title: Green party

text: As of April 2018, 156 Greens held elective office across the US in 19 states. The states with the largest numbers of Green elected officials are California (68), Connecticut (15), and Pennsylvania (15). Titles of offices held include: Alderman, Auditor, Board of Appeals, Board of Finance, Board of Selectmen, Borough Council, Budget Committee, Circuit Court Judge, City Council, Common Council, Community College District Board of Trustees, Community Service Board, Conservation Congress, Constable, County Board of Supervisors, County Supervisor, Fire Commission, Fire District Board, Inspector of Elections, Judge of Elections, Mayor, Neighborhood Council Board, Park District, Parks and Recreation District Board, Library Board, Planning Board, Public Housing Authority Resident Advisory Board, Public Service District, Rent Stabilization Board, Sanitary District Board, School Board, Soil and Water Conservation Board, State Representative, Town Council, Transit District Board, Village Trustee, Water District Board, and Zoning Board of Appeals As of October 2016, 100 Greens held elected office across the US. The first US Green elected to a state legislature was Audie Bock in 1999, to the California State Assembly, followed by John Eder to the Maine House of Representatives in 2002 and 2004 and Richard Carroll to the Arkansas House of Representatives in 2008. While in office in 2003 in the New Jersey General Assembly, incumbent Matt Ahearn made a party switch to Green for the remainder of his term.


title: Green party

text: The Green Party has contested six U.S.A. presidential elections: in 1996 and 2000 with Ralph Nader for president and Winona LaDuke as vice president, in 2004 with David Cobb for president and Pat LaMarche for vice president, and in 2008 with Cynthia McKinney for president and Rosa Clemente for vice president. In 2000, Nader received more votes for president than any Green Party candidate before or since. Jill Stein ran for president on the Green ticket in 2012 and 2016; the vice-presidential candidates were Cheri Honkala in 2012 and Ajamu Baraka in 2016. Stein, who received over one million votes in the 2016 race, led unsuccessful attempts toward 2016 election recounts in three states: Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.


title: Green party

text: The Brazilian Green Party was constituted after the military dictatorship period and, like other Green Parties around the world, is committed to establishing a set of policies on ensuring social-equity and sustainable development. One of the party's founding members was the journalist and former anti-dictatorship revolutionary Fernando Gabeira, Alfredo Sirkis and Carlos Minc. Among the main items on the Green Party's agenda are federalism, environmentalism, human rights, a form of direct democracy, parliamentarism, welfare, civil liberties, pacifism and marijuana legalization under specific conditions.


title: Green party

text: Green Party's candidate Marina Silva won 19.33% of the vote in the first round of the 2010 Brazilian presidential election (more than any other third party), taking enough votes from Dilma Rousseff of the incumbent PT to prevent her from achieving the majority of the vote needed to avoid a second round. Success in the legislature amounted to winning 2 more seats for a total of 15 in the Chamber of Deputies and the loss of their only senate seat.


title: Green party

text: In the 2014 presidential election the Green Party's candidate Eduardo Jorge received 0,61% of the vote. He garnered attention for campaigning on a progressive platform supporting policies such as cannabis legalization and the decriminalization of abortion. Because of his perceived eccentricity and spontaneity while participating in the televised debates, Jorge became the subject of several memes on the internet. The party elected 6 federal deputies and 1 senator.


title: Green party

text: In 2016, the Greens in Congress voted in favour of the impeachment of Dilma Roussef. The party later went on to support president Michel Temer who succeeded her.


title: Green party

text: For the 2018 presidential election the party formed the coalition "United to transform Brazil" with the Sustainability Network (REDE), in support of the candidacy of Marina Silva in her third run for the presidency. Eduardo Jorge was chosen as her running mate. Despite faring well in the initial polls, Silva ultimately received 1% of the vote. The party elected 4 federal deputies.


title: Green party

text: In the 1990s, the Oxygen Green Party was created under the leadership of Ingrid Betancourt but dissolved after her infamous kidnapping. Later, the Visionaries Party was created by Antanas Mockus whose ideals earned him the Bogotá Mayoral Office twice.


title: Green party

text: In the 2010 Colombian presidential election a green party has been created under the name Colombian Green Party, with former Bogotá mayor Antanas Mockus being the leader.


title: Green party

text: While most green parties remain minor parties, some have entered into national coalition governments. The following table lists green parties that have entered into government at the national level. It does not include the green conservative parties of Latvia and Lithuania. It also excludes parties that were elected into government as a minor partner in an electoral alliance, such as the Italian Federation of the Greens which governed as a small part of the Olive Tree and Union alliances.


title: Scott Mosier

text: Scott A. Mosier (born March 5, 1971) is an American film producer, director and editor best known for his work with director Kevin Smith, with whom he occasionally co-hosts the weekly podcast, "SModcast".


title: Scott Mosier

text: Mosier was born in Vancouver, Washington, and moved around as a child between British Columbia and Washington. He has dual Canadian and American citizenship, as his father John was born in Saskatchewan, Canada. As a teenager he resided in Vancouver, British Columbia.


title: Scott Mosier

text: Mosier met Kevin Smith while both were attending Vancouver Film School in Canada. Their first assignment, "Mae Day: The Crumbling of a Documentary", was a student film documentary that fell apart in production. To salvage it, Smith and Mosier interviewed the crew about the demise of the very documentary that they had been attempting to produce. They also added a segment in which the two were shown in silhouette as they described their fictional thoughts.


title: Scott Mosier

text: Four months into the eight-month program, Smith decided to drop out, but not before making a deal with Mosier: each would start writing a script of his own, and the one who finished last would help the other with his film.


title: Scott Mosier

text: On Smith's first feature film, "Clerks", Mosier recorded the original sound on set, edited the film (at RST Video), and contributed to the budget. He also contributed by appearing on-screen as multiple characters, including the angry hockey player and Willam Black (Snowball).


title: Scott Mosier

text: On 1995 film "Mallrats", Mosier worked in organizing the budget along with line producer Laura Greenlee, while presiding over a much larger crew. In the film, he portrayed Svenning's assistant, Roddy. The character later appeared on a Jay and Silent Bob MTV short.


title: Scott Mosier

text: On the 1997 romantic comedy film "Chasing Amy", Mosier and Smith agreed with Miramax's Harvey Weinstein and Bob Weinstein to shrink the initial proposed budget from $3 million to $250,000. The compromise allowed Mosier and Kevin to cast their friends instead of established stars. Mosier appears in the beginning of the film as the comics convention patron who gets into an argument with Banky Edwards (Jason Lee) after demeaning his career as a tracer.


title: Scott Mosier

text: On the 1999 film "Dogma", Mosier worked with Greenlee again; the editing of the film lasted nearly a year. He also played the Smooching Seaman who Ben Affleck and Matt Damon meet on the bus.


title: Scott Mosier

text: On the 2001 film "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back", Mosier worked with a budget of $20 million. The editing was difficult, due to the MPAA threatening to give the film an NC-17 rating. In the film, Mosier played the assistant director on the set of the fictional sequel to "Good Will Hunting" and reprises his Willam Black character from "Clerks".


title: Scott Mosier

text: Mosier had a comparatively larger budget to work with on the film "Jersey Girl", at $35 million. The editing was also difficult due to the studio's desire to cut a large amount of Jennifer Lopez footage with Ben Affleck following the poor box-office performance of "Gigli".


title: Scott Mosier

text: Mosier produced "Clerks II" in 2006. Smith stated he edited the film himself, making "Clerks II" one of three films Mosier has produced with Smith, but not edited (the others being "Mallrats" and "Zack and Miri Make a Porno"). Mosier makes a brief cameo as a concerned father who shields his daughter's eyes from the sight of a character sitting on a toilet.


title: Scott Mosier

text: Mosier served as an executive producer, editor, and actor for Bryan Johnson's "Vulgar", an Askew production. He had also served as a producer (along with Smith) on "Drawing Flies, A Better Place", and ""; he served as a co-executive producer on "Good Will Hunting" and "Big Helium Dog". He also appeared in cameos in "Drawing Flies" as the Crying Diaperman, in "A Better Place" as Larry, and in "Vulgar" as Scotty. Although he barely recorded any episodes in 2017, Mosier is also a co-host, along with Smith, of the SModcast podcast hosted by the Smith-owned SModcast.com.


title: Scott Mosier

text: In 2007, "Salim Baba", a short documentary Mosier produced, was nominated for an Academy Award. Filmmakers Tim Sternberg and Francisco Bello received the nomination (Mosier was unable to be nominated due to a limit of two nominees per short film).


title: Scott Mosier

text: On SModcast 77, Mosier announced he would not produce Smith's film "Cop Out" (2010), instead pursuing his directorial debut. He stated on SModcast 90 that he finished writing his first feature screenplay and was in the process of trying to sell it.


title: Scott Mosier

text: On August 10, 2011, Mosier stated on Twitter that he has written some episodes of the "Ultimate Spider-Man" cartoon on Disney. This was confirmed in a special "SModcast Extra" (attached to SModcast No. 204 and episode 5 of the "Comic Book Men" podcast "Secret Stash") in which he and Smith interview Joe Casey; Mosier has written six scripts for the series.


title: Scott Mosier

text: Mosier made his directorial debut with Illumination Entertainment's animated feature "The Grinch", based on the book by Dr. Seuss, and co-directed with Yarrow Cheney. It was released on November 9, 2018.


title: Scott Mosier

text: Mosier was personally involved with fellow producer Monica Hampton for a while, whom he met while the two were producing "Vulgar". He married girlfriend Alex Hilebronner on September 1, 2006. The couple met on the set of "Jersey Girl".


title: Scott Mosier

text: In the documentary "Back to the Well: Clerks II", he states that he is agnostic, but has gone to church with Kevin Smith on occasion.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: The Pontiac Sunbird (also known as the Pontiac J2000 and Pontiac 2000) is a model line that was manufactured and marketed by Pontiac from the 1976 to the 1994 model years. Loosely deriving its name from the Pontiac Firebird, the Sunbird was introduced as the eventual replacement for the Pontiac Astre, replacing it entirely in 1978 as the smallest Pontiac (the later T1000 was slotted below it in size).


