title: Surnames by country

text: Prior to the establishment of the Philippines as a US territory during the earlier part of the 20th century, Filipinos usually followed Iberian naming customs. However, upon the promulgation of the Family Code of 1987, Filipinos formalized adopting the American system of using their surnames.


title: Surnames by country

text: A common Filipino name will consist of the given name (mostly 2 given names are given), the initial letter of the mother's maiden name and finally the father's surname (i.e. Lucy Anne C. de Guzman). Also, women are allowed to retain their maiden name or use both her and her husband's surname as a double-barreled surname, separated by a dash. This is common in feminist circles or when the woman holds a prominent office (e.g. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Miriam Defensor Santiago). In more traditional circles, especially those who belong to the prominent families in the provinces, the custom of the woman being addressed as "Mrs. Husband's Full Name" is still common.


title: Surnames by country

text: For widows, who chose to marry again, two norms are in existence. For those who were widowed before the Family Code, the full name of the woman remains while the surname of the deceased husband is attached. That is, Maria Andres, who was widowed by Ignacio Dimaculangan will have the name Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan. If she chooses to marry again, this name will still continue to exist while the surname of the new husband is attached. Thus, if Maria marries Rene de los Santos, her new name will be Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan de los Santos.


title: Surnames by country

text: However, a new norm is also in existence. The woman may choose to use her husband's surname to be one of her middle names. Thus, Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan de los Santos may also be called Maria A.D. de los Santos.


title: Surnames by country

text: Children will however automatically inherit their father's surname if they are considered legitimate. If the child is born out of wedlock, the mother will automatically pass her surname to the child, unless the father gives a written acknowledgment of paternity. The father may also choose to give the child both his parents' surnames if he wishes (that is Gustavo Paredes, whose parents are Eulogio Paredes and Juliana Angeles, while having Maria Solis as a wife, may name his child Kevin S. Angeles-Paredes.


title: Surnames by country

text: In some Tagalog regions, the norm of giving patronyms, or in some cases matronyms, is also accepted. These names are of course not official, since family names in the Philippines are inherited. It is not uncommon to refer to someone as Juan anak ni Pablo (John, the son of Paul) or Juan apo ni Teofilo (John, the grandson of Theophilus).


title: Surnames by country

text: In Romania, like in most of Europe, it is customary for a child to take his father's family name, and a wife to take her husband's last name. However, this is not compulsory spouses and parents are allowed to choose other options too, as the law is flexible (see Art. 282, Art. 449 Art. 450. of the Civil Code of Romania).


title: Surnames by country

text: Until the 19th century, the names were primarily of the form "[given name] [father's name] [grandfather's name]". The few exceptions are usually famous people or the nobility (boyars). The name reform introduced around 1850 had the names changed to a western style, most likely imported from France, consisting of a given name followed by a family name.


title: Surnames by country

text: As such, the name is called "prenume" (French "prénom"), while the family name is called "nume" or, when otherwise ambiguous, "nume de familie" ("family name"). Although not mandatory, middle names are common.


title: Surnames by country

text: Historically, when the family name reform was introduced in the mid-19th century, the default was to use a patronym, or a matronym when the father was dead or unknown. A common convention was to append the suffix "-escu" to the father's name, e.g. "Anghelescu" (""Anghel's" child") and "Petrescu" (""Petre's" child"). (The "-escu" seems to come from Latin "-iscum", thus being cognate with Italian "-esco" and French "-esque".) Another common convention was to append the suffix "-eanu" to the name of the place of origin, e.g. "Munteanu" ("from the mountains") and "Moldoveanu" ("from "Moldova""). These uniquely Romanian suffixes strongly identify ancestral nationality.


title: Surnames by country

text: There are also descriptive family names derived from occupations, nicknames, and events, e.g. "Botezatu" ("baptised"), "Barbu" ("bushy bearded"), "Prodan" ("foster"), "Bălan" ("blond"), "Fieraru" ("smith"), "Croitoru" ("tailor"), "Păcuraru" ("shepherd").


title: Surnames by country

text: Although given names appear before family names in most Romanian contexts, official documents invert the order, ostensibly for filing purposes. Correspondingly, Romanians occasionally introduce themselves with their family names first, e.g. a student signing a test paper in school.


title: Surnames by country

text: Romanians bearing names of non-Romanian origin often adopt Romanianised versions of their ancestral surnames. For example, "Jurovschi" for Polish "Żurowski", or Popovici for Serbian Popović ("son of a priest"), which preserves the original pronunciation of the surname through transliteration. In some cases, these changes were mandated by the state.


title: Surnames by country

text: In Turkey, following the Surname Law imposed in 1934 in the context of Atatürk's Reforms, every family living in Turkey was given a family name. The surname was generally selected by the elderly people of the family and could be any Turkish word (or a permitted word for families belonging to official minority groups).


title: Surnames by country

text: Some of the most common family names in Turkey are "Yılmaz" ('undaunted'), "Doğan" ('falcon'), "Şahin" ('hawk'), "Yıldırım" ('thunderbolt'), "Şimşek" ('lightning'), "Öztürk" ('purely Turkish').


title: Surnames by country

text: Patronymic surnames do not necessarily refer to ancestry, or in most cases cannot be traced back historically. The most usual Turkish patronymic suffix is "–oğlu"; "–ov(a)", "–yev(a)" and "–zade" also occur in the surnames of Azeri or other Turkic descendants.


title: Surnames by country

text: The Armenian families living in Turkey usually have Armenian surnames and generally have the suffix "–yan", "–ian", or, using Turkish spelling, "-can". Greek descendants usually have Greek surnames which might have Greek suffixes like "–ou", "–aki(s)", "–poulos/poulou", "–idis/idou", "–iadis/iadou" or prefixes like "papa–".


title: Surnames by country

text: The Sephardic Jews who were expelled from Spain and settled in Turkey in 1492 have both Jewish/Hebrew surnames, and Spanish surnames, usually indicating their native regions, cities or villages back in Spain, like "De Leon" or "Toledano".


title: Loomis Fall

text: Loomis Fall is an American songwriter, multi-instrumentalist musician, actor and stunt performer who has performed with several rock and punk bands, most notably with Wax, an early-1990s California pop-punk band, which was compared to the likes of the Ramones and the Pixies. Fall has performed as a cast member in the "Jackass" and "Wildboyz" television shows and movies. He has also had gallery shows in Los Angeles for his paintings.


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall appeared in the films "", "Jackass Number Two", "Jackass 2.5", "Jackass 3D", and "Jackass 3.5". He was a recurring cast member on the "Jackass" and "Wildboyz" (season 4) TV series.


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall has worked on a range of musical projects with a variety of rock music veterans. He played lap steel guitar on Roger Alan Wade's "All Likkered Up" (2005) record. He has also released two CDs of music with his self-titled dark rock/punk band Loomis. On his record "Cigarette" (1997)/(2006), he played all guitars, drums, vocals, and lap steel. His second record, "Black Black" (2009), also features Greg Hetson on guitars (Circle Jerks and Bad Religion), Tommy Stinson on bass (The Replacements and Guns N' Roses), and Josh Freese on drums (Vandals, Devo, and Nine Inch Nails).


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall has played drums with fellow "Jackass" and "Wildboyz" castmate Chris Pontius in Pontius' band Scream for Me. The band did an extended tour in Ireland. Fall appeared on "The Podge and Rodge Show" on RTÉ (Ireland National Television) in 2007. He also played with the band at their appearance on the "" on MTV in 2008.


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall appeared as a cartoon character on MTV2's animated comedy "Where My Dogs At?" (featuring characters voiced by Jeffrey Ross and Tracy Morgan) in an episode titled "Woofie Loves Snoop" (2006).


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall contributed background music to the "Wildboyz" TV series (2003–2006) on MTV, and wrote and played background music for the film "Ultimate Predator" (2006). He has also contributed music as a writer on a variety of TV and film projects, including the films, "Bio-Dome", and "Mallrats", for which he penned the title song.


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall performed with Manny Puig's live "Snakes in the Club" show—featuring a collection of live snakes—which toured Florida in 2008.


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall is a registered baseball umpire and officiated the 2007 Little League Baseball final in Williamsport.


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall made guest appearances, along with fellow "Jackass" stars Bam Margera and Ryan Dunn, in the Gumball 3000, which took them to Korea and China (2008). He returned again for the Gumball 3000 U.S. Rally Coast to Coast TV series (2009).


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall appeared as a cartoon character in a special edition Marvel comic book issue "The Saturday Morning Comic" released in 1996. The issue featured the Ramones, the Violent Femmes and Wax.


