title: Hall–Héroult process

text: In cells using Söderberg or self-baking anodes, there is a single anode per electrolysis cell. The anode is contained within a frame and, as the bottom of the anode turns mainly into CO during the electrolysis, the anode loses mass and, being amorphous, it slowly sinks within its frame. More material to the top of the anode is continuously added in the form of briquettes made from coke and pitch. The lost heat from the smelting operation is used to bake the briquettes into the carbon form required for the reaction with alumina. The baking process in Söderberg anodes during electrolysis releases more carcinogenic PAHs and other pollutants than electrolysis with prebaked anodes and, partially for this reason, prebaked anode-using cells have become more common in the aluminium industry. More alumina is added to the electrolyte from the sides of the Söderberg anode after the crust on top of the electrolyte mixture is broken.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: Prebaked anodes are baked in very large gas-fired ovens at high temperature before being lowered by various heavy industrial lifting systems into the electrolytic solution. There are usually 24 prebaked anodes in two rows per cell. Each anode is lowered vertically and individually by a computer, as the bottom surfaces of the anodes are eaten away during the electrolysis. Compared to Söderberg anodes, computer-controlled prebaked anodes can be brought closer to the molten aluminium layer at the bottom of the cell without any of them touching the layer and interfering with the electrolysis. This smaller distance decreases the resistance caused by the electrolyte mixture and increases the efficiency of prebaked anodes over Söderberg anodes. Prebake technology also has much lower risk of the anode effect (see below), but cells using it are more expensive to build and labor-intensive to use, as each prebaked anode in a cell needs to be removed and replaced once it has been used. Alumina is added to the electrolyte from between the anodes in prebake cells.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: Prebaked anodes contain a smaller percentage of pitch, as they need to be more solid than Söderberg anodes. The remains of prebaked anodes are used to make more new prebaked anodes. Prebaked anodes are either made in the same factory where electrolysis happens, or are brought there from elsewhere.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: The inside of the cell's bath is lined with cathode made from coke and pitch. Cathodes also degrade during electrolysis, but much more slowly than anodes do, and thus they need neither be as high in purity, nor be maintained as often. Cathodes are typically replaced every 2–6 years. This requires the whole cell to be shut down.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: The anode effect is a situation where too many gas bubbles form at the bottom of the anode and join, forming a layer. This increases the resistance of the cell, because smaller areas of the electrolyte touch the anode. These areas of the electrolyte and anode heat up when the density of the electric current of the cell focuses to go through only them. This heats up the gas layer and causes it to expand, thus further reducing the surface area where electrolyte and anode are in contact with each other. The anode effect decreases the energy-efficiency and the aluminium production of the cell. It also induces the formation of tetrafluoromethane (CF) in significant quantities, increases formation of CO and, to a lesser extent, also causes the formation of hexafluoroethane (CF). CF and CF are not CFCs, and, although not detrimental to the ozone layer, are still potent greenhouse gases. The anode effect is mainly a problem in Söderberg technology cells, not in prebaked.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: Aluminium is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust, but it is rarely found in its elemental state. It occurs in many minerals, but its primary commercial source is bauxite, a mixture of hydrated aluminium oxides and compounds of other elements such as iron.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: Prior to the Hall–Héroult process, elemental aluminium was made by heating ore along with elemental sodium or potassium in a vacuum. The method was complicated and consumed materials that were in themselves expensive at that time. This meant that the cost to produce the small amount of aluminium made in the early 19th century was very high, higher than for gold or platinum. Bars of aluminium were exhibited alongside the French crown jewels at the Exposition Universelle of 1855, and Emperor Napoleon III of France was said to have reserved his few sets of aluminium dinner plates and eating utensils for his most honored guests.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: Production costs using older methods did come down, but when aluminium was selected as the material for the cap/lightning rod to sit atop the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., it was still more expensive than silver.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: The Hall–Héroult process was invented independently and almost simultaneously in 1886 by the American chemist Charles Martin Hall and by the Frenchman Paul Héroult—both 22 years old. Some authors claim Hall was assisted by his sister Julia Brainerd Hall; however, the extent to which she was involved has been disputed. In 1888, Hall opened the first large-scale aluminium production plant in Pittsburgh. It later became the Alcoa corporation.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: In 1997, the Hall–Héroult process was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society in recognition of the importance of the process in the commercialization of aluminum.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: Aluminium produced via the Hall–Héroult process, in combination with cheaper electric power, helped make aluminium (and incidentally magnesium) an inexpensive commodity rather than a precious metal.


title: Hall–Héroult process

text: This, in turn, helped make it possible for pioneers like Hugo Junkers to utilize aluminium and aluminium-magnesium alloys to make items like metal airplanes by the thousands, or Howard Lund to make aluminium fishing boats. In 2012 it was estimated that 12.7 tons of CO emissions are generated per ton of aluminium produced.


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Sherbet is a fizzy, sweet powder, usually eaten by dipping a lollipop or liquorice, using a small spoon, or licking it from a finger.


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: The word "sherbet" is from Turkish "", which is from Persian , which in turn comes from "sharbat", Arabic "sharbah", "a drink", from "shariba" "to drink". The word is cognate to syrup in English. Historically it was a cool effervescent or iced fruit soft drink. The meaning, spelling and pronunciation have fractured between different countries. It is usually spelled "sherbet", but a common south of England pronunciation, using the intrusive 'r' changes this to "sherbert".


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Beginning with the 19th century sherbet powder (soda powder) became popular. "Put a spoonful of the powder in a cup of water, mix it and drink it as soon as possible, during the time of sparkling. ... Because this way the most of acid of air is lost ... it is more practicable to put the powder into the mouth and flush it with some water." 2 g of sodium bicarbonate and 1.5 g of tartaric acid were separately packed in little coloured paper bags.


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Sherbet used to be stirred into various beverages to make effervescing drinks, in a similar way to making lemonade from "lemonade powders", before canned carbonated drinks became ubiquitous. Sherbet is now used to mean this powder sold as a sweet. (In the United States, it would be somewhat comparable to the powder in Pixy Stix or Fun Dip, though having the fizzy quality of effervescing candy, such as Pop Rocks.)


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Sherbet in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries is a fizzy powder, containing sugar and flavouring, and an edible acid and base. The acid may be tartaric, citric or malic acid, and the base may be sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, or a mixture of these and/or other similar carbonates . To mask the unappetising flavour of the reactive powders, a large amount of sugar is added, as well as icing sugar and fruit or cream soda flavouring. The acid-carbonate reaction occurs upon presence of moisture (juice/saliva), becoming "fizzy".


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Sherbet can be sold by itself or used as a decorative agent on other sweets. The measured qualities of sherbet include granularity, colour, "zing" (acidity) and flavouring (normally a citrus fruit).


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Sherbet lemons are a popular sweet in the UK, and are sold in most sweet shops. They are boiled sweets which have an intense lemon flavour with powdered sherbet centres. Variants, such as sherbet fruits including sherbet limes, strawberries, blackcurrants, raspberries and orange are all popular flavours. The sherbet lemon has a strong citrus taste and is sour and tangy. The sherbet in the middle releases, giving a sensation of extreme lemon bittersweet with fizzy light tangy crisp sour.


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: In the "Harry Potter" series, the character Albus Dumbledore has a particular fondness for sherbet lemons; their name is the passphrase for access to his office.


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Barratt's "Sherbet Fountain" consists of a 25g tube of sherbet with a liquorice stick, and has been sold since 1925. An alternative version consists of a strawberry flavour hard gelatine candy stick, which is red in color. The original concept of the sherbert fountain was sold to Barratt's by Henry Edward Brunt, and was rebranded under their name.


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: In the traditional paper packaging, the top of the stick was intended to be bitten off to form a straw and the sherbet sucked through it, where it fizzes and dissolves on the tongue. The "new" format only includes a solid liquorice stick, so the sherbet must be licked off that, or eaten directly. This method of consumption was also considered acceptable with the original packaging, which has since been replaced with a solid plastic tube to improve the product's freshness and shelf life. This is advertised on the packet as "sherbet with a liquorice dip".


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Sherbet dips or sherbet dabs are also popular, such as the Dip Dab by Barratt. They consist of a 23g packet of "lemon flavour sherbet dip with a strawberry flavour lolly" sealed into the bag. The sherbet is sucked clean from the lollipop, it can be repeatedly dipped into the sherbet then sucked clean, or used to spoon the sherbet direct into the mouth.


