title: Ushabti

text: From the 21st Dynasty on, ushabtis became common and numerous in graves. In some tombs the floor was covered with a great many ushabti figurines; in others the ushabtis were neatly packed into ushabti boxes. At times, several hundred ushabti were placed in a deceased Ancient Egyptian's tomb, but pharaohs had considerably more of these servants than commoners, and king Taharqa had more than a thousand. Some tombs contained overseer or 'reis' "ushabtis" holding a whip, which were responsible for groups of ten ushabti each (ten being a common administrative division, for example in the armies). These overseers became rare during the Late Period.


title: Ushabti

text: The tomb of Tutankhamun had a large number of ushabtis of varying sizes, and most were ornate, with hieroglyph statements. They were divided into groups: some honored Osiriform gods, gold-foiled; some were more simple of wood, or faience.


title: Ushabti

text: Ushabtis were mostly mummiform, but during the Dynasty XVIII reign of Thutmose IV, they began to be fashioned as servants with baskets, sacks, and other agricultural tools. Some ushabtis were very ornate in form, and in colour, when made of enamel. They were also made of clay, wood and stone and early ones were sometimes made from wax. Later figurines were often made of less perishable materials: stone, terracotta, metal, glass and, most frequently, glazed earthenware (Egyptian faience). While ushabtis manufactured for the rich were often miniature works of art, the great mass of cheaply made ushabtis became standardised—made from single molds with little detail. The level of standardisation varied, a compositional and morphological study of faience ushabtis suggested that mass-production is an oversimplification of a complex process that may more accurately described as batch-processing.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Anastasia Sergeyevna "Nastia" Pavlyuchenkova (; born 3 July 1991) is an inactive Russian professional tennis player. A junior prodigy, Pavlyuchenkova won three junior Grand Slam titles and became the junior world No. 1, in January 2006, at the age of 14. She continued her success after turning professional, reaching a career-high singles ranking of world No. 11 on 8 November 2021.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova has been continuously ranked inside the top 50 since 3 November 2008, when she entered the top-50 rankings for the first time in her career (a span of more than 13 and a half years). Between the 2008 French Open and the 2020 Australian Open, she participated in 48 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments, which is tied with Ana Ivanovic for the eighth-longest streak of consecutive Grand Slam tournament appearances in history.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova has won 12 singles titles on the WTA Tour and five singles titles on the ITF Circuit. Her biggest singles titles to date have come at two Premier-level tournaments, the 2014 Open GDF Suez and the 2014 Kremlin Cup. She reached her first Grand Slam final at the 2021 French Open, having previously reached six other Grand Slam quarterfinals at the 2011 French Open, the 2011 US Open, the 2016 Wimbledon Championships, and the 2017, 2019 and 2020 Australian Opens.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova has also had success in doubles, having won six doubles titles on the WTA Tour and eight doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. She achieved a career-high ranking of No. 21 on 16 September 2013. She reached a total of six quarterfinals in the discipline across all four Grand Slams (at the Australian Open in 2013, the French Open in 2013 and 2021, Wimbledon in 2014, and the US Open in 2015 and 2018) as well as winning two WTA 1000 titles at the 2013 Madrid Open with Lucie Šafářová and the 2022 Italian Open with Veronika Kudermetova. She won the Olympic gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the mixed doubles tournament with Andrey Rublev.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: In team competition, Pavlyuchenkova was also part of the winning team at the 2020–21 Billie Jean King Cup. Alongside Ekaterina Alexandrova, Daria Kasatkina, Veronika Kudermetova, and Liudmila Samsonova, they helped secured Russia's first Billie Jean King Cup title since 2008.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova was born in Samara in the Soviet Union to Sergey and Marina on 3 July 1991, as one of two children. Her father was a rower and her mother a swimmer. Her brother Alexander also played professional tennis for a time. Her grandmother played professional basketball, and her grandfather was an elite umpire in that sport for USSR.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova started playing tennis at age six, with her parents helping her. Her brother, Alexander often travels with her and provides hints for her playing. She also trained at the Mouratoglou Academy during her early career.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova first made headlines in 2006 by winning the Australian Open junior title, defeating Caroline Wozniacki in the final. She reached another junior Grand Slam final at the French Open where she lost to Agnieszka Radwańska. She then won the US Open junior title by beating Tamira Paszek in the final. Her successful career as a junior also saw her reach the world No. 1 ranking on 30 January 2006. She accumulated an overall win/loss of record of 131–23 and 87–22 in singles and doubles, respectively. Her success in juniors enabled her to enter ITF and WTA tournaments, winning an ITF event in Italy in May 2006. Five months later, Pavlyuchenkova received a wildcard into her maiden WTA Tour main-draw appearance at the Kremlin Cup. She lost in the first round to rising Czech, Nicole Vaidišová, in straight sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova also played for the Sacramento Capitals of the World TeamTennis league in the summer of 2006.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: In 2007, Pavlyuchenkova barely missed out on qualifying for the main draw of the Australian Open, losing to Julia Vakulenko in the final round of qualifying. However, she successfully defended her junior title by defeating Madison Brengle in the final. That same year, she received a wildcard into Wimbledon, her maiden Grand Slam appearance, but was overwhelmed by 10th seed Daniela Hantuchová in the first round in forty minutes.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: The following year, she entered Wimbledon as the youngest player in the women's draw. She won her first round match against 17th seed Alizé Cornet and went on to defeat Li Na before falling to 11th seed Radwańska. At the US Open, the first Grand Slam at which she was able to gain direct entry, she won against American Vania King in the opening round in three sets, but was defeated in the second round by Patty Schnyder. Throughout 2008, Pavlyuchenkova captured four ITF singles, two of them coming at the end of the season in Poitiers and Bratislava. She ended the year inside the top 50 for the first time in her career, at world No. 45.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova began 2009 season at the Auckland Open where she lost to Aravane Rezaï in second round. At the Australian Open, she lost to Italian Tathiana Garbin in the first round in three sets. The following month at the Indian Wells Open, she enjoyed a breakthrough where she made her first Premier Mandatory semifinal. Along the way, she had defeated the likes of Marta Domachowska, world No. 2 Jelena Janković, Karin Knapp, Nuria Llagostera Vives, and world No. 10 Agnieszka Radwańska. However, she was defeated by the fifth seed and defending champion Ana Ivanovic. Pavlyuchenkova made her top 30 debut following the end of the tournament. In Miami, she defeated Rezaï in the first round but then fell to eventual champion Victoria Azarenka in straight sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: The following week, Pavlyuchenkova made her Fed Cup debut, where Russia faced Italy in the semifinals, dropping her sole match to Francesca Schiavone. The Italian team eventually advanced to the final. Pavlyuchenkova ended 2009 as world No. 41, her second top-50 finish in a row. At the French Open where she was seeded at a Grand Slam tournament for the first time, 27th-seeded Pavlyuchenkova advanced to the third round of a Grand Slam for the first time as well after defeating both Raluca Olaru and Julie Coin in straight sets before losing to world No. 1, Dinara Safina. She then reached the second round at Wimbledon where she fell to Roberta Vinci. However, she lost in the first round of the US Open to eventual quarterfinalist Melanie Oudin.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova started the 2010 season by reaching the last eight at the Brisbane International where she was defeated by Ivanovic. At Melbourne, she lost in the second round of the Australian Open to fellow Russian Svetlana Kuznetsova. She then reached her first Premier-5-level quarterfinal, at the Dubai Championships by defeating Katarina Srebotnik, Tathiana Garbin and Daniela Hantuchová. There, she fell short to defending champion Venus Williams in straight sets. She then made the third round in Indian Wells and the round of 16 in Miami, losing to Samantha Stosur and Caroline Wozniacki, respectively.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova then won her maiden career title at the Monterrey Open. En route to the final, she moved past the likes of Anna Tatishvili, Polona Hercog and Klára Zakopalová to reach the semifinals where she beat Anastasija Sevastova. In the final, she overcame second seed Hantuchová in three sets to win the title. Pavlyuchenkova was the 29th seed at the French Open and reached the third round where she lost to top seed Serena Williams, in three sets. She also made the third round at Wimbledon where she lost to Wozniacki.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After a quarterfinal appearance at the Slovenia Open where she lost to eventual runner-up Johanna Larsson, Pavlyuchenkova entered the İstanbul Cup seeded third. She reached the last four after seeing off Marta Domachowska, Magdaléna Rybáriková and Sorana Cîrstea, all in straight sets. She then reached the final by beating Jarmila Groth. She faced Elena Vesnina in the final and defeated her elder Russian opponent in three sets to win her second career title.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova continued her good form in Cincinnati, beating Hantuchová and defending champion Elena Dementieva to advance to the third round where she moved past 13th seed Shahar Pe'er. In the quarterfinals she scored a comeback win over 12th seed Yanina Wickmayer to advance to her first Premier 5 semifinal. There, she fell to Maria Sharapova in three sets. She then lost in the opening round of the Rogers Cup to Kuznetsova, in three sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: At the US Open, 22nd seed Pavlyuchenkova posted her best Grand Slam result at that time by reaching the round of 16. There, she lost to Francesca Schiavone Schiavone in straight sets. Pavlyuchenkova's last tournament of the season was the Tournament of Champions in Bali. It was her debut appearance after winning two International titles throughout the year in Monterrey and İstanbul. However, she lost to eventual champion Ivanovic at the first hurdle. She finished the year inside the top 30 for the first time ever, at world No. 21.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova opened her 2011 season in Brisbane where she was seeded fifth. Despite being pushed to three sets in two prior matches, she managed to reach the semifinals where she fell to eventual champion Petra Kvitová. She made her top 20 debut following her good result there. The following week, in Hobart, Pavlyuchenkova was forced to retire in the opening round against Bethanie Mattek-Sands. At the Australian Open, she was the 18th seeded and advanced to the third round after defeating Kirsten Flipkens and Kristina Barrois before losing to Iveta Benešová in a three-setter.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: In Fed Cup competition, Pavlyuchenkova helped Russia rally from an 0–2 deficit against France by winning her reverse singles match against Alizé Cornet and the decisive doubles match, partnering with Svetlana Kuznetsova, thus allowing the Russian team to advance to the semifinals. After an early exit in Dubai, she successfully defended her title at the Monterrey Open, prevailing over top seed Jelena Janković in the final, in three sets. She then reached the third round of the Indian Wells Open, falling to tenth seed Shahar Pe'er. This was followed by a fourth-round loss to eventual champion, Victoria Azarenka, in three sets at the Miami Open. Pavlyuchenkova then helped Russia beat Italy to advance to the Fed Cup final. She beat Sara Errani in her singles rubber match and then teamed up with Ekaterina Makarova to defeat Alberta Brianti and Maria-Elena Camerin in the decisive doubles rubber.