title: Liam Fox

text: Fox was a registered shareholder of the medical educational firm Arrest Ltd which was dissolved in 2010. In 2009, his estimated wealth was £1 million.


title: Liam Fox

text: Fox accepted a £50,000 donation from Jon Moulton, whose investment firm, Better Capital, later went on to own Gardner Aerospace, an aerospace metallic manufactured details supplier which includes component parts for both military and civilian aircraft. This potentially exposed Fox to conflict of interest but neither Fox nor Moulton violated any rules with this donation.


title: Liam Fox

text: On 10 June 2005, he announced his engagement to longtime girlfriend Jesme Baird, a doctor who works at the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation. They married at St Margaret's Church opposite Parliament on 17 December 2005.


title: Liam Fox

text: In September 2013, Fox launched "Rising Tides: Facing the Challenges of a New Era", a 384-page book in which he warns that many of the world’s institutions are ill-equipped to tackle the economic and security threats of the 21st century.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša (Lakota: Zitkála-Šá, meaning Red Bird; February 22, 1876 – January 26, 1938), also known by her missionary and married name, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, was a Yankton Dakota writer, editor, translator, musician, educator, and political activist. She wrote several works chronicling her struggles with cultural identity, and the pull between the majority culture in which she was educated, and the Dakota culture into which she was born and raised. Her later books were among the first works to bring traditional Native American stories to a widespread white English-speaking readership.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: She was co-founder of the National Council of American Indians in 1926, which was established to lobby for Native people's right to United States citizenship and other civil rights they had long been denied. Zitkala-Ša served as the council's president until her death in 1938. Zitkala-Ša has been noted as one of the most influential Native American activists of the 20th century. Working with American musician William F. Hanson, Zitkala-Ša wrote the libretto and songs for "The Sun Dance Opera" (1913), the first American Indian opera. It was composed in romantic musical style, and based on Sioux and Ute cultural themes.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša was born on February 22, 1876, on the Yankton Indian Reservation in South Dakota. She was raised by her mother, Ellen Simmons, whose Dakota name was "Thaté Iyóhiwiŋ" (Every Wind or Reaches for the Wind). Her father was a Frenchman named Felker, who abandoned the family when Zitkala-Ša was very young.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: For her first eight years, Zitkala-Ša lived with her mother on the reservation. She later described those days as ones of freedom and happiness, safe in the care of her mother's people and tribe. In 1884, when Zitkala-Ša was eight, missionaries came to the reservation. They recruited several Yankton children, including Zitkala-Ša, taking them to be educated at the White's Indiana Manual Labor Institute, a Quaker missionary boarding school in Wabash, Indiana. This training school was founded by Josiah White for the education of "poor children, white, colored, and Indian" to help them advance in society.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša attended the school for three years until 1887. She later wrote about this period in her work, "The School Days of an Indian Girl." She described the deep misery of having her heritage stripped away when she was forced to pray as a Quaker and to cut her traditionally long hair. By contrast, she took joy in learning to read, write, and play the violin.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: In 1887, Zitkala-Ša returned to the Yankton Reservation to live with her mother. She spent three years there. She was dismayed to realize that, while she still longed for the native Yankton traditions, she no longer fully belonged to them. Besides, she thought that many on the reservation were conforming to the dominant white culture.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: In 1891, wanting more education, Zitkala-Ša decided at age fifteen to return to the White's Indiana Manual Labor Institute. She planned to gain more through her education than becoming a housekeeper, a role the school anticipated most female students would pursue. She studied piano and violin and started to teach music at White's after the music teacher resigned. In June 1895, when Zitkala-Ša was awarded her diploma, she gave a speech on the inequality of women's rights, which was praised highly by the local newspaper.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Though her mother wanted her to return home after graduation, Zitkala-Ša chose to attend Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, where she had been offered a scholarship. While initially feeling isolated and uncertain among her predominantly white peers, she proved her oratorical talents with a speech titled "Side by Side”. During this time, she began gathering traditional stories from a spectrum of Native tribes, translating them into Latin and English for children to read. In 1897, six weeks before graduation, she was forced to leave Earlham College due to ill health and financial difficulties.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: From 1897 to 1899 Zitkala-Ša studied and played the violin at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. In 1899, she took a position at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, where she taught music to children. She also facilitated debates on the treatment of Native Americans.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: At the 1900 Paris Exposition, she played violin with the school's Carlisle Indian Band. In the same year, she began writing articles on Native American life, which were published in national periodicals such as "Atlantic Monthly" and "Harper's Monthly". Her critical appraisal of the American Indian boarding school system and vivid portrayal of Indian deracination contrasted markedly to the more idealistic writings of most of her contemporaries.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Also in 1901, Zitkala-Ša was sent by Carlisle's founder, Colonel Richard Henry Pratt, to the Yankton Reservation to recruit students. It was her first visit in several years. She was troubled to find her mother's house in disrepair, her brother's family had fallen into poverty, and white settlers were beginning to occupy lands allotted to the Yankton Dakota under the Dawes Act of 1887.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Upon returning to the Carlisle School, Zitkala-Ša came into conflict with Pratt. She resented his rigid program to assimilate Native Americans into dominant white culture and the limitations of the curriculum. It prepared Native American children only for low-level manual work, assuming they would return to rural cultures. That year she published an article in "Harper's Monthly" describing the profound loss of identity felt by a Native American boy after undergoing the assimilationist education at the school, a story called "The Soft Hearted Sioux", which Pratt called "trash". In 1901, Zitkala-Ša was dismissed from the Carlisle School.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Soon after, she took a job as a clerk at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation where she likely met her husband.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša returned to the Yankton Reservation after her time at the Carlisle School and cared for her ailing mother. Her relationship with her mother was strained after a disagreement over Zitkala-Ša's decision to continue her education. She also spent this time gathering material for her collection of traditional Sioux stories


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: In early 1901, she was engaged to Carlos Montezuma, a Yavapi (Mohave-Apache) Indian. She broke off the relationship by August. He had refused to give up his private medical practice in Chicago and relocate with her to the Yankton Indian Agency, where she wanted to return.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: In 1902, she met and married Raymond Talephause Bonnin, who was of Yankton-European ancestry and culturally Yankton. Soon after their marriage, Bonnin was assigned by the BIA to the Uintah-Ouray reservation in Utah. The couple lived and worked there with the Ute people for the next fourteen years. During this period, Zitkala-Ša gave birth to the couple's only child, Raymond Ohiya Bonnin.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Her husband, Bonnin, enlisted in the US Army in 1917 after the United States declared war against the German Empire during World War I. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1918. He served in the Quarter Master Corps in Washington, D.C., and was honorably discharged with the rank of captain in 1920.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša had a fruitful writing career, with two major periods. The first period was from 1900 to 1904, when she published legends collected from Native American culture, as well as autobiographical narratives. She continued to write during the following years, but she did not publish any of these writings. These unpublished writings, along with others including the libretto of the "Sun Dance Opera", were collected and published posthumously in 2001 as "Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and the Sun Dance Opera".


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša's articles in the "Atlantic Monthly" were published from 1900 to 1902. They included "An Indian Teacher Among Indians", published in Volume 85 in 1900. Included in the same issue were "Impressions of an Indian Childhood" and "School Days of an Indian Girl". Zitkala-Ša's other articles were published in "Harper's Monthly". "Soft-Hearted Sioux" appeared in the March 1901 issue, Volume 102, and "The Trial Path" in the October 1901 issue, Volume 103. She also wrote "A Warrior's Daughter", published in 1902 in Volume 6 of "Everybody's Magazine". In 1902, Zitkala-Ša published "Why I Am a Pagan" in "Atlantic Monthly", volume 90. It was a treatise on her personal spiritual beliefs. She countered the contemporary trend that suggested Native Americans readily adopted and conformed to the Christianity forced on them in schools and public life.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Much of her work is characterized by its liminal nature: tensions between tradition and assimilation, and between literature and politics. This tension has been described as generating much of the dynamism of her work.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: The second phase of her writing career was from 1916 to 1924. During this period, Zitkala-Ša concentrated on writing and publishing political works. She and her husband had moved to Washington, D.C., where she became politically active. She published some of her most influential writings, including "American Indian Stories" (1921) with the Hayworth Publishing House.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: She co-authored "Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians: An Orgy of Graft and Exploitation of the Five Civilized Tribes, Legalized Robbery" (1923), an influential pamphlet, with Charles H. Fabens of the American Indian Defense Association and Matthew K. Sniffen of the Indian Rights Association. Included in the "Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians" publication was information about Stella Mason, as well as others. She also created the Indian Welfare Committee of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, working as a researcher for it through much of the 1920s.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: "American Indian Stories" is a collection of childhood stories, allegorical fiction, and an essay, including several of Zitkala-Ša's articles that were originally published in "Harper's Monthly" and "Atlantic Monthly". First published in 1921, these stories told of the hardships which she and other Native Americans encountered at the missionary and manual labor schools designed to "civilize" them and assimilate them to majority culture. The autobiographical writings described her early life on the Yankton Reservation, her years as a student at White's Manual Labor Institute and Earlham College, and her time teaching at Carlisle Indian Industrial School.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Her autobiography contrasted the charm of her early life on the reservation with the "iron routine" which she found in the assimilation boarding schools. Zitkala-Ša wrote: "Perhaps my Indian nature is the moaning wind which stirs them [schoolteachers] now for their present record. But, however tempestuous this is within me, it comes out as the low voice of a curiously colored seashell, which is only for those ears that are bent with compassion to hear it."