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: The first generation of the Sunbird used the subcompact GM H platform. Serving as the Pontiac counterpart of the Chevrolet Monza, the Sunbird was offered as a two-door notchback coupé and three-door hatchback and station wagon. The model was manufactured alongside the Monza, Buick Skyhawk, and Oldsmobile Starfire at Lordstown Assembly (Lordstown, Ohio) and Sainte-Thérèse Assembly (Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec).


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: The second generation of the Sunbird used the compact GM J platform. Serving as the Pontiac counterpart of the Chevrolet Cavalier, the Sunbird was marketed at various times as a two-door notchback coupé or convertible, three-door hatchback, four-door sedan, and five-door station wagon. The model line was manufactured alongside the Cavalier at Lordstown Assembly (Lordstown, Ohio), Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Mexico), and South Gate Assembly (South Gate, California)


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: While not as long-running as the Bonneville, Grand Prix, and Firebird nameplates, Pontiac would use the Sunbird nameplate for 17 model years. After the Sunbird skipped the 1981 model year entirely, it was released as an early 1982 and renamed the J2000; the Sunbird name was returned for 1984. For 1995, the Sunbird underwent a substantial model update and was renamed the Pontiac Sunfire.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: Introduced in September 1975 for the 1976 model year, the first-generation Pontiac Sunbird was developed from the Pontiac Astre subcompact, slotted between the Astre and the Ventura/Phoenix within the Pontiac model line. The Pontiac counterpart of the Chevrolet Monza, the Sunbird was sportier than the Astre, competing against the Ford Mustang II, Mercury Capri and imported vehicles such as the Toyota Celica and Volkswagen Scirocco.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: While sharing a nameplate, the Pontiac Sunbird shared no commonality with the Australian-market Holden LX Sunbird.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: The first-generation Sunbird uses the GM subcompact H-body platform, sharing its 97-inch wheelbase with the Astre. Using a rear-wheel drive configuration, the Sunbird is fitted with coil springs for all four wheels, using short and long control arms for the front suspension and a torque-arm live rear axle rear suspension; both axles are fitted with an anti-roll bar. Front vented disc brakes were standard, along with rear drum brakes.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For its 1976 introduction, the Sunbird shared its standard engine with the Astre/Vega, using a Chevrolet-designed 2.3-litre inline-four, producing with a standard one-barrel carburetor; an optional two-barrel carburetor increased output to . A Buick-supplied 231 cubic-inch V6 was also optional. A four-speed manual transmission was standard, with a five-speed manual and three-speed automatic offered as options.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1977, the engine line was revised, with a Pontiac-developed 151 cubic-inch "Iron Duke" inline-four introduced; was produced with a two-barrel carburetor. For 1978, a Chevrolet-sourced 305 cubic-inch V8 was introduced as an option on Sunbird coupes and hatchbacks. For 1980, the V8 option was dropped from the model line.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1976, the Pontiac Sunbird was offered only in a two-door notchback coupe body, sharing a body with the Chevrolet Monza Towne Coupe.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1977, a three-door hatchback version of the Sunbird was introduced, shared with the Chevrolet Monza, Buick Skyhawk, and Oldsmobile Starfire. A Formula option combined the handling package with a three-piece spoiler, special body decals, chrome valve cover, and a T/A steering wheel; the option was offered with the coupe and hatchback.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1978, a Sunbird two-door station wagon was introduced, serving as a continuation of the previous Astre wagon (using a nearly front fascia).


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1980, the H-body Sunbird dropped the station wagon bodystyle and the optional V8 engine. The model year underwent a unusually long production run to provide inventory into calendar-year 1981, as it was replaced by the J2000 for the 1982 model year.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1982, the rear-wheel-drive Sunbird was replaced by a new front-wheel-drive compact called the "J2000". Appearing as a sedan, coupe, wagon or hatchback, the J2000 was powered by a carbureted, overhead valve cast-iron 1.8-litre four-cylinder engine. Power was . During the year, this engine was joined by a new 1.8-litre four, a single overhead-cam unit with an aluminum head imported from GM of Brazil. This engine used throttle-body electronic fuel injection, in contrast to the carburetor that was used in the previous engine, making . It was initially only available in conjunction with the automatic transmission. The J2000 shared GM's internationally used J-Body platform with the Chevrolet Cavalier, Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk, and Cadillac Cimarron in North America. The 1982 J2000 LE sedan was listed at $7,548 ($ in dollars ). The suspension was shared with the front-wheel-drive Phoenix and 6000, which consisted of MacPherson struts, lower control arms, coil springs and a stabilizer bar for the front, while a solid beam axle, trailing arms, variable-rate coil springs for the rear suspension on all body styles were unique to the J2000.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1983, the "J" prefix was dropped. This was in an effort to market the J2000 as a smaller version of the Pontiac 6000, which had a similar appearance. A five-speed manual was newly optional along with adjustable and reclining bucket seats sourced from Lear Siegler which were also installed in the Firebird, Chevrolet Camaro and Buick Grand National. The standard engine was replaced by the fuel injected Brazilian engine, while a stroked 2-litre fuel injected version of the overhead-valve 1.8 became the optional engine, producing . A convertible called the "2000 Sunbird" was also new for 1983, as the last Pontiac convertible had not been offered since the 1975 Pontiac Grand Ville.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: 1984 brought a new front fascia for a smoother, less angular look. The lineup was renamed "2000 Sunbird", a title used only on the convertible the previous year. A new turbocharged four-cylinder was available provided by a Garrett T25 turbocharger. Based on the standard 1.8L inline-four that powered other 2000 Sunbirds, it used multi-port fuel injection, for a total output of . This engine was popular, and more powerful than many V6 engines in competing brands.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: 1985 was a carryover year, except for the "2000" prefix being dropped, and the all-new Pontiac Fiero with the 2.8L V6 was introduced which shared the front engine and transmission cradle from the Pontiac Phoenix.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1986, the optional 2-litre four was discontinued. A GT model arrived at the top of the lineup. It featured fender flares, hidden headlamps, and the turbo engine standard. It was available in sedan, coupe, hatchback, or convertible. The GT sedan is very rare, with fewer than 5,000 sold. The GT convertible is the rarest variant, with fewer than 1,300 sold.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: A redesigned gauge cluster and new engines were introduced for the 1987 model year. The gauge cluster featured different graphics, and a speedometer on turbo equipped models, where 1984-1986 turbo models had an speedometer. The new engines were "punched out" versions of the 1.8L, displacing 2.0L. The base engine still used throttle-body injection, for a new total of , and the turbo still used port-injection, for a new total of . Also, the convertible could only be ordered in GT trim.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: Production under the Sunbird name was continued until 1994. The rear fascia was redesigned in 1988, composite headlights were installed on base models, coupes got a new semi-fastback roof line, and the four-speed manual was discontinued. The base model initially had the 1984-87 front fascia with exposed sealed beam headlamps. 1989 was the last year for the convertible GT, with the Turbo engine option dropped after 1990. The trim levels on both the sedan and coupe were base, SE and GT. The Sunbird SE coupe, SE sedan and the GT coupe and convertible had four partially concealed sealed beam headlamps, a feature that originally appeared on the Isuzu Impulse, that gave the appearance of "raised eyebrows" when the headlights were on. The engines were both the carryover 2.0L I4 and the turbocharged 165 horsepower 2.0L four. GM discontinued the Sunbird Safari station wagon, and 1988 was the last year models were offered. The 1988 Sunbird SE sedan was listed at $8,799 ($ in dollars ).