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Flying saucers are small dimpled discs of edible coloured paper (rice paper), typically filled with white unflavoured sherbet (the same form as in Sherbet Fountains). The first flying saucers were produced in the 1950s in Belgium.


title: Sherbet (powder)

text: Sherbet has been used in parts of both the UK and Australia as slang for an alcoholic drink, especially beer. This use is noted in a slang dictionary as early as 1890, and still appears in list of slang terms written today (especially lists of Australian slang). "We're heading to the pub for a few sherbets." – ... pints of beer."


title: Pia Toscano

text: Pia Toscano (born October 14, 1988) is an American singer. Toscano placed ninth on the tenth season of "American Idol". In 2016, she released the EP "Belong". Her debut album "I'm Good" was released on October 14, 2022.


title: Pia Toscano

text: Toscano was born in New York City on October 14, 1988, to Jane and Pat Toscano, and grew up in Howard Beach, Queens. Her father worked as a corporate executive. She is of Italian descent. She began performing in talent shows when she was four and, by the time she was nine, had performed in a local church production of "Jesus Christ Superstar". Toscano was the official "The Star-Spangled Banner" singer at her middle school, P.S./M.S. 207, and performed at every event including graduation. She attended LaGuardia High School of the Performing Arts in New York City and graduated in 2006. Fellow "Idol" contestant Karen Rodriguez also attended this school.


title: Pia Toscano

text: She performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "God Bless America" for the Brooklyn Cyclones, the Mets' minor league team, several times a year for three years. In addition, Toscano was the winner of the New York Mets annual "Anthem Search" competition in 2008 and was selected to sing "The Star-Spangled Banner" at a July 2008 game. Toscano has also opened for the Barenaked Ladies and performed with Josh Groban at Madison Square Garden.


title: Pia Toscano

text: Prior to "Idol", Toscano worked as a make-up artist and as a wedding singer in a band called "Current Affair". She cites her musical influences as Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Etta James, and Luther Vandross.


title: Pia Toscano

text: Toscano auditioned for "Idol" four times before. She made it through to Hollywood in season 6, but got cut during the first day of Hollywood. In 2010, she auditioned for the tenth season of "American Idol" in East Rutherford, New Jersey, and was put through to Hollywood, this time making it through to the Top 24. Toscano was eliminated from the competition on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place.


title: Pia Toscano

text: She was considered a frontrunner in the competition, and her elimination shocked judges Randy Jackson, Jennifer Lopez, and Steven Tyler, all three of whom were visibly and vocally upset. Some viewers and media outlets described Toscano's departure as one of the most shocking eliminations in "American Idol" history. After "Idol", Jennifer Lopez


title: Pia Toscano

text: Following her elimination, Toscano appeared on several talk shows. She performed on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on April 8, "Live with Regis and Kelly" on April 11, "Today" on April 12, and "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on April 14. She performed "I'll Stand by You" on the April 26, 2011 episode of "Dancing with the Stars". On May 25, Toscano appeared on "Rachael Ray" along with Stefano Langone and Paul McDonald. Toscano performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "I'll Stand by You" at the Memorial Day Concert in Washington D.C. on May 29, 2011.


title: Pia Toscano

text: The following summer, Toscano toured with the American Idols Live! Tour 2011, which began in West Valley City, Utah on July 6, 2011, and ended in Manila, Philippines on September 20, 2011.


title: Pia Toscano

text: On July 5, 2011, it was announced that Toscano had officially signed with Interscope Records. Her debut single titled "This Time" premiered July 11 and was released digitally on July 13. Toscano performed the single on "So You Think You Can Dance" on August 4, "Good Morning America" on August 12, and "Live with Regis and Kelly" on August 16. Toscano had worked with Rock Mafia on two songs titled "Counterfeit" and "Dreamgirl" for her then-upcoming album.


title: Pia Toscano

text: On September 11, 2011, Toscano performed "God Bless America" at the New York Mets and Chicago Cubs game. In addition, Toscano performed "I'll Stand by You" and "This Time" at the Columbus Day parade in New York City. Toscano performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Championship in Miami, Florida on November 20, 2011.


title: Pia Toscano

text: Toscano recorded a duet of "The Christmas Song" with Il Volo for their EP "Christmas Favorites", which was released on November 21, 2011. On November 27, 2011, Toscano appeared on Disney Channel's "So Random!", where she performed her single "This Time". Toscano also co-wrote the song "Wrecking Ball" with Steven Miller for Aubrey O'Day, which was released on April 23, 2012.


title: Pia Toscano

text: She performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" before every Los Angeles Kings home game in the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs, in the 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs, the first two rounds of the 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs, game 5 of the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals, before the 2014–15 season opener on October 8, 2014, and before Game 2 of the first round of the 2016 Stanley Cup Playoffs.


title: Pia Toscano

text: On August 7, 2012, it was announced that Toscano met with the showrunners of "Glee"; however, the role she was auditioning for was re-written at the last minute, but the showrunners were hopeful that she would come back for a different role.


title: Pia Toscano

text: On September 4, 2012, Toscano parted ways with Interscope Records and 19 Management and her debut album that she recorded would not be released. Toscano made her film debut in "Grace Unplugged" (2013).


title: Pia Toscano

text: On May 30, 2014, Toscano began a six-date summer tour as a background singer for Jennifer Lopez, including appearances on "Good Morning America" and "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon".


title: Pia Toscano

text: In 2014, Toscano started a collaborative project 7East with singer-songwriter Jared Lee. A single, "I Don't Believe It", was released on October 7, 2014, with a video released on October 28.


title: Pia Toscano

text: In 2017, Toscano joined David Foster's Hitman Tour as a regular featured performer. In 2018, Toscano was a cast member on Netflix's music reality "Westside". In November 2018, Toscano began touring with Andrea Bocelli as a guest performer.


title: Pia Toscano

text: On May 30, 2022, she performed “The Star-Spangled Banner” and “God Bless America” at the 33rd Annual Memorial Day Concert. Her debut album "I'm Good" is set to be released on October 14, 2022.


title: Long and short scales

text: The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes.


title: Long and short scales

text: For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (10), such as one thousand or one million, the two scales are identical. For larger numbers, starting with 10, the two systems differ. For identical names, the long scale proceeds by powers of one million, whereas the short scale proceeds by powers of one thousand. For example, in the short scale, "one billion" means one thousand millions (1,000,000,000), whereas in the long scale, it means one million millions (1,000,000,000,000). For interleaved values, the long scale system employs additional terms, typically substituting the word ending -ion for -iard.


title: Long and short scales

text: Some languages, particularly in East Asia and South Asia, have large number naming systems that are different from both the long and short scales, such as Chinese, Japanese or Korean numerals, and the Indian numbering system. Much of the remainder of the world adopted either the Short Scale or the Long Scale for everyday counting powers of ten. Countries with usage of the long scale include most countries in continental Europe and most that are French-speaking, German-speaking, Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries (except Brazil). Usage of the short scale is found in most English-speaking countries and most Arabic-speaking countries.


title: Long and short scales

text: To avoid confusion resulting from the coexistence of the two terms, the International System of Units (SI) recommends using the metric prefix to indicate orders of magnitude.


title: Long and short scales

text: In both short and long scale naming, names are given each multiplication step for increments of the base-10 exponent of three, i.e. for each integer "n" in the sequence of multipliers 10. For certain multipliers, including those for all numbers smaller than 10, both systems use the same names. The differences arise from the assignment of identical names to specific values of "n", for numbers starting with 10, for which "n"=3. In the short scale system, the identical names are for "n"=3, 4, 5, ..., while the long scale places them at "n"=4, 6, 8, etc.


title: Long and short scales

text: In the short scale, "billion" means a thousand millions ("1,000,000,000" which is 10), "trillion" means one thousand billions (10), and so on. Thus, an "n"-illion equals 10.


title: Long and short scales

text: In the long scale, "billion" means one million millions (10) and "trillion" means one million billions (10), and so on. Therefore, an "n"-illion equals 10. In some languages, the long scale uses additional names for the interleaving multipliers, replacing the ending "-ion" with "-iard"; for example, the next multiplier after "million" is "milliard", after "billion" it is "billiard". Hence, an "n"-iard equals 10.


title: Long and short scales

text: The relationship between the numeric values and the corresponding names in the two scales can be described as:


title: Long and short scales

text: The relationship between the names and the corresponding numeric values in the two scales can be described as:


title: Long and short scales

text: The root "mil" in "million" does not refer to the numeral, "1". The word, "million", derives from the Old French, "milion", from the earlier Old Italian, "milione", an intensification of the Latin word, "mille", a thousand. That is, a "million" is a "big thousand", much as a "great gross" is a dozen gross or 12 × 144 = 1728.


title: Long and short scales

text: The word "milliard", or its translation, is found in many European languages and is used in those languages for 10. However, it is not found in American English, which uses "billion", and not used in British English, which preferred to use "thousand million" before the current usage of "billion". The financial term "yard", which derives from "milliard", is used on financial markets, as, unlike the term "billion", it is internationally unambiguous and phonetically distinct from "million". Likewise, many long scale countries use the word "billiard" (or similar) for one thousand long scale billions (i.e., 10), and the word "trilliard" (or similar) for one thousand long scale trillions (i.e., 10), etc.


title: Long and short scales

text: Although this situation has been developing since the 1200s, the first recorded use of the terms "short scale" () and "long scale" () was by the French mathematician Geneviève Guitel in 1975.


title: Long and short scales

text: The short scale was never widespread before its universal adoption in the United States. It has been taught in American schools since the early 1800s. It has since become common in other English-speaking nations and several other countries. For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, the United Kingdom largely used the long scale, whereas the United States used the short scale, so that the two systems were often referred to as "British" and "American" in the English language. After several decades of increasing informal British usage of the short scale, in 1974 the government of the UK adopted it, and it is used for all official purposes. The British usage and American usage are now identical.


title: Long and short scales

text: The existence of the different scales means that care must be taken when comparing large numbers between languages or countries, or when interpreting old documents in countries where the dominant scale has changed over time. For example, British English, French, and Italian historical documents can refer to either the short or long scale, depending on the date of the document, since each of the three countries has used both systems at various times in its history. Today, the United Kingdom officially uses the short scale, but France and Italy use the long scale.


title: Long and short scales

text: The pre-1974 former British English word "billion", post-1961 current French word "billion", post-1994 current Italian word "bilione", Spanish "billón", German "Billion", Dutch "biljoen", Danish "billion", Swedish "biljon", Finnish "biljoona", Slovenian "bilijon", Polish "bilion", and European Portuguese word "bilião" (with a different spelling to the Brazilian Portuguese variant, but in Brazil referring to short scale) all refer to 10, being long-scale terms. Therefore, each of these words translates to the American English or post-1974 British English word: "trillion" (10 in the short scale), and not "billion" (10 in the short scale).


title: Long and short scales

text: On the other hand, the pre-1961 former French word "billion", pre-1994 former Italian word "bilione", Brazilian Portuguese word "bilhão", and Welsh word "biliwn" all refer to 10, being short scale terms. Each of these words translates to the American English or post-1974 British English word "billion" (10 in the short scale).