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Commissioned by the Boston publisher Ginn and Company, "Old Indian Legends" (1901) was a collection of stories including some that she learned as a child and others she had gathered from various tribes. Directed primarily at children, the collection was an attempt both to preserve Native American traditions and stories in print and to garner respect and recognition for those from the dominant European-American culture.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: One of Zitkala-Ša's most influential pieces of political writing, "Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians”, was published in 1923 by the Indian Rights Association. The article exposed several American corporations that had been working systematically, through such extra-legal means as robbery and even murder, to defraud Native American tribes, particularly the Osage. After oil was discovered on their lands, speculators and criminals tried to acquire their headrights to leasing fees from development of their oil-rich land in Oklahoma. During the 1920s, numerous Osage were murdered.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: The work influenced Congress to pass the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which encouraged tribes to re-establish self-government, including management of their lands. Under this act, the government returned some lands to them as communal property, which it had previously classified as surplus, so they could put together parcels that could be managed.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša was an active member of the Society of American Indians (SAI), which published "American Indian Magazine". From 1918 to 1919 she served as editor of the magazine, as well as contributing numerous articles. These were her most explicitly political writings, covering topics such as the contribution of Native American soldiers to World War I, issues of land allotment, and corruption within the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the agency within the Department of Interior that oversaw American Indians. Many of her political writings have since been criticized for favoring assimilation. She called for recognition of Native American culture and traditions, while also advocating US citizenship rights to bring Native Americans into mainstream America. She believed this was the way that they could both gain political power and protect their cultures.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: While Zitkala-Ša lived on the Uintah-Ouray reservation in Utah, she met American composer William F. Hanson, who was a professor of music at Brigham Young University. Together, in 1910, they started their collaboration on the music for "The Sun Dance Opera", for which Zitkala-Ša wrote the libretto and songs. She also played Sioux melodies on the violin and flute, and Hanson used this as the basis of his music composition. She based it on the Lakota Sun Dance, which the federal government prohibited the Ute from performing on the reservation.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: The opera premiered in Utah in February 1913, with dancing and some parts performed by the Ute from the nearby Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation, and lead singing roles filled by non-natives. According to historian Tadeusz Lewandowski, it was the first Native opera. It debuted at Orpheus Hall in Vernal, Utah, to high local praise and critical acclaim. Few works of Native American opera since have dealt so exclusively with Native American themes.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: In 1938, the New York Light Opera Guild presented "The Sun Dance Opera" at The Broadway Theatre as its opera of the year.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša was politically active throughout most of her adult life. During her time on the Uintah-Ouray reservation in Utah, she was involved with the Society of American Indians (SAI) which was dedicated to preserving the Native American way of life while lobbying for the right to full American citizenship. The letterhead of the council stationery claimed that the overall goals for SAI was to "help Indians help themselves in protecting their rights and properties". Zitkala-Ša served as SAI's secretary beginning in 1916. Since the late 20th century, activists have criticized SAI and Zitkala-Ša as misguided in their strong advocacy of citizenship and employment rights for Native Americans. Such critics believe that Native Americans have lost cultural identity as they have become more part of mainstream American society.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša and her family relocated to Washington, D.C., when the SAI appointed her as national secretary in 1916. As the secretary for SAI, Zitkala-Ša corresponded with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). She began to criticize practices of the BIA, such as their attempt at the national boarding schools to prohibit Native American children from using their native languages and cultural practices. She reported incidents of abuse resulting from children's refusal to pray in a Christian manner.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: From Washington, Zitkala-Ša began lecturing nationwide on behalf of SAI to promote greater awareness of the cultural and tribal identity of Native Americans. During the 1920s she promoted a pan-Indian movement to unite all of America's tribes in the cause of lobbying for citizenship rights. In 1924 the Indian Citizenship Act was passed, granting US citizenship rights to most indigenous peoples who did not already have it.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: While Native Americans now had citizenship, discrimination remained widespread. In some states their right to vote was denied, a situation not fully changed until the Civil rights movement of the 1960s. In 1926, she and her husband founded the National Council of American Indians (NCAI), dedicated to the cause of uniting the tribes throughout the US in the cause of gaining full citizenship rights through suffrage. From 1926 until she died in 1938, Zitkala-Ša served as president, major fundraiser, and speaker for the NCAI. Her early work was largely forgotten after the organization was revived in 1944 under male leadership.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša was also active in the 1920s in the movement for women's rights, joining the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) in 1921. This grassroots organization was dedicated to diversity in its membership and to maintaining a public voice for women's concerns. Through the GFWC she created the Indian Welfare Committee in 1924. She helped initiate a government investigation into the exploitation of Native Americans in Oklahoma and the attempts being made to defraud them of drilling rights and leasing fees for their oil-rich lands. She undertook a speaking tour across the country for the General Federation of Women's Clubs where she called for the abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: In addition to her other organizing, Zitkala-Ša also ran a voter registration drive among Native Americans. She encouraged them to support the Curtis Bill, which she believed would be favorable for Indians. Though the bill granted Native Americans US citizenship, it did not grant those living on reservations the right to vote in local and state elections. Zitkala-Ša continued to work for civil rights, and better access to health care and education for Native Americans until she died in 1938.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša died on January 26, 1938, in Washington, D.C., at the age of sixty-one. She is buried as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin in Arlington National Cemetery with her husband Raymond. In the late 20th century, the University of Nebraska reissued many of her writings on Native American culture.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: She has been recognized by the naming of a Venusian crater "Bonnin" in her honor. In 1997 she was designated a Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project. Zitkala-Ša lived part of her life in the Lyon Park neighborhood of Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, DC. In 2020, a park in that neighborhood that had previously been named for Henry Clay was renamed in her honor.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: In 2018, Melodia Women's Choir of New York City performed the world premiere of a commissioned work based on the story of Zitkala-Ša, "Red Bird" by Cevanne Horrocks-Hopayian.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Chris Pappan illustrated a Google Doodle that incorporated ledger art for use in the United States on February 22, 2021, to celebrate her 145th birthday.


title: Zitkala-Sa

text: Zitkala-Ša's legacy lives on as one of the most influential Native American activists of the 20th century. She left an influential theory of Indian resistance and a crucial model for reform. Through her activism, Zitkala-Ša was able to make crucial changes to education, health care, and legal standing for Native American people and the preservation of Indian culture.


title: Ferris Bueller (TV series)

text: Ferris Bueller is an American sitcom television series based on the 1986 John Hughes film "Ferris Bueller's Day Off". The show stars Charlie Schlatter in the title role. The series debuted on August 23, 1990, on NBC and was cancelled within its first season, a few months after its debut. The show was produced by Maysh, Ltd. Productions in association with Paramount Television. Hughes was not involved in the show's production.


title: Ferris Bueller (TV series)

text: Though based on the film, the series was not a canon continuation; rather it was set up to portray itself as being the "real life" situations upon which the film was loosely based. In the pilot episode, Ferris (Schlatter) refers to the film and expresses his displeasure at Matthew Broderick portraying him, even going as far as destroying a life-size cardboard cutout of Broderick with a chainsaw. However no further references to the film within the series' continuity would be made after this. As in the film, the series focused on Ferris Bueller and his high school experiences at Ocean Park High, including dealing with his best friend Cameron (Brandon Douglas), love interest Sloan (Ami Dolenz), and sister Jeannie (Jennifer Aniston).


title: Ferris Bueller (TV series)

text: Although the film was set in Chicago, the series was set in Santa Monica. Like the film, Ferris is liked by everyone as the "cool guy on campus." He is extremely popular, suave, and quick witted and is a master of ceremonies who often breaks the fourth wall. Cameron is still a depressive neurotic who, through Ferris, is able to loosen up occasionally. Sloan is portrayed slightly different in that she is not completely wrapped around Ferris' finger and has to be won over at times. Ed Rooney is the primary antagonist and always out to get Ferris but usually ends up foiled or humiliated. His secretary, Grace, is not a wise-cracking sarcastic, but a passive pushover with an unreciprocated crush on Ed. Jeannie is constantly at odds with Ferris and his being favored by all. Though she can be antagonistic, she has proven not all bad, albeit begrudgingly. In the film, Mr. and Mrs. Bueller's names are Katie and Tom but in the series they are Barbara and Bob; also, Ferris is a junior and Jeannie is a senior as opposed to the other way around in the movie.


title: Ferris Bueller (TV series)

text: Compared to the film, the show received mostly negative reviews from critics. It also suffered from comparisons to not only the '80s film, but also another series, "Parker Lewis Can't Lose"; at the time that series initially proved to be more successful when it came to ratings, lasting for three seasons. Ratings for "Ferris" were strong at first, but declined in later episodes. The series was cancelled due to poor viewership and low ratings after one season airing a total of thirteen episodes.


title: Debrah Farentino

text: Debrah Farentino (born September 30, 1959) is an American actress, producer and journalist. She began her career starring in the CBS daytime soap opera "Capitol" from 1982 to 1987, before moving to prime time with a female leading role in the ABC comedy drama series "Hooperman" (1987-88).


title: Debrah Farentino

text: Farentino had starring roles in a number of dramatic series in 1990s, include "Equal Justice" (1990-91), "Earth 2" (1994-95), "EZ Streets" (1996-97) and "Get Real" (1999-2000). Her other notable credits include 1993 comedy film "Son of the Pink Panther", 1999 miniseries "Storm of the Century", and well as Syfy comedy-drama "Eureka" (2006-2012).


title: Debrah Farentino

text: Born Deborah Mullowney in Lucas Valley, California, Farentino attended Miller Creek Junior High School and Terra Linda High School in San Rafael. She went on to pursue her undergraduate education at San Jose State before transferring to UCLA and was a model for Ford before becoming an actress.


title: Debrah Farentino

text: Farentino began her acting career in 1982 when she was cast in the TV series "Capitol". She has since appeared in over fifty movies and TV shows, including "Hooperman" (1987-1989) and "Son of the Pink Panther" (1993). Perhaps her most famous role was as Devon Adair in NBC's SciFi series "Earth 2", the first female commander depicted in a science fiction work.


title: Debrah Farentino

text: Over the span of four decades, she has guest starred in many television programs, including "NYPD Blue" (1994), the revival of "The Outer Limits" (1996), "JAG" (2002), "" (2003), and "Hawaii Five-0" (2011). Her most recent roles include as Isabelle Matia-Paris in the ABC series "Wildfire" and Beverly Barlowe in the Syfy Channel series "Eureka".


