title: Schlitterbahn

text: The first of the parks was in New Braunfels and opened in 1979. The park was named Schlitterbahn ("slippery road" in German) because of the local area's German heritage. It originally consisted of four waterslides. The park expanded three times. Surfenberg was the first part of the expansion and had the world's first inland surfing ride, the Boogie Bahn, in 1992, created the first uphill water coaster, the Dragon Blaster in 1994. In 1996 the next section opened - Blastenhoff - and featured the world's first wave river, the Torrent, and the world's most award-winning uphill water coaster, the Master Blaster. In 2011, the park expanded again, adding The Falls, the world's longest tubing river, featuring rapids and tube chutes.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: As of 2022, the park has won Amusement Today's Golden Ticket Award for Best Waterpark for 24 years straight; the streak began with the inception of the award. In total, Schlitterbahn New Braunfels has received 42 Golden Ticket Awards. As of 2014, the park employed 2,000 seasonal workers.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: The 26-acre Schlitterbahn park in Galveston opened in 2006, and is open for part of every month of the year. The park features the most thrill rides of any of the Schlitterbahn parks and is home to the world's former record holder of the world's tallest water coaster, MASSIV, as it lost its record to Tsunami Surge at Hurricane Harbor Chicago at 86 feet tall. MASSIV opened in 2016 and features the most current technology including water and power saving features never used before. Although it had lost its record for the tallest water coaster, MASSIV still holds the Guinness Book of World Records title for the Tallest Water Coaster and is tall.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: The park in South Padre Island opened in 2001. An indoor section opened in 2012. The park features Transportainment - a system where guests can ride through the majority of the park's attractions while floating in their tubes. In fact, this park has floating queue lines for three of the four uphill water coasters. When the Henrys sold the company to Cedar Fair, they retained the ownership of this property and rebranded it. The park was rebranded as Beach Park at Isla Blanca in December 2019.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: In May 2012, Schlitterbahn announced that it would move forward with plans to begin construction of a new water park in the Corpus Christi-Padre Island area. It was announced that it would open during the summer of 2013, but due to various delays groundbreaking didn't take place until February 2013. A 574-acre plan for the city includes a marina, the Schlitterbahn water park with lodging, and a golf course. Vendors complained, and even sued, Schlitterbahn over $500,000 in unpaid bills on the Corpus Christi project. After several months, Schlitterbahn paid the vendors and threw them a party.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: Schlitterbahn Corpus Christi opened on June 20, 2015, with a full-service restaurant, the Veranda, two kids areas, the Krystal river system, the Sky Blaster and the Aquaveyer. In 2016 the southern end of the park opened along with a resort. Christened Schlitterbahn Riverpark - Corpus Christi, the park features nearly 2 miles of river and multiple blasters. In 2017 Padre's Plunge, a SkyTrans Manufacturing Shoot the Chute, opened in the southern end of the park. It had previously operated as "Buzzsaw Falls" at Alabama Splash Adventure. This park features four types of rivers, two children's area, a massive swim-up bar, a stage for concerts, a resort with several event spaces, and a full-service restaurant.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: On May 1, 2018, IBC Bank took over ownership of the park at foreclosure auction. Schlitterbahn continues to operate and market it for the new owner. The property was rebranded as Waves Resort Corpus Christi. After not operating during 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the park was closed. The owners intend to demolish it for a mixed-use development.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: The first phase of the park opened in July 2009. The park opened each year in May. After an accident in 2016 that resulted in a death, Cedar Fair elected not to purchase the property along with the other Schlitterbahn parks. The park did not open in the 2019 season and the park was completely demolished in 2021.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: A long-stalled project in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Schlitterbahn received final approval from the Federal Aviation Administration to construct a 64-acre water park at the old Fort Lauderdale Stadium. The initial project would have used portions of the old stadium to construct a castle-like entrance to include lodging, dining and shopping facilities. Other projects included incorporating the neighboring Lockhart Stadium into the plan by expanding the park around that stadium.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: A lawsuit between Fort Lauderdale and nearby Rapids Water Park delayed the project. On March 29, 2017, federal U.S. District Judge Jose Martinez ruled against the City of Fort Lauderdale in the case stating they "did not follow their own charter" in awarding the property lease to Schlitterbahn without conducting a competitive bid process and declared the lease "invalid, null and void."


title: Schlitterbahn

text: Premier Parks, LLC eventually won the bid for the project with plans to build a Wet'n'Wild brand water park on the site. However, in September 2018, the CEO of Premier, Kieran Burke, cancelled the deal.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: While the Henry Family owned and operated the chain, there were plans for a waterpark in Cedar Park, Texas.


title: Schlitterbahn

text: The Ewing family had a day out at the Schlitterbahn Water Park in New Braunfels, Texas in an episode of "Dallas" titled "Shadow of a Doubt", which originally aired on November 2, 1984.


title: Legal status of psychoactive cactus by country

text: This is a list of the legal status of psychoactive cactus by country. This includes but is not limited to the peyote, the San Pedro and the Peruvian torch.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Hazel Dorothy Scott (June 11, 1920 – October 2, 1981) was a Trinidad-born American jazz and classical pianist and singer. She was an outspoken critic of racial discrimination and segregation. She used her influence to improve the representation of Black Americans in film.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Born in Port of Spain, Scott moved to New York City with her mother at the age of four. Scott was a child musical prodigy, receiving scholarships to study at the Juilliard School when she was eight. In her teens, she performed at Café Society while still at school. She also performed on the radio.


title: Hazel Scott

text: She was active as a jazz singer throughout the 1930s and 1940s. In 1950, she became the first black American to host her own TV show, "The Hazel Scott Show". Her career in America faltered after she testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1950 during the era of McCarthyism. Scott subsequently moved to Paris in 1957 and began performing in Europe, not returning to the United States until 1967.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, on June 11, 1920, Hazel Dorothy Scott was the only child of R. Thomas Scott, a West African scholar from Liverpool, England, and Alma Long Scott, a classically trained pianist, and music teacher. In 1924, the family moved from Trinidad to the United States and settled in Harlem, New York City. Her parents had separated by this time, and Scott lived with her mother and grandmother.


title: Hazel Scott

text: By now, Scott could play anything she heard on the piano. With her mother's guidance and training, she mastered advanced piano techniques and was labeled a child prodigy. A few years later, when Scott was eight years old, Professor Paul Wagner of the Juilliard School of Music accepted her as his own student. In 1933, her mother organized her own Alma Long Scott's All-Girl Jazz Band, where Scott played the piano and trumpet.


title: Hazel Scott

text: By the age of 16, Hazel Scott regularly performed for radio programs for the Mutual Broadcasting System, gaining a reputation as the "hot classicist". In the mid-1930s, she also performed at the Roseland Dance Hall with the Count Basie Orchestra. Her early musical theatre appearances in New York included the "Cotton Club Revue of 1938", "Sing Out the News" and "The Priorities of 1942".


title: Hazel Scott

text: Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Scott performed jazz, blues, ballads, Broadway and boogie-woogie songs, and classical music in various nightclubs. Thanks to the vision of Barney Josephson, the owner of Café Society, to establish a venue where artists of all races and ethnicities could perform, from 1939 to 1943, she was a leading attraction at both the downtown and uptown branches of Café Society. Her performances created national prestige for the practice of "swinging the classics." By 1945, Scott was earning $75,000 ($ today) a year.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Along with Lena Horne, Scott was one of the first black women to gain respectable roles in major Hollywood pictures. She refused to take roles in Hollywood playing a "singing maid", and she turned down the first four roles she was offered for this reason. When she began performing in Hollywood films, she insisted on having final cut privileges when it came to her appearance. She performed as herself in the films "I Dood It" (MGM, 1943), "Broadway Rhythm" (MGM, 1944) with Lena Horne, in the otherwise all-white cast of "The Heat's On" (Columbia, 1943), "Something to Shout About" (Columbia, 1943), and "Rhapsody in Blue" (Warner Bros, 1945). She appeared in five Hollywood films in all, always insisting on the credit line "Miss Hazel Scott as Herself", and wearing her own clothes and jewelry to protect her image. Her final break with Columbia Pictures' Harry Cohn involved "a costume which she felt stereotyped blacks." In the 1940s, in addition to her film appearances, she was featured in Café Society's "From Bach to Boogie-Woogie" concerts in 1941 and 1943 at Carnegie Hall.


title: Hazel Scott

text: She was the first person of African descent to have their own television show in America, "The Hazel Scott Show", which premiered on the DuMont Television Network on July 3, 1950. "Variety" reported that "Hazel Scott has a neat little show in this modest package," its "most engaging element" being Scott herself. The show became so popular, it soon ran three times a week. On the show, Scott performed with the jazz musicians Charles Mingus and Max Roach who were among the members of her supporting band.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Scott had long been committed to civil rights. Scott refused to perform in segregated venues when she was on tour. She was once escorted from the city of Austin, Texas by Texas Rangers because she refused to perform when she discovered that black and white patrons were seated separately. "Why would anyone come to hear me, a Negro," she told "Time" magazine, "and refuse to sit beside someone just like me?"


title: Hazel Scott

text: In 1949, Scott brought a suit against the owners of a Pasco, Washington restaurant when a waitress refused to serve Scott and her traveling companion, Mrs. Eunice Wolfe, because "they were Negroes." Scott's victory helped African Americans challenge racial discrimination in Spokane, as well as inspiring civil rights organizations "to pressure the Washington state legislature to enact the Public Accommodations Act" in 1953.


