style of Colby named after Pinconning, Michigan, where it was created in 1915 by Dan Horn, who had moved to the city from Wisconsin. Horn created the cheese in response to an excess of cows and milk in the city. Pinconning cheese has been consumed over a wide range of aging periods, including as long as 16 years.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: In the experimental (non-clinical) research arena, good laboratory practice or GLP is a quality system of management controls for research laboratories and organizations to ensure the uniformity, consistency, reliability, reproducibility, quality, and integrity of products in development for human or animal health (including pharmaceuticals) through non-clinical safety tests; from physio-chemical properties through acute to chronic toxicity tests.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: GLP was first introduced in New Zealand and Denmark in 1972, and later in the US in 1978 in response to the Industrial BioTest Labs scandal. It was followed a few years later by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP in 1992; the OECD has since helped promulgate GLP to many countries.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: GLP applies to non-clinical studies conducted for the assessment of the safety or efficacy of products in development (including pharmaceuticals) for people, animals, and the environment. GLP, a data and operational quality system, is not the same as standards for laboratory safety - appropriate gloves, glasses and clothing to handle lab materials safely. The principles of GLP aim to ensure and promote safety, consistency, high quality, and reliability of chemicals in the process of non-clinical and laboratory testing. GLP is not limited to chemicals and also applies to medical devices, food additives, food packaging, colour additives, animal food additives, other non-pharmaceutical products or ingredients, biological products, and electronic products.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: GLP was first introduced in New Zealand and Denmark in 1972. GLP was instituted in US following cases of fraud generated by toxicology labs in data submitted to the FDA by pharmaceutical companies. Industrial BioTest Labs (IBT) was the most notable case, where thousands of safety tests for chemical manufacturers were falsely claimed to have been performed or were so poor that police investigators could not piece together what work had been done...even though IBT superficially delivered the test results their contracts with the manufacturers specified.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: These issues were made public in the hearings at the US Congress, which led to the FDA's publication of Proposed Regulations on GLP in 1976, with establishment of the Final Rule in June 1979 (21 CFR 58). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had also encountered similar problems in data submitted to it, and issued its own draft GLP regulations in 1979 and 1980, publishing the Final Rules in two separate parts (40 CFR 160 and 40 CFR 792) in 1983.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: Following Decision C(97),186/Final of the OECD Council, data generated in the testing of chemicals in one OECD Member Country, in accordance with OECD Test Guidelines and the Principles of GLP are accepted in all other OECD Member Countries.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: GLP is a quality system concerned with the organizational process and conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: OECD publishes OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, which are guidelines that usually have to be followed for GLP compliance. They are widely required by agencies doing risk assessments of chemicals.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: The United States FDA has rules for GLP in 21CFR58. Preclinical trials on animals in the United States of America use these rules prior to clinical research in humans.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: Research in the US not conducted under these restrictions or research done outside US not conducted according to the OECD Guidelines (or FDA rules) might be inadmissible in support of a New Drug Application in the US.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: Since 1987 the European Council had adopted two basic Directives and a Decision relating to the application of the GLP principles.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: Directive 2004/10/EC has replaced Directive 87/017/EEC as of 11 March 2004; Directive 2004/9/EC has replaced Directive 88/320/EEC as of 11 March 2004.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: This directive lays down the obligation of the Member States to designate the authorities responsible for GLP inspections in their territory. It also comprises requirements for reporting and for the internal market (i.e., mutual acceptance of data).