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: In 1989, the base model received a smoother, more aerodynamic front fascia and the model was renamed "LE". An LE coupe joined the lineup also, with the same features as the LE sedan, but for a slightly lower price. The SE sedan was discontinued. In all models, however, a new dashboard was added. It somewhat resembled that of the larger Pontiac Grand Prix, redesigned for 1988. The most notable change from the previous dashboard is the placement of the stereo. A redesigned AM/FM stereo unit was placed high in the dash. If a cassette player or compact disc player (new for 1989) were ordered, they were relocated at the bottom of the dash.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1990, the GT and SE coupes received a smoother front fascia with hidden headlamps. The GT convertible is discontinued, replaced by a turbocharged LE convertible, which also retains the GT suspension and steering. In all models, GM's passive seatbelt system was introduced. The seatbelts were mounted on the doors and would stretch out when latched.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: The turbo four was deleted for 1991, replaced by the Cavalier's 3.1L V6. With Multi-Port Fuel Injection, it produced at 5200 rpm, and of torque at 4800 rpm. Although there was less horsepower under the hood, power came much quicker and smoother than the Turbo, with about the same fuel economy. The V6 engine could be ordered in any model, save the new-for 1991 base value model. The SE coupe received the LE coupe front fascia, but the GT's fascia could still be ordered with a sport package exclusive to SE coupes.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: The largest change for the 1992 model year was a revision of the base engine. The 2.0 L SOHC TBI four was replaced with the 2.0 L SOHC MPFI four resulting in a fuel economy increase and power increase. Power was increased from to and torque increased from 118 to . NOTE: The intake manifold casting is a bit thick and responds well to port matching the head with a stock felpro gasket. An SE sedan was once again available, and the base models were dropped and the convertible moved from LE to SE.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: As the Sunbird came to a close, the trims were pared down. The SE sedan, SE convertible and GT coupe were dropped for 1994. The LE sedan, LE coupe and LE convertible (moved from SE to LE), and SE coupe stood pat for one more year. The SE coupe was essentially the 1993 GT coupe with a lower price.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: Most Sunbirds were built in Lordstown, Ohio and Ramos Arizpe, Mexico. The Sunbird was replaced by the Pontiac Sunfire in 1995.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: The Sunbird GT model was introduced in 1986 as a coupe, sedan, convertible or hatchback with a 1.8 L Garrett T25 turbocharged inline-four engine of the Family II range (LA5) as standard equipment but was never installed with an intake intercooler. The 1986 Sunbird GT convertible was listed at $14,399 ($ in dollars ). When the 1.8 L turbocharged engine was first offered in 1984 the optionaly listed price was listed between $1,309 ($ in dollars ) and $1,546 ($ in dollars ) in addition to the listed retail price.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: All turbos were also equipped with the WS6 performance handling package, 28mm front stabilizer bar, 21mm rear stabilizer bar, 14" aluminum alloy wheels, turbo boost gauge, four speed manual transmission, or optional automatic transmission, and a tachometer. The and of torque 1.8-liter turbo engine had been available since 1984 as standard equipment in the SE and optional in the base model and LE except the station wagon. In 1987 the engine was upgraded to the 2.0-liter and of torque LT3.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: All GTs featured semi-concealed headlamps over sealed beam halogen headlights, fender flares and "Turbo GT" badges replacing "Sunbird" badges. The sedan and hatchback were discontinued for 1988 and the interior for the coupe was redesigned for 1989. The convertible was dropped for 1990 and the turbo followed in 1991. Replacing the turbo four-cylinder for 1991 was GM's 3.1-liter V6 that produced , but was quieter and smoother than the turbo. After 1993, the GT coupe became the SE coupe when the lineup was consolidated prior to the new model arriving for 1995.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: From 1990 to 1992, Chevrolet sold the Chevrolet Cavalier in Mexico, replacing the Chevrolet Celebrity as its basic model offering. For 1993, the Mexican-market Chevrolet Cavalier adopted the Pontiac Sunbird body, rebranding it as a Chevrolet.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For the Mexican market, the only engine offered was a LB6 MPFI 2.8L V6 engine, paired to either a 5-speed manual or a 3-speed automatic transmission. The Sunbird GT was rebranded as the Cavalier Z24, standardizing the LH0 3.1L MPFI V6 engine.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: For 1995, the Pontiac Sunfire was introduced to Mexico, with the Cavalier again sharing the body of its U.S. counterpart.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: In Europe, the GM J platform was used by Vauxhall and Opel for the Vauxhall Cavalier Mk II (U.K.) and Opel Ascona (Germany and other European countries). While sharing chassis underpinnings with Sunbird, Opel and Vauxhall used their own powertrains and a slightly different exterior design; a 5-door hatchback was exclusive to the European market.


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: In Australia and New Zealand, the Holden Camira was a rebranded version of the Vauxhall Cavalier. Though similar in design to its American counterpart, the 5-door station wagon configuration was designed in Australia (Vauxhall Cavalier wagons/estates were produced from CKD kits).


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: In 1989, GM began to phase out the J platform outside of North America; the Opel Ascona was replaced by the Opel Vectra, with the Vauxhall Cavalier returning as a rebranded version of the latter. For 1990, the Holden Camira was replaced by the Holden Apollo (a rebranded Toyota Camry).


title: Pontiac Sunbird

text: In South America, the Opel Ascona was produced in Brazil as the Chevrolet Monza from 1983 to 1996; the Ascona name did not translate favorably in Portuguese or Spanish. Sharing the body of the Ascona/Cavalier sedan, the Monza was also offered in a three-door hatchback (similar roofline to the 1982-1987 Sunbird hatchback) until 1989.


title: David Twohy

text: Twohy was born in Los Angeles County, California. He attended college at California State University, Long Beach, graduating with a degree in radio/television/film.


title: David Twohy

text: His most notable filmmaking credits have been writing "The Fugitive", "Waterworld", and "GI Jane", but he is mostly known for writing and directing "The Arrival" and most entries in "Chronicles of Riddick".


title: Bell 525 Relentless

text: The Bell 525 Relentless is an American super-medium-lift helicopter, under development by Bell Textron. The Bell 525 was unveiled at the 2012 Heli-Expo in Dallas, Texas in February 2012. The helicopter first flew on 1 July 2015. It is designed to transport up to 19 passengers.


title: Bell 525 Relentless

text: The Bell 525's maiden flight was planned for late 2014. PHI, Inc. was the launch customer for the type, but as of 2016 is no longer the launch customer. After a six-month delay, the Bell 525 prototype first flew in July 2015. At that time, Bell predicted certification to be completed by the end of 2017. The FAA suggested special rules in May 2016, to address the fly-by-wire concept.


title: Bell 525 Relentless

text: At approximately 11:48 AM Central Daylight Time on July 6, 2016, the prototype crashed during a test flight near Italy, Texas, killing the two occupants. The aircraft, carrying registration N525TA, broke up in flight while traveling about at an altitude of about .


title: Bell 525 Relentless

text: The crash delayed certification from 2017 to 2018. In February 2018, Bell predicted certification to be completed by late 2018 or early 2019. In December 2018, 1,300 hours of turn time and 900 hr of flight were accumulated, towards a 2019 US type certification. In early 2019, two helicopters will be tested in cold weather in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada, as a third prototype will validate performance in snowy north continental US.


title: Bell 525 Relentless

text: Bell is pitching the Bell 525 to military customers as a 20-passenger utility and troop transport or search and rescue (SAR) aircraft.


title: Bell 525 Relentless

text: Bell sought to sell the 525 to the United Kingdom for its New Medium Helicopter program, which aims to replace the RAF's Puma helicopters, but Bell's proposal did not make it past the pre-qualification questionnaire stage.


title: Bell 525 Relentless

text: The Bell 525 is designed to meet a requirement for a medium-lift helicopter. It will be constructed primarily from composites and metal and is to be the first commercial helicopter to incorporate fly-by-wire flight controls, with tactile cues. The system is triple redundant, and is developed in two simulator environments. The 525 is powered by a pair of GE CT7-2F1 turboshaft engines, with a new composite five-blade main rotor system. The cost of the 525 has not yet been determined, but it is expected to be cost competitive on missions between 50 and 400 nmi, performed by helicopters such as the AgustaWestland AW139 and Sikorsky S-92.


title: Bell 525 Relentless

text: The Bell 525 is designed to fit the emerging "Super-Medium" size category suited ideally to support offshore oil and gas operations. Half of the customers come from that sector. Helicopters under development in the same class are the Airbus Helicopters H175 and the AgustaWestland AW189. The 525 is to be certified in Category A Takeoff class, at maximum gross weight. This involves being able to continue a takeoff (or landing) after one of the helicopter's two turbine engines fails at any point. It should be capable of carrying 19 passengers, more than any existing super-medium helicopter. It is designed for two pilots with 16 passengers in the standard configuration and two pilots with 20 passengers in high-density seating.


title: Alexander Newley

text: Alexander Newley (born 8 September 1965), also known as Sacha Newley, is a British contemporary artist, portraitist, writer and teacher known for his portrait paintings, including Gore Vidal and Billy Wilder.


title: Alexander Newley

text: Newley's father was actor and songwriter Anthony Newley, and his mother is actress Joan Collins, with whom he appeared in the 1969 film "Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness?". Also known as Sacha Newley, he is one of two children from Collins' second marriage to Newley; the other being writer/broadcaster Tara Newley. From an early age he loved the drama of the stage and transformative power of actors.


title: Alexander Newley

text: Christopher Reeve, Oliver Stone and Steven Berkoff. His portraits of Vidal and Reeve form part of the permanent collection of the National Portrait Gallery at The Smithsonian in Washington DC.


title: Alexander Newley

text: His portraits of Nigel Hawthorne in character as King George III were commissioned by the British National Theatre to promote their premiere production of the Alan Bennett play "The Madness of George III". In 2006, Newley's full-length portrait of Hawthorne was acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum for their permanent collection celebrating Theatre in the 20th century.


title: Alexander Newley

text: In 2016, Newley completed a series of portraits of Kenneth Branagh, Judi Dench, Adrian Lester, Derek Jacobi and Lily James. Newley worked on the portraits for a year, and was granted access backstage at the Garrick Theatre in order to capture the energy and dynamism of the actors in character. These were featured in a major solo exhibition "Portraits in Character" and charity gala auction at St Martin in the Fields in which Jeffrey Archer was the auctioneer. His portrait of David Suchet, revealed at The Garrick Club in October 2016, and now hangs in the most esteemed spot in the Garrick bar.


title: Alexander Newley

text: His multilayered "Head of Lincoln" is the central feature at The Lincoln Heritage Museum in Lincoln, Illinois—an Abraham Lincoln museum. Newley also painted a portrait of Jeffrey Archer hiding his face behind his hands. His portrait of writer Dominick Dunne scribbling in his notebook during his coverage for "Vanity Fair" of the O.J. Simpson trial in Los Angeles was chosen for the cover of Dunne's best-selling memoir about the trial, "Another City, Not My Own".


title: Alexander Newley

text: Newley has one daughter with Angela Tassoni; the couple are now divorced. In 2017, Newley completed his memoir "Unaccompanied Minor", illustrated with 28 of his own paintings, an account of growing up within a dysfunctional family as the son of two international stars.


title: Moron (psychology)

text: Moron is a term once used in psychology and psychiatry to denote mild intellectual disability. The term was closely tied with the American eugenics movement. Once the term became popularized, it fell out of use by the psychological community, as it was used more commonly as an insult than as a psychological term. It is similar to imbecile and idiot.


title: Moron (psychology)

text: "Moron" was coined in 1910 by psychologist Henry H. Goddard from the Ancient Greek word "" ("moros"), which meant "dull" and used to describe a person with a mental age in adulthood of between 7 and 10 on the Binet scale. It was once applied to people with an IQ of 51–70, being superior in one degree to "imbecile" (IQ of 26–50) and superior in two degrees to "idiot" (IQ of 0–25). The word "moron", along with others including "idiotic", "imbecilic", "stupid", and "feeble-minded", was formerly considered a valid descriptor in the psychological community, but it is now deprecated in use by psychologists.