title: Hazel Scott

text: With the advent of the Red Scare in the television industry, Scott's name appeared in "Red Channels: A Report on Communist Influence in Radio and Television" in June 1950. In an effort to clear her name, Scott voluntarily appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) on September 22, 1950, and insisted on reading a prepared statement. She denied that she was "ever knowingly connected with the Communist Party or any of its front organizations." However, she stated that she had supported Communist Party member Benjamin J. Davis's run for City Council, arguing that Davis was supported by socialists, a group that "has hated Communists longer and more fiercely than any other." She also expressed her frustrations with the mass amount of false accusations of entertainers and offered the suggestion to use "democratic methods to immediately eliminate a good many irresponsible charges." Scott concluded her statement to the HUAC with a request that entertainers be not already "covered with the mud of slander and the filth of scandal" when proving their loyalty to the United States.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Her television variety program, "The Hazel Scott Show", was cancelled a week after Scott appeared before HUAC, on September 29, 1950. Scott suffered a nervous breakdown in 1951. On returning to full health, Scott continued to perform in the United States and Europe, even getting sporadic bookings on television variety shows like "Cavalcade of Stars" and guest starring in an episode of CBS Television's "Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town" musical series. Scott's short-lived television show "provided a glimmer of hope for African American viewers" during a time of continued racial bias in the broadcasting industry and economic hardships for jazz musicians in general. Scott remained publicly opposed to McCarthyism and racial segregation throughout her career.


title: Hazel Scott

text: To evade political fallout in the United States, Scott moved to Paris in 1957. She appeared in the French film "Le désordre et la nuit" (1958). In 1963, she marched with a number of other African-American expatriates, including James Baldwin, to the US Embassy in Paris to demonstrate support of the upcoming March on Washington.


title: Hazel Scott

text: She did not return to the US until 1967. By this time, the Civil Rights Movement had led to federal legislation making racial segregation in housing and public accommodations illegal and enforcing the protection of voting rights of all citizens in addition to other social advances.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Scott continued to perform occasionally in nightclubs, while also appearing on daytime television, until the year of her death. She made her television acting debut in 1973, on the ABC daytime soap opera "One Life to Live", performing a wedding song at the nuptials of her "onscreen cousin" Carla Gray Hall, portrayed by Ellen Holly.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Although a Catholic, in 1945 Scott married Baptist minister and US Congressman Adam Clayton Powell. The couple had one child, Adam Clayton Powell III, but divorced in 1960 after a separation. Their relationship provoked controversy, as Powell was married when their affair began. At the end of 1960, Powell married his secretary.


title: Hazel Scott

text: On January 19, 1961, Scott married Ezio Bedin, a Swiss-Italian comedian who was fifteen years her junior; they divorced a few years later, before her return to the US.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Scott was also a member of the Baháʼí Faith. She was at Vic Damone's career re-announcement in late 1968. She was introduced by Damone to the crowd recalling how he was an usher for her show. This might have been the November 1942 performance by Scott and others at the Paramount Theatre. Damone also told the crowd in 1968 that she had just recently been at a Bahá'í fireside, an informational meeting of the religion, at his home and had joined the religion – Scott was very moved and in tears. She joined the religion following heartfelt conversations with Dizzy Gillespie. Scott also sang at a October 1970 award dinner in New York – singing "When the World was Young", "A lonely Christmas", "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" for an International Education Year Award to James L. Olivero, who remembered Louis Gregory, presented by Daniel Jordan of the Bahá'ís on behalf of the US National Spiritual Assembly. Her singing was praised by Whitney Young, Executive Director of the National Urban League, who was speaking at the event. A musical was held in Kingston, Jamaica, in May 1971, entitled "The Sounds of a New World", co-presented by Scott with Dizzy Gillespie, Seals and Crofts, and Linda Marshall and others, as part of a ship-and-shore conference of Bahá’ís.


title: Hazel Scott

text: On October 2, 1981, Hazel Scott died of cancer at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan. She was 61 years old and survived by her son Adam Clayton Powell III. She is buried at Flushing Cemetery in Queens, New York, near other musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Johnny Hodges, and Dizzy Gillespie (who died in 1993).


title: Hazel Scott

text: Scott was renowned as a virtuosic jazz pianist, in addition to her successes in dramatic acting and classical music. She also used her status as one of the best-known African-American entertainers of her generation to shine a spotlight on issues of racial injustice and civil rights.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Scott recorded as the leader of various groups for Decca, Columbia and Signature, among them a trio that consisted of Bill English and the double bass player Martin Rivera, and another trio with Charles Mingus on bass and Rudie Nichols on drums. Her 1955 album "Relaxed Piano Moods" on the Debut label, with Mingus and Roach, is generally her work most highly regarded by critics today. Her unique swinging style and fusion of jazz and classical influences kept her in demand for performances through the very end of her life.


title: Hazel Scott

text: Singer-songwriter Alicia Keys cited Scott as her inspiration for her performance at the 61st Grammy Awards, saying: "I've been thinking about people who inspire me; shout out to Hazel Scott, I've always wanted to play two pianos."


title: Hazel Scott

text: In 2020, she was the subject of the BBC World Service programme "Hazel Scott: Jazz star and barrier breaker" in the series "The Forum".


title: Hazel Scott

text: In "When Women Invented Television," author Jennifer Keishin Armstrong features her as one of four women who had a major influence on the medium.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: Shahenshah () is a 1988 Indian Hindi-language vigilante action film starring Amitabh Bachchan in the title role, along with Meenakshi Sheshadri. The film was produced and directed by Tinnu Anand. The story of the film was written by Amitabh Bachchan's wife Jaya Bachchan and the screenplay was written by veteran screenwriter Inder Raj Anand, who died before the film was released.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: The film marked Bachchan's comeback to films after a three-year hiatus during which he had entered politics. Bachchan still had films releasing during the hiatus, as they were projects he had previously completed. The film became the second highest-grossing film in 1988 . It is remembered for the famous dialogue "Rishte Mein To Hum Tumhare Baap Hote Hain, Naam Hai Shahenshah". The film is also remembered for Amitabh Bachchan's dual performances as a comic policeman and a crimefighting vigilante. Meenakshi Sheshadri performance as the leading lady was also appreciated. The advance booking shattered all the records and in Shiela Cinema (Delhi) a crowd of 20,000 people had gathered for the first show.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: A corrupt and sniveling bank manager Mathur (Prem Chopra) has illegally borrowed 2.5 million rupees and loaned them to crime baron J.K. Verma (Amrish Puri). J.K orchestrates a bank robbery to bail him out. Inspector Anand Shrivastav (Kader Khan) gets wind of this plot. He is about to crack the case when J.K. enlists an exotic dancer, Julie (Aruna Irani), to use the robbery as a backdrop and frame the honest inspector for corruption. Inspector Shrivastav is arrested by the CBI and is imprisoned for three months. Inspector Shrivastav, the honest and innocent inspector, is so depressed about the false charges that he hangs himself at home after being released on bail. This creates a lasting and powerful impression on his young eight-year-old son, Vijaykumar. Vijay retains the noose his father used to hang himself. He vows someday restore his father's honour. Vijay and his mother leave their house and live in the house of another honest police inspector named Aslam Khan.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: Years later, a young Vijay (Amitabh Bachchan) in the inspector uniform, grows up in the care of Inspector Aslam Khan (Pran), Inspector Shrivastav's friend and partner, who has allowed Vijay and his mother to live with him, and Vijay becomes a cop himself. Vijay is friends with Shaheena, the daughter of Aslam Khan. Aslam Khan is an honest cop much like Vijay's father. Vijay is an obsequious and cowardly inspector, prone to bribery and generally scared of powerful criminals. It doesn't take JK long to find Vijay, get him on the payroll, and run his underworld crime empire (drugs, guns, racketeering) past the cops.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: A new apparition bursts upon this scene who calls himself "Shahenshah", a costumed crime fighter (see movie poster). He has a left iron hand which is used to attack enemies and smash objects, and Shahenshah's other weapon is a noose. Oddly enough, it is the same noose Vijay's father used to hang himself with. This is because it is revealed later that Shahenshah is actually Vijay. When wearing Shahenshah's attire, Vijay describes himself as "one who doesn't hold a cop's job but does the same work; one who apprehends criminals himself, conducts the trials himself, and, pronounces and executes the sentences himself". So Vijay/Shahenshah's outward mission is to take out crime, but his real goal is to get to the guys who framed his father.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: Shahenshah quietly breaks up several of J.K.'s gambling dens and illicit liquor distilleries. He also halts the demolition of a slum. This catches the eye of small-time trickster Shalu (Meenakshi Seshadri) who lives there with her aging and ailing mother Julie. J.K. had ordered her assassination after she helped frame Vijay's father; she has been on the run from him ever since, which becomes Shalu's motivation for seeking out and eliminating J.K. Shalu decides to infiltrate J.K.'s coterie by becoming an exotic dancer. One night, she attempts to kill J.K. by shooting him but is shocked when J.K. reveals he had been wearing a bullet-proof vest the whole time. Vijay lies to J.K. that Shahenshah's weakness is not letting Shalu die. He also lies that if J.K. returns Shalu to Shahenshah, Shahenshah will return J. K.'s goods worth millions. But J.K. is ultimately fooled. Shahenshah later detonates a bomb planted in J.K.'s truck.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: J.K. murders an honest crime reporter Mohammed Salim (Vijayendra Ghatge), who was about to expose J.K.'s crime ring. Salim was married to Shaheena (Supriya Pathak), the daughter of Aslam Khan. Vijay now decides to turn around his image as a cowardly cop. He openly defies J.K. Julie agrees to testify against J.K. Shalu provides ancillary evidence. And J.K. prepares for an all out war against Shahenshah/Vijay, Shalu and the lot of his enemies. At Salim's funeral, only one of the many witnesses of his death were present. He was about to reveal J.K.'s name, but a sharpshooter shoots him to death.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: There is a veritable bloodbath on the streets as Inspector Vijay tries to get Julie into the courthouse. And there is a final showdown where Shahenshah reveals his secret identity and becomes the nemesis for all the culprits. To give himself a chance to escape, J.K. abducts Shalu. The showdown leads Shahenshah chasing J.K. to the roof of the courthouse where J.K. is pleading his case, because his cover is blown. J.K. falls through a hole in the roof and is clinging on for dear life, with the whole court looking in astonishment. Shahenshah then reveals before the whole court that he is actually Vijay. Vijay throws the noose down to J.K., and he gratefully accepts it, but J.K., being the ruthless man that he is, attempts to attack Vijay. Vijay lets go of the noose, which slips around J.K.'s neck, and before the whole court, J.K. Verma is hanged, avenging Inspector Shrivastav and Salim the reporter, Shaheena's husband.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: Tinnu Anand, who had made the very successful film "Kaalia" (1981) with Amitabh, wanted to make another movie with him during the early 1980s. The story of "Shahenshah" was written by Amitabh's wife, Jaya Bachchan and further refined by Tinnu Anand's father Inder Raj Anand. Even though Anand signed up Bachchan in 1983, the film could not commence shooting because only three days before shooting was to begin in Bangalore, Amitabh fell seriously ill. After a thorough medical examination it was revealed that he had developed myasthenia gravis, a rare chronic autoimmune disease marked by muscular weakness without atrophy.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: Due to Amitabh's illness and his commitments to other movies, the start of "Shahenshah's" shooting was delayed until 1985. By this time, the female lead of the film, Dimple Kapadia, was replaced by Meenakshi Sheshadri. The now iconic costume that Amitabh donned in this movie weighed almost 18 kg, and despite his illness, Amitabh insisted on wearing the costume in all of his fight scenes. During shooting, Amitabh and Tinnu got into a disagreement over one particular scene in which Tinnu wanted Amitabh to wear his police uniform but Amitabh insisted on wearing a blazer instead. The argument got quite heated and with neither of the two willing to change his stance, shooting was temporarily halted. It was not until Tinnu's father, Inder Raj Anand, intervened and convinced Amitabh to wear the police uniform by explaining its significance in the scene that the shooting resumed.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: The shooting eventually wrapped up in October 1987. Even though the film was initially planned to be released in November, the release date kept on being pushed back due to the threat of a boycott of the movie by some opposition political parties. These parties had had some conflict with Amitabh while he was a Congress MP and they maintained bitterness towards him even after he had retired from politics.