title: Long and short scales

text: As large numbers in natural sciences are usually represented by metric prefixes, scientific notation or otherwise, the most commonplace occurrence of large numbers represented by long or short scale terms is in finance. The following table includes some historic examples related to hyper-inflation and other financial incidents.


title: Long and short scales

text: Most English-language countries and regions use the short scale with 10 being "billion". For example:


title: Long and short scales

text: Most Arabic-language countries and regions use the short scale with 10 being , except for a few countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE which use the word بليون for 10. For example:


title: Long and short scales

text: Other countries also use a word similar to "trillion" to mean 10, etc. Whilst a few of these countries like English use a word similar to "billion" to mean 10, most like Arabic have kept a traditional long scale word similar to "milliard" for 10. Some examples of short scale use, and the words used for 10 and 10, are


title: Long and short scales

text: The traditional long scale is used by most Continental European countries and by most other countries whose languages derive from Continental Europe (with the notable exceptions of Albania, Greece, Romania, and Brazil). These countries use a word similar to "billion" to mean 10. Some use a word similar to "milliard" to mean 10, while others use a word or phrase equivalent to "thousand millions".


title: Long and short scales

text: With the notable exception of Brazil, a short scale country, most Portuguese-language countries and regions use the long scale with 10 = "or" , for example:


title: Long and short scales

text: Some countries use either the short or long scales, depending on the internal language being used or the context.


title: Long and short scales

text: The following countries use naming systems for large numbers that are not etymologically related to the short and long scales:


title: Long and short scales

text: The long and short scales are both present on most continents, with usage dependent on the language used. Examples include:


title: Clear History

text: Clear History is a 2013 American comedy film written by Larry David, Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer, directed by Greg Mottola and starring Larry David, Kate Hudson, Danny McBride, Philip Baker Hall, Jon Hamm, Michael Keaton, Eva Mendes, Amy Ryan, Bill Hader and J. B. Smoove. The film premiered on August 10, 2013, on HBO.


title: Clear History

text: In 2003, bearded, long-haired Nathan Flomm (Larry David) is an opinionated, obnoxious business associate of Will Haney (Jon Hamm), whose company in San Jose, California is about to introduce a new electric car. Flomm objects to the car being named "the Howard" after Haney's son, who is himself named after Howard Roark, hero of "The Fountainhead". After Flomm accepts a severance package to cut ties with the company, he becomes a ridiculed public figure when the Howard is a huge success, costing Flomm what would have been his share — a billion dollars.


title: Clear History

text: Ten years later, a balding, clean-shaven Flomm has changed his name to Rolly DaVore and moved to Martha's Vineyard, beginning a new life and making new acquaintances. They include new best friend Frank (Danny McBride), now former lover Wendy (Amy Ryan), and local building contractor Mr. McKenzie (Philip Baker Hall).


title: Clear History

text: Frank takes Flomm (a.k.a. Rolly) to a surprise birthday party where he punches Jaspar (J. B. Smoove), the only black person at the party, after a loud welcome by Rolly's friends surprises him. Flomm ruins Jaspar's budding romance with Jennifer (Eva Mendes), a formerly heavy-set woman, when he advises her to date other men before settling. Jaspar concludes Flomm is a racist. When learning that the rock band Chicago is returning to the Vineyard for the first time in 20 years, Flomm hears a rumor that Wendy had sex with multiple members of the band after that concert. He is upset that everyone seems to know about this but him.


title: Clear History

text: Haney, now a wealthy mogul, arrives on the island with wife Rhonda (Kate Hudson) and begins building an ostentatious mansion on the site of "Blue Heron," the former Stumpo family home. Flomm is relieved that Haney doesn't recognize him, but can't bear to remain on the island. However, inspired by the movie "The Fountainhead", Flomm becomes determined to gain revenge for his lost billion dollars by blowing up Haney's mansion. Frank introduces him to explosives expert Joe Stumpo (Michael Keaton) and Stumpo's friend Rags (Bill Hader). He then persuades McKenzie, the construction foreman, to let him be part of the crew.


title: Clear History

text: Stumpo needs a detonator. Flomm meets with Tibor, a Chechen criminal, and pays him $1,000. While driving away, Flomm has a fender-bender with Tibor's new car (a Howard). Tibor demands Flomm pay for the damage. Jaspar discovers Flomm's true identity and warns if Jennifer dates another man he will make Flomm's identity known. Jennifer takes up with Tibor. Flomm worms his way into a close friendship with Haney's wife Rhonda, pretending to know about architecture and engineering. Flomm lies to Tibor that Jennifer had performed oral sex on members of the band Chicago.


title: Clear History

text: Flomm concludes from Rhonda's attentions that she is attracted to him, which will now be his revenge, rather than blowing up the Haneys' new house. During a heated argument over who should move their car, Flomm mistakes her passion and kisses her. Rhonda is repulsed, asking: "Are you crazy?"


title: Clear History

text: Flomm proceeds with the plotted destruction of the house, to occur during Chicago's concert performance, when no one will be home. The band tells Flomm that two of them did indeed receive oral sex from Wendy on their previous visit. Jaspar becomes furious at seeing Jennifer with Tibor and informs the local newspaper of Rolly's true identity. Haney turns up at the concert and shocks Flomm by embracing him, saying he's been trying to locate him for years. He wants to pay Flomm the billion dollars, feeling guilty over their falling out. Flomm is elated, but now must stop Stumpo and Rags from destroying the mansion, which, it turns out, is being built for the benefit of sick and underprivileged children. Flomm arrives too late. The house explodes just as a bus filled with children arrives.


title: Clear History

text: The three end up serving three years in prison. Bearded and shaggy-haired again after his release, Flomm returns to Martha's Vineyard, reunites with Frank and runs into Jennifer, who is overweight again. They decide to go on a date. Flomm, after a haircut and shave, is welcomed back by his poker buddies. One refers to Haney and Rhonda having gone back to California. Wendy has inherited millions of dollars from an elderly woman. The friends thank Flomm for destroying the ugly mansion. They say the Chicago concert was great and that everybody had a great time, including the band, as Flomm learns to his horror, Jennifer "did" perform fellatio on band members this time.


title: Clear History

text: Schreiber's appearance remains officially uncredited due to his involvement in "Ray Donovan", broadcast by HBO's rival network Showtime.


title: Clear History

text: The film began principal photography in July 2012. The film was shot on location in the Massachusetts towns of Marblehead, Topsfield, Essex, West Gloucester, North Andover, and Beverly, including the North Shore Music Theatre. Around 300 full-time workers were needed on-set. Filming wrapped in November 2012. The film premiered on August 10, 2013, on HBO.


title: Clear History

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 61% based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Its semi-improvised structure finds Larry David squarely in his wheelhouse, but with few laughs and a muddled message, it doesn't live up to his usual standards." Another review aggregation website Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, gave the film a weighted average score of 69 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Clear History

text: Linda Stasi of the "New York Post" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying ""Clear History" is so funny it made me want to order up some Palestinian chicken." Brian Lowry of "Variety" gave the film a negative review, saying ""Clear History" yields the occasional chuckle, but somewhat curbed enthusiasm." David Hiltbrand of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" gave the film a negative review, saying "Despite a number of funny lines sprinkled through the script, this History isn't very memorable." Matthew Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" gave the film a negative review, saying "Even if you do like David’s shtick, as I do, you have no business here. The movie plays out something like an extra-long but subpar episode of "Curb Your Enthusiasm."" Allison Keene of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, saying "With its seaside setting and lighthearted fun, "Clear History" is a kind of pleasant, late-summer gazpacho, enjoyed to the sounds of Chicago and debates about whether there is a racial preference between black and white dwarves. That last part should prove that while Larry David might look and feel a little different in this project, he could never be mistaken, like Flomm is, for anyone else."


title: Clear History

text: Robert Bianco of "USA Today" gave the film a negative review, saying "If you're a fan of Curb Your Enthusiasm, think of this as an extended version of Curb. If you're not, History will not convert you." Hank Stuever of "The Washington Post" gave the film a positive review, saying "It has a nice, confident and well-edited breeze to it (including a lot of jokes about the band Chicago), with a fun cast that includes standout riffs from Michael Keaton, Danny McBride and Eva Mendes." Laura Bennett of "The New Republic" gave the film a negative review, saying ""Clear History" was improvised from 35 pages of script. "You are such an asshole!", one Vineyard resident tells Flomm, which is the movie's main revelation."