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova began the clay-court season at the Porsche Grand Prix where she lost to second seed Vera Zvonareva in the round of 16. She then defeated Zheng Jie, Marion Bartoli and Samantha Stosur to reach the quarterfinals of the Madrid Open where she lost to Julia Görges. The following week in Rome, Pavlyuchenkova advanced to the round of 16 where she lost to third seed Victoria Azarenka, in three sets. Pavlyuchenkova was the 14th seed at the French Open and advanced to her first ever Grand Slam quarterfinal after racking in wins over Yaroslava Shvedova, qualifiers Mona Barthel and Nuria Llagostera Vives and third seed Zvonareva. There, she came up short to defending champion Francesca Schiavone in three sets despite having been two games away from upsetting the Italian.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova had a dismal grass-court campaign, dropping her opening match in Eastbourne to Bojana Jovanovski and falling in the second round of the Wimbledon Championships to Nadia Petrova in straight sets. Nevertheless, she hit her career-high ranking of world No. 13 after the conclusion of Wimbledon. She then competed at the Baku Cup but crashed out to Galina Voskoboeva in the quarterfinals, hitting a bizarre 27 double faults in the process.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After opening round losses in Toronto and Cincinnati to María José Martínez Sánchez and Flavia Pennetta respectively, Pavlyuchenkova advanced to the quarterfinals at the New Haven Open where she lost to Li Na. At the US Open, Pavlyuchenkova was the 17th seed and defeated Anna Tatishvili, Petra Martić and Janković to reach the fourth round. There, she avenged her earlier two losses to Schiavone to cruise into her second Grand Slam quarterfinal where she lost to eventual runner-up Serena Williams, in straight sets. At Tokyo, she overcame Arantxa Rus in the first round but was then upset by Vania King in the following round in straight sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova suffered an early exit at the Pan Pacific Open in the hands of Vania King but rebounded well to reach the quarterfinals of the China Open. There, she lost to ninth seed Andrea Petkovic in straight sets. At the Generali Ladies Linz, she beat Anabel Medina Garrigues before falling to qualifier Sorana Cîrstea in the second round. In Luxembourg, Pavlyuchenkova suffered a shocking loss to Rebecca Marino in the first round. In the Fed Cup final, the Russian team faced the team of the Czech Republic. Despite winning her only singles rubber against Lucie Šafářová in straight sets, the Russian team came up short in the end when they lost the decisive doubles match. Pavlyuchenkova ended 2011 at world No. 16, her first ever top-20 finish to a season.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova started the 2012 season with a loss to eventual champion Kaia Kanepi in the second round of the Brisbane International. She then dropped her opening match in Sydney to Andrea Petkovic, and exited the Australian Open in the second round to Vania King. She then suffered a four-match losing streak in the next two months before snapping it at the Charleston Open in April where she beat Eleni Daniilidou in her opening match in three sets. She then lost to compatriot Nadia Petrova in the following round. After that, she dropped both her singles matches while on Fed Cup duty in the semifinals against Serbia.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: During the clay-court swing, Pavlyuchenkova fell in the second round of Madrid and Rome. Seeded 22nd at the French Open, she won back-to-back matches for the first time since Beijing last year to reach the third round where she was stunned by Klára Zakopalová in straight sets. Her ranking fell outside the top 30 after the French Open concluded. On grass, she reached the quarterfinals in Eastbourne where she lost to Zakopalová once more. At Wimbledon, she lost to Varvara Lepchenko in the second round.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova's form improved after Wimbledon when she made the quarterfinals in Båstad and then went on to reach her first final of the year at the Washington Open where she was beaten by Magdaléna Rybáriková. After falling at the first hurdle in Montreal, she cruised into the last eight in Cincinnati where she lost to Petra Kvitová. This resulted in her return to the top 20. However, she suffered a setback at the US Open when she was upset in the second round by wildcard Kristina Mladenovic. Pavlyuchenkova went on to win just one more match in her last three tournaments of the year when she beat Chanelle Scheepers in the first round of Tokyo before falling to seventh seed Li Na. Her ranking then plummeted to No. 34 after falling in the first round of Beijing. She finished the year ranked World No. 36.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova kicked off her 2013 season brilliantly by advancing to the final of the Brisbane International where she went down to third seed Serena Williams. Along the way, she had defeated the likes of sixth seed Petra Kvitová and fourth seed Angelique Kerber, in the second round and quarterfinals respectively. However, at the Australian Open, she fell at the first hurdle to Lesia Tsurenko. She was then defeated in her opening matches at Paris and Dubai by Yanina Wickmayer and Ana Ivanovic, respectively.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: At the Malaysian Open, Pavlyuchenkova was the only seed to reach the last four but there, she was upset by wildcard Bethanie Mattek-Sands. This was then followed by winless appearances in Indian Wells and Miami. At the Monterrey Open, she saw off Nina Bratchikova, Tereza Mrdeža to reach the quarterfinals. She then went on to beat Lauren Davis and Monica Niculescu to reach the final where she stunned top seed Kerber in three sets for her third title in Monterrey, also her fourth career title overall and her first since defending her title here in 2011. She climbed back into the top 20 rankings after Monterrey. In the Fed Cup semifinals against Slovakia, she lost her singles match to Dominika Cibulková but Russia nevertheless advanced to the final by winning the decisive doubles rubber.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After a second-round loss to Kerber in Stuttgart, Pavlyuchenkova captured her sixth career title and her first on clay at the Portugal Open. Along the way, she beat qualifiers Shahar Peer and Estrella Cabeza Candela to reach the quarterfinals where she defeated Elena Vesnina. She then overcame Swiss Romina Oprandi to reach the final where she beat fourth seed Carla Suárez Navarro in straight sets. The result was followed up with first-round exits in Madrid and Rome. However, she won her first Premier doubles title in Madrid with Lucie Šafářová.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: She then beat Andrea Hlaváčková in the first round at the French Open before falling to Czech Petra Cetkovská in the following round. Pavlyuchenkova was easily ousted by Tsvetana Pironkova in the first round of Wimbledon, winning just one game.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: She posted early losses in Toronto and Cincinnati which resulted in her ranking sliding to world No. 34. However, she rebounded to reach the quarterfinals of New Haven where she lost to defending champion Kvitová in three sets. At the US Open, Pavlyuchenkova was seeded 32nd and defeated a pair of wildcards Virginie Razzano and Ashleigh Barty to advance to third round where lost to third seed Agnieszka Radwańska in straight sets. After the US Open, she made her fourth final of the season in Seoul, succumbing to Radwańska once again, this time in three sets. She then dropped her opening matches in Tokyo and Beijing to Simona Halep and eventual runner-up Jelena Janković, respectively.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: At the Kremlin Cup, Pavlyuchenkova made her first quarterfinal of the tournament after defeating Caroline Garcia and third seed Maria Kirilenko. She then beat Daniela Hantuchová to reach the semifinals but lost to eventual champion Halep. She finished the year at the Tournament of Champions in Sofia for the second time in her career as a result of winning International tournaments in Monterrey and Oeiras throughout the season. As the sixth seed, she recorded wins over alternate Elina Svitolina and seventh seed Alizé Cornet in the round robin but suffered a loss to top seed Halep. Nevertheless, she finished second in the group behind Halep, thus advancing to the semifinals, where she succumbed to fourth seed Samantha Stosur in three sets. Pavlyuchenkova ended the year at World No. 26.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova experienced a breakthrough in doubles in 2013. Partnering Lucie Šafářová, she reached her first two Grand Slam quarterfinals in doubles at the Australian Open and the French Open. The pair also won the Premier Mandatory-level Madrid Open by defeating Cara Black and Marina Erakovic in the final, it is Pavlyuchenkova's biggest career doubles title to date.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova began her 2014 season in Brisbane. After defeating fellow Russian Alla Kudryavtseva in the opening round, she retired against fifth seed Angelique Kerber with a thigh injury. Seeded fourth at the Hobart, she was upset by Alison Riske in the first round in straight sets. Pavlyuchenkova was the 29th seed at the Australian Open and defeated Teliana Pereira and Mandy Minella to reach the third round where she lost to eventual semifinalist Agnieszka Radwańska in three sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: The following month, she won the sixth and biggest title of her career to date at the Premier-level Paris indoors event. Despite being unseeded, she overcame Francesca Schiavone in her opener and went on to beat three seeded opponents in Carla Suárez Navarro, Kerber and Maria Sharapova to reach the final where she prevailed over third seed Sara Errani to claim the title. It was her first title indoors as well. She then suffered an early loss at the Qatar Total Open to Mirjana Lučić-Baroni. At the Indian Wells Open, Pavlyuchenkova beat Caroline Garcia in her opening match but was then stopped by wildcard Aleksandra Wozniak in three sets. Another early loss ensued, this time to CoCo Vandeweghe in Miami.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova then defeated Latvia's Diāna Marcinkēviča in the first round of the Porsche Grand Prix before falling to two-time defending champion Sharapova in the following round in straight sets. At the Madrid Open, she defeated María Teresa Torró Flor and sixth seed Jelena Janković to reach the round of 16 where she lost to Ana Ivanovic. The following week in Rome, she drew qualifier Belinda Bencic in the opening round and lost to the Swiss in three sets. Pavlyuchenkova was the 24th seed at the French Open and survived her opening clash against veteran Kimiko Date-Krumm in the first round but was then forced to retire against Kiki Bertens in following round. During the grass-court swing, Pavlyuchenkova upset top seed Radwańska in the first round of Eastbourne but then lost to compatriot Ekaterina Makarova in the following round in straight sets. She then dropped her opening match at the Wimbledon Championships, for the second year in a row, to Riske.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: In July, Pavlyuchenkova suffered a shocking loss in the opening round of Båstad to Grace Min. She then reached her second quarterfinal of the year at Washington after beating Virginie Razzano and Hiroko Kuwata. There, she fell to Makarova once more. She then lost to eventual finalist Venus Williams in the first round of the Rogers Cup. The following week in Cincinnati, she saw off 11th seed Dominika Cibulková in the first round and then went on to beat Karin Knapp to reach the round of 16 where she lost to Sharapova in straight sets. At the US Open where she was seeded 23rd, she crashed out in the second round to wildcard Nicole Gibbs, in three sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After an early loss to Garbiñe Muguruza in Tokyo, Pavlyuchenkova scored her first win over Ivanovic, via retirement from the Serb, en route the second round in Wuhan where she lost to Casey Dellacqua. She then retired against Zhu Lin in the first round in Beijing due to dizziness. To finish the year, Pavlyuchenkova played the Kremlin Cup where she was the sixth seed. She defeated the likes of Ana Konjuh and Riske to reach the last eight where she beat fellow Russian Vitalia Diatchenko in three sets. She then advanced to the final, after overcoming Kateřina Siniaková, where she faced Romanian Irina-Camelia Begu. She won the match in three sets to capture her seventh and equal-biggest career title to date. She concluded the year as World No. 25.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova endured a three-match losing streak to start off her 2015 season, a stretch which includes the Australian Open and Dubai, which culminated in her ranking falling to as low as No. 41, her lowest since 2009. At the Monterrey Open, Pavlyuchenkova recorded her first victories of the year by defeating Anna Karolína Schmiedlová and Johanna Larsson to reach the quarterfinals where she lost to second seed Sara Errani. It was her first ever defeat at the tournament.