title: Shahenshah (1988 film)

text: "Shahenshah" was finally released on 12 February 1988 and went on to become a huge blockbuster earning over 6 crores by its fifth week. The film performed very well at the box office despite strong competition from other big-banner films like "Tezaab" and "Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak", both of which were targeted towards the newer generation.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Fatima Whitbread (' Vedad; 3 March 1961) is a British retired javelin thrower. She broke the world record with a throw of in the qualifying round of the 1986 European Athletics Championships in Stuttgart, and became the first British athlete to set a world record in a throwing event. Whitbread went on to win the European title that year, and took the gold medal at the 1987 World Championships. She is also a two-time Olympic medallist, winning bronze at the 1984 Summer Olympics and silver at the 1988 Summer Olympics. She was voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1987.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: After a difficult early childhood, Fatima Vedad was adopted by the family of Margaret Whitbread, a javelin coach. Whitbread won the 1977 English Schools' Athletics Championships intermediate title, and was selected for the 1978 Commonwealth Games, where she finished sixth. The following year, she took gold at the 1979 European Athletics Junior Championships. During her career, she had a well-publicised rivalry with another British javelin athlete, Tessa Sanderson. Whitbread's later career was affected by a long-term shoulder injury, which she believed dated back to her world record throw in 1986. The 1990 UK Athletics Championships was the last event in which she participated, and she sustained a further shoulder injury there. In 1992 she formally retired from competition.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Whitbread has appeared on several television programmes, including "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!" in 2011. She was named the Sports Writers' Association Sportswoman of the Year in 1986 and 1987. She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1987 Birthday Honours, for services to athletics.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Fatima Vedad was born on 3 March 1961 in Stoke Newington, London, to a Turkish Cypriot mother and Greek Cypriot father. She grew up in a series of children's homes, occasionally being left in the care of her abusive biological mother. In a 2003 interview with "The Observer", she said, "it was a nightmare of a childhood and it was only because I loved sport so much that I got through it and met my true mother."


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Vedad started throwing the javelin aged 11. According to her account, she had taken up an interest in track and field events after being inspired by the myth of Atalanta, "whom no man could outrun except by cheating, and whose javelin killed a terrible monster"; and by Mary Peters, who won the gold medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics' women's pentathlon. Vedad met javelin thrower David Ottley at a stadium and asked him if she could use his javelin. He asked her to wait until the coach arrived. The coach was Margaret Whitbread, a physical education teacher at a local school, whom Vedad had previously met when Whitbread refereed a netball match that she played in. After discovering that Vedad stayed at a children's home, Margaret Whitbread passed on some boots and a javelin from a girl who had retired from the event. Three years later, Vedad was adopted by Margaret Whitbread and her family. She spent her teenage years in Chadwell St Mary, Essex, where she attended the Torells School in nearby Grays.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Whitbread won the English Schools' Athletics Championships intermediate title in 1977, and set a national intermediate record of in winning the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA) women's championship the following month. She placed sixth in the javelin throw at the 1978 Commonwealth Games, throwing . Whitbread won gold in the javelin event at the 1979 European Athletics Junior Championships, throwing . She was selected for the 1980 Summer Olympics event, but, achieving only


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: , she failed to qualify for the final. At the 1982 Commonwealth Games, Whitbread took the bronze medal, throwing , which was behind champion Sue Howland, from Australia.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Having finished behind fellow British competitor Tessa Sanderson in a run of 18 competitions, Whitbread finally defeated her rival with a throw of to win the UK Athletics Championship in 1983, Whitbread won the silver medal at the inaugural World Championships in 1983, having narrowly qualified for the final. She led throughout the final until Tiina Lillak bettered her mark with her last throw of the contest. A few days before the 1984 Summer Olympics, Whitbread had a stomach operation but was still able to travel to the Games and compete. She finished in the bronze medal position, with , and Sanderson () won gold. Lillak, who had a stress fracture in her right foot, won the silver medal. After the result, Whitbread commented that "I am so disappointed... I was not right on the night."


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: At the 1986 Commonwealth Games in July, Whitbread broke the Games record twice during her first three throws, and led with a distance of , before Sanderson achieved and won. Whitbread sat down crying on the field after the result for around 30 minutes. After the medal ceremony, she commented, while still visibly upset: "12 years of hard work. Still no [gold] medal... I've waited two long years since [the 1984 Summer Olympics]. And now I'm humiliated." Sanderson, who had placed behind Whitbread in all of their seven post-1984 Olympics meetings before the Games, said "I don't mind losing to Fatima in the smaller competitions, but not in the big ones."


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: The following month, Whitbread broke the javelin world record with a throw of in the qualifying round of the 1986 European Championships, more than 2 m further than the record set by Petra Felke of East Germany the previous year. She was the first British athlete to set a world record in a throwing event. Felke led for the first three rounds, before Whitbread produced a throw of in the fourth round, and in the fifth round (the second-longest throw of all time by a woman, at that point) to win her first major championship gold. Whitbread later wrote that "All the years of training had finally come to something... I went on my lap of honour... Spontaneously, I wiggled my hips in happiness, a victory wiggle." The record was beaten by Felke in July 1987 with a throw of .


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Whitbread qualified for the final of the 1987 World Championships in second place behind Felke. Her throw of was, at the time, the third-longest ever, and won her the title ahead of Felke. Sanderson was fourth. Her celebratory wiggles after defeating Felke in the World and European event became well known in the UK. She was voted winner of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award in 1987. David Powell wrote in "The Times", that "To that practiced smile, she has added the 'Whitbread wiggle'. She is succeeding in bringing personality to her event in the same way that Willie Banks did to the triple jump."


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: In the months leading up to the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Whitbread suffered from several ailments: a shoulder injury, boils, glandular fever and problems with her gums. Whitbread won the silver medal behind Felke, with a throw that, although her best of the season, was some four metres less than her rival. Whitbread commented "If I had to be beaten, I am glad it was by Petra."


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Whitbread's later career was affected by a long-term shoulder injury, which she believed dated back to her world record throw in 1986. The 1990 UK Athletics Championships was the last event that she participated in, and she sustained a further shoulder injury there. In 1992 she formally retired from competition.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Alan Hubbard wrote in a 1990 article in "The Observer" about Whitbread and Sanderson that "their hate-hate relationship has been one of the most enduring in British sport," lasting almost a decade. In 2009, Tom Lamont commented in "The Guardian" that "Whitbread and Sanderson were always uneasy rivals and the enmity that developed during their overlapping careers became as famous as their achievements, and seems to survive in their retirement." Hubbard cited Sanderson's perception that Whitbread received preferential treatment from the British Amateur Athletic Board. The Board's promotions officer, Andy Norman, who had a role in setting British athletes' fees, was a family friend of Whitbread and her mother. In 1985, Whitbread often participated in international events but Sanderson took part in only one in the season up to June 1985. Sanderson claimed that this was because she lacked supporters in the meetings where representatives were determined; she said that "Fatima has Andy Norman looking after her in meetings ... and, of course, her mother, Margaret, is the national event coach". In 1987, Sanderson threatened to boycott six official athletics events, for which she was to be paid £1,000 each by British Athletics compared to Whitbread's £10,000. Sanderson also objected to the Whitbreads' endorsement of Howland, who competed at the 1990 Commonwealth Games after a two-year doping suspension, since Howland was Australian, and Sanderson felt they should have supported British athletes instead.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: During their respective careers, Whitbread gained one world and one European title; Sanderson won an Olympic and three Commonwealth golds. In all, Sanderson placed higher in 27 of the 45 times that they faced each other in competition, although Whitbread had the better results of the pair from 1984 to 1987. In 1993, coach Peter Lawler favourably compared Whitbread's technique to Sanderson's, writing in "IAAF New Studies in Athletics" that "the alignments of Whitbread and [Mick] Hill are as straight as a cricket text book's bat. Whitbread perfected the turning on to the shaft while Sanderson often sagged through the delivery."