title: Debrah Farentino

text: Farentino has produced specials for PBS/WXEL, receiving a Suncoast Emmy nomination for "Saving Americas Heroes”. She has also appeared on CBS news as a special correspondent covering Guardian Angel units and has embedded multiple times with USAF Special Forces rescue units in Afghanistan.


title: Debrah Farentino

text: She was chosen as one of People Magazine's "50 Most Beautiful People" in 1995, while pregnant with daughter Sophie.


title: Debrah Farentino

text: In 1979 she married Scott Staples. They divorced in 1983. In 1985, she married actor James Farentino, who was more than 20 years her senior. Their marriage ended in 1988. Her third husband was producer Tony Adams in 1992-1994. Later, she married director Gregory Hoblit, but they divorced in 2009. She has two daughters; one is the photographer Molly Adams.


title: Glucomannan

text: Glucomannan is a water-soluble polysaccharide that is considered a dietary fiber. It is a hemicellulose component in the cell walls of some plant species. Glucomannan is a food additive used as an emulsifier and thickener. It is a major source of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) found in nature, the other being galactomannan, which is insoluble.


title: Glucomannan

text: Products containing glucomannan, under a variety of brand names, are marketed as dietary supplements with claims they can relieve constipation and help lower cholesterol levels. Since 2010 they are legally marketed in Europe as helping with weight loss for people who are overweight and eating a diet with restricted calories, but there was no good evidence that glucomannan helped weight loss.


title: Glucomannan

text: Supplements containing glucomannans pose a risk for choking and bowel obstruction if they are not taken with sufficient water. Other adverse effects include diarrhea, belching, and bloating; in one study people taking glucomannans had higher triglyceride levels.


title: Glucomannan

text: Glucomannans are also used to supplement animal feed for farmed animals, to cause the animals gain weight more quickly.


title: Glucomannan

text: Glucomannan is mainly a straight-chain polymer, with a small amount of branching. The component sugars are β-(1→4)-linked -mannose and -glucose in a ratio of 1.6:1. The degree of branching is about 8% through β-(1→6)-glucosyl linkages.


title: Glucomannan

text: In the yeast cell wall, mannan oligosaccharides are present in complex molecules that are linked to the protein moiety. There are two main locations of mannan oligosaccharides in the surface area of "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" cell wall.


title: Glucomannan

text: They can be attached to the cell wall proteins as part of –O and –N glycosyl groups and also constitute elements of large α-D-mannanose polysaccharides (α-D-Mannans), which are built of α-(1,2)- and α-(1,3)- D-mannose branches (from 1 to 5 rings long), which are attached to long α-(1,6)-D-mannose chains.


title: Glucomannan

text: This specific combination of various functionalities involves mannan oligosaccharides-protein conjugates and highly hydrophilic and structurally variable 'brush-like' mannan oligosaccharides structures that can fit to various receptors of animal digestive tracts, and to the receptors on the surface of bacterial membranes, impacts these molecules' bioactivity. Mannan oligosaccharides-protein conjugates are involved in interactions with the animal's immune system and as result enhance immune system activity. They also play a role in animal antioxidant and antimutagenic defense.


title: Glucomannan

text: Glucomannan comprises 40% by dry weight of the roots, or corm, of the konjac plant. Another culinary source is salep, ground from the roots of certain orchids and used in Greek and Turkish cuisine. However, these orchid species are protected in the whole EU and the trade of salep is strictly forbidden. Glucomannan is also a hemicellulose that is present in large amounts in the wood of conifers and in smaller amounts in the wood of dicotyledons. Glucomannan is also a constituent of bacterial, plant and yeast cell wall with differences in the branches or glycosidic linkages in the linear structure.


title: Glucomannan

text: Glucomannan-rich salep powder is responsible for the unique textural properties of salep dondurma, a mastic-flavored stretchable and chewy ice cream of Turkish origin.


title: Glucomannan

text: Konjac, also rich in glucomannan, is widely used for its jelly-like texture. It found use in shirataki noodles, in fruit jellies snacks (with choking risk), and as a substitute for gelatin.


title: Glucomannan

text: Glucomannan is an ingredient in a variety of dietary supplement products marketed with claims that they aid in weight loss, but medical research has found no good evidence to support its use for this purpose. The claim is that it makes a gel when mixed with water, which can take up space in the stomach and linger there longer than water alone would, inducing a person to feel full after having eaten a smaller amount of food.


title: Glucomannan

text: In Europe and Canada, glucomannan dietary supplements can be marketed with claims to lower cholesterol levels and to relieve constipation.


title: Glucomannan

text: Data from a randomized controlled clinical trial suggests that glucomannan dietary supplements help regulate the hormone ghrelin and might help control appetite in people with Type II Diabetes.


title: Glucomannan

text: A health advisory was released by Health Canada stating the following: "Natural health products containing the ingredient glucomannan in tablet, capsule or powder form, which are currently on the Canadian market, have a potential for harm if taken without at least 250 ml or 8 ounces of water or other fluid. The risk includes choking and/or blockage of the throat, esophagus or intestine, according to international adverse reaction case reports. It is also important to note that these products should "not" be taken immediately before going to bed."


title: Glucomannan

text: Other adverse effects include diarrhea, belching, and bloating; in one study people taking glucomannans had higher triglyceride levels.


title: Glucomannan

text: Several companies have been determined by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to have, at some time, violated the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The companies include Vitacost, PediaLean, Herbal Worldwide Holdings, BioTrim, and others. The company Obesity Research Institute, the marketer of FiberThin, Zylotrim, Propolene and Lipozene, settled FTC charges that their misleading weight-loss claims violated federal laws by agreeing to pay $1.5 million in consumer redress.


title: Glucomannan

text: In 2001, a number of jelly-type candy products containing konjac-derived glucomannan were barred from import by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration due to choking hazards.


title: Glucomannan

text: It is also used as dietary supplement for farmed animals in order to help them gain more weight from food, called the feed conversion ratio. The effect of mannan oligosaccharides on animal performance was analysed in meta-analyses for poultry, pigs, and calves.


title: Lissie

text: Elisabeth Corrin Maurus (born November 21, 1982), known as Lissie, is an American singer-songwriter. She released her debut EP, "Why You Runnin'", in November 2009. Her debut album, "Catching a Tiger", was released in June 2010. Her second studio album, "Back to Forever", was released in October 2013. Her first record as an independent artist, and third studio album, "My Wild West", was released February 12, 2016 and went on to receive critical acclaim. Her fourth studio album "Castles", was released worldwide on March 23, 2018. Her fifth studio album, "Carving Canyons", was released September 16, 2022.


title: Lissie

text: Lissie was born Elisabeth Corrin Maurus, the youngest of four children and raised in Rock Island, Illinois. Her father is a physician and her mother, who is of Swedish ancestry, is an interior designer. She was interested in singing and music from an early age. She played the title role of the musical "Annie" at the age of nine. "In high school it seems like everyone has more drama than any other time in their life. So that was the time in my life where I really leaned on music as a way to stay sane," she said in an interview.


title: Lissie

text: In her senior year of high school, she was expelled over what she described as "something stupid that I did, but it was sort of like the culmination of just a lot of negative things that had happened". She got her diploma at an alternative outreach center. She spent two years at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, during which time she would open for musicians who visited the city. She collaborated with DJ Harry of SCI Fidelity Records on the song "All My Life", which was featured on television shows "House", "The O.C.", "Veronica Mars" and "Wildfire". After spending a semester in Paris, she finished her studies to pursue a career in music. In 2007, she produced a four-song EP that received some airplay on KCRW's "Morning Becomes Eclectic".


title: Lissie

text: In early 2008, Lenny Kravitz invited her to be the opening act for his Love Revolution Tour, after a friend tipped him about her MySpace page. Later that year, "The Longest Road", a song she co-wrote with DJ Morgan Page reached No. 4 on "Billboard"s Hot Dance Club Songs chart. "We met under that idea that he was going to remix a song of mine ... But we decided to work on a new song together", she told the "Quad-City Times". The Deadmau5 remix of the track was nominated for a Grammy in the "Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical" category.


title: Lissie

text: Her EP, "Why You Runnin"', produced by Bill Reynolds of Band of Horses, was released in November 2009 on Fat Possum. One of the songs, "Oh Mississippi" was co-written with Ed Harcourt, whom she met through a mutual friend. The EP was listed amongst "Paste" magazine's "Eight Most Auspicious Musical Debuts of 2009".


title: Lissie

text: In early 2010, she toured various venues in the United Kingdom supporting Ohio-born singer-songwriter Joshua Radin.


title: Lissie

text: Lissie signed with Sony Music UK's Columbia Records. Her debut album, "Catching a Tiger", was released on 21 June 2010. The album was recorded in Nashville in 2009 and produced by Jacquire King. The first single from the album, "In Sleep", was selected as Track of The Day by "Q" on 13 March 2010. A second single, "When I'm Alone," was released alongside the album; it would later be chosen by iTunes UK as their song of the year 2010.


title: Lissie

text: In August 2010, her single "Cuckoo" was voted overwhelmingly to be the Record of the Week by listeners of expat radio station Heart FM Spain (www.heartfmspain.com), as a result of listener feedback, Lissie and the album "Catching A Tiger" was featured throughout the week of August 23 to 27. The single was also added to the "A" level playlist on BBC Radio 2 giving it around twenty plays a week on the UK's most popular station. The "Cuckoo" EP includes Lissie's live version of "Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga, which became popular online before being included on the release.


title: Lissie

text: Lissie is featured on at least 4 tracks on Snow Patrol's album "Fallen Empires", released in November 2011.


title: Lissie

text: Her cover of Fleetwood Mac's 'Go Your Own Way' found prominence in early 2012, when it was used in a Twinings advert and in the film Safe Haven. The song was also used as a theme for the BBC Radio 4 reading of Iain Banks's Stonemouth, read by David Tennant. The song was also featured in the closing moments of the first-season finale for "Good Behavior" in 2017.