title: Moron (psychology)

text: In the obsolete medical classification (ICD-9, 1977), these people (morons and feeble-minded) were said to have "mild mental retardation", "mild mental subnormality" or "high-grade defect" with IQ 50–70.


title: Moron (psychology)

text: Following opposition to Goddard's attempts to popularize his ideas, Goddard recanted his earlier assertions about the moron: "It may still be objected that moron parents are likely to have imbecile or idiot children. There is not much evidence that this is the case. The danger is probably negligible."


title: Harmonized System

text: The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, also known as the Harmonized System (HS) of tariff nomenclature is an internationally standardized system of names and numbers to classify traded products. It came into effect in 1988 and has since been developed and maintained by the World Customs Organization (WCO) (formerly the Customs Co-operation Council), an independent intergovernmental organization based in Brussels, Belgium, with over 200 member countries.


title: Harmonized System

text: The HS is organized logically by economic activity or component material. For example, animals and animal products are found in one section of the HS, while machinery and mechanical appliances are found in another. The HS is organized into 21 sections, which are subdivided into 99 chapters. The 99 HS chapters are further subdivided into 1,244 headings and 5224 subheadings.


title: Harmonized System

text: Section and Chapter titles describe broad categories of goods, while headings and subheadings describe products in more detail. Generally, HS sections and chapters are arranged in order of a product's degree of manufacture or in terms of its technological complexity. Natural commodities, such as live animals and vegetables, for example, are described in the early sections of the HS, whereas more evolved goods such as machinery and precision instruments are described in later sections. Chapters within the individual sections are also usually organized in order of complexity or degree of manufacture. For example, within Section X ("Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard; Paper and paperboard and articles thereof"), Chapter 47 provides for "pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic materials", whereas Chapter 49 covers "printed books, newspapers, and other printed matter". Finally, the headings within individual Chapters follow a similar order. For example, the first heading in Chapter 50 ("Silk") provides for "silk worm cocoons" while articles made of silk are covered by the chapter's later headings.


title: Harmonized System

text: The HS code consists of 6-digits. The first two digits designate the HS Chapter. The second two digits designate the HS heading. The third two digits designate the HS subheading. HS code 1006.30, for example indicates Chapter 10 ("Cereals"), Heading 06 ("Rice"), and Subheading 30 ("Semi-milled or wholly milled rice, whether or not polished or glazed").


title: Harmonized System

text: In addition to the HS codes and commodity descriptions, each Section and Chapter of the HS is prefaced by Legal Notes, which are designed to clarify the proper classification of goods.


title: Harmonized System

text: To ensure harmonization, the contracting parties to the Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, have agreed to base their national tariff schedules on the HS nomenclature and Legal Notes. Parties are permitted to subdivide the HS nomenclature beyond 6-digits and add their own Legal Notes according to their own tariff and statistical requirements. Parties often set their customs duties at the 8-digit "tariff code" level. Statistical suffixes are often added to the 8-digit tariff code for a total of 10 digits. If the number of digits are more than 8, additional digits are called as the national subheading.


title: Harmonized System

text: HS Chapter 77 is reserved for common use by the parties internationally. Chapters 98 and 99 are reserved for national use. Chapter 98 comprises special classification provisions, and chapter 99 contains temporary modifications pursuant to a parties' national directive or legislation.


title: Harmonized System

text: Since its creation, the HS has undergone several revisions - ostensibly, to either eliminate headings and subheadings describing commodities that are no longer traded, or to create headings and subheadings that address technological advancements and environmental concerns. The current version of the HS became effective on 1 January 2017.


title: Harmonized System

text: The process of assigning HS codes is known as "HS Classification". All products can be classified in the HS by using the "General Rules for the Interpretation of the Harmonized System" ("GRI"). HS codes can be determined by a variety of factors including a product's composition, its form and its function. An example of a product classified according to its form would be whole potatoes. The classification will also change depending on whether the potatoes are fresh or frozen. Fresh potatoes are classified in position 0701.90, under the Header "Potatoes, fresh or chilled", Sub header "Other", while frozen potatoes are classified in position 0710.10 under the Header "Vegetables (uncooked or cooked by steaming or boiling in water), frozen", Subheader "Potatoes". The Harmonized System has six general interpretative rules that must be analyzed in strict order.


title: Harmonized System

text: An example of a product classified according its material composition is a picture frame. Picture frames made of wood are classified under subheading 4414.00, which provides for "Wooden frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects". Picture frames made of plastic are classified under subheading 3924.90, which provides for "Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and hygienic or toilet articles, of plastics. Other". Picture frames made of glass are classified under subheading 7020.00, which provides for "Other articles of glass". And so on.


title: Harmonized System

text: An example of a product classified according to its form is personal hygiene soap. When in the form of a bar, cake or moulded shape, such soap is classified under subheading 3401.11, which provides for "Soap and organic surface-active products and preparations, in the form of bars, cakes, moulded pieces or shapes, and paper, wadding, felt and nonwovens, impregnated, coated or covered with soap or detergent: For toilet use (including medicated products)". Conversely, liquid personal hygiene soap is classified under either 3401.20, which provides for "Soap in other forms", or 3401.30, which provides for "Organic surface-active products and preparations for washing the skin, in the form of liquid or cream and put up for retail sale, whether or not containing soap".


title: Harmonized System

text: An example of a product classified according to its function is a carbon monoxide (CO) detector. If the CO detector captures and displays gas measurements, then it is properly classified under subheading 9027.10, which provides for "Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis (for example, polarimeters, refractometers, spectrometers, gas or smoke analysis apparatus; instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking viscosity, porosity, expansion, surface tension or the like; instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking quantities of heat, sound or light (including exposure meters); microtomes. Gas or smoke analysis apparatus". If the CO detector does not capture and display gas measurements, then it is properly classified under subheading 8531.10, which provides for "Electric sound or visual signaling apparatus (for example, bells, sirens, indicator panels, burglar or fire alarms), other than those of heading 85.12 or 85.30. Burglar or fire alarms and similar apparatus".


title: Harmonized System

text: Although every product and every part of every product is classifiable in the HS, very few are explicitly described in the HS nomenclature. Any product for which there is no explicit description can be classified under a "residual" or "basket" heading or subheading, which provide for "Other" goods. Residual codes normally occur last in numerical order under their related headings and subheadings.


title: Harmonized System

text: An example of a product classified under a residual heading is a live dog, which must be classified under heading 01.06, which provides for "Other live animals" because dogs are not covered by headings 01.01 through 01.05, which explicitly provide for "live equine", "live bovine", "live swine", "live sheep and goats", and "live poultry", respectively.


title: Harmonized System

text: HS code are used by Customs authorities, statistical agencies, and other government regulatory bodies, to monitor and control the import and export of commodities through:


title: Harmonized System

text: Companies use HS codes to calculate the total landed cost of imported products and parts, and to identify selling and sourcing opportunities abroad.


title: Harmonized System

text: HS classification is not always straightforward. Many automotive parts, for example, are not classified under heading 87.08, which provides for "Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of headings 87.01 to 87.05". Automotive seats are classified as articles of furniture under heading 94.01, which provides for "Seats (other than those of heading 94.02), whether or not convertible into beds, and parts thereof", and more specifically under subheading 9401.20, which provides for "Seats of a kind used for motor vehicles".


title: Harmonized System

text: In many jurisdictions, traders alone bear the legal responsibility to accurately classify their goods. However, due to a lack of familiarity with the rules of HS Classification traders may inadvertently determine erroneous HS codes for their commodities. Depending on the severity of the infraction, incorrect classification can result in the imposition of non-compliance penalties, border delays or seizures, or denial of import privileges.


title: Harmonized System

text: There are several resources available to traders to assist in properly classifying their goods including:


title: Harmonized System

text: Traders may sometimes resort to using HS code determination guides and other references to classify their traded commodities. These could include local databases published by authorities in other countries. However, such databases are not valid globally. Many Customs authorities around the world allow traders to apply for an advanced HS classification ruling. Such rulings are legally binding in the countries they are issued in and protect the trader from future Customs challenges concerning incorrect classification of their imports and exports.


title: Gus Hall

text: Gus Hall (born Arvo Kustaa Halberg; October 8, 1910 – October 13, 2000) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and a perennial candidate for president of the United States. He was the Communist Party nominee in the 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1984 presidential elections. As a labor leader, Hall was closely associated with the so-called "Little Steel" Strike of 1937, an effort to unionize the nation's smaller, regional steel manufacturers. During the Second Red Scare, Hall was indicted under the Smith Act and was sentenced to eight years in prison. After his release, Hall led the CPUSA for over 40 years, often taking an orthodox Marxist–Leninist stance.


title: Gus Hall

text: Hall was born Arvo Kustaa Halberg in 1910 in Cherry Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota, a rural community on northern Minnesota's Mesabi Iron Range. He was the son of Matt (Matti) and Susan (Susanna) Halberg. Hall's parents were Finnish immigrants from the Lapua region, and were politically radical: they were involved in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and were early members of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) in 1919. The Mesabi Range was one of the most important immigration settlements for Finns, who were often active in labor militancy and political activism. Hall's home language was Finnish, and he conversed with his nine siblings in that language for the rest of his life. He did not know political terminology in Finnish and used mostly English when meeting with visiting Finnish Communists.


title: Gus Hall

text: Hall grew up in a Communist home and was involved early on in politics. According to Hall, after his father was banned from working in the mines for joining an IWW strike, the family grew up in near-starvation in a log cabin built by Halberg.