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Whitbread wrote in her 2012 autobiography that she began a personal relationship with Norman shortly after his divorce in 1986. In 1993, journalist Cliff Temple investigated claims that members of the Chafford Hundred Athletic Club, which was run by Whitbread and included leading athletes personally managed by her fiancé Norman, received preferential treatment from Norman in his role as promotions officer of the British Athletics Federation (BAF). Temple authored an article in "The Sunday Times" suggesting that there could be a conflict of interests. Temple took his own life in January 1994. It emerged during the inquest into Temple's death that Norman had threatened and falsely smeared him. Norman spread rumours that Temple had sexually harassed Shireen Bailey, whom Temple coached. Bailey denied the claims. Norman was dismissed from his job as promotions officer for the BAF following the federation's inquiry into the matter. The inquest concluded that although the end of Temple's marriage was a contributing factor to his suicide, that the allegations by Norman were the other factor, and had "tipped the balance".


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: In 1997, Whitbread married Norman in Copthorne, West Sussex. The couple, who had a son together, divorced in 2006. Norman died of a heart attack in 2007.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Whitbread has published two autobiographies written with Adrianne Blue, "Fatima: The Autobiography of Fatima Whitbread" in 1988, and "Survivor: The Shocking and Inspiring Story of a True Champion" in 2012.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Whitbread was runner-up to Nigel Mansell in the 1986 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Awards, and won the title the following year. She was named the Sports Writers' Association Sportswoman of the Year in 1986 and 1987. She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1987 Birthday Honours, for services to athletics.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: Whitbread has been a guest on television programmes including "A Question of Sport" (on which she first appeared in 1984), "The Little and Large Show" (1987 and 1988) and "The Wright Stuff" (2012). In 1989, she was one of the celebrities with experience of fostering or adoption who took part in "Find a Family" on ITV. The series featured the celebrities' own reflections, and also highlighted specific children, inviting viewers to contact the programme if they were interesting in fostering or adopting them.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: In January 1995 Whitbread was interviewed by Andrew Neil, on his one-on-one show "Is This Your Life?" on Channel 4 which included discussion of Cliff Temple's suicide. Writing in "The Guardian", Nancy Banks-Smith described how Whitbread had "stonewalled with stoicism and without sweating" and been unclear in her answers about this. Whitbread also spoke about her unhappiness at how Ben Johnson had been treated after being found doping with steroids. Neil's treatment of Whitbread attracted viewer complaints.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: She was a featured "masked celebrity" on "Celebrity Wrestling" in 2005, and lost her bout against Victoria Silvstedt.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: In November 2011, Whitbread took part in the ITV show "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!" Whitbread and fellow campmate Antony Cotton left on 2 December 2011, placing her third. One of the challenges on the show involved her wearing a helmet containing about 7,500 cockroaches. The segment was halted after one of the insects crawled up her nose. It was removed by flushing it out through her mouth with water.


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: In 2012, she was a regular fitness expert appearing on "This Morning". Later that year, the stand-alone documentary "Fatima Whitbread: Growing Up in Care" featured Whitbread's reflections on her own troubled childhood, and her conversations with others who had experienced serious problems from their parent and problems with the UK care system. In "The Guardian", David Stubbs wrote "More emotional than forensic, this is compulsory viewing nonetheless." In 2020, she trekked the Sultans Trail for BBC Two's "Pilgrimage: Road to Istanbul".


title: Fatima Whitbread

text: The table shows Whitbread's performances representing Great Britain and England in international competitions. (q) Indicates overall position in qualifying round.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: The Regulators is a novel by American author Stephen King, writing under the pseudonym Richard Bachman. It was published in 1996 at the same time as its "mirror" novel, "Desperation". The two novels represent parallel universes relative to one another, and most of the characters present in one novel's world also exist in the other novel's reality, albeit in different circumstances. Additionally, the hardcover first editions of each novel, if set side by side, make a complete painting, and on the back of each cover is also a peek at the opposite's cover.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: King had previously "killed off" Bachman after the pseudonym was publicly exposed around the time of the 1984 release of the Bachman novel "Thinner". However, on the book's jacket and in a tongue-in-cheek introduction by the book's editor, it was alleged that this 1996 work was written by Bachman years earlier, but the manuscript had only recently been discovered by his widow in a trunk.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: The novel began as a screenplay titled "The Shotgunners". King says that film writer-director Sam Peckinpah read the script and made some suggestions, but Peckinpah died while King was writing the second draft.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: Along a residential street in the suburban town of Wentworth, Ohio, a paperboy is suddenly shot by a mysterious stranger in a red van. The neighborhood’s panicked civilians run for shelter while author Johnny Marinville attempts to contact the police. However, an otherworldly force prevents the call from going through. Two other colorful vans, each driven by mysterious and odd strangers, later appear and kill three more residents. Former police officer Collie Entragian directs the affected residents and corrals them into the homes of victim David Carver and veterinarian Tom Billingsley. Only two residents remain indoors the entire time, seemingly unfazed: Audrey Wyler and her autistic nephew Seth, whom she has been caring for since the death of his family two years ago, remain silent among the chaos.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: During a trip to a mining town in Desperation, Nevada, an evil, otherworldly being named Tak took possession of Seth's body after it was released from a mine. Implementing strong mental influence, it later killed Seth’s parents and siblings. Tak then forced Audrey's husband to commit suicide. To survive, Audrey took refuge in a mental construct of her creation, modeling her safe place after a favorite retreat. Seth, meanwhile, is sent into the deep recesses of his mind while Tak is in control and suffers poor hygiene and nutrition as a result of the creature’s neglect. Because of his autism, Seth displays a gifted mental strength that is likely the reason Tak was drawn to him in the first place. It also helps keep his mind intact while Tak is in control.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: Tak is the source of the vans, which are derived from the cartoon "MotoKops 2200", which Seth watches religiously. Seth also often watches a Western movie named "The Regulators", and Tak eventually transforms the neighborhood into an Old West landscape with no way to escape, as some of the residents soon find.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: After several other people are killed in various ways (including Collie, after being mistakenly shot by a neighborhood teenager named Jim Reed, who then committed impulse suicide), Seth makes time for Audrey to escape the house while Tak is preoccupied. After Audrey puts a laxative in Seth's milk, she takes the chance to go across the street to the Carver's home and explain the situation to the others. Seth ingests the laxative which causes Tak to leave Seth's body temporarily as it cannot stand witnessing the boy defecate. She slips back to the house with Johnny to try to rescue Seth before Tak returns, but Cammie Reed follows, with a gun. Distraught over the death of her son, Jim, earlier, Cammie kills Seth, and mortally wounds Audrey as Tak tries to re-enter the boy’s body. Tak’s attention is then diverted to her and it enters Cammie’s body instead. However, she cannot hold up to Tak the way that Seth could and her body is destroyed as a result of the possession. Tak leaves her in the form of smoke and dissipates in the wind. The vans disappear and the landscape is returned to its normal state.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: A short epilogue in the form of a letter reveals that Seth’s and Audrey’s spirits have taken up residence at the meadow from Audrey’s mental sanctuary, and live there happily in what is implied to be an alternate parallel paradise.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: In the novel's epilogue, a letter written by a woman on her honeymoon to her friend mentions one of Stephen King's earlier works, "The Shining".


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: As a mirror novel, characters from "Desperation" appear, though in different roles and, in some cases, different physical appearances.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: In August 2014, King mentioned that there had been discussions about turning "The Regulators" into a TV series, but no other mention was made thereafter.


title: The Regulators (novel)

text: In August 2022, it was announced that Bohemia Group had optioned the rights to the novel for an adaptation and tapped George Cowan to helm the project with Justin Ross as producer.


title: Phạm Minh Chính

text: Phạm Minh Chính (born 10 December 1958) is a Vietnamese politician, the current Prime Minister of Vietnam, one of the highest-ranked officials in Vietnam along with Nguyễn Phú Trọng, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam and Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, President of Vietnam. He is currently a Member of Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam Term XIII, Head of Committee for the Internal Political Protection of the Central Communist Party of Vietnam, Member of the National Assembly of Vietnam session XIV. He is General of the People's Public Security Forces and a Member of Politburo term XII, formerly Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam Session XII, Head of the Organizing Commission, Deputy Director of Organizing Commission; Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee of Quang Ninh province; Deputy Minister of Public Security, General Director of General Department of Logistics and Technology, Ministry of Public Security; and Deputy Director-General of the General Department of Intelligence.


title: Phạm Minh Chính

text: Phạm Minh Chính was born on 10 December 1958, at the commune of Hoa Lộc, Hậu Lộc district, Thanh Hóa province, North Vietnam, in a family of eight siblings. His father was a local cadre and civil servant, and his mother was a farmer. In 1963, he followed his family to build a New Economic Zone in the town of Phong Sơn, Cẩm Thủy, Thanh Hóa. As a child, he attended Cẩm Thủy High School. After graduating from high school in 1975, he studied at Hanoi University of Foreign Studies, nowadays Hanoi University. In 1976, he was sent to Socialist Republic of Romania to study at Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest. He studied Romanian and majored in Civil Engineering. In 2000, he successfully defended his Doctor of Law thesis, becoming a Doctor of Law. On March 9, 2010, he was conferred the academic title of Associate Professor in Law.


title: Phạm Minh Chính

text: Phạm Minh Chính was admitted to the Communist Party of Vietnam on December 25, 1986, and became an official member on December 25, 1987. He also attended courses at Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics, receiving an Advanced Degree in Political Theory.


title: Phạm Minh Chính

text: In January 1985, Phạm Minh Chính became an Intelligence officer within the Department of intelligence within the Ministry of Public Security, among other things, he served as an intelligence officer in the Department of Europe and America within the department of intelligence during his time within the Department of Intelligence. In March 1991, Phạm Minh Chính became an officer of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, working at the Vietnamese Embassy in Romania.