title: Clear History

text: "Clear History" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 5, 2013, and can currently be watched on HBO Max.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: Swimming with Sharks (also known as The Boss and Buddy Factor) is a 1994 American black comedy/thriller drama film written and directed by George Huang and starring Kevin Spacey, Frank Whaley and Michelle Forbes.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: Buddy Ackerman (Spacey), an influential movie mogul, hires Guy (Whaley), a naïve young writer, as his assistant. Guy, who has just graduated from film school, believes that his new job is a golden opportunity. Despite warnings from Rex (del Toro), the outgoing assistant who has become hardened under Buddy's reign, Guy remains optimistic.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: Buddy turns out to be the boss from hell; he treats Guy like a slave, subjects him to sadistic (and public) verbal abuse, and has him bending over backward to do meaningless errands that go beyond just his work life. Guy is humiliated and forced to bear the brunt of his insults. His only solace is his new girlfriend Dawn (Forbes), a producer at Buddy's firm. When Buddy apparently fires Guy in a phone call, Guy finally snaps and takes Buddy hostage in order to exact revenge. He ties Buddy up and subjects him to severe beatings, torture and mind games. It is later revealed that due to a botched call waiting function on Buddy's home phone, Guy heard Buddy and Dawn arranging a rendezvous at Buddy's house.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: Once in Guy's power, Buddy reveals for the first time a human, vulnerable side. He tells Guy that his wife had been raped and murdered on Christmas Eve twelve years prior, and reveals that he, too, was once a bullied assistant to powerful, tyrannical men and spent a decade putting up with such abuse to become successful himself. He also reveals that abusing Guy was his way of teaching Guy that he must earn his success. Dawn arrives at the scene to find Guy aiming a gun at Buddy's face and insists that she had only agreed to see Buddy as a way of helping Guy's career. Dawn pleads with Guy to put down the gun, whereupon Buddy tells Guy that he has to pull the trigger in order to get ahead in the business. After a moment's indecision, Buddy screams at Guy to shoot, which Guy does.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: The climax of the film reveals that Guy killed Dawn (who is blamed for kidnapping and torturing Buddy) and was subsequently promoted. In the final scene, Guy coldly tells a former colleague to find out what he really wants and then do anything to get it, echoing the numerous times Buddy told Guy. The movie ends with a beaten-up Buddy passing by Guy's office, making eye contact with him and silently gesturing to call him into his office for a meeting. Guy excuses himself and goes into Buddy's office, ignoring his ringing telephone. Buddy shuts his office doors as other employees walk by.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: George Huang decided to write the script after having a conversation with Robert Rodriguez. Rodriguez was in Los Angeles after his film "El Mariachi" brought him to the attention of Sony Pictures, where he befriended Huang. Huang told Rodriguez of his frustrations with filmmaking when the director encouraged him to quit his post at Sony and pursue writing full-time so Huang could produce a script to direct himself.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: Huang's resultant script, "Reel Life", was picked up by Cineville executive Frank Evers, who brought in financing from independent investors, and significant production support from Sony Pictures Entertainment. The film was subsequently sold to Trimark Pictures (later assumed by Lionsgate in 2000). Cineville produced the film with Carl Colpaert, chairman of Cineville and Steve Alexander overseeing production.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: Although writer George Huang himself worked as an assistant for Barry Josephson, who was the Senior Vice President of Development at Sony Pictures at the time, some have suggested that Buddy's character was inspired by real life movie mogul Scott Rudin, while others suggest he is based on producer Joel Silver with Guy being based on Alan Schechter, Silver's assistant in the early 1990s.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: The director Buddy hires in the film, Foster Kane, is named after Orson Welles' character in the 1941 film "Citizen Kane", Charles Foster Kane.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 76% based on reviews from 38 critics. The site's consensus states: ""Swimming With Sharks" is a smart, merciless Hollywood satire that's darkly hilarious and observant, thanks to Kevin Spacey's performance as ruthless studio mogul Buddy Ackerman." On Metacritic it has a score of a 66% based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: A stage adaptation penned by Michael Lesslie had its world premiere at London's Vaudeville Theatre in October 2007. The play starred Christian Slater as Buddy, Matt Smith as Guy, Arthur Darvill as Rex and Helen Baxendale as Dawn. Academy Award nominee Demián Bichir opened a Spanish version of the play in Mexico City in January 2012.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: A Singapore theatre company, PANGDEMONiUM!, opened the play in Singapore at Drama Centre from 20 September to 7 October 2012. The play starred Adrian Pang as Buddy, George Young as Guy and Janice Koh as Dawn.


title: Swimming with Sharks

text: In 2022, an adaptation written by Kathleen Robertson streamed on The Roku Channel after premiering at South by Southwest. The adaptation stars Diane Kruger and Kiernan Shipka.


title: Wayland Flowers

text: Wayland Parrott Flowers Jr. (November 26, 1939 – October 11, 1988) was an American actor, comedian and puppeteer. Flowers was best known for the comedy act he created with his puppet Madame. His performances as "Wayland Flowers and Madame" were a major national success on stage and on screen in the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Wayland Flowers

text: Wayland Parrott Flowers Jr. was born November 26, 1939 in Dawson, Georgia, and was raised there. Flowers created Madame in the mid-1960s. Flowers' first big break was an appearance on "The Andy Williams Show". The character of Madame is an "outrageous old broad" who entertains with double entendres and witty comebacks. Bedecked in fabulous evening wear and "summer diamonds" ("Some are diamonds; some are not"), Madame's look is based on movie stars such as Gloria Swanson. Madame may have been based on a Washington, DC gay icon, waitress and restaurant hostess Margo MacGregor.


title: Wayland Flowers

text: Madame's many TV appearances included "Laugh-In"; a long run on the game show "Hollywood Squares" (replacing Paul Lynde in The Center Square); a recurring comedy skit on "Solid Gold"; a regular on ABC's short-lived summer replacement show called "Keep on Truckin'", TV guest spots; and as the star of her own syndicated 1982 sitcom, "Madame's Place".


title: Wayland Flowers

text: Flowers and Madame were in the center square on the final NBC episode of "Hollywood Squares" in June 1980; host Peter Marshall asked Madame the final game question of the daytime series, which was "Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Strauss lived in the same place. Where did they all live?" Madame's "comic" answer: "At the YMCA!" Then her "serious" answer: Germany. (The correct answer: Austria.)


title: Wayland Flowers

text: Flowers' other puppets included Crazy Mary (an escapee from Bellevue mental hospital), Jiffy (a Harlem harlot with a heart of brass), Macklehoney (a crotchety, retired vaudeville comedian). His puppet Smedley worked with Marlo Thomas on "Free to Be... You and Me".


title: Wayland Flowers

text: Sometime during his four-year stint on "Solid Gold", Flowers was diagnosed with HIV. He did not publicly announce his diagnosis and continued to perform. Flowers eventually developed Kaposi's sarcoma, an AIDS-related cancer. On September 2, 1988, he collapsed onstage while performing at Harrah's in Lake Tahoe. After a brief hospitalization, he returned to his hometown of Dawson, Georgia, where he visited family. Upon returning to Los Angeles, he moved into the hospice Hughes House for palliative care. On October 11, 1988, Flowers died at Hughes House of complications from AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma at the age of 48. His remains were cremated at Grand View Memorial Park & Crematory in Glendale, California, and shipped back to his hometown of Dawson, Georgia, where they were interred at Cedar Hills Cemetery.


title: Wayland Flowers

text: Flowers co-wrote the book "Madame: My Misbegotten Memoirs", with Gary Simmons which was published in 1983.


title: Wayland Flowers

text: Ten years after Flowers's death, Madame returned to the stage with entertainer Rick Skye. After appearances on several television shows, performances of "It's Madame with an E" began November 15, 2008, at Resorts Atlantic City. During 2010, the show also toured the US.


title: Wayland Flowers

text: Flowers inspired the first name of Waylon Smithers, a fictional character on the animated TV series "The Simpsons", who later came out as gay.


title: Wayland Flowers

text: American drag queen, Raja Gemini, performed as Madame on RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 7) on the show's "Snatch Game", a game inspired by the TV game show Match Game.


title: Rush Hour (American TV series)

text: Rush Hour is an American police procedural comedy-drama television series developed by Bill Lawrence and Blake McCormick that is based on the film of the same name. Similar to the films, the series follows Detective Carter, a radical LAPD detective, and Detective Lee, a by-the-book detective from Hong Kong, as they are forced into an unlikely partnership. CBS placed a series order on May 8, 2015. The show premiered on March 31, 2016.


title: Rush Hour (American TV series)

text: On May 16, 2016, CBS cancelled the show after one season. On May 26, 2016, CBS removed the show from its schedule; however, they later announced the show would return on July 23, 2016, to burn off the remaining episodes. The series finale aired on August 20, 2016.


title: Rush Hour (American TV series)

text: The series premiered on CBS in the United States on March 31, 2016. It aired on E4 in the United Kingdom on April 19, 2016, and the Seven Network in Australia on June 9, 2016.


title: Rush Hour (American TV series)

text: Among the locations used for filming the series were three places in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California: Roscoe Boulevard in Canoga Park, and two locations in Studio City: Universal Inn on Ventura Boulevard, and Vista Pointe II Apartments on Aqua Vista Street.


title: Rush Hour (American TV series)

text: "Rush Hour" received generally negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the show a 22% approval rating based on reviews from 23 critics. The site's critical consensus states: "Lackluster chemistry and uninspired plotting prevent "Rush Hour" from living up to its namesake." Metacritic gave season one of the show a score of 46 out of 100 based on 18 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: Human male sexuality

text: Human male sexuality encompasses a wide variety of feelings and behaviors. Men's feelings of attraction may be caused by various physical and social traits of their potential partner. Men's sexual behavior can be affected by many factors, including evolved predispositions, individual personality, upbringing, and culture. While most men are heterosexual, significant minorities are homosexual or varying degrees of bisexual.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Research indicates that men tend to be attracted to young women with bodily symmetry. Facial symmetry, femininity, and averageness are also linked with attractiveness. Men typically find female breasts attractive and this holds true for a variety of cultures. A preference for lighter-skinned women has been documented across many cultures.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Women with a relatively low waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) are considered more attractive. The exact ratio varies among cultures, depending on the WHR of the women in the local culture. In Western cultures, a WHR of 0.70 is preferred. Other possible physical factors of attraction include low body mass index, low waist circumference, longer legs, and greater lower back curvature. Preference for a slim or a plump body build is culturally variable, but in a predictable manner. In cultures where food is scarce, plumpness is associated with higher status and is more attractive, but the reverse is true in wealthy cultures.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Men generally prefer their wives to be younger than they are, but by how much exactly varies between cultures. Older men prefer greater age differences, while teenage males prefer females slightly older than they are.


title: Human male sexuality

text: The exact degree to which physical appearance is considered important in selecting a long-term mate varies between cultures.