title: Gus Hall

text: At 15, to support the impoverished ten-child family, Hall left school and went to work in the North Woods lumber camps, mines and railroads. Two years later in 1927, he was recruited to the CPUSA by his father. Hall became an organizer for the Young Communist League (YCL) in the upper Midwest. In 1931, an apprenticeship in the YCL qualified Hall to travel to the Soviet Union to study for two years at the International Lenin School in Moscow.


title: Gus Hall

text: After his studies, Hall moved to Minneapolis to further the YCL activities there. He was involved in hunger marches, demonstrations on behalf of farmers, and various strikes during the Great Depression. In 1934, Hall was jailed for six months for taking part in the Minneapolis Teamster's Strike, led by Trotskyist Farrell Dobbs. After serving his sentence, Hall was blacklisted and was unable to find work under his original name. He changed his name to Gus Hall, derived from Kustaa (Gustav) Halberg. The change was confirmed in court in 1935.


title: Gus Hall

text: In late 1934, Hall went to Ohio's Mahoning Valley. Following the call for organizing in the steel industry, Hall was among a handful hired at a steel mill in Youngstown, Ohio. During 1935–1936, he was involved in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and was a founding organizer of the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), which was set up by the CIO. Hall stated that he and others persuaded John L. Lewis, who was one of the founders of the CIO, that steel could be organized.


title: Gus Hall

text: In Youngstown, Hall met Elizabeth Mary Turner (1909–2003), a woman of Hungarian background. They were married in 1935. Elizabeth was a leader in her own right, among the first women steelworkers and a secretary of SWOC. They had two children, Barbara (Conway) (born 1938) and Arvo (born 1947).


title: Gus Hall

text: Hall was a leader of the 1937 "Little Steel" strike, so called because it was directed against Republic Steel, Bethlehem Steel and the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, as opposed to the industry giant U.S. Steel. It had previously entered into a contract with SWOC without a strike. The strike was ultimately unsuccessful, and marred by the deaths of workers at Republic plants in Chicago and Youngstown. Hall was arrested for allegedly transporting bomb-making materials intended for Republic's plant in Warren, Ohio. He pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor and was fined $500. SWOC became the United Steelworkers of America (USWA) in 1942. Philip Murray, USWA founding president, once commented that Hall's leadership of the strike in Warren and Youngstown was a model of effective grassroots organizing.


title: Gus Hall

text: After the 1937 strike, Hall focused on party activities instead of union work, and became the leader of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) in Youngstown in 1937. His responsibilities in the party grew rapidly, and in 1939 he became the CPUSA leader for the city of Cleveland. Hall ran on the CPUSA ticket for Youngstown councilman and also for governor of Ohio, but received few votes. In 1940 Hall was convicted of fraud and forgery in an election scandal and spent 90 days in jail.


title: Gus Hall

text: Hall volunteered for the United States Navy when World War II broke out, serving as a machinist in Guam. During the first years of the war in Europe, the CPUSA held an isolationist stance, as the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were cooperating based on the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. When Hitler broke the treaty by invading the USSR in June 1941, the CPUSA began to officially support the war effort. During his naval service, Hall was elected in absence to the National Committee of the CPUSA. He was honorably discharged from the Navy on March 6, 1946.


title: Gus Hall

text: Seen as a Moscow loyalist, Hall's reputation in the party rose after the war. In 1946 he was elected to the national executive board of the party under the new general secretary, Eugene Dennis, a pro-Soviet Marxist–Leninist, who had replaced Earl Browder after the latter's expulsion from the party.


title: Gus Hall

text: Now a major American communist leader in the post-war era, Hall caught the attention of United States officials. On July 22, 1948, Hall and 11 other Communist Party leaders were indicted under the Alien Registration Act, popularly called the Smith Act, on charges of "conspiracy to teach and advocate the overthrow of the U.S. government by force and violence", although his conviction was based entirely on Hall's advocacy of Marxist thought. Hall's initial prison sentence lasted for five years.


title: Gus Hall

text: Released on bail, Hall rose to the secretariat of the CPUSA. When the Supreme Court upheld the Smith Act (June 4, 1951), Hall and three other men skipped bail and went underground. Hall's attempt to flee to Moscow failed when he was picked up in Mexico City on October 8, 1951. He was sentenced to three more years and eventually served over five and a half years in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary. In prison he distributed party leaflets and lifted weights. He was located in a cell adjacent to that of George Kelly, a notorious gangster of the prohibition era. The Supreme Court of the United States later reversed some convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional.


title: Gus Hall

text: In the early 1960s, Hall was in danger of facing yet another indictment, this time under the Internal Security Act of 1950, known as the McCarran Act, but the Supreme Court found the Act partly unconstitutional, and the government abandoned its charges. The act required "Communist action" organizations to register with the government, it excluded party members from applying for United States passports or holding government jobs. Because of the Act, Hall's driver's license was revoked by the State of New York.


title: Gus Hall

text: After his release, Hall continued his activities. He began to travel around the United States, ostensibly on vacation but gathering support to replace Dennis as the general secretary. He accused Dennis of cowardice for not going underground as ordered in 1951 and also claimed Dennis had used funds reserved for the underground for his own purposes. Hall's rise to the position of general secretary was generally unexpected by the American Communist circles (the post was expected to go to either Henry Winston or Gil Green, both important figures in the YCL), although Hall had held the office of acting general secretary briefly in the early 1950s after Dennis's arrest. In 1959, Hall was elected CPUSA general secretary and afterward received the Order of Lenin.


title: Gus Hall

text: The McCarthy Cold War era had taken a heavy toll on the Communist Party USA, as many American members were called to testify to congressional committees. In addition, due to the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, many members became disenchanted and left the party. They were also moved by the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's dismissal of Stalinism. In the United States, the rise of the New Left and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 created hostility between leftists and the CPUSA, marginalizing it.


title: Gus Hall

text: Hall, along with other party leaders who remained, sought to rebuild the party. He led the struggle to reclaim the legality of the Communist Party and addressed tens of thousands in Oregon, Washington, and California. Envisioning a democratization of the American Communist movement, Hall spoke of a "broad people's political movement" and tried to ally his party with radical campus groups, the anti-Vietnam War movement, organizations active in the civil rights movement, and the new rank-and-file trade union movements in an effort to build the CPUSA among the young "baby boomer" generation of activists. Ultimately, Hall failed to forge a lasting alliance with the New Left.


title: Gus Hall

text: Hall had a reputation of being one of the most convinced supporters of the actions and interests of the Soviet Union outside the USSR's political sphere of influence. From 1959 onward, Hall spent some time in Moscow each year and was one of the most widely known American politicians in the USSR, where he was received by high-level Soviet politicians such as Leonid Brezhnev.


title: Gus Hall

text: Hall spoke regularly on campuses and talk shows as an advocate for socialism in the United States. He argued for socialism in the United States to be built on the traditions of U.S.-style democracy rooted in the United States Bill of Rights. He would often say Americans didn't accept the Constitution without a Bill of Rights and wouldn't accept socialism without a Bill of Rights. He professed deep confidence in the democratic traditions of the American people. He remained a prolific writer on current events, producing a great number of articles and pamphlets, of which many were published in the magazine "Political Affairs".


title: Gus Hall

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, Hall also made frequent appearances on Soviet television, always supporting the position of the Soviet regime. Hall guided the CPUSA in accordance with the party line of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), rejecting any liberalization efforts such as Eurocommunism. He also dismissed the radical new revolutionary movements that criticized the official Soviet party line of "Peaceful coexistence" and called for a world revolution. After the Sino-Soviet split, Maoism likewise was condemned, and all Maoist sympathizers were expelled from the CPUSA in the early 1960s.


title: Gus Hall

text: Hall defended the Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan, and supported the Stalinist principle of "Socialism in One Country". In the early 1980s, Hall and the CPUSA criticized the Solidarity movement in Poland. In 1992, the Moscow daily "Izvestia" claimed that the CPUSA had received over $40 million in payments from the Soviet Union, contradicting Hall's long-standing claims of financial independence. The former KGB General Oleg Kalugin declared in his memoir that the KGB had Hall and the American Communist Party "under total control" and that he was known to be siphoning off "Moscow money" to set up his own horse-breeding farm. The writer and J. Edgar Hoover biographer Curt Gentry has noted that a similar story about Hall was planted in the media through the FBI's secret COINTELPRO campaign of disruption and disinformation against radical opposition groups.


title: Gus Hall

text: In the 1964 United States presidential election, Hall's party supported Lyndon B. Johnson, saying it was necessary to prevent the victory of the conservative Barry Goldwater. During the 1972 presidential election, the CPUSA withdrew its support from the Democratic Party and nominated Hall as its candidate. Hall ran for president four times — in 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1984 — the last two times with Angela Davis. Of the four elections, Hall received the largest number of votes in 1976, largely because of the Watergate scandal bringing protest votes for minor parties. Hall ranked only in eighth place among the presidential candidates. Owing to the great expense of running, the difficulty in meeting the strenuous and different election law provisions in each state, and the difficulty in getting media coverage, the CPUSA decided to suspend running national campaigns while continuing to run candidates at the local level. While ceasing presidential campaigns, the CPUSA did not renew support for the Democratic party.


title: Gus Hall

text: The 1980s were a politically difficult decade for Hall and the CPUSA, as one of Hall's trusted confidants and the deputy head of the CPUSA, Morris Childs, was revealed in 1980 to be a longtime Federal Bureau of Investigation informant. Although Childs was taken into the United States Federal Witness Protection Program and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1987, Hall continued to deny that Childs had been a spy. Also, Henry Winston, Hall's African-American deputy, died in 1986. The black party base questioned the fact that the leadership was exclusively white.