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: At Indian Wells, Pavlyuchenkova scored wins over Larsson and 17th seed Barbora Strýcová to reach the third round where she lost to 12th seed Carla Suárez Navarro. The following week in Miami, she lost to Errani in the second round. Pavlyuchenkova then retired in her opening match against Sara Sorribes Tormo in Charleston due to a shoulder injury. In the Fed Cup semifinal tie against Germany, Pavlyuchenkova won her singles rubber over Sabine Lisicki and then partnered Elena Vesnina to defeat Lisicki and Andrea Petkovic in the decisive doubles match, thus sending Russia into its first Fed Cup final since 2011.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After an early exit in Prague, Pavlyuchenkova made the last 16 in Madrid where she lost to eventual champion Petra Kvitová, and the second round in Rome where he lost to defending champion Serena Williams. At the French Open, where Pavlyuchenkova was unseeded at a Grand Slam for the first time since the 2010 Australian Open, she fell to eventual runner-up Lucie Šafářová at the first hurdle. On grass, Pavlyuchenkova lost in the second round of the Topshelf Open to Kiki Bertens in straight sets. At Wimbledon, she was defeated in the second round by tenth seed Angelique Kerber.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After exiting in the first round of İstanbul, Pavlyuchenkova made her first semifinal of the year the following week in Baku by defeating Elizaveta Kulichkova, Kateryna Bondarenko and Kirsten Flipkens. There, she was upset by Romanian Patricia Maria Țig. She then advanced to her first final of the season at the Washington Open, her second at the tournament, but was denied the title once again, this time by American Sloane Stephens. At the Cincinnati Open, Pavlyuchenkova advanced to the last eight but was defeated by third seed Simona Halep. At the US Open, 31st-seeded Pavlyuchenkova bowed out in the second round to qualifier Anett Kontaveit.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After another loss to Halep in the second round of Wuhan, Pavlyuchenkova cruised into her second quarterfinal at the China Open where she fell to sixth seed Ana Ivanovic in straight sets. In Linz, she cruised into the last four without the loss of a set, with wins over Kateřina Siniaková, Stefanie Vögele and Aleksandra Krunić. There, she moved past Flipkens in three sets, and then defeated German Anna-Lena Friedsam in the final in straight sets for her eighth career title. It was also her third straight title indoors. As the defending champion in Moscow, she carried on her good form by advancing to her third final of the year but saw her title defence come to an end in the hands of compatriot Svetlana Kuznetsova. Pavlyuchenkova finished the year ranked world No. 28, her fifth overall top 30 finish to a season.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: In the Fed Cup final against Czech Republic, Pavlyuchenkova lost both her singles rubbers and then teamed up with Vesnina in the decisive doubles match but came up second best to the Czech team in the end.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova began the 2016 season at the Brisbane International, reaching the quarterfinals by beating fifth seed Timea Bacsinszky and Alizé Cornet. There, she fell to eventual runner-up Angelique Kerber. The following week in Sydney, she lost to Karolína Plíšková in the second round. She then suffered a second consecutive first round loss at the Australian Open when she fell to Lauren Davis in her opening match. She then reached the quarterfinals on home soil in St. Petersburg after seeing off Klára Koukalová and Carina Witthöft but there, she was beaten by eventual runner-up Belinda Bencic. She then made the quarterfinals in Acapulco where she lost to Yanina Wickmayer, but then suffered her first ever opening-round defeat in Monterrey where she lost to Pauline Parmentier in straight sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After a going winless in tournaments throughout the months of March and April, which includes the Indian Wells Open and Miami Open, Pavlyuchenkova advanced to the round of 16 at the Madrid Open for the third year in a row. There, she succumbed to eventual runner-up Dominika Cibulková in three sets. At the Italian Open, she lost to 13th seed Ana Ivanovic in the first round. At the French Open, Pavlyuchenkova won back-to-back matches at a Grand Slam tournament for the first time since the 2014 Australian Open, defeating the likes of Sara Sorribes Tormo and Çağla Büyükakçay to book her spot in the third round where she was beaten by compatriot Svetlana Kuznetsova.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova started the grass-court season with opening-round losses to Jeļena Ostapenko and Madison Brengle in Birmingham and Eastbourne, respectively. At the Wimbledon Championships, Pavlyuchenkova was the 21st seed and she moved past Hsieh Su-wei and Yulia Putintseva to reach the third round where she upset Timea Bacsinszky to advance to the second week of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time since the 2011 US Open. In the fourth round, she defeated CoCo Vandeweghe for a place in her third Grand Slam quarterfinal, also her first since the 2011 US Open. There, she faced Serena Williams and was defeated by the defending champion, in straight sets. Following the conclusion of Wimbledon, Pavlyuchenkova re-entered the top 20 rankings for the first time in more than four years at No. 19.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Carrying her good form into the Rogers Cup, she was seeded 16th and she saw off Putintseva and Christina McHale before upsetting fourth seed Agnieszka Radwańska for a place in her fifth quarterfinal of the year. There, she was defeated by eventual runner-up Madison Keys in three sets. Making her debut appearance at the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Pavlyuchenkova defeated Pole Magda Linette in the opening round but was then beaten by eventual gold medalist Monica Puig in the second round. She then lost in the round of 16 at Cincinnati to Garbiñe Muguruza. At the US Open, Pavlyuchenkova reached the third round where she was beaten by eventual runner-up Plíšková.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After an unfruitful Asian swing, where she managed just one win from three tournaments, Pavlyuchenkova then went on to finish the year by recording another two quarterfinal appearances, in Linz, where she was the defending champion but fell to eventual champion Cibulková, and in Moscow, to eventual runner-up Daria Gavrilova. The loss to Gavrilova meant Pavlyuchenkova had failed to reach a semifinal throughout the season, her best result being seven quarterfinal showings. Nevertheless, she maintained her year-end ranking from the previous year, World No. 28.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova opened her new season at the Auckland Open where she was defeated in the opening round by Julia Görges. She then made the quarterfinals in Sydney by claiming excellent victories over Samantha Stosur and defending champion Svetlana Kuznetsova before falling to Eugenie Bouchard in straight sets. Seeded 24th at the Australian Open, Pavlyuchenkova defeated a pair of Russians in Evgeniya Rodina and Natalia Vikhlyantseva to reach the third round where she saw off 11th seed Elina Svitolina in three sets, thus advancing to her maiden second week appearance at the tournament. There, she took down an eighth-seeded Kuznetsova in straight sets to cruise into her fourth overall Grand Slam quarterfinal, her second in as many as six months. With this achievement, Pavlyuchenkova has now made the quarterfinals at each of the four Grand Slam events. There, she lost to eventual runner-up Venus Williams in straight sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After a string of early losses in the Middle East, Pavlyuchenkova rebounded at the Indian Wells Open. There, she beat Anett Kontaveit and 17th seed Barbora Strýcová before going on to upset fifth seed Dominika Cibulková in three sets to reach her first quarterfinal here since her semifinal run back in 2009. There, she fell to eventual runner-up Kuznetsova in straight sets. She then exited in the third round of the Miami Open to Bethanie Mattek-Sands.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: The following month, in Monterrey, Pavlyuchenkova reached the quarterfinals after defeating Tatjana Maria and qualifier Kristie Ahn before surviving fifth seed Timea Babos to cruise into her first semifinal in eleven tries, her first since the Kremlin Cup in 2015. There, she beat third seed Caroline Garcia and in a rematch of the 2013 final, top seed Angelique Kerber, for her ninth career title, her fourth at the tournament. After an unsuccessful Fed Cup campaign against Belgium for a place in the World Group, dropping her singles match to Elise Mertens, with the Russian team ultimately losing the tie 2–3, Pavlyuchenkova reached her second final of the year in Rabat. En route, she had defeated the likes of Conny Perrin, Ekaterina Makarova, seventh seed Lauren Davis and Sara Errani. She then beat Francesca Schiavone in straight sets for her tenth career title, her second on clay.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: She then dropped her opener in Madrid to Sorana Cîrstea, and then reached the third round in Rome where she lost to Simona Halep. She suffered an early defeat at the French Open, falling to Paraguay's Veronica Cepede Royg in the second round, in three sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: On grass, Pavlyuchenkova reached the second round in Mallorca and the last 16 in Eastbourne, but then succumbed at the first hurdle of Wimbledon to qualifier Arina Rodionova in three sets. She then recorded a quarterfinal appearance in Stanford before suffering early losses at the Rogers Cup and the Cincinnati Open. After reaching the last eight of New Haven, she exited in the opening round of the US Open to Christina McHale.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova began the Asian swing in Tokyo where she reached the final, falling to Caroline Wozniacki in straight sets. After dropping her opener in Wuhan, she made the second round in Beijing but lost to Wozniacki once again. At the Hong Kong Open, Pavlyuchenkova advanced to the final by beating Babos, Jacqueline Cako, Naomi Osaka and Wang Qiang, all in straight sets. There, she overcame Daria Gavrilova in a long three-setter to claim her third title of the year, her 11th career singles title. However, this was followed by a loss in the opening round of the Kremlin Cup. Nevertheless, Pavlyuchenkova's strong results throughout the year ensured her qualification for the WTA Elite Trophy. It was her debut appearance at the tournament and her first at a year-end championship since the Tournament of Champions in 2013. In her opener, she defeated Angelique Kerber, for the third time in 2017, before falling to Ashleigh Barty, in straight sets. She was eliminated in the round-robin stage. She concluded 2017 as world No. 15, her best season-finish to date, and second in the top 20 overall.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: After her resurgent year of 2017, Pavlyuchenkova endured a rough start to her 2018 season. Across six tournament appearances in the first three months of the year, she logged in just two wins, over Kateryna Kozlova and Aliaksandra Sasnovich, at the Australian Open and Miami Open, respectively. These results caused her to drop out of the top 20. Kicking off her clay-court season in Stuttgart, Pavlyuchenkova finally gained some momentum by making her first ever quarterfinal at the tournament, beating Madison Keys and second seed Garbiñe Muguruza, the latter by via retirement. There, she succumbed to Anett Kontaveit in three sets. She then lost her openers in Madrid and Rome, in the hands of Samantha Stosur and Keys, respectively. As a result, she fell out of the top 30 for the first time since 2015.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova then soared into her first final of the year at the Internationaux de Strasbourg. Seeded third, she saw off the likes of Tatjana Maria, Natalia Vikhlyantseva, Zarina Diyas and top seed Ashleigh Barty en route. In the final, she came out on top in a three-set marathon final, with all sets going to a tiebreak, against fifth-seeded veteran Dominika Cibulková. Pavlyuchenkova called that match, which ended 6–7, 7–6, 7–6, after 215 minutes, "the most dramatic I ever played". At the French Open, she was eliminated in the second round by Stosur in straight sets. Pavlyuchenkova did not enjoy much success on grass, netting just one win across three tournaments on the surface, which includes an opening-round loss in Wimbledon to Hsieh Su-wei as well.