title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Iron aerosol in the atmosphere will also be required for the reaction to work, and iron can come from Mercury, asteroids, or the Moon. (Loss of hydrogen due to the solar wind is unlikely to be significant on the timescale of terraforming.) Due to the planet's relatively flat surface, this water would cover about 80% of the surface, compared to 70% for Earth, even though it would amount to only roughly 10% of the water found on Earth.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: The remaining atmosphere, at around 3 bars (about three times that of Earth), would mainly be composed of nitrogen, some of which will dissolve into the new oceans of water, reducing atmospheric pressure in accordance with Henry's law. To further reduce the pressure even more, nitrogen could also be fixated into nitrates.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Futurist Isaac Arthur has suggested using the hypothesized processes of starlifting and stellasing to create a particle beam of ionized hydrogen from the sun, tentatively dubbed a "hydro-cannon". This device could be used both to thin the dense atmosphere of Venus, but also to introduce hydrogen to react with carbon dioxide to create water, thereby further lowering the atmospheric pressure.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: The thinning of the Venusian atmosphere could be attempted by a variety of methods, possibly in combination. Directly lifting atmospheric gas from Venus into space would probably prove difficult. Venus has sufficiently high escape velocity to make blasting it away with asteroid impacts impractical. Pollack and Sagan calculated in 1994 that an impactor of 700 km diameter striking Venus at greater than 20 km/s, would eject all the atmosphere above the horizon as seen from the point of impact, but because this is less than a thousandth of the total atmosphere and there would be diminishing returns as the atmosphere's density decreases, a very great number of such giant impactors would be required. Landis calculated that to lower the pressure from 92 bar to 1 bar would require a minimum of 2,000 impacts, even if the efficiency of atmosphere removal was perfect. Smaller objects would not work, either, because more would be required. The violence of the bombardment could well result in significant outgassing that would replace removed atmosphere. Most of the ejected atmosphere would go into solar orbit near Venus, and, without further intervention, could be captured by the Venerian gravitational field and become part of the atmosphere once again.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Another variant method involving bombardment would be to perturb a massive Kuiper belt object to put its orbit onto a collision path with Venus. If the object, made of mostly ices, had enough velocity to penetrate just a few kilometers past the Venusian surface, the resulting forces from the vaporization of ice from the impactor and the impact itself could stir the lithosphere and mantle thus ejecting a proportional amount of matter (as magma and gas) from Venus. A byproduct of this method would be either a new moon for Venus or a new impactor-body of debris that would fall back to the surface at a later time.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Removal of atmospheric gas in a more controlled manner could also prove difficult. Venus's extremely slow rotation means that space elevators would be very difficult to construct because the planet's geostationary orbit lies an impractical distance above the surface, and the very thick atmosphere to be removed makes mass drivers useless for removing payloads from the planet's surface. Possible workarounds include placing mass drivers on high-altitude balloons or balloon-supported towers extending above the bulk of the atmosphere, using space fountains, or rotovators.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: In addition, if the density of the atmosphere (and corresponding greenhouse effect) were dramatically reduced, the surface temperature (now effectively constant) would probably vary widely between day side and night side. Another side effect to atmospheric-density reduction could be the creation of zones of dramatic weather activity or storms at the terminator because large volumes of atmosphere would undergo rapid heating or cooling.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect. One means of terraforming Venus could involve reducing the insolation at Venus's surface to prevent the planet from heating up again.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Solar shades could be used to reduce the total insolation received by Venus, cooling the planet somewhat. A shade placed in the Sun–Venus Lagrangian point also would serve to block the solar wind, removing the radiation exposure problem on Venus.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: A suitably large solar shade would be four times the diameter of Venus itself if at the point. This would necessitate construction in space. There would also be the difficulty of balancing a thin-film shade perpendicular to the Sun's rays at the Sun–Venus Lagrangian point with the incoming radiation pressure, which would tend to turn the shade into a huge solar sail. If the shade were simply left at the point, the pressure would add force to the sunward side and the shade would accelerate and drift out of orbit. The shade could instead be positioned nearer to the Sun, using the solar pressure to balance the gravitational forces, in practice becoming a statite.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Other modifications to the solar shade design have also been suggested to solve the solar-sail problem. One suggested method is to use polar-orbiting, solar-synchronous mirrors that reflect light toward the back of the sunshade, from the non-sunward side of Venus. Photon pressure would push the support mirrors to an angle of 30 degrees away from the sunward side.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Paul Birch proposed a slatted system of mirrors near the point between Venus and the Sun. The shade's panels would not be perpendicular to the Sun's rays, but instead at an angle of 30 degrees, such that the reflected light would strike the next panel, negating the photon pressure. Each successive row of panels would be +/- 1 degree off the 30-degree deflection angle, causing the reflected light to be skewed 4 degrees from striking Venus.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Solar shades could also serve as solar power generators. Space-based solar shade techniques, and thin-film solar sails in general, are only in an early stage of development. The vast sizes require a quantity of material that is many orders of magnitude greater than any human-made object that has ever been brought into space or constructed in space.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Venus could also be cooled by placing reflectors in the atmosphere. Reflective balloons floating in the upper atmosphere could create shade. The number and/or size of the balloons would necessarily be great. Geoffrey A. Landis has suggested that if enough floating cities were built, they could form a solar shield around the planet, and could simultaneously be used to process the atmosphere into a more desirable form, thus combining the solar shield theory and the atmospheric processing theory with a scalable technology that would immediately provide living space in the Venusian atmosphere. If made from carbon nanotubes or graphene (a sheet-like carbon allotrope), then the major structural materials can be produced using carbon dioxide gathered "in situ" from the atmosphere. The recently synthesised amorphous carbonia might prove a useful structural material if it can be quenched to Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) conditions, perhaps in a mixture with regular silica glass. According to Birch's analysis, such colonies and materials would provide an immediate economic return from colonizing Venus, funding further terraforming efforts.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Increasing the planet's albedo by deploying light-colored or reflective material on the surface (or at any level below the cloud tops) would not be useful, because the Venerian surface is already completely enshrouded by clouds, and almost no sunlight reaches the surface. Thus, it would be unlikely to be able to reflect more light than Venus's already-reflective clouds, with Bond albedo of 0.77.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Birch proposed that solar shades could be used to not merely cool the planet but to also reduce atmospheric pressure as well, by the process of freezing of the carbon dioxide. This requires Venus's temperature to be reduced, first to the liquefaction point, requiring a temperature less than ( or ) and partial pressures of CO to bring the atmospheric pressure down to (carbon dioxide's critical point); and from there reducing the temperature below ( or ) (carbon dioxide's triple point). Below that temperature, freezing of atmospheric carbon dioxide into dry ice will cause it to deposit onto the surface. He then proposed that the frozen CO could be buried and maintained in that condition by pressure, or even shipped off-world (perhaps to provide greenhouse gas needed for terraforming of Mars or the moons of Jupiter). After this process was complete, the shades could be removed or solettas added, allowing the planet to partially warm again to temperatures comfortable for Earth life. A source of hydrogen or water would still be needed, and some of the remaining 3.5 bar of atmospheric nitrogen would need to be fixed into the soil. Birch suggests disrupting an icy moon of Saturn, for example Hyperion, and bombarding Venus with its fragments.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Paul Birch suggests that, in addition to cooling the planet with a sunshade in L1, "heat pipes" could be built on the planet to accelerate the cooling. The proposed mechanism would transport heat from the surface to colder regions higher up in the atmosphere, similar to a solar updraft tower, thereby facilitating radiation of excess heat out into space. A newly proposed variation of this technology is the atmospheric vortex engine, where instead of physical chimney pipes, the atmospheric updraft is achieved through the creation of a vortex, similar to a stationary tornado. In addition to this method being less material intensive and potentially more cost effective, this process also produces a net surplus of energy, which could be utilised to power venusian colonies or other aspects of the terraforming effort, while simultaneously contributing to speeding up the cooling of the planet. Another method to cool down the planet could be with the use of radiative cooling This technology could utilise the fact that in certain wavelengths, thermal radiation from the lower atmosphere of Venus can "escape" to space through partially transparent atmospheric “windows” – spectral gaps between strong CO and HO absorption bands in the near infrared range . The outgoing thermal radiation is wavelength dependent and varies from the very surface at to approximately at . Nanophotonics and construction of metamaterials opens up new possibilities to tailor the emittance spectrum of a surface via properly designing periodic nano/micro-structures.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Recently there has been proposals of a device named a "emissive energy harvester" that can transfer heat to space through radiative cooling and convert part of the heat flow into surplus energy, opening up possibilities of a self-replicating system that could exponentially cool the planet.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Since Venus has only a fraction of the water of Earth (less than half the Earth's water content in the atmosphere, and none on the surface), water would have to be introduced either by the aforementioned method of introduction of hydrogen, or from some other intraplanetary or extraplanetary source.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Paul Birch suggests the possibility of colliding Venus with one of the ice moons from the outer solar system, thereby bringing in all the water needed for terraformation in one go. This could be achieved through gravity assisted capture of Saturn's moons Enceladus and Hyperion or the Uranian moon Miranda. Simply changing the velocity of these moons enough to move them from their current orbit and enable gravity-assisted transport to Venus would require large amounts of energy. However, through complex gravity-assisted chain reactions the propulsion requirements could be reduced by several orders of magnitude. As Birch puts it, "[t]heoretically one could flick a pebble into the asteroid belt and end up dumping Mars into the Sun."