title: Good laboratory practice

text: The Directive requires that the OECD Revised Guides for Compliance Monitoring Procedures for GLP and the OECD Guidance for the Conduct of Test Facility Inspections and Study Audits must be followed during laboratory inspections and study audits.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: In the meantime the EU has concluded Mutual Acceptance Agreements in the area of GLP with Israel, Japan and Switzerland. By means of the Treaty of the European Economic Area of 13 September 1993, the European Regulations and Directives also apply to Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: An inspection in non-member economies by OECD inspectors will not guarantee that data generated in compliance with GLP will be accepted in other member countries than the one to which they are submitting data and which has thus sent inspectors to verify the accuracy of their compliance statement.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: The Klimisch score system tries to rank the reliability of toxicity studies for use by risk assessors (regulatory agencies). It was published in 1997, by BASF (a chemical company) authors. Studies performed according to GLP are assigned the top rank of 1 (reliable without restriction) and are preferred by agencies. When no GLP study is available for a particular endpoint, a study with a rank of 2 is usually accepted by an agency. Lower ranks typically require a new study to be performed. Klimisch scoring is very widely used in chemical risk assessments. Critics say it is a self-interested bias on objectivity, that a quality system from the regulated party gives their own GLP-complying studies the top rank.


title: Good laboratory practice

text: In many instances, the optimal recommended "no-argument" means of implementing GLP is to develop an automated approach to both sample preparation and sample measurement. GLP compliance then generally entails including an overarching "chain of custody" sample history and data flow, combined with adequate standard operating procedures for calibration and linearization of measuring tools.


title: Hypocrisy (band)

text: After spending three years in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1990, founder Peter Tägtgren returned to his homeland of Sweden, to form his own band. Hypocrisy's early releases were noted as being well-executed death metal, but panned for not being particularly innovative. That criticism waned as the band matured, cultivating a more distinctive sound as well as employing an introspective lyrical approach. Later releases have a more atmospheric sound, with lyrical exploration of aliens and abduction experiences.


title: Hypocrisy (band)

text: Tägtgren's experience as a producer may also have led to the band's change in musical direction, as he is more closely involved with many other bands while producing their albums.


title: Hypocrisy (band)

text: After twice cancelling a U.S. tour in 2009, Hypocrisy confirmed a North American tour for 2010. Joining them on the "Long Time, No Death" tour were Scar Symmetry, Hate, Blackguard and Swashbuckle. From January to March 2010, they toured Germany, Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, finishing in Moscow. Their North American tour took place in May 2010.


title: Hypocrisy (band)

text: On 14 October 2011, Hypocrisy released a DVD called "Hell Over Sofia - 20 Years of Chaos and Confusion". It contains a full concert from the "Long Time, No Death" tour. The DVD also contains a one and a half-hour documentary about the band. On 10 November 2011, Mikael Hedlund announced writing material for a new studio album during an interview with "Metal Shock Finland"s chief editor, Mohsen Fayyazi. Mikael tells "Metal Shock Finland":


title: Hypocrisy (band)

text: In early 2012 the band began to write new material for a follow up to "A Taste of Extreme Divinity". On 21 December 2012 Hypocrisy announced that the title of the upcoming album is "End of Disclosure". It was released on 22 March 2013.


title: Hypocrisy (band)

text: Hypocrisy's thirteenth studio album, and first in eight years, "Worship" was released on 26 November 2021. The album was preceded by a music video for the first single "Chemical Whore". It was later elected by "Loudwire" as the 32nd best metal song of 2021.


title: Hypocrisy (band)

text: On 5 April 2022, via the band's official Facebook page, the band announced the departure of Horgh from the band. He was replaced a week later by Henrik Axelsson of The Crown.


title: Hypocrisy (band)

text: Musically, the band started off with a traditional death metal sound on their early albums, but soon turned into a melodic death metal band. Their early lyrics – written by original vocalist Masse Broberg – dealt with anti-Christian themes and Satanism. The band later focused on themes such as the paranormal and extraterrestrials. Their tenth album, "Virus", contains themes more typical of death metal such as violence, the horrors of reality, insanity, torture, war, drug addiction, and emotional strife. Their twelfth album, "End of Disclosure", uses conspiracy and anti-Illuminati themes.


title: Lost Illusions (2021 film)

text: Lost Illusions (, working title: "Comédie humaine") is a 2021 French drama film directed by Xavier Giannoli, from a screenplay by Giannoli and Jacques Fieschi, based upon Parts I and II of "Illusions perdues" (3 novels; 1837–43) by Honoré de Balzac. It stars Benjamin Voisin, Xavier Dolan, Vincent Lacoste, Cécile de France, Gérard Depardieu, and Jeanne Balibar.