title: Phạm Minh Chính

text: In November 1994, he returned to the Ministry of Public Security, becoming the Deputy Head of the Department of Europe. Between May 1999 and August 2010, he served as the Deputy Director of several departments, and in August 2010, he became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam at the 11th party Congress. He was Re-elected at the 12th party congress in February 2015. In February 2016, he became a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam. On 5 April 2021, he was elected as Prime Minister of Vietnam at the 11th working session of the 14th National Assembly.


title: Yes and no

text: Yes and no, or word pairs with similar words, are expressions of the affirmative and the negative, respectively, in several languages, including English. Some languages make a distinction between answers to affirmative versus negative questions and may have three-form or four-form systems. English originally used a four-form system up to and including Early Middle English and Modern English has reduced to a two-form system consisting of 'yes' and 'no'. It exists in many facets of communication, such as: eye blink communication, head movements, Morse Code, and sign language. Some languages, such as Latin, do not have yes-no word systems.


title: Yes and no

text: Answering yes/no question with single words meaning 'yes' or 'no' is by no means universal. Probably about half the world's languages typically employ an echo response: repeating the verb in the question in an affirmative or a negative form. Some of these also have optional words for 'yes' and 'no', like Hungarian, Russian, and Portuguese. Others simply don't have designated yes/no words, like Welsh, Irish, Latin, Thai, and Chinese. Echo responses avoid the issue of what an unadorned "yes" means in response to a negative question. Yes and no can be used as a response to a variety of situationsbut are better suited when asked simple questions. While a "yes" response to the question, "You don't like strawberries?" is ambiguous in English, the Welsh response "" (I am) has no ambiguity.


title: Yes and no

text: The words "yes" and "no" are not easily classified into any of the eight conventional parts of speech. Sometimes classified as interjections, they do not qualify as such, and they are not adverbs. They are sometimes classified as a part of speech in their own right, sentence words, or pro-sentences, although that category contains more than "yes" and "no", and not all linguists include them in their lists of sentence words. Sentences consisting solely of one of these two words are classified as minor sentences.


title: Yes and no

text: Although sometimes classified as interjections, these words do not express emotion or act as calls for attention; they are not adverbs because they do not qualify any verb, adjective, or adverb. They are sometimes classified as a part of speech in their own right: sentence words or word sentences.


title: Yes and no

text: This is the position of Otto Jespersen, who states that Yes' and 'No'... are to all intents and purposes sentences just as much as the most delicately balanced sentences ever uttered by Demosthenes or penned by Samuel Johnson."


title: Yes and no

text: Georg von der Gabelentz, Henry Sweet, and Philipp Wegener have all written on the subject of sentence words. Both Sweet and Wegener include "yes" and "no" in this category, with Sweet treating them separately from both imperatives and interjections, although Gabelentz does not.


title: Yes and no

text: Watts classifies "yes" and "no" as grammatical particles, in particular "response particles". He also notes their relationship to the interjections "oh" and "ah", which is that the interjections can precede "yes" and "no" but not follow them. "Oh" as an interjection expresses surprise, but in the combined forms "oh yes" and "oh no" merely acts as an intensifier; but "ah" in the combined forms "ah yes" and "ah no" retains its stand-alone meaning, of focusing upon the previous speaker's or writer's last statement. The forms "*yes oh", "*yes ah", "*no oh", and "*no ah" are grammatically ill-formed. Aijmer similarly categorizes the "yes" and "no" as "response signals" or "reaction signals".


title: Yes and no

text: Ameka classifies these two words in different ways according to the context. When used as back-channel items, he classifies them as interjections; but when they are used as the responses to a yes–no question, he classifies them as formulaic words. The distinction between an interjection and a formula is, in Ameka's view, that the former does not have an addressee (although it may be directed at a person), whereas the latter does. The "yes" or "no" in response to the question is addressed at the interrogator, whereas "yes" or "no" used as a back-channel item is a "feedback usage", an utterance that is said to oneself. However, Sorjonen criticizes this analysis as lacking empirical work on the other usages of these words, in addition to interjections and feedback uses.


title: Yes and no

text: Bloomfield and Hockett classify the words, when used to answer yes-no questions, as "special completive interjections". They classify sentences comprising solely one of these two words as minor sentences.


title: Yes and no

text: Sweet classifies the words in several ways. They are sentence-modifying adverbs, adverbs that act as modifiers to an entire sentence. They are also sentence words, when standing alone. They may, as question responses, also be absolute forms that correspond to what would otherwise be the "not" in a negated echo response. For example, a "No." in response to the question "Is he here?" is equivalent to the echo response "He is not here." Sweet observes that there is no correspondence with a simple "yes" in the latter situation, although the sentence-word "Certainly." provides an absolute form of an emphatic echo response "He is certainly here." Many other adverbs can also be used as sentence words in this way.


title: Yes and no

text: Unlike "yes", "no" can also be an adverb of degree, applying to adjectives solely in the comparative (e.g., "no greater", "no sooner", but not "no soon" or "no soonest"), and an adjective when applied to nouns (e.g., "He is no fool." and Dyer's "No clouds, no vapours intervene.").


title: Yes and no

text: Grammarians of other languages have created further, similar, special classifications for these types of words. Tesnière classifies the French "oui" and "non" as "phrasillons logiques" (along with "voici"). Fonagy observes that such a classification may be partly justified for the former two, but suggests that "pragmatic holophrases" is more appropriate.


title: Yes and no

text: While Modern English has a "two-form system" of "yes" and "no" for affirmatives and negatives, earlier forms of English had a "four-form system", comprising the words "yea", "nay", "yes", and "no". "Yes" contradicts a negatively formulated question, "No" affirms it; "Yea" affirms a positively formulated question, "Nay" contradicts it.


title: Yes and no

text: Benedick's answer of "yea" is a correct application of the rule, but as observed by W. A. Wright "Shakespeare does not always observe this rule, and even in the earliest times the usage appears not to have been consistent." Furness gives as an example the following, where Hermia's answer should, in following the rule, have been "yes":


title: Yes and no

text: This subtle grammatical feature of Early Modern English is recorded by Sir Thomas More in his critique of William Tyndale's translation of the New Testament into Early Modern English, which was then quoted as an authority by later scholars:


title: Yes and no

text: In fact, More's exemplification of the rule actually contradicts his statement of what the rule is. This went unnoticed by scholars such as Horne Tooke, Robert Gordon Latham, and Trench, and was first pointed out by George Perkins Marsh in his "Century Dictionary", where he corrects More's incorrect statement of the first rule, ""No" aunswereth the question framed by the affirmative.", to read "nay". That even More got the rule wrong, even while himself dressing down Tyndale for getting it wrong, is seen by Furness as evidence that the four word system was "too subtle a distinction for practice".


title: Yes and no

text: Marsh found no evidence of a four-form system in Mœso-Gothic, although he reported finding "traces" in Old English. He observed that in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels,


title: Yes and no

text: Marsh calls this four-form system of Early Modern English a "needless subtlety". Tooke called it a "ridiculous distinction", with Marsh concluding that Tooke believed Thomas More to have simply made this rule up and observing that Tooke is not alone in his disbelief of More. Marsh, however, points out (having himself analyzed the works of John Wycliffe, Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, John Skelton, and Robert of Gloucester, and "Piers Plowman" and "Le Morte d'Arthur") that the distinction both existed and was generally and fairly uniformly observed in Early Modern English from the time of Chaucer to the time of Tyndale. But after the time of Tyndale, the four-form system was rapidly replaced by the modern two-form system.


title: Yes and no

text: Several languages have a "three-form system", with two affirmative words and one negative. In a three-form system, the affirmative response to a positively phrased question is the unmarked affirmative, the affirmative response to a negatively phrased question is the marked affirmative, and the negative response to both forms of question is the (single) negative. For example, in Norwegian the affirmative answer to "Snakker du norsk?" ("Do you speak Norwegian?") is "Ja", and the affirmative answer to "Snakker du ikke norsk?" ("Do you not speak Norwegian?") is "Jo", while the negative answer to "both" questions is "Nei".


title: Yes and no

text: Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, Hungarian, German, Dutch, French and Malayalam all have three-form systems. Swedish and Danish have , , and . Norwegian has , , and . Icelandic has , , and . Faroese has , , and . Hungarian has , , and . German has , , and . Dutch has , , and . French has , , and . Malayalam has , and . Though, technically Malayalam is a multi-form system of Yes and No as can be seen from below, the former are the formal words for Yes and No.


title: Yes and no

text: Swedish, and to some extent Danish and Norwegian, also have additional forms "javisst" and "jovisst", analogous to "ja" and "jo", to indicate a strong affirmative response. Swedish (and Danish slang) also have the forms "joho" and "nehej", which both indicate stronger response than "jo" or "nej". "Jo" can also be used as an emphatic contradiction of a negative statement. And Malayalam has the additional forms , and which act like question words, question tags or to strengthen the affirmative or negative response, indicating stronger meaning than , and . The words , , , , , and work in the same ways. These words also sound more polite as they don't sound like curt when saying "No!" or "Yes!". means "it is there" and the word behaves as an affirmative response like . The usage of to simply mean "No" or "No way!", is informal and may be casual or sarcastic, while is the more formal way of saying "false", "incorrect" or that "it is not" and is a negative response for questions. The word has a stronger meaning than . is used to mean "OK" or "correct", with the opposite meaning "not OK" or "not correct". It is used to answer affirmatively to questions to confirm any action by the asker, but to answer negatively one says . and both mean to "want" and to "not want".