title: Lissie

text: On 4 November 2015, she announced the released date for her new album, "My Wild West", as 12 February 2016.


title: Lissie

text: In season 3 of the TV show "Loudermilk" that was released in 2020, she played a fictional character called Lizzie Poole who used to be a singer-songwriter but gave that career up after a negative review written by the title character, Sam Loudermilk, played by Ron Livingston. The songs that character performs in the show are previously released Lissie songs.


title: Lissie

text: Lissie lives on a farm in northeast Iowa, moving there from Ojai, California, in 2015. She is a fan of fantasy literature, citing "His Dark Materials" and the "Harry Potter" series as favorites.


title: Planescape

text: Planescape is a campaign setting for the "Dungeons & Dragons" fantasy role-playing game, designed by Zeb Cook, and published in 1994. It crosses numerous planes of existence, encompassing an entire cosmology called the Great Wheel, as developed previously in the 1987 "Manual of the Planes" by Jeff Grubb. This includes many of the other "Dungeons & Dragons" worlds, linking them via inter-dimensional magical portals.


title: Planescape

text: "Planescape" is an expansion of ideas presented in the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" "Dungeon Master's Guide" (First Edition) and the original "Manual of the Planes". When "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" 2nd edition was published, a decision was made not to include angelic or demonic creatures, and so the cosmology was largely ignored. However, fan demand for a 2nd Edition "Manual of the Planes" was strong enough to justify its expansion into a full-fledged campaign setting, and so in 1994 Planescape was released.


title: Planescape

text: David "Zeb" Cook developed Planescape when he was assigned to create "a complete campaign world (not just a place to visit), survivable by low-level characters, as compatible with the old "Manual of the Planes" as possible, filled with a feeling of vastness without overwhelming the referee, distinct from all other TSR campaigns, free of the words "demon" and "devil" and explainable to Marketing in 25 words or less". For inspiration, Cook listened to Pere Ubu, Philip Glass and "Alexander Nevsky", read "The Dictionary of the Khazars", "Einstein's Dreams", and "The Narrow Road to the Deep North", and for fun at "Bad Movie Nights", watched such films as "Naked Lunch" and "Wolf Devil Woman".


title: Planescape

text: Cook came up with the idea that everything would revolve around factions, and that those factions would be ideas taken to the extreme. He also felt that Sigil came about because it was natural, because the planes needed a crossroads, and that the campaign needs a center which could be both a place for adventure and a place to hide, where characters could get to and from it quickly. Cook decided to adapt the "Manual of the Planes" because the older material made survival on the planes too difficult or complex; he ignored anything that complicated gameplay, which left the "descriptions of twisted and strange creations".


title: Planescape

text: Cook conceived of the look for the setting from images such as "the gloomy prisons of Piranesi's "Le Carceri" etchings, and Brian Froud's illustrations and surrealist art", and Dana Knutson was assigned to draw whatever Cook wanted. "Before any of us knew it, [Knutson] drew the Lady of Pain. I'm very fond of the Lady of Pain; she really locks up the Planescape look. We all liked her so much that she became our logo.


title: Planescape

text: The "Planescape Campaign Setting" was released, for "AD&D" 2nd Edition, in April 1994. The campaign setting was followed by a series of expansions detailing the "Planes of Chaos" (by Wolfgang Baur and Lester W. Smith), the "Planes of Law" (by Colin McComb and Baur), and the "Planes of Conflict" (by McComb and Dale Donovan). From 1994 to 1998, ""Planescape" was a major setting" for "Dungeons & Dragons".


title: Planescape

text: Upon the release of 3rd Edition, Planescape, along with most other settings, were discontinued, although fan sites such as planewalker.com were allowed to continue to use the material and update it to the new edition. The 3rd Edition "Manual of the Planes" (2001), the 3.5 Edition "Dungeon Master's Guide" (2003), and the "Planar Handbook" (2004) also used the general layout of the planes and some of the details from the setting, including Sigil, but these are not part of the Planescape line.


title: Planescape

text: Sigil is described in the 4th edition "Manual of the Planes" (2008) and expanded upon in "Dungeon Master's Guide 2" (2009). Shannon Appelcline, author of "Designers & Dragons", commented that while Sigil "had been largely ignored during the 3e era", it "was faring better in 4e, despite the large-scale restructuring of D&D's cosmology" due to small inclusions in the "Dungeon Master's Guide" (2008) and "Manual of the Planes". Appelcline highlighted that it was the 4th Edition "Dungeon Master's Guide 2" which "saw the return of the fan-favorite setting of Sigil" which "was laid out as a full paragon-level setting. There's not much new here for old-time fans of "Planescape", but there was one "big" change as a result of "Faction War" (1998). The factions that caused much of the conflict in "Planescape" are now gone. [...] The "Dungeon Master's Guide 2" also contains 'A Conspiracy of Doors', the first Sigil adventure to see print in many years".


title: Planescape

text: The 5th Edition "Player's Handbook" (2014) also contains a section explaining the planes and briefly mentions Sigil. There is also some information on Sigil in the 5th Edition "Dungeon Master's Guide" (2014). In July 2022, "Unearthed Arcana: Wonders of the Multiverse" was released as part of the Unearthed Arcana public playtest series for the 5th Edition. Both "Polygon" and "ComicBook.com" highlighted that the new character race – the Glitchling – and other references to the Planescape setting might indicate a reboot of the setting for 5th Edition. Charlie Hall, for "Polygon", commented that "this wouldn’t be the first time that Wizards used playtest materials to tease a reboot of a classic setting". Christian Hoffer, for "ComicBook.com", stated that "while described as a collection of material from around the Multiverse, many "Dungeons & Dragons" fans noticed that it contained multiple references to Mechanus, Sigil, the Outlands, and other areas explored in the popular Planescape setting. [...] Based on the last handful of public playtests, it appears that "Dungeons & Dragons" is gearing up for some sort of multiversal book in the near future. Whether this is a true Planescape re-launch or just a book that uses the D&D cosmology remains to be seen".


title: Planescape

text: The "Planescape Campaign Setting" boxed set won the 1994 Origins Award (for "Best Graphic Presentation of a Roleplaying Game, Adventure, or Supplement") and has received critical acclaim for its unique visual aspects, especially the work of artists Tony DiTerlizzi, Robh Ruppel, and Dana Knutson. "Pyramid" magazine reviewer Scott Haring said "Planescape" is "the finest game world ever produced for "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons". Period." Haring described the writing as "wonderful," also saying that it "has got one of the most distinctive graphic looks I've seen in any game product" and that the "unusual drawings remind [him] a little of Dr. Seuss."


title: Planescape

text: Trenton Webb of British RPG magazine "Arcane" called Planescape "the premier "AD&D" world", noting its hallmark as "a bizarre juxtaposition of legend and nightmare". Game designer Rick Swan said that the original "Manual of the Planes" had in a sense been "reincarnated as the Planescape setting ... TSR's most ambitious campaign world to date. Abandoning the straightforward but dry approach of the "Manual", the Planescape set reads less like a textbook and more like a story. Characters take precedence over game systems, high adventure supplants the physics lessons."


title: Planescape

text: Curtis D. Carbonell, in the book "Dread Trident: Tabletop Role-Playing Games and the Modern Fantastic", wrote "Planescape's sophistication marked it as D&D's answer to its own simplistic medieval-European-inspired fantasy settings, [...]. Planescape channeled the Weird before China Miéville brought the 'new weird' genre into focus [...]. With Planescape, we have an attempt by an AD&D game setting to add layers of intellectual complexity to a game often driven by much more simplistic mechanism. The greatest commerce isn't loot, treasure, magic items, etc.; it is belief so strong it can shape reality".


title: Planescape

text: In a review of "The Great Modron March", "Backstab" magazine contributor Philippe Tessier called the presentation of Planescape products superb in general.


title: Planescape

text: The "Dungeons & Dragons" cosmology as reflected in "Planescape" consists of a number of planes, which can be divided into the following regions:


title: Planescape

text: "Planescape" "solidified the Great Wheel cosmology that began in 1e and would later be reinstated in 5e as the dominant of three theoretical models".


title: Planescape

text: The Outer Planes consist of: the Abyss, Acheron, Arborea, Arcadia, Baator, Beastlands, Bytopia, Carceri, Elysium, Gehenna, Gray Waste of Hades, Limbo, Mechanus, Mount Celestia, the Outlands, Pandemonium, and Ysgard.


title: Planescape

text: "Sigil", the "City of Doors", is located atop the "Spire" in the Outlands. It has the shape of a torus, and the city itself is located on the inner surface of the ring. There is no sky, simply an all-pervasive light that waxes and wanes to create day and night. Sigil cannot be entered or exited save via portals. Although this makes it quite safe from any would-be invader, it also makes it a prison of sorts for those not possessing a portal key. Thus, many call Sigil "The Bird Cage" or "The Cage." Though Sigil is commonly held to be located "at the center of the planes" (where it is positioned atop the infinitely tall Spire), some argue that this is impossible since the planes are infinite in all dimensions, and therefore there can never truly be a center to any or all of them. Curiously, from the Outlands, one can see Sigil atop the supposedly infinite Spire.


title: Planescape

text: Within Sigil there are philosophy-derived factions. Before the event known as the "Faction War", the groups controlled the political climate of Sigil. Each of these factions is based on one particular belief system; one faction's beliefs make them enemies while others make them allies. There are fifteen factions in total.


title: Planescape

text: In 1998, TSR published "Faction War", an adventure that effectively closed the book on Planescape, as it was then ending the product line. The culmination of several adventures leading up to that point, the Faction War brought an end to the factions' control of the city. Instigated by the power-hungry Duke Rowan Darkwood, factol of the Fated, in a bid to dethrone the Lady and rule Sigil himself, the war spread throughout the city before the Lady of Pain, with the aid of a group of adventurers (the players' characters), intervened.