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall appeared in five music videos while a member of Wax, four of which were directed by Spike Jonze. In addition to the "man on fire" video for "California" (1995), Jonze also directed Wax videos for "Hush" (1992) (one of Jonze's first music videos), "Who Is Next" (1995), and a video for Wax's rendition of "The Ren and Stimpy Show"s "Happy Happy Joy Joy" (1995) which appeared on the "" compilation CD and video. Fall also appeared in an alternate video for the song "Who Is Next" (1994) which featured members of the band Rancid. Additionally, he was in an episode of "Beavis and Butt-Head", when the two MTV animated characters watch Wax's video for "California" and it sends Beavis into a shaking and mumbling trance due to his obsession with fire. The video was banned from daytime airplay by MTV in 1995.


title: Loomis Fall

text: Before being in the band Wax (in the late 80s-early 90s), Loomis was the drummer for goth L.A. band Screams for Tina (Cleopatra Records) playing drums on some of their early recordings and live shows.


title: Loomis Fall

text: Fall played bandolin and guitar for skateboarder Mark Gonzales in what they called the Mark Gonzales 5 band on a song which was featured in a Real skateboard video (1997).


title: Loomis Fall

text: In February 2000, in a pre-Jackass stunt, Fall and Chris Pontius joined forces for "Big Brother" skateboard magazine and donned pink and blue pj's and used skateboard trucks as slides for dobros and lap steel guitars. The goal was a humorous durability test to see if the trucks would hold up during the mayhem.


title: Loomis Fall

text: While filming "Jackass 3D", Fall suffered a compound fracture of his clavicle when he landed on it during a stunt involving a jet engine and an umbrella.


title: Loomis Fall

text: In 2013, Fall & Greg Hetson (from the Circle Jerks & Bad Religion) wrote all the songs together for their band Creatures In Habit. All vocals, live drums, steel guitar were played by Fall. All guitars, bass, keyboard, were played by Hetson. They released a limited, scarce to find vinyl pressing of only 150. In 2021, on Halloween night, their band Creatures In Habit released "Whips? Just Hits" for digital downloading.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)

text: Bigg Boss is the first season of the Indian reality TV programme "Bigg Boss". It aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 3 November 2006 to 26 January 2007, a total of 86 days. Unlike other versions of "Big Brother", the Indian version uses celebrities as housemates, not members of the general public. It was hosted by Bollywood actor Arshad Warsi. The series ended on 26 January 2007 with Rahul Roy becoming the winner while Carol Gracias became the runner-up.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)

text: Rakhi Sawant returned in "Bigg Boss 14" and "Bigg Boss 15" while Kashmera Shah returned in "Bigg Boss 14".


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)

text: The show is based on the "Big Brother" format developed by John de Mol. A number of contestants (known as "housemates") lived in a purpose-built house and were isolated from the rest of the world. Each week, housemates nominated two of their peers for eviction, and the housemates who received the most nominations would face a public vote. Of these, one would eventually leave, having been "evicted" from the House. However, there were exceptions to this process as dictated by "Bigg Boss". In the final week, there were three housemates remaining, and the public voted for who they wanted to win.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)

text: Tasks were set by "Bigg Boss" each week. The housemates were allowed to gamble on task outcomes and were rewarded with extra money to order more supplies if they won.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)

text: On Day 1, Bigg Boss set Ragini Shetty a secret mission. She must pretend to be a celebrity in the Bigg Boss House. If she was successful she would be a full housemate, if she failed she would be evicted. She passed the task and was allowed to live in the Bigg Boss House as a housemate.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)

text: On Day 7, Salil was ordered by the Bombay High Court to leave the house or face criminal charges, in accordance with an agreement he had signed previously to refrain from participating or acting in television shows made by other production houses that “directly or indirectly compete with Balaji Telefilms”. He was ordered to leave by Bigg Boss the next day after Endemol India had received a court order. Prior to his forced eviction, he suggested the contract he signed with Balaji Telefilms could be potentially illegal. The decision was taken to replace him, and on Day 14 Deepak Tijori was revealed to be his replacement.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)

text: After being evicted in the fourth week, Rakhi Sawan later re-entered the house, bringing with her gifts for the other housemates that were supposedly from their families. This stirred up controversy among contestants, with some finding it hard to believe her story. For instance, Amit did not believe the card that Rakhi gave him was from his girlfriend.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)

text: Kashmera was later brought back, and was set a task to make her presence felt in the house, without coming face to face with the other housemates or directly telling them. She left clues to let the housemates know that someone else was living in the house. After her presence was revealed, she informed everyone of the comments which Rakhi had made about them, leading the housemates to confront and alienate her.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)

text: After 12 weeks, Rahul emerged as the winner of Bigg Boss on Day 86. Carol left as the first runner up, whilst Ravi was the second runner up.


title: Jessica White

text: Jessica White (born June 21, 1984) is an American fashion model, actress and television personality. She is best known for being a Victoria's Secret runway model, Maybelline spokesperson and working for CoverGirl, as well as her appearances in the "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues." Outside of modeling, she has appeared on several television series, such as "The Young and the Restless", "America's Next Top Model", "Famously Single, Zoe Ever After" and "Hip Hop Squares."


title: Jessica White

text: White was born on June 21, 1984 in Buffalo, New York. Her father was a pastor and she sang in a church-driven girl group as a child. She attended Kensington High School.


title: Jessica White

text: At the age of 12, White was scouted in her hometown of Buffalo, New York, and had gone to Personal Best modeling school at age sixteen. After modeling for one week, her first job was an editorial for "Vogue" after meeting Anna Wintour. In Paris, she signed a contract with international modeling agency IMG Models. She has modeled for several magazines, including "Sports Illustrated, W, Harper's Bazaar, Teen Vogue, King" and "Maxim". She has walked the runway for Philipp Plein, Victoria's Secret, Alice Roi, Baby Phat, Oscar de la Renta, Tracy Reese, Zang Toi, Sonia Rykiel, Alberta Ferretti, Ralph Lauren, Marc Jacobs and DKNY. She has appeared in advertisements for Chloé, CoverGirl, Gap, Maybelline, RocaWear and Tommy Jeans. She has also modeled for Joanne Gair's body painting works in these editions.


title: Jessica White

text: She has appeared in music videos for Big & Rich ("Comin' To Your City"), John Legend, Jay-Z ("Change Clothes"), Robin Thicke ("The Sweetest Love"), and Trey Songz ("Neighbors Know My Name"). White had a small role as Bra Model in the crime comedy film "Big Momma's House 2" (2006). In 2008, she appeared as herself in two episodes of CBS's soap opera "The Young and the Restless". On October 14, 2009, White appeared as a guest judge on "America's Next Top Model". She appeared on E!'s reality television series "Famously Single", which premiered on June 14, 2016. The series follows eight single celebrities who all move in together and try to solve their romantic relationships. She landed the role of Tammi in the romantic comedy film "The Perfect Match" (2016). The film grossed over $10 million worldwide.


title: Jessica White

text: White wrote and produced her debut single, "Bipolar Love", released under her stage name "Jypsy" on June 21, 2016.


title: Jessica White

text: White has given interviews about her cocaine addiction and her mental illness. She used cocaine to cope with the problems her mother had. She overdosed on cocaine at 20 after her battle with depression.


title: Jessica White

text: She looks to modeling as her savior saying "[it allowed me] to leave and travel to Paris and New York when I could finally relax and be out of the abusive environment."


title: Securitate

text: The Securitate (, Romanian for "security") was the popular term for the Departamentul Securității Statului (Department of State Security), the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Previously, before the communist regime, Romanian secret police was called Siguranța Statului. It was founded on 30 August 1948, with help and direction from the Soviet MGB. Following the overthrow of Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1989, the new authorities assigned the various intelligence tasks of the DSS to new institutions.


title: Securitate

text: The Securitate was, in proportion to Romania's population, one of the largest secret police forces in the Eastern bloc. The first budget of the Securitate in 1948 stipulated a number of 4,641 positions, of which 3,549 were filled by February 1949: 64% were workers, 4% peasants, 28% clerks, 2% persons of unspecified origin, and 2% intellectuals. By 1951, the Securitate's staff had increased fivefold, while in January 1956, the Securitate had 25,468 employees. At its height, the Securitate employed some 11,000 agents and had half a million informers for a country with a population of 22 million by 1985. Under Ceaușescu, the Securitate was one of the most brutal secret police forces in the world, responsible for the arrests, torture, and deaths of thousands of people.


title: Securitate

text: The General Directorate for the Security of the People (Romanian initials: DGSP, but more commonly just called the Securitate) was officially founded on 30 August 1948, by Decree 221/30 of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly. However, it had precursors going back to August 1944, following the coup d'état of 23 August. Its stated purpose was to "defend democratic conquests and guarantee the safety of the Romanian People's Republic against both internal and external enemies."


title: Securitate

text: The Securitate was created with the help of SMERSH, the NKVD counter-intelligence unit. The SMERSH operation in Romania, called Brigada Mobilă ("The Mobile Brigade"), was led until 1948 by NKVD colonel Alexandru Nicolschi. The first Director of the Securitate was NKVD general Gheorghe Pintilie (born "Panteleymon Bondarenko", nicknamed "Pantiușa"). Alexandru Nicolschi (by then a general) and another Soviet officer, Major General Vladimir Mazuru, held the deputy directorships. Wilhelm Einhorn was the first Securitate secretary.


title: Securitate

text: As Vladimir Tismăneanu says, "If one does not grasp the role of political thugs such as the Soviet spies Pintilie Bondarenko (Pantiușa) and Alexandru Nikolski in the exercise of terror in Romania during the most horrible Stalinist period, and their personal connections with Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and members of his entourage, it is difficult to understand the origins and the role of the Securitate".


title: Securitate

text: Initially, many of the agents of the Securitate were former Royal Security Police (named "General Directorate of Safety Police"—"Direcția Generală a Poliției de Siguranță" in Romanian) members. However, before long, Pantiușa ordered anyone who had served the monarchy's police in any capacity arrested, and in the places of the Royal Security Policemen, he hired ardent members of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), to ensure total loyalty within the organization.


title: Securitate

text: Several Securitate operatives were killed in action, especially in the early 1950s. As listed by the internal news bulletin on the occasion of Securitate's twentieth anniversary, in 1968, these included major Constantin Vieru, senior lieutenant Ștefan Vămanu, lieutenant Iosif Sipoș, sub-lieutenant Vasile Costan, platoon leader Constantin Apăvăloaie and corporal Alexandru Belate. Furthermore, lieutenant Ionel Jora was killed by the son of a suspect he had apprehended.