title: Lost Illusions (2021 film)

text: It had its world premiere at the 78th Venice Film Festival on 5 September 2021. It is released in France on 20 October 2021, by Gaumont. The film received fifteen nominations at the 47th César Awards, winning in seven categories, including Best Film, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Supporting Actor for Lacoste, and Most Promising Actor for Voisin.


title: Lost Illusions (2021 film)

text: In 1820s France, 20-year-old poet Lucien de Rubempré travels from his provincial home in Angoulême to Paris after a contentious affair with a local society lady. He is sensitive, idealistic, handsome and determined to force the literary world to take notice. Contrary to his expectations, however, he discovers that he must make ends meet by writing scurrilous theater reviews and ends up beholden to the world of low-brow journalism. At the behest of his crass boss, Étienne Lousteau, Lucien succumbs entirely to bribery and cronyism, achieving wealth and standing only at the cost of his artistic integrity and former friendships. In a last attempt to free himself from the all-consuming filth he is undone by his greatest weakness, his desire to transcend his low origins and illegitimate birth by buying a title of nobility. This too proves illusory and finally he is defeated and socially destroyed by the prevailing "fake news" cycle, returning home to defeat and obscurity.


title: Lost Illusions (2021 film)

text: In September 2019, it was announced Benjamin Voisin, Xavier Dolan, Vincent Lacoste, Cécile de France, Gérard Depardieu, Jeanne Balibar, André Marcon, Jean-François Stévenin and Louis-Do de Lencquesaing had joined the cast of the film, with Xavier Giannoli directing from a screenplay by himself and Jacques Fieschi, based upon the novel "Illusions perdues" by Honoré de Balzac. Principal photography began in July 2019.


title: Lost Illusions (2021 film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 92% of 51 reviews are positive; the "critic's consensus" states that the film "honors its classic source material with a beautifully acted drama that untangles knotty themes with infectious energy."