title: Human male sexuality

text: When choosing long-term partners, both men and women desire those who are intelligent, kind, understanding, and healthy. They also show a preference for partners who have similar values, attitudes, personality, and religious beliefs.


title: Human male sexuality

text: The importance of premarital chastity varies a great deal according to culture, as well as the religious beliefs and sexual orientation of the individual. In Western culture, the importance and value of chastity has generally declined among heterosexual individuals. Among 18 different attributes, chastity was rated 10th most valuable in 1939, but only 17th most valuable in 1990.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Many factors influence men's sexual behavior. These include evolved tendencies, such as a greater interest in casual sex, as well as individual and social factors related to upbringing, personality, and relationship status.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Compared to women, men have a greater interest in casual sex. On average, men express a greater desire for a variety of sex partners, let less time elapse before seeking sex, lower their standards dramatically when pursuing short-term mating, have more sexual fantasies and more fantasies involving a variety of sex partners, report having a higher sex drive, find cues to sexual exploitability to be attractive for short-term mating, experience more sexual regret over missed sexual opportunities, have a larger number of extramarital affairs and are more likely to seek hookups and friends with benefits, and visit prostitutes more often.


title: Human male sexuality

text: One study has several factors that influence the age of first sexual intercourse among youth aged 13–18. Those from families with both parents present, from high socioeconomic backgrounds, who performed better at school, were more religious, who had higher parental expectations, and felt like their parents care, showed much lower levels of sexual activity across all age groups in the study. In contrast, those with higher levels of body pride showed higher levels of sexual activity.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Males who are in a committed relationship have a restricted sociosexual orientation, and will have different sexual behavior compared to males who have an unrestricted sociosexual orientation. Males with a restricted sociosexual orientation will be less willing to have sex outside of their committed relationship and behave according to their desire for commitment and emotional closeness with their partner.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Sociosexually restricted males are less likely to approach females who have lower waist-to-hip ratios (0.68–0.72), generally rated as more physically attractive.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Elizabeth Cashdan proposed that mate strategies among both genders differ depending on how much parental investment is expected of the male, and provided research support for her hypotheses. When men expect to provide a high level of parental investment, they will attempt to attract women by emphasising their ability to invest. In addition, men who expect to invest will be more likely to highlight their chastity and fidelity than men who expect not to invest. Men with the expectation of low parental investment will flaunt their sexuality to women. Cashdan argues the fact the research supports the idea that men expecting to invest emphasise their chastity and fidelity, which is a high-cost strategy (because it lowers reproductive opportunities), suggests that that type of behaviour must be beneficial, or the behaviour would not have been selected.


title: Human male sexuality

text: In polygamous societies, men feel greater sexual jealousy when there is low paternity certainty. This is because they do not want to risk wasting time, energy and resources on a child that is not theirs.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Socio-economic differences between cultures also affect paternity certainty. In a "natural fertility" country such as Namibia, 96% of males show sexual jealousy.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Additionally, there is a greater likelihood of paternity loss and paternity uncertainty when there is a lack of contraceptives.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Far more men than women commit rape. It may be that rape is a non-adaptive by-product of other evolved mechanisms, such as desire for sexual variety and for sex without investment, sensitivity to sexual opportunities, and a general capacity for physical aggression. Masculine gender roles and a sense of general and sexual entitlement, which are usually endorsed in patriarchal and heteronormative societies, predict rape-related attitudes and behaviors in men. However, it could be that evolutionary selection in the ancestral environment in some cases favored males who raped, resulting in rape itself being an adaptation. Scholars from several fields have criticized this idea. David Buss states that clear-cut evidence either way is lacking.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Sexual orientation refers to one's relative attraction to men, to women, or to both. Most researchers studying sexual orientation focus on patterns of attraction rather than behavior or identity, because culture affects the expression of behavior or identity and it is attraction that motivates behavior and identity, not the other way around.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Aside from being heterosexual or homosexual, individuals can be any of varying degrees of bisexual. Bailey "et al." stated that they expect that in all cultures the vast majority of people are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex, with a minority being sexually predisposed to the same sex, whether exclusively or not. In Western surveys, about 93% of men identify as completely heterosexual, 4% as mostly heterosexual, 0.5% as more evenly bisexual, 0.5% as mostly homosexual, and 2% as completely homosexual. An analysis of 67 studies found that the lifetime prevalence of sex between men (regardless of orientation) was 3–5% for East Asia, 6–12% for South and South East Asia, 6–15% for Eastern Europe, and 6–20% for Latin America. The World Health Organization estimates a worldwide prevalence of men who have sex with men between 3 and 16%.


title: Human male sexuality

text: Sexual orientation can be measured via self-report or physiologically. Multiple physiological methods exist, including measurement of penile erection, viewing time, FMRI, and pupil dilation. In men, these all show a high degree of correlation with self-report measures, including men who self report as "mostly straight" or "mostly gay".


title: Human male sexuality

text: What impact same-sex sexuality has upon one's social identity varies across cultures. The question of precisely how cultures through history conceptualized homosexual desire and behavior is a matter of some debate.


title: Human male sexuality

text: In much of the modern world, sexual identity is defined based on the sex of one's partner. In some parts of the world, however, sexuality is often socially defined based on sexual roles, whether one is a penetrator or is penetrated, or "top" or "bottom".


title: Human male sexuality

text: Although no causal theory has yet gained widespread support, there is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males. This evidence includes the cross-cultural correlation of homosexuality and childhood gender nonconformity, moderate genetic influences found in twin studies, evidence for prenatal hormonal effects on brain organization, the fraternal birth order effect, and the finding that in rare cases where infant males were raised as girls due to physical deformity, they nevertheless turned out attracted to females. Hypothesized social causes are supported by only weak evidence, distorted by numerous confounding factors. Cross-cultural evidence also leans more toward non-social causes. Cultures that are very tolerant of homosexuality do not have significantly higher rates of it. Homosexual behavior is relatively common among boys in British single-sex boarding schools, but adult Britons who attended such schools are no more likely to engage in homosexual behavior than those who did not. In an extreme case, the Sambia ritually require their boys to engage in homosexual behavior during adolescence before they have any access to females, yet most of these boys become heterosexual.


title: Human male sexuality

text: It is not fully understood why the genes for homosexuality, or allowing it to develop, whatever they may be, persist in the gene pool. One hypothesis involves kin selection, suggesting that homosexuals invest heavily enough in their relatives to offset the cost of not reproducing as much directly. This has not been supported by studies in Western cultures, but several studies in Samoa have found some support for this hypothesis. Another hypothesis involves sexually antagonistic genes, which cause homosexuality when expressed in males but increase reproduction when expressed in females. Studies in both Western and non-Western cultures have found support for this hypothesis.


title: Human male sexuality

text: It has been hypothesized that homosexual behavior may itself be an adaptation for same-sex affiliation or alliance formation, though this disposition would vary genetically among individuals and occur more often when competition for female partners is especially severe. Evolutionary psychologist David Buss criticized this hypothesis, stating that there is no evidence that most young men in most cultures use homoerotic behavior to establish alliances; instead, the norm is for same-sex alliances to not be accompanied by any sexual activity. Additionally, he states that there is no evidence that men who engage in homoerotic behavior do better than other men at forming alliances or ascending in status. Other researchers have also criticized it, commenting that the cross-cultural data on sexual practices are sketchy and uneven; that there is no need to assume that homosexual behavior, more than any other sexual behavior, is under direct selection rather than being a neutral byproduct; that the hypothesis ignores the existence of sexual orientation; that it contradicts findings that behaviorally homosexual or bisexual men have much lower rates of fatherhood; that primate homosexual behavior is not a uniform phenomenon and varies within and across species; and that since same-sex sexual partners are chosen on the basis of sexual emotion (in contrast to bonobos, for example), alliances of this kind would only occur as often as mutual sexual attraction, and such variability would seem to indicate a lack of design by natural selection.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Greek orthography has used a variety of diacritics starting in the Hellenistic period. The more complex polytonic orthography (), which includes five diacritics, notates Ancient Greek phonology. The simpler monotonic orthography (), introduced in 1982, corresponds to Modern Greek phonology, and requires only two diacritics.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Polytonic orthography () is the standard system for Ancient Greek and Medieval Greek. The acute accent (´), the circumflex (ˆ), and the grave accent (`) indicate different kinds of pitch accent. The rough breathing (῾) indicates the presence of the sound before a letter, while the smooth breathing (᾿) indicates the absence of .


title: Greek diacritics

text: Since in Modern Greek the pitch accent has been replaced by a dynamic accent (stress), and was lost, most polytonic diacritics have no phonetic significance, and merely reveal the underlying Ancient Greek etymology.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Monotonic orthography () is the standard system for Modern Greek. It retains two diacritics: a single accent or "tonos" (΄) that indicates stress, and the diaeresis ( ¨ ), which usually indicates a hiatus but occasionally indicates a diphthong: compare modern Greek (, "lamb chops"), with a diphthong, and (, "little children") with a simple vowel. A "tonos" and a "diaeresis" can be combined on a single vowel to indicate a stressed vowel after a hiatus, as in the verb (, "to feed").


title: Greek diacritics

text: Although it is not a diacritic, the hypodiastole (comma) has in a similar way the function of a sound-changing diacritic in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing (, "whatever") from (, "that").


title: Greek diacritics

text: The original Greek alphabet did not have diacritics. The Greek alphabet is attested since the 8th century BC, and until 403 BC, variations of the Greek alphabet—which exclusively used what are now known as capitals—were used in different cities and areas. From 403 on, the Athenians decided to employ a version of the Ionian alphabet. With the spread of Koine Greek, a continuation of the Attic dialect, the Ionic alphabet superseded the other alphabets, known as epichoric, with varying degrees of speed. The Ionian alphabet, however, also only consisted of capitals.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The rough and smooth breathings were introduced in classical times in order to represent the presence or absence of an in Attic Greek, which had adopted a form of the alphabet in which the letter Η (eta) was no longer available for this purpose as it was used to represent the long vowel .