title: Securitate

text: The Securitate surveillance took place in different ways: general intelligence surveillance ("supraveghere informativă generală", abbreviated "S.I.G."); priority intelligence surveillance ("supraveghere informativă prioritară", abbreviated "S.I.P."); clearance file ("mapă de verificare", abbreviated "M.V."); individual surveillance dossier ("dosar de urmărire individuală", abbreviated "D.U.I."); target dossier ("dosar de obiectiv"), the target being, for example, an institute, a hospital, a school, or a company; case dossier ("dosar de problemă"), the targets being former political prisoners, former Iron Guard members, religious organizations, etc.; and element dossier ("dosar de mediu"), targeting writers, priests, etc.


title: Securitate

text: In the 1980s, the Securitate launched a massive campaign to stamp out dissent in Romania, manipulating the country's population with vicious rumors (such as supposed contacts with Western intelligence agencies), machinations, frameups, public denunciations, encouraging conflict between segments of the population, public humiliation of dissidents, toughened censorship and the repression of even the smallest gestures of independence by intellectuals. Often the term "intellectual" was used by the Securitate to describe dissidents with higher education, such as college and university students, writers, directors, and scientists who opposed the philosophy of the Romanian Communist Party. Assassinations were also used to silence dissent, such as the attempt to kill high-ranking defector Ion Mihai Pacepa, who received two death sentences from Romania in 1978, and on whose head Ceaușescu decreed a bounty of two million US dollars. Yasser Arafat and Muammar al-Gaddafi each added one more million dollars to the reward. In the 1980s, Securitate officials allegedly hired Carlos the Jackal to assassinate Pacepa.


title: Securitate

text: Forced entry into homes and offices and the planting of microphones was another tactic the Securitate used to extract information from the general population. Telephone conversations were routinely monitored, and all internal and international fax and telex communications were intercepted. In August 1977, when the Jiu Valley coal miners' unions went on strike, several leaders died prematurely, and it was later discovered that Securitate doctors had subjected them to five-minute chest X-rays in an attempt to have them develop cancer. After birth rates fell, Securitate agents were placed in gynecological wards while regular pregnancy tests were made mandatory for women of child-bearing age, with severe penalties for anyone who was found to have terminated a pregnancy.


title: Securitate

text: The Securitate's presence was so ubiquitous that it was believed one out of four Romanians was an informer. In truth, the Securitate deployed one agent or informer for every 43 Romanians, which was still large enough to make it practically impossible for dissidents to organize. The regime deliberately fostered this sense of ubiquity, believing that the fear of being watched was sufficient to bend the people to Ceaușescu's will. For example, one shadow group of dissidents limited itself to only three families; any more than that would have attracted Securitate attention. In truth, the East German Stasi was even more ubiquitous than the Securitate; counting informers, the Stasi had one spy for every 6.5 East Germans.


title: Securitate

text: After Ceaușescu was ousted, the new authorities replaced the Securitate with a few special and secret services like the SRI (Romanian Intelligence Service) (with internal tasks such as counterespionage), the SIE (Foreign Intelligence Service), the SPP (Protection and Guard Service) (the former Directorate V), the STS (Special Telecommunications Service) (the former General Directorate for Technical Operations), etc.


title: Securitate

text: Today, the National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives (abbreviated CNSAS, for Consiliul Național pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității) "is the authority that administrates the archives of the former communist secret services in Romania and develops educational programs and exhibitions with the aim of preserving the memories of victims of the communist regime."


title: Securitate

text: The General Directorate for Technical Operations (Direcția Generală de Tehnică Operativă — DGTO) was an integral part of the Securitate' s activities. Established with the assistance of the KGB in the mid-1950s, the DGTO monitored all voice and electronic communications in the country. The DGTO intercepted all telephone, telegraph, and telex communications coming into and going out of the country. It secretly implanted microphones in public buildings and private residences to record ordinary conversations among citizens.


title: Securitate

text: The Directorate for Counterespionage conducted surveillance against foreigners—Soviet nationals in particular—to monitor or impede their contacts with Romanians. It enforced a variety of restrictions preventing foreigners from residing with ordinary citizens, keeping them from gaining access to foreign embassy compounds and requesting asylum, and requiring them to report any contact with foreigners to the Securitate within twenty-four hours. Directorate IV was responsible for similar counterespionage functions within the armed forces, and its primary mission was identifying and neutralizing Soviet penetrations.


title: Securitate

text: The Directorate for Foreign Intelligence conducted Romania's espionage operations in other countries, such as those of Western Europe. Among those operations sanctioned by the Communist government were industrial espionage to obtain nuclear technology, and plots to assassinate dissidents, such as Matei Pavel Haiducu was tasked with, though he informed French authorities, faking the assassinations before defecting to France.


title: Securitate

text: The Directorate for Penitentiaries operated Romania's prisons, which were notorious for their horrendous conditions. Prisoners were routinely beaten, denied medical attention, had their mail taken away from them, and sometimes even administered lethal doses of poison. Some of the harshest prisons were those at Aiud, Gherla, Pitești, Râmnicu Sarat, and Sighet, as well as the forced labor camps along the Danube–Black Sea Canal and at Periprava.


title: Securitate

text: The Directorate for Internal Security was originally given the task of monitoring the activities going on in the PCR. But after Ion Mihai Pacepa's defection in 1978 and his exposing details of the Ceaușescu regime, such as the collaboration with Arab radical groups, massive espionage on American industry targets and elaborate efforts to rally Western political support, international infiltration and espionage in the Securitate only increased, much to Ceaușescu's anger. In order to solve this problem the entire Division was reorganized and was charged with rooting out dissent in the PCR. A top secret division of this Directorate was formed from forces loyal personally to Ceaușescu and charged with monitoring the Securitate itself. It acted almost as a Securitate for the Securitate, and was responsible for bugging the phones of other Securitate officers and PCR officials to ensure total loyalty.


title: Securitate

text: The National Commission for Visas and Passports controlled all travel and immigration in and out of Romania. In effect, traveling abroad was all but impossible for anyone but highly placed Party officials, and any ordinary Romanian who applied for a passport was immediately placed under surveillance. Many Jews and ethnic Germans were given passports and exit visas through tacit agreements with the Israeli and West German governments.


title: Securitate

text: The Directorate for Security Troops acted as a 20,000-strong paramilitary force for the government, equipped with artillery and armoured personnel carriers. The security troops selected new recruits from the same annual pool of conscripts that the armed services used. The police performed routine law enforcement functions including traffic control and issuance of internal identification cards to citizens. Organized in the late 1940s to defend the new regime, in 1989 the security troops had 20,000 soldiers. They were an elite, specially trained paramilitary force organized like motorized rifle (infantry) units equipped with small arms, artillery, and armored personnel carriers, but their mission was considerably different.


title: Securitate

text: The security troops were directly responsible through the Minister of the Interior to Ceaușescu. They guarded important installations including PCR county and central office buildings and radio and television stations. The Ceaușescu regime presumably could call the security troops into action as a private army to defend itself against a military coup d'état or other domestic challenges and to suppress antiregime riots, demonstrations, or strikes.


title: Securitate

text: To ensure total loyalty amongst these crack troops, there were five times as many political officers in the Directorate for Security Troops than there were in the regular army. They adhered to stricter discipline than in the regular military, but they were rewarded with special treatment and enjoyed far superior living conditions compared to their countrymen. They guarded television and radio stations, as well as PCR buildings. In the event of a coup, they would have been called in to protect the regime.


title: Securitate

text: After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Directorate for Security Troops was disbanded and replaced first by the Guard and Order Troops ("Trupele de Pază și Ordine"), and in July 1990 by the Gendarmerie.


title: Securitate

text: The Directorate for Militia controlled Romania's Miliția, the standard police force, which carried out regular policing tasks such as traffic control, public order, etc. In 1990 it was replaced by the Romanian Police.


title: Faggot (unit)

text: A faggot, in the meaning of "bundle", is an archaic English unit applied to bundles of certain items. Alternate spellings in Early Modern English include "fagate, faget, fagett, faggott, fagot, fagatt, fagott, ffagott," and "faggat". A similar term is found in other languages (e.g. "Latin:" fascis).


title: Faggot (unit)

text: Sometimes called a short faggot, a faggot of sticks equals a bundle of wood sticks or billets that is in length and in circumference. The measurement was standardised in ordinances by 1474. A small short faggot was also called a nicket. A brush-faggot (sometimes shortened to brush) was a bundle of similar size made of brushwood.


title: Faggot (unit)

text: A long faggot of sticks equals a bundle larger than long. In a book on slang used at Winchester College fire-dogs were fire basket (andirons) that could hold long faggots, and half-faggots were smaller andirons that could only hold short faggots and were later converted for use with coal.


title: Faggot (unit)

text: A long faggot was also called a kidd faggot, "kid", "kide", or "kidde" being Middle English for firewood in bundles.


title: Faggot (unit)

text: A fascine (or bavin) is a type of long faggot which is approximately long and in diameter and used to maintain earthworks such as trenches.


title: One Second After

text: One Second After is a 2009 novel by American writer William R. Forstchen. The novel deals with an unexpected electromagnetic pulse attack on the United States as it affects the people living in and around the small American town of Black Mountain, North Carolina.


title: One Second After

text: Released in March 2009, "One Second After" and was ranked as number 11 on the "New York Times" Best Seller list in fiction in May 2009. A trade paperback edition was released in November 2009.


title: One Second After

text: Black Mountain, North Carolina, is a small American town, home to a college with about six hundred students. Although it has no large businesses, it is becoming a summer destination for people from larger cities. Black Mountain is strategically located along an interstate highway and provides the water supply for the nearby city of Asheville.