title: Planescape

text: Sects are in many ways identical to the Factions, differing in that they are not based in Sigil. Sects are often highly specific to the particular planes they originate from, though historically many of the Factions were once Sects and some Sects were once Factions.


title: Planescape

text: There are three principles (or heuristics) governing the world of Planescape: the Rule-of-Three, the Unity of Rings, and the Center of the Multiverse.


title: Planescape

text: The first principle, the Rule-of-Three, says simply that things tend to happen in threes. The principles which govern the planes are themselves subject to this rule.


title: Planescape

text: The second principle is the Unity of Rings, and notes that many things on the planes are circular, coming back around to where they started. This is true geographically as well as philosophically.


title: Planescape

text: The third principle (fitting neatly into the Rule-of-Three above) is the Center of All, and states that there is a center of everything—or, rather, wherever a person happens to be "is" the center of the multiverse... From their own perspective, at least. As most planes are functionally infinite, disproving anyone's centricity would be impossible. In "Planescape", this is meant philosophically just as much as it is meant in terms of multiversal geography.


title: Planescape

text: The fact that anywhere could be the center of the multiverse in this view also implies that nowhere can be said to be the only absolute true center. This sparks a lot of arguments and violence since some people believe the City of Doors to be the center due to its uncommon number of portals to other planes and position in the Outlands and some factions also claim different centers, each with their own significance.


title: Planescape

text: The setting was featured in the computer game "", which portrayed the "Planescape" world (specifically Sigil, the Outlands, Baator, Carceri, and the Negative Energy Plane). It is now a cult game and was out of print until its DVD re-release as a budget title in 2009. It was released as a download on GOG.com in 2010 and soon became the "second most wanted game" on the site. An enhanced edition by Beamdog was released on April 11, 2017.


title: Planescape

text: Marketed as a spiritual successor to "Planescape: Torment", "" was released in February 2017. The game takes inspiration from the previous game but is not itself based in the Planescape setting.


title: Planescape

text: TSR published a collectible card game based on the "Planescape" setting called "Blood Wars". The game featured major locations, personalities, and features of the Planescape setting and also introduced new creatures that were added to the role playing game setting as part of subsequent products.


title: Moleskin

text: Moleskin is a heavy cotton fabric, woven and then shorn to create a short, soft pile on one side. The feel and appearance of its nap is suede-like, less plush than velour and more like felt or chamois. The word is also used for clothing made from this fabric. Clothing made from moleskin is noted for its softness and durability. Some variants of the cloth are so densely woven as to be windproof.


title: Moleskin

text: Its name is due to the soft brushed hand of the fabric, similar to mole fur. Though mole pelts have been used to make fur clothing, they are not referred to as "moleskin", which is also a term for soft, dense adhesive pads stuck to the skin to prevent blisters.


title: Moleskin

text: Moleskin is woven of carded cotton yarn in a dense weft-faced satin weave. The surface is napped or shorn to "produce a suede-like finish".


title: Moleskin

text: Moleskin fabric is commonly used to make trousers, also referred to as "moleskins", that are similar to jeans in terms of cut and construction. They similarly started as working menswear, but are now also much more widely worn.


title: Moleskin

text: Moleskin-like fabric with an adhesive backing is used to prevent or treat blisters, cut with a hole in the centre to provide relief to the affected skin. The thickness of the surrounding moleskin further protects the blister from additional friction.


title: Moleskin

text: Moleskin is also commonly used in video and/or audio productions when using a lavalier microphone. When further concealment of a lavalier microphone is needed in these types of productions, it can be worn underneath a layer or layers of the singer's clothing. This would normally cause the microphone to pick up the unwanted noises of the singer's clothing rubbing up against the body and top of the lavalier. Attaching a small strip of moleskin around the microphone body will dramatically reduce the amount of noise created by the singer's clothing and, consequently, reduces the amount of unwanted noise picked up by the lavalier microphone.


title: Moleskin

text: West German Army uniforms from the 1960s until the early 1990s were made of "moleskin" fabric in a greyish olive-drab colour, but the German moleskin was not shorn and thus had a flat, smooth outer side. Nonetheless, it was a tough, densely woven material, strongly resistant to wind and abrasion.


title: Moleskin

text: Military snipers occasionally wrap the stocks of their rifles in moleskin to absorb sweat and prevent slippage.


title: Moleskin

text: Trousers made from moleskin were popular with British workers during the end of the nineteenth century due to the insulating and windproof qualities of the fabric.


title: Moleskin

text: Cotton sateen is a variant of moleskin. It utilises cheaper short-strand cotton to create a softer feeling fabric that is relatively fragile and wears quickly.


title: Shangdi

text: Shangdi (), also written simply, "Emperor" (), is the Chinese term for "Supreme Deity" or "Highest Deity" in the theology of the classical texts, especially deriving from Shang theology and finding an equivalent in the later "Tian" ("Heaven" or "Great Whole") of Zhou theology.


title: Shangdi

text: Although in Chinese religion the usage of "Tian" to refer to the absolute God of the universe is predominant, "Shangdi" continues to be used in a variety of traditions, including certain philosophical schools, certain strains of Confucianism, some Chinese salvationist religions (notably Yiguandao) and Chinese Protestant Christianity. In addition, it is common to use such term among contemporary Chinese (both mainland and overseas) and East Asian religious and secular societies, typically for a singular universal deity and a non-religion translation for God in Abrahamic religions.


title: Shangdi

text: "Shang Di" is the pinyin romanization of two Chinese characters. The first , "Shàng" means "high", "highest", "first", "primordial"; the second , "Dì" is typically considered as shorthand for "huangdi" () in modern Chinese, the title of the emperors of China first employed by Qin Shi Huang, and is usually translated as "emperor". The word itself is derived from Three "Huang" and Five "Di", including Yellow Emperor (Huangdi ), the mythological originator of the Chinese civilization and the ancestor of the Chinese race. However, refers to the High God of Shang, thus means "deity" (manifested god), . Thus, the name "Shangdi" should be translated as "Highest Deity", but also has the implied meaning of "Primordial Deity" or "First Deity" in Classical Chinese. The deity preceded the title and the emperors of China were named after him in their role as "Tianzi", the sons of Heaven. In the classical texts the highest conception of the heavens is frequently identified with Shang Di, who is described somewhat anthropomorphically. He is also associated with the pole star. The conceptions of the Supreme Ruler (Shang Di) and of the Sublime Heavens (Huang-t'ien) afterward coalesce or absorb each other.


title: Shangdi

text: The earliest references to Shangdi are found in oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty in the 2nd millennium BC, although the later work "Classic of History" claims yearly sacrifices were made to him by Emperor Shun, even before the Xia Dynasty.


title: Shangdi

text: Shangdi was regarded as the ultimate spiritual power by the ruling elite of the Huaxia during the Shang dynasty: he was believed to control victory in battle, success or failure of harvests, weather conditions such as the floods of the Yellow River, and the fate of the kingdom. Shangdi seems to have ruled a hierarchy of other gods controlling nature, as well as the spirits of the deceased. These ideas were later mirrored or carried on by the Taoist Jade Emperor and his celestial bureaucracy.


title: Shangdi

text: Shangdi was probably more transcendent than immanent, only working through lesser gods. Shangdi was considered too distant to be worshiped directly by ordinary mortals. Instead, the Shang kings proclaimed that Shangdi had made himself accessible through the souls of their royal ancestors, both in the legendary past and in recent generations as the departed Shang kings joined him in the afterlife. The emperors could thus successfully entreat Shangdi directly. Many of the oracle bone inscriptions record these petitions, usually praying for rain but also seeking approval from Shangdi for state action.


title: Shangdi

text: In the later Shang and Zhou dynasties, Shangdi was conflated with Heaven (, "Tiān"). The Duke of Zhou justified his clan's usurpation through the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, which proposed that the protection of Shangdi was not connected to their clan membership but by their just governance. Shangdi was not just a tribal but instead an unambiguously good moral force, exercising its power according to exacting standards. Shangdi's favor could thus be lost and even "inherited" by a new dynasty, provided they upheld the proper rituals.


title: Shangdi

text: Nonetheless, the connection of many rituals with the Shang clan meant that Shang nobles continued to rule several locations (despite their rebellions) and to serve as court advisors and priests. The Duke of Zhou even created an entire ceremonial city along strict cosmological principles to house the Shang aristocracy and the nine tripods representing Huaxia sovereignty; the Shang were then charged with maintaining the "Rites of Zhou". Likewise, the Shang's lesser houses, the "shi" knightly class, developed directly into the learned Confucian gentry and scholars who advised the Zhou rulers on courtly etiquette and ceremony. The Confucian classics carried on and ordered the earlier traditions, including the worship of Shangdi. All of them include references:


title: Shangdi

text: The Four Books mention Shangdi as well but, as it is a later compilation, the references are much more sparse and abstract. Shangdi appears most commonly in earlier works: this pattern may reflect increasing rationalization of Shangdi over time, the shift from a known and arbitrary tribal god to a more abstract and philosophical concept, or his conflation and absorption by other deities.


title: Shangdi

text: By the time of the Han dynasty, the influential Confucian scholar Zheng Xuan glossed: ""Shangdi" is another name for Heaven". Dong Zhongshu said: "Heaven is the ultimate authority, the king of gods who should be admired by the king".


title: Shangdi

text: In later eras, he was commonly known by the name "Heavenly Ruling Highest Deity" (, "Huángtiān Shàngdì") and, in this usage, he is especially conflated with the Taoist Jade Emperor.


title: Shangdi

text: In Shang sources, Di is already described as the supreme ordainer of the events which occur in nature, such as wind, lightning and thunder, and in human affairs and politics. All the gods of nature are conceived as his envoys or manifestations. Shang sources also attest his cosmological Five Ministries. Di, or Tian, as later texts explain, did not receive cult for being too remote for living humans to sacrifice to directly. Instead, an intermediary such as an ancestor was necessary to convey to Di the offerings of the living.