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Studies have shown that substantial amounts of water (in the form of hydrogen) might be present in the mantle of terrestrial planets. It has therefore been speculated that it would be technically possible to extract this water from the mantle to the surface even if no feasible method to accomplish this exists currently.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Venus rotates once every 243 Earth days—by far the slowest rotation period of any known object in the Solar System. A Venusian sidereal day thus lasts more than a Venusian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). However, the length of a solar day on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day; to an observer on the surface of Venus, the time from one sunrise to the next would be 116.75 days. Therefore, the slow Venerian rotation rate would result in extremely long days and nights, similar to the day-night cycles in the polar regions of earth — shorter, but global. The slow rotation might also account for the lack of a significant magnetic field.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: It has until recently been assumed that the rotation rate or day-night cycle of Venus would have to be increased for successful terraformation to be achieved. More recent research has shown, however, that the current slow rotation rate of Venus is not at all detrimental to the planet's capability to support an Earth-like climate. Rather, the slow rotation rate would, given an Earth-like atmosphere, enable the formation of thick cloud layers on the side of the planet facing the sun. This in turn would raise planetary albedo and act to cool the global temperature to Earth-like levels, despite the greater proximity to the Sun. According to calculations, maximum temperatures would be just around 35 °C (95 °F), given an Earth-like atmosphere. Speeding up the rotation rate would therefore be both impractical and detrimental to the terraforming effort. A terraformed Venus with the current slow rotation would result in a global climate with "day" and "night" periods each roughly 2 months (58 days) long, resembling the seasons at higher latitudes on Earth. The "day" would resemble a short summer with a warm, humid climate, a heavy overcast sky and ample rainfall. The "night" would resemble a short, very dark winter with quite cold temperature and snowfall. There would be periods with more temperate climate and clear weather at sunrise and sunset resembling a "spring" and "autumn".


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: The problem of very dark conditions during the roughly two-month long "night" period could be solved through the use of a space mirror in a 24-hour orbit (the same distance as a geostationary orbit on Earth) similar to the Znamya (satellite) project experiments. Extrapolating the numbers from those experiments and applying them to Venerian conditions would mean that a space mirror just under 1700 meters in diameter could illuminate the entire nightside of the planet with the luminosity of 10-20 full moons and create an artificial 24-hour light cycle. An even bigger mirror could potentially create even stronger illumination conditions. Further extrapolation suggests that to achieve illumination levels of about 400 lux (similar to normal office lighting or a sunrise on a clear day on earth) a circular mirror about 55 kilometers across would be needed.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Paul Birch suggested keeping the entire planet protected from sunlight by a permanent system of slated shades in L1, and the surface illuminated by a rotating soletta mirror in a polar orbit, which would produce a 24-hour light cycle.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: If increasing the rotation speed of the planet would be desired (despite the above-mentioned potentially positive climatic effects of the current rotational speed), it would require energy of a magnitude many orders greater than the construction of orbiting solar mirrors, or even than the removal of the Venerian atmosphere. Birch calculates that increasing the rotation of Venus to an Earth-like solar cycle would require about 1.6 × 10 Joules (50 billion petawatt-hours).


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Scientific research suggests that close flybys of asteroids or cometary bodies larger than 100 kilometres (60 mi) across could be used to move a planet in its orbit, or increase the speed of rotation. The energy required to do this is large. In his book on terraforming, one of the concepts Fogg discusses is to increase the spin of Venus using three quadrillion objects circulating between Venus and the Sun every 2 hours, each traveling at 10% of the speed of light.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: G. David Nordley has suggested, in fiction, that Venus might be spun up to a day length of 30 Earth days by exporting the atmosphere of Venus into space via mass drivers. A proposal by Birch involves the use of dynamic compression members to transfer energy and momentum via high-velocity mass streams to a band around the equator of Venus. He calculated that a sufficiently high-velocity mass stream, at about 10% of the speed of light, could give Venus a day of 24 hours in 30 years.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Protecting the new atmosphere from the solar wind, to avoid the loss of hydrogen, would require an artificial magnetosphere. Venus presently lacks an intrinsic magnetic field, therefore creating an artificial planetary magnetic field is needed to form a magnetosphere via its interaction with the solar wind. According to two NIFS Japanese scientists, it is feasible to do that with current technology by building a system of refrigerated latitudinal superconducting rings, each carrying a sufficient amount of direct current.


title: Terraforming of Venus

text: In the same report, it is claimed that the economic impact of the system can be minimized by using it also as a planetary energy transfer and storage system (SMES). Another study proposes the possibility of deployment of a magnetic dipole shield at the L1 Lagrange point, thereby creating an artificial magnetosphere that would protect the whole planet from solar wind and radiation.


title: Dennis Hopper filmography

text: Dennis Hopper (May 17, 1936May 29, 2010) was an American actor, director, writer, film editor, photographer and artist. He made his first television appearance in 1955, and appeared in two films featuring James Dean, "Rebel Without a Cause" (1955) and "Giant" (1956). Over the next ten years, Hopper appeared frequently on television in guest roles, and by the end of the 1960s had played supporting roles in several films.


title: Dennis Hopper filmography

text: He directed and starred in "Easy Rider" (1969), winning an award at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) as co-writer. He had a featured role in "Apocalypse Now" (1979). He subsequently appeared in "Rumble Fish" (1983) and "The Osterman Weekend" (1983), and received critical recognition for his work in "Blue Velvet" and "Hoosiers", with the latter film garnering him an Academy Award nomination for best Supporting Actor. He directed "Colors" (1988). Hopper starred in the 1990 Motion Picture "Flashback" which was inspired by the 1960s Love Movement. He also played the villains King Koopa in Super Mario Bros (1993), and Howard Payne in "Speed" (1994). A total of six films starring Dennis Hopper have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Hopper died of prostate cancer on May 29, 2010, 12 days after his 74th birthday and two months after he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Dennis Hopper filmography

text: Hopper's film career spanned 55 years and encompassed appearances in over 150 films. Of those films: "Rebel Without a Cause", "Giant", "Cool Hand Luke", "Easy Rider", "Apocalypse Now," and "Hoosiers" have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.


title: Dennis Hopper filmography

text: Early in his career, Hopper made multiple appearances on television series, beginning with a single appearance on the anthology series "Cavalcade of America". Hopper continued guest starring on television throughout the 1950s and '60s. Late in his career, Hopper returned to television with a recurring role on "24", a one-time appearance on "Las Vegas", and starring roles on "E-Ring" and "Crash".


title: Hora (dance)

text: Hora, also known as horo and oro, is a type of circle dance originating in Jewish communities and the Balkans but also found in other countries.


title: Hora (dance)

text: The name, spelled differently in various countries, is derived from the Greek ("khorós"): "dance" which is cognate with the Ancient Greek art form of ("khoreía"). The original meaning of the Greek word may have been "circle".


title: Hora (dance)

text: Also, the words "hora" and "oro" are found in many Slavic languages and have the meaning of "round (dance)"; the verb "oriti" means "to speak, sound, sing" and previously meant "to celebrate".


title: Hora (dance)

text: The Greek () is cognate with Pontic Greek (), and has also given rise to the names of Bulgarian (), Macedonian (), Romanian , / in Serbo-Croatian, the Turkish form and in Hebrew (). The dance of Georgia also might be connected to the Horon dance in the neighbouring Turkish regions, as it rose out of the Adjara region, where Kartvelian Laz people co-existed for centuries with Greek Pontians.


title: Hora (dance)

text: Horă (plural: hore) is a traditional Romanian and where the dancers hold each other's hands and the circle spins, usually counterclockwise, as each participant follows a sequence of three steps forward and one step back. The dance is usually accompanied by musical instruments such as the cymbalom, accordion, violin, viola, double bass, saxophone, trumpet or the pan pipes.


title: Hora (dance)

text: The hora is popular during wedding celebrations and festivals, and is an essential part of the social entertainment in rural areas. One of the most famous hore is the ""Hora Unirii"" ("Hora of the Union"), which became a Romanian patriotic song as a result of being the hymn when Wallachia and Moldavia united to form the Principality of Romania in 1859. During the 2006/2007 New Year's Eve celebration, when Romania and Bulgaria joined the European Union, people were dancing "Hora Bucuriei" ("Hora of Joy") over the boulevards of Bucharest as a tribute to the EU anthem, Ode to Joy (). Some of the biggest hora circles can be found on early 20th century movies filmed by the Manaki brothers in Pindus, Greece, and performed by local Aromanians.


title: Hora (dance)

text: The traditional Bulgarian dance horo () comes in many shapes. It is not necessary to be in a circle; a curving line of people is also acceptable. The steps used in a horo dance are extremely diverse. The horo may vary between three and seven or eight steps forward and one to five or six steps back, depending on the specific type.


title: Hora (dance)

text: There are more than five types of horo that are usually danced at every wedding. They differ by the rhythm of the music and the steps taken. There are no two horo dances with similar steps. There are probably over one hundred types of horo dances in the Bulgarian folklore.


title: Hora (dance)

text: In the past, the horo dance had a social role in Bulgarian society. It was mainly for fun, as a contest of skills, or for show, leading to the development of the variety of horo dances. There are hora for people with little skill that can be learned in five to ten minutes, but there are also very sophisticated dances that cannot be learned unless one is fluent in many of the simpler dances.


title: Hora (dance)

text: North Macedonia uses the Cyrillic spelling of oro (). The origins of Macedonian oro vary from its use in socializing and celebrating, to historical dancing before going into battle. "Teshkoto", translated "The difficult one", is one of those, danced by men only, the music of which reflects the sorrow and mood of war. The oro is danced in a circle, with men and women holding one another by hand. They are used to celebrate occasions such as weddings, christenings, name-days, national and religious holidays, graduations, birthdays.


title: Hora (dance)

text: The horo is also popular among the Romani people of Southeastern Europe, and the dancing is practically the same as that of the neighboring ethnicities. Romani Horos, and Romani music in general, are very much appreciated among non-Romani people in the Balkans, as they also have a reputation as the skillful performers of other folk music there.