title: One Second After

text: John Matherson is a professor of history at the local Montreat Christian College. A retired U.S. Army colonel and Gulf War veteran, he had moved to Black Mountain with his family when his late wife Mary, a native of the town, was dying from cancer. He now is the widowed father of two daughters, Elizabeth and Jennifer.


title: One Second After

text: At 4:50 p.m. (16:50) Eastern Daylight Time on the second Tuesday of May, the first day described in the book's narration, the phone lines in the town suddenly go dead, along with all the electrical appliances. Within hours it becomes clear that this is no ordinary blackout. Every modern electrical device is disabled, destroyed by what Matherson is beginning to suspect was an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack on the United States.


title: One Second After

text: The United States has effectively been returned to the 19th century, with few 21st-century people able to deal with such conditions. Matherson later remarks that survivors have had to rely on the technology of the early 16th century. His immediate concern is his twelve-year-old daughter, who has Type 1 diabetes. Without a constant supply of insulin, which requires refrigeration, she will die.


title: One Second After

text: The book explores how the whole community responds, as many others face similar crises. Matherson's experience and character help him with the town's residents. Hundreds of motorists are stranded when their vehicles stop. They get into town, making the residents feel threatened by the numbers of people needing help. An immediate concern is food. No refrigerators or freezers are running, nor are grocery stores receiving supplies.


title: One Second After

text: Residents of the nursing home in town, where Matherson's elderly cancer-stricken father-in-law is being cared for, are at risk. The elderly and frail need refrigerated medicines, and many require constant nursing care. The EMP has disabled the nursing home's generator. There are no AM/FM radio broadcasts, no television, no Internet, and thus, no communication with anyone outside the town is possible. It takes two months before a working antique telephone can connect Black Mountain with the nearby town of Swannanoa.


title: One Second After

text: Matherson's in-laws are car collectors who happen to own a 1959 Edsel, and a Mustang. These are not affected by the EMP as they have no sensitive electronics. Similarly a resident's vintage airplane is newly useful, because it has no vulnerable electronics.


title: One Second After

text: Without modern sanitation and supplies, diseases surge. Minor wounds become seriously infected, and the community has soon exhausted its supply of antibiotics. The social order in Black Mountain begins to break down. It is too late in the year to plant and harvest crops. Suddenly, skills not needed in several generations have become critically necessary. The town organizes its young and able-bodied to defend against a marauding band of cannibals. When they attack, there is a violent and deadly battle with high fatalities.


title: One Second After

text: After a while, the extreme shortages of food require rationing. Increasingly, Matherson assumes a growing leadership role as the situation deteriorates. He and other leaders struggle with the multiple issues and moral choices.


title: One Second After

text: Matherson leads several battalions of college students into battle against the marauding Posse. The college's resource officer is killed and two-thirds of the students die. After the battle the Posse leader is captured and hanged on the interstate. Matherson releases several remaining Posse members, saying that they were not going to do any more harm.


title: One Second After

text: One year later, the U.S. military arrives to rebuild and aid the town. It is learned that the EMP was generated by three nuclear missiles launched from offshore container ships. One was launched from the Gulf of Mexico and detonated in the upper atmosphere over Utah, Kansas, and Ohio. The container ship was sunk by an explosion immediately after the missile launch; no one knows who was responsible for the attacks. Another missile was fired from off the Icelandic coast and detonated over East Europe and Russia. This launch affected major cities such as St. Petersburg and Moscow and everything in between. Another nuclear missile was detonated over Japan and South Korea.


title: One Second After

text: The U.S. government believed that an alliance between Iran and North Korea conducted the attacks, and retaliated by striking both countries with nuclear weapons. The U.S. withdrew all of its overseas military forces to aid in rebuilding and humanitarian work at home. The EMP attack brought down Air Force One, and the U.S. president died upon impact.


title: One Second After

text: One year after the EMP attack, the United States is described as having 30 million survivors, down ninety percent from a pre-attack population of 300 million. The People's Republic of China is occupying the U.S. west coast with a 500,000-strong occupation force, and Mexico occupies its former territory of Texas and the American Southwest, as a protectorate against China.


title: One Second After

text: The book also explores the increasingly intimate relationship Matherson develops with Makala Turner, a single, childless nurse among those stranded by the pulse.


title: One Second After

text: The book contains a brief non-fiction afterword by U.S. Navy Captain William Sanders, regarding EMPs, which includes references to the reports of the United States EMP Commission and the book "The Effects of Nuclear Weapons" by Samuel Glasstone and Philip J. Dolan, published by the United States Department of Defense, which is a technical description based on early nuclear tests.


title: One Second After

text: "One Second After" was released on March 17, 2009, and a trade paperback edition was released on November 24, 2009. The book reached the number 11 position on "The New York Times" best-seller list in fiction on May 3, 2009.


title: One Second After

text: The option for the film rights to "One Second After" was initially sold to Warner Bros., but has subsequently expired. , a new option was being negotiated with another unknown studio.


title: One Second After

text: In November 2021 the TV rights for the book series were licensed MPI Original Films. J. Michael Straczynski is involved with the production and will be writing the pilot.


title: One Second After

text: A sequel, "One Year After: A John Matherson Novel", was released on September 15, 2015. The plot premise is: ""One Second After" was a dire warning of what might be our future...and our end. Now, "One Year After" returns to the small town of Black Mountain, and the man who struggled so hard to rebuild it in the wake of devastation-John Matherson. It is a thrilling follow-up and should delight fans in every way."


title: One Second After

text: The third book in the trilogy, "The Final Day: A John Matherson Novel", was released on January 3, 2017. In this book, it is revealed that only 30 million Americans survived up to this time.


title: Latif Yahia

text: Latif Yahia (, "Laṭīf Yaḥīa"; born 14 June 1964) is an Iraqi human rights activist, blogger and former lieutenant in the Iran–Iraq War. He is known for being the alleged former body double of Uday Saddam Hussein.


title: Latif Yahia

text: Yahia was born to a wealthy merchant family of Iraqi Kurdish origin who had long been settled in Baghdad. He alleges that he became Uday's double in September 1987 during the Iran–Iraq War, in which he was a lieutenant. He was born 4 days before Uday’s official birth date. At the age of 23, he was summoned from the frontlines to the presidential palace, where he discovered that Uday remembered that classmates had remarked on the resemblance between the two when they were in school together. Yahia was informed that he was to become Uday's "fedai" (body double) to make public appearances as Uday whenever a dangerous situation was expected. Yahia initially refused to take the job and was subsequently put in solitary confinement. After his imprisonment, Latif agreed to be Uday's double. He was trained for six months to imitate Uday's speech patterns and manner. He underwent surgery and dental work to make their appearances more similar. During the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, Yahia was used as a morale booster for the Iraqi troops and sent to Basra posing as Uday to meet with troops.


title: Latif Yahia

text: His relationship with Uday later deteriorated. According to Yahia, the final straw came when a woman Uday was interested in paid more attention to Yahia. Uday shot at him, grazing him. When ordered to kill the father of a beauty pageant holder, a defiant Yahia slit his arms in front of Uday and the father. Yahia fled north in November 1991, where he was arrested by Kurdish Peshmerga, being mistaken for Uday. When they realized he was not Uday, he was released and granted asylum in Austria in 1992. After Yahia was attacked in Austria, he moved to London in 1995.


title: Latif Yahia

text: On 10 March 1997, Yahia allegedly threatened a refugee official in Norway, showing up at his office with a can of gasoline, pouring it out over the floor, and threatening to light it. The official managed to "calm" Yahia, who fled after half an hour. He was subsequently arrested by the police. He was released before his trial and left the country, first to Germany, then to Ireland.


title: Latif Yahia

text: "Irish Times" journalist Eoin Butler and "Sunday Times" journalist Ed Caesar have questioned Yahia's various claims, including that he was Uday Hussein's body double, and pointed out that many of Yahia's activities since leaving Iraq in 1992, including his education, have not been verified.


title: Latif Yahia

text: In 2007, Butler interviewed Yahia and highlighted inconsistencies in many of Yahia's statements. In 2011, just before the release of "The Devil's Double", Butler commented that Yahia's stories about when he was Uday's double were "to put it mildly, far-fetched." After the 2007 interview, Yahia's ex-wife contacted Butler and told him that when she first met Yahia, he used a different name, Khalid al-Kubaisi. After the two married, she heard for the first time that Yahia claimed to have been Uday's body double, which she found "dubious".


title: Latif Yahia

text: In 2011, Caesar interviewed various people from the time of the Hussein regime. Although Saddam's purported use of body doubles was widely known, two confidantes of Uday Hussein denied that he used doubles. One said that Yahia was arrested for impersonation of Uday in 1990, and the other corroborated the incident, also stating that Yahia pretended to be Uday to pick up women. A private guard at Saddam's presidential palace from 1989 to 2003 also denied that Uday used doubles. Saddam Hussein's former doctor and a plastic surgeon at the Ibn Sina hospital said that the reconstructive surgery Yahia claims to have undergone there was never performed. The doctor also said he operated on Uday many times and Uday never had a body double. A former CIA case officer in Iraq, who claimed to know every asset in Iraq at the time and had friends who were close to the Hussein brothers, had never heard of Yahia, nor heard of Uday ever using doubles. Yahia disputes these claims, saying that his very existence was a state secret.


title: Latif Yahia

text: The movie "The Devil's Double", directed by Lee Tamahori and starring Dominic Cooper as Yahia and Uday, premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2011.