title: Shangdi

text: According to some prominent scholars, including Guo Moruo, Shangdi was originally identical to Ku (or Kui) or Diku (""Divus" Ku"), the progenitor (first ancestor) of the Zi () lineage, the founders of the Shang dynasty, attested in the "Shiji" and other texts. According to this interpretation, this identification had profound political implications, because it meant that the earthly Shang kings were themselves by birth aspects of divinity.


title: Shangdi

text: Further evidence from Shang sources suggests that there wasn't a complete identification between the two, as Di controls spirits of nature, while Kui does not; Di is frequently pictured sending down "approvals", while Kui is never so pictured; and Kui received cult, while Di did not. Moreover, Kui is frequently appealed in "horizontal" relationship with other powers, undermining any portrait of him as the apex of the pantheon.


title: Shangdi

text: David Pankenier has studied the astral connections of Shangdi, drawing on a view that interest in the sky was a focal character of the religious practices of the Shang, but also of the earlier Xia and Erlitou cultures. Especially intriguing is the fact that palatial and ceremonial structures of these cultures were carefully aligned to the celestial pole and the procession of pole stars. Pankenier notes that the true celestial pole lies in a sky template which is vacant of significant stars, and that the various pole stars are those nearest to this vacant apex which is of crucial importance.


title: Shangdi

text: He illustrates how the Shang oracular script for Di can be projected on the north pole template of the ancient sky in such a way that its extremity points correspond with the visible star, while the intersection of the linear axes at the centre will map to the vacant celestial pole. Pankenier argues that the supreme Di was identified with the celestial pole, an idea familiar in later stages of Chinese religion, linking with the "Tàiyī" 太一 ("Great One") fully documented as early as the 4th century BC.


title: Shangdi

text: The interpretation of Shangdi as the celestial pole, Taiyi and as Ku the progenitor of the Shang is not contradictory. Feng Shi argues that Ku and Di are indeed identical. The Shang probably deliberately identified their ancestor with a universal god recognized in different regions and local cultures in order to legitimize their power.


title: Shangdi

text: Contemporary Confucian theologians have emphasised differences between the Confucian idea of Shangdi, conceived as both transcendent and immanent, and act only as a governor of the world, and the Christian idea of God, which they conceived contrary to those of Christian as a deity that is completely otherworldly (transcendent) and is merely a creator of the world.


title: Shangdi

text: As mentioned above, sacrifices offered to Shangdi by the king are claimed by traditional Chinese histories to predate the Xia dynasty. The surviving archaeological record shows that by the Shang, the shoulder blades of sacrificed oxen were used to send questions or communication through fire and smoke to the divine realm, a practice known as scapulimancy. The heat would cause the bones to crack and royal diviners would interpret the marks as Shangdi's response to the king. Inscriptions used for divination were buried into special orderly pits, while those that were for practice or records were buried in common middens after use.


title: Shangdi

text: Under Shangdi or his later names, the deity received sacrifices from the ruler of China in every Chinese dynasty annually at a great Temple of Heaven in the imperial capital. Following the principles of Chinese geomancy, this would always be located in the southern quarter of the city. During the ritual, a completely healthy bull would be slaughtered and presented as an animal sacrifice to Shangdi. The "Book of Rites" states the sacrifice should occur on the "longest day" on a round-mound altar. The altar would have three tiers: the highest for Shangdi and the Son of Heaven; the second-highest for the sun and moon; and the lowest for the natural gods such as the stars, clouds, rain, wind, and thunder.


title: Shangdi

text: It is important to note that Shangdi is never represented with either images or idols. Instead, in the center building of the Temple of Heaven, in a structure called the "Imperial Vault of Heaven", a "spirit tablet" (, shénwèi) inscribed with the name of Shangdi is stored on the throne, "Huangtian Shangdi" (). During an annual sacrifice, the emperor would carry these tablets to the north part of the Temple of Heaven, a place called the "Prayer Hall For Good Harvests", and place them on that throne.


title: Shangdi

text: It was during Ming and Qing dynasty, when Roman Catholicism was introduced by Jesuit Priest Matteo Ricci, that the idea of "Shangdi" started to be applied to the Christian conception of God.


title: Shangdi

text: While initially he utilized the term "Tianzhu" (), lit. "The Lord of Heaven", Ricci gradually changed the translation into "Shangdi" instead. His usage of Shangdi was contested by Confucians, as they believed that the concept of "Tian" and "Shangdi" is different from that of Christianity's God: Zhōng Shǐ-shēng, through his books, stated that Shangdi only governs, while Christianity's God is a creator, and thus they differ. Ricci's translation also invited the displeasure of Dominicans and that of the Roman Curia: on March 19, 1715, Pope Clement XI released the Edict "Ex Illa Die", stating that Catholics must use "Tianzhu" instead of "Shangdi" for Christianity's God.


title: Shangdi

text: When Protestantism entered China in the middle of the 19th century, the Protestant missionaries also encountered a similar issue: some preferred the term "Shangdi", while some preferred the term "Shen" ("god"). A conference held in 1877 in Shanghai, discussing the translation-issue, also believed that "Shangdi" of Confucianism and the Christian concept of God are different in nature.


title: Shangdi

text: However, by the 20th century, most British missionaries, some Catholics, Chinese Orthodox Christians, and Evangelicals preferred 'Shangdi' as a connection with Chinese native monotheism, with some furthering the argument by linking it with the unknown god as described in Biblical passage of . Catholics preferred to avoid it, due to compromises with the local authority in order to do their missions, as well as fear such translation may associate the Christian God to Chinese polytheism.


title: Shangdi

text: Nowadays, through the secular Chinese-language media, the Chinese word of "Shangdi" and "Tian" are frequently used to as a translation for the singular universal deity with minimal religious attachment to the Christian idea of God, while Confucians and intellectuals in contemporary mainland China and Taiwan attempt to realign the term to its original meaning. Catholics officially use the term "Tianzhu", while Evangelicals typically use "Shangdi" and/or "Shen" (, "god" or "spirit").


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: Friday is one of the main characters of Daniel Defoe's 1719 novel "Robinson Crusoe" and its sequel "The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe". Robinson Crusoe names the man Friday, with whom he cannot at first communicate, because they first meet on that day. The character is the source of the expression "Man Friday", used to describe a male personal assistant or servant, especially one who is particularly competent or loyal. Current usage also includes "Girl Friday".


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: It is possible that a Miskito pirate by the name of Will became the inspiration for the character "Friday".


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: Robinson Crusoe spends twenty-eight years on an island off the coast of Venezuela with his talking parrot Poll, his pet dog, and a tame goat as his only companions. In his twenty-fifth year, he discovers that Carib cannibals occasionally use a desolate beach on the island to kill and eat their captives.


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: Crusoe helps one of the Caribs, kept captive and about to be eaten, escape his captors. Crusoe ambushes two pursuers, and the others leave in their canoes without knowing what happened to their companions. The escaped captive bows in gratitude to Crusoe, who decides to employ him as a servant. He names him Friday after the weekday upon which the rescue takes place.


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: Crusoe describes Friday as being a Native American, though very unlike the Indians of Brazil and Virginia. His religion involves the worship of a mountain god named Benamuckee, officiated over by high priests called Oowokakee. Crusoe learned a few of his native words that have been found in a Spanish-Térraba (or Teribe) dictionary, so Friday may have belonged to that tribe, also called the Naso people. Friday is cannibalistic as well and suggests eating the men Crusoe has killed.


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: Crusoe teaches Friday the English language and converts him to Christianity. He convinces him that cannibalism is wrong. Friday accompanies him in an ambush in which they save Friday's father.


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: Crusoe returns to England twenty-eight years after being shipwrecked on that island, and four years after rescuing Friday. Friday's father goes with a Spanish castaway to the mainland to retrieve fourteen other Spanish castaways, but Crusoe and Friday depart the island before they return.


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: Friday accompanies Crusoe home to England, and is his companion in the sequel "The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe", in which Friday is killed in a sea battle.


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: In Jules Verne's "L'École des Robinsons" (1882), the castaways rescue an African man on their island who says his name is Carefinotu. T. Artelett proposes to call him Mercredi ("Wednesday"), "as it is always done in the islands with Robinsons," but his master Godfrey prefers to keep the original name.


title: Friday (Robinson Crusoe)