title: Gus Hall

text: After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the party faced another crisis. In a press conference that year, Hall warned of witch hunts and McCarthyism in Russia, comparing that country unfavorably with North Korea. Hall led a faction of the party that stood against Glasnost and Perestroika and, for the hardliners of the CPSU, accused Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin of "demolishing" socialism. Hall supported Vietnam and Cuba but criticized the People's Republic of China for failing to oppose the West. In late 1991, members wanting reform founded the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism, a group critical of the direction in which Hall was taking the party. When they were unable to influence the leadership, they left the party and Hall purged them from the membership, including such leaders as Angela Davis and Charlene Mitchell.


title: Gus Hall

text: During the last years of his life, Hall lived in Yonkers, New York, with his wife, Elizabeth. Along with following political events, Hall engaged in hobbies that included art collecting, organic gardening, and painting. In 2000, shortly before his death, Hall resigned the post of party chairman in favor of Sam Webb and was appointed honorary chairman. In 1994, Michael Myerson, who had left the CPUSA along with Herbert Aptheker, Angela Davis, Gil Green, and Charlene Mitchell, accused Hall of living a "good bourgeois life" including "an estate in fashionable Hampton Bays."


title: Gus Hall

text: Gus Hall died on October 13, 2000, at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan from diabetes mellitus complications. He was buried in the Forest Home Cemetery near Chicago.


title: Gus Hall

text: When the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and its leaders in the Midwest Teamsters were prosecuted under the Smith Act in Minnesota in 1941, some Communist Party members supported the government actions. Later, Hall admitted it was a mistake for the party to not openly fight against imprisonment of SWP members under the Smith Act. The Trotskyist movement held strong negative opinions against Hall; upon his death, the trotskyist World Socialist Web Site denounced him for what they perceived as his incompetence, loyalty to the Soviet Union and accused abandonment of the working class.


title: Gus Hall

text: At times, some Soviet officials criticized Hall by accusing him of poor leadership of the CPUSA. Young American communists were advised to distance themselves from CPUSA, as the party was under intense FBI surveillance, and these officials believed that under such conditions the party could not be successful.


title: Gus Hall

text: Many conservatives saw Hall as a threat to the United States, with J. Edgar Hoover describing him as "a powerful, deceitful, dangerous foe of Americanism." An inflammatory anti-Christian statement was falsely ascribed to Hall, earning him the hostility of some Christian groups, including Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority. In a 1977 speech, future U.S. president Ronald Reagan planned to quote this alleged 1961 statement as proof of the evils of communism: "I dream of the hour when the last congressman is strangled to death on the guts of the last preacher — and since the Christians seem to love to sing about the blood, why not give them a little of it? Slit the throats of their children [and] draw them over the mourner's bench and the pulpit and allow them to drown in their own blood, and then see whether they enjoy singing those hymns." The statement, which Reagan ultimately excised from his speech because he claimed he did not have the "nerve" to say it, was falsely claimed to have been said by Hall at the funeral oration of former CPUSA party chairman William Z. Foster.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The canon law of the Catholic Church ("canon law" comes from Latin "") is "how the Church organizes and governs herself". It is the system of laws and ecclesiastical legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church. It was the first modern Western legal system and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West, while the unique traditions of Eastern Catholic canon law govern the 23 Eastern Catholic particular churches "."


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Positive ecclesiastical laws, based directly or indirectly upon immutable divine law or natural law, derive formal authority in the case of universal laws from promulgation by the supreme legislator—the supreme pontiff, who possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person, or by the College of Bishops acting in communion with the pope; in contrast, particular laws derive formal authority from promulgation by a legislator inferior to the supreme legislator, whether an ordinary or a delegated legislator. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The canon law of the Catholic Church has all the ordinary elements of a mature legal system: laws, courts, lawyers, judges. The canon law of the Catholic Church is articulated in the legal code for the Latin Church as well as a code for the Eastern Catholic Churches. This canons law has principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties. It lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. Those who are versed and skilled in canon law, and professors of canon law, are called canonists (or colloquially, canon lawyers). Canon law as a sacred science is called canonistics.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The jurisprudence of canon law is the complex of legal principles and traditions within which canon law operates, while the philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law are the areas of philosophical, theological, and legal scholarship dedicated to providing a theoretical basis for canon law as a legal system and as true law.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The term "canon law" ("ius canonicum") was only regularly used from the twelfth century onwards. The term "ius ecclesiasticum", by contrast, referred to the secular law, whether imperial, royal, or feudal, that dealt with relations between the state and the Catholic Church. The term "corpus iuris canonici" was used to denote canon law as legal system beginning in the thirteenth century.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Other terms sometimes used synonymously with "ius canonicum" include "ius sacrum", "ius ecclesiasticum", "ius divinum", and "ius pontificium", as well as "sacri canones" (sacred canons).


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Examples of ecclesiastical positive law are fasting during the liturgical season of Lent, and religious workers (monks, nuns, etc.) requiring permission from their superiors to publish a book.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The word "canon" comes from the Greek "kanon", which in its original usage denoted a straight rod, was later used for a measuring stick, and eventually came to mean a rule or norm. In 325, when the first ecumenical council, Nicaea I, was held, "kanon" started to obtain the restricted juridical denotation of a law promulgated by a synod or ecumenical council, as well as that of an individual bishop.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The term source or fountain of canon law ("fons iuris canonici") may be taken in a twofold sense: a) as the formal cause of the existence of a law, and in this sense, we speak of the "fontes essendi" (Latin: "sources of being") of canon law or lawgivers; b) as the material channel through which laws are handed down and made known, and in this sense the sources are styled "fontes cognoscendi" (Latin: "sources of knowing"), or depositaries, like sources of history.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") allegedly adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions. As many as 36 collections of canon law are known to have been brought into existence before 1150.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the "ius antiquum", the "ius novum", the "ius novissimum" and the "Codex Iuris Canonici". In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the "ius vetus" (all law before the 1917 "Code") and the "ius novum" (the law of the code, or "ius codicis").


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The Eastern Catholic canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the "Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium" promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: St. Raymond of Penyafort (1175–1275), a Spanish Dominican priest, is the patron saint of canonists, due to his important contributions to canon law in codifying the "Decretales Gregorii IX." Other saintly patrons include St. Ivo of Chartres and the Jesuit St. Robert Bellarmine.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The period of canonical history known as the "ius antiquum" ("ancient law") extends from the foundation of the Church to the time of Gratian (mid-12th century). This period can be further divided into three periods: the time of the apostles to the death of Pope Gelasius I (A.D. 496), the end of the 5th century to the spurious collection of the 9th century, and the last up to the time of Gratian (mid-12th century).


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: In the Early Church, the first canons were decreed by bishops united in "Ecumenical" councils (the Emperor summoning all of the known world's bishops to attend with at least the acknowledgement of the Bishop of Rome) or "local" councils (bishops of a region or territory). Over time, these canons were supplemented with decretals of the Bishops of Rome, which were responses to doubts or problems according to the maxim, ""Roma locuta est, causa finita est"" ("Rome has spoken, the case is closed"). A common misconception, the Catholic Encyclopedia links this saying to St Augustine who actually said something quite different: ""jam enim de hac causa duo concilia missa sunt ad sedem apostolicam; inde etiam rescripta venerunt; causa finita est"" (which roughly translate to: "there are two councils, for now, this matter as brought to the Apostolic See, whence also letters are come to pass, the case was finished") in response to the heretical Pelagianism of the time.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: In the first millennium of the Roman Church, the canons of various ecumenical and local councils were supplemented with decretals of the popes; these were gathered together into collections.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The period of canonical history known as the "Ius novum" ("new law") or "middle period" covers the time from Gratian to the Council of Trent (mid-12th century–16th century).


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The spurious conciliar canons and papal decrees were gathered together into collections, both unofficial and official. In the year 1000, there was no book that had attempted to summarize the whole body of canon law, to systematize it in whole or in part. The first truly systematic collection was assembled by the Camaldolese monk Gratian in the 11th century, commonly known as the "Decretum Gratiani" ("Gratian's Decree") but originally called "The Concordance of Discordant Canons" ("Concordantia Discordantium Canonum"). Before Gratian there was no "jurisprudence of canon law" (system of legal interpretation and principles). Gratian is the founder of canonical jurisprudence, which merits him the title "Father of Canon Law". Gratian also had an enormous influence on the history of natural law in his transmission of the ancient doctrines of natural law to Scholasticism.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Canon law greatly increased from 1140 to 1234. After that, it slowed down, except for the laws of local councils (an area of canon law in need of scholarship), and secular laws supplemented. In 1234 Pope Gregory IX promulgated the first official collection of canons, called the "Decretalia Gregorii Noni" or "Liber Extra". This was followed by the "Liber Sextus" (1298) of Boniface VIII, the "Clementines" (1317) of Clement V, the "Extravagantes Joannis XXII" and the "Extravagantes Communes", all of which followed the same structure as the "Liber Extra". All these collections, with the "Decretum Gratiani", are together referred to as the "Corpus Iuris Canonici". After the completion of the "Corpus Iuris Canonici", subsequent papal legislation was published in periodic volumes called "Bullaria".


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: In the thirteenth century, the Roman Church began to collect and organize its canon law, which after a millennium of development had become a complex and difficult system of interpretation and cross-referencing. The official collections were the "Liber Extra" (1234) of Pope Gregory IX, the "Liber Sextus" (1298) of Boniface VIII and the "Clementines" (1317), prepared for Clement V but published by John XXII. These were addressed to the universities by papal letters at the beginning of each collection, and these texts became textbooks for aspiring canon lawyers. In 1582 a compilation was made of the Decretum, Extra, the Sext, the Clementines, and the "Extravagantes" (that is, the decretals of the popes from Pope John XXII to Pope Sixtus IV).