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: The following month, at the Rogers Cup, she fell in the second round to Simona Halep and in Cincinnati the following week, in the same round to Angelique Kerber. She was then upset by Rebecca Peterson in the first round of the US Open in three sets. She then lost in the second round of the Pan Pacific Open to Caroline Garcia despite having two match points. She then recorded her best result in four months by making the last eight in Wuhan, scoring wins over Anastasija Sevastova, Kiki Bertens and Petra Kvitová. There, she lost to Barty in three sets. The following week at the China Open, she succumbed in the first round to Sloane Stephens in an intense battle in three sets. She ended the season with back-to-back quarterfinal appearances, in Linz and Moscow, falling on both occasions to Russians Ekaterina Alexandrova and Daria Kasatkina, respectively. Pavlyuchenkova's results in 2018 saw her finish the year at world No. 42, her worst season finish in ten years and her first outside the top 30 since 2012.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova began the 2019 season with early exits at the Shenzhen Open and the Hobart International, losing to a pair of youngsters in Veronika Kudermetova and Vera Lapko, respectively. Unseeded at the Australian Open, she began her campaign with a victory over Monica Puig. She then came from a set down to upset ninth seed Kiki Bertens, before defeating Aliaksandra Sasnovich to reach the round of 16. There, she came from a set and a break down to upset fifth seed Sloane Stephens and thus, earned herself a berth in her fifth Grand Slam quarterfinal, where she faced first-time Grand Slam quarterfinalist Danielle Collins. Despite having won the opening set comfortably, Pavlyuchenkova was upset by the American player in the end. Pavlyuchenkova followed up that result with a quarterfinal showing in St. Petersburg where she lost to eventual champion Bertens, in three sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova then went on a three-match losing streak as she lost her openers in Dubai, Indian Wells and Miami. Seeded third in Monterrey, Pavlyuchenkova sauntered into the last eight with wins over Anna Blinkova and Ivana Jorović with a combined loss of just three games but there, she was eliminated by eventual runner-up Victoria Azarenka in straight sets. On Fed Cup duty against Italy for a place in World Group II, Pavlyuchenkova won her singles matches over Jasmine Paolini and Martina Trevisan with the Russian team eventually winning the tie 4–0. She then lost in the second round at Stuttgart to Anett Kontaveit in straight sets, in a rematch of their quarterfinal clash here a year ago.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova's form mid-season did not improve as she suffered a five-match losing streak after Stuttgart, which includes losses at the French Open and Wimbledon, resulting in her ranking falling out of the top 40 to as low as No. 46, her lowest ranking in more than 10 years. At the Rogers Cup, she scored her first win in more than three months, and her third over a top-ten player in 2019, when she defeated ninth seed Aryna Sabalenka in the first round but then lost to Jeļena Ostapenko. After falling to Zarina Diyas in qualifying at Cincinnati, Pavlyuchenkova scored her first win at the US Open since 2016 by beating Pauline Parmentier in the opening round but then lost to Bertens in straight sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova started off the Asian swing by recording by her best result of the year by making the final of the Pan Pacific Open, her second at the tournament, defeating the likes of Dayana Yastremska, Bertens, Misaki Doi and Angelique Kerber en route, where she finished runner-up to Naomi Osaka. She was, however, unable to back up this result, falling early in her next three tournaments, with back-to-back defeats in the hands of Sofia Kenin in Wuhan and Beijing, and to Viktória Kužmová in Linz. She then bounced back by reaching her second final of the season at the Kremlin Cup, also her third at the tournament, by seeing off seventh seed Maria Sakkari, qualifier Varvara Gracheva, Kudermetova and Karolína Muchová en route. Against third seed Belinda Bencic in the final, despite having won the first set, Pavlyuchenkova succumbed to the Swiss in the end. Nevertheless, her turnaround in the back end of the year which saw her win ten of her 15 matches after the US Open ensured her a top-30 season finish, at world No. 30.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova began the 2020 season with early losses, once again. After losing against Kvitová from a set up in the opening round in Brisbane, she scored her first win of the year, in Adelaide over Anett Kontaveit in straight sets. She faced world No. 1, Ashleigh Barty, in the next round and lost despite having led by a set, again.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Seeded 30th at the Australian Open, she recorded straight-set wins over Nina Stojanović and Taylor Townsend in her first two matches. She then caused a huge upset by defeating second seed Karolína Plíšková in the third round, her first win in seven career meetings over the former world No. 1. She then came from a set down to defeat 2016 champion and 17th seeded Angelique Kerber to advance to the quarterfinals for the second year in a row, also her sixth Grand Slam quarterfinal in total. There, she was defeated by eventual runner-up Garbiñe Muguruza, in straight sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova played one more tournament before the tour was suspended in March due to the COVID-19 pandemic, making the second round at the Dubai Championships after upsetting fourth seed and defending champion Belinda Bencic but there, she lost to Kontaveit. Returning to competition after the lifting of the suspension in August, at the Prague Open, a sixth-seeded Pavlyuchenkova dropped her opening match to Arantxa Rus. She then chose to skip the US Open due to safety concerns over the ongoing pandemic, which saw her streak of 48 consecutive Grand Slam tournament appearances, dating back to the 2008 French Open, come to an end.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: The next month, Pavlyuchenkova competed at the Italian Open where she beat Zhang Shuai in her opening match but then lost to fourth seed Elina Svitolina, in straight sets. She then reached the second round in Strasbourg where she lost to Jil Teichmann. At her final tournament of the season, the French Open, Pavlyuchenkova made the second round after upsetting former champion and 28th seed Svetlana Kuznetsova, in three sets. There, however, she fell to Kateřina Siniaková in straight sets. She then finished the year ranked world No. 38, her third non-top 30 finish since 2009.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova started her 2021 season in Abu Dhabi where she was beaten at the first hurdle by Ons Jabeur. She then scored straight-set wins over Misaki Doi and Anastasija Sevastova to reach the third round at the Yarra Valley Classic, losing to eventual finalist Garbiñe Muguruza. At the Australian Open, she lost in the first round to third seed and eventual champion Naomi Osaka. After that, Pavlyuchenkova competed at the Phillip Island Trophy and defeated Ajla Tomljanović in her opening match but then lost to eventual champion Daria Kasatkina in three sets. After a dry spell of two wins across four tournaments, Pavlyuchenkova rebounded at the Madrid Open by sealing her best result since the tour restart last August with a run to the semifinals, defeating Madison Keys, Karolína Plíšková, Jennifer Brady and Karolína Muchová. There, she was defeated by eventual champion Aryna Sabalenka in straight sets. It was Pavlyuchenkova's best showing at a WTA 1000 event since reaching the same stage at the Cincinnati Open in 2010, and her best at a Mandatory tournament since being a semifinalist at the 2009 Indian Wells Open, over 12 years ago.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: At the French Open, Pavlyuchenkova was seeded 31st and moved into the second week for the first time since 2011 after seeing off Christina McHale and Tomljanović in the first two rounds, before following up with an upset win over third seed Sabalenka in three sets. She would progress further by coming back from a set down to beat 15th seed Victoria Azarenka to return to the last eight there for the first time since 2011, thus making it her seventh Grand Slam quarterfinal showing overall. There, 10 years removed from her first quarterfinal at a Grand Slam tournament (where she then lost to defending champion and eventual runner-up Francesca Schiavone from a set and a break up), Pavlyuchenkova came back from a set down to prevail over 21st seed and doubles partner Elena Rybakina, winning 9–7 in the third set, thus advancing to the last four of a Grand Slam for the first time in her career. In the semifinals, Pavlyuchenkova recorded her first straight-set win in four matches by beating fellow Grand Slam semifinal debutante Tamara Zidanšek to reach her first Grand Slam final, doing so on her 52nd overall appearance in the main draw of Grand Slams, a new record. In the championship match, Pavlyuchenkova lost to fellow Grand Slam debutante Barbora Krejčíková in three sets, making it her first runner-up finish on clay. Her run in Paris this fortnight, however, put her back in the top 20 rankings, for the first time since 2018.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: In June, at the grass warm-up event in Eastbourne, eighth seed Pavlyuchenkova lost in the first round to eventual champion Jeļena Ostapenko in straight sets. Seeded 16th at Wimbledon, Pavlyuchenkova recorded back-to-back wins there for the first time since 2016, defeating Ana Bogdan and Kristýna Plíšková, before falling in the third round to 19th seed Karolína Muchová. In her second appearance at the Summer Olympics, Pavlyuchenkova was the 13th seed in the singles tournament and advanced to her maiden Olympic quarterfinal, doing so with an Olympic record of seven games surrendered, as she saw off Sara Errani, Anna-Lena Friedsam, and Sara Sorribes Tormo. She was later defeated by the eventual gold medalist, for the second Olympics in a row, when she succumbed to ninth seed Belinda Bencic in three sets. In mixed doubles, Pavlyuchenkova tasted greater success. Partnering Andrey Rublev, the first-time pairing sailed to the final, and took home the gold medal over compatriots Aslan Karatsev and Elena Vesnina after saving a match point.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova entered the Canadian Open as the 10th seed and recorded a straight-set win over Caroline Garcia in the first round, but failed to move on past the second round after losing to Jessica Pegula in three sets. At the US Open, Pavlyuchenkova recorded her best result there in 10 years by making it to the second week here for the first time since 2011, with wins over Alison Riske, Anna Karolina Schmiedlova and Varvara Gracheva. In the fourth round, she lost to fourth seed Karolína Plíšková in straight sets. The subsequent four tournament appearances of Pavlyuchenkova saw her net just one quarterfinal result, with a run to the last eight on home soil, in Moscow, where she lost to Markéta Vondroušová, besides taking a loss in the hands of youngster Leylah Fernandez in the third round of Indian Wells, despite having led by a set and a break in the latter. She finished her year by helping her nation claim its first Billie Jean King Cup in more than a decade, where the Russian Tennis Federation beat Switzerland in the final.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: On 8 November, Pavlyuchenkova surpassed her prior 10-year-old career-high ranking of world No. 13 when she hit the No. 11 ranking, and subsequently concluded 2021 ranked the same, her career-best year-end ranking to date.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova began her 2022 season at the Australian Open, having missed the warm-up tournaments after contracting COVID-19 on arrival. She defeated Anna Bondár and Samantha Stosur to reach the third round, beating Stosur in her last career singles match. However, she was beaten by Sorana Cîrstea in three sets.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: She was scheduled to compete at the St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy, but withdrew due to a knee injury. Pavlyuchenkova later announced that she would be ruled out of action for ten weeks due to her knee injury, and would be back in late April in time for the clay-court season.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: At the Italian Open, partnering Veronika Kudermetova, she won her second WTA 1000 doubles title, after the one in Madrid in 2013, defeating Madrid champions Gabriela Dabrowski and Giuliana Olmos.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: Pavlyuchenkova subsequently ended her season after withdrawing from the French Open to continue nursing the knee injury. Having been defending her runner-up result from 12 months ago, her ranking dove nearly four-fold, from world No. 21 to No. 83 after the tournament's conclusion – making it the first time she is ranked outside the top 50 rankings, since she debuted here more than 13 years ago, on 3 November 2008.