text: The term Man Friday became an idiom to describe an especially faithful servant or one's best servant or right-hand man. The female equivalent is "Girl Friday." The July 1, 1912, edition of the news magazine "Industrial World", volume 46, issue 2, published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, uses the term Girl Friday. The title of the 1940 movie "His Girl Friday" alludes to it and may have popularised it.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Carding is a term describing the trafficking and unauthorized use of credit cards. The stolen credit cards or credit card numbers are then used to buy prepaid gift cards to cover up the tracks. Activities also encompass exploitation of personal data, and money laundering techniques. Modern carding sites have been described as full-service commercial entities.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: There are a great many of methods to acquire credit card and associated financial and personal data. The earliest known carding methods have also included "trashing" for financial data, raiding mail boxes and working with insiders. Some bank card numbers can be semi-automatically generated based on known sequences via a "BIN attack". Carders might attempt a "distributed guessing attack" to discover valid numbers by submitting numbers across a high number of ecommerce sites simultaneously.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Today, various methodologies include skimmers at ATMs, hacking or web skimming an ecommerce or payment processing site or even intercepting card data within a point of sale network. Randomly calling hotel room phones asking guests to "confirm" credit card details is example of a social engineering attack vector.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Stolen data may be bundled as a "Base" or "First-hand base" if the seller participated in the theft themselves. Resellers may buy "packs" of dumps from multiple sources. Ultimately, the data may be sold on darknet markets and other carding sites and forums specialising in these types of illegal goods. Teenagers have gotten involved in fraud such as using card details to order pizzas.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: On the more sophisticated of such sites, individual "dumps" may be purchased by zip code and country so as to avoid alerting banks about their misuse. Automatic checker services perform validation en masse in order to quickly check if a card has yet to be blocked. Sellers will advertise their dump's "valid rate", based on estimates or checker data. Cards with a greater than 90% valid rate command higher prices. "Cobs" or changes of billing are highly valued, where sufficient information is captured to allow redirection of the registered card's billing and shipping addresses to one under the carder's control.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Full identity information may be sold as "Fullz" inclusive of social security number, date of birth and address to perform more lucrative identity theft.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Fraudulent vendors are referred to as "rippers", vendors who take buyer's money then never deliver. This is increasingly mitigated via forum and store based feedback systems as well as through strict site invitation and referral policies.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Whilst some Carding Forums will exist only on the dark web, today most exist on the internet, and many will use the Cloudflare network protection service.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Funds from stolen cards themselves may be cashed out via buying pre-paid cards, gift cards or through reshipping goods through mules then e-fencing through online marketplaces like eBay. Increased law enforcement scrutiny over reshipping services has led to the rise of dedicated criminal operations for reshipping stolen goods.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Hacked computers may be configured with SOCKS proxy software to optimise acceptance from payment processors.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: The 2004 investigation into the ShadowCrew forum also led to investigations of the online payment service E-gold that had been launched in 1996, one of the preferred money transfer systems of carders at the time. In December 2005 its owner Douglas Jackson's house and businesses were raided as a part of "Operation Goldwire". Jackson discovered that the service had become a bank and transfer system to the criminal underworld. Pressured to disclose ongoing records disclosed to law enforcement, many arrests were made through to 2007. However, in April 2007 Jackson himself was indicted for money laundering, conspiracy and operating an unlicensed money transmitting business. This led to the service freezing the assets of users in "high risk" countries and coming under more traditional financial regulation.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Since 2006, Liberty Reserve had become a popular service for cybercriminals. When it was seized in May 2013 by the US government, this caused a major disruption to the cybercrime ecosystem.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Today, some carders prefer to make payment between themselves with bitcoin, as well as traditional wire services such as Western Union, MoneyGram or the Russian WebMoney service.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Many forums also provide related computer crime services such as phishing kits, malware and spam lists. They may also act as a distribution point for the latest fraud tutorials either for free or commercially. ICQ was at one point the instant messenger of choice due to its anonymity as well as MSN clients modified to use PGP. Carding related sites may be hosted on botnet based fast flux web hosting for resilience against law enforcement action.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Other account types like PayPal, Uber, Netflix and loyalty card points may be sold alongside card details. Logins to many sites may also be sold as a backdoor access apparently for major institutions such as banks, universities and even industrial control systems.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: For gift card fraud, retailers are prone to be exploited by fraudsters in their attempts to steal gift cards via bot technology or through stolen credit card information. In the context of carding fraud, using stolen credit card data to purchase gift cards is becoming an increasingly common money laundering tactic. Another way gift card fraud occurs is when a retailer's online systems which store gift card data undergo brute force attacks from automated bots.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Tax refund fraud is an increasingly popular method of using identify theft to acquire prepaid cards ready for immediate cash out. Popular coupons may be counterfeited and sold also.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Personal information and even medical records are sometimes available. Theft and gift card fraud may operated entirely independently of online carding operations.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Cashing out in gift cards is very common as well, as "discounted gift cards" can be found for sale anywhere, making it an easy sale for a carder, and a very lucrative operation.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: The Google hacks popularly known as Google dorks for credit card details are also used vastly in getting credit card details


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Since the 1980s in the days of the dial-up BBSes, the term "carding" has been used to describe the practices surrounding credit card fraud. Methods such as "trashing", raiding mail boxes and working with insiders at stores were cited as effective ways of acquiring card details. Use of drops at places like abandoned houses and apartments or with persuadable neighbors near such a location were suggested. Social engineering of mail order sales representatives are suggested in order to provide passable information for card not present transactions. Characters such as "The Video Vindicator" would write extensive guides on "Carding Across America", burglary, fax fraud, supporting phreaking, and advanced techniques for maximizing profits. During the 1980s, the majority of hacker arrests were attributable to carding-related activities due to the relative maturity of financial laws compared to emerging computer regulations.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Started in 1989, by 1990 Operation Sundevil was launched by the United States Secret Service to crack down on use of BBS groups involved in credit card fraud and other illegal computer activities, the most highly publicised action by the US federal government against hackers at the time. The severity of the crack down was so much that the Electronic Frontier Foundation was formed in response to the violation of civil liberties.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In the mid-1990s with the rise of AOL dial-up accounts, the AOHell software became a popular tool for phishing and stealing information such as credit card details from new Internet users. Such abuse was exacerbated because prior to 1995 AOL did not validate subscription credit card numbers on account creation. Abuse was so common AOL added ""no one working at AOL will ask for your password or billing information"" to all instant messenger communications. Only by 1997 when warez and phishing were pushed off the service did these types of attacks begin to decline.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: December 1999 featured an unusual case of extortion when Maxim, a Russian 19-year-old, stole the 25,000 users' card details from CD Universe and demanded $100,000 for its destruction. When the ransom was not paid, the information was leaked on the Internet.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: One of the first books written about carding, "100% Internet Credit Card Fraud Protected", featured content produced by "Hawk" of carding group "Universal Carders". It described the spring 1999 hack and credit card theft on CyberCash, the stratification of carder proficiencies (script kiddie through to professionals) common purchases for each type and basic phishing schemes to acquire credit card data.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: By 1999, United States offline and online credit card fraud annual losses were estimated at between $500,000 and $2 million.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: From the early 2000s, sites like "The Counterfeit Library", also functioning as a diploma mill, grew to prominence, with many of its members going on to join larger cybercrime websites in later years until its closure around September 2004.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In 2001, Russian speaking hackers founded CarderPlanet in Odessa which would go on to be one of the most notorious forums of its kind.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In the summer of 2003, separate US secret service and FBI investigations led to the arrest the top administrator Albert Gonzalez of the large ShadowCrew, turned informant as a part of "Operation Firewall". By March 2004, the administrator of "CarderPlanet" disappeared with Gonzalez taking over. In October 2004 dozens of ShadowCrew members were busted across the US and Canada. Carder's speculate that one of the USSS infiltrators might have been detected by a fellow site member causing the operation to be expedited. Ultimately, the closure of ShadowCrew and CarderPlanet did not reduce the degree of fraud and led to the proliferation of smaller sites.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: ShadowCrew admin Brett Shannon Johnson managed to avoid being arrested at this time, but was picked up in 2005 on separate charges then turned informant. Continuing to commit tax fraud as an informant, "Operation Anglerphish" embedded him as admins on both ScandinavianCarding and CardersMarket. When his continued carding activities were exposed as a part of a separate investigation in 2006, he briefly went on the run before being caught for good in August of that year.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In June 2005, the credit card processing company CardSystems was hacked in what was at the time the largest personal information breach in history with many of the stolen information making its way to carding sites. Later in 2007, the TJX Companies breach perpetuated by Albert Gonzalez (who was still an informant at the time) would only come to the public's attention after stolen cards detected being misused to buy large amounts of gift cards. Gonzalez's 2008, intrusion into Heartland Payment Systems to steal card data was characterized as the largest ever criminal breach of card data.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Also in June 2005, UK-based carders were found to be collaborating with Russian mafia and arrested as a result of a National Hi-Tech Crime Unit investigation, looking into Eastern European crime syndicates.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Some time in 2005, J. Keith Mularski from the NCFTA headed up a sting into popular English language site DarkMarket.ws. One of the few survivors of "Operation Firewall", Mularski was able to infiltrate the site via taking over the handle "Master Splyntr", an Eastern European spammer named Pavel Kaminski. In late 2006 the site was hacked by Max Butler, who detected user "Master Splyntr" had logged in from the NCFTA's offices, but the warning was dismissed as inter-forum rivalry. In 2007 details of the operation was revealed to German national police, that the NCFTA had successfully penetrated the forum's inner "family". By October 4, 2007, Mularski announced he was shutting the site due to unwanted attention from a fellow administrator, framed as "too much attention" from law enforcement. For several years following site closure multiple arrests were made internationally.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: From 2004 through to 2006, CardersMarket assimilated various rival forums through marketing, hacking databases. Arrested in 2007, in 2010 the site's owner Max Butler was sentenced to 13 years in prison.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Since 2007 to present, Operation Open Market, an operation run by the HIS and the USSS has targeted the primarily Russian language Carder.su organisation, believed to be operating out of Las Vegas. In 2011, alleged site owner Roman Seleznev was apprehended in the Maldives by US law enforcement and in 2012, identity thief David Ray Camez was arrested and charged in an unprecedented use of RICO legislation.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Horohorin Vladislav, identified as BadB in November 2009 in a sealed indictment from the United States attorney's office was arrested in 2010 by USSS in Nice, France. Vladislav created the first fully automated credit card shop and managed websites associates with stolen credit card numbers. Horohorin Vladislav is also known for being first cyber criminal to promote his illegal activities by creating video cartoons ridiculing American card holders.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In 2011, former Bulgarian ShadowCrew member Aleksi Kolarov (also known as "APK") was finally arrested and held in Paraguay before being extradited to the United States in 2013 to face charges.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In March 2012, the United States Secret Service took down Kurupt.su, and arrested David Schrooten (also known as "Fortezza" and "Xakep") in Romania, he was extradited to the United States and sentenced to serve 12 years in federal prison. Primarily for his role in trafficking credit cards he obtained by hacking other hackers.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In June 2012, the FBI seized carding and hacking forums UGNazi.com and Carders.org in a sting as a part of a 2-year investigation dubbed Operation Card Shop after setting up a honeypot forum at carderprofit.cc.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In August 2013, hacker and carding forum HackBB was taken down as part of the raid on Freedom Hosting.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In January 2014, fakeplastic.net was closed following an investigation by the US postal service and FBI, after collating previously seized information from TorMail, ShadowCrew and Liberty Reserve. This led to multiple arrests and prosecutions as well as the site's closure.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: A 2014 report from Group-IB, suggested that Russian cybercriminals could be making as much as $680 million a year based on their market research.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In December 2014, the Tor based Tor Carding Forum closed following a site hack, with its administrator "Verto" directing users to migrate to the Evolution darknet market's forums which would go on to be the largest darknet market exit scam ever seen.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: "Alpha02", who was notorious for his carding guides, went on to found the AlphaBay darknet market, the first to ever deal in stolen Uber accounts. The site is working on rebuilding the damage to the reputation of markets founded by carders precipitated by the Evolution scam. Meanwhile, most Russian carders selling details do not trust the darknet markets due to the high level of law enforcement attention; however, buyers are more open.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Ercan Findikoğlu, also known as "Segate" and "Predator", with others, led an international conspiracy, stole $55 million by hacking ATM card issuers and making fraudulent cards and was sentenced to eight years in prison by a federal court. Findikoğlu, a Turkish national, with a Russian wife, Alena Kovalenko, avoided capture by obscuring his cyber fingerprints and avoiding the reach of American law, but he went to Germany in December 2013, was arrested, lost a court challenge, and was extradited. Findikoğlu, as a youngster honed his skills in cyber cafes, the Turkish military, and then masterminded three complex, global financial crimes by hacking into credit card processors, eliminating the limits on prepaid cards then sending PINs and access codes to teams of cashers who, within hours withdrew cash from ATMs. In December 2012, 5,000 cashers in 20 countries withdrew $5 million, $400,000 in 700 transactions from 140 New York ATMs, in 150 minutes. Stolen cash was kicked back via wire transfers and deliveries to Turkey, Romania and Ukraine.