title: Greek diacritics

text: During the Hellenistic period (3rd century BC), Aristophanes of Byzantium introduced the breathings—marks of aspiration (the aspiration however being already noted on certain inscriptions, not by means of diacritics but by regular letters or modified letters)—and the accents, of which the use started to spread, to become standard in the Middle Ages. It was not until the 2nd century AD that accents and breathings appeared sporadically in papyri. The need for the diacritics arose from the gradual divergence between spelling and pronunciation.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The majuscule, i.e., a system where text is written entirely in capital letters, was used until the 8th century, when the minuscule polytonic supplanted it.


title: Greek diacritics

text: By the Byzantine period, the modern rule which turns an acute accent ("oxeia") on the last syllable into a grave accent ("bareia")—except before a punctuation sign or an enclitic—had been firmly established. Certain authors have argued that the grave originally denoted the absence of accent; the modern rule is, in their view, a purely orthographic convention. Originally, certain proclitic words lost their accent before another word and received the grave, and later this was generalized to all words in the orthography. Others—drawing on, for instance, evidence from ancient Greek music—consider that the grave was "linguistically real" and expressed a word-final modification of the acute pitch.


title: Greek diacritics

text: In the later development of the language, the ancient pitch accent was replaced by an intensity or stress accent, making the three types of accent identical, and the sound became silent.


title: Greek diacritics

text: At the beginning of the 20th century (official since the 1960s), the grave was replaced by the acute, and the iota subscript and the breathings on the rho were abolished, except in printed texts. Greek typewriters from that era did not have keys for the grave accent or the iota subscript, and these diacritics were also not taught in primary schools where instruction was in Demotic Greek.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Following the official adoption of the demotic form of the language, the monotonic orthography was imposed by law in 1982. The latter uses only the acute accent (or sometimes a vertical bar, intentionally distinct from any of the traditional accents) and diaeresis and omits the breathings. This simplification has been criticized on the grounds that polytonic orthography provides a cultural link to the past.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Some individuals, institutions, and publishers continue to prefer the polytonic system (with or without grave accent), though an official reintroduction of the polytonic system does not seem probable. The Greek Orthodox church, the daily newspaper "Estia," as well as books written in "Katharevousa" continue to use the polytonic orthography. Though the polytonic system was not used in Classical Greece, these critics argue that modern Greek, as a continuation of Byzantine and post-medieval Greek, should continue their writing conventions.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Some textbooks of Ancient Greek for foreigners have retained the breathings, but dropped all the accents in order to simplify the task for the learner.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Polytonic Greek uses many different diacritics in several categories. At the time of Ancient Greek, each of these marked a significant distinction in pronunciation.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Monotonic orthography for Modern Greek uses only two diacritics, the "tonos" and "diaeresis" (sometimes used in combination) that have significance in pronunciation. Initial is no longer pronounced, and so the rough and smooth breathings are no longer necessary. The unique pitch patterns of the three accents have disappeared, and only a stress accent remains. The iota subscript was a diacritic invented to mark an etymological vowel that was no longer pronounced, so it was dispensed with as well.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The transliteration of Greek names follows Latin transliteration of Ancient Greek; modern transliteration is different, and does not distinguish many letters and digraphs that have merged by iotacism.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The accents (, singular: ) are placed on an accented vowel or on the last of the two vowels of a diphthong (ά, but αί) and indicated pitch patterns in Ancient Greek. The precise nature of the patterns is not certain, but the general nature of each is known.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The acute is also used on the first of two (or occasionally three) successive vowels in Modern Greek to indicate that they are pronounced together as a stressed diphthong.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The grave was originally written on all unaccented syllables. By the Byzantine period it was only used to replace the acute at the end of a word if another accented word follows immediately without punctuation.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The circumflex () " marked high and falling pitch within one syllable. In distinction to the angled Latin circumflex, the Greek circumflex is printed in the form of either a tilde () or an inverted breve (). It was also known as "high-low" or "acute-grave", and its original form ( ) was from a combining of the acute and grave diacritics. Because of its compound nature, it only appeared on long vowels or diphthongs.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The rough breathing (; Latin )—"—indicates a voiceless glottal fricative () before the vowel in Ancient Greek. In Greek grammar, this is known as aspiration. This is different from aspiration in phonetics, which applies to consonants, not vowels.


title: Greek diacritics

text: A double rho in the middle of a word was originally written with smooth breathing on the first rho and rough breathing on the second one (). In Latin, this was transcribed as "rrh" ("diarrhoea" or "diarrhea").


title: Greek diacritics

text: The coronis () marks a vowel contracted by crasis. It was formerly an apostrophe placed after the contracted vowel, but is now placed over the vowel and is identical to the smooth breathing. Unlike the smooth breathing, it often occurs inside a word.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The iota subscript ()—"—is placed under the long vowels ᾱ, η, and ω to mark the ancient long diphthongs ᾱι, ηι, and ωι, in which the ι is no longer pronounced.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Next to a capital, the iota subscript is usually written as a lower-case letter (Αι), in which case it is called iota adscript ().


title: Greek diacritics

text: In Ancient Greek, the diaeresis ( or ) – – appears on the letters and to show that a pair of vowel letters is pronounced separately, rather than as a diphthong.


title: Greek diacritics

text: In Modern Greek, the diaeresis usually indicates that two successive vowels are pronounced separately (as in , "I trick, mock"), but occasionally, it marks vowels that are pronounced together as an unstressed diphthong rather than as a digraph (as in , "I boycott"). The distinction between two separate vowels and an unstressed diphthong is not always clear, although two separate vowels are far more common.


title: Greek diacritics

text: The diaeresis can be combined with the acute, grave and circumflex but never with breathings, since the letter with the diaeresis cannot be the first vowel of the word.


title: Greek diacritics

text: In Modern Greek, the combination of the acute and diaeresis indicates a stressed vowel after a hiatus.


title: Greek diacritics

text: In textbooks and dictionaries of Ancient Greek, the macron—"—and breve—"—are often used over , , and to indicate that they are long or short, respectively.


title: Greek diacritics

text: In some modern non-standard orthographies of Greek dialects, such as Cypriot Greek and Griko, a caron (ˇ) may be used on some consonants to show a palatalized pronunciation. They are not encoded as precombined characters in Unicode, so they are typed by adding the to the Greek letter. Latin diacritics on Greek letters may not be supported by many fonts, and as a fall-back a caron may be replaced by an iota ⟨ι⟩ following the consonant.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Examples of Greek letters with a combining caron and their pronunciation: ζ̌ , κ̌ or , λ̌ , ν̌ , ξ̌ , π̌ , σ̌ ς̌ , τ̌ , τζ̌ or , τσ̌ τς̌ or , ψ̌ .


title: Greek diacritics

text: A dot diacritic was used above some consonants and vowels in Karamanli Turkish, which was written with the Greek alphabet.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Diacritics are written above lower-case letters and at the upper left of capital letters. In the case of a digraph, the second vowel takes the diacritics. A breathing diacritic is written to the left of an acute or grave accent but below a circumflex. Accents are written above a diaeresis or between its two dots. Diacritics are only written on capital letters if they are at the beginning of a word with the exception of the diaeresis, which is always written. Diacritics can be found above capital letters in medieval texts.


title: Greek diacritics

text: There have been problems in representing polytonic Greek on computers, and in displaying polytonic Greek on computer screens and printouts, but these have largely been overcome by the advent of Unicode and appropriate fonts.


title: Greek diacritics

text: While the "tónos" of monotonic orthography looks similar to the "oxeîa" of polytonic orthography in most fonts, Unicode has historically separate symbols for letters with these diacritics. For example, the monotonic "Greek small letter alpha with "tónos"" is at U+03AC, while the polytonic "Greek small letter alpha with "oxeîa"" is at U+1F71. The monotonic and polytonic accent however have been "de jure" equivalent since 1986, and accordingly the "oxeîa" diacritic in Unicode decomposes canonically to the monotonic "tónos"—both are underlyingly treated as equivalent to the multiscript acute accent, U+0301, since letters with "oxia" decompose to letters with "tonos", which decompose in turn to base letter plus multiscript acute accent. For example: U+1F71 GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA ➔ U+03AC GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS ➔ U+03B1 GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA, U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT.


title: Greek diacritics

text: Below are the accented characters provided in Unicode. In the uppercase letters, the iota adscript may appear as subscript depending on font.


title: Dinotopia (miniseries)

text: Dinotopia is a television miniseries co-produced by Walt Disney Television and Hallmark Entertainment. It is based on the "Dinotopia" book series by James Gurney, that depicts a fictional utopia in which sapient dinosaurs and humans coexist. The miniseries uses plot details from Gurney's first two "Dinotopia" books, "Dinotopia" (1992) and "Dinotopia: The World Beneath" (1995), although it takes place in a time farther into the future. The main characters are two American teenage boys from a contemporary time frame (unlike the 19th century castaways in the books—the film thus loses some of the classicism of the original books). The boys' father's plane crashes into the sea and they get stranded on Dinotopia, where they must adjust to a new society. The story in the film contains references to many of the characters in the book series, with some of their descendants occupying key roles in the plot. The original score was composed by Trevor Jones. This score is performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Geoffrey Alexander.


title: Dinotopia (miniseries)

text: The miniseries premiered as installments of "The Wonderful World of Disney" from May 12–14, 2002 on ABC. It received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special. It was soon followed by a television series which only lasted for one season.