title: Latif Yahia

text: Yahia was also the subject of an episode of National Geographic Channel's "Locked Up Abroad" in 2012.


title: Positive disintegration

text: The theory of positive disintegration (TPD) is an idea of personality development developed by Polish psychologist Kazimierz Dąbrowski. Unlike mainstream psychology, the idea views psychological tension and anxiety as "necessary" for personal growth. These "disintegrative" processes are "positive", whereas people who fail to go through positive disintegration may stop at "primary integration", possessing individuality but nevertheless lacking an autonomous personality and remaining impressionable. Entering into disintegration and subsequent higher processes of development continues through developmental potential, including over-excitability and hypersensitivity.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Unlike other theories of development such as Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, it is not assumed that even a majority of people progress through all levels. TPD is also not a theory of stages, and levels do not correlate with age; tension and anxiety do not correlate to maturity.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dąbrowski developed the idea in his 1964 book "Positive Disintegration". He proposed that the key to mental growth was having strong "developmental potential" (DP): a constellation of psychological factors that are genetically inherited. Strong DP often leads to the "disintegration" of existing psychological structures. These disintegrations allow the individual to volitionally reorganize their priorities and values, leading to psychological growth.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dąbrowski observed that most people live their lives in a state of "primary or primitive integration" largely guided by biological impulses ("first factor") and/or by uncritical endorsement and adherence to social conventions ("second factor"). He called this initial integration Level I. Dąbrowski observed that at this level, there is no true individual expression of the autonomous human self; hence, they have no autonomous personality, and rather, they exhibit Nietzsche's idea of the "herd personality". Individual expression at Level I is influenced and constrained by the first two factors.


title: Positive disintegration

text: The first factor channels energy and talents toward accomplishing self-serving goals that reflect the "lower instincts" and biological ego, as its primary focus is on survival and self-advancement. The second factor, the social environment (milieu) and peer pressure, constrains individual expression and creativity by encouraging a group view of life and discouraging individual thought and expression. The second factor externalizes values and morals, thereby externalizing conscience. Social forces shape expectations. Behavior and one's talents and creativity are funneled into forms that follow and support the existing social milieu. Because conscience is derived from an external social context, so long as society holds ethical standards, people influenced by the second factor will behave ethically. However, if a society becomes corrupt, people strongly influenced by the second factor will not dissent. Socialization without individual examination leads to a rote and robotic existence (the "robopath" described by Ludwig von Bertalanffy). Individual reactions are not unique, they are based upon social contexts. According to Dąbrowski, people primarily motivated by the second factor represent a significant majority of the general population.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dąbrowski felt that society was largely influenced by the two lower factors and could be characterized as operating at Level I. Its external value system absolves the individual of any individual responsibility. He also described groups of people who display a different developmental course: an individualized developmental pathway. Such people break away from an automatic, rote, socialized view of life (which Dąbrowski called "negative adjustment") and are said to move into and through a series of personal disintegrations. Dąbrowski saw these disintegrations as a key element in the overall developmental process. Crises challenge the status quo and cause people to review the self, their ideas, values, thoughts, ideals, etc.


title: Positive disintegration

text: If development continues, one goes on to develop an individualized, conscious and critically evaluated hierarchical value structure (called "positive adjustment"). This hierarchy of values acts as a benchmark by which all things are now seen, and the higher values in the individual's internal hierarchy come to direct behavior (no longer based on external social mores). These higher, individual values characterize an eventual second integration reflecting individual autonomy and for Dąbrowski, mark the arrival of true human personality. At this level, each person develops their own vision of how life ought to be and lives it. This higher level is associated with strong individual approaches to problem solving and creativity. One's talents and creativity are applied in the service of these higher individual values and visions of how life could be—how the world ought to be. The person expresses their "new" autonomous personality energetically through action, art, social change, and so on.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Advanced development is often seen in people who exhibit strong developmental potential ("DP"). Developmental potential represents a constellation of genetic features. It may be positive or negative, it may be strong or weak. If it is strong, the input of the environment is minimal. If DP is weak, the environment will play a critical role. Many factors are incorporated in developmental potential but three major aspects are highlighted: overexcitability (OE), specific abilities and talents, and a strong drive toward autonomous growth, a feature Dąbrowski called the "third factor."


title: Positive disintegration

text: The most evident aspect of developmental potential is overexcitability (OE), a heightened physiological experience of stimuli resulting from increased neuronal sensitivities. The greater the OE, the more intense are the day-to-day experiences of life. Dąbrowski outlined five forms of OE: psychomotor, sensual, imaginational, intellectual, and emotional. These overexcitabilities, especially the latter three, often cause a person to experience daily life more intensely and to feel the extremes of the joys and sorrows of life profoundly. Dąbrowski studied human exemplars and found that heightened overexcitability was a key part of their developmental and life experience. These people are steered and driven by their value "rudder," their experience of emotional OE. Combined with imaginational and intellectual OE, these people have a powerful and "multilevel" perception of the world.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Although based in the nervous system, overexcitabilities come to be expressed psychologically through the development of structures that reflect the emerging autonomous self. The most important of these conceptualizations are dynamisms: biological or mental forces that control behavior and its development. Instincts, drives, and intellectual processes combined with emotions are dynamisms. With advanced development, dynamisms increasingly reflect movement toward autonomy.


title: Positive disintegration

text: The second aspect of developmental potential, specific abilities, and talents tends to serve the person's developmental level. As outlined, people at lower levels use talents to support egocentric goals or to climb the social and corporate ladders. At higher levels, specific talents and abilities become an important force as they are channeled by the person's value hierarchy into expressing and achieving the person's vision of their ideal personality and their view of how the world ought to be.


title: Positive disintegration

text: The third aspect of developmental potential (DP), which is simply referred to as 'the third factor,' is a drive toward individual growth and autonomy. The third factor is critical as it applies one's talents and creativity toward autonomous expression, and second, it provides motivation to strive for more and to try to imagine and achieve goals currently beyond one's grasp. Dąbrowski was clear to differentiate third factor from free will. He felt that free will did not go far enough in capturing the motivating aspects that he attributed to third factor. For example, an individual can exercise free will and show little motivation to grow or change as an individual. Third factor specifically describes motivation—a motivation to become one's self. This motivation is often so strong that, in some situations, one can observe that one needs to develop oneself and that in so doing, it places one at great peril. This feeling of "I've gotta be me" especially when it is "at any cost" and especially when it is expressed as a strong motivator for self-growth is beyond the usual conceptualization ascribed to free will.


title: Positive disintegration

text: A person whose DP is high enough "will generally" undergo disintegration, despite any external social or family efforts to prevent it. A person whose DP is very low will "generally not" undergo disintegration (or positive personality growth) even in a conducive environment.


title: Positive disintegration

text: The notion of overexcitability that Dabrowski describes appears to have been independently developed by Elaine Aron (see Highly sensitive person) Note: the details of Aron's approach are substantially different from Dąbrowski's).


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dąbrowski called OE "a tragic gift" to reflect that the road of the person with strong OE is not a smooth or easy one. Potentials to experience great highs are also potentials to experience great lows. Similarly, potentials to express great creativity hold the likelihood of experiencing a great deal of personal conflict and stress. This stress both drives development and is a result of developmental conflicts, both intrapsychic and social. Suicide is a significant risk in the acute phases of this stress. The isolation often experienced by these people may also heighten the risk of self-harm.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dąbrowski advocated autopsychotherapy, educating the person about his theory and the disintegrative process to give them a context within which to understand intense feelings and needs. Dąbrowski suggested giving people support in their efforts to develop and find their own self-expression. Children and adults with high DP (and OE) have to find and walk their own path, often at the expense of fitting in with their social peers and even with their families. At the core of autopsychotherapy is the awareness that no one can show anyone else the "right" path. Everyone has to find their own path for themselves. Alluding to the knights on the Grail Quest, the Jungian analyst, Joseph Campbell allegedly said: "If a path exists in the forest, don't follow it, for though it took someone else to the Grail, it will not take you there, because it is not your path."


title: Positive disintegration

text: The first and fifth levels are characterized by psychological integration, harmony, and little inner conflict. There is little internal conflict at Level I because just about every behavior is justified—it is either good for the individual and is therefore "right," or the individual's society endorses it and it is therefore "right." In either case, with a high level of confidence, the individual acts as they perceive anyone else would and does what everyone is "supposed to do." At Level V there is no internal conflict because what a person does is in harmony with their own internal sense of values. Of course, there is often external conflict at both Levels I and V.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dąbrowski was very clear that the levels he presents "represent a heuristic device." In the process of developing the structures of two or even three contiguous levels may exist side by side, although it must be understood that they exist in conflict. The conflict is resolved when one of the structures is eliminated, or at least comes under complete control of another structure.


title: Positive disintegration

text: As outlined above, the first level is called primitive or primary integration. People at this level are often influenced primarily by either prominent first factor (heredity/impulse) and/or second factor (social environment) forces. The majority of people at Level I are integrated at the environmental or social level (Dąbrowski called them so-called average people); however, many also exhibit shades of both impulse and socialization. Dąbrowski distinguished the two subgroups of Level I by degree: "the state of primary integration is a state contrary to mental health. A fairly high degree of primary integration is present in the average person; a very high degree of primary integration is present in the psychopath". Marked by selfishness and egocentrism (both reticent and explicit), those at level one development generally seek self-fulfillment above all, justifying their pursuits through a sort of "it's all about me" thinking; or, more simply put, they adhere strongly to the phrase "the end justifies the means," sometimes disregarding the severity of the "means." Many people who are considered "leaders" often fall into this category.