title: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

text: As of 2021, her clothing sponsor was Lacoste, and her racquet sponsor is Wilson. She endorsed the Wilson Burn range of racquets.


title: Collegiate summer baseball

text: Collegiate summer baseball leagues are amateur baseball leagues in the United States and Canada featuring players who have attended at least one year of college and have at least one year of athletic eligibility remaining. Generally, they operate from early June to early August. In contrast to college baseball, which allow aluminum or other composite baseball bats, players in these leagues use only wooden bats, hence the common nickname of these leagues as "wood-bat leagues". Collegiate summer leagues allow college baseball players the ability to compete using professional rules and equipment, giving them experience and allowing professional scouts the opportunity to observe players under such conditions.


title: Collegiate summer baseball

text: To find a collegiate summer team, players work with their college coaches and prospective teams' general managers. They report to summer leagues after completing their spring collegiate season with their NCAA, NAIA, NJCAA, CCCAA, and NWAC teams. Some players arrive late due to their college team's postseason play, which sometimes runs into early June. In some cases, players are drafted during the collegiate summer season. These draftees can remain with their collegiate summer team until they sign a professional contract. During the season, players are housed by volunteer host families and bussed to and from road games.


title: Collegiate summer baseball

text: The leagues vary greatly in their attendances, quality of play, and ability to attract scouts. The Alaska Baseball League (ABL) and the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL) are considered the two premier collegiate summer leagues.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Cavernous hemangioma, also called cavernous angioma, venous malformation, or cavernoma, is a type of venous malformation due to endothelial dysmorphogenesis from a lesion which is present at birth. A cavernoma in the brain is called a cerebral cavernous malformation or CCM. Despite its designation of a hemangioma, a cavernous hemangioma is not a tumor as it does not display endothelial hyperplasia. The abnormal tissue causes a slowing of blood flow through the cavities, or "caverns". The blood vessels do not form the necessary junctions with surrounding cells, and the structural support from the smooth muscle is hindered, causing leakage into the surrounding tissue. It is the leakage of blood, referred to as hemorrhage, that causes a variety of symptoms known to be associated with the condition.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: People with this condition in the brain may or may not experience symptoms. Some complications of the condition are life-threatening or cause major disruptions to normal functioning. Dangerous seizures due to compression of the brain, bleeding inside the brain tissue, vision problems, difficulty with speaking or using words, memory loss, ataxia, or hydrocephalus can occur. Less serious symptoms may include headaches and weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, though these symptoms alone do not indicate a person has the condition. In the eye, it may cause disruption or damage to the extraocular muscles and optic nerve which may manifest as double vision, progressive proptosis, decreased visual acuity, or other vision changes. It can lead to partial or complete blindness. When the condition occurs in the liver it usually does not cause symptoms, but some may experience pain in the upper right abdomen, a feeling of fullness after eating only a small amount of food, decreased appetite, nausea, or vomiting.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Cavernous hemangiomas can arise nearly anywhere in the body where there are blood vessels. They are sometimes described as resembling raspberries because of the appearance of bubble-like caverns. Unlike capillary hemangiomas, cavernous ones can be life-threatening and do not regress.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Most cases of cavernomas are thought to be congenital; however they can develop over the course of a lifetime. While there is no definitive cause, research suggests that genetic mutations result in the condition. Congenital hemangiomas that appear on the skin are known as either vascular or red birthmarks.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Familial cerebral cavernous malformations are known to occur. The mutations may be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion or occur sporadically. Overall, familial disease is thought to be responsible for one-third to one-half of cases. In the US, approximately 50% of Hispanic patients with cerebral cavernous malformations have a familial form. In contrast, the familiar form of the condition accounts for only 10 to 20% of cases in Caucasians. The reason for this difference is not presently known.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Several genes – K-Rev interaction trapped 1 (ССМ1), Malcavernin (CCM2) and Programmed cell death protein 10 (ССМ3) – have been identified as having mutations thought to be related to these lesions. These genes are located at 7q21.2 (chromosome 7 long arm), 7p13 (chromosome 7 short arm) and 3q25.2-q27 (chromosome 3 long arm) respectively. These lesions are further discussed in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man site – the reference numbers are OMIM 116860, OMIM 603284 and OMIM 603285 respectively.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Cavernous hemangiomas located in the brain or spinal cord are referred to as cerebral cavernomas or more usually as cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), and can be found in the white matter, but often abut the cerebral cortex. When they contact the cortex, they can represent a potential seizure focus for the patient. Unlike other cavernous hemangiomas, there is no tissue within the malformation and its borders are not encapsulated. Therefore, they can change in size and number over time.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Cavernous hemangiomas are erroneously called the most common benign tumors of the liver. Usually one malformation exists, but multiple lesions can occur in the left or right lobe of the liver in 40% of patients. Their sizes can range from a few millimeters to 20 centimetres. Those over 5 cm are often referred to as "giant hemangiomas". These lesions are better classified as venous malformations.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: In the eye, it is known as orbital cavernous hemangioma and is found in women more frequently than men, most commonly between the ages of 20–40. This neoplasm is usually located within the muscle cone, which is lateral to the optic nerve. It is not usually treated unless the patient is symptomatic. Visual impairment happens when the optic nerve is compressed or the extraocular muscles are surrounded.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: There are several known causes for cavernous hemangiomas, but some cases are still unknown. Radiation treatment used for other medical conditions has been suggested to cause cavernous malformation in some patients.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Hemangioma tumors are a result of rapid proliferation of endothelial cells and pericytic hyperplasia, or the enlargement of tissue as a result of abnormal cell division pericytes. The pathogenesis of hemangioma is still not understood. It has been suggested that growth factors and hormonal influences contribute to the abnormal cell proliferation. Cavernous liver hemangiomas are more commonly diagnosed in women who have been pregnant. As a result of this, it is believed that estrogen levels may play a role in the incidence of liver cavernomas.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Genetic studies show that specific gene mutations or deletions are causes for the disease. The genes identified for cerebral cavernous hemangiomas (or malformations), are CCM1 (also KRIT1), CCM2 (also MGC4607, malcavernin) and CCM3 (also PDCD10). The loss of function of these genes is believed to be responsible for cerebral cavernous malformations. Furthermore, it is also believed that a "second hit mutation" is necessary for the onset of the disease. This means that having a mutation in one of the two genes present on a chromosome is not enough to cause the cavernous malformation, but mutation of both alleles would cause the malformation. Additionally, research on hemangiomas in general has shown that loss of heterozygosity is common in tissue where hemangioma develops. This would confirm that more than a single allele mutation is needed for the abnormal cell proliferation. KRIT1 has been shown to act as a transcription factor in the development of arterial blood vessels in mice. CCM2 has overlapping structure with CCM1 (KRIT1) and acts as a scaffolding protein when expressed. Both genes are involved with MAP3K3 and thus appear to be a part of the same pathway. CCM2 has been shown to cause embryonic death in mice. Lastly, the CCM3 gene has been shown to have similar expression to CCM1 and CCM2, suggesting a link in its functionality. Currently, no experiments have determined its exact function. The lack of function of these genes in control of a proliferative signaling pathway would result in uncontrolled proliferation and the development of a tumor. In 2018, it was theorized that proliferation of endothelial cells with dysfunctional tight junctions, that are under increased endothelial stress from elevated venous pressure provides the pathophysiological basis for cavernous hemangioma development.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Gradient-Echo T2WI magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is most sensitive method for diagnosing cavernous hemangiomas. MRI is such a powerful tool for diagnosis, it has led to an increase in diagnosis of cavernous hemangiomas since the technology's advent in the 1980s. The radiographic appearance is most commonly described as "popcorn" or "mulberry"-shaped. Computed tomography (CT) scanning is not a sensitive or specific method for diagnosing cavernous hemangiomas. Angiography is typically not necessary, unless it is required to rule out other diagnoses. Additionally, biopsies can be obtained from tumor tissue for examination under a microscope. It is essential to diagnose cavernous hemangioma because treatments for these lesions are less aggressive than that of cancerous tumors, such as angiosarcoma. However, since MRI appearance is practically pathognomonic, biopsy is rarely needed for verification.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: On ultrasound, cavernous haemangiomas in liver appeared as homogenous, hyperechoic lesions with posterior acoustic enhancement. On CT or MRI scans, it shows peripheral globular/nodular enhancement in the arterial phase, with portions of attenuation of enhancing areas. In the portal venous phase, it shows progressive centripetal enhancement. In delayed phase, it shows retention of contrast. It shows a high signal on T2 weighted images.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Asymptomatic lesions may not require treatment but may need to be monitored for any change in the size. A change in size of lesions in the nose, lips, or eyelids can be treated with steroid drugs to slow its progress. Steroids can be taken orally or injected directly into the tumor. Applying pressure to the tumor can also be used to minimize swelling at the site of the hemangioma. A procedure that uses small particles to close off the blood supply is known as sclerotherapy. This allows for tumor shrinkage and less pain. It is possible for the tumor to regrow its blood supply after the procedure has been done. If the lesion caused by the cavernous hemangioma is destroying healthy tissue around it or if the patient is experiencing major symptoms, then surgery can be used to remove the cavernoma piecemeal. A common complication of the surgery is hemorrhage and the loss of blood. There is also the possibility of the hemangioma reoccurring after its removal. Additionally, the risk of a stroke or death is also possible.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: Treatments for cerebral cavernous hemangiomas include radiosurgery or microsurgery. The treatment approach depends on the site, size and symptoms present, as well as the history of hemorrhage from the lesion. Microsurgery is generally preferred if the cerebral cavernous hemangioma is superficial in the central nervous system, or the risk of damage to surrounding tissue from irradiation is too high. Additionally, a large hemorrhage with deterioration of the patient or intractable symptoms (such as seizures or coma) are further indications for microsurgical intervention. Gamma-knife radiation is the favored mechanism of radiosurgery. It provides a precise radiation dose to the cerebral cavernous hemangioma while relatively sparing the surrounding tissue. These treatment approaches for cavernous hemangiomas in other regions of the body have limited research.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: A few studies have worked on providing details related to the outlook of disease progression. Two studies show that each year 0.5% of people who have never had bleeding from their brain cavernoma, but had symptoms of seizures, were affected by bleeding. In contrast, patients who have had bleeding from their brain cavernoma in the past had a higher risk of being affected by subsequent bleeding. The statistics for this are very broad, ranging from 4–23% a year. Additional studies suggest that women and patients under the age of 40 are at higher risk of bleeding, but similar conducted studies did not reach the same conclusion. However, when cavernous hemangiomas are completely excised, there is very little risk of growth or rebleeding. In terms of life expectancy, not enough data has been collected on patients with this malformation in order to provide a representative statistical analysis.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: The true incidence of cavernous hemangiomas is difficult to estimate because they are frequently misdiagnosed as other venous malformations. Cavernous hemangiomas of the brain and spinal cord (cerebral cavernous hemangiomas (malformations) (CCM)), can appear at all ages but usually occur in the third to fourth decade of a person's life with no sexual preference. In fact, CCM is present in 0.5% of the population. However, approximately 40% of those with malformations have symptoms. Asymptomatic individuals are usually individuals that developed the malformation sporadically, while symptomatic individuals usually have inherited the genetic mutation. The majority of diagnoses of CCM are in adults; however, 25% of cases of CCM are children. Approximately 5% of adults have liver hemangiomas in the United States, but most are asymptomatic. Liver hemangiomas usually occur between the ages of 30–50 and more commonly in women. Cases of infantile liver cavernomas are extremely rare. Cavernous hemangioma of the eye is more prevalent in women than men and between the ages of 20–40.