title: Dinotopia (miniseries)

text: A pair of teenage half-brothers, Karl and David Scott, are on a flight with their father Frank on his private plane when Karl takes over the controls, so his father can fall asleep. After flying into a storm, Karl struggles, causing Frank to retake control before it crashes into the ocean. Frank saves his sons, but has trouble escaping the crashed plane as his seatbelt fails to release. Karl and David wash up on the shore of a large uncharted island. Looking for help, Karl and David meet a man named Cyrus Crabb who informs them that they are in Dinotopia, a hidden civilization where human beings and dinosaurs co-exist peacefully. Crabb leads the boys to a village, where the boys are surprised to see that they are wearing clothes from different cultures in different time periods. There, they witness a young Dinotopian woman, Marion Waldo, pacify a "Ankylosaurus" with a toothache. The two boys befriend her and hitch a "Brachiosaur" "bus" ride to Waterfall City. During the journey, the "Brachs" become distressed by an unseen presence. Marion, David, Karl and the Brach bus conductor investigate the forest nearby and find "Tyrannosaurus" footprints. Marion is unsettled by this, as Tyrannosaurus do not usually hunt in packs. She begins to sense a strange unbalance, after discovering the destroyed remains of a Dinotopian village. For the Brachs's safety, the group spends the night in the village. Later in the night, the group is attacked by the raiding "Tyrannosaurus" pack. Karl, David and Marion run for their lives, as the "Tyrannosaurus" hunt them down. Marion trips and falls, and is nearly killed by a "Tyrannosaurus" when a group of Skybax Riders, humans riding on large, short-tailed Pterosaurs, distract and scare away the "Tyrannosaurus". The Skybax squadron leader, Oonu, offers to escort the Brachs to Waterfall.


title: Dinotopia (miniseries)

text: In fact, some of the dinosaurs, notably a neurotic but friendly "Stenonychosaurus" named Zipeau, possess human intelligence and speak perfect English. Among the many rules in Dinotopia is the edict that, once an outsider arrives, he or she is never allowed to leave. As Karl and David prepare to take their places in their new surroundings, both boys develop a strong bond with young Marion, who is on the verge of becoming a "matriarch" of the Dinotopian society. Legend has it that their ancestors lived in an underworld that was lit by sunstones. Cyrus has been stealing artifacts and books to try and find a way off the island. Zipeau discovers all the stolen items, but Cyrus knocks him out and throws him in a water canal. Meanwhile, Karl finds a Dino egg and gets sent on a mission by himself. The sun-stones keep mysteriously breaking which causes the dinos to attack. David needs to learn to conquer his fears. Unfortunately, the incursion of vicious carnivores, not to mention an unanticipated human villain, threaten to destroy Dinotopia and everyone living there.


title: Dinotopia (miniseries)

text: Plans for a "Dinotopia" film were previously rejected due to the expense of creating a world populated by both humans and dinosaurs. Both Columbia Pictures and Disney at one time made the attempt, but both studios abandoned the idea, with Disney opting to make their own homegrown film, "Dinosaur" in 2000. Hallmark Entertainment chief Robert Halmi Sr. then purchased the rights after having seen Gurney's book.


title: Dinotopia (miniseries)

text: Halmi was willing to spend $80 million on the film, despite the performance of his previous fantasy miniseries, "The Tenth Kingdom". ABC had so much confidence in the miniseries that they began shooting episodes of the spin-off television series before the miniseries had aired.


title: Dinotopia (miniseries)

text: More than 75% of the scenes in the miniseries required visual effects, many of which required interaction between the live-action human actors and the animatronic or computer-animated dinosaurs. The computer-animated dinosaurs were created by a London-based company, Framestore CFC, who also did the CGI work for the "Walking with Dinosaurs" series. The series also used other visual effects techniques such as digital set extensions. Many of the sets were only partially built, the rest being done digitally, to create the enormous buildings used by both dinosaurs and humans in the film. Even so, the actual set for Waterfall City, Dinotopia's capital, took up five-and-a-half acres of the back lot of England's Pinewood Studios. Jim Henson's Creature Shop provided the animatronic dinosaurs.


title: Dinotopia (miniseries)

text: Although "Dinotopia" started out as a TV miniseries, later all the parts were combined and put on DVD as one film, except in the UK, where the mini-series was put onto discs as separate episodes.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of Wakefield was held on 23 June 2022. It was triggered by the resignation, on 3 May 2022, of Member of Parliament (MP) Imran Ahmad Khan, who was elected as a Conservative at the 2019 general election and resigned following a criminal conviction for child sexual assault. Ahmad Khan was subsequently jailed for 18 months.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: The election was won by Simon Lightwood of the Labour Party, and was the first by-election gain made by Labour since 2012.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: This was jointly the last by-election to be held during both the reign of Queen Elizabeth II and the Premiership of Boris Johnson as the election was held on the same day as the Tiverton and Honiton by-election in Devon, which the Conservatives lost to the Liberal Democrats. This marked the first time since the 1991 Kincardine and Deeside and Langbaurgh by-elections that a British government had lost two seats in by-elections on the same day.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: Wakefield lies in the county of West Yorkshire. The seat covers most of Wakefield itself (besides the Wakefield South ward), the small towns of Ossett and Horbury, and the more rural parishes of Crigglestone, Sitlington, West Bretton and Woolley. In the 2016 EU referendum, 63% of the voters who turned out voted to leave the European Union.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: The by-election was expected to be the ninth or tenth of the 2019 Parliament. Before Ahmad Khan won the seat for the Conservatives at the 2019 general election, it had been held by the Labour Party since the 1932 Wakefield by-election, when Labour gained the seat from the Conservatives. The seat is regarded as part of the so-called "red wall", and Labour hoped to regain it.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: Ahmad Khan was first elected as the Conservative MP for Wakefield in the 2019 general election. He lost the whip in June 2021 after being charged with sexually assaulting a 15-year-old boy in 2008. He sat as an independent for the remaining months of his tenure as MP. He was convicted of the assault on 11 April 2022 and expelled from the party, announcing his intention to resign as an MP on 14 April 2022. On 25 April, Khan submitted his resignation, effective from 30 April, enabling him to claim his full pay as MP for the month. On 3 May Khan was appointed as Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern, officially ceasing to be an MP. On 23 May Khan was sentenced to 18 months in prison.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: On 17 May the writ of election was moved by the Chief Whip, Chris Heaton-Harris, formally triggering the by-election. It was scheduled to be held on 23 June 2022, the same day as the Tiverton and Honiton by-election.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: "The Daily Telegraph" reported that Lord Frost was being urged by his allies to stand in the seat. In its "Steerpike" opinion piece, "The Spectator" discussed the prospect of Frost being the Conservative candidate, noting the "Telegraph"'s support for the idea.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: On 20 May 2022, the Conservatives published a shortlist of three candidates: Nadeem Ahmed, a Conservative councillor for Wakefield South ward and Leader of the Wakefield Conservative group from 2014 to 2021; Laura Weldon, council candidate for Wakefield West in the 2022 election and former Deputy Leader of the Yorkshire Party; and Tanya Graham, previously the Conservative candidate for Bradford South in both the 2015 and 2017 elections. Ahmed was chosen as the candidate on 22 May.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: Mary Creagh, Labour MP for the constituency until the 2019 general election, confirmed in a statement on Twitter that she would not be seeking to be the party's candidate for the by-election. Sources within the Labour Party initially suggested that Ed Balls, former minister and MP for neighbouring Morley and Outwood, could be a potential candidate in the by-election with the backing of former Prime Minister Gordon Brown, as reported by "Politico" and "The Times". Balls responded on social media that he would not be putting his name forward as the Labour candidate.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: In March 2022, "LabourList" wrote that Jack Hemingway, deputy leader of Wakefield Council, was considered the frontrunner, but his name ultimately did not appear on the longlist, nor did three other local candidates who had put their names forward. This was criticised by the local party for contradicting one of Keir Starmer's ten pledges during the 2020 Labour leadership election: "The selections for Labour candidates needs to be more democratic and we should end NEC impositions of candidates. Local Party members should select their candidates for every election."


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: The party announced four candidates for the longlist: Community Union employee Kate Dearden; Sam Howarth, an employee of Barnsley Central MP Dan Jarvis who previously worked for Jenny Chapman; NHS worker Simon Lightwood, who formerly worked as a staffer for Creagh; and Rachael Kenningham.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: Wakefield Constituency Labour Party (CLP) selected Dearden and Lightwood for the shortlist, but the following day, the entire CLP executive committee (barring one externally appointed individual) resigned in protest at the absence of any candidates on the list who lived in Wakefield. In a statement, they said: "We asked for local candidates, but there are none. Three prominent council and local Labour candidates, including the deputy council leader didn't even make it onto the 'long list'. A short list of four was requested by our representative on the panel to give members some choice but the NEC members insisted on just two."


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: Lightwood was selected on 15 May on a turnout of 23% of local party members. The local Labour committee walked out of the room, but "The Guardian" reported that "several officers appeared to be uneasy about the walkout".