title: Positive disintegration

text: A vast majority of people either do not break down their primitive integration at all or after a relatively short period of disintegration, usually experienced at the time of adolescence and early youth, end in a reintegration at the former level or in partial integration of some of the functions at slightly higher levels, without a transformation of the whole mental structure. Primary integration in the average person was proposed to be of a certain value due to its stability and predictability, and when accompanied by kindness and good-will, could represent persons who can provide support and stability to those experiencing disintegration.


title: Positive disintegration

text: The prominent feature of this level is an initial, brief, and often intense crisis or series of crises. Crises are spontaneous and occur on only one level. These crises involve alternatives that may appear to be different but ultimately are on the same level.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Unilevel disintegration occurs during developmental crises such as puberty or menopause, in periods of difficulty in handling some stressful external event, or under psychological conditions such as nervousness and psychoneurosis. Unilevel disintegration consists of processes on a single structural and emotional level; there is a prevalence of automatic dynamisms with only slight self-consciousness and self-control.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Conflicts on the same level (horizontal) produce ambitendencies and ambivalences: one is equally attracted by different but equivalent choices on the same level (ambitendencies) and is not able to decide what to do because one sees no real preference between the choices (ambivalences). If developmental forces are strong enough, ultimately, the person is thrust into an existential crisis: one's social rationales no longer account for one's experiences and there are no alternative explanations. During this phase, existential despair is the predominant emotion. The resolution of this phase begins as individually chosen values begin to replace social mores that have been ingrained by rote and are integrated into a new hierarchy of personal values. These new values often conflict with the person's previous social values. Many of the status quo explanations for the "way things are," learned through education and from the social order, collapse under conscious, individual scrutiny. This causes more conflicts focused on the person's analysis of his or her own reactions to the world at large and of the behavior of self and others. Common behaviors and the ethics of the prevailing social order come to be seen as inadequate, wrong or hypocritical. Positive maladjustment prevails. For Dąbrowski, these crises represent a strong potential for development toward personal growth and mental health. Using a positive definition, mental health reflects more than social conformity: it involves a careful, personal examination of the world and of one's values, leading to the development of an individual personality.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Level II is a transitional period. Dąbrowski said you either fall back (reintegration on a lower level), end negatively, in suicide or psychosis or move ahead to Level III.


title: Positive disintegration

text: The transition from Level II to Level III involves a fundamental shift that requires a phenomenal amount of energy. This period is the crossroads of development: from here one must either progress or regress. The struggle between Dąbrowski's three factors reflects this transitional crisis: "Do I follow my instincts (first factor), my teachings (second factor) or my heart (third factor)?" The developmental answer is to transform one's lower instincts (automatic reactions like anger) into positive motivation, to resist rote and social answers, and to listen to one's inner sense of what one ought to do.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Level III describes a new type of conflict: a vertical conflict between two alternatives that are not simply different, but that exist on different levels. One is genuinely higher and the other is lower in comparison. These vertical conflicts initially arise from involuntary perceptions of higher versus lower choices in life. "You just look at something, maybe for the 1000th time (to use the words of G. K. Chesterton), and it strikes you—you see this one thing differently and once you do, it changes things. You can no longer 'go back and see it the way you did before.'" Dąbrowski called this vertical dimension "multilevelness". Multilevelness is a gradual realization of the "possibility of the higher" (a phrase Dąbrowski used frequently) and of the subsequent contrasts between the higher and the lower in life. These vertical comparisons often illustrate the lower, actual behavior of a person in contrast to higher, imagined ideals and alternative idealized choices. Dąbrowski believed that the authentic individual would choose the higher path as the clear and obvious one to follow (erasing the ambivalences and ambitendencies of unilevel conflicts). If the person's actual behavior subsequently falls short of the ideal, internal disharmony and a drive to review and reconstruct one's life often follow. Multilevelness thus represents a new and powerful type of conflict, a conflict that is developmental in Dąbrowski's approach.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Vertical conflicts are critical in leading to autonomy and advanced personality growth. If the person is to achieve higher levels, the shift to multilevelness must occur. If a person does not have the developmental potential to move into a multilevel view, then they will fall back from the crises of Level II to reintegrate at Level I. In the shift to multilevelness, the horizontal (unilevel) stimulus-response model of life is replaced by a vertical and hierarchical analysis. This vertical view becomes anchored by one's emerging individual value structure, and all events are seen in relation to personal ideals. These personal value ideals become the personality ideal: how the person wants to live his or her life. As events in life are seen in relation to this multilevel, vertical view, it becomes impossible to support positions that favor the lower course when higher goals can be identified (or imagined).


title: Positive disintegration

text: In Level IV the person takes full control of their development. The involuntary spontaneous development of Level III is replaced by a deliberate, conscious and self-directed review of life from the multilevel perspective. This level marks the real emergence of the third factor, described by Dąbrowski as an autonomous factor "of conscious choice (valuation) by which one affirms or rejects certain qualities in oneself and in one's environment." The person consciously reviews his or her existing belief system and tries to replace lower, automatic views and reactions with carefully thought out, examined and chosen ideals. These new values will increasingly be reflected in the person's behavior. Behavior becomes less reactive, less automatic and more deliberate as behavioral choices fall under the influence of the person's higher, chosen ideals.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Social mores are reviewed and re-accepted by a conscious internalization when the individual feels it is appropriate. Likewise, when the person feels it is proper, a social value is reviewed and may be rejected to be replaced by a self-perceived higher alternative value. One's social orientation comes to reflect a deep responsibility based on both intellectual and emotional factors. At the highest levels, "individuals of this kind feel responsible for the realization of justice and for the protection of others against harm and injustice. Their feelings of responsibility extend almost to everything." This perspective results from seeing life in relation to one's hierarchy of values (the multilevel view) and the subsequent appreciation of the potential of how life could be, and ought to be, lived. One's disagreements with the (lower level) world are expressed compassionately in doing what one can to help achieve the "ought."


title: Positive disintegration

text: Given their genuine (authentic) prosocial outlook, people achieving higher development also raise the level of their society. Prosocial here is not just support of the existing social order. If the social order is lower and you are adjusted to it, then you also reflect the lower ("negative adjustment" in Dąbrowski's terms, a Level I feature). Here, prosocial is a genuine cultivation of social interactions based on higher values. These positions often conflict with the status quo of a lower society ("positive maladjustment"). In other words, to be maladjusted to a low-level society is a positive feature.


title: Positive disintegration

text: The fifth level displays an integrated and harmonious character, but one vastly different from that at the first level. At this highest level, one's behavior is guided by conscious, carefully weighed decisions based on an individualized and chosen hierarchy of personal values. Behavior conforms to this inner standard of how life ought to be lived, and thus little inner conflict arises.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Level V is often marked by creative expression. Especially at Level V, problem solving and art represent the highest and noblest features of human life. Art captures the innermost emotional states and is based on a deep empathy and understanding of the subject. Often, human suffering and sacrifice are the subjects of these works. Truly visionary works, works that are unique and novel, are created by people expressing a vision unrestrained by convention. Advances in society, through politics, philosophy and religion, are therefore commonly associated with strong individual creativity or accomplishments.


title: Positive disintegration

text: The theory of positive disintegration has an extremely broad scope and has implications for many areas. One central application applies to psychological and psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. Dąbrowski advocated a comprehensive, multidimensional diagnosis of the person's situation, including symptoms and developmental potentials.


title: Positive disintegration

text: If the disintegration appears to fit into a developmental context, then the person is educated in the theory and encouraged to take a developmental view of their situation and experiences. Rather than being eliminated, symptoms are reframed to yield insight and understanding into life and the person's unique situation.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dąbrowski illustrated his theory through autobiographies of and biographies about those who have experienced positive disintegration. The gifted child, the suicidal teen or the troubled artist is often experiencing the features of TPD, and if they accept and understand the meaning of their intense feelings and crises, they can move ahead, not fall apart. The completion of an extensive autobiography to help the individual gain perspective on his or her past and present is an important component in the autopsychotherapy process. In this process, the therapist plays a very small role and acts more as an initial stimulus than an ongoing therapist. Dąbrowski asked clients to read his books and to see how his ideas might relate to their lives.


title: Positive disintegration

text: For Dąbrowski, the goal of therapy is to eliminate the therapist by providing a context within which a person can understand and help oneself, an approach to therapy that he called autopsychotherapy. The client is encouraged to embark on a journey of self-discovery with an emphasis on looking for the contrast between what is higher versus what is lower within their personality and value structure. The person is encouraged to further explore their value structure, especially as it relates to the rationale and justification of positions. Discrepancies between values and behavior are highlighted. The approach is called autopsychotherapy to emphasize the important role that the individual must play in their own therapy process and in the larger process of personality development. The individual must come to see themselves as being in charge of determining or creating their own unique personality ideal and value structure. This includes a critical review of social mores and values that have been learned.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dąbrowski was very concerned about what he called one-sided development, in which people display significant advanced development in only one aspect of life, usually intellectual. He believed that it is crucial to balance one's development.


title: Positive disintegration

text: In describing overexcitability, Dąbrowski emphasized two main aspects: higher-than-average sensitivity of the nerves (receptors) and higher-than-average responsiveness of the nerves to stimuli. Dąbrowski explained, “The prefix over attached to ‘excitability’ serves to indicate that the reactions of excitation are over and above average in intensity, duration and frequency” So, in summary, if you have strong overexcitability, you will need less stimuli to cause a reaction and your reaction will be stronger than an individual who does not demonstrate overexcitability.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dąbrowski reminds clients that without internal dis--ease there is little stimulus for change or growth. Rather than trying to rapidly ameliorate symptoms, this approach encourages individuals to fully experience their feelings and to try to maintain a positive and developmental orientation to what they may perceive as strong depression or anxiety. An emphasis is placed on the client becoming aware that they can consciously control the direction of their life and apply what Dabrowski called "autopsychotherapy." Of course, this is a unique approach in today's world of seeking immediate and total relief of any unpleasant psychological experience (although it can be compared to Aron's to some extent).