title: Yes and no

text: Like Early Modern English, the Romanian language has a four-form system. The affirmative and negative responses to positively phrased questions are "da" and "nu", respectively. But in responses to negatively phrased questions they are prefixed with "ba" (i.e. "ba da" and "ba nu"). "nu" is also used as a negation adverb, infixed between subject and verb. Thus, for example, the affirmative response to the negatively phrased question "N-ai plătit?" ("Didn't you pay?") is "Ba da." ("Yes."—i.e. "I did pay."), and the negative response to a positively phrased question beginning "Se poate să ...?" ("Is it possible to ...?") is "Nu, nu se poate." ("No, it is not possible."—note the use of "nu" for both "no" and negation of the verb.)


title: Yes and no

text: Finnish does not generally answer yes-no questions with either adverbs or interjections but answers them with a repetition of the verb in the question, negating it if the answer is the negative. (This is an echo response.) The answer to "Tuletteko kaupungista?" ("Are you coming from town?") is the verb form itself, "Tulemme." ("We are coming.") However, in spoken Finnish, a simple "Yes" answer is somewhat more common, "Joo."


title: Yes and no

text: Negative questions are answered similarly. Negative answers are just the negated verb form. The answer to "Tunnetteko herra Lehdon?" ("Do you know Mr Lehto?") is "En tunne" ("I don't know.") or simply "En." ("I don't."). However, Finnish also has particle words for "yes": "Kyllä" (formal) and "joo" (colloquial). A yes-no question can be answered "yes" with either "kyllä" or "joo", which are not conjugated according to the person and plurality of the verb. "Ei", however, is always conjugated and means "no".


title: Yes and no

text: Estonian has a structure similar to Finnish, with both repetitions and interjections. means "yes". Unlike Finnish, the negation particle is always , regardless of person and plurality. ("am/are/is not") can be replaced by (a contraction of the ancient expression , meaning the same).


title: Yes and no

text: The word , cognate to Finnish , can be used to reply positively to a negative question: ("You don't speak Finnish?" "Yes, I do!") It can also be used to approve a positive statement: ("You (unexpectedly) came along!" "Yes I did.")


title: Yes and no

text: Up until the 16th century Latvian did not have a word for "yes" and the common way of responding affirmatively to a question was by repeating the question's verb, just as in Finnish. The modern day was borrowed from Middle High German and first appeared in 16th-century religious texts, especially catechisms, in answers to questions about faith. At that time such works were usually translated from German by non-Latvians that had learned Latvian as a foreign language. By the 17th century, was being used by some Latvian speakers that lived near the cities, and more frequently when speaking to non-Latvians, but they would revert to agreeing by repeating the question verb when talking among themselves. By the 18th century the use of was still of low frequency, and in Northern Vidzeme the word was almost non-existent until the 18th and early 19th century. Only in the mid-19th century did really become usual everywhere.


title: Yes and no

text: It is often assumed that Welsh has no words at all for "yes" and "no". It has and , and "do" and "naddo". However, these are used only in specialized circumstances and are some of the ways in Welsh of saying yes or no. "Ie" and "nage" are used to respond to sentences of simple identification, while "do" and "naddo" are used to respond to questions specifically in the past tense. As in Finnish, the main way to state yes or no, in answer to yes-no questions, is to echo the verb of the question. The answers to "'" ("Is Ffred coming?") are either "'" ("He is (coming).") or """" ("He is not (coming)"). In general, the negative answer is the positive answer combined with . For more information on "yes" and "no" answers to yes-no questions in Welsh, see Jones, listed in further reading.


title: Yes and no

text: The Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx) do not have words for "yes" or "no" at all. Instead, an echo response of the main verb used to ask the question is used. Sometimes, one of the words meaning "to be" (Irish ' or ', see Irish syntax § The forms meaning "to be"; Scottish Gaelic ' or ' see Scottish Gaelic grammar § verbs; Manx ' or ') is used. For example, the Irish question "'" ("Is he coming?") may be answered """" ("Is") or """" ("Is not"). More frequently, another verb will be used. For example, to respond to "'" ("Did he hear?"), "'" ("Heard") or "'" ("Did not hear") are used. Irish people frequently give echo answers in English as well, e.g. "Did you hear?" Answer "I heard/I did".


title: Yes and no

text: Latin has no single words for "yes" and "no". Their functions as word sentence responses to yes-no questions are taken up by "sentence adverbs", single adverbs that are sentence modifiers and also used as word sentences. There are several such adverbs classed as truth-value adverbs—including , , , , , , , , and (negative). They express the speaker's/writer's feelings about the truth value of a proposition. They, in conjunction with the negator , are used as responses to yes-no questions. For example:


title: Yes and no

text: These languages have words for "yes" and "no", namely and in Galician and and in Portuguese. However, answering a question with them is less idiomatic than answering with the verb in the proper conjugation.


title: Yes and no

text: In Spanish, the words 'yes' and 'no' are unambiguously classified as adverbs: serving as answers to questions and also modifying verbs. The affirmative can replace the verb after a negation ( = "I don't own a car, but he does") or intensify it ("I don't believe he owns a car. / He does own one!" = ). The word is the standard adverb placed next to a verb to negate it ( = "I don't own a car"). Double negation is normal and valid in Spanish, and it is interpreted as reinforcing the negation ( = "I own no car").


title: Yes and no

text: Speakers of Chinese use echo responses. In all Sinitic/Chinese languages, yes-no questions are often posed in A-not-A form, and the replies to such questions are echo answers that echo either "A" or "not A". In Mandarin Chinese, the closest equivalents to "yes" and "no" are to state "" (; ) and "" (; ). The phrase () may also be used for the interjection "no". Similarly, in Cantonese, the preceding are 係 "hai6" (lit: "is") and 唔係 (lit: "not is") "m4 hai6", respectively. One can also answer 冇錯 "mou5 co3" () for the affirmative, although there is no corresponding negative to this.


title: Yes and no

text: Japanese lacks words for "yes" and "no". The words "" ("hai") and "" ("iie") are mistaken by English speakers for equivalents to "yes" and "no", but they actually signify agreement or disagreement with the proposition put by the question: "That's right." or "That's not right." For example: if asked, , answering with the affirmative "はい" would mean "Right, I am "not" going"; whereas in English, answering "yes" would be to contradict the negative question. Echo responses are not uncommon in Japanese.


title: Yes and no

text: These differences between languages make translation difficult. No two languages are isomorphic at the most elementary level of words for "yes" and "no". Translation from two-form to three-form systems are equivalent to what English-speaking school children learning French or German encounter. The mapping becomes complex when converting two-form to three-form systems. There are many idioms, such as reduplication (in French, German, and Italian) of affirmatives for emphasis (the German ).


title: Yes and no

text: The mappings are one-to-many in both directions. The German has no fewer than 13 English equivalents that vary according to context and usage ("yes", "yeah", and "no" when used as an answer; "well", "all right", "so", and "now", when used for segmentation; "oh", "ah", "uh", and "eh" when used an interjection; and "do you", "will you", and their various inflections when used as a marker for tag questions) for example. Moreover, both and are frequently used as additional particles for conveying nuanced meaning where, in English, no such particle exists. Straightforward, non-idiomatic, translations from German to English and then back to German can often result in the loss of all of the modal particles such as and from a text.


title: Yes and no

text: Translation from languages that have word systems to those that do not, such as Latin, is similarly problematic. As Calvert says, "Saying yes or no takes a little thought in Latin".


title: Yes and no

text: Linguist James R. Hurford notes that in many English dialects "there are colloquial equivalents of "Yes" and "No" made with nasal sounds interrupted by a voiceless, breathy "h"-like interval (for Yes) or by a glottal stop (for No)" and that these interjections are transcribed into writing as ' or '. These forms are particularly useful for speakers who are at a given time unable to articulate the actual words "yes" and "no". The use of short vocalizations like "uh-huh", "mm-hmm", and "yeah" are examples of non-verbal communication, and in particular the practice of backchanneling.


title: Yes and no

text: Art historian Robert Farris Thompson has posited that "mm-hmm" may be a loanword from a West African language that entered the English vernacular from the speech of enslaved Africans; linguist Lev Michael, however, says that this proposed origin is implausible, and linguist Roslyn Burns states that the origin of the term is difficult to confirm.


title: Yes and no

text: The word "aye" () as a synonym for "yes" in response to a question dates to the 1570s. According to the "Online Etymology Dictionary", it is of unknown origin. It may derive from the word "I" (in the context of "I assent"); as an alteration of the Middle English ("yes"); or the adverb "aye" (meaning always "always, ever"), which comes from the Old Norse . Using "aye" to mean "yes" is archaic, having disappeared from most of the English-speaking world, but is notably still used by people from Scotland, Ulster, and the north of England.


title: Yes and no

text: In December 1993, a witness in a Scottish court who had answered "aye" to confirm he was the person summoned was told by a sheriff judge that he must answer either "yes" or "no". When his name was read again and he was asked to confirm it, he answered "aye" again, and was imprisoned for 90 minutes for contempt of court. On his release he said, "I genuinely thought I was answering him."


title: Yes and no

text: "Aye" is also a common word in parliamentary procedure, where the phrase "the ayes have it" means that a motion has passed. In the House of Commons of the British Parliament, MPs vote orally by saying "aye" or "no" to indicate they approve or disapprove of the measure or piece of legislation. (In the House of Lords, by contrast, members say "content" or "not content" when voting).


title: Yes and no

text: The term has also historically been used in nautical usage, often phrased as "aye, aye, sir" duplicating the word "aye". Fowler's "Dictionary of Modern English Usage" (1926) explained that the nautical phrase was at that time usually written "ay, ay, sir".


title: Yes and no

text: The informal, affirmative phrase "why-aye" (also rendered "whey-aye" or "way-eye") is used in the dialect of northeast England, most notably by Geordies.