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: The Fort Peck Indian Reservation (, ) is located near Fort Peck, Montana, in the northeast part of the state. It is the home of several federally recognized bands of Assiniboine, Nakota, Lakota, and Dakota peoples of Native Americans.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: With a total land area of , it is the ninth-largest Indian reservation in the United States. These lands are spread across parts of four counties. In descending order of land area they are Roosevelt, Valley, Daniels, and Sheridan counties. Its resident population was 10,381 in 2000. The largest community on the reservation is the city of Wolf Point.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: The federal government established the Great Sioux Reservation under the Treaty of 1851, encompassing much of the area of West River in what is now South Dakota, as well as portions of North Dakota and Nebraska. As some bands of the Sioux agreed to come into agencies, others chose to resist. Army efforts to bring in the other Sioux (characterized as "hostiles") led to battles in the Rosebud country and culminated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. The United States forces were roundly defeated there.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: As the victors dispersed, Sitting Bull led followers north into the Red Water country. The Hunkpapa and assorted Teton peoples gained some supplies from contact with the Sioux at what was then known as the Fort Peck Agency. When military pressure increased in 1877, Sitting Bull led most of his followers over the border into Canada. The federal government increased its military forces in the area in an effort to induce Sitting Bull to surrender.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: In 1878, the Fort Peck Indian Agency was relocated to its present-day location in Poplar, Montana, because the original agency was located on a flood plain, which flooded every spring. The current Camp Poplar (located at Fort Peck Agency) was established in 1880. That year, Presbyterian missionary Rev. G.W. Wood, Jr. came from Northern Michigan with his family to lead the Poplar Creek mission. Without supplies and barely tolerated by the First Nations peoples in the area of present-day southern Saskatchewan, who were dealing with limited resources, Sitting Bull returned to the United States. He surrendered at Fort Buford on July 19, 1881. Some of his Hunkpapa stragglers intermarried with other Native Americans at Fort Peck and resided in the Chelsea community.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: By 1881, the wild American bison had been hunted to near-extinction by commercial hunters. By 1883–1884, more than 300 Assiniboine died of starvation while forcibly incarcerated at the Wolf Point sub-agency. Rations were insufficient, and the suffering reservation-wide was exacerbated by particularly severe winters.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: In 1884, Wolf Point was suffering from extreme poverty and starvation, so the Indian Rights Association convinced Congress to make a special appropriation for them. In the spring of 1884, residents built a dam to enable irrigation. From 1885 to Montana Statehood in 1889, the tribes participated in agreements with the US government to re-drawing the Fort Peck reservation boundaries in exchange for federal subsidies.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, which provided the general legislation for dividing the allegedly tribally-owned Indian reservations into parcels of land under individual titles. Around the start of the 20th century, non-Indians continued to violate the Reservation boundary areas, then encroached into the prime grazing and farmland areas within the Reservation territories. As more and more homesteaders moved into the surrounding areas, pressure was placed on Congress to open up the Fort Peck Reservation to homesteading.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: On May 30, 1908, Fort Peck Allotment Act was passed by Congress. The Act called for the survey and allotment of lands now embraced by the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and the sale and dispersal of all the surplus lands after allotment. Each eligible Indian was to receive of grazing land in addition to some timber and irrigable land. Parcels of land were also withheld for Agency, school, and church use. Land was also reserved for use by the Great Northern Railway. All lands not allotted or reserved were declared surplus and were ready to be disposed of under the homestead's general provisions, desert land, mineral, and townsite laws.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: In 1913, approximately of unallotted or tribal unreserved lands were available for settlement by the non-Indian homesteaders. Although provisions were made to sell the remaining land not disposed of in the first five years, it was never completed. Several additional allotments were made before the 1930s.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: In June 2015, the Department of Interior sent offers to buy back land worth $230 million to nearly 12,000 individual owners at the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and the smaller Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. This was under the Land Buy-Back Program for Tribal Nations, established as part of the federal government's settlement of the landmark "Cobell v. Salazar" suit over federal mismanagement of revenues due Indian landowners under the trust program.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: Educational history on the Reservation includes a government boarding school program that was begun in 1877 and finally discontinued in the 1920s. Missionary schools were run periodically by the Mormons and Presbyterians in the first decades of the 20th century, but with minimal success. The Fort Peck Reservation is served by five public school districts, which are responsible for elementary and secondary education. In addition, an independent post-secondary institution is located on the Reservation: Fort Peck Community College, which offers nine associate of arts, six associate of science, and ten associate of applied science degrees. In recent years, the quality of education delivered to the Reservation's children has become a matter of scrutiny.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: The reservation is home to The Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes (Assiniboine: "įhą́ktuwąna"). Though separate, both tribes have similar-sounding languages and are of the Siouan language family. Fort Peck Reservation is home to two separate Indian nations, each composed of numerous bands and divisions. The Sioux divisions of Sisseton/Wahpetons, the Yanktonais, and the Teton Hunkpapa are all represented. The Assiniboine bands of Canoe Paddler and Red Bottom are represented.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: The Fort Peck Tribes have an estimated 11,000 enrolled members, half of which reside on the reservation. Many associate members mean they have Indian blood but not enough to be enrolled with the tribe. To be enrolled, or recognized as an official tribal member, a person must be at least 1/4 Fort Peck Indian blood. This is done through blood quantum measurements kept by the tribe.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: The Reservation is located in Montana's extreme northeast corner, on the north side of the Missouri River. The Reservation is long and wide, encompassing . Of this, approximately are tribally owned and are individually allotted Indian lands. The total of Indian owned lands is about . There are an estimated 10,000 enrolled tribal members, of whom approximately 6,000 reside on or near the Reservation. The population density is greatest along the southern border of the Reservation near the Missouri River and the major transportation routes, U.S. Highway 2 and the Amtrak routing on the tracks of the Burlington Northern Railroad.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: The Fort Peck Tribes is the largest employer on the reservation and in the region with over 350 employees.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: Big-game hunting on the reservation is limited to enrolled tribal members only. Upland bird seasons are open to the general public.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: The Fort Peck Tribes adopted their first written constitution in 1927. The Tribes voted to reject a new constitution under the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934. The original constitution was amended in 1952 and completely rewritten and adopted in 1960. The present constitution remains one of the few modern tribal constitutions that still includes provisions for general councils, the traditional tribal type of government. The official governing body of the Fort Peck Tribes is the Tribal Executive Board, composed of twelve voting members, plus a chairman, vice-chairman, secretary-accountant, and sergeant-at-arms. All members of the governing body, except the secretary-accountant, are elected at large every two years.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: The Tribal Government has control over most activities inside of the reservation borders. The Tribe has its own court system, jail, and treatment center. In addition to the Tribal Government, there are also city and county governments, as well as a Sisseton Wahpeton Sioux Council. The Tribal Headquarters are located in Poplar, widely viewed as the capital of the Reservation. The Bureau of Indian Affairs has the Fort Peck Agency located in Poplar.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: In March 2012, 63 American bison from Yellowstone National Park were transferred to the Fort Peck Indian Reservation prairie, to be released to a game preserve north of Poplar. There are many other bison herds, but this is one of the very few not cross-bred with cattle. Native Americans celebrated the move, which came over a century after bison were nearly wiped out by hunters and the government. The Assiniboine and Gros Ventre tribes at the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation will also receive a portion of this herd.