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The third canonical period, known as the "ius novissimum" ("newest law"), stretches from the Council of Trent to the promulgation of the 1917 "Code of Canon Law" which took legal effect in 1918. The start of the "ius novissimum" is not universally agreed upon, however. Dr. Edward N. Peters argues that the "ius novissimum" actually started with the "Liber Extra" of Gregory IX in 1234.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The fourth period of canonical history is that of the present day, initiated by the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law on 27 May 1917.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Benedict XV, in his bull of promulgation, refers to the "motu proprio" "Arduum sane", which was issued by Pius X, March 17, 1904, and gave rise to the 1917 Code. In that memorable pronouncement the late Pontiff stated the reasons which prompted him as the supreme Pastor of souls, who has the care of all the churches, to provide for a new codification of ecclesiastic laws, with a view " to put together with order and clearness all the laws of the Church thus far issued, removing all those that would be recognized as abrogated or obsolete, adapting others to the necessities of the times, and enacting new ones in conformity with the present needs."


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: It is sometimes referred to as the "ius codicis" ("law of the code") or, in comparison with all law before it, the "ius novum" ("new law"). From time to time, the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts issues authentic interpretations regarding the code. The pope occasionally amends the text of the codes.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: By the 19th century, the body of canonical legislation included some 10,000 norms. Many of these were difficult to reconcile with one another due to changes in circumstances and practice. The situation impelled Pope Pius X to order the creation of the first Code of Canon Law, a single volume of clearly stated laws. Under the aegis of the Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under Benedict XV, who promulgated the Code on 27 May 1917, effective on 29 May 1918. The work having been begun by Pius X, it was sometimes called the "Pio-Benedictine Code" but more often the 1917 Code to distinguish it from the later 1983 Code which replaced it. In its preparation, centuries of material was examined, scrutinized for authenticity by leading experts, and harmonized as much as possible with opposing canons and even other codes, from the Code of Justinian to the Napoleonic Code.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: In the succeeding decades, some parts of the 1917 "Code" were retouched, especially under Pope Pius XII. In 1959, Pope John XXIII announced, together with his intention to call the Second Vatican Council, that the 1917 "Code" would be completely revised. In 1963, the commission appointed to undertake the task decided to delay the project until the council had been concluded. After Vatican II closed in 1965, it became apparent that the 1917 "Code" would need to be revised in light of the documents and theology of Vatican II. When work finally began, almost two decades of study and discussion on drafts of the various sections were needed before Pope John Paul II could promulgate the revised edition, which came into force on 27 November 1983, having been promulgated via the apostolic constitution "Sacrae Disciplinae Leges" of 25 January 1983. Containing 1752 canons, it is the law currently binding on the Latin Church.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: This codification is referred to as the 1983 "Code of Canon Law" to distinguish it from the 1917 "Code". Like the preceding codification, it applies to Roman Catholics of the Latin Church.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: As the currently-in-force law for the Latin Church, it constitutes a major part of the "Ius vigens" (Latin: "active law").


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Eastern Catholic canon law is the law of the 23 Catholic "sui iuris" particular churches of the Eastern Catholic tradition. Oriental canon law includes both the common tradition among all Eastern Catholic Churches, now chiefly contained in the "Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches", as well as the particular law proper to each individual "sui iuris" particular Eastern Catholic Church. Originating with the canons of particular councils and the writings of the Eastern Church Fathers, oriental canon law developed in concert with Byzantine Roman laws, leading to the compilation of nomocanons. Oriental canon law is distinguished from Latin canon law, which developed along a separate line in the remnants of the Western Roman Empire under the direct influence of the Roman Pontiff, and is now chiefly codified in the 1983 "Code of Canon Law".


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: A nomocanon (nomokanon) is a collection of ecclesiastical law, consisting of the elements from both the civil law (nomoi) and the canon law (kanones). Collections of this kind were found only in Eastern law. The Greek Church has two principal nomocanonical collections, the "Nomocanon of John Scholasticus" of the sixth century and the "Nomocanon in 14 titles", which dates from the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (), made by fusion of the "Collectio tripartita" (collection of Justinian's imperial law) and "Canonic syntagma" (ecclesiastical canons). The latter was long held in esteem and passed into the Russian Church, but it was by degrees supplanted by the "Nomocanon of Photios" in 883. Photius compiled systematically the canons of the East which amount to a counterpart of Gratian in the West. His 2-part collection, a chronological collection of synodal canons and his nomocanon revision with updated civil laws, became a classical source of ancient canon law for the Greek Church.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: For Eastern Catholics, two sections of Eastern Catholic canon law had already, under Pope Pius XII, been put in the form of short canons. These parts were revised as part of the application of Pope John XXIII's decision to carry out a general revision of the Church's canon law; as a result, a distinct Code for members of the Eastern Catholic Churches came into effect for the first time on 1 October 1991 (Apostolic Constitution "Sacri Canones" of 18 October 1990). The "Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches", as it is called, differs from the Latin "1983 Code of Canon Law" in matters where Eastern and Latin traditions diverge, such as terminology, discipline concerning hierarchical offices, and administration of the sacraments.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law bear the influences of canon law.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Much of the legislative style was adapted from that of Roman Law especially the Justinianic "Corpus Iuris Civilis". After the 'fall' of the Roman Empire and up until the revival of Roman Law in the 11th century canon law served as the most important unifying force among the local systems in the Civil Law tradition. The Catholic Church developed the inquisitorial system in the Middle Ages. The canonists introduced into post-Roman Europe the concept of a higher law of ultimate justice, over and above the momentary law of the state.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The primary canonical sources of law are the 1983 "Code of Canon Law", the "Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches", and "Pastor Bonus." Other sources include apostolic constitutions, "motibus propriis", particular law, and—with the approbation of the competent legislator—custom. A law must be promulgated for it to have legal effect. A later and contrary law obrogates an earlier law.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Canonists have formulated interpretive rules of law for the magisterial (non-legislatorial) interpretation of canon laws. An authentic interpretation is an official interpretation of a law issued by the law's legislator, and has the force of law.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Although canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy, Thomas Aquinas never explicitly discusses the place of canon law in his "Treatise on Law" However, Aquinas himself was influenced by canon law. While many canonists apply the Thomistic definition of law ("lex") to canon law without objection, some authors dispute the applicability of the Thomistic definition to canon law, arguing that its application would impoverish ecclesiology and corrupt the very supernatural end of canon law.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: In the decades following the Second Vatican Council, many canonists called for a more theological, rather than philosophical, conception of canon law, acknowledging the "triple relationship between theology, philosophy, and canon law". Some authors conceive of canon law as "essentially" theological and the discipline of canon law as a theological subdiscipline, but Msgr. Carlos José Errázuriz contends that "in a certain sense, all postconciliar canonical scholarship has shown a theological concern in the widest sense, that is, a tendency to determine more clearly the place of the juridical in the mystery of the Church."


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The fundamental theory of canon law is a discipline covering the basis of canon law in the very nature of the church. Fundamental theory is a newer discipline that takes as is object "the existence and nature of what is juridical in the Church of Jesus Christ." The discipline seeks to better explain the nature of law in the church and engages in theological discussions in post-conciliar Catholicism and seeks to combat "postconciliar antijuridicism".


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. ("Iuris Canonici Baccalaureatus", Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. ("Iuris Canonici Licentiatus", Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. ("Iuris Canonici Doctor", Doctor of Canon Law), and those with a J.C.L. or higher are usually called "canonists" or "canon lawyers". Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law. Canon law as a field is called Canonistics.


title: Canon law of the Catholic Church

text: Under the 1983 "Code of Canon Law", all seminary students are required to take courses in canon law. Some ecclesiastical officials are required to have the doctorate (JCD) or at least the licentiate (JCL) in canon law in order to fulfill their functions: judicial vicars; judges; promoters of justice; defenders of the bond; canonical advocates. In addition, vicars general and episcopal vicars are to be doctors, or at least licensed in canon law or theology. Ordinarily, bishops are to have an advanced degree (doctorate or at least licentiate) in scripture, theology, or canon law.


title: 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship

text: The 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship was the 15th edition of the FIFA World Youth Championship. It took place in the Netherlands between 10 June and 2 July 2005.


title: 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship

text: The following 24 teams qualified for the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship. Host country the Netherlands did not have to qualify for the tournament.


title: 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship

text: For a list of all squads that played in the final tournament, see "2005 FIFA World Youth Championship squads".