title: Yes and no

text: Other variants of "yes" include "acha" in informal Indian English and historically "righto" or "righty-ho" in upper-class British English, although these fell out of use during the early 20th century.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: Research Triangle Park (RTP) is the largest research park in the United States, occupying in North Carolina and hosting more than 300 companies and 65,000 workers.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: The facility is named for its location relative to the three surrounding cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill, or more properly, for the three major research universities in them: North Carolina State University, Duke University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill respectively. The Research Triangle region of North Carolina received its name as an extension of the name of the park. Aside from the three anchor cities, the park is also bounded by the communities of Morrisville and Cary. Approximately one fourth of the Park's territory lies in Wake County, but the majority of its land is in Durham County.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: Research Triangle Park is one of the most prominent high-tech research and development parks in the United States. It was created in 1959 by state and local governments, nearby universities, and local business interests. Karl Robbins bought the land where the park is now built.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: The park covers and is situated in a pine forest with of built space. The park is traversed by Interstate 40, the Durham Freeway, and NC 540.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: The park is home to more than 300 companies that employ 55,000 workers and an additional 10,000 contractors.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: The park hosts one of GlaxoSmithKline's largest R&D centers with approximately 5,000 employees. Cisco Systems' campus in the park, with approximately 5,000 employees, is the second highest concentration of its employees outside its Silicon Valley corporate headquarters. The National Institutes of Health has its National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences located in the park and the city of Durham.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: Research Triangle Park is owned and managed by the Research Triangle Foundation, a private non-profit organization. In August 2017, Scott Levitan was named the organization's new President and CEO, making him the 9th leader since the foundation was established.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: Following World War II, North Carolina's economy could no longer depend upon their traditional industries of agriculture, textiles, and furniture; their market share was in decline with jobs disappearing. Academics at N.C. State and Duke University came up with the idea of creating the park so that the universities could do research together, leverage the area's strengths, and keep graduates in the state.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: Established in 1959, Research Triangle Park was created to increase innovation in the area. It is central to Duke University, North Carolina State University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. At first, the park struggled to recruit innovators, but in 1965, Research Triangle Park had its largest surge of growth thanks to heavy recruiting by the state's government and Archibald "Archie" Davis. In their article "The Growth of Research Triangle Park," Link and Scott posit that entrepreneurial culture and leadership contributed the most to its success as a cluster. Archie Davis promoted a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship by locating the park near universities, actively recruiting organizations (like the American Academy of Arts and Sciences), and used his vision to raise funding for the park.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: Davis strongly believed that profits could not be the only driver for creating the park and that the betterment of the community should be the key goal. "The love of this state … was the motivation for the Research Triangle idea," he said. "Research Triangle is a manifestation of what North Carolina is all about." Research Triangle Park remains a nonprofit.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: The park is an unincorporated area, and state law prohibits municipalities from annexing areas within the park. Some local government functions are served by the Durham-Wake Counties Research and Production Service District, a special tax district created in 1986 that is conterminous with the park, wherein the property tax rate is limited to 10 cents per $100 valuation. The park has special zoning as a Research Applications District in the Wake County portion, and a Scientific Research Park in the Durham County portion. As of October 2012, both zoning areas are in the process of being revised to allow higher density development. The zoning changes are coupled with legislative changes allowing for Urban Research Service Districts (URSD) within the Park, which can include a mix of retail and residential usages. These newly permitted URSDs could levy taxes at the same rate as a neighboring city.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: On October 1, 2015, former President and CEO of the Research Triangle Foundation, Bob Geolas, announced RTP's plans for a $50,000,000 redevelopment involving the formation of "Park Center." $20,000,000 will be allocated from Durham County, $10,000,000 from the Durham-Wake Counties Research and Production Service District, and $20,000,000 as a result of land purchases and site work provided by the Research Triangle Foundation of North Carolina.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: The redevelopment plans also include exploring partnerships with regional transit groups. The hope of the Research Triangle Foundation is to broaden public transportation to and from the area.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: In 2019, the Research Triangle Foundation announced a re-brand of the site to "Hub RTP." The 100-acre site broke ground in September 2020 and will include 125,000 SF of office over retail, 1200 residential apartments, 16 acres of green space, at least one hotel, and 1M SF of the first high rise office towers in RTP.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: The Research Triangle Foundation operates several subsidiaries within the park. These include: the Frontier RTP startup campus, Boxyard RTP, and Hub RTP. Frontier RTP first opened as a free coworking space in a single building in January 2015. Since its inception, the Foundation has expanded the Frontier RTP concept to three additional buildings, creating an affordable campus for growing tech, life science and nonprofit organizations; as of 2021, 100 of the Park's 300 companies are housed in the Frontier campus.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: In March 2019, RTF announced plans to construct Boxyard RTP, an 15,000-square-foot shipping container complex of retail, dining, and other amenities. The $9M project, which is set on 12 acres of the Frontier RTP campus, delayed its launch for a year because of the impacts of the pandemic and soft-launched in June 2021 with a few of the planned tenants opening for business in the days following. The complex held its grand opening on November 18, 2021, with several anchor tenants open for business. Tenants include restaurants, a brewery, a cocktail bar, a coffee shop, a beauty shop, a CBD vendor, and an escape room. The complex also features a dog park named the Barkyard RTP, pop-up yoga classes, live music, and both standalone and roof-mounted heaters in the outdoor pavilion.


title: Research Triangle Park

text: Boxyard RTP is inspired by a similar development called The Boxyard Tulsa, located in downtown Tulsa's East Village district.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: Sonata Arctica is a Finnish power metal band from the town of Kemi, Finland. Created as a hard rock band named Tricky Beans, they later changed to Tricky Means and finally to Sonata Arctica, when they shifted to power metal. The current lineup consists of drummer Tommy Portimo, lead singer Tony Kakko, keyboardist Henrik Klingenberg, guitarist Elias Viljanen and bassist Pasi Kauppinen. All the musicians of the band's history except Portimo also acted as backing vocalists.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: As of 2022, the band has released ten full-length albums (three via Spinefarm Records and seven via Nuclear Blast), their most recent being "Talviyö" on September 6, 2019.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: The band was founded by drummer Tommy Portimo and guitarists Jani Liimatainen and Marko Paasikoski in Kemi. At the end of 1995, lead vocalist Tony Kakko was added and bassist Pentti Peura joined in early 1996. Originally named Tricky Beans, they played hard rock rather than the power metal with which they grew to fame. Kakko explained that when he was invited to join the band, Paasikoski said the band was going to play "a mixture of Megadeth and Spin Doctors". During their early career, they recorded three demos which were never sent to a recording label — "Friend 'til the End", "Agre Pamppers" and "PeaceMaker". According to Kakko, the band's first name was based on one of their early songs, which was "about a lady who was tricky and I didn't really know what I was talking about (laughs)". Their first show was about to take place but they were still unnamed, so they had to come up with something.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In 1997 the band changed their name to Tricky Means, and from that point until 1999 their style was thoroughly worked upon and ultimately was drastically changed, acquiring a strong emphasis on the keyboard melodies and relying on an easily distinguishable rhythm line maintained both by the bass and the guitar. Vocalist Tony Kakko developed a clean singing style which relies both on falsetto and tenor voices. Kakko has stated that the change of sound was influenced by fellow Finnish power metal band Stratovarius. At that time, Pentti Peura was fired and Marko Paasikoski left due to a lack of gigging. Two months later the band got signed to a three-album deal with Spinefarm, which left Marko displeased. The band finally changed their name to Sonata Arctica, because they thought they wouldn't be able to sell metal albums with the previous name and also because Spinefarm asked them to do so. "Sonata Arctica" was suggested by a friend of the band: "sonata" for the music and "arctica" for their home (Kemi, in Northern Finland).