title: Hora (dance)

text: In klezmer music, the horah refers to a circle dance. The horah has a slow, limping gait in triple meter, often three/eight time (), and generally leads into a faster and more upbeat duple meter, usually a freylekh or a bulgar. Among Yiddish-speaking Jews, the triple-meter hora has also been called "zhok" or "krumer tants" (meaning "crooked dance").


title: Hora (dance)

text: The horah (הורה), which differs somewhat from that of some of the Eastern European countries, is widespread in the Jewish diaspora and played a foundational role in modern Israeli folk dancing. It became the symbol of the reconstruction of the country by the socialistic-agricultural Zionist movement. Although considered traditional, some claim it rose to popularity due to Hora Agadati, named after dancer and choreographer Baruch Agadati and performed for the first time in 1924. According to Gurit Kadman, the original melody was a Moldavian folk tune, which in mid-1940s was recognized by composer Uriya Boskovitz as an anti-Semitic one, and Gurit asked Boskovitz to write a new one. About the same time Ze’ev Havatselet wrote a lyrics to the tune (found, e.g., in the Library of Congress). Now the dance is usually performed to Israeli folk songs, and sometimes to Jewish songs, often to the music of "Hava Nagila".


title: Hora (dance)

text: To start the dance, everybody forms a circle, holding hands or interlocking arms behind their backs or on their shoulders and steps forward toward the left with the right foot, then follows with the left foot. The right foot is then brought back, followed by the left foot. This is done while holding hands and circling together in a fast and cheerful motion to the left. Large groups allow for the creation of several concentric circles, or a large spiral formation.


title: Hora (dance)

text: In the early days, horah was popular mainly in kibbutzim and small communities, often continuing for hours.


title: Hora (dance)

text: The horah became popular in group dances throughout Israel, and at weddings and other celebrations by Jews in Israel, the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. The dance appeared in North America in the early 20th century, well before modern Israeli independence, brought directly from Eastern Europe by Jewish immigrants. It also existed before that from Ashkenazi Jews who had made Aliyah to Eretz Yisroel as early as the 1600's/


title: Hora (dance)

text: At Jewish weddings during the horah it is customary to raise the bride and groom, each on their own chair and holding a handkerchief between them, following Jewish tradition. This is also done at b'nai mitzvah, where the honoree and sometimes his, her or their family members are also raised on a chair, copying the wedding tradition.


title: Hora (dance)

text: The song "Hora", sung by Avi Toledano, who represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982, is based on this dance.


title: Hora (dance)

text: The oro () circle dance should not be confused with the oro dance in Montenegro and Herzegovina, which is a paired courtship dance. Its name comes from the Serbian "оrао", meaning "eagle".


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: Pop Will Eat Itself are an English alternative rock band formed in 1986 in Stourbridge in the West Midlands of England with members from Birmingham, Coventry and the Black Country. Initially known as a grebo act, they changed style to incorporate sample-driven indie and industrial rock. Graham Crabb describes their sound as "electronic, punk, alternative hip-hop, hybrid music for fucking, fighting & smoking cigars". Their highest-charting single was the 1993 top-ten hit "Get the Girl! Kill the Baddies!". After initially disbanding in 1996, and having a brief reformation in 2005, they issued their first release in more than five years in 2010.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: An early permutation of the band formed in 1981 under the name From Eden. Members included Clint Mansell, Adam Mole, Chris Fradgley, Malcolm Treece and Miles Hunt (Treece and Hunt went on to form The Wonder Stuff). From Eden recruited Graham Crabb from ‘Kit-Form Colossus’ to replace Hunt on drums before splitting up.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: Crabb, Mole and Mansell recruited Richard March and changed their band name to Wild and Wandering (known locally as Blind and Blundering because they always performed in an intoxicated state). The name came from a Wasted Youth album under which one E.P. was released ("2,000 Light Ales from Home" on Iguana Records) before eventually becoming Pop Will Eat Itself in 1986. The new name was taken from a quotation in an "NME" article on Jamie Wednesday by David Quantick.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: In 1986, the band released the "Poppies Say Grrr!" single, which became Single of the Week in the "NME" and playlisted by Janice Long on BBC Radio 1. The single was sold in a brown paper bag and was made available for sale at Martin Newsagents in Stourbridge High Street as well as from the home of one of the band.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: With their new-found popularity, the band set off on a six-week tour of Europe, often encountering hostility at the set length being less than half an hour, even though this comprised around 16 tracks: all the band had.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: During this time the band was listening to more hip hop (Run DMC, Public Enemy and The Beastie Boys) as well as music from a new emerging movement of sample-heavy dance records (The Justified Ancients of Mu-Mu, MARRS, S'Express and Bomb The Bass).


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: After hearing Robert Gordon's remix of their cover of Sigue Sigue Sputnik's "Love Missile F1-11" and Age Of Chance's mini-LP "Crush Collision" (also engineered by Gordon), the band glimpsed their future as hip-hop/dance/rock music pioneers and decided to record their debut album "Box Frenzy" with Robert at Sheffield's FON studios in June/July 1987. It was here the band met The Designers Republic, which was to be the start of a very successful partnership. The album came out on manager Craig Jennings' Chapter 22 label. 'CJ' still manages the band to the present day, along with the roster at Jennings' firm, Raw Power Management.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: The transition from punky guitar music to incorporating state-of-the-art production and new musical territories was not dissimilar to a path previously trodden by one of the band's musical heroes The Clash and subsequently Big Audio Dynamite. The album surprised the band's fans and perplexed the music critics. Crabb, now more immersed in sample-finding and songwriting, moved from behind the drum kit to being a co-vocalist with Mansell and was replaced by a drum machine called Dr. Nightmare. March took on programming duties and became the band expert on all things Atari and Akai. "Beaver Patrol", a cover of the Wilde Knights song, (suggested to the band by Bobby Gillespie of Primal Scream), caused some controversy for its offensive lyrics but "There Is No Love Between Us Anymore" made the lower reaches of the UK charts and as a result, PWEI were signed to the record label RCA. Whilst much confusion ensued around the dramatic change of direction, PWEI secured a first by being the first Western independent band to be invited to play the then Soviet Union.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: The band achieved Top 40 hits with "Can U Dig It?" and "Wise Up! Sucker" from their album, "This Is the Day...This Is the Hour...This Is This!" In late 1988 PWEI were invited by Rush Management to support Run DMC on their European tour. Main support act Public Enemy were becoming increasingly popular and had a large and militant following who booed off all support acts, in particular, PWEI, who agreed to leave the tour when the situation deteriorated in Amsterdam.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: They released three successful albums on RCA. The first two ("…This is This!" and "Cure for Sanity") were recorded with the aid of Flood, known for his work with Nine Inch Nails, U2 and Depeche Mode. The band toured extensively in the UK, Europe, and US, including appearances at Reading Festival. Their singles charted progressively higher, with every single release charting inside the UK Top Forty from 1990 until their final single release in 1994.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: On 1992's "The Looks or the Lifestyle?" the band recruited John "Fuzz" Townshend as their drummer to complement their standard array of loops and pre-programmed drums. The band had discussed adding a live drummer in 1990, however touring commitments made it impractical to do so until the band were able to break touring activity in late 1991 to commence recording. The album peaked at UK No. 15 and featured the Top 30 hit singles "Karmadrome" and "Bulletproof!" Despite healthy sales and successful widescale touring the band's biggest supporters at RCA had left the company by January 1993 and the remaining executives did not understand the band or their music, suggesting at one meeting that EMF 'write a hit' for them. The band was dropped from the label before the "Get the Girl! Kill the Baddies!" single was released. It went on to peak at number 9 in the UK Singles Chart, becoming the band's biggest hit and making the band at that time the highest charting act to appear on Top of the Pops without a record deal. In an attempt to recoup their investment, the label released a live album "Live at Weird's Bar and Grill" recorded in London in October 1992.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: PWEI's political stance became more explicit with the release of the single "Ich Bin Ein Auslander". A collaboration with Asian group Fun-Da-Mental, the song had anti-Nazi styled lyrics and reached the UK Top 30. A different version of this song later appeared as the opening track on the 1994 album, "Dos Dedos Mis Amigos". The album peaked at No. 11 in the UK Albums Chart and spawned their then final single release, "Everything's Cool", which became their ninth Top 30 UK hit. The band also collaborated with The Prodigy on the track "Their Law", featured in their breakthrough second album "Music For The Jilted Generation". This track also had political content, serving as a protest against Great Britain's Criminal Justice And Public order Act 1994, which had criminalized rave culture.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: The band found some new popularity after signing with Trent Reznor's Nothing Records in the US, and touring with Nine Inch Nails, as well as having their songs used on the PlayStation game "Loaded". In March 1995 the band released the "Dos Dedos Mis Amigos" remix album "Two Fingers My Friends!" which featured remixes by The Orb, Apollo 440 and Renegade Soundwave. Crabb left the band in Summer 1995 - originally proposing to contribute in a non-touring capacity due to fatherhood - however, the band decided to replace him with Kerry Hammond on guitar and backing vocals, with Mansell taking over full vocal duties. The band decided to split in May 1996, (with 12 songs recorded and mixed in a state of near completion), and toured the UK briefly in June 1996 with a final live show at Roskilde. At this point, their set contained several unreleased songs from the unfinished album. Two tracks from this period were released at the time, a cover version of Gary Numan's "Friends", released on the 1997 tribute album "Random", and an instrumental track called "Zero Return" on a magazine sampler. In 2013, the songs from the unfinished album were assembled into a bonus disc with the reissue of "Dos Dedos Mis Amigos", comprising the 'unreleased 1996 album', now titled "A Lick of the Old Cassette Box".