title: Positive disintegration

text: In an appendix to Dąbrowski (1967), results of investigations done in 1962 with Polish youth are reported. Specifically, "a group of gifted children and young people aged 8 to 23" were examined (p. 251). Of the 80 youth studied, 30 were "intellectually gifted" and 50 were from "drama, ballet, and plastic art schools" (p. 251). Dąbrowski found that every one of the children displayed overexcitability, "which constituted the foundation for the emergence of neurotic and psychoneurotic sets. Moreover it turned out that these children also showed sets of nervousness, neurosis, and psychoneurosis of various kinds and intensities, from light vegetative symptoms, or anxiety symptoms, to distinctly and highly intensive psychasthenic or hysterical sets" (p. 253). Dąbrowski asked why these children should display such "states of nervousness or psychoneurosis" and suggested that it was due to the presence of OE (p. 255). "Probably the cause is more than average sensitivity which not only permits one to achieve outstanding results in learning and work, but at the same time increases the number of points sensitive to all experiences that may accelerate anomalous reactions revealing themselves in psychoneurotic sets" (p. 255).


title: Positive disintegration

text: The association between OE and giftedness appears to be borne out in the research (Lysy and Piechowski 1983; Piechowski 1986; Piechowski and Miller 1995). It appears that at the least OE is a marker of potential for giftedness/creativity. Dąbrowski's basic message is that the gifted will disproportionately display this process of positive disintegration and personality growth.


title: Positive disintegration

text: People have often equated Maslow's concept of self-actualization with Dąbrowski's level of secondary integration. There are some major differences between these two ideas. Fundamentally, Maslow described self-actualization as a process where the self is accepted "as is," so both higher and lower aspects of the self are actualized. For Maslow, self-actualization involved "being all that one can be and accepting one’s deeper self in all its aspects." Dąbrowski introduces the notion that although the lower aspects may initially be intrinsic to the self, as human beings, we can become aware of their lower nature. People can develop self-awareness as to how they feel about these low levels—if they feel badly about behaving in these lower ways, then they can cognitively and volitionally decide to inhibit and eliminate these behaviors—Dąbrowski called this personality shaping. In this way, the higher aspects of the self are actualized while the lower aspects are inhibited,and, for Dąbrowski, this is what is unique about humans and sets people apart from other animals — no other animal is able to differentiate their lower instincts and therefore can not inhibit their animalistic impulses, an idea also expressed in Plessner's eccentricity.


title: Positive disintegration

text: For the last 40 years, efforts to measure Dabrowskian constructs have been limited to looking at overexcitability. The most widely known instrument is the Overexcitability Questionnaire—Two.


title: Positive disintegration

text: Dabrowski's worldview was undoubtedly influenced by his life experiences. As a teenager in World War I, he witnessed a major battle near his village. He walked among the bodies of the dead soldiers and later recalled that the looks on their faces were wildly different. Some expressed fear; some expressed horror, while others looked calm and peaceful. During World War II, he was imprisoned by the Nazi police several times and had his wife pay ransom to be released. Subsequently, when Stalin seized Poland, Dabrowski was imprisoned for some 18 months (along with his wife). Dabrowski said he wrote his theory to encapsulate the lowest human behaviors he had observed during the war as well as the highest acts of self-sacrifice. He said that no other psychological theory had captured this wide range of human behavior. After his release, his behavior was closely monitored by the Polish authorities until at least the early 60s. In 1965 he established a base in Edmonton, Alberta, and spent the rest of his life alternating between Canada and Poland.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: Going the Distance is a 2010 American romantic comedy film directed by Nanette Burstein, written by Geoff LaTulippe, and starring Drew Barrymore and Justin Long. It follows a young couple, who fall in love one summer in New York City and try to keep their long-distance relationship alive, when the woman heads home to San Francisco.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: Erin Langford is a graduate journalism student recently hired as a summer intern at a NYC newspaper. Out with a friend at a bar, she meets Garrett, who interrupts her game of "Centipede". They drink together and end up at his place, where they smoke pot and have sex while Garrett's roommate Dan "DJs their hook up". The next morning, before she can leave, Erin agrees to have breakfast with him. Telling him she is only in the city for six weeks, they agree to keep it casual.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: Erin and Garrett soon develop feelings for each other, and she tries to get a permanent position at the paper. Before the end of her internship, she writes a well-received article and is told to contact them in January regarding possible job openings. Working for a record label, Garett is assigned to manage a band he dislikes, and he begins to hate his job.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: When Erin's six weeks are over, she and Garrett find it difficult to let go. After driving her to the airport and saying goodbye, Garrett runs after her, admitting that he is crazy about her and wants to have a long-distance relationship, to which she agrees.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: Over the following months, Erin and Garrett spend their free time trying to figure out when they can see each other. He gives her a surprise visit on Thanksgiving. After an emotional reunion, they go to Erin's sister Corrine's house, where she is staying, and start to have passionate sex on the dining room table. Unbeknownst to them, Erin's brother-in-law Phil is having dinner, and Corrine walks in on the awkward scene. The next day, they see The Boxer Rebellion perform, but Garrett is jealous Erin is friends with Damon, a handsome bartender, and eventually has to return to NYC.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: In January, Erin calls her former boss, but they are not hiring. Unable to find comfort in a phone conversation with Garrett, she gets drunk with Damon and almost kisses him, but goes home. Her professor recommends her for a position at the "San Francisco Chronicle" and she goes for an interview. Garrett tries to have phone sex with Erin, but it ends up being awkward, leaving both feeling ridiculous.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: A month later, while Erin is packing for a weekend in NYC, she gets a call from the "Chronicle" and is offered the job. Upon arriving in New York, she tells Garrett about the job offer, blindsiding Garrett with the news. Their happy reunion quickly devolves into a fight, causing Erin to spend the first night of her trip at a friend's. They make up the next day, and he calls her a week later saying he wants her to move to NYC, live together and start afresh. She agrees, but while visiting San Francisco to sort things out, a conversation with Corrine makes Garrett realize he shouldn't be the reason Erin turns down the job, and they part ways after an emotional conversation and a long hug at the airport.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: Six months later, Erin's career is going well, having written her first front-page story. Garrett has not been with anyone since her, and quits his job to manage The Boxer Rebellion. He sends Erin tickets to their show and she goes, unaware he is the band manager. At the concert he reveals he has moved to LA, only a few hours from San Francisco, and they seize another chance at a relationship. Late that night they go back to Corrine's, interrupting her and Phil dry humping on the dining room table. The film ends as Erin's niece, Maya, enters during the awkward moment, and they all scream "Maya! Statue!" – what Corrine, Phil, Erin & Garrett yell at her to freeze.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: Initially, the film was to be released domestically on August 27, 2010, amid weak reviews, but Warner Bros. decided to push back the release date one week to September 3. This meant its opening weekend would coincide with the Labor Day weekend. Dan Fellman, Warner Bros. Domestic Distribution President, stated that "moving to the Labor Day weekend not only allows us to take advantage of the long holiday weekend, but gives us some distance from the other female-driven films releasing in August." Eventually, "Going the Distance"′s earliest release was on September 2, 2010, in eight countries including Australia, Argentina and Germany, one day before its North American release.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: The film opened in 3,030 theaters in the United States and Canada on September 3, 2010, and grossed $6,884,964 in its opening weekend, ranking 5th at the box office behind "The American", "Machete", "Takers" and "The Last Exorcism". The film eventually grossed $17,804,299 in North America, ranking 120th domestically for 2010. In foreign markets the film grossed $24,248,458, for a total worldwide box office of $42,052,757, which made it the 118th highest-grossing film of 2010.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 54% based on 166 reviews, with an average rating of 5.75/10. The site's critical consensus states: "It's timelier and a little more honest than most romantic comedies, but Drew Barrymore and Justin Long's screen chemistry doesn't make up for "Going the Distance"s overall flatness and convoluted story." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: "USA Today"′s Claudia Puig panned the writing, stating that "this premise, with better writing, could have made a much more compelling movie", and Lou Lumenick of the "New York Post" wondered "exactly at what audience the filmmakers thought they were aiming".


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" said the film "acknowledges both the difficulty and the comic potential of the arrangement, and does so with enough insight and charm to make you wonder why frequent-flier love is not a more popular theme in romantic comedies", while Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" described it as "filthy, funny and kind of sweet". Tom Long of "The Detroit News" stated that the film's "constant raunch factor balances out its romantic center in a way that will likely surprise and please many", and Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" that it "captures the harshness and the sweetness of our time". Carrie Rickey of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" said "the film gets many things so right about the conflicts faced by a two-career couple looking for work in a shrinking economy", and Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" that the film is "the rare romantic comedy in which you can actually believe what you're seeing". Linda Barnard, film critic for "Toronto Star", said that the film "is a reminder of the sorry state of the rom-com, where gross scenes and easy-to-write trash talk have replaced smart dialogue". Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" stated that "Geoff LaTulippe's story of a recession-era long-distance relationship and its hurdles takes its characters seriously", also praising Barrymore's performance, for whom "The Boston Globe"'s film critic Wesley Morris said that "is becoming a serious comedic actor".


title: Going the Distance (2010 film)

text: Justin Chang of "Variety" describes the film as "a bicoastal comedy with a bit of a bipolar disorder", while Kirk Honeycutt of "The Hollywood Reporter" panned the film and screenwriting implying that it is a "romantic comedy [which is] going wrong in so many different ways". Peter Travers, writing for "Rolling Stone", concluded that "Barrymore and Long are both appealing, but not enough to sustain audience interest in the cinematic equivalent of dry-humping".