title: Fort Peck Indian Reservation

text: In November 2014, an additional 136 American Bison from Yellowstone National Park were added to the Fort Peck Herd. The preserve has also been enlarged to as Fort Peck Fish and Game works toward their target goal of 1,000 bison, which scientists feel is the minimum herd size necessary to restore the Bison to the role they once had in the environment. The tribe continues to receive Yellowstone bison for quarantine and transfer to other tribes.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Day of the Dead: Bloodline is a 2018 action horror film directed by Hèctor Hernández Vicens, and written by Mark Tonderai and Lars Jacobson, based on characters created by George A. Romero. The film stars Johnathon Schaech, Sophie Skelton, Jeff Gum, Marcus Vanco, Mark Rhino Smith, Cristina Serafini, Lillian Blankenship, Shari Watson, Atanas Srebrev, Ulyana Chan, Nathan Cooper, Vladimir Mihailov, London Grace and Bashar Rahal. It is one of two remakes of Romero's original 1985 film "Day of the Dead": the first, also titled "Day of the Dead", was released in 2008, while "Day of the Dead: Bloodline" was released on January 5, 2018.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Medical student Zoe Parker reluctantly attends a party at her medical school at the behest of her friends. While retrieving a keg of beer from the morgue, Zoe is confronted by her disturbed patient Max, who is obsessively in love with her and whose blood has an unusually high level of antibodies. He attacks and attempts to rape her, but a corpse reanimates and bites into Max’s shoulder. Zoe flees and warns everyone at the party, but hordes of the corpses, later dubbed rotters, burst in and kill all except Zoe, who escapes through a window, only to find the city besieged by rotters.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: The survivors of the initial outbreak are sent to refugee camps. Zoe is sent to High Rock Emergency Bunker, run by Lieutenant Miguel Salazar.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Five years later, High Rock Emergency Bunker has lost contact with the other camps and with headquarters. Although Miguel believes a cure is impossible, Zoe and her friend Elyse serve as camp doctors, treating illnesses and using rotter blood samples to create a cure for the rotters.


title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: At Zoe’s urging, Miguel sends Zoe, Elyse, his brother (Zoe's boyfriend) Baca, Frank, Lucy, Derek, and Thomas on a supply run to retrieve medication from Whittendale University for Lily, a little girl suffering bacterial pneumonia. While taking medication from a professor’s office, Zoe encounters Max, now partially a rotter. Horrified, Zoe flees and accidentally attracts the attention of other rotters. The group saves her, but Frank is killed when the rotters overwhelm him. Zoe successfully administers the medicine to Lily; however Max has managed to enter the camp.