title: Cavernous hemangioma

text: In the treatment of a brain cavernous hemangioma, neurosurgery is usually the treatment chosen. Research needs to be conducted on the efficacy of treatment with stereotactic radiation therapy, especially on the long-term. However, radiotherapy is still being studied as a form of treatment if neurosurgery is too dangerous due to the location of the cavernoma. Genetic researchers are still working on determining the cause of the illness and the mechanism behind blood vessel formation. Clinical trials are being conducted to better assess when it is appropriate to treat a patient with this malformation and with what treatment method. Additionally, long-term studies are being conducted because there is no information related to the long-term outlook of patients with cavernoma. An existing registry known as The International Cavernous Angioma Patient Registry collects information from patients diagnosed with cavernoma in order to facilitate discovery of non-invasive treatments.


title: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz

text: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz ( Smith; September 26, 1933 – December 3, 2021) was a socialite, and philanthropist. She was the Chief of Protocol for the state of California, and the Chief of Protocol for the City and County of San Francisco. She was married to former United States Secretary of State George P. Shultz, from 1997 until his death in 2021.


title: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz

text: Mailliard Shultz was President of the board of the War Memorial Performing Arts Center and a member of the boards of the San Francisco Symphony, Grace Cathedral, the Commonwealth Club of California, and the San Francisco Ballet. A native Texan, Mailliard Shultz often quipped about San Francisco, "... if I don't pay my dues, they may send me back to Texas!"


title: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz

text: Born Charlotte Smith on September 26, 1933, in Borger, Texas, the daughter of Martha Morgan and Charles Samuel Smith, Jr., who ran the local general store. She graduated from the University of Arkansas with a degree in fashion design, marketing, and merchandising.


title: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz

text: In her role as Chief of Protocol for San Francisco, Mailliard had been called the "city's premier party-giver" by the "San Francisco Chronicle". Her role as Chief of Protocol began as a volunteer for then-San Francisco mayor Jack Shelley and spanned seven mayoral administrations until mayor Frank Jordan's term. Jordan chose Richard Goldman as his Chief of Protocol. Mayor Willie Brown re-appointed Mailliard to the post in 1996. In total, she served as Chief of Protocol for eight mayoral administrations and during that time brought back the city's "Black and White Ball", organized the 50th anniversary of the Golden Gate Bridge with the Golden Gate Bridge Walk (where one million pedestrians walked across the bridge), and welcomed British royalty and Pope John Paul II on their visits to the city.


title: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz

text: In 2003, in San Francisco, a surprise party was held to honor her work on behalf of the city. Baseball legend Willie Mays, mayor Gavin Newsom, and Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his then wife Maria Shriver were in attendance. It was announced that the staircase of San Francisco City Hall would be known as the "Charlotte Mailliard Shultz Staircase".


title: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz

text: After moving to San Francisco, Mailliard met her first husband, John Ward Mailliard III, who died of cancer in 1986. In 1988, she married Melvin Swig, owner of the Fairmont Hotel. As a couple, Melvin and Charlotte donated and raised numerous funds for building the new San Francisco Public Library. Melvin Swig died in 1993.


title: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz

text: Mailliard's marriage, at age 63, to former Secretary of State George Shultz, a widower, at Grace Cathedral in 1997, was considered San Francisco's "social event of the year". He gave her a diamond, sapphire and ruby engagement ring. The cost of the reception at the Sheraton Palace Hotel was over $4,000,000 and featured entertainment from singer Billy Joel. Guests included Nancy Reagan, California governor Pete Wilson, and U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi.


title: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz

text: The couple continued to be actively involved in San Francisco social events, such as hosting receptions at their Russian Hill penthouse on top of The Summit for a group of U.S. and foreign diplomats in 2015.


title: Charlotte Mailliard Shultz

text: Mailliard Shultz died from cancer at her home in Stanford, California, on December 3, 2021, at the age of 88. Her husband, George, had died 10 months earlier at the age of 100.


title: Gentefied

text: Gentefied is an American comedy-drama streaming television series created by Marvin Lemus and Linda Yvette Chávez, that premiered on Netflix on February 21, 2020. The series stars Karrie Martin, Joseph Julian Soria, Carlos Santos and Joaquín Cosío. In May 2020, the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on November 10, 2021. In January 2022, the series was canceled after two seasons.


title: Gentefied

text: "Gentefied" follows the story of "three Mexican-American cousins and their struggle to chase the American Dream, even while that same dream threatens the things they hold most dear: their neighborhood, their immigrant grandfather and the family taco shop".


title: Gentefied

text: On February 6, 2019, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a series order for a ten-episode first season. The series is created by Marvin Lemus and Linda Yvette Chávez who are credited as executive producers alongside Monica Macer, Aaliyah Williams, America Ferrera, Charles D. King, Kim Roth and Teri Weinberg. America Ferrera will also be directing two episodes of the series. MACRO, Take Fountain and Yellow Brick Road will be involved in the production of the series. The series was released on February 21, 2020. On May 18, 2020, Netflix renewed the series for an eight-episode second season. On November 23, 2020, it was announced that the series' executive producer Aaliyah Williams signed a deal with CBS Studios. The second season premiered on November 10, 2021. On January 13, 2022, Netflix canceled the series after two seasons.


title: Gentefied

text: In April 2019, it was announced that Karrie Martin, Joseph Julian Soria, Carlos Santos and Joaquín Cosío would star in the series. In May 2019, it was reported that Julissa Calderon, Annie Gonzalez, Laura Patalano, Felipe Esparza, Rafael Sigler, Jaime Alvarez, Bianca Melgar, Michelle Ortiz and Alejandro Patiño were cast in recurring roles. In April 2021, Clarissa Thibeaux, Manuel Uriza, Ivana Rojas, and Melinna Bobadilla joined the cast in recurring roles for the second season.