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In 1997, they recorded a demo entitled "FullMoon" in Kemi's Tico Tico Studios, which was their first real metal recording. The line-up consisted of Portimo, Liimatainen, Kakko and new bassist Janne Kivilahti (who started first as second guitarist). The demo was sent to Spinefarm Records by a friend of the band and a recording deal soon followed.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: Later that year, Sonata Arctica's first single, entitled "UnOpened", was released in Finland. Soon after, the band had closed deals with labels from around the world, prior to the release of their debut album. The debut "Ecliptica" arrived by the end of 1999 and had a worldwide release. Tony Kakko then decided to focus on singing and the band began seeking a new keyboard player. Mikko Härkin (ex-Kenziner) was eventually invited to fill the position.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: At the beginning of 2000, Sonata Arctica was chosen to support the well-known power metal band Stratovarius throughout their European tour. Marko Paasikoski returned to the band to play bass in the wake of Janne Kivilahti's departure after the tour. According to Kakko, Kivilahti left because he thought they weren't going anywhere and Paasikoski was their first choice as the new bassist since he left just before the band got their first record deal.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: Throughout Winter 2000/2001, the band worked on composing and recording their next album — "Silence" — which was released in June 2001. An extensive tour followed, which included concerts throughout Europe (together with Gamma Ray) and Japan. In 2002 Sonata Arctica made its first incursion to America, putting on shows in Brazil and Chile. A live album entitled "Songs of Silence" was also released that year, consisting of gigs from their tour in Japan. By the end of 2002, Mikko Härkin left the band due to personal reasons.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In the search for another keyboardist, the band received many applications and two of them were invited for auditions. Since they were well aware of the candidates' ability, the band decided to pick the new member based on personality. To this end, they spent a night drinking with each of the potentials to find out which one would fit best into the band's personality and mentality. Henrik Klingenberg was eventually chosen and joined the band in time to take part in the tour that followed the release of "Winterheart's Guild". With the end of their contract with Spinefarm Records, the band received invitations from most European recording labels and eventually opted for Nuclear Blast.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: Their third album — "Winterheart's Guild" was recorded with the help of the seasoned keyboard player Jens Johansson from Stratovarius who recorded the keyboard solos, while Kakko took care of the basics. The album was released in 2003.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In early 2004, the band was chosen as the opener for Iron Maiden's Japanese tour. Additionally, Tommy Portimo became a father; his wife gave birth to a baby girl in March. "Reckoning Night" was recorded in three months and released in October, with Klingenberg introducing the use of the organ to the band. Both the single and the EP of this release remained on the top of the Finnish charts simultaneously for over six weeks. A promotional tour was to follow, but Sonata Arctica was invited by the popular Nightwish to join their European tour, and thus made a change of plans.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In early 2005, Nightwish invited the band to open the concerts of their North American tour. This tour eventually got cancelled, but the members of Sonata Arctica opted to still make a short tour, playing concerts in Canada and the United States. On October 21, 2005, Sonata Arctica opened for Nightwish at the Hartwall Areena, Helsinki.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In 2006, the band released a live CD and DVD entitled "For the Sake of Revenge", which was recorded in Tokyo in February 2005. Then, Spinefarm Records released a compilation album to get the most out of their contract with the band, since Sonata Arctica had changed to another label. The compilation is entitled "The End of This Chapter" and was released in Japan in August 2005 and in Europe in May 2006.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: A computer video game was also planned, based on Sonata Arctica characters and music. The name of the game was going to be "Winterheart's Guild", after the album. The game was to be developed by Zelian Games, and was to be an Action-RPG in a style between "Fallout" and "Diablo". The game was cancelled for unannounced reasons but a demo was shown at the Leipzig video game conference in 2006, featuring Henrik Klingenberg as the playable character. In December 2006, the band began recording their fifth studio album.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: On May 25, 2007, "Unia" was released. The album's first single, "Paid in Full", was released on April 27, 2007. On August 6, 2007, the band announced on their website that guitarist Jani Liimatainen had been asked to leave the band due to problems related to his conscription. He was replaced by Elias Viljanen who had already filled in for him in the band's Finnish and Japanese shows during the spring and summer.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In October 2007, Sonata Arctica headlined the ProgPower USA VIII. Later, the band supported Nightwish across their 2008 tour of the United States and Canada and headlined at the shows that Nightwish cancelled due to Anette Olzon's sudden severe sickness.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: It was announced on September 4, 2008 that the band's first two albums would be re-released with bonus tracks by Spinefarm UK on October 6.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: "The Days of Grays" was released on September 16, 2009 in Finland and September 22 in the USA. Henrik stated that the new album would be in the same vein as "Unia", but not as complex and darker. Singles from this album include "Flag in the Ground" and "The Last Amazing Grays". On August 28, 2009, the music video of "Flag in the Ground" was released to the web. The limited 2CD European edition of the album featured many of the album tracks with all instruments performed by a symphony orchestra.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: The band also toured with DragonForce for the third U.S. leg of the "Ultra Beatdown". In early 2010 they engaged on an Australian tour with Ensiferum and Melbourne band Vanishing Point. In April 2010, Sonata Arctica embarked on their USA and Canada Headlining tour for "The Days of Grays". In October they headlined in Chile in support of the same album.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In January 2011, the band hinted in an online interview for "Metaleater" magazine that they were writing songs for a new album while on their current tour. Elias is quoted as saying, "I've been working on some new riffs, quite dark. Tony's been stuck in his bed scratching notes about some girl and her 'Luna Lust'." Tommy states later, "We've just got back from Cozumel, we had a good time, had lots of beers, loads more sun and thought about putting a bit more Queen stuff back into the music again." In April, the band recorded a live DVD in Oulu, Finland, entitled "Live in Finland", which was released on November 11, 2011 (11/11/11).


title: Sonata Arctica

text: It was announced on February 20, 2012 through the official Sonata Arctica website that the new album entitled "Stones Grow Her Name" would be released on 18 May in Europe and 22 May in North America .


title: Sonata Arctica

text: The Album's first single and video "I Have A Right" was released on April 18, the second single from the album, "Shitload of Money" was released on September 14.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: The Stones Grow Her Name World Tour began in April with summer festivals until August. The band plans to spend the fall playing headline shows in Finland and then mainland Europe. Several shows have also been announced for North America in December.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In a June 2013 interview concerning Henrik Klingenberg's own band Silent Voices, Henrik confirmed Sonata Arctica would go into recording for their eighth studio album in September 2013. When pushed for more information, he assured jovially: "If it doesn't come out by next year, we're in big trouble!"


title: Sonata Arctica

text: Concerning the progress and style of this new album, he also mentioned "The bulk of the album, we already have the demos ..." as well as "we want to focus on making songs that work live."


title: Sonata Arctica

text: During rehearsals, Henrik mentioned on his blog that songs they were rehearsing for the new album seemed to hearken towards Sonata Arctica's earlier days. He also mentioned their plan to record a 10-minute track for the new album.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: On August 26, 2013 the band officially announced on their Facebook page that Marko Paasikoski had left the band due to unsolvable issues with being part of a touring ensemble, and was replaced by bassist Pasi Kauppinen.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: On January 9, 2014, the band officially announced via their official website that the band's next studio album, "Pariah's Child", will be released on March 28, 2014.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: Tony Kakko commented on the style of the new album as well as its album artwork upon the release announcement:


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In summer 2014, the band re-recorded their first album, Ecliptica. It was released in October 2014. Tony stated that the band was hoping to record the songs in a manner faithful to the original, not in a manner that would completely change the feel of their original album.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: On September 3, 2014, Ouergh Records announced a Sonata Arctica tribute album. The album, "A Tribute to Sonata Arctica" featured bands from across the globe covering Sonata Arctica songs, with a focus on newer bands that were influenced by Sonata Arctica. Prominent bands included: Xandria, Van Canto, Stream of Passion, Arven, Powerglove, and Timeless Miracle. The album was endorsed by Tony Kakko. The tribute album was released September 12, 2015.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In February 2016, the band announced their plans to start recording a new album and release it in the final quarter of 2016. In July 2016, they announced on their Facebook page that the yet-to-be-titled album was mixed. On July 21, they officially announced the album's title, album artwork, and release date on their Facebook page. Their ninth studio album, "The Ninth Hour", was released on October 7, 2016. The artwork featured a future Utopian landscape with technology and nature in the balance.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In November 2018, the band revealed that they were working on a new album, which its production had finished in 2019. On June 21, 2019 they released a lyric video for "A Little Less Understanding" and revealed the name of the tenth studio album "Talviyö" which was released via Nuclear Blast on September 6, 2019.


title: Sonata Arctica

text: When asked if the band identified themselves with power metal, melodic metal or none of them, Kakko stated:


title: Sonata Arctica

text: In a 2007 interview with C.B.Liddell, Tony Kakko cited the English rock band Queen as his biggest musical influence.


title: Natural person

text: In jurisprudence, a natural person (also physical person in some Commonwealth countries, or natural entity) is a person (in legal meaning, i.e., one who has its own legal personality) that is an individual human being, distinguished from the broader category of a legal person, which may be a private (i.e., business entity or non-governmental organization) or public (i.e., government) organization. Historically, a human being was not necessarily considered a natural person in some jurisdictions where slavery existed (subject of a property right) rather than a person.


title: Natural person

text: According to Maria Helena Diniz, an individual or natural person "is the human being considered as a subject of rights and obligations". Every human being is endowed with legal personality and, therefore, is a subject of law.


title: Natural person

text: According to Sílvio de Salvo Venosa, "legal personality is a projection of the intimate, psychic personality of each person; it is a social projection of the psychic personality, with legal consequences". However, and in addition, the law also gives personality to other entities, formed by groups of people or assets: these are called legal person.


title: Natural person

text: In many cases, fundamental human rights are implicitly granted only to natural persons. For example, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states a person cannot be denied the right to vote based on their sex, or Section 15 of the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", which guarantees equality rights, apply to natural persons only. Another example of the distinction between natural and legal persons is that a natural person can hold public office, but a corporation cannot.


title: Natural person

text: A corporation or non-governmental organization can, however, file a lawsuit or own property as a legal person.


title: Natural person

text: Usually a natural person perpetrates a crime, but legal persons may also commit crimes. In the U.S., animals that are not persons under U.S. law cannot commit crimes.


title: Natural person

text: In Germany, legal entities () such as natural persons () have the capacity to be bearers of rights and obligations; they possess legal capacity. The point in time at which this legal capacity begins and ends is disputed in and .


title: Natural person

text: According to section 1 of the German Civil Code (BGB), a person acquires legal capacity on completion of their birth. However, in certain conditions, fetuses also have certain legal rights, for example, that of becoming an heir. The question of whether a fetus may have legal capacity as well has been left open by the Federal Court of Justice, although there are indications of a positive response. The German Civil Code grants the fetus, which does not have full legal capacity, essential rights, which are subject to the condition of subsequent live birth. The question of whether the fetus can have rights before birth and possibly from the beginning of pregnancy, in particular a right to life, is highly controversial.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Milhouse Mussolini Van Houten is a recurring character in the Fox animated television series "The Simpsons" voiced by Pamela Hayden and created by Matt Groening. Milhouse is Bart Simpson's best friend in Mrs. Krabappel's fourth grade class at Springfield Elementary School. He is an insecure, gullible, and less popular child than Bart who is often led into trouble by Bart, who takes advantage of his friend's naïveté. Milhouse is a regular target for school bully Nelson Muntz and his friends Jimbo Jones, Dolph Starbeam and Kearney Zzyzwicz. Milhouse has a crush on Bart's sister, Lisa, a common plot element.


title: Milhouse Van Houten

text: Milhouse debuted in the 1988 commercial "The Butterfinger Group" while "The Simpsons" was still airing as a cartoon short series on the Fox variety show "The Tracey Ullman Show". When "The Simpsons" was greenlit for a full series by Fox, Milhouse became one of the series' most prominent recurring characters. Groening chose the name Milhouse, also the middle name of President Richard Nixon, because it was the most "unfortunate name <nowiki>[he]</nowiki> could think of for a kid". Milhouse's appearance is based on that of Rob Cohen.