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: The Yorkshire Party selected the Crigglestone-based former Conservative councillor David Herdson as their candidate. Herdson and independent candidate, Akef Akbar, are both former Conservative Party councillors.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: The Liberal Democrats selected Jamie Needle as their candidate. Needle previously contested the constituency in 2019.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: In May 2022, George Galloway, who ran in the 2021 Batley and Spen by-election, suggested he might stand in this by-election for the Workers Party, but ultimately he did not declare.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: The by-election was won by Labour with a majority of 4,925 votes, or 17.9 percentage points, with a swing of 12.7% from the Conservatives towards Labour.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: Labour leader Keir Starmer said the election was a judgment on the Tories and Boris Johnson, and "if they had any decency they would get out of the way for the sake of the country". He said the result put Labour on track to form a government. He also said the people of Wakefield had exercised a judgment of no confidence in the Conservative government.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: Political scientist Sir John Curtice noted that of five consecutive by-elections defended by the Tories, they had only successfully defended one of them. He stated that the average drop in support in those five by-elections, of 20%, was the worst by-election record by a governing party since John Major's government. However, Curtice also wrote that it was unclear whether enthusiasm for Labour had materialised as in Tony Blair's 1997 victory, and that Labour's victory was more due to tactical voting against the Conservatives. He pointed to Labour's smaller vote share than their 2017 performance in the constituency as well as some "disaffected" Tories voting for independent Akef Akbar instead.


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: Simon Lightwood, the new MP, pledged in his victory speech to "restore trust" in politics, saying the result showed that Wakefield voters had tired of the "deceit and dishonesty of this [Conservative] government".


title: 2022 Wakefield by-election

text: In the wake of Conservative losses in both Wakefield and Tiverton and Honiton, Oliver Dowden resigned from his roles as Conservative Party Co-Chairman and Minister without Portfolio, stating: "We cannot carry on with business as usual. Someone must take responsibility".


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: Big Cook, Little Cook is a British children's television series created by Adrian Hedley for BBC television. The programme is set in the kitchen of a café, with two chef characters; Big Cook Ben/Jen and Little Cook Small. CBeebies aired repeats on the channel until 2012.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: Ben/Jen are both full sized adult/s, but Small is only a few inches tall and flies around on a wooden spoon. Ben and the original Small were played by Steve Marsh and Dan Wright, respectively.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: In 2005, the duo featured in commercials for Betfair, Channel 4's official sponsor, during "The Ashes" cricket series, being shown as two part advertisements at the beginning and end of each break. Trailers for the programme on the BBC spoofed the food adverts of Marks & Spencer, which featured the voice of Dervla Kirwan.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: The show made a comeback with a revival series in 2022, now presented by Ibinabo Jack as Big Cook Jen and Courtney Bowman as Little Cook Small.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: The format of the programme generally includes a visit to the café by a nursery rhyme, fairy tale, or fictional character (such as Little Miss Muffet or Humpty Dumpty). Each episode would begin with Big Cook Ben and Little Cook Small doing an activity or encountering a problem, and then a customer would arrive by the door of their café with Small giving the viewers and Ben hints about who the customer is.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: After revealing the customer, Small then tells a short story about the visitor and ends his stories proclaiming to be the real hero. Next, they decide to cook the customer a meal from Ben's recipe book, and then collect the ingredients from either; the fridge, freezer, cupboard, fruitbowl & vegetable basket (added in series 3). If an ingredient is missing or if one of the two want to know how an ingredient is made, Small will then fly away on his magic spoon-mobile to see where one of the ingredients is made, such as a chutney factory or a rice field. These were filmed in factories and plantations mainly in the UK, Germany, Austria, France and occasionally in some other countries.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: Once Small gets the ingredient or tells Ben how an ingredient is made, the two proceed to sing a song, remind the viewers of what is required for the recipe, and begin to cook. During preparation, Ben would remind the viewers to always ask their "grown-up helper" when it came to using knives, allergy information, and using the electrical appliances. After finishing the meal and serving it to the customer, they then sing a song about cleaning up the kitchen. In return for cooking a meal for the visitor, they receive a gift that would solve their problem.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: Activities within the kitchen, such as washing and tidying up, are accompanied by a catchy song and dance routines.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: Both cooks act in an expansive and overblown style, but the show seems intended to encourage children to take an interest in cooking. The cooks rhyme a lot, like "We need a story to help us cook. Let's take a look in Little Cook's Book. Where do we look for things to cook?" Big Cook does most of the actual cooking and telling the viewers how to make the recipes while Little Cook does some preparation or sets the timer. Some of the aerial shots of Little Cook flying were filmed over the town of Skipton, North Yorkshire.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: The revival series follows the same pattern – however, the part where Big Cook collects the ingredients is now omitted, and there is always one ingredient missing.


title: Big Cook, Little Cook

text: Production on the series was first announced in 2003. The series was originally planned to be produced by the BBC in-house. Development for the reboot was first hinted at by producer Dot to Dot Productions in October 2021 on their Facebook account, referred to as a "reboot of an iconic CBeebies brand". The reboot was officially announced on February 18, 2022, with a premiere date on CBeebies set for February 28th.


title: Transfer pricing

text: In taxation and accounting, transfer pricing refers to the rules and methods for pricing transactions within and between enterprises under common ownership or control. Because of the potential for cross-border controlled transactions to distort taxable income, tax authorities in many countries can adjust intragroup transfer prices that differ from what would have been charged by unrelated enterprises dealing at arm’s length (the arm’s-length principle). The OECD and World Bank recommend intragroup pricing rules based on the arm’s-length principle, and 19 of the 20 members of the G20 have adopted similar measures through bilateral treaties and domestic legislation, regulations, or administrative practice. Countries with transfer pricing legislation generally follow the "OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations" in most respects, although their rules can differ on some important details.


title: Transfer pricing

text: Where adopted, transfer pricing rules allow tax authorities to adjust prices for most cross-border intragroup transactions, including transfers of tangible or intangible property, services, and loans. For example, a tax authority may increase a company’s taxable income by reducing the price of goods purchased from an affiliated foreign manufacturer or raising the royalty the company must charge its foreign subsidiaries for rights to use a proprietary technology or brand name. These adjustments are generally calculated using one or more of the transfer pricing methods specified in the OECD guidelines and are subject to judicial review or other dispute resolution mechanisms.


title: Transfer pricing

text: Although transfer pricing is sometimes inaccurately presented by commentators as a tax avoidance practice or technique (transfer mispricing), the term refers to a set of substantive and administrative regulatory requirements imposed by governments on certain taxpayers. However, aggressive intragroup pricing – especially for debt and intangibles – has played a major role in corporate tax avoidance, and it was one of the issues identified when the OECD released its base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) action plan in 2013. The OECD’s 2015 final BEPS reports called for country-by-country reporting and stricter rules for transfers of risk and intangibles but recommended continued adherence to the arm’s-length principle. These recommendations have been criticized by many taxpayers and professional service firms for departing from established principles and by some academics and advocacy groups for failing to make adequate changes.


title: Transfer pricing

text: Transfer pricing should not be conflated with fraudulent trade mis-invoicing, which is a technique for concealing illicit transfers by reporting falsified prices on invoices submitted to customs officials. “Because they often both involve mispricing, many aggressive tax avoidance schemes by multinational corporations can easily be confused with trade misinvoicing. However, they should be regarded as separate policy problems with separate solutions,” according to Global Financial Integrity, a non-profit research and advocacy group focused on countering illicit financial flows.


title: Transfer pricing

text: Over sixty governments have adopted transfer pricing rules, which in almost all cases (with the notable exceptions of Brazil and Kazakhstan) are based on the arm's-length principle. The rules of nearly all countries permit related parties to set prices in any manner, but permit the tax authorities to adjust those prices (for purposes of computing tax liability) where the prices charged are outside an arm's length range. Most, if not all, governments permit adjustments by the tax authority even where there is no intent to avoid or evade tax. The rules generally require that market level, functions, risks, and terms of sale of unrelated party transactions or activities be reasonably comparable to such items with respect to the related party transactions or profitability being tested.


title: Transfer pricing

text: Adjustment of prices is generally made by adjusting taxable income of all involved related parties within the jurisdiction, as well as adjusting any withholding or other taxes imposed on parties outside the jurisdiction. Such adjustments are generally made after filing of tax returns. For example, if Bigco US charges Bigco Germany for a machine, either the U.S. or German tax authorities may adjust the price upon examination of the respective tax return. Following an adjustment, the taxpayer generally is allowed (at least by the adjusting government) to make payments to reflect the adjusted prices.


title: Transfer pricing

text: Most systems allow use of transfer pricing multiple methods, where such methods are appropriate and are supported by reliable data, to test related party prices. Among the commonly used methods are comparable uncontrolled prices, cost-plus, resale price or markup, and profitability based methods. Many systems differentiate methods of testing goods from those for services or use of property due to inherent differences in business aspects of such broad types of transactions. Some systems provide mechanisms for sharing or allocation of costs of acquiring assets (including intangible assets) among related parties in a manner designed to reduce tax controversy. Most governments have granted authorization to their tax authorities to adjust prices charged between related parties. Many such authorizations, including those of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany, allow domestic as well as international adjustments. Some authorizations apply only internationally.


title: Transfer pricing

text: In addition, most systems recognize that an arm's length price may not be a particular price point but rather a range of prices. Some systems provide measures for evaluating whether a price within such range is considered arm's length, such as the "interquartile range" used in U.S. regulations. Significant deviation among points in the range may indicate lack of reliability of data. Reliability is generally considered to be improved by use of multiple year data.


title: Transfer pricing

text: Most rules require that the tax authorities consider actual transactions between parties, and permit adjustment only to actual transactions. Multiple transactions may be aggregated or tested separately, and testing may use multiple year data. In addition, transactions whose economic substance differs materially from their form may be recharacterized under the laws of many systems to follow the economic substance.


title: Transfer pricing

text: Transfer pricing adjustments have been a feature of many tax systems since the 1930s. The United States led the development of detailed, comprehensive transfer pricing guidelines with a White Paper in 1988 and proposals in 1990–1992, which ultimately became regulations in 1994. In 1995, the OECD issued its transfer pricing guidelines which it expanded in 1996 and 2010. The two sets of guidelines are broadly similar and contain certain principles followed by many countries. The OECD guidelines have been formally adopted by many European Union countries with little or no modification.