title: 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship

text: The 24 teams were split into six groups of four teams. Six group winners, six second-place finishers and the four best third-place finishers qualify for the knockout round.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: The Jaguar Mark 2 is a mid-sized luxury sports saloon built from late 1959 to 1967 by Jaguar in Coventry, England. The previous Jaguar 2.4 Litre and 3.4 Litre models made between 1955 and 1959 are identified as Mark 1 Jaguars.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: The Mark 2 was a fast and capable saloon in line with Sir William Lyons' 1950s advertising slogan: "Grace . . . Space . . . Pace", available with all three versions of the advanced Jaguar XK6 I6 engine, the 2.4, 3.4, and 3.8 litre.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: Production of the 3.8 ended in the (northern) autumn of 1967, with discounted sale of the 3.4 continuing on as the 340 until September 1968, and the 2.4 as the 240 until April 1969.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: There was no direct successor to the Mark 2 series. The 3.8 litre Jaguar S-type, an upscaled and refined version of the Mark 2, had already appeared in 1963, well before the first of the Mark 2 models was discontinued. The Jaguar 420, a more powerful and refined version of the S-Type, appeared in 1966. Both of those models remained in production until late 1968, when the Jaguar XJ6 appeared, ostensibly replacing and placed rather midway between them and the larger, more expensive Jaguar Mark X produced since 1961.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: The Mark 2 came with a , or Jaguar XK engine. The 3.8 is similar to the unit used in the 3.8 E-Type (called XKE in the USA), having the same block, crank, connecting rods and pistons but different inlet manifold and carburation (two SUs versus three on the E-Type in Europe) and therefore less. The head of the six-cylinder engine in the Mark 2 had curved ports compared to the straight ports of the E-Type configuration. The 3.4 Litre and 3.8 Litre cars were fitted with twin SU HD6 carburettors and the 2.4 Litre with twin Solex carburettors.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: Aware of the importance of the quotable numbers to the US market Jaguar continued to use claimed gross bhp figures throughout the production period of the Mk II and 240/340 models. A direct conversion into DIN bhp is not possible, but the 3.8 Mk II engine developed about 190 bhp by modern DIN standards. This compares with the later 4.2 XJ6 engine which also gave around 190 bhp DIN, or 245 gross bhp according to Jaguar. The explanation was that the XJ6 4.2 engine was delivering the power at less rpm. The camshaft timing and inlet and exhaust valve sizes were the same for the 2.4,3.4,3.8 Mk II and XJ6 4.2 engines, so the engines throttled themselves sooner in the bigger engine sizes. Later 4.2 XJ6 engines had special induction pipes, to reduce exhaust emissions, that crossed over between the inlet and exhaust sides of the engine. These reduced bhp to around 170 bhp on later production.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: The new car was re-engineered above the waistline, with vision dramatically improved by an 18% increase in cabin glass area. Slender front pillars allowed a wider windscreen, and the rear window almost wrapped around to the enlarged side windows, now with the familiar Jaguar D-shape above the back door and fully chromed frames for all the side windows. The radiator grille was changed, and larger side, tail and fog lamps were repositioned. Inside a new heating system was fitted and ducted to the rear compartment. There was an improved instrument layout that became standard for all Jaguar cars until the XJ series II of 1973.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: The front suspension geometry was rearranged to raise the roll centre and the rear track widened. Four-wheel disc brakes were now standard. Power steering, overdrive or automatic transmissions could be fitted at extra cost. The 3.8 litre was supplied fitted with a limited-slip differential.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: Some time on or about September 1967 the 3.8 litre model was discontinued and the 2.4 and 3.4 litre Mark 2 cars were rebadged as the 240 and 340 respectively as gap-fillers until the XJ6 arrived in September 1968. The 340 was discontinued at that time, but remaining Series 2 parts were used up producing budget-priced 240s until April 1969. These sold at £1364, only £20 more than the first 2.4 in 1956.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: Output of the 240 engine was increased from at 5,750 rpm. to at 5,500 rpm. and torque was increased. It now had a straight-port type cylinder head and twin HS6 SU carburettors with a new inlet manifold. The automatic transmission was upgraded to a Borg-Warner 35 dual drive range. Power steering by Marles Varamatic was now available on the 340. Servicing intervals were increased from to . There was a slight reshaping of the rear body and slimmer bumpers and over-riders were fitted. For the first time the 2.4 litre model could exceed 100 mph, resulting in a slight sales resurgence.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: The 240 and 340 models retained cost-saving downgrades that had appeared a year earlier in the Mark 2 series. Standard leather upholstery was replaced by "Ambla", a leather-like synthetic material, and tufted carpet was used on the floor. The front fog lamps were replaced with circular vents and made optional for the UK market. The sales price was reduced to compete with the Rover 2000 TC.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: A 3.4 litre with automatic transmission tested by "The Motor" magazine in 1961 had a top speed of and could accelerate from 0- in 11.9 seconds. A touring fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost £1951 including taxes of £614.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: A 3.8 litre with the 220 bhp engine was capable of accelerating from 0- in 8.5 seconds and could reach a top speed of .


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: Jaguar also marketed from 1962 to 1969 a distinctive Daimler version of the Mark 2 branded Daimler 2.5 V8 fitted with Daimler's 2½-litre V8. In late 1967 it was re-labelled V8-250 when the Mark 2 became the Jaguar 240. As well as being significantly more powerful than the 2.4-litre XK6, the more modern Daimler engine was shorter and also lighter by about . This significant reduction in mass over the front wheels and redistribution of weight to the rear reduced understeer during hard cornering.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: These cars were externally identified by Daimler fluting at the top of the radiator grille and the top of the rear number plate lamp cover, their smoothness, and the sound of their V8 engine. They were given distinctive interior fittings.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: The Mark 2's body lines, derived from the Mark 1, and overall layout proved sufficiently popular over time to provide inspiration for the second-generation Jaguar S-Type, a nostalgia model introduced in 1999. Brendan McAleer of the Globe and Mail described the 2015 Jaguar XE as the Mark 2's spiritual descendant.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: Japanese automaker Mitsuoka Motors produced the Viewt in 1994, a subcompact hatchback with Jaguar MK2 features.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: The Mark 2 gained a reputation as a capable car among criminals and law enforcement alike; the 3.8 litre model being particularly fast with its 220 bhp (164 kW) engine driving the car from 0- in 8.5 seconds and to a top speed of with enough room for five adults. Popular as getaway cars, they were also employed by the police to patrol British motorways.


title: Jaguar Mark 2

text: A Regency red 1960 Mark 2 was used by Detective Chief Inspector Morse throughout the "Inspector Morse" television series. The car was given away in 2002 in a competition after the ending of the series and, after resales, in November 2005 was sold for more than £100,000.


title: Evelyn Mok

text: Mok was born in Sweden to a Chinese immigrant family. Her father came from British Hong Kong, and her mother is Chinese and grew up in India. Mok jokes that she identified as Indian until she was ten.


title: Evelyn Mok

text: Mok began performing stand-up in Sweden and later went to England's University of Roehampton as part of the Erasmus Programme. She was a finalist at the Chortle Awards in 2013 and described Andy Kaufman, Demetri Martin and Tony Law as her favourite comics. "Comedy Central" (Sweden) referred to her as "the Swedish Amy Schumer". Mok has performed at every Edinburgh Fringe since 2013.


title: Evelyn Mok

text: Mok has appeared on "Mock the Week", "Hypothetical", "Heresy", "Off Menu with Ed Gamble and James Acaster" and "Sam Delaney's News Thing", and has also appeared on Swedish TV.


title: Evelyn Mok

text: From April 2019 to October 2021, she hosted "Rice to Meet You", a comedy podcast, with Malaysian comedian Nigel Ng. The final episode, # 130, "Hiatus", stated reasons to take a hiatus from the podcast included creative and professional differences to preserve the personal friendship between Mok and Ng.


title: Marcus Rosner

text: Marcus Rosner (born August 10, 1989) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in a wide variety of television and film projects since 2012. Some of his more notable roles include appearances in the TV Shows Unreal, Arrow, Supernatural, and Once Upon a Time.


title: Marcus Rosner

text: Marcus Rosner was born in Campbell River, British Columbia. He moved around a lot as a child but was raised primarily in Sherwood Park, Alberta. He started out his career as an actor in Vancouver, British Columbia and has spent time living in Toronto, Ontario.


title: You Are the Reason

text: "You Are the Reason" is a song by English singer Calum Scott. It was released on 17 November 2017 via Capitol Records, as his second original single from his debut album "Only Human". It was produced by Fraser T. Smith. The song has been streamed over one billion times, and has sold over five million copies worldwide. The music video was filmed entirely in Kyiv, Ukraine and recently has reached 800 million views. A duet version with Leona Lewis charted internationally, and achieved over 100 million streams on Spotify, with its music video surpassing over 400 million views on YouTube.


title: You Are the Reason

text: According to sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com, "You Are the Reason" is a moderately slow tempo of 58 beats per minute. Written in , the song is in the key of B major. Calum Scott's vocal range spans from C to B during the song.


title: You Are the Reason

text: The official music video for the song was released on Calum Scott's YouTube channel on January 5, 2018. It has since gained over 861 million views and 6.1 million likes.


title: You Are the Reason

text: The video shows Calum singing the song as he walks on Khreschatyk Street, seeing couples and best friends walk by, making him feel lonely. The video then cuts to a scene in a house featuring a husband and a pregnant wife, then returns to Calum singing. He watches a family walking towards a car, but having the father separated from the mother and daughter. Calum leaves the scene and walks around Saint Sophia Cathedral as the camera shows a spotlight being aimed at a building, which then shows a man inside the building talking to his anxious significant other.


title: You Are the Reason

text: The video briefly returns to Calum singing then shows a family, consisting of a husband, wife, and two adolescent children in a bedroom with the wife's sick elderly mother and the children's grandmother, depicting her last moments. The video returns to Calum fixing the collar of his coat, then cuts back to the scene of the sick grandmother, showing her passing as the wife cries. As Calum walks under a bridge, the camera cuts to a couple riding a taxi, with the woman giving the man an earphone to listen music to. The camera then cuts to Calum watching a couple dance in a spotlight. The scene briefly shifts to a clip taken from over the park, then returns to the couple dancing. Calum is later seen walking towards a man smiling with the spotlight following a girl running behind Calum. The two reunite and kiss as Calum walks beside them. Calum ends the song while looking at the camera and the video ends as he walks away.


title: You Are the Reason

text: On 9 February 2018, Scott released a duet version of the song with Grammy nominated singer-songwriter Leona Lewis. Scott remarked in a statement: "Working with Leona was a dream come true. As a fan, I first remember watching her on TV before going on to grace the globe with her incredibly beautiful voice. Now having the honour of working with her on one of my own songs is completely surreal and the passion and raw emotion she brings to our duet makes it even more special to me."


title: You Are the Reason

text: The duet was promoted by Scott and Lewis, with performances on the BBC One's "The One Show" in the UK and "Good Morning America" in the US. The duet charted on various "Billboard" charts in the US, and also charted in New Zealand, Canada and in Europe. The official video for the duet, which features both Scott and Lewis, has since surpassed 400 million views on YouTube and over 100 million streams on Spotify.


title: You Are the Reason

text: In June 2019, "You Are The Reason" (with Leona Lewis) peaked at number 7 on the "Billboard" Digital Songs Sales chart. The song featured on "America's Got Talent" during the audition of Kodi Lee. The song also peaked on the Hot Canadian Digital Songs Sales chart, at number 14, following the shows airing.