title: Gentefied

text: Gonzalez has a role in another show, Vida, which also explores the issue of gentrification in Boyle Heights. When NBC News reporter Ludwig Hurtado asked about the multiple shows on the same topic, Gonzalez said, "If we can have all these other procedurals of police shows and firefighters shows, we could have more shows like this. There's never enough.”


title: Gentefied

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 92% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The website's critics consensus states, "If at times a bit blunt, "Gentefied"s gente-centric approach to the realities of gentrification is as strikingly personal as it is hilariously relatable." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Gentefied

text: Writing for "The New York Times", James Poniewozik thought the series was didactic at times, though positively, "The production feels connected to the place, sidewalk and soil. The show's voice is distinctive and assured, both figuratively and literally. It slips naturally among English and Spanish and Spanglish the same way its stories slip among worlds — from the Boyle Heights streets to the gallery world, from immigrant women sewing piecework to immigrant line cooks chiffonading herbs."


title: Gentefied

text: The second season holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10.


title: Gentefied

text: "Gentefied" was nominated for the Outstanding Comedy Series category for the 33rd GLAAD Media Awards in 2022.


title: Boreoeutheria

text: Boreoeutheria (, "northern true beasts") is a magnorder of placental mammals that groups together superorders Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria. With a few exceptions male animals in the clade have a scrotum, an ancestral feature of the clade. The sub-clade Scrotifera was named after this feature.


title: Boreoeutheria

text: The majority of earliest known fossils belonging to this group date to about 66 million years ago, shortly after the K-Pg extinction event though molecular data suggest they may have originated earlier, during the Cretaceous period. This is further supported with fossils of "Altacreodus magnus" and two species from genus "Protungulatum" dated about 70.6 million years ago.


title: Boreoeutheria

text: The common ancestor of Boreoeutheria lived between 107 and 90 million years ago. The boreoeutherian ancestor gave rise to species as diverse as giraffes, dogs, mice, bats, whales, and humans. The concept of a boreoeutherian ancestor was first proposed in 2004 in the journal "Genome Research". The paper's authors claimed that the genome sequence of the boreoeutherian ancestor could be computationally predicted with 98% accuracy, but would "take a few years and a lot of money". It is estimated to contain three billion base pairs.


title: Boreoeutheria

text: The phylogenetic relationships of magnorder Boreoeutheria are shown in the following cladogram, reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and protein characters, as well as the fossil record.


title: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission

text: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) is an autonomous institution of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare which sets standards for all drugs that are manufactured, sold and consumed in India. The set of standards are published under the title Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) which has been modelled on and historically follows from the British Pharmacopoeia. The standards that are in effect since 1 December 2010, are the "Indian Pharmacopoeia 2010 (IP 2010)". The Pharmacopoeia 2014 was released by Health Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad on 4 November 2013. The Pharmacopoeia 2018 was released by Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.


title: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission

text: I.P., the abbreviation of 'Indian Pharmacopoeia' is familiar to the consumers in the Indian sub-continent as a mandatory drug name suffix. Drugs manufactured in India have to be labelled with the mandatory non-proprietary drug name with the suffix "I.P". This is similar to the "B.P." suffix for British Pharmacopoeia and the "U.S.P." suffix for the United States Pharmacopeia.


title: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission

text: The IPC was formed according to the Indian "Drugs and Cosmetics Act" of 1940 and established by executive orders of the Government of India in 1956.


title: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission

text: The actual process of publishing the first Pharmacopoeia started in the year 1944 under the chairmanship of Col. R. N. Chopra. The I. P. list was first published in the year 1946 and was put forth for approval. The titles are suffixed with the respective years of publication, e.g. IP 1996. The following table describes the publication history of the Indian Pharmacopoeia.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: Simlipal is a tiger reserve in the Mayurbhanj district in the Indian state of Odisha covering . It is part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve, which includes three protected areas — Similipal Tiger Reserve, Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary with and Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary with . Simlipal National Park derives its name from the abundance of red silk cotton trees growing in the area.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: Simlipal Tiger Reserve covers an area of , out of which forms the core area. The mean elevation is . It has the peaks of Khairiburu at and Meghasani at .


title: Simlipal National Park

text: Simlipal elephant reserve originated mainly as a hunting ground for the royalty. It was formally designated a tiger reserve in 1956 and under Project Tiger in May 1973. "Mugger Crocodile Scheme" was started in 1979 at Ramatirtha, Jashipur.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: The Government of Odisha declared Simlipal as a wildlife sanctuary in 1979 with an area of . Later in 1980, the state government proposed of the sanctuary as a national park. Further in 1986, area of the national park was increased to . Government of India declared Simlipal as a biosphere reserve in 1994. UNESCO added this national park to its list of Biosphere Reserves in May 2009. There are 10,000 people living in 61 villages in the forest. That is why Simlipal is yet to be declared a full-fledged park, despite its having the status of one of the 18 biospheres of India.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: In December 2013, 32 families from the Khadia tribe belonging to two hamlets of Upper Barhakamuda and Bahaghar were relocated outside the Tiger Reserve as per the guidelines set by National Tiger Conservation Authority. The village of Jamunagarh was relocated in September 2015. Following the relocation, tiger sightings in the core area has gone up. There are two villages, Kabatghai and Bakua, still present in the core area of Similipal. The Forest Department, wildlife NGOs and local administration have initiated talks with these villages on their relocation. However the tribals alleged these relocations to be forced and wished to claim their rights under the Forest Rights Act.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: The tiger reserve is in the Mayurbhanj district in the Indian state of Odisha. Simlipal Elephant Reserve is an ecosystem complete with forest vegetation (mainly sal trees), fauna and the adjoining Ho / Santhal tribal settlements.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: The high hills surround Meghasani/Tunkiburu, the highest peak in the park. At an altitude of , followed by Khairiburu at above elevation. At least 12 rivers cut across the plain area. The prominent among them are Budhabalanga, Palpala Bhandan, Kharkai River and Deo. This sprawling forest has two prominent waterfalls - Joranda/Jorodah and Barheipani/Barhai


title: Simlipal National Park

text: Summers are hot with temperatures around whereas the winter months can be as low as . The rainfall ranges from moderate to heavy.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: Simlipal comes under a high cerebral malaria-prone zone. In cerebral malaria the sequestrated red blood cells can breach the blood brain barrier possibly leading to coma. Cerebral malaria, if not detected, causes death.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: Initial symptoms of cerebral malaria are often mistaken as those of acute jaundice. There have been many recorded cases of death due to cerebral malaria after visits to Simlipal. Therefore, it is extremely important for tourists to be aware of the threats posed by cerebral malaria before planning a visit to Simlipal.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: In 2021, large fires broke out in the Simlipal Tiger Reserve, and continued to burn for over two weeks before they were brought under control. The 2021 Simlipal forest fires resulted in widespread environmental damage, and caused an exodus of fauna from the park into nearby human habitations.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: The park is a treasure house of 1,076 species of plants belonging to 102 families. 96 species of orchids have been identified here. It lies in the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical moist broadleaf forest and tropical moist deciduous forests with dry deciduous hill forest and high level Sal forests. The grasslands and the savannas provide grazing grounds for the herbivores and hiding places to the carnivores. The forest boasts of innumerable medicinal and aromatic plants, which provide a source of earnings for the tribal people. Eucalyptus, planted by the British during the 1900s, are also found.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: A total of 42 species of mammals, 242 species of birds and 30 species of reptiles have been recorded in Simlipal National Park. The major mammals include:


title: Simlipal National Park

text: The park has a sizeable population of reptiles, which includes snakes and turtles. The "Mugger Crocodile Management Programme" has helped the Mugger crocodile ("Crocodylus palustris") to survive and flourish in and on the banks of Khairi river.


title: Simlipal National Park

text: Vegetation analysis of the forest ecosystem of Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR) was carried out at 10 sites to study changes in structure and composition in plant community distributed in the core (undisturbed) and buffer (disturbed) areas of the reserve. The study reveals a higher number of herbs and shrubs and a lower number of trees in the buffer area indicating greater anthropogenic disturbance. Total tree basal area varied from 48.7 to 78.61 m 2 ha -1 in the buffer area and 81.4 to 104.9 m 2 ha -1 in the core area. The density of saplings and seedlings was nearly equal both at the disturbed and undisturbed sites. However, the rate of conversion of saplings to trees was greater at undisturbed sites. The lower rate of conversion at disturbed sites is due to the removal of seedlings of most of the tree species. The high herb diversity (2.14 - 3.50) and low tree diversity (2.14 - 2.98) in buffer area is a result of Environmental openings providing greater opportunity for the recruitment of herbs and shrubs. The presence of only a few individuals of major tree species in larger diameter classes and more in young diameter classes in buffer areas indicate that the plant community was subjected to disturbance and are in the regenerating stage. Greater fluctuation in the species / genus ratio in the herbaceous species at sites of the buffer area in comparison to core area has led to variation in developmental status of plant communities among the core and buffer areas of the reserve. However, the presence of the seedlings of dominant tree species in the buffer area may help in the restoration of the plant communities in the long-run, provided protection means are strengthened and biotic stress reduced.


title: Limpopo River

text: The Limpopo River rises in South Africa and flows generally eastward through Mozambique to the Indian Ocean. The term Limpopo is derived from Rivombo (Livombo/Lebombo), a group of Tsonga settlers led by Hosi Rivombo who settled in the mountainous vicinity and named the area after their leader. The river is approximately long, with a drainage basin in size. The mean discharge measured over a year is per second at its mouth. The Limpopo is the second largest river in Africa that drains to the Indian Ocean, after the Zambezi River.


title: Limpopo River

text: The first European to sight the river was Vasco da Gama, who anchored off its mouth in 1498 and named it Espirito Santo River. Its lower course was explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine in 1868–69, and Captain J F Elton travelled down its middle course in 1870.