title: Carding (fraud)

text: Vladimir Drinkman, 34, a cohort of Albert Gonzalez, pleaded guilty in Camden, New Jersey, that he got credit card numbers from Heartland Payment Systems, 7-Eleven, Hannaford Bros, Nasdaq, Carrefour, JetBlue, and other companies from 2005 to 2012. (U.S. v. Drinkman, 09-cr-00626, U.S. District Court, District of New Jersey (Camden))


title: Carding (fraud)

text: In more recent years, Russian language forums have gained dominance over English language ones, with the former considerably more adept at identifying security researchers and counterintelligence activities and strict invitation systems. Russia's lack of extradition treaty with the United States has made the country somewhat of a safe haven of cyber criminals, with the Russian foreign ministry going so far as to recommend citizens not travel abroad to countries with such treaties. Investigative journalist Brian Krebs has extensively reported on Russian carders as an ongoing game of cat and mouse.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: Latrell Mitchell ("né" Goolagong; born 16 June 1997) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL, and has represented both New South Wales in the State of Origin series and Australia at international level as a .


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: He began his National Rugby League career with the Sydney Roosters and was a member of the 2018 and 2019 NRL Grand Final championship rosters as a centre. Mitchell has also represented the Indigenous All Stars, and played as a er during his earlier career.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: Mitchell (né Goolagong) was born in Taree, New South Wales and is of Aboriginal descent from Birrbay and Wiradjuri people. He attended Chatham High School and played junior rugby league for the Taree Red Rovers as well as Group 3 Rugby League under 18's for Taree City club.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In 2013 and 2014, Mitchell played for the New South Wales under-16s and under-18s teams respectively. Mitchell played for the Roosters' S. G. Ball Cup team during the 2014 season, where he was named as the S. G. Ball Player of the Year, and the man-of-the-match in the S. G. Ball Grand Final.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In November 2014, Mitchell was selected for the Australian Schoolboys team for their tour of England and France. He scored 13 tries in 7 games and was named player of the series.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: Mitchell played in the Roosters' NYC team during the 2015 season. On 16 June 2015, he re-signed with the club until the end of the 2019 season. On 8 July 2015, Mitchell played at fullback for the New South Wales under 20s team and scored a try in the 32–16 win at Suncorp Stadium. On 14 September 2015, Mitchell was named on the interchange bench in the 2015 NYC Team of the Year.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: Mitchell was named in the Roosters' 2016 NRL Auckland Nines squad. During the tournament, he scored 4 tries in 3 games.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In Round 1 of the 2016 NRL season, he made his NRL debut for the Roosters against the South Sydney Rabbitohs and subsequently played in every game of the season, finishing with 14 tries as the team's leading try and point scorer.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In February, Mitchell played as an interchange in the 2017 All Stars match at McDonald Jones Stadium.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In the first round of the NRL season, Mitchell scored a hat-trick in the Roosters' 32–18 win over the Gold Coast Titans at Robina Stadium. He helped the Roosters climb up the ladder to 2nd place after 26 rounds scoring plenty of tries. He scored the game-winning try in week 1 of the 2017 finals against the Broncos. In the preliminary final against North Queensland, Mitchell endured a horror night which involved him sending two kick off restarts out on the full which both led to tries for the opposition. The Sydney Roosters lost the match 29–16 in what proved to be one of the upsets of the season.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: Mitchell was selected to play for New South Wales in The 2018 State of Origin series by coach Brad Fittler. He scored a try in the first match of the series. Mitchell also played in the next two games of the series; although New South Wales won the second game but lost the third, the side did win its first Origin shield since 2014.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In the NRL 2018 finals series, Mitchell was handed a one match suspension after being charged for a crusher tackle on Josh Dugan in the Roosters victory over Cronulla. Mitchell subsequently missed the preliminary final victory over Souths.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: On 30 September, Mitchell played in the 2018 NRL Grand Final against the Melbourne Storm scoring a try and kicking four goals in the Sydney Roosters 21–6 win.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In February, Mitchell played as a centre in the 2019 All Stars match at AAMI Park and kicked 3 out of 7 goals.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 6 of the 2019 NRL season, Mitchell scored a try and kicked the winning field goal as the Sydney Roosters defeated Melbourne 21–20 in golden point extra time.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 8, Mitchell scored a hat-trick and kicked 7 goals as the Sydney Roosters defeated Wests Tigers 42–12 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In Game 1 of the 2019 State of Origin series, Mitchell was sin binned for a professional foul on Matt Gillett in the 58th minute, and dropped for the subsequent games.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 14 against Canterbury-Bankstown, Mitchell scored 2 tries and kicked 5 goals in a 38–12 victory at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 18 against Newcastle, Mitchell scored a try and kicked 8 goals as the Sydney Roosters won the match 48–10 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In Round 20 against the Gold Coast, Mitchell scored 2 tries and kicked 9 goals as the Sydney Roosters won the match 58–6 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 22 against the New Zealand Warriors, Mitchell scored 2 tries and kicked 5 goals. The Sydney Roosters won the match 42–6 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: Mitchell played at centre in the club's 2019 NRL Grand Final victory over the Canberra Raiders at ANZ Stadium.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: On 25 October, Mitchell kicked 4 goals for Australia's 26–4 victory over New Zealand in the Oceania Cup.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In January, Mitchell's manager Matt Rose brokered a transfer for him from the Sydney Roosters to the South Sydney Rabbitohs on a one-year deal worth $600,000 with the club having the option of committing by 30 April to the 2021 season for a reported $800,000.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: Mitchell made his debut for South Sydney in round 1 of the 2020 NRL season against Cronulla-Sutherland. However, he was benched by coach Wayne Bennett after 55 minutes of play.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 5, Mitchell scored his first try for South Sydney when they defeated the Gold Coast Titans 32–12 at Bankwest Stadium.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 15, Mitchell scored two tries and kicked one goal in a 56–16 victory over Manly-Warringah at ANZ Stadium.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 16, Mitchell was taken from the field with a hamstring injury during Souths 38–0 victory over Parramatta, and was later ruled out for the season.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In January, Mitchell reportedly signed a two-year contract extension worth around $875,000 per season until the end of 2023 with South Sydney through his new manager Warwick Wright after former manager Matt Rose allowed his own accreditation as an agent to lapse.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In February, Mitchell played as fullback in the 2021 All Stars match at Queensland Country Bank Stadium and kicked two goals.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 5 of the 2021 NRL season, Mitchell scored two tries and kicked a field goal in South Sydney's 35–6 victory over Brisbane.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: On 20 April, Mitchell was suspended for four weeks after being charged over two incidents during South Sydney's victory over the Wests Tigers in round 6. The incidents involved Mitchell lashing out at Wests player Luke Garner with his boot, and a late hit to the head of David Nofoaluma. Mitchell was also fined $3000 by the NRL and ruled ineligible for a 2021 Dally M Medal due to this suspension.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: Mitchell played for New South Wales in all three games in the 2021 State of Origin series. He scored two tries and kicked goal in Game 1.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 20, Mitchell scored two tries for South Sydney in a 50–14 victory over St. George Illawarra.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 24, Mitchell scored two tries for South Sydney in a 54–12 victory over the Sydney Roosters. However, his season ended when sin-binned for an illegal shoulder charge on Roosters player Joseph Manu, who left the field with a fractured cheekbone. Mitchell subsequently took an early plea after being charged with a grade two reckless high tackle charge and was suspended for six matches (675 points). Without his prior offences, Mitchell would have been offered a four-week ban. Consequently, Mitchell missed playing in the 2021 finals series and the 2021 NRL Grand Final against Penrith.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: On 1 September 2021, NSW State of Origin coach Brad Fittler warned that Mitchell could "end up shortening his career" if unable to stay out of trouble on the field. Two months later, "Latrell Mitchell took out the True Blue Award, which is judged by the (NSW) coaching staff and goes to a player who displays qualities upon which the team culture is built."


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: The balance of Mitchell's 2021 six-week suspension carried forward into 2022. This ruled him ineligible to play in the Indigenous All-Stars annual representative exhibition match as well as round 1 of the 2022 NRL season.


title: Latrell Mitchell

text: In round 2, Melbourne defeated South Sydney 15–14 at AAMI Park. Although Mitchell missed his three conversion attempts for Souths, he did kick a two-point field goal in the 80th minute to send the match into golden point extra time.