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: A cricothyrotomy (also called cricothyroidotomy) is an incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane to establish a patent airway during certain life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction by a foreign body, angioedema, or massive facial trauma. Cricothyrotomy is nearly always performed as a last resort in cases where other means of tracheal intubation are impossible or impractical. Compared with tracheotomy, cricothyrotomy is quicker and easier to perform, does not require manipulation of the cervical spine, and is associated with fewer complications. However, while cricothyrotomy may be life-saving in extreme circumstances, this technique is only intended to be a temporizing measure until a definitive airway can be established.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: A cricothyrotomy is often used as an airway of last resort given the numerous other airway options available including standard tracheal intubation and rapid sequence induction which are the common means of establishing an airway in an emergency scenario. Cricothyrotomies account for approximately 1% of all emergency department intubations, and is used mostly in persons who have experienced a traumatic injury.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: The procedure was first described in 1805 by Félix Vicq-d'Azyr, a French surgeon and anatomist. A cricothyrotomy is generally performed by making a vertical incision on the skin of the throat just below the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple), then making a horizontal incision in the cricothyroid membrane which lies deep to this point. A tracheostomy tube or endotracheal tube with a 6 or 7 mm internal diameter is then inserted, the cuff is inflated, and the tube is secured. The person performing the procedure might utilize a bougie device, a semi-rigid, straight piece of plastic with a one-inch tip at a 30-degree angle, to provide rigidity to the tube and assist with guiding its placement. Confirmation of placement is assessed by bilateral ausculation of the lungs and observation of the rise and fall of the chest. Alternatively, bedside ultrasound has been used increasingly to guide the procedure and confirm the placement of the tracheal tube. It may especially be helpful in situations where a neck collar is placed.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: This procedure is rarely performed, given advancements in airway technique and adjuncts, and thus simulated training is of paramount importance to correctly perform this procedure under a high-stress situation.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: A "needle cricothyrotomy" is similar, but instead of making a scalpel incision, a large over-the-needle catheter is inserted (10- to 14-gauge). This is considerably simpler, particularly if using specially designed kits. This technique provides very limited airflow. The delivery of oxygen to the lungs through an over-the-needle catheter inserted through the skin into the trachea using a high pressure gas source is considered a form of conventional ventilation called percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (PTV).


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: On the TV show "M*A*S*H", Father Mulcahy performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a patient. With the direction of Dr. Pierce via radio, he uses a pen, knife and an eyedropper to perform the operation. Needless to say, this would be extremely dangerous in real life. Even under ideal, clinical conditions, a cricothyrotomy is difficult and requires specific tools, preparation and a practiced knowledge of anatomy. There are many major blood vessels and nerves in the neck and cutting there carries a high risk of harming the patient.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: In the 1980 Nicolas Roeg film "Bad Timing", Theresa Russell's character Milena Flaherty has an emergency cricothyrotomy performed following an intentional overdose.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: In the "ER" episode "Reason to Believe" Dr. Kerry Weaver performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a student. She is shooting a news segment on childhood obesity in an elementary school cafeteria when one of the students begins to choke; after the heimlich maneuver fails, she performs a cricothyrotomy with a kitchen knife and a drinking straw. It is also used many other times, especially in the trauma room, when an airway cannot be established.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: In the film "Playing God" (1997), David Duchovny plays a famed LA surgeon, stripped of his license due to drug abuse, who finds himself witnessing a gunfight at a bar. He saves a mafia crime figure by performing an emergency cricothyrotomy. This endears him with the mafia family and drives the plot forward.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: In the BBC3 medical drama "Bodies", the main protagonist Rob Lake, a newly appointed obstetrics and gynaecology registrar (played by Max Beesley), is called to a patient who is having difficulty breathing due to epiglottitis. Lake calls for emergency assistance but help is slow coming, so fearing for the patient's life decides to undertake a cricothyrotomy himself - a procedure he has not been trained in. The procedure is unsuccessful and the patient dies before help arrives. The guilt surrounding the event combined with the covering up by his consultant provides an important backdrop to the further development of the character and his relationship with his consultant.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: In "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman", Sully, the white man raised by Native Americans who is her lover and companion, performs the procedure on one of Dr. Quinn's boys using a bird's feather (the base where it is hollow).


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: During an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary "Inside Combat Rescue", a US Air Force Pararescueman in Afghanistan performs an actual cricothyrotomy on a wounded civilian, in a helicopter maneuvering under combat conditions. The procedure is successful and the patient is delivered to Kandahar Regional Medical Hospital.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: On the New Zealand soap opera "Shortland Street", Series 21, Episode 5104/5105, student doctor Paige Munroe performs a cricothyrotomy with a pocket knife and pen and saves a woman's life, even though she was not qualified (and nervous).


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: In the novel "Night Train to Lisbon" by Swiss author Pascal Mercier, one of the protagonists saves the life of his asphyxiating sister by performing a provisional cricothyrotomy with a ballpoint pen.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: In the 1997 film "Anaconda", when the character Dr. Steven Cale (Eric Stoltz) is stung in the mouth by a venomous wasp found in his scuba equipment, Paul Serone (Jon Voight) performs the procedure using a pocket knife and rigid plastic tube.


title: Cricothyrotomy

text: In the manga Golden Wind, the fifth story arc of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, the character Narancia Ghirga has his tongue cut off, requiring the use of only a pen in an emergency cricothyrotomy.


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

text: Amalric or Amaury I (; ; 113611 July 1174) was King of Jerusalem from 1163, and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession. He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem, and succeeded his older brother Baldwin III. During his reign, Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire, and the two states launched an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt. He was the father of three future rulers of Jerusalem, Sibylla, Baldwin IV, and Isabella I.


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

text: Older scholarship mistook the two names Amalric and Aimery as variant spellings of the same name, so these historians erroneously added numbers, making Amalric to be Amalric I (1163–74) and King Aimery (1197–1205) to be "Amalric II". Now scholars recognize that the two names were not the same and no longer add the number for either king. Confusion between the two names was common even among contemporaries.


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

text: Amalric was born in 1136 to King Fulk, the former count of Anjou married to the heiress of the kingdom, Queen Melisende. After the death of Fulk in a hunting accident in 1143, the throne passed jointly to Melisende and Amalric's older brother Baldwin III, who was still only 13 years old. Melisende did not step down when Baldwin came of age two years later, and by 1150 the two were becoming increasingly hostile towards each other. In 1152 Baldwin had himself crowned sole king, and civil war broke out, with Melisende retaining Jerusalem while Baldwin held territory further north. Amalric, who had been given the County of Jaffa as an apanage when he reached the age of majority in 1151, remained loyal to Melisende in Jerusalem, and when Baldwin invaded the south, Amalric was besieged in the Tower of David with his mother. Melisende was defeated in this struggle and Baldwin ruled alone thereafter. In 1153 Baldwin captured the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon, which was then added to Amalric's fief of Jaffa (see Battle of Ascalon).


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

text: Amalric married Agnes of Courtenay in 1157. Agnes, daughter of Joscelin II of Edessa, had lived in Jerusalem since the western regions of the former crusader County of Edessa were lost in 1150. Patriarch Fulcher objected to the marriage on grounds of consanguinity, as the two shared a great-great-grandfather, Guy I of Montlhéry, and it seems that they waited until Fulcher's death to marry. Agnes bore Amalric three children: Sibylla, the future Baldwin IV (both of whom would come to rule the kingdom in their own right), and Alix, who died in childhood.


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

text: Baldwin III died on 10 February 1163 and the kingdom passed to Amalric, although there was some opposition among the nobility to Agnes; they were willing to accept the marriage in 1157 when Baldwin III was still capable of siring an heir, but now the "Haute Cour" refused to endorse Amalric as king unless his marriage to Agnes was annulled. The hostility to Agnes, it must be admitted, may be exaggerated by the chronicler William of Tyre, whom she prevented from becoming Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem decades later, as well as from William's continuators like Ernoul, who hints at a slight on her moral character: "car telle n'est que roine doie iestre di si haute cite comme de Jherusalem" ("there should not be such a queen for so holy a city as Jerusalem"). Nevertheless, consanguinity was enough for the opposition. Amalric agreed and ascended the throne without a wife, although Agnes continued to hold the title Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon and received a pension from that fief's income. Agnes soon thereafter married Hugh of Ibelin, to whom she had been engaged before her marriage with Amalric. The church ruled that Amalric and Agnes' children were legitimate and preserved their place in the order of succession. Through her children Agnes would exert much influence in Jerusalem for almost 20 years.


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

text: During Baldwin III's reign, the County of Edessa, the first crusader state established during the First Crusade, was conquered by Zengi, the Turkic emir of Aleppo. Zengi united Aleppo, Mosul, and other cities of northern Syria, and intended to impose his control on Damascus in the south. The Second Crusade in 1148 had failed to conquer Damascus, which soon fell to Zengi's son Nur ad-Din. Jerusalem also lost influence to Byzantium in northern Syria when the Empire imposed its suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch. Jerusalem thus turned its attention to Egypt, where the Fatimid dynasty was suffering from a series of young caliphs and civil wars. The crusaders had wanted to conquer Egypt since the days of Baldwin I, who died during an expedition there. The capture of Ascalon by Baldwin III made the conquest of Egypt more feasible.