title: Limpopo River

text: The drainage area of Limpopo River has decreased over geological time. Up to Late Pliocene or Pleistocene times, the upper course of the Zambezi River drained into the Limpopo River. The change of the drainage divide is the result of epeirogenic movement that uplifted the surface north of present-day Limpopo River, diverting waters into Zambezi River.


title: Limpopo River

text: The river flows in a great arc, first zigzagging north and then north-east, then turning east and finally south-east. It serves as a border for about , separating South Africa to the southeast from Botswana to the northwest and Zimbabwe to the north. At the confluence of the Marico River and the Crocodile River, the name becomes the Limpopo River. There are several rapids as the river falls off Southern Africa's inland escarpment.


title: Limpopo River

text: The Notwane River is a major tributary of the Limpopo, rising on the edge of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana and flowing in a north-easterly direction. The main tributary of the Limpopo, the Olifants River (Elephant River), contributes around 1,233 million m of water per year. Other major tributaries include the Shashe River, Mzingwane River, Crocodile River, Mwenezi River and Luvuvhu River.


title: Limpopo River

text: In the north-eastern corner of South Africa the river borders the Kruger National Park. The port town of Xai-Xai, Mozambique, is on the river near the mouth. Below the Olifants, the river is navigable to the sea, though a sandbar prevents access by large ships except at high tide.


title: Limpopo River

text: The waters of the Limpopo flow sluggishly, with considerable silt content. Rudyard Kipling's characterization of the river as the "great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees," where the "Bi-Coloured Python Rock-Snake" dwells in the "Just So Stories" is apt. Rainfall is seasonal and unreliable: in dry years, the upper parts of the river flow for 40 days or less. The upper part of the drainage basin, in the Kalahari Desert, is arid but conditions become less arid further downriver. The next reaches drain the Waterberg Massif, a biome of semi-deciduous forest and low-density human population. The fertile lowlands support a denser population, and about 14 million people live in the Limpopo basin. Flooding during the rainy season is an occasional problem in the lower reaches. During February 2000 heavy rainfalls during the passage of a cyclone caused the catastrophic 2000 Mozambique flood.


title: Limpopo River

text: The highest concentration of hippopotamus in the Limpopo River is found between the Mokolo and the Mogalakwena Rivers. There is a lot of mining activity in the Limpopo River basin with about 1,900 functioning mines, not counting about 1,700 abandoned mines.


title: Limpopo River

text: Vasco da Gama, on his first expedition, was probably among the first Europeans to sight the river, when he anchored off the mouth in 1498. However, there has been human habitation in the region since time immemorial—sites in the Makapans Valley near Mokopane contain Australopithecus fossils from 3.5 million years ago. St Vincent Whitshed Erskine, later surveyor general for South Africa, traveled to the mouth of the river in 1868–69.


title: Limpopo River

text: A Zambezi shark was caught hundreds of kilometres upriver at the confluence of the Limpopo and Luvuvhu Rivers in July 1950. Zambezi sharks tolerate fresh water and can travel far up the Limpopo. In 2013, approximately 15,000 Nile crocodiles were accidentally released into the river from flood gates at the nearby Rakwena Crocodile Farm.


title: Slanted and Enchanted

text: Slanted and Enchanted is the debut studio album by American indie rock band Pavement, released on April 20, 1992 by Matador Records. It is the only Pavement album to feature drummer Gary Young.


title: Slanted and Enchanted

text: The album received critical acclaim and is seen as a landmark for indie rock, with "Rolling Stone" ranking it 199th on its 2020 edition of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. As of 2007, the album had sold 150,000 copies.


title: Slanted and Enchanted

text: "Slanted and Enchanted" was distributed to critics as early as 1991, months before its official release; the original distribution did not feature the entire band, as several members joined during its production. The recording sessions were split between South Makepeace Studios in Brooklyn, New York (recorded December 24, 1990) and Louder Than You Think Studios in Stockton, California (recorded January 13–20, 1991).


title: Slanted and Enchanted

text: The first single (EP), "Summer Babe" appeared in August 1991. It was the last release on Chicago's Drag City label before the band moved to Matador. It contained the B-sides "Mercy Snack (The Laundromat)" and "Baptist Blacktick" that were later included on the deluxe version of the album. A different mix of "Summer Babe," entitled "Summer Babe (Winter Version)," became the first track on the band's debut album. The song was also ranked by "Rolling Stone" magazine as number 286 in its 2004 list of the 500 greatest songs of all time, and as number 292 in the 2011 update of the list.


title: Slanted and Enchanted

text: "Trigger Cut" was first released in the UK by Big Cat Records on July 13, 1992, later released in the US by Matador the following month.


title: Slanted and Enchanted

text: The title "Slanted and Enchanted" is taken from the title of a cartoon made by the late Silver Jews frontman David Berman. Its cover art was created by appropriating that of an existing album, Ferrante & Teicher's "Keyboard Kapers". "Slanted and Enchanted" was officially released on 20 April 1992 to critical acclaim, originally reaching a peak of number 72 on the UK Albums Chart. As of 2007, the album had sold 150,000 copies.


title: Slanted and Enchanted

text: In 2002, Matador released "", a compilation containing "Slanted and Enchanted" in its entirety, as well outtakes and other rarities from the same era.


title: Slanted and Enchanted

text: Slanted and Enchanted received critical acclaim. In a contemporary review of the album, Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" was highly positive, writing that Pavement are "always good at both tune and noise" and that "Slanted and Enchanted" yields "a message complex enough to offer hope ... that the lyrics will catch up". Erik Davis of "Spin" designated "Slanted and Enchanted" as the magazine's "Platter du Jour" for March 1992, describing the album as "so fine it occasionally seems too perfect."


title: Slanted and Enchanted

text: Since its release "Slanted and Enchanted" has appeared on many critics' best-of lists and is frequently cited as being among the most influential indie rock albums of the 1990s. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine cited the album as "a left-field classic" and "one of the most influential records of the '90s". In 2002, "Pitchfork" awarded the album their maximum grade of 10.0/10.0 in a review of the album's reissue and ranked it as the fifth greatest album of the 1990s in 2003. "Rolling Stone" called "Slanted and Enchanted" "the quintessential indie rock album" and placed it on the magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time In 2017, "Billboard" called it a "slacker masterpiece" and "the definitive indie rock album".


title: Fission (biology)

text: Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original. The object experiencing fission is usually a cell, but the term may also refer to how organisms, bodies, populations, or species split into discrete parts. The fission may be binary fission", in which a single organism produces two parts, or multiple fission", in which a single entity produces multiple parts.


title: Fission (biology)

text: Organisms in the domains of Archaea and Bacteria reproduce with binary fission. This form of asexual reproduction and cell division is also used by some organelles within eukaryotic organisms (e.g., mitochondria). Binary fission results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell (or organelle) by dividing the cell into two parts, each with the potential to grow to the size of the original.


title: Fission (biology)

text: The single DNA molecule first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane. When the cell begins to pull apart, the replicated and original chromosomes are separated. The consequence of this asexual method of reproduction is that all the cells are genetically identical, meaning that they have the same genetic material (barring random mutations). Unlike the processes of mitosis and meiosis used by eukaryotic cells, binary fission takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus on the cell. Like in mitosis (and unlike in meiosis), the parental identity is lost.


title: Fission (biology)

text: FtsZ is homologous to β-tubulin, the building block of the microtubule cytoskeleton used during mitosis in eukaryotes. FtsZ is thought to be the first protein to localize to the site of future division in bacteria, and it assembles into a Z ring, anchored by FtsZ-binding proteins and defines the division plane between the two daughter cells. MinC and MinD function together as division inhibitors, blocking formation of the FtsZ ring. MinE stops the MinCD activity midcell, allowing FtsZ to take over for binary fission.


title: Fission (biology)

text: Studies of bacteria made to not produce a cell wall, called L-form bacteria, shows that FtsZ requires a cell wall to work. Little is known about how bacteria that naturally don't grow a cell wall divides, but it is thought to resemble the L-form's budding-like division process of extrusion and separation.


title: Fission (biology)

text: Binary fission is generally rapid though its speed varies between species. For "E. coli", cells typically divide about every 20 minutes at 37 °C. Because the new cells will, in turn, undergo binary fission on their own, the time binary fission requires is also the time the bacterial culture requires to double in the number of cells it contains. This time period can, therefore, be referred to as the doubling time. Some species other than "E. coli" may have faster or slower doubling times: some strains of "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" may have doubling times of nearly 100 hours. Bacterial growth is limited by factors including nutrient availability and available space, so binary fission occurs at much lower rates in bacterial cultures once they enter the stationary phase of growth.


title: Fission (biology)

text: Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota) possess neither a cell wall nor the FtsZ mechanism. They use a primitive version of the eukaryotic ESCRT-III system (also known as "Cdv") to manipulate the membrane into separating, specifically by coming into the middle of the two soon-to-be daughter cells. "Euryarchaeota" use FtsZ like bacteria do.


title: Fission (biology)

text: Some organelles in eukaryotic cells reproduce using binary fission. Mitochondrial fission occurs frequently within the cell, even when the cell is not actively undergoing mitosis, and is necessary to regulate the cell's metabolism. All chloroplasts and some mitochrondria (not in animals), both organelles derived from endosymbiosis of bacteria, also use FtsZ in a bacteria-like fashion.


title: Fission (biology)

text: Binary fission in organisms can occur in four ways, irregular, longitudinal, transverse, oblique.i.e.left oblique & right oblique


title: Fission (biology)

text: Multiple fission at the cellular level occurs in many protistists, e.g. sporozoans and algae. The nucleus of the parent cell divides several times by amitosis, producing several nuclei. The cytoplasm then separates, creating multiple daughter cells.


title: Fission (biology)

text: Some parasitic, single-celled organisms undergo a multiple fission-like process to produce numerous daughter cells from a single parent cell. Isolates of the human parasite "Blastocystis hominis" were observed to begin such a process within 4 to 6 days. Cells of the fish parasite "Trypanosoma borreli" have also been observed participating in both binary and multiple fission.


title: Fission (biology)

text: In the apicomplexans, a phylum of parasitic protists, multiple fission, or schizogony, is manifested either as merogony, sporogony or gametogony. Merogony results in merozoites, which are multiple daughter cells, that originate within the same cell membrane, sporogony results in sporozoites, and gametogony results in microgametes.