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: Crabb concentrated on his ambient side project Golden Claw Musics. After the rest of the band split in 1996, March and Townshend went on to form the big beat band Bentley Rhythm Ace. Townshend also released two solo albums and Mansell wrote a number of film scores, including "Requiem for a Dream", "π", "Doom", "The Fountain", "The Wrestler", "Moon", and "Black Swan".


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: The band reformed to play their first gigs in eight years, in Nottingham, Birmingham, and London in January 2005. These gigs were notable for their Instant Live albums, whereby ten minutes after the completion of each gig, double live albums of the performance could be purchased.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: The band released a preview of new material called "Sonic Noise Byte" on 4 November 2005, as a torrent download for members of their official website pweination. However, an announcement on the official website in March 2006 confirmed that Mansell and March would no longer be involved in the project due to other work commitments, effectively ending the PWEI reformation. However the remaining band members continued as Vileevils, and released the tracks "Retro Dreaming" and "Street Fightin" for download via the pweination website.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: A secret, one-night PWEI reunion was scheduled to happen at the Vileevils show at Stourbridge Rock Cafe on 9 June 2007, but was foiled when Mansell was unable to obtain a visa in time to fly back to the UK. March still appeared at the show, and after the Vileevils set they played the planned PWEI songs, without Mansell.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: Vileevils performed their final live date in December 2008 supporting Ned's Atomic Dustbin, before recording an unreleased album, which was cancelled prior to release in 2010. Some songs from this record were re-recorded for the 2011 Pop Will Eat Itself album "New Noise Designed By A Sadist", whilst others remain unreleased to date.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: In July 2011, a new line-up was announced, featuring Graham Crabb (as the only original member), fellow vocalist Mary Byker (Gaye Bykers on Acid, Apollo 440, Pigface), guitarist Tim Muddiman (Gary Numan), drummer Jason Bowld (Pitchshifter, Killing Joke) and bassist Davey Bennett (This Burning Age).


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: In October that year the album "New Noise Designed by a Sadist" was released on Cooking Vinyl, produced by Monti & Rob Holliday (Sulpher, The Prodigy) and was followed by a UK tour. The band further toured in March and December 2012.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: The single "Disguise" was featured as Radio 6 Breakfast Show 'Single of the Week' and an instrumental "Back to Business" was used on Top Gear. Crabb & Byker also guested on Soccer AM. The band began working on a remix album to complement "New Noise Designed by a Sadist", but this project was discontinued in favour of the "Watch the Bitch Blow" EP. They toured the UK in December 2013 as one third of a triple bill featuring The Wonder Stuff and Jesus Jones.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: The "Watch the Bitch Blow" EP was released in March, 2014, through PledgeMusic, and the "Reclaim the Game (Funk FIFA)" single featuring Brazilian rapper BNegão (Planet Hemp) followed in June 2014 for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, as a protest song against FIFA. The album "Anti-Nasty League" was planned for release in September–October, but was delayed to fit in with the band's live schedule in 2015. It was released exclusively and independently through the band's shop: shop.popwilleatitself.net in April 2015. A 9-date UK tour was undertaken in May. In May, the band signed a publishing administration deal with Bucks Music Group for the ANL album only.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: On Friday 26 August 2016, PWEI headlined the opening day of Infest, with Fuzz Townshend rejoining on drums. Over the following years, they continued playing occasional concerts in the UK, with line-ups varying between shows to agree with the availability of the band members. In addition to Townshend, former band members Richard March and Adam Mole rejoined the band, resulting in a near original lineup by 2018.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: Seven years after its original release, "Anti-Nasty League" was made available digitally on the band's official store and major music streaming and download services. Two months later, in June 2022, a new single, "The Poppies Strike Back", was released. A second, "Chihuahua", followed in September. It was the first new music to be released by the band since 2015's "Anti-Nasty League" aside from a 2018 box set compilation which included several unreleased remixes and a rough demo.


title: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: All PWEI songs were credited to Vestan Pance. It was a pseudonym for the band as a whole. Although the songs were mainly Crabb or Mansell compositions, using a pseudonym was considered more interesting than just "All songs by Pop Will Eat Itself". When Townshend joined the band, an attempt to change the name to 'Vestan Pance and Socks' was denied by RCA.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: Starting in 1927, "Kirishima"s first reconstruction rebuilt her as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving her speed. From 1934, a second reconstruction completely rebuilt her superstructure, upgraded her engine plant, and equipped her with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet, she was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, "Kirishima" acted primarily as a support vessel and troop transport, moving army troops to mainland China. On the eve of World War II, she sailed as part of Vice-Admiral Chuichi Nagumo's "Kido Butai" as an escort for the six carriers that attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: As part of the Third Battleship Division, "Kirishima" participated in many of the Imperial Japanese Navy's early actions in 1942, providing support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and in the Indian Ocean raid of April 1942. During the Battle of Midway, she provided escort to Nagumo's four carriers, before redeploying to the Solomon Islands during the Battle of Guadalcanal. She escorted Japanese carrier fleets during the battles of the Eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz Islands, before sailing as part of a bombardment force under Admiral Nobutake Kondō during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: On the evening of 13 November 1942, "Kirishima" engaged American cruisers and destroyers alongside her sister ship . On the night of 14/15 November, in one of only two battleship duels of the Pacific War, "Kirishima" attacked and damaged the American battleship before being fatally crippled in turn by the battleship under the command of then Captain Glenn B. Davis. "Kirishima" capsized and sank in the early morning on 15 November 1942 in Ironbottom Sound.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: "Kirishima" was the third of the Imperial Japanese Navy's s, a group of capital ships designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston. The class was ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of in 1908. The four battlecruisers of the "Kongō" class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the other major powers at the time; they have been called the battlecruiser version of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship . With their heavy armament and armor protection (which took up 23.3% of their approximately 30,000 ton displacement), "Kirishima" and her sister ships were vastly superior to any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: The keel of "Kirishima" was laid down at the Nagasaki shipyards of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries on 17 March 1912, with most of the parts used in her construction manufactured in Japan. Due to a shortage of available slipways, "Kirishima" and her sister ship were the first two capital ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy to be built in private Japanese shipyards. After her launch on 1 December 1913, "Kirishima"s fitting-out began later that month. On 15 December 1914, Captain Kamaya Rokuro was assigned as her chief equipping officer, and she was completed on 19 April 1915.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: "Kirishima"s main battery consisted of eight heavy-caliber main guns in four twin turrets (two forward, two aft). The turrets were noted by the US Office of Naval Intelligence to be "similar to the British 15-inch turrets", with improvements made in flash-tightness. Each of her main guns could fire high-explosive or armor-piercing shells a maximum distance of at a firing rate of two shells per minute.<ref name="14/45"></ref> The ship's magazines could accommodate ninety rounds of ammunition for each of the main guns, which had an approximate barrel life of 250–280 shots. In 1941, dyes were introduced for the armor-piercing shells of the four "Kongō"-class battleships, with "Kirishima"s shells using blue dye.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: Her secondary battery was originally sixteen 50-caliber medium guns in single casemates (all located amidships), eight anti-aircraft guns, and eight submerged torpedo tubes. The sixteen 6-inch/50 caliber guns were capable of firing 5–6 rounds per minute, with a barrel life of 500 rounds. The 6-inch/50 caliber gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells, though the positioning of the guns on "Kirishima" made antiaircraft firing impractical. During her second reconstruction, the 3-inch guns were removed and replaced with eight guns. These guns could fire between 8 and 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel life of 800–1500 rounds. Designed to fire antiaircraft, antiship, and illumination shells, the 5-inch/40 caliber had the widest variety of shot type of "Kirishima"s guns. During her second reconstruction, "Kirishima" was also fitted with a small number of Type 96 antiaircraft autocannons.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: "Kirishima" was formally commissioned on 19 April 1915, and along with was assigned to the 1st Battleship Division of the First Fleet. After seven months of trials, she was reassigned to the 3rd Battleship Division of the Second Fleet, with Captain Shima Takeshi in overall command of the ship. In April 1916, "Kirishima" and "Haruna" departed Sasebo Naval Base to patrol the East China Sea for ten days. She remained in Sasebo until April 1917, when she again deployed to the Chinese coast with her sister ships "Haruna" and . Her last patrol operation of World War I was off the Chinese and Korean coast in April 1918. In July 1918, "Kirishima" acted as the transport of Prince Arthur of Connaught for his extended cruise to Canada, before returning to Japan.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: Following the end of World War I, the Japanese Empire gained control of former German possessions in the central Pacific per the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Due to Japan's warm relations with the British Empire and the United States at the time, "Kirishima" and other Japanese warships became significantly less active than during the war. On 1 December 1920, she was reassigned to the Third Division of the Second Fleet. Other than a patrol alongside "Kongō" and off the Chinese coast in August 1921, "Kirishima" remained in Sasebo. On 10 September 1922, she collided with the destroyer during fleet maneuvers, with both ships sustaining minor damage. Following the Great Kantō earthquake of September 1923, the capital ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy assisted in rescue work until the end of the month. She was placed in reserve in December 1923.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: With the conclusion of World War I and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, the size of the Imperial Japanese Navy was significantly lessened, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. The treaty also banned Japan from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no capital ship permitted to exceed 35,000 tons. Provided that new additions did not exceed 3,000 tons, existing capital ships were permitted to be upgraded with improved torpedo bulges and deck armor. By the time the Washington Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I-era capital ships—the and battleships, and the "Kongō"-class battlecruisers—remained active.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: Stripped of the ability to construct new capital ships, the Imperial Japanese Navy instead opted to significantly upgrade and reconfigure their existing battleships and battlecruisers. "Kirishima" was placed in Third Reserve in December 1926, before beginning her first reconstruction in early 1927. Horizontal armor over the ammunition magazines was strengthened, and she was also fitted with anti-torpedo bulges, as permitted by the Washington Treaty. To upgrade "Kirishima"s speed, the 36 coal-fired Yarrow boilers were removed and replaced with ten new mixed-firing Kampon boilers. To allow for more equipment to be installed on board, her forward superstructure was reconstructed in the Pagoda mast style, facilitating the removal of one of her three funnels. The reconstruction of the "Kongō"-class battlecruisers added an additional 4,000 tons of armor to the ships, directly violating the terms of the Washington Treaty. On 16 April 1930, the reconstruction was declared complete.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: Six days after "Kirishima"s reconstruction was completed, Japan pledged to scrap several battleships and signed the London Naval Treaty, which placed further bans on capital ship construction until 1937. From August to October 1930, she was outfitted with the equipment necessary to equip reconnaissance seaplanes. "Kirishima" patrolled the coast of China near Shanghai in April 1932, before she was again placed in the Third Reserve.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: In September 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria. On 25 February 1933, based on a report by the Lytton Commission, the League of Nations agreed that Japan had violated Chinese sovereignty in its invasion of Manchuria. Refusing to accept the organization's judgment, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations the same day. Immediately following, Japan also withdrew from the Washington and London Naval Treaties, thus removing all restrictions on the number and size of her capital ships.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: On 18 November 1934, "Kirishima" was drydocked in Sasebo Naval Arsenal in preparation for her second reconstruction, which would enable her to function alongside Japan's growing fleet of fast carriers. Her stern was lengthened by , while her superstructure was rebuilt to allow for new fire-control mechanisms. Her boilers were removed and replaced with eight new oil-fired Kampon Boilers, and she received newer geared turbines. The elevation of her main and secondary battery was increased, and she was equipped with two Nakajima E8N "Dave" and Kawanishi E7K "Alf" reconnaissance floatplanes. To this end, aircraft catapults and launch-rails were also refitted. Her older 3-inch guns were removed and replaced with eight 5-inch dual-purpose guns. She was also outfitted with twenty Type 96 25 mm antiaircraft guns in twin turrets, while two of her 6-inch guns and her remaining torpedo tubes were removed.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: "Kirishima"s armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of 8 inches (as opposed to varying thicknesses of 6–8 inches before the upgrades), while diagonal bulkheads of a depth ranging from reinforced the main armored belt. The turret armor was strengthened to , while were added to portions of the deck armor. The armor around her ammunition magazines was also strengthened over the course of the refit. The reconstruction was declared complete on 8 June 1936. Capable of speeds of up to , "Kirishima" was reclassified as a fast battleship.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: In August 1936, "Kirishima" departed Sasebo alongside to patrol the Chinese coast off Amoy. From March 1937 to April 1939, she was frequently deployed as a support vessel and troop transport during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In November 1938, "Kirishima" was designated the command vessel of the Third Battleship Division, and was under the command of Rear Admiral Chuichi Nagumo. In November 1939, she was placed in reserve and fitted with additional armor on the front faces of her turrets and barbettes.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: On 11 November 1941, after a series of transfers between Japanese naval bases, "Kirishima" was outfitted in preparation for coming hostilities and assigned—alongside her sister ships—to the Third Battleship Division. On 26 November, "Kirishima" departed Hitokappu Bay, Kurile Islands in the company of "Hiei" and six Japanese fast carriers of the First Air Fleet Striking Force (, , , , , and ). On 7 December 1941, aircraft from these six carriers attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at their home base of Pearl Harbor, sinking four U.S. Navy battleships and numerous other vessels. Following the attack and the declaration of war by the United States, "Kirishima" returned to Japan.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: On 8 January 1942, "Kirishima" departed Japan for Truk Naval Base in the Caroline Islands alongside the Carrier Strike Force. She provided escort during the invasion of New Britain on 17 January before returning to Truk. She sortied again in response to American carrier raids in the Marshall and Gilbert Islands. In March 1942, while supporting fleet operations off of Java in the Dutch East Indies, one of "Kirishima"s floatplanes bombed an enemy merchant vessel. South of Java, the Japanese fleet was surprised by the appearance of the destroyer . "Hiei" and initially opened fire on the ship but failed to score any hits. After dive-bombers from three of Admiral Nagumo's carriers immobilized the destroyer, "Kirishima" and the other two ships resumed firing on "Edsall" until she sank.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: In April 1942, "Kirishima" and the Third Battleship division joined five fleet carriers and two cruisers in an attack against British naval bases in the Indian Ocean. On 5 April—Easter Sunday—the Japanese fleet attacked the harbor at Colombo in Ceylon, while seaplanes from the spotted two fleeing British cruisers, both of which were later sunk by aerial attack. A floatplane from "Kirishima" also strafed a withdrawing oil tanker. On 8 April, Japanese carrier aircraft attacked the Royal Navy base at Trincomalee in Ceylon, only to find that all of Admiral James Somerville's remaining warships had withdrawn the previous night. Returning from the attack, a floatplane from "Kirishima"s sister ship "Haruna" spotted the aircraft carrier and escorting destroyer , which were quickly sunk by a massive aerial attack. Upon returning to Japan, "Kirishima" was drydocked and her secondary armament configuration modified with the addition of 25 mm antiaircraft guns in twin mounts.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: In June 1942, "Kirishima" sailed as part of the Carrier Strike Force during the Battle of Midway, providing escort for Admiral Nagumo's four fast carriers alongside "Haruna". Following the disastrous battle, during which all four Japanese aircraft carriers were destroyed, she took on survivors from the carriers before returning to Japan. In August 1942, she departed Japan for the Solomon Islands in the company of "Hiei", three carriers, three cruisers and eleven destroyers, in response to the American invasion of Guadalcanal. She escorted Japanese carriers during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, during which the light carrier was sunk. Following the battle, the fleet returned to Truk Naval Base. During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, "Kirishima" was part of Rear Admiral Hiroaki Abe's Vanguard Force, which provided distant cover to Nagumo's carrier groups. She was attacked by American dive-bombers on 26 October, yet remained undamaged.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: On 10 November 1942, "Kirishima" departed Truk alongside "Hiei" and eleven destroyers in preparation to shell American positions on Guadalcanal in advance of a major transport convoy of Japanese troops. U.S. Navy reconnaissance aircraft spotted the Japanese fleet several days in advance, and a U. S. Navy force of two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers and eight destroyers was deployed under the command of Rear Admiral Daniel J. Callaghan in Ironbottom Sound to meet them. At 01:24 on 13 November, the Japanese force was detected out by the light cruiser . In the ensuing First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the American task force concentrated the majority of their firepower on the battleship "Hiei". This enabled "Kirishima" to score multiple hits on the "Helena" and heavy cruiser . Both "Hiei" and "Kirishima" then raked "San Francisco" with shellfire, killing Rear Admiral Callaghan. However, "Hiei" was in turn crippled by "San Francisco" and several American destroyers. With "Hiei" effectively out of the battle, "Kirishima" and the surviving destroyers withdrew to the north. On the morning of 13 November, she was ordered to tow "Hiei" to safety. However, the heavily damaged battleship came under air attack, and was eventually abandoned and scuttled.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: On the evening of 13 November, "Kirishima" and her escorting destroyers were joined by the Fourth Cruiser Division and prepared to reenter Savo Sound, the Solomon Islands - "Ironbottom Sound" under the command of Admiral Nobutake Kondō. In the early morning of 14 November, three Japanese heavy cruisers bombarded Guadalcanal before withdrawing. Aware of the damage suffered by his ships the previous night, Admiral William Halsey reinforced the American naval units with the new battleships and . The two fleets made contact on 14 November at 23:01. They exchanged gunfire and torpedoes, with four American destroyers disabled (three would later sink), while the destroyer was crippled by "Washington" and "South Dakota".


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: "Kirishima" and the heavy cruiser illuminated "South Dakota" with searchlights, and almost all of Kondō's force opened fire on her. "Kirishima" achieved hits on "South Dakota" with at least three 14-inch salvos, which failed to penetrate her armor, and several salvos from her secondary battery, which knocked out the battleship's fire control systems and communications. At 23:40, "South Dakota" suffered a series of electrical failures, crippling her radar, radios and gun batteries.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: "Washington", undetected, started firing at midnight on "Kirishima" from , point-blank range for "Washington"s 16-inch/45-caliber guns, which were easily capable of penetrating "Kirishima"s armor at their maximum range. "Kirishima" was hit by at least twenty primary and seventeen secondary battery projectiles, penetrating the magazines for her forward 14-inch turrets (the magazines were flooded before they detonated), destroying the hydraulic pumps which jammed her rear 14-inch turrets and steering, setting her superstructure afire, and causing flooding that led to an 18 degree list to starboard. Initially, the light cruiser attempted to tow her out of Ironbottom Sound. When it became clear she could not be salvaged, the surviving Japanese destroyers evacuated Captain Iwabuchi and the remaining survivors. "Kirishima" capsized and sank at 03:25 on the morning of 15 November 1942, with 212 crewmen lost.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: "Kirishima"s wreck was discovered by Robert Ballard during an expedition to map the wrecks from the Battle of Guadalcanal in 1992. She lies upside down, with her bow section missing from the bridge forward due to a magazine explosion. Her anchor chain is wrapped around her stern section.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: Ballard's investigation of the wreck unfortunately was aborted due to a technical emergency, resulting in the dive only lasting some nine minutes.


title: Japanese battleship Kirishima

text: A further expedition to the wreck by Paul Allen's in January 2019 provided detailed information on both the damage received during the battle and confirms the subsequent detonation of her forward main magazines during the sinking process.


title: 2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu

text: The 2019 elections for Tamil Nadu's 39 seats in the 17th Lok Sabha were held on 18 April, in the second phase of the 2019 Indian general elections. The United Progressive Alliance, led by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, won a landslide victory, taking 38 of the 39 seats.


text: ECI has announced that the by-election (2016–21 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections) for 18 assembly constituencies together with the general elections (18 constituencies polling date – 18.04.2019 and 4 Constituencies – 19.05.2019). The counting of votes was held on 23 May and results were published on the same day.


text: There are 39 Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu, with an average of 1.51 million voters in each one.


text: Highest turnout in Dharmapuri constituency of 82.41% and the lowest is in Chennai South constituency of 57.07%.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The Université de Montréal (UdeM; ; translates to University of Montreal) is a French-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university's main campus is located in the Côte-des-Neiges neighborhood of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce on Mount Royal near the Outremont Summit (also called Mount Murray), in the borough of Outremont. The institution comprises thirteen faculties, more than sixty departments and two affiliated schools: the Polytechnique Montréal (School of Engineering; formerly the École polytechnique de Montréal) and HEC Montréal (School of Business). It offers more than 650 undergraduate programmes and graduate programmes, including 71 doctoral programmes.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The university was founded as a satellite campus of the Université Laval in 1878. It became an independent institution after it was issued a papal charter in 1919 and a provincial charter in 1920. Université de Montréal moved from Montreal's Quartier Latin to its present location at Mount Royal in 1942. It was made a secular institution with the passing of another provincial charter in 1967.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The school is co-educational, and has 34,335 undergraduate and 11,925 post-graduate students (excluding affiliated schools). Alumni and former students reside across Canada and around the world, with notable alumni serving as government officials, academics, and business leaders.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The Université de Montréal was founded in 1878 as a new branch of Université Laval in Quebec City. It was then known as the Université Laval à Montréal. The move initially went against the wishes of Montréal's prelate, who advocated an independent university in his city. Certain parts of the institution's educational facilities, such as those of the Séminaire de Québec and the Faculty of Medicine (founded as the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery), had already been established in Montréal in 1876 and 1843, respectively.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The Vatican granted the university some administrative autonomy in 1889, thus allowing it to choose its own professors and license its own diplomas. However, it was not until 8 May 1919 that a papal charter from Pope Benedict XV granted full autonomy to the university. It thus became an independent Catholic university and adopted Université de Montréal as its name. Université de Montréal was granted its first provincial charter on 14 February 1920.


title: Université de Montréal

text: At the time of its creation, fewer than a hundred students were admitted to the university's three faculties, which at that time were located in Old Montreal. These were the Faculty of Theology (located at the Grand séminaire de Montréal), the Faculty of Law (hosted by the Society of Saint-Sulpice), and the Faculty of Medicine (at the Château Ramezay).


title: Université de Montréal

text: Graduate training based on German-inspired American models of specialized coursework and completion of a research thesis was introduced and adopted. Most of Québec's secondary education establishments employed classic course methods of varying quality. This forced the university to open a preparatory school in 1887 to harmonize the education level of its students. Named the "Faculty of Arts", this school would remain in use until 1972 and was the predecessor of Québec's current CEGEP system.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Two distinct schools eventually became affiliated to the university. The first was the École Polytechnique, a school of engineering, which was founded in 1873 and became affiliated in 1887. The second was the École des Hautes Études Commerciales, or HEC (a business school), which was founded in 1907 and became part of the university in 1915. In 1907, Université de Montréal opened the first francophone school of architecture in Canada at the École Polytechnique.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Between 1920 and 1925, seven new faculties were added: Philosophy, Literature, Sciences, Veterinary Medicine, Dental Surgery, Pharmacy, and Social Sciences. Notably, the Faculty of Social Sciences was founded in 1920 by Édouard Montpetit, the first laic to lead a faculty. He thereafter was named secretary-general, a role he fulfilled until 1950.


title: Université de Montréal

text: From 1876 to 1895, most classes took place in the Grand séminaire de Montréal. From 1895 to 1942, the school was housed in a building at the intersection of Saint-Denis and Sainte-Catherine streets in Montreal's eastern downtown Quartier Latin. Unlike English-language universities in Montréal, such as McGill University, Université de Montréal suffered a lack of funding for two major reasons: the relative poverty of the French Canadian population and the complications ensuing from its being managed remotely, from Quebec City. The downtown campus was hit by three different fires between 1919 and 1921, further complicating the university's already precarious finances and forcing it to spend much of its resources on repairing its own infrastructure.


title: Université de Montréal

text: By 1930, enough funds had been accumulated to start the construction of a new campus on the northwest slope of Mount Royal, adopting new plans designed by Ernest Cormier. However, the financial crisis of the 1930s virtually suspended all ongoing construction. Many speculated that the university would have to sell off its unfinished building projects to ensure its own survival. Not until 1939 did the provincial government directly intervene by injecting public funds.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The campus's construction subsequently resumed and the mountain campus was officially inaugurated on 3 June 1943. The Côte-des-Neiges site includes property expropriated from a residential development along Decelles Avenue, known as Northmount Heights. The university's former downtown facilities would later serve as Montreal's second francophone university, the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM).


title: Université de Montréal

text: In 1943, the university assisted the Western Allies by providing laboratory accommodations on its campus. Scientists there worked to develop a nuclear reactor, notably by conducting various heavy water experiments. The research was part of the larger Manhattan Project, which aimed to develop the first atomic bomb. Scientists working on the school's campus eventually produced the first atomic battery to work outside of the United States. One of the participating Québec scientists, Pierre Demers, also discovered a series of radioactive elements issued from Neptunium.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Université de Montréal was issued its second provincial charter in 1950. A new government policy of higher education during the 1960s (following the Quiet Revolution) came in response to popular pressure and the belief that higher education was key to social justice and economic productivity. The policy led to the school's third provincial charter, which was passed in 1967. It defined the Université de Montréal as a public institution, dedicated to higher learning and research, with students and teachers having the right to participate in the school's administration.


title: Université de Montréal

text: In 1965, the appointment of the university's first secular rector, Roger Gaudry, paved the way for modernization. The school established its first adult-education degree program offered by a French Canadian university in 1968. That year the "Lionel-Groulx" and "3200 Jean-Brillant" buildings were inaugurated, the former being named after Quebec nationalist Lionel Groulx. The following year, the Louis Collin parking garage—which won a Governor General's medal for its architecture in 1970—was erected.


title: Université de Montréal

text: An important event that marked the university's history was the École Polytechnique massacre. On 6 December 1989, a gunman armed with a rifle entered the École Polytechnique building, killing 14 people, all of whom were women, before taking his own life.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Since 2002, the university has embarked on its largest construction project since the late 1960s, with the construction of five new buildings planned for advanced research in pharmacology, engineering, aerospace, cancer studies and biotechnology.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The university's main campus is located on the northern slope of Mount-Royal in the Outremont and Côte-des-Neiges boroughs. Its landmark Pavilion Roger-Gaudry (named for former rector Roger Gaudry)—known until 2003 as "Pavillon principal"—can be seen from around the campus and is known for its imposing tower. It is built mainly in the Art Deco style with some elements of International style and was designed by noted architect Ernest Cormier. On 14 September 1954, a Roll of Honour plaque on the wall at the right of the stairs to the Court of Honour in Roger-Gaudry Pavillon was dedicated to alumni of the school who died in while in the Canadian military during the Second World War. In November 1963, a memorial plaque was dedicated to the memory of those members of the Université de Montréal who served in the Armed Forces during the First and Second World Wars and Korea. The Mont-Royal campus is served by the Côte-des-Neiges, Université-de-Montréal, and Édouard-Montpetit metro stations.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The J.-Armand-Bombardier Incubator is among buildings jointly erected by the Université de Montréal and Polytechnique Montréal. The incubator is part on the main campus of Université de Montréal and was built in the fall of 2004 with the aim of helping R&D-intensive startup companies by providing complete infrastructures at advantageous conditions. The environment helps promote collaboration between industries and academics while encouraging Quebec entrepreneurship. Since its creation the Incubator has hosted more than fifteen companies, mainly in the biomedical field, in the field of polymer/surface treatment, in optics/photonics (like Photon etc.) and in IT security (like ESET).


title: Université de Montréal

text: The Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) and the Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine are the two teaching hospital networks of the Université de Montréal's Faculty of Medicine, although the latter is also affiliated with other medical institutions such as the Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal Heart Institute, Hôpital Sacré-Coeur and Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont. A plaque dedicated to the personnel of the "Hôpital Général Canadien No. 6 (Université Laval de Montréal)" from 1916 to 1920 was donated by Mr. Louis de Gonzague Beaubien in 1939.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Apart from its main Mont-Royal campus, the university also maintains five regional facilities in Terrebonne, Laval, Longueuil, Saint-Hyacinthe and Mauricie. The campus in Laval, just north of Montréal, was opened in 2006. It is Laval's first university campus and is located in the area near the Montmorency metro station and opposite to Collège Montmorency. In October 2009, the university announced an expansion of its Laval satellite campus with the commissioning of the six-storey Cité du Savoir complex. The Mauricie campus in the city of Trois-Rivières is known for its association with the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR) and as a satellite campus for the university's faculty of medicine. To solve the problem of lack of space on its main campus, the university is also planning to open a new campus in Outremont, known as the MIL campus.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The university's master plan includes the construction of new institutional spaces in the borough of Outremont, Montreal. The campus accessible by two metro stations (Outremont and Acadie), will include teaching and research rooms. The premises are built in accordance with LEED eco-certification.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The MIL campus (which derives its name from "Milieu", which means middle in French) has been under construction since 2016. At the centre of the campus lies the Science Complex, which opened in 2019.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The opening of the MIL Campus generated controversy and attracted criticism from various community organizations in Parc-Extension, one of the poorest boroughs in Montreal. In the fall of 2019, the opening of the campus was disrupted by the Parc-Extension Action Committee (CAPE) to denounce the increasing number of tenants who are evicted from their apartments to make more units available for students in the borough. More recently, these organizations claimed that the arrival of the campus has encouraged a significant increase in evictions and rental prices in Parc-Extension.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Researchers from three Montreal universities – McGill University, Concordia University and Université du Quebec à Montreal – implemented the Parc-Extension anti-eviction mapping project in 2019, in collaboration with CAPE. A report documenting the gentrification of Parc-Extension was published in June 2020 by the Parc-Extension anti-eviction mapping project and the CAPE. The authors conclude that the average rent for two-bedroom apartment ads between February and May 2020 was almost twice the estimates made by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation in October 2019. Organizations have also criticized the Université de Montréal for excluding the construction of student residences from the master plan of the new campus.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The Université de Montréal is a publicly funded research university and a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Undergraduate students make up the majority of the university community, accounting for 74 per cent of the university student body, whereas graduate students account for 24 per cent of the student body. The university presently has 66,768 students (including students from affiliated institutions HEC Montréal and Polytechnique Montréal). More than 9,500 university students are international students, while another 8,000 are considered permanent residents of Canada. From the 1 June 2010 to the 31 May 2011, the university conferred 7,012 bachelor's degrees, 461 doctoral degrees, and 3,893 master's degrees.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Depending on a student's citizenship, they may be eligible for financial assistance from the Student Financial Assistance program, administered by the provincial Ministry of Education, Recreation and Sports, and/or the Canada Student Loans and Grants through the federal and provincial governments. The university's Office of Financial Aid acts as intermediaries between the students and the Quebec government for all matters relating to financial assistance programs. The financial aid provided may come in the form of loans, grants, bursaries, scholarships fellowships and work programs.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Université de Montréal has consistently been ranked in a number of university rankings. In the 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the university ranked 101–150 in the world and sixth in Canada. The 2023 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 116th in the world and fifth in Canada. The 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed the university 111th in the world, and fifth in Canada. In "U.S. News & World Report" 2022–23 global university rankings, the university placed 156th in its world rankings, and sixth in Canada. In "Maclean's" 2023 Canadian university rankings, the university was ranked 10th in their Medical-Doctoral university category. The university was ranked in spite of having opted out from participation in Maclean's graduate survey since 2006.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Université de Montréal also placed in a number of rankings that evaluated the employment prospects of graduates. In QS's 2022 graduate employability ranking, the university ranked 191–200 in the world, and eighth in Canada. In the Times Higher Education's 2022 global employability ranking, the university's graduate business school, HEC Montréal, placed 63rd in the world, and fourth in Canada.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Université de Montréal is a member of the U15, a group that represents 15 Canadian research universities. The university includes 465 research units and departments. In 2018, Research Infosource ranked the university third in their list of top 50 research universities; with a sponsored research income (external sources of funding) of $536.238 million in 2017. In the same year, the university's faculty averaged a sponsored research income of $271,000, while its graduates averaged a sponsored research income of $33,900.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Université de Montréal research performance has been noted in several bibliometric university rankings, which uses citation analysis to evaluate the impact a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked the university 104th in the world, and fifth in Canada. The University Ranking by Academic Performance 2018–19 rankings placed the university 99th in the world, and fifth in Canada.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Since 2017, Université de Montréal has partnered with the McGill University on Mila (research institute), a community of professors, students, industrial partners and startups working in AI, with over 500 researchers making the institute the world's largest academic research center in deep learning. The institute was originally founded in 1993 by Professor Yoshua Bengio.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The school's two main student unions are the Fédération des associations étudiantes du campus de l'Université de Montréal (FAÉCUM), which represents all full-time undergraduate and graduate students, and the Association Étudiante de la Maîtrise et du Doctorat de HEC Montréal (AEMD), which defends the interests of those enrolled in HEC Montréal. FAÉCUM traces its lineage back to 1989, when the Fédération étudiante universitaire du Québec (FEUQ) was founded, and is currently the largest student organization in Québec. Accredited organizations and clubs on campus cover a wide range of interests ranging from academics to cultural, religion and social issues. FAÉCUM is currently associated with 82 student organizations and clubs. Four fraternities and sororities are recognized by the university's student union: Sigma Thêta Pi, Nu Delta Mu, Zeta Lambda Zeta, and Eta Psi Delta.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The university's student population operates a number of news media outlets. The "Quartier Libre" is the school's main student newspaper. CISM-FM is an independently owned radio station of the students of the Université de Montréal and operated by the student union. The radio station dates back to 1970; it received a permit from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) on 10 July 1990 to transmit on an FM band. On 14 March 1991, CISM's broadcasting antenna was boosted to 10 000 watts. With a broadcasting radius of 70 km, CISM is now the world's largest French-language university radio station. The CFTU-DT television station also receives technical and administrative support from the student body.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Université de Montréal's sports teams are known as the Carabins. The Carabins participate in the U Sports' Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ) conference for most varsity sports. Varsity teams include rugby, badminton, Canadian football, cheerleading, golf, hockey, swimming, alpine skiing, soccer, tennis, track and field, cross-country, and volleyball. The athletics program at the university dates back to 1922. The university's athletic facilities is open to both its varsity teams and students. The largest sports facility is the Centre d'éducation physique et des sports de l'Université de Montréal (CEPSUM), which is also home to all of the Carabin's varsity teams. The CEPSUM's building was built in 1976 in preparation for the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montréal. The outdoor stadium of the CEPSUM, which hosts the university's football team, can seat around 5,100 people.


title: Université de Montréal

text: The university has an extensive alumni network, with more than 300,000 members. Throughout the university's history, faculty, alumni, and former students have played prominent roles in a number of fields. Several prominent business leaders have graduated from the university. Graduates include Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, founder and CEO of Telemedia, Louis R. Chênevert, chairman and CEO of the United Technologies Corporation, and Pierre Karl Péladeau, former president and CEO of Quebecor.


title: Université de Montréal

text: A number of students have also gained prominence for their research and work in a number of scientific fields. Roger Guillemin, a graduate of the university, would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with neurohormones. Alumnus Ishfaq Ahmad would also gain prominence for his work with Pakistan's nuclear weapon's program. Jocelyn Faubert, known for his work in the fields of visual perception, is currently a faculty member of the university. Gilles Brassard, best known for his fundamental work in quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation, quantum entanglement distillation, quantum pseudo-telepathy, and the classical simulation of quantum entanglement. Ian Goodfellow is a thought leader in the field of artificial intelligence.


title: Université de Montréal

text: Many former students have gained local and national prominence for serving in government, including Former Supreme Court of Canada Judge and UN Human Rights Commissioner Louise Arbour. Michaëlle Jean served as Governor General of Canada and as Secretary-General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Ahmed Benbitour served as the Prime Minister of Algeria, and Pierre Trudeau served as the Prime Minister of Canada. Eleven Premiers of Quebec have also graduated from Université de Montréal, including Jean-Jacques Bertrand, Robert Bourassa, Maurice Duplessis, Lomer Gouin, Daniel Johnson, Jr., Daniel Johnson Sr., Pierre-Marc Johnson, Bernard Landry, Jacques Parizeau, Paul Sauvé and Philippe Couillard.


title: Mark McManus

text: He has played roles in British television series "Sam," "Bulman, The Brothers, Strangers," and "Dramarama" and starred in the feature film "2000 Weeks". He was best known for playing the tough Glaswegian Detective Chief Inspector Jim Taggart in the long-running STV television series "Taggart" from 1983 until his death in 1994.


title: Mark McManus

text: McManus was born in Hamilton, Scotland, and moved to Hillingdon in London, England when he was three years old, until he moved again at the age of 16 to Australia, where he performed in amateur theatre groups that led him to becoming a professional actor. He appeared in the children's TV series "Skippy the Bush Kangaroo" and had a guest appearance in the long-running Australian police drama "Homicide". He also starred in Tim Burstall's feature film "2000 Weeks" (1969), which was the first full-length Australian-produced feature made in Australia since Charles Chauvel's "Jedda" in 1954.


title: Mark McManus

text: McManus also appeared in the American-produced historical drama "Adam's Woman" and co-starred with Mick Jagger in the Tony Richardson film version of the Ned Kelly story, "Ned Kelly" (both 1970).


title: Mark McManus

text: McManus returned to the UK in 1971, and was known to a wider audience when he played roles such as Harry Carter in "The Brothers" and Sam Wilson, a coal miner in the 1973 TV series "Sam". McManus appeared opposite Peter O'Toole in the 1976 TV movie "Rogue Male", and starred as a dour Scots police officer, Jack Lambie, in "Strangers", a role he reprised as a guest star in the spin-off, "Bulman". McManus also had roles in productions at the National Theatre and the Royal Court Theatre.


title: Mark McManus

text: McManus was also a boxer before he moved into acting. He is not to be confused with the boxer of the same name (born 1974) from Basildon in England.


title: Mark McManus

text: McManus began playing the title character in the crime drama "Taggart" in September 1983, alongside Neil Duncan, Tom Watson and Robert Robertson. The pilot attracted an estimated 7.6 million viewers. When Duncan left the show in 1987, James MacPherson joined as new character Michael Jardine, immediately promoted to replace Duncan's character as detective sergeant. This was preceded by the arrival of a new superintendent, Jack McVitie, in the 1985 episode "Murder In Season". A new female detective constable, Jackie Reid (portrayed by Blythe Duff), was introduced in 1990 and, in "Rogue's Gallery" (1990), Taggart promoted her to detective sergeant.


title: Mark McManus

text: McManus drank heavily and, after several years of declining health, died from an alcohol-related illness. He was hospitalised with severe jaundice in May 1994, and died in Glasgow of pneumonia brought on by liver failure, on 6 June 1994, aged 59, eight months after the death of his second wife Marion. In the last two years of his life McManus had also lost his mother, his brother and his two sisters. The actor was the first person to be posthumously awarded the Lord Provost of Glasgow's Award for Performing Arts.


title: Mark McManus

text: McManus's final Taggart episode was "Prayer for the Dead" (1995). He was the first Taggart cast member to die; he was followed by Iain Anders (Jack McVitie) who died three years later in 1997, aged 64, from a heart attack.


title: Mark McManus

text: After the death of McManus in 1994, his character was given an on-air funeral in the final episode of the series's 11th season, "Black Orchid". In the same episode the character of Michael Jardine was promoted to Taggart's rank of detective chief inspector.


title: Mark McManus

text: The McManus family adopted Brian Connolly, later of 1970s glam rock band The Sweet; both men perceived a resemblance between them, and supposed McManus's father to have also been Connolly's.


title: Rob Wiethoff

text: Robert Allen Wiethoff (born September 15, 1976) is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for portraying John Marston in the 2010 video game "Red Dead Redemption", its expansion "Undead Nightmare", and the 2018 prequel "Red Dead Redemption 2". Born and raised in Seymour, Indiana, Wiethoff attended Seymour High School, and graduated from Indiana University in 1999. Soon afterwards, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting, but faced difficulty in finding roles, other than small parts in films and television advertisements. In 2008, Rockstar Games cast Wiethoff as John Marston, the lead character in "Red Dead Redemption"; he worked on the game for almost two years. For his role, he won Outstanding Character Performance at the 14th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards.


title: Rob Wiethoff

text: Following the release of "Red Dead Redemption", Wiethoff moved back to Seymour to focus on his family, marrying his wife Tayler, with whom he has two children. He briefly returned to acting in New York City for "Undead Nightmare", the downloadable content pack for "Red Dead Redemption", but remained in Seymour afterwards to work in construction, allowing him to spend time with his family. In 2014, Wiethoff returned to portray John Marston in "Red Dead Redemption 2", a prequel to the original game. Though he was told that he would be required for about a year, he ultimately worked on the game for almost four years, as his role was expanded to become a playable character like the first game; "Red Dead Redemption 2" was released in 2018.


title: Rob Wiethoff

text: Robert Allen Wiethoff was born in Seymour, Indiana on September 15, 1976, to Dr. Richard Allen Wiethoff and Nancy Louise Wiethoff (), the younger brother of Kimberly. Wiethoff's paternal grandfather, Clifford A. Wiethoff (died 2010), played on the 1939–40 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team. When he was 17 months old in February 1978, Wiethoff cut off his left ring finger by grabbing the chain of an exercise bicycle; it was re-attached at the Jewish Hospital in Louisville, and Wiethoff became the youngest person in the world to have undergone a successful replant. The incident was scheduled to be featured on an episode of "America Alive!" in September 1978, but later rescheduled. Wiethoff attended Seymour High School, and graduated from Indiana University with a degree in general studies in 1999. He had considered studying aviation at Purdue University. Wiethoff felt that he "found [his] partying legs" at university, and that he did not take it seriously. He worked several jobs around this time, including as a bouncer in Chicago, and as a recruiter for information technology companies.


title: Rob Wiethoff

text: While attending Indiana University, Wiethoff dated a woman who later moved to Los Angeles. He visited there for a week and was convinced by many people that they could get him acting roles in films, and he moved shortly after; though he did not take the offers seriously, he felt that it would be more enjoyable than working construction in Indiana. The promises that were offered to him failed to come true, and Wiethoff was left working as a bartender. He did not receive many jobs in acting, other than a few small roles in small films and television advertisements. He ultimately lived in Los Angeles for about ten years.


title: Rob Wiethoff

text: Wiethoff was cast as protagonist John Marston in the video game "Red Dead Redemption" (2010) by Rockstar Games. He auditioned for the role in December 2008 by folding laundry while reading his lines. He felt that the audition was a waste of time, but received the role a few days later. He worked on the game for almost two years, with principal production lasting around six weeks. Recording would take place over a few weeks, before taking a break of a month or two. Wiethoff estimated that around 12–15 scenes were recorded each day. The recording crew often referred to scenes from Rockstar's "Grand Theft Auto IV" (2008) during production; Wiethoff pretended to understand before eventually admitting that he had not played the game. For his role in "Red Dead Redemption", Wiethoff won Outstanding Character Performance at the 14th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards. He was nominated for Best Performance by a Human Male at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, where John was also nominated for Character of the Year. In 2013, "Complex" named Wiethoff's performance as one of the best in a video gaming, praising the growth of the character.


title: Rob Wiethoff

text: After his work on "Red Dead Redemption" in May 2010, Wiethoff moved back to Seymour to focus on his family; he started working at an industrial supplies company. About a month after moving back, he was asked to return for the downloadable content "Undead Nightmare" (2010), which was recorded in New York City, instead of Los Angeles. In November 2010, Wiethoff began working for Bob Poynter GM as part of the sales team. He soon got hired in construction, which allowed him to spend time with his family. Wiethoff voiced Lazarus in the interactive radio drama "Codename Cygnus" in September 2013. In 2014, Rockstar Games asked Wiethoff to return for another game: "Red Dead Redemption 2" (2018), a prequel to "Red Dead Redemption". He was told that he would be required for about a year; he used all of his annual leave and sick leave from his job to work on the game. When he was eventually denied permission to take more leave, he quit his job and started working construction jobs for his brother-in-law during filming breaks. Wiethoff spent almost four years on the game, as his role was expanded to become a playable character like the first game. Wiethoff looked to his own life when returning to the character; he always looked up to his older sister's male friends for approval in the same way that John looks up to the rest of the gang for validation. He also took inspiration from the "pretty tough dudes" in his home town for John's personality.


title: Rob Wiethoff

text: After the game's release, Wiethoff turned his chicken coop into a home office filled with art and gifts he has received from fans, several of which he has garnered from the conventions that he attends.


title: Rob Wiethoff

text: Wiethoff married Tayler Nicole Pitchford on June 10, 2011. They met in Los Angeles—where Tayler grew up—during development of "Red Dead Redemption". Once the game was released, the couple moved to Seymour to start a family. Their twin boys were born on October 28, 2011; they were born prematurely at approximately 28 weeks, which led to them requiring extensive medical attention following their birth; they spent about seven weeks in a neonatal intensive care unit.


title: The Gambler (1974 film)

text: The Gambler is a 1974 American crime drama film written by James Toback and directed by Karel Reisz. It stars James Caan, Paul Sorvino and Lauren Hutton.


title: The Gambler (1974 film)

text: Axel Freed is an English professor in New York City with a gambling addiction that begins to spiral out of control. In the classroom, Freed inspires his college students with his interpretations of Fyodor Dostoevsky's work. In his personal life, Axel has the affection of the beautiful Billie and the admiration of his family, including his mother, Naomi, who is a doctor, and his grandfather, a wealthy businessman.


title: The Gambler (1974 film)

text: Axel's gambling has left him with a huge debt. His bookie, a mafioso known as Hips, likes the professor personally but threatens grave consequences if he does not pay it soon. When Billie, having been informed by Axel that he owes $44,000, questions the wisdom of her associating with him, Axel confidently tells her she loves his life's dangers, including "the possibility of blood".


title: The Gambler (1974 film)

text: After obtaining the $44,000 from his disapproving mother, Axel goes with Billie to Las Vegas and gambles it into a small fortune, only to lose back his last $50,000 on a last second incredibly lucky shot in a Laker game.


title: The Gambler (1974 film)

text: After winning $12,000 on a fixed Laker game gift from another gambler and paying it to the bookmaker, associates of that bookmaker abduct Axel. The boss asks Axel if he has family who might help him pay. Axel mentions his grandfather and mother. The boss says he’d asked the grandfather who said no.


title: The Gambler (1974 film)

text: Axel decides to lure one of his students, a star on the college basketball team, to shave points in his next game so the mob can bet big on the game to cover his debt. He does so by offering the student $5,000 which his student accepts. After setting up that deal, Axel visits his grandfather. Near the end of their conversation, his grandfather asks if he needs his help. Axel says he’s taken care of it and leaves. Axel watches the game with three mob bookmakers and gets incredibly lucky when his team gives up 10 points in the last 1 minute 28 seconds to win by only 6 not covering the 7 point spread. Axel nixes a night of celebration with Hipps and this time gambles with his life. He wanders off after the game into a black ghetto pub down the street.


title: The Gambler (1974 film)

text: Axel meets a prostitute at the bar and they walk upstairs where Axel is threatened by her pimp after refusing to pay the prostitute when she refuses to take all her clothes off. Axel gambles his life egging the pimp to cut him with his switch blade and, when the pimp backs off thinking Axel is crazy, repeatedly punches the pimp knocking him to the floor. The prostitute then picks up the fallen switch blade and slashes Axel across the face. Axel staggers down the stairs bleeding from his facial wound, looks at himself in a mirror, and smiles enigmatically at his slashed cheek.


title: The Gambler (1974 film)

text: The film was the first produced screenplay by James Toback. Toback had worked as an English lecturer at the City College of New York and had a gambling problem. He originally wrote "The Gambler" as a semi-autobiographical novel but halfway through started envisioning it as a film and turned